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Rules and gameplay ------------------ [thumb\|Loofball player in action during a unity tournament in [Adamawa State](/wiki/Adamawa_State "Adamawa State"), northern Nigeria](/wiki/File:Loofball_lobbing.jpg "Loofball lobbing.jpg") Loofball is played on a [court](/wiki/Pitch_%28sports_field%29 "Pitch (sports field)") measuring 17 m by 8 m with a circular region of 2 m diameter, called "olive", at its center. The olive is also centered in the "fore zone", a 5\.2 m by 8 m quadripartite region, which borders the "home zone" on either side. The home zone measures 5\.9 m by 8 m.{{Cite book \|url\=https://ia904708\.us.archive.org/31/items/official\-rules\-of\-loofball/Official%20Rules%20of%20Loofball.pdf \|title\=The Official Rules of Loofball \|publisher\=LSDI \|year\=2023 \|pages\=3}} A player holds the ball for no more than 3 seconds, makes no more than two steps with the ball and can hold the ball only once in a turn. Ball contact is made only by hand and [forearm](/wiki/Forearm "Forearm"), and only one player can hold the ball at a time. No more than two passes are also allowed in a turn. Before a play begins, teams arrange themselves in two rows within the home zone, with three players in the front row and two in the back row. The left player in the back row *serves* from the serving area by *jump\-shooting* (throwing the ball with speed by jumping) to the opponents’ home zone. A player in the home zone attacks by *jump\-shooting* to the opponents’ home zone whereas a player in the fore zone *lobs* (throwing the ball gently without jumping) either diagonally to the opponents’ portion of the fore zone or to the opponents’ home zone.{{Cite book \|url\=https://res.cloudinary.com/dzuwde1qq/image/upload/v1644790307/Fundamental\_Loofball\_Guide\_for\_Schools.pdf \|title\=Fundamental Loofball Guide for Schools \|publisher\=LSDI \|pages\=17–19}} [thumb\|Dimensions of a loofball court](/wiki/File:Loofball_court.jpg "Loofball court.jpg") A team scores a point when the opponents fail to return the ball or commit a fault. A match consists of two or three sets i.e. winning two sets wins the match. The first and second sets are won by scoring 25 points while 20 points must be scored to win the third set. A two\-point lead is required to win a set. Scoring a point gives a team the right to serve.{{Cite web \|date\=2018 \|title\=Loofball Scoring Guideline \|url\=https://ia902808\.us.archive.org/32/items/LoofballScoresheetScoringGuidelines/Loofball%20Scoring%20Guideline.pdf \|website\=Internet Archive \|pages\=1–2}} A match starts with a [coin toss](/wiki/Coin_flipping "Coin flipping") between [captains](/wiki/Captain_%28sports%29 "Captain (sports)") of both teams to determine sides and the team to make the first serve. Teams are required to change sides after the first set, with the first service obligation going the other way. The referee is also required to conduct another coin toss when the match reaches the third set. A team can request a 30 seconds [timeout](/wiki/Time-out_%28sport%29 "Time-out (sport)") only once in a set and is permitted to make up to four substitutions in a match. A starter who is substituted can be reused as a sub once in a match; a player not in the starting lineup can enter the court once in a match. An interval or break of up to 2 minutes can also be allowed between sets. ### Ball [thumb\|Typical 4\-panel loofballs](/wiki/File:Loofballs.jpg "Loofballs.jpg") An inflatable furry ball, referred to as a loofball, is used in the sport. The ball's outer surface is made of furry fabric or animal [fur](/wiki/Fur "Fur"). A size 2 loofball has a diameter of 19 – 20 cm and weighs 190 – 240 g when inflated. Similarly, a size 1 loofball when inflated has a diameter of 16 –17 cm and weighs 150 – 190 g. A loofball surface fur has a pile length of no more than 2\.5 cm. ### Net The net used is similar to that of volleyball, with the length being the only difference. The net, which measures 8\.5 m in length and 1 m in width, is fixed above the center line of the court at the height of 2\.3 m (men) or 2\.28 m (women and U20\). ### Match officials Officials may include a [referee](/wiki/Referee "Referee"), two or four line judges, a scorer and an assistant scorer. The line judges assist the referee in making calls mostly regarding boundary lines. Alongside enforcing the rules of the game, the referee ensures that discipline is maintained throughout the match. The scorer and assistant scorer also help in officiating by keeping record of the match score. ### Misconduct and sanctions Depending on the degree and order of offense, [misconduct](/wiki/Misconduct "Misconduct") in loofball attracts either a verbal warning, a [yellow](/wiki/Penalty_card "Penalty card") or [red card](/wiki/Penalty_card "Penalty card"). A verbal warning carries no penalty. A yellow card carries a point penalty while a red card carries both a point penalty and disqualification. A player usually gets sanctioned in the following order: first misconduct \= verbal warning, second misconduct \= yellow card \+ point to the opposition, third misconduct \= red card \+ point to the opposition \+ disqualification.
[ "Rules and gameplay\n------------------", "[thumb\\|Loofball player in action during a unity tournament in [Adamawa State](/wiki/Adamawa_State \"Adamawa State\"), northern Nigeria](/wiki/File:Loofball_lobbing.jpg \"Loofball lobbing.jpg\")\nLoofball is played on a [court](/wiki/Pitch_%28sports_field%29 \"Pitch (sports field)\") measuring 17 m by 8 m with a circular region of 2 m diameter, called \"olive\", at its center. The olive is also centered in the \"fore zone\", a 5\\.2 m by 8 m quadripartite region, which borders the \"home zone\" on either side. The home zone measures 5\\.9 m by 8 m.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://ia904708\\.us.archive.org/31/items/official\\-rules\\-of\\-loofball/Official%20Rules%20of%20Loofball.pdf \\|title\\=The Official Rules of Loofball \\|publisher\\=LSDI \\|year\\=2023 \\|pages\\=3}}", "A player holds the ball for no more than 3 seconds, makes no more than two steps with the ball and can hold the ball only once in a turn. Ball contact is made only by hand and [forearm](/wiki/Forearm \"Forearm\"), and only one player can hold the ball at a time. No more than two passes are also allowed in a turn.", "Before a play begins, teams arrange themselves in two rows within the home zone, with three players in the front row and two in the back row. The left player in the back row *serves* from the serving area by *jump\\-shooting* (throwing the ball with speed by jumping) to the opponents’ home zone. A player in the home zone attacks by *jump\\-shooting* to the opponents’ home zone whereas a player in the fore zone *lobs* (throwing the ball gently without jumping) either diagonally to the opponents’ portion of the fore zone or to the opponents’ home zone.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://res.cloudinary.com/dzuwde1qq/image/upload/v1644790307/Fundamental\\_Loofball\\_Guide\\_for\\_Schools.pdf \\|title\\=Fundamental Loofball Guide for Schools \\|publisher\\=LSDI \\|pages\\=17–19}}\n[thumb\\|Dimensions of a loofball court](/wiki/File:Loofball_court.jpg \"Loofball court.jpg\")\nA team scores a point when the opponents fail to return the ball or commit a fault. A match consists of two or three sets i.e. winning two sets wins the match. The first and second sets are won by scoring 25 points while 20 points must be scored to win the third set. A two\\-point lead is required to win a set. Scoring a point gives a team the right to serve.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=Loofball Scoring Guideline \\|url\\=https://ia902808\\.us.archive.org/32/items/LoofballScoresheetScoringGuidelines/Loofball%20Scoring%20Guideline.pdf \\|website\\=Internet Archive \\|pages\\=1–2}}", "A match starts with a [coin toss](/wiki/Coin_flipping \"Coin flipping\") between [captains](/wiki/Captain_%28sports%29 \"Captain (sports)\") of both teams to determine sides and the team to make the first serve. Teams are required to change sides after the first set, with the first service obligation going the other way. The referee is also required to conduct another coin toss when the match reaches the third set.", "A team can request a 30 seconds [timeout](/wiki/Time-out_%28sport%29 \"Time-out (sport)\") only once in a set and is permitted to make up to four substitutions in a match. A starter who is substituted can be reused as a sub once in a match; a player not in the starting lineup can enter the court once in a match. An interval or break of up to 2 minutes can also be allowed between sets.", "### Ball", "[thumb\\|Typical 4\\-panel loofballs](/wiki/File:Loofballs.jpg \"Loofballs.jpg\")\nAn inflatable furry ball, referred to as a loofball, is used in the sport. The ball's outer surface is made of furry fabric or animal [fur](/wiki/Fur \"Fur\"). A size 2 loofball has a diameter of 19 – 20 cm and weighs 190 – 240 g when inflated. Similarly, a size 1 loofball when inflated has a diameter of 16 –17 cm and weighs 150 – 190 g. A loofball surface fur has a pile length of no more than 2\\.5 cm.", "### Net", "The net used is similar to that of volleyball, with the length being the only difference. The net, which measures 8\\.5 m in length and 1 m in width, is fixed above the center line of the court at the height of 2\\.3 m (men) or 2\\.28 m (women and U20\\).", "### Match officials", "Officials may include a [referee](/wiki/Referee \"Referee\"), two or four line judges, a scorer and an assistant scorer. The line judges assist the referee in making calls mostly regarding boundary lines. Alongside enforcing the rules of the game, the referee ensures that discipline is maintained throughout the match. The scorer and assistant scorer also help in officiating by keeping record of the match score.", "### Misconduct and sanctions", "Depending on the degree and order of offense, [misconduct](/wiki/Misconduct \"Misconduct\") in loofball attracts either a verbal warning, a [yellow](/wiki/Penalty_card \"Penalty card\") or [red card](/wiki/Penalty_card \"Penalty card\"). A verbal warning carries no penalty. A yellow card carries a point penalty while a red card carries both a point penalty and disqualification. A player usually gets sanctioned in the following order: first misconduct \\= verbal warning, second misconduct \\= yellow card \\+ point to the opposition, third misconduct \\= red card \\+ point to the opposition \\+ disqualification.", "" ]
Personal information -------------------- Alford's birth date differs in some sources. August 3, 1877, is the date that appears in the Illinois death index. Some sources give 1883 as the year, but Alford's daughter Ruth wrote in a letter that Alford was born in 1875 and not 1883\. That year is consistent with the 1880 census (taken in June), in which Alford's age is 8, with his brother Earl aged 2\. In the 1910 census he listed as 33 years old, and in the 1930 census he is listed as 50\. His funeral notice in the Oak Park\-River Forest newspaper says he was born August 4, 1879\. Alford was described in 1921 as being of medium height and build, quick and nervous and full of pep, and speaking rapidly in a high tenor voice. Music was his only hobby. Alford married Lucille H. Teetzel on October 1, 1902\. Together they had a son Harold, who became an airline pilot for [Eastern Airlines](/wiki/Eastern_Airlines "Eastern Airlines"). One of Alford's marches, Skyliner, was written for Harold. They also had a daughter, Ruth Marion (Mrs. Eric Bottoms). Lucille died on January 30, 1938\. Amongst Alford's closest friends were circus bandleader [Merle Evans](/wiki/Merle_Evans "Merle Evans") and composer and band leader [John Philip Sousa](/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa "John Philip Sousa"). They were also clients of his arrangement company. When Sousa came to Alford's house for a meal, Lucille insisted he take off his white gloves before he could eat. Harry Alford resided at the [Medinah Country Club](/wiki/Medinah_Country_Club "Medinah Country Club") in Chicago for the winter months to be near his offices in the [Chicago Loop](/wiki/Chicago_Loop "Chicago Loop"). It was at that facility that he died after suffering a fatal heart attack on March 4, 1939, in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois "Chicago, Illinois"). He is buried at the [Mount Emblem Cemetery](/wiki/Mount_Emblem_Cemetery "Mount Emblem Cemetery") in [Elmhurst, Illinois](/wiki/Elmhurst%2C_Illinois "Elmhurst, Illinois").
[ "Personal information\n--------------------", "Alford's birth date differs in some sources. August 3, 1877, is the date that appears in the Illinois death index. Some sources give 1883 as the year, but Alford's daughter Ruth wrote in a letter that Alford was born in 1875 and not 1883\\. That year is consistent with the 1880 census (taken in June), in which Alford's age is 8, with his brother Earl aged 2\\. In the 1910 census he listed as 33 years old, and in the 1930 census he is listed as 50\\. His funeral notice in the Oak Park\\-River Forest newspaper says he was born August 4, 1879\\.", "Alford was described in 1921 as being of medium height and build, quick and nervous and full of pep, and speaking rapidly in a high tenor voice. Music was his only hobby.", "Alford married Lucille H. Teetzel on October 1, 1902\\. Together they had a son Harold, who became an airline pilot for [Eastern Airlines](/wiki/Eastern_Airlines \"Eastern Airlines\"). One of Alford's marches, Skyliner, was written for Harold. They also had a daughter, Ruth Marion (Mrs. Eric Bottoms). Lucille died on January 30, 1938\\.", "Amongst Alford's closest friends were circus bandleader [Merle Evans](/wiki/Merle_Evans \"Merle Evans\") and composer and band leader [John Philip Sousa](/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa \"John Philip Sousa\"). They were also clients of his arrangement company. When Sousa came to Alford's house for a meal, Lucille insisted he take off his white gloves before he could eat.", "Harry Alford resided at the [Medinah Country Club](/wiki/Medinah_Country_Club \"Medinah Country Club\") in Chicago for the winter months to be near his offices in the [Chicago Loop](/wiki/Chicago_Loop \"Chicago Loop\"). It was at that facility that he died after suffering a fatal heart attack on March 4, 1939, in [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois \"Chicago, Illinois\"). He is buried at the [Mount Emblem Cemetery](/wiki/Mount_Emblem_Cemetery \"Mount Emblem Cemetery\") in [Elmhurst, Illinois](/wiki/Elmhurst%2C_Illinois \"Elmhurst, Illinois\").", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|align\=left \|1890\= 367 \|1900\= 489 \|1910\= 715 \|1920\= 780 \|1930\= 714 \|1940\= 609 \|1950\= 666 \|1960\= 607 \|1970\= 578 \|1980\= 639 \|1990\= 593 \|2000\= 542 \|2010\= 641 \|2020\= 599 \|estyear\= \|estimate\= \|estref\= \|align\-fn\=center \|footnote\=\[https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census] }} In May 2003, facing a declining population, Marquette was the first of at least ten other Kansas cities, including [Ellsworth](/wiki/Ellsworth%2C_Kansas "Ellsworth, Kansas"), [Kanopolis](/wiki/Kanopolis%2C_Kansas "Kanopolis, Kansas"), [Holyrood](/wiki/Holyrood%2C_Kansas "Holyrood, Kansas") and [Wilson](/wiki/Wilson%2C_Kansas "Wilson, Kansas"), who offer free land to attract residents. Fifty acres (200,000 m2) of what used to be farmland were developed, furnished with gravel streets, water, electric, sewer and gas hookups. In less than one year, twenty\-one of the ⅓ acre (1,300 m2) lots created for this purpose were claimed. The program requires the landowners to build a house on the lot within a year, and live in that house for a year.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2011}} ### 2020 census The [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census") counted 599 people, 274 households, and 161 families in Marquette.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20p16\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} The population density was 1,242\.7 per square mile (479\.8/km{{sup\|2}}). There were 310 housing units at an average density of 643\.2 per square mile (248\.3/km{{sup\|2}}).{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020\.DP1?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \|last\=Bureau \|first\=US Census \|title\=Gazetteer Files \|url\=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference\-files/2020/geo/gazetter\-file.html \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-30 \|website\=Census.gov}} The racial makeup was 94\.99% (569\) [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") or [European American](/wiki/European_American "European American") (92\.65% [non\-Hispanic white](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White "Non-Hispanic White")), 0\.17% (1\) [black](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") or [African\-American](/wiki/African_American "African American"), 0\.17% (1\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native"), 0\.0% (0\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.0% (0\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)") or [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian "Native Hawaiian"), 0\.67% (4\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 4\.01% (24\) from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans").{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P1?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20p1\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race was 3\.84% (23\) of the population.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P2?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20p2\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} Of the 274 households, 24\.8% had children under the age of 18; 42\.7% were married couples living together; 33\.2% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 39\.1% of households consisted of individuals and 20\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\.9 and the average family size was 2\.3\.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1101?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 15\.0% of the population.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1501?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} 19\.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 4\.0% from 18 to 24, 20\.4% from 25 to 44, 28\.0% from 45 to 64, and 27\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50\.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 117\.8 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 123\.7 males. The 2016\-2020 5\-year [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey "American Community Survey") estimates show that the median household income was $49,643 (with a margin of error of \+/\- $5,009\) and the median family income was $50,833 (\+/\- $7,027\).{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1903?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} Males had a median income of $40,938 (\+/\- $15,882\) versus $26,333 (\+/\- $5,321\) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $29,153 (\+/\- $2,788\).{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S2001?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} Approximately, 11\.2% of families and 14\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 47\.5% of those under the age of 18 and 2\.2% of those ages 65 or over.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1701?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1702?q\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-03 \|website\=data.census.gov}} ### 2010 census As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2012\-07\-06}} of 2010, there were 641 people, 272 households, and 162 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1456\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 311 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|706\.8\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 2\.0% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 4\.5% of the population. There were 272 households, of which 25\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 9\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40\.4% were non\-families. 36\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.23 and the average family size was 2\.90\. The median age in the city was 45\.4 years. 22\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\.7% were from 25 to 44; 27\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 22\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45\.6% male and 54\.4% female. ### 2000 census As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_2000 "United States Census, 2000"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 542 people, 243 households, and 157 families residing in the city, a decline from the total [1990](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_1990 "United States Census, 1990") population of 593\. The population density was {{convert\|1,503\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 271 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|751\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\.34% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.37% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), 0\.18% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.11% from two or more races. 0\.18% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 "Ethnicity (United States Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of any race.[U.S. Census Bureau \- 2000 Census, Population and Housing Unit Counts for Kansas](https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-18.pdf)[U.S. Census Bureau \- 1990 Census, Population and Housing Unit Counts for Kansas](https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-18.pdf) There were 243 [households](/wiki/Household "Household"), out of which 25\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35\.0% were non\-families. 31\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.23 and the average family size was 2\.77\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22\.1% under the age of 18, 6\.6% from 18 to 24, 29\.0% from 25 to 44, 24\.5% from 45 to 64, and 17\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.1 males. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $35,938, and the median income for a family was $44,531\. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $20,208 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $17,965\. 5\.6% of the population and 3\.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, none of those under the age of 18 and 8\.7% of those 65 and older were living below the [poverty](/wiki/Poverty "Poverty") line.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|align\\=left\n\\|1890\\= 367\n\\|1900\\= 489\n\\|1910\\= 715\n\\|1920\\= 780\n\\|1930\\= 714\n\\|1940\\= 609\n\\|1950\\= 666\n\\|1960\\= 607\n\\|1970\\= 578\n\\|1980\\= 639\n\\|1990\\= 593\n\\|2000\\= 542\n\\|2010\\= 641\n\\|2020\\= 599\n\\|estyear\\=\n\\|estimate\\=\n\\|estref\\=\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=\\[https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html U.S. Decennial Census]\n}}", "In May 2003, facing a declining population, Marquette was the first of at least ten other Kansas cities, including [Ellsworth](/wiki/Ellsworth%2C_Kansas \"Ellsworth, Kansas\"), [Kanopolis](/wiki/Kanopolis%2C_Kansas \"Kanopolis, Kansas\"), [Holyrood](/wiki/Holyrood%2C_Kansas \"Holyrood, Kansas\") and [Wilson](/wiki/Wilson%2C_Kansas \"Wilson, Kansas\"), who offer free land to attract residents. Fifty acres (200,000 m2) of what used to be farmland were developed, furnished with gravel streets, water, electric, sewer and gas hookups. In less than one year, twenty\\-one of the ⅓ acre (1,300 m2) lots created for this purpose were claimed. The program requires the landowners to build a house on the lot within a year, and live in that house for a year.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2011}}\n### 2020 census", "The [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\") counted 599 people, 274 households, and 161 families in Marquette.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20p16\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} The population density was 1,242\\.7 per square mile (479\\.8/km{{sup\\|2}}). There were 310 housing units at an average density of 643\\.2 per square mile (248\\.3/km{{sup\\|2}}).{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020\\.DP1?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bureau \\|first\\=US Census \\|title\\=Gazetteer Files \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference\\-files/2020/geo/gazetter\\-file.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-30 \\|website\\=Census.gov}} The racial makeup was 94\\.99% (569\\) [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") or [European American](/wiki/European_American \"European American\") (92\\.65% [non\\-Hispanic white](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White \"Non-Hispanic White\")), 0\\.17% (1\\) [black](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") or [African\\-American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\"), 0\\.17% (1\\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\"), 0\\.0% (0\\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.0% (0\\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") or [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian \"Native Hawaiian\"), 0\\.67% (4\\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 4\\.01% (24\\) from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P1?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20p1\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race was 3\\.84% (23\\) of the population.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20p2\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}", "Of the 274 households, 24\\.8% had children under the age of 18; 42\\.7% were married couples living together; 33\\.2% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 39\\.1% of households consisted of individuals and 20\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1\\.9 and the average family size was 2\\.3\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1101?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 15\\.0% of the population.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1501?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}", "19\\.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 4\\.0% from 18 to 24, 20\\.4% from 25 to 44, 28\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 27\\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50\\.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 117\\.8 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 123\\.7 males.", "The 2016\\-2020 5\\-year [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey \"American Community Survey\") estimates show that the median household income was $49,643 (with a margin of error of \\+/\\- $5,009\\) and the median family income was $50,833 (\\+/\\- $7,027\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1903?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} Males had a median income of $40,938 (\\+/\\- $15,882\\) versus $26,333 (\\+/\\- $5,321\\) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $29,153 (\\+/\\- $2,788\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S2001?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} Approximately, 11\\.2% of families and 14\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 47\\.5% of those under the age of 18 and 2\\.2% of those ages 65 or over.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1701?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1702?q\\=Marquette%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-03 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-07\\-06}} of 2010, there were 641 people, 272 households, and 162 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1456\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 311 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|706\\.8\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.1% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.0% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 4\\.5% of the population.", "There were 272 households, of which 25\\.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 9\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40\\.4% were non\\-families. 36\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.23 and the average family size was 2\\.90\\.", "The median age in the city was 45\\.4 years. 22\\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5\\.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\\.7% were from 25 to 44; 27\\.9% were from 45 to 64; and 22\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45\\.6% male and 54\\.4% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [census](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_2000 \"United States Census, 2000\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2000, there were 542 people, 243 households, and 157 families residing in the city, a decline from the total [1990](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_1990 \"United States Census, 1990\") population of 593\\. The population density was {{convert\\|1,503\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 271 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|751\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 98\\.34% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.37% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.18% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.11% from two or more races. 0\\.18% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Ethnicity_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Ethnicity (United States Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of any race.[U.S. Census Bureau \\- 2000 Census, Population and Housing Unit Counts for Kansas](https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-18.pdf)[U.S. Census Bureau \\- 1990 Census, Population and Housing Unit Counts for Kansas](https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-18.pdf)", "There were 243 [households](/wiki/Household \"Household\"), out of which 25\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35\\.0% were non\\-families. 31\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.23 and the average family size was 2\\.77\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 22\\.1% under the age of 18, 6\\.6% from 18 to 24, 29\\.0% from 25 to 44, 24\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.1 males.", "As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $35,938, and the median income for a family was $44,531\\. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $20,208 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $17,965\\. 5\\.6% of the population and 3\\.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, none of those under the age of 18 and 8\\.7% of those 65 and older were living below the [poverty](/wiki/Poverty \"Poverty\") line.", "" ]
Playing career -------------- ### Amateur Born in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis"), [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana "Indiana"), and raised in [Zionsville](/wiki/Zionsville%2C_Indiana "Zionsville, Indiana"), Indiana, Liles played most of his minor hockey in nearby [Carmel](/wiki/Carmel%2C_Indiana "Carmel, Indiana") before entering the [Culver Military Academy](/wiki/Culver_Military_Academy "Culver Military Academy") in [Culver](/wiki/Culver%2C_Indiana "Culver, Indiana").{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} As a youth, he played in the 1994 [Quebec International Pee\-Wee Hockey Tournament](/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament "Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament") with a [minor ice hockey](/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey "Minor ice hockey") team from [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs\_Pro.pdf\|title\=Pee\-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\|year\=2018\|website\=Quebec International Pee\-Wee Hockey Tournament\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-10\|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs\_Pro.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} At Culver, Liles lettered in ice hockey and [golf](/wiki/Golf "Golf"). In hockey, he was the varsity "B" team's MVP. He also played on the Varsity "A" team as a sophomore. Liles was then invited and selected to play in the [U.S. National Team Development Program](/wiki/USA_Hockey_National_Team_Development_Program "USA Hockey National Team Development Program") based in [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan "Ann Arbor, Michigan"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan "Michigan"), in which he was an integral part of the blueline in both the under\-17s and −18 squads. In the 1999–2000 season, he was recruited to play [collegiate hockey](/wiki/College_ice_hockey "College ice hockey") with [Michigan State University](/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_ice_hockey "Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey") of the [Central Collegiate Hockey Association](/wiki/Central_Collegiate_Hockey_Association "Central Collegiate Hockey Association") (CCHA) and as a Freshman led the defensemen in scoring with an impressive 28 points in 40 games.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} Emerging as an offensive talent, though hindered by size, Liles was drafted in the fifth round, 159th overall, in the [2000 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2000_NHL_Entry_Draft "2000 NHL Entry Draft") by the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche "Colorado Avalanche"). Alongside teammate [Brad Fast](/wiki/Brad_Fast "Brad Fast"), Liles formed a star offensive duo among Spartan defensemen and in his sophomore year, he scored 25 points in 42 contests to be named to the All\-CCHA Second Team. In the 2001–02 season, Liles led the entire Spartans team in scoring with 35 points, earning him a selection to the All\-CCHA First Team and Second All\-American Team.{{cite web \| url \=http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\-hockey/mtt/liles\_john\-michael00\.html \|title \=MSU PlayerBio: John\-Michael Liles \| publisher \=\[\[Michigan State University]] \| date \=2003\-12\-21 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} On October 6, 2001, Liles also took part in the famous [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War_%28ice_hockey%29 "Cold War (ice hockey)") outdoor game, which at that time held the attendance record for an ice hockey game, against the [University of Michigan](/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_ice_hockey "Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey").{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} During his senior season with the Spartans, Liles again led the team in scoring, registering 50 points in just 39 games while helping Michigan State to a 23–14–2 record. Earning the CCHA Best Offensive Defensemen Award for the second consecutive year, he scored an average of 1\.28 points per game for Michigan State and was also a finalist for the [Hobey Baker Award](/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Award "Hobey Baker Award").{{cite web \| url \= http://a.espncdn.com/ncaa/news/2003/0320/1527043\.html\|title \=Ten finalists named for Hobey Baker Award \| publisher \=\[\[ESPN]] \| date \=2003\-03\-22 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} ### Professional #### Colorado Avalanche After completing his collegiate career, Liles signed a two\-year, entry\-level contract with the Avalanche on March 29, 2003\. Signing an amateur try\-out contract the following day with Colorado's [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League "American Hockey League") (AHL) affiliate, the [Hershey Bears](/wiki/Hershey_Bears "Hershey Bears"), Liles made his professional debut against the [Grand Rapids Griffins](/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Griffins "Grand Rapids Griffins") on March 30 and played in ten games to end the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_AHL_season "2002–03 AHL season"). In the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_NHL_season "2003–04 NHL season"), Liles made the Avalanche roster out of college and scored his first NHL goal and point, a game\-winner, against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild "Minnesota Wild") on October 16, 2003\.{{cite web \| url \=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=231016030 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20031214163215/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=231016030 \| url\-status \=dead \| archive\-date \=December 14, 2003 \|title \=Colorado offense dominant \| publisher \=\[\[ESPN]] \| date \=2003\-10\-16 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} He led all rookie defensemen with ten goals and 34 points in 79 games to be named to the NHL All\-Rookie Team while also becoming the highest point\-scoring rookie defenseman in Avalanche history, and second in franchise history since [Bruce Bell](/wiki/Bruce_Bell "Bruce Bell")'s 37 with the [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques "Quebec Nordiques") in [1984–85](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season "1984–85 NHL season").{{cite web \| url \=https://www.espn.com/nhl/columns/story?columnist\=frei\_terry\&id\=1748130 \|title \=Liles valuable on a team of Vets \| publisher \=\[\[ESPN]] \| date \=2004\-03\-05 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 \| author \= Terry Frei }} During the [NHL lockout](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout "2004–05 NHL lockout") the next season, Liles enjoyed a brief stint in the German [Deutsche Eishockey Liga](/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga "Deutsche Eishockey Liga") (DEL) for the [Iserlohn Roosters](/wiki/Iserlohn_Roosters "Iserlohn Roosters"), playing in 17 contests and scoring 11 points. He then returned to the Avalanche for the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season "2005–06 NHL season") and established himself within the Avalanche defensive corps, appearing in all 82 regular season games and finishing tied in first in goals scored by a defenseman with [Rob Blake](/wiki/Rob_Blake "Rob Blake"), with 14\. Improving his offensive numbers in every category, Liles also set a new team record among defensemen with 14 points scored in the month of October. Following another impressive season, he then signed a two\-year contract extension on July 12, 2006\.{{cite web \| url \=http://avalanche.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=426547 \|title \=Liles agrees to terms with Avalanche \| publisher \=\[\[Colorado Avalanche]] \| date \=2006\-07\-12 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} With the arrival of rookie [Paul Stastny](/wiki/Paul_Stastny "Paul Stastny") surprisingly making the team in [2006–07](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season "2006–07 NHL season"), Liles relinquished his number 26 jersey, worn by former [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques "Quebec Nordiques") great [Peter Šťastný](/wiki/Peter_%C5%A0%C5%A5astn%C3%BD "Peter Šťastný"), for Paul Stastny to wear in honor of his father.{{cite magazine\|title \=Avs defenceman Liles gives up No. 26 so Stastny can wear father's number\|url \=http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/1619\-Avs\-defenceman\-Liles\-gives\-up\-No\-26\-so\-Stastny\-can\-wear\-fathers\-number.html\|magazine \=\[\[The Hockey News]]\|date \=2006\-10\-21\|access\-date \=2010\-07\-14\|archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522033222/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/1619\-Avs\-defenceman\-Liles\-gives\-up\-No\-26\-so\-Stastny\-can\-wear\-fathers\-number.html\|archive\-date \=2011\-05\-22\|url\-status \=dead}} With the change to the number 4 jersey, Liles led the Avalanche defense in scoring with 14 goals and 44 points, placing tenth in the NHL. In reaching his tenth goal against the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars "Dallas Stars") on December 27, 2006, Liles became the first defensemen in the NHL since [Steve Duchesne](/wiki/Steve_Duchesne "Steve Duchesne") in [1987–88](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NHL_season "1987–88 NHL season") to score at least ten goals in his first three NHL seasons.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id\=2724410\|title \=High\-scoring Avs defenseman Liles to miss four weeks \| publisher \=\[\[ESPN]] \| date \=2007\-01\-08 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} [upright\|thumb\|Liles with the [Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche "Colorado Avalanche") in [2007\.](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NHL_season "2007–08 NHL season")](/wiki/File:John-Michael_Liles.jpg "John-Michael Liles.jpg") After suffering the disappointment of failing to qualify for the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_playoffs "Stanley Cup playoffs") for the first time in Avalanche History, Liles helped lead the team return to the post\-season in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NHL_season "2007–08 NHL season"). On December 17, 2007, he recorded two helpers against the [Los Angeles Kings](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings "Los Angeles Kings") to surpass 100 career assists in the NHL.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\_20071217\_COL@LA?tag\=pageRow;pageContainer \|title\=Avalanche ride three\-goal first period to victory against Kings \|work\=\[\[CBS Sports]] \|date\=2007\-12\-17 \|access\-date\=2010\-07\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072205/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\_20071217\_COL%40LA?tag\=pageRow%3BpageContainer \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-13 }} Despite leading the defense in scoring for a second consecutive year, he recorded a career\-low six goals for 32 points in 81 games. On the eve of the beginning of the free agency period, on July 1, Liles was re\-signed to a new four\-year contract with the Avalanche on June 30, 2008\.{{cite web \| url \=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=242041\&lid\=sublink01\&lpos\=headlines\_nhl \|title \=Avalanche re\-sign defenseman Liles, Foote \| publisher \=\[\[The Sports Network\|TSN]] \| date \=2008\-06\-30 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} In the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season "2008–09 NHL season"), Liles rebounded offensively to again top all Avalanche defensemen in goals with 12, and ranked fourth on the team in points with 39 as the struggling Avalanche finished 27th in the NHL, its worst\-ever finish under the Avalanche name.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.denverpost.com/sportsheadlines/ci\_11352658?source\=rss \|title \= Avs defenseman lighting the lamp after a poor 2007–08\| newspaper \= \[\[Denver Post]] \| date \=2009\-01\-02 \|access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 \| first\=Terry \| last\=Frei}} Transitioning into a senior role for the Colorado defense, Liles scored his 50th career goal against the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") on January 29, 2009, to become only the fifth defender in Quebec/Colorado history to achieve the feat.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\_20090129\_TOR@COL?tag\=pageRow;pageContainer \|title\=Maple Leafs defeat Avalanche in 7–4 goal\-fest \|work\=\[\[CBS Sports]] \|date\=2009\-02\-28 \|access\-date\=2010\-07\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072248/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\_20090129\_TOR%40COL?tag\=pageRow%3BpageContainer \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-13 }} Hampered by a re\-occurring shoulder injury midway through the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NHL_season "2009–10 NHL season") season, Liles also struggled with returning to form and was a healthy scratch for a brief period for the first time in his NHL career.{{cite news \| url \=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci\_14348980 \|title \=John\-Michael Liles a "healthy scratch" again \| newspaper \=\[\[Denver Post]] \| author \= Terry Frei \| date \=2010\-02\-06 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} Despite playing in a career\-low 59 regular season games for 31 points, he still led the resurgent youth\-laden Avalanche team in defenseman scoring for a fourth consecutive season. To begin the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_season "2010–11 NHL season"), Liles made NHL and franchise history when he recorded an assist in a 4–3 overtime loss to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks "Vancouver Canucks") on October 26, 2010, giving him assists in nine consecutive games to open the season.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\=541705 \| title \= Liles happy with record, would rather have victory \| publisher \= \[\[National Hockey League]] \| date \= 2010\-10\-27 \| access\-date \= 2011\-02\-22}} Despite the Avalanche failing to qualify for the [2011 playoffs](/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2011 Stanley Cup playoffs"), Liles accumulated a career\-high 40 assists in 76 games played. #### Toronto Maple Leafs On June 24, 2011, Liles was traded by the Avalanche to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a second\-round pick in the [2012 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2012_NHL_Entry_Draft "2012 NHL Entry Draft").{{cite web\| url \= http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=369879 \| title \= Maple Leafs acquire defenseman Liles from Avalanche \| publisher \= \[\[The Sports Network]] \| date \= 2011\-06\-24 \| access\-date \= 2011\-06\-24}} He scored his first goal as a Maple Leaf in a game against the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets "Columbus Blue Jackets"). On January 25, 2012, Liles signed a four\-year, $15\.5 million contract extension with the Maple Leafs.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=386045 \| title \= Maple Leafs Sign Liles to four\-year contract extension \| publisher \= \[\[The Sports Network]] \| date \= 2012\-01\-25 \| access\-date \= 2012\-01\-25}} On October 1, 2013, after being waived by the Maple Leafs, he was assigned to the team's AHL affiliate, the [Toronto Marlies](/wiki/Toronto_Marlies "Toronto Marlies").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=433126\|title\=Leafs D Liles clears waivers; assigned to AHL\|publisher\=tsn.ca\|access\-date\=2014\-04\-06}} He was later recalled to the NHL on October 28, sent back on November 15, and then recalled again on December 6\. #### Carolina Hurricanes On January 1, 2014, Liles was traded to the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes"), along with Toronto prospect Dennis Robertson, in exchange for defenseman [Tim Gleason](/wiki/Tim_Gleason "Tim Gleason"),{{cite web\| url \= http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=694652 \| title \= Leafs Recall John\-Michael Liles \| publisher \= \[\[Toronto Maple Leafs]] \| date \= 2013\-12\-06 \| access\-date \= 2012\-12\-06}} just minutes before the former was scheduled to play for the Maple Leafs in the [2014 NHL Winter Classic](/wiki/2014_NHL_Winter_Classic "2014 NHL Winter Classic") against the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings "Detroit Red Wings").{{cite web \|title\=Maple Leafs add Tim Gleason in deal with Hurricane \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nhl/2014/01/01/maple\-leafs\-trade\-hurricane\-tim\-gleason\-john\-michael\-liles/4280033/ \|website\=USA Today \|access\-date\=January 1, 2014}} #### Boston Bruins On February 29, 2016, Liles was traded to the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins") in exchange for [Anthony Camara](/wiki/Anthony_Camara "Anthony Camara"), a [2016](/wiki/2016_NHL_Entry_Draft "2016 NHL Entry Draft") third\-round pick and a [2017](/wiki/2017_NHL_Entry_Draft "2017 NHL Entry Draft") fifth\-round pick.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\_/id/14870662/boston\-bruins\-make\-last\-minute\-trades\-lee\-stempniak\-john\-michael\-liles \| title \= Bruins make last minute trades with Lee Stempniak and John\-Michael Liles \| publisher \= \[\[ESPN]] \| date \= 2016\-02\-29 \| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29}} On July 1, 2016, he re\-signed a one\-year deal, worth $2 million with the Bruins. In his second season with the Bruins in [2016\-17](/wiki/2016-17_NHL_season "2016-17 NHL season"), restricted by injury and also reassigned to a depth role, Liles appeared in just 36 games with the Bruins totalling 5 assists. #### Retirement Due to a concussion in his final year with Boston, Liles opted to end his 14\-year professional career, returning to Colorado with his family and accepting a part\-time role as a studio analyst for [Altitude Sports](/wiki/Altitude_Sports_and_Entertainment "Altitude Sports and Entertainment") in covering the Colorado Avalanche.{{cite web\| url \= https://soundcloud.com/altitudesports950/john\-michael\-liles\-joins\-the\-marc\-moser\-show \| title \= John\-Michael Liles joins Marc Moser show \| publisher \= Altitude Sports \| date \= 2017\-09\-27 \| access\-date \= 2017\-09\-27}} He appears on the network live during Avalanche game intermissions from his home in Vail, Colorado.{{cite web \|author1\=Sam Fels \|title\=Avs announcer John\-Michael Liles and his wine cave are a life goal \|url\=https://deadspin.com/avs\-announcer\-john\-michael\-liles\-and\-his\-wine\-cave\-are\-1846547613 \|website\=Deadspin \|access\-date\=13 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808231856/https://deadspin.com/avs\-announcer\-john\-michael\-liles\-and\-his\-wine\-cave\-are\-1846547613 \|archive\-date\=8 August 2022 \|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Playing career\n--------------", "### Amateur", "Born in [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\"), [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\"), and raised in [Zionsville](/wiki/Zionsville%2C_Indiana \"Zionsville, Indiana\"), Indiana, Liles played most of his minor hockey in nearby [Carmel](/wiki/Carmel%2C_Indiana \"Carmel, Indiana\") before entering the [Culver Military Academy](/wiki/Culver_Military_Academy \"Culver Military Academy\") in [Culver](/wiki/Culver%2C_Indiana \"Culver, Indiana\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}} As a youth, he played in the 1994 [Quebec International Pee\\-Wee Hockey Tournament](/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament \"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament\") with a [minor ice hockey](/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey \"Minor ice hockey\") team from [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs\\_Pro.pdf\\|title\\=Pee\\-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA\\|year\\=2018\\|website\\=Quebec International Pee\\-Wee Hockey Tournament\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-10\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs\\_Pro.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "At Culver, Liles lettered in ice hockey and [golf](/wiki/Golf \"Golf\"). In hockey, he was the varsity \"B\" team's MVP. He also played on the Varsity \"A\" team as a sophomore. Liles was then invited and selected to play in the [U.S. National Team Development Program](/wiki/USA_Hockey_National_Team_Development_Program \"USA Hockey National Team Development Program\") based in [Ann Arbor](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\"), in which he was an integral part of the blueline in both the under\\-17s and −18 squads. In the 1999–2000 season, he was recruited to play [collegiate hockey](/wiki/College_ice_hockey \"College ice hockey\") with [Michigan State University](/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey\") of the [Central Collegiate Hockey Association](/wiki/Central_Collegiate_Hockey_Association \"Central Collegiate Hockey Association\") (CCHA) and as a Freshman led the defensemen in scoring with an impressive 28 points in 40 games.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}", "Emerging as an offensive talent, though hindered by size, Liles was drafted in the fifth round, 159th overall, in the [2000 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2000_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2000 NHL Entry Draft\") by the [Colorado Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\"). Alongside teammate [Brad Fast](/wiki/Brad_Fast \"Brad Fast\"), Liles formed a star offensive duo among Spartan defensemen and in his sophomore year, he scored 25 points in 42 contests to be named to the All\\-CCHA Second Team. In the 2001–02 season, Liles led the entire Spartans team in scoring with 35 points, earning him a selection to the All\\-CCHA First Team and Second All\\-American Team.{{cite web \\| url \\=http://www.msuspartans.com/sports/m\\-hockey/mtt/liles\\_john\\-michael00\\.html \\|title \\=MSU PlayerBio: John\\-Michael Liles \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[Michigan State University]] \\| date \\=2003\\-12\\-21 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }} On October 6, 2001, Liles also took part in the famous [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Cold War (ice hockey)\") outdoor game, which at that time held the attendance record for an ice hockey game, against the [University of Michigan](/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}", "During his senior season with the Spartans, Liles again led the team in scoring, registering 50 points in just 39 games while helping Michigan State to a 23–14–2 record. Earning the CCHA Best Offensive Defensemen Award for the second consecutive year, he scored an average of 1\\.28 points per game for Michigan State and was also a finalist for the [Hobey Baker Award](/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Award \"Hobey Baker Award\").{{cite web \\| url \\= http://a.espncdn.com/ncaa/news/2003/0320/1527043\\.html\\|title \\=Ten finalists named for Hobey Baker Award \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\| date \\=2003\\-03\\-22 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }}", "### Professional", "#### Colorado Avalanche", "After completing his collegiate career, Liles signed a two\\-year, entry\\-level contract with the Avalanche on March 29, 2003\\. Signing an amateur try\\-out contract the following day with Colorado's [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") (AHL) affiliate, the [Hershey Bears](/wiki/Hershey_Bears \"Hershey Bears\"), Liles made his professional debut against the [Grand Rapids Griffins](/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Griffins \"Grand Rapids Griffins\") on March 30 and played in ten games to end the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_AHL_season \"2002–03 AHL season\").", "In the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_NHL_season \"2003–04 NHL season\"), Liles made the Avalanche roster out of college and scored his first NHL goal and point, a game\\-winner, against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\") on October 16, 2003\\.{{cite web \\| url \\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=231016030 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031214163215/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=231016030 \\| url\\-status \\=dead \\| archive\\-date \\=December 14, 2003 \\|title \\=Colorado offense dominant \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\| date \\=2003\\-10\\-16 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }} He led all rookie defensemen with ten goals and 34 points in 79 games to be named to the NHL All\\-Rookie Team while also becoming the highest point\\-scoring rookie defenseman in Avalanche history, and second in franchise history since [Bruce Bell](/wiki/Bruce_Bell \"Bruce Bell\")'s 37 with the [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques \"Quebec Nordiques\") in [1984–85](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season \"1984–85 NHL season\").{{cite web \\| url \\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/columns/story?columnist\\=frei\\_terry\\&id\\=1748130 \\|title \\=Liles valuable on a team of Vets \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\| date \\=2004\\-03\\-05 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 \\| author \\= Terry Frei }}", "During the [NHL lockout](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout \"2004–05 NHL lockout\") the next season, Liles enjoyed a brief stint in the German [Deutsche Eishockey Liga](/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga \"Deutsche Eishockey Liga\") (DEL) for the [Iserlohn Roosters](/wiki/Iserlohn_Roosters \"Iserlohn Roosters\"), playing in 17 contests and scoring 11 points. He then returned to the Avalanche for the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season \"2005–06 NHL season\") and established himself within the Avalanche defensive corps, appearing in all 82 regular season games and finishing tied in first in goals scored by a defenseman with [Rob Blake](/wiki/Rob_Blake \"Rob Blake\"), with 14\\. Improving his offensive numbers in every category, Liles also set a new team record among defensemen with 14 points scored in the month of October. Following another impressive season, he then signed a two\\-year contract extension on July 12, 2006\\.{{cite web \\| url \\=http://avalanche.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=426547 \\|title \\=Liles agrees to terms with Avalanche \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[Colorado Avalanche]] \\| date \\=2006\\-07\\-12 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }}", "With the arrival of rookie [Paul Stastny](/wiki/Paul_Stastny \"Paul Stastny\") surprisingly making the team in [2006–07](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season \"2006–07 NHL season\"), Liles relinquished his number 26 jersey, worn by former [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques \"Quebec Nordiques\") great [Peter Šťastný](/wiki/Peter_%C5%A0%C5%A5astn%C3%BD \"Peter Šťastný\"), for Paul Stastny to wear in honor of his father.{{cite magazine\\|title \\=Avs defenceman Liles gives up No. 26 so Stastny can wear father's number\\|url \\=http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/1619\\-Avs\\-defenceman\\-Liles\\-gives\\-up\\-No\\-26\\-so\\-Stastny\\-can\\-wear\\-fathers\\-number.html\\|magazine \\=\\[\\[The Hockey News]]\\|date \\=2006\\-10\\-21\\|access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14\\|archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522033222/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/1619\\-Avs\\-defenceman\\-Liles\\-gives\\-up\\-No\\-26\\-so\\-Stastny\\-can\\-wear\\-fathers\\-number.html\\|archive\\-date \\=2011\\-05\\-22\\|url\\-status \\=dead}} With the change to the number 4 jersey, Liles led the Avalanche defense in scoring with 14 goals and 44 points, placing tenth in the NHL. In reaching his tenth goal against the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars \"Dallas Stars\") on December 27, 2006, Liles became the first defensemen in the NHL since [Steve Duchesne](/wiki/Steve_Duchesne \"Steve Duchesne\") in [1987–88](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NHL_season \"1987–88 NHL season\") to score at least ten goals in his first three NHL seasons.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id\\=2724410\\|title \\=High\\-scoring Avs defenseman Liles to miss four weeks \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\| date \\=2007\\-01\\-08 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }}", "[upright\\|thumb\\|Liles with the [Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\") in [2007\\.](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NHL_season \"2007–08 NHL season\")](/wiki/File:John-Michael_Liles.jpg \"John-Michael Liles.jpg\")\nAfter suffering the disappointment of failing to qualify for the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"Stanley Cup playoffs\") for the first time in Avalanche History, Liles helped lead the team return to the post\\-season in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NHL_season \"2007–08 NHL season\"). On December 17, 2007, he recorded two helpers against the [Los Angeles Kings](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings \"Los Angeles Kings\") to surpass 100 career assists in the NHL.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\\_20071217\\_COL@LA?tag\\=pageRow;pageContainer \\|title\\=Avalanche ride three\\-goal first period to victory against Kings \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports]] \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-07\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072205/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\\_20071217\\_COL%40LA?tag\\=pageRow%3BpageContainer \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-13 }} Despite leading the defense in scoring for a second consecutive year, he recorded a career\\-low six goals for 32 points in 81 games. On the eve of the beginning of the free agency period, on July 1, Liles was re\\-signed to a new four\\-year contract with the Avalanche on June 30, 2008\\.{{cite web \\| url \\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=242041\\&lid\\=sublink01\\&lpos\\=headlines\\_nhl \\|title \\=Avalanche re\\-sign defenseman Liles, Foote \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[The Sports Network\\|TSN]] \\| date \\=2008\\-06\\-30 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }}", "In the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season \"2008–09 NHL season\"), Liles rebounded offensively to again top all Avalanche defensemen in goals with 12, and ranked fourth on the team in points with 39 as the struggling Avalanche finished 27th in the NHL, its worst\\-ever finish under the Avalanche name.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.denverpost.com/sportsheadlines/ci\\_11352658?source\\=rss \\|title \\= Avs defenseman lighting the lamp after a poor 2007–08\\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[Denver Post]] \\| date \\=2009\\-01\\-02 \\|access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 \\| first\\=Terry \\| last\\=Frei}} Transitioning into a senior role for the Colorado defense, Liles scored his 50th career goal against the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") on January 29, 2009, to become only the fifth defender in Quebec/Colorado history to achieve the feat.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\\_20090129\\_TOR@COL?tag\\=pageRow;pageContainer \\|title\\=Maple Leafs defeat Avalanche in 7–4 goal\\-fest \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports]] \\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-07\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072248/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\\_20090129\\_TOR%40COL?tag\\=pageRow%3BpageContainer \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-13 }}", "Hampered by a re\\-occurring shoulder injury midway through the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NHL_season \"2009–10 NHL season\") season, Liles also struggled with returning to form and was a healthy scratch for a brief period for the first time in his NHL career.{{cite news \\| url \\=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci\\_14348980 \\|title \\=John\\-Michael Liles a \"healthy scratch\" again \\| newspaper \\=\\[\\[Denver Post]] \\| author \\= Terry Frei \\| date \\=2010\\-02\\-06 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }} Despite playing in a career\\-low 59 regular season games for 31 points, he still led the resurgent youth\\-laden Avalanche team in defenseman scoring for a fourth consecutive season.", "To begin the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_season \"2010–11 NHL season\"), Liles made NHL and franchise history when he recorded an assist in a 4–3 overtime loss to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") on October 26, 2010, giving him assists in nine consecutive games to open the season.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\\=541705 \\| title \\= Liles happy with record, would rather have victory \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[National Hockey League]] \\| date \\= 2010\\-10\\-27 \\| access\\-date \\= 2011\\-02\\-22}} Despite the Avalanche failing to qualify for the [2011 playoffs](/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2011 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), Liles accumulated a career\\-high 40 assists in 76 games played.", "#### Toronto Maple Leafs", "On June 24, 2011, Liles was traded by the Avalanche to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a second\\-round pick in the [2012 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2012_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2012 NHL Entry Draft\").{{cite web\\| url \\= http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=369879 \\| title \\= Maple Leafs acquire defenseman Liles from Avalanche \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Sports Network]] \\| date \\= 2011\\-06\\-24 \\| access\\-date \\= 2011\\-06\\-24}} He scored his first goal as a Maple Leaf in a game against the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\"). On January 25, 2012, Liles signed a four\\-year, $15\\.5 million contract extension with the Maple Leafs.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=386045 \\| title \\= Maple Leafs Sign Liles to four\\-year contract extension \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Sports Network]] \\| date \\= 2012\\-01\\-25 \\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-01\\-25}}\nOn October 1, 2013, after being waived by the Maple Leafs, he was assigned to the team's AHL affiliate, the [Toronto Marlies](/wiki/Toronto_Marlies \"Toronto Marlies\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=433126\\|title\\=Leafs D Liles clears waivers; assigned to AHL\\|publisher\\=tsn.ca\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-06}} He was later recalled to the NHL on October 28, sent back on November 15, and then recalled again on December 6\\.", "#### Carolina Hurricanes", "On January 1, 2014, Liles was traded to the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\"), along with Toronto prospect Dennis Robertson, in exchange for defenseman [Tim Gleason](/wiki/Tim_Gleason \"Tim Gleason\"),{{cite web\\| url \\= http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=694652 \\| title \\= Leafs Recall John\\-Michael Liles \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Toronto Maple Leafs]] \\| date \\= 2013\\-12\\-06 \\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-12\\-06}} just minutes before the former was scheduled to play for the Maple Leafs in the [2014 NHL Winter Classic](/wiki/2014_NHL_Winter_Classic \"2014 NHL Winter Classic\") against the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings \"Detroit Red Wings\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Maple Leafs add Tim Gleason in deal with Hurricane \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nhl/2014/01/01/maple\\-leafs\\-trade\\-hurricane\\-tim\\-gleason\\-john\\-michael\\-liles/4280033/ \\|website\\=USA Today \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2014}}", "#### Boston Bruins", "On February 29, 2016, Liles was traded to the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") in exchange for [Anthony Camara](/wiki/Anthony_Camara \"Anthony Camara\"), a [2016](/wiki/2016_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2016 NHL Entry Draft\") third\\-round pick and a [2017](/wiki/2017_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2017 NHL Entry Draft\") fifth\\-round pick.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\\_/id/14870662/boston\\-bruins\\-make\\-last\\-minute\\-trades\\-lee\\-stempniak\\-john\\-michael\\-liles \\| title \\= Bruins make last minute trades with Lee Stempniak and John\\-Michael Liles \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[ESPN]] \\| date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29 \\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29}}", "On July 1, 2016, he re\\-signed a one\\-year deal, worth $2 million with the Bruins. In his second season with the Bruins in [2016\\-17](/wiki/2016-17_NHL_season \"2016-17 NHL season\"), restricted by injury and also reassigned to a depth role, Liles appeared in just 36 games with the Bruins totalling 5 assists.", "#### Retirement", "Due to a concussion in his final year with Boston, Liles opted to end his 14\\-year professional career, returning to Colorado with his family and accepting a part\\-time role as a studio analyst for [Altitude Sports](/wiki/Altitude_Sports_and_Entertainment \"Altitude Sports and Entertainment\") in covering the Colorado Avalanche.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://soundcloud.com/altitudesports950/john\\-michael\\-liles\\-joins\\-the\\-marc\\-moser\\-show \\| title \\= John\\-Michael Liles joins Marc Moser show \\| publisher \\= Altitude Sports \\| date \\= 2017\\-09\\-27 \\| access\\-date \\= 2017\\-09\\-27}} He appears on the network live during Avalanche game intermissions from his home in Vail, Colorado.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Sam Fels \\|title\\=Avs announcer John\\-Michael Liles and his wine cave are a life goal \\|url\\=https://deadspin.com/avs\\-announcer\\-john\\-michael\\-liles\\-and\\-his\\-wine\\-cave\\-are\\-1846547613 \\|website\\=Deadspin \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808231856/https://deadspin.com/avs\\-announcer\\-john\\-michael\\-liles\\-and\\-his\\-wine\\-cave\\-are\\-1846547613 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
### Professional #### Colorado Avalanche After completing his collegiate career, Liles signed a two\-year, entry\-level contract with the Avalanche on March 29, 2003\. Signing an amateur try\-out contract the following day with Colorado's [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League "American Hockey League") (AHL) affiliate, the [Hershey Bears](/wiki/Hershey_Bears "Hershey Bears"), Liles made his professional debut against the [Grand Rapids Griffins](/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Griffins "Grand Rapids Griffins") on March 30 and played in ten games to end the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_AHL_season "2002–03 AHL season"). In the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_NHL_season "2003–04 NHL season"), Liles made the Avalanche roster out of college and scored his first NHL goal and point, a game\-winner, against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild "Minnesota Wild") on October 16, 2003\.{{cite web \| url \=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=231016030 \| archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20031214163215/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\=231016030 \| url\-status \=dead \| archive\-date \=December 14, 2003 \|title \=Colorado offense dominant \| publisher \=\[\[ESPN]] \| date \=2003\-10\-16 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} He led all rookie defensemen with ten goals and 34 points in 79 games to be named to the NHL All\-Rookie Team while also becoming the highest point\-scoring rookie defenseman in Avalanche history, and second in franchise history since [Bruce Bell](/wiki/Bruce_Bell "Bruce Bell")'s 37 with the [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques "Quebec Nordiques") in [1984–85](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season "1984–85 NHL season").{{cite web \| url \=https://www.espn.com/nhl/columns/story?columnist\=frei\_terry\&id\=1748130 \|title \=Liles valuable on a team of Vets \| publisher \=\[\[ESPN]] \| date \=2004\-03\-05 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 \| author \= Terry Frei }} During the [NHL lockout](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout "2004–05 NHL lockout") the next season, Liles enjoyed a brief stint in the German [Deutsche Eishockey Liga](/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga "Deutsche Eishockey Liga") (DEL) for the [Iserlohn Roosters](/wiki/Iserlohn_Roosters "Iserlohn Roosters"), playing in 17 contests and scoring 11 points. He then returned to the Avalanche for the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season "2005–06 NHL season") and established himself within the Avalanche defensive corps, appearing in all 82 regular season games and finishing tied in first in goals scored by a defenseman with [Rob Blake](/wiki/Rob_Blake "Rob Blake"), with 14\. Improving his offensive numbers in every category, Liles also set a new team record among defensemen with 14 points scored in the month of October. Following another impressive season, he then signed a two\-year contract extension on July 12, 2006\.{{cite web \| url \=http://avalanche.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=426547 \|title \=Liles agrees to terms with Avalanche \| publisher \=\[\[Colorado Avalanche]] \| date \=2006\-07\-12 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} With the arrival of rookie [Paul Stastny](/wiki/Paul_Stastny "Paul Stastny") surprisingly making the team in [2006–07](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season "2006–07 NHL season"), Liles relinquished his number 26 jersey, worn by former [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques "Quebec Nordiques") great [Peter Šťastný](/wiki/Peter_%C5%A0%C5%A5astn%C3%BD "Peter Šťastný"), for Paul Stastny to wear in honor of his father.{{cite magazine\|title \=Avs defenceman Liles gives up No. 26 so Stastny can wear father's number\|url \=http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/1619\-Avs\-defenceman\-Liles\-gives\-up\-No\-26\-so\-Stastny\-can\-wear\-fathers\-number.html\|magazine \=\[\[The Hockey News]]\|date \=2006\-10\-21\|access\-date \=2010\-07\-14\|archive\-url \=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522033222/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/1619\-Avs\-defenceman\-Liles\-gives\-up\-No\-26\-so\-Stastny\-can\-wear\-fathers\-number.html\|archive\-date \=2011\-05\-22\|url\-status \=dead}} With the change to the number 4 jersey, Liles led the Avalanche defense in scoring with 14 goals and 44 points, placing tenth in the NHL. In reaching his tenth goal against the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars "Dallas Stars") on December 27, 2006, Liles became the first defensemen in the NHL since [Steve Duchesne](/wiki/Steve_Duchesne "Steve Duchesne") in [1987–88](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NHL_season "1987–88 NHL season") to score at least ten goals in his first three NHL seasons.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id\=2724410\|title \=High\-scoring Avs defenseman Liles to miss four weeks \| publisher \=\[\[ESPN]] \| date \=2007\-01\-08 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} [upright\|thumb\|Liles with the [Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche "Colorado Avalanche") in [2007\.](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NHL_season "2007–08 NHL season")](/wiki/File:John-Michael_Liles.jpg "John-Michael Liles.jpg") After suffering the disappointment of failing to qualify for the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_playoffs "Stanley Cup playoffs") for the first time in Avalanche History, Liles helped lead the team return to the post\-season in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NHL_season "2007–08 NHL season"). On December 17, 2007, he recorded two helpers against the [Los Angeles Kings](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings "Los Angeles Kings") to surpass 100 career assists in the NHL.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\_20071217\_COL@LA?tag\=pageRow;pageContainer \|title\=Avalanche ride three\-goal first period to victory against Kings \|work\=\[\[CBS Sports]] \|date\=2007\-12\-17 \|access\-date\=2010\-07\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072205/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\_20071217\_COL%40LA?tag\=pageRow%3BpageContainer \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-13 }} Despite leading the defense in scoring for a second consecutive year, he recorded a career\-low six goals for 32 points in 81 games. On the eve of the beginning of the free agency period, on July 1, Liles was re\-signed to a new four\-year contract with the Avalanche on June 30, 2008\.{{cite web \| url \=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=242041\&lid\=sublink01\&lpos\=headlines\_nhl \|title \=Avalanche re\-sign defenseman Liles, Foote \| publisher \=\[\[The Sports Network\|TSN]] \| date \=2008\-06\-30 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} In the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season "2008–09 NHL season"), Liles rebounded offensively to again top all Avalanche defensemen in goals with 12, and ranked fourth on the team in points with 39 as the struggling Avalanche finished 27th in the NHL, its worst\-ever finish under the Avalanche name.{{cite news \| url \= http://www.denverpost.com/sportsheadlines/ci\_11352658?source\=rss \|title \= Avs defenseman lighting the lamp after a poor 2007–08\| newspaper \= \[\[Denver Post]] \| date \=2009\-01\-02 \|access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 \| first\=Terry \| last\=Frei}} Transitioning into a senior role for the Colorado defense, Liles scored his 50th career goal against the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs "Toronto Maple Leafs") on January 29, 2009, to become only the fifth defender in Quebec/Colorado history to achieve the feat.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\_20090129\_TOR@COL?tag\=pageRow;pageContainer \|title\=Maple Leafs defeat Avalanche in 7–4 goal\-fest \|work\=\[\[CBS Sports]] \|date\=2009\-02\-28 \|access\-date\=2010\-07\-14 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072248/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\_20090129\_TOR%40COL?tag\=pageRow%3BpageContainer \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-13 }} Hampered by a re\-occurring shoulder injury midway through the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NHL_season "2009–10 NHL season") season, Liles also struggled with returning to form and was a healthy scratch for a brief period for the first time in his NHL career.{{cite news \| url \=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci\_14348980 \|title \=John\-Michael Liles a "healthy scratch" again \| newspaper \=\[\[Denver Post]] \| author \= Terry Frei \| date \=2010\-02\-06 \| access\-date \=2010\-07\-14 }} Despite playing in a career\-low 59 regular season games for 31 points, he still led the resurgent youth\-laden Avalanche team in defenseman scoring for a fourth consecutive season. To begin the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_season "2010–11 NHL season"), Liles made NHL and franchise history when he recorded an assist in a 4–3 overtime loss to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks "Vancouver Canucks") on October 26, 2010, giving him assists in nine consecutive games to open the season.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\=541705 \| title \= Liles happy with record, would rather have victory \| publisher \= \[\[National Hockey League]] \| date \= 2010\-10\-27 \| access\-date \= 2011\-02\-22}} Despite the Avalanche failing to qualify for the [2011 playoffs](/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs "2011 Stanley Cup playoffs"), Liles accumulated a career\-high 40 assists in 76 games played. #### Toronto Maple Leafs On June 24, 2011, Liles was traded by the Avalanche to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a second\-round pick in the [2012 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2012_NHL_Entry_Draft "2012 NHL Entry Draft").{{cite web\| url \= http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=369879 \| title \= Maple Leafs acquire defenseman Liles from Avalanche \| publisher \= \[\[The Sports Network]] \| date \= 2011\-06\-24 \| access\-date \= 2011\-06\-24}} He scored his first goal as a Maple Leaf in a game against the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets "Columbus Blue Jackets"). On January 25, 2012, Liles signed a four\-year, $15\.5 million contract extension with the Maple Leafs.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=386045 \| title \= Maple Leafs Sign Liles to four\-year contract extension \| publisher \= \[\[The Sports Network]] \| date \= 2012\-01\-25 \| access\-date \= 2012\-01\-25}} On October 1, 2013, after being waived by the Maple Leafs, he was assigned to the team's AHL affiliate, the [Toronto Marlies](/wiki/Toronto_Marlies "Toronto Marlies").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\=433126\|title\=Leafs D Liles clears waivers; assigned to AHL\|publisher\=tsn.ca\|access\-date\=2014\-04\-06}} He was later recalled to the NHL on October 28, sent back on November 15, and then recalled again on December 6\. #### Carolina Hurricanes On January 1, 2014, Liles was traded to the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes"), along with Toronto prospect Dennis Robertson, in exchange for defenseman [Tim Gleason](/wiki/Tim_Gleason "Tim Gleason"),{{cite web\| url \= http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=694652 \| title \= Leafs Recall John\-Michael Liles \| publisher \= \[\[Toronto Maple Leafs]] \| date \= 2013\-12\-06 \| access\-date \= 2012\-12\-06}} just minutes before the former was scheduled to play for the Maple Leafs in the [2014 NHL Winter Classic](/wiki/2014_NHL_Winter_Classic "2014 NHL Winter Classic") against the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings "Detroit Red Wings").{{cite web \|title\=Maple Leafs add Tim Gleason in deal with Hurricane \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nhl/2014/01/01/maple\-leafs\-trade\-hurricane\-tim\-gleason\-john\-michael\-liles/4280033/ \|website\=USA Today \|access\-date\=January 1, 2014}} #### Boston Bruins On February 29, 2016, Liles was traded to the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins") in exchange for [Anthony Camara](/wiki/Anthony_Camara "Anthony Camara"), a [2016](/wiki/2016_NHL_Entry_Draft "2016 NHL Entry Draft") third\-round pick and a [2017](/wiki/2017_NHL_Entry_Draft "2017 NHL Entry Draft") fifth\-round pick.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\_/id/14870662/boston\-bruins\-make\-last\-minute\-trades\-lee\-stempniak\-john\-michael\-liles \| title \= Bruins make last minute trades with Lee Stempniak and John\-Michael Liles \| publisher \= \[\[ESPN]] \| date \= 2016\-02\-29 \| access\-date \= 2016\-02\-29}} On July 1, 2016, he re\-signed a one\-year deal, worth $2 million with the Bruins. In his second season with the Bruins in [2016\-17](/wiki/2016-17_NHL_season "2016-17 NHL season"), restricted by injury and also reassigned to a depth role, Liles appeared in just 36 games with the Bruins totalling 5 assists. #### Retirement Due to a concussion in his final year with Boston, Liles opted to end his 14\-year professional career, returning to Colorado with his family and accepting a part\-time role as a studio analyst for [Altitude Sports](/wiki/Altitude_Sports_and_Entertainment "Altitude Sports and Entertainment") in covering the Colorado Avalanche.{{cite web\| url \= https://soundcloud.com/altitudesports950/john\-michael\-liles\-joins\-the\-marc\-moser\-show \| title \= John\-Michael Liles joins Marc Moser show \| publisher \= Altitude Sports \| date \= 2017\-09\-27 \| access\-date \= 2017\-09\-27}} He appears on the network live during Avalanche game intermissions from his home in Vail, Colorado.{{cite web \|author1\=Sam Fels \|title\=Avs announcer John\-Michael Liles and his wine cave are a life goal \|url\=https://deadspin.com/avs\-announcer\-john\-michael\-liles\-and\-his\-wine\-cave\-are\-1846547613 \|website\=Deadspin \|access\-date\=13 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808231856/https://deadspin.com/avs\-announcer\-john\-michael\-liles\-and\-his\-wine\-cave\-are\-1846547613 \|archive\-date\=8 August 2022 \|url\-status\=live}}
[ "### Professional", "#### Colorado Avalanche", "After completing his collegiate career, Liles signed a two\\-year, entry\\-level contract with the Avalanche on March 29, 2003\\. Signing an amateur try\\-out contract the following day with Colorado's [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") (AHL) affiliate, the [Hershey Bears](/wiki/Hershey_Bears \"Hershey Bears\"), Liles made his professional debut against the [Grand Rapids Griffins](/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Griffins \"Grand Rapids Griffins\") on March 30 and played in ten games to end the [2002–03 season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_AHL_season \"2002–03 AHL season\").", "In the [2003–04 season](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_NHL_season \"2003–04 NHL season\"), Liles made the Avalanche roster out of college and scored his first NHL goal and point, a game\\-winner, against the [Minnesota Wild](/wiki/Minnesota_Wild \"Minnesota Wild\") on October 16, 2003\\.{{cite web \\| url \\=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=231016030 \\| archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031214163215/http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId\\=231016030 \\| url\\-status \\=dead \\| archive\\-date \\=December 14, 2003 \\|title \\=Colorado offense dominant \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\| date \\=2003\\-10\\-16 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }} He led all rookie defensemen with ten goals and 34 points in 79 games to be named to the NHL All\\-Rookie Team while also becoming the highest point\\-scoring rookie defenseman in Avalanche history, and second in franchise history since [Bruce Bell](/wiki/Bruce_Bell \"Bruce Bell\")'s 37 with the [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques \"Quebec Nordiques\") in [1984–85](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season \"1984–85 NHL season\").{{cite web \\| url \\=https://www.espn.com/nhl/columns/story?columnist\\=frei\\_terry\\&id\\=1748130 \\|title \\=Liles valuable on a team of Vets \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\| date \\=2004\\-03\\-05 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 \\| author \\= Terry Frei }}", "During the [NHL lockout](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout \"2004–05 NHL lockout\") the next season, Liles enjoyed a brief stint in the German [Deutsche Eishockey Liga](/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga \"Deutsche Eishockey Liga\") (DEL) for the [Iserlohn Roosters](/wiki/Iserlohn_Roosters \"Iserlohn Roosters\"), playing in 17 contests and scoring 11 points. He then returned to the Avalanche for the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season \"2005–06 NHL season\") and established himself within the Avalanche defensive corps, appearing in all 82 regular season games and finishing tied in first in goals scored by a defenseman with [Rob Blake](/wiki/Rob_Blake \"Rob Blake\"), with 14\\. Improving his offensive numbers in every category, Liles also set a new team record among defensemen with 14 points scored in the month of October. Following another impressive season, he then signed a two\\-year contract extension on July 12, 2006\\.{{cite web \\| url \\=http://avalanche.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=426547 \\|title \\=Liles agrees to terms with Avalanche \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[Colorado Avalanche]] \\| date \\=2006\\-07\\-12 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }}", "With the arrival of rookie [Paul Stastny](/wiki/Paul_Stastny \"Paul Stastny\") surprisingly making the team in [2006–07](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NHL_season \"2006–07 NHL season\"), Liles relinquished his number 26 jersey, worn by former [Quebec Nordiques](/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques \"Quebec Nordiques\") great [Peter Šťastný](/wiki/Peter_%C5%A0%C5%A5astn%C3%BD \"Peter Šťastný\"), for Paul Stastny to wear in honor of his father.{{cite magazine\\|title \\=Avs defenceman Liles gives up No. 26 so Stastny can wear father's number\\|url \\=http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/1619\\-Avs\\-defenceman\\-Liles\\-gives\\-up\\-No\\-26\\-so\\-Stastny\\-can\\-wear\\-fathers\\-number.html\\|magazine \\=\\[\\[The Hockey News]]\\|date \\=2006\\-10\\-21\\|access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14\\|archive\\-url \\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522033222/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/1619\\-Avs\\-defenceman\\-Liles\\-gives\\-up\\-No\\-26\\-so\\-Stastny\\-can\\-wear\\-fathers\\-number.html\\|archive\\-date \\=2011\\-05\\-22\\|url\\-status \\=dead}} With the change to the number 4 jersey, Liles led the Avalanche defense in scoring with 14 goals and 44 points, placing tenth in the NHL. In reaching his tenth goal against the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars \"Dallas Stars\") on December 27, 2006, Liles became the first defensemen in the NHL since [Steve Duchesne](/wiki/Steve_Duchesne \"Steve Duchesne\") in [1987–88](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NHL_season \"1987–88 NHL season\") to score at least ten goals in his first three NHL seasons.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/nhl/news/story?id\\=2724410\\|title \\=High\\-scoring Avs defenseman Liles to miss four weeks \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\| date \\=2007\\-01\\-08 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }}", "[upright\\|thumb\\|Liles with the [Avalanche](/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche \"Colorado Avalanche\") in [2007\\.](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NHL_season \"2007–08 NHL season\")](/wiki/File:John-Michael_Liles.jpg \"John-Michael Liles.jpg\")\nAfter suffering the disappointment of failing to qualify for the [Stanley Cup playoffs](/wiki/Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"Stanley Cup playoffs\") for the first time in Avalanche History, Liles helped lead the team return to the post\\-season in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NHL_season \"2007–08 NHL season\"). On December 17, 2007, he recorded two helpers against the [Los Angeles Kings](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings \"Los Angeles Kings\") to surpass 100 career assists in the NHL.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\\_20071217\\_COL@LA?tag\\=pageRow;pageContainer \\|title\\=Avalanche ride three\\-goal first period to victory against Kings \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports]] \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-07\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072205/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\\_20071217\\_COL%40LA?tag\\=pageRow%3BpageContainer \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-13 }} Despite leading the defense in scoring for a second consecutive year, he recorded a career\\-low six goals for 32 points in 81 games. On the eve of the beginning of the free agency period, on July 1, Liles was re\\-signed to a new four\\-year contract with the Avalanche on June 30, 2008\\.{{cite web \\| url \\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=242041\\&lid\\=sublink01\\&lpos\\=headlines\\_nhl \\|title \\=Avalanche re\\-sign defenseman Liles, Foote \\| publisher \\=\\[\\[The Sports Network\\|TSN]] \\| date \\=2008\\-06\\-30 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }}", "In the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_NHL_season \"2008–09 NHL season\"), Liles rebounded offensively to again top all Avalanche defensemen in goals with 12, and ranked fourth on the team in points with 39 as the struggling Avalanche finished 27th in the NHL, its worst\\-ever finish under the Avalanche name.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://www.denverpost.com/sportsheadlines/ci\\_11352658?source\\=rss \\|title \\= Avs defenseman lighting the lamp after a poor 2007–08\\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[Denver Post]] \\| date \\=2009\\-01\\-02 \\|access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 \\| first\\=Terry \\| last\\=Frei}} Transitioning into a senior role for the Colorado defense, Liles scored his 50th career goal against the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") on January 29, 2009, to become only the fifth defender in Quebec/Colorado history to achieve the feat.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\\_20090129\\_TOR@COL?tag\\=pageRow;pageContainer \\|title\\=Maple Leafs defeat Avalanche in 7–4 goal\\-fest \\|work\\=\\[\\[CBS Sports]] \\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-28 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-07\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072248/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL\\_20090129\\_TOR%40COL?tag\\=pageRow%3BpageContainer \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-13 }}", "Hampered by a re\\-occurring shoulder injury midway through the [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NHL_season \"2009–10 NHL season\") season, Liles also struggled with returning to form and was a healthy scratch for a brief period for the first time in his NHL career.{{cite news \\| url \\=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci\\_14348980 \\|title \\=John\\-Michael Liles a \"healthy scratch\" again \\| newspaper \\=\\[\\[Denver Post]] \\| author \\= Terry Frei \\| date \\=2010\\-02\\-06 \\| access\\-date \\=2010\\-07\\-14 }} Despite playing in a career\\-low 59 regular season games for 31 points, he still led the resurgent youth\\-laden Avalanche team in defenseman scoring for a fourth consecutive season.", "To begin the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_season \"2010–11 NHL season\"), Liles made NHL and franchise history when he recorded an assist in a 4–3 overtime loss to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") on October 26, 2010, giving him assists in nine consecutive games to open the season.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id\\=541705 \\| title \\= Liles happy with record, would rather have victory \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[National Hockey League]] \\| date \\= 2010\\-10\\-27 \\| access\\-date \\= 2011\\-02\\-22}} Despite the Avalanche failing to qualify for the [2011 playoffs](/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs \"2011 Stanley Cup playoffs\"), Liles accumulated a career\\-high 40 assists in 76 games played.", "#### Toronto Maple Leafs", "On June 24, 2011, Liles was traded by the Avalanche to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a second\\-round pick in the [2012 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2012_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2012 NHL Entry Draft\").{{cite web\\| url \\= http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=369879 \\| title \\= Maple Leafs acquire defenseman Liles from Avalanche \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Sports Network]] \\| date \\= 2011\\-06\\-24 \\| access\\-date \\= 2011\\-06\\-24}} He scored his first goal as a Maple Leaf in a game against the [Columbus Blue Jackets](/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets \"Columbus Blue Jackets\"). On January 25, 2012, Liles signed a four\\-year, $15\\.5 million contract extension with the Maple Leafs.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=386045 \\| title \\= Maple Leafs Sign Liles to four\\-year contract extension \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[The Sports Network]] \\| date \\= 2012\\-01\\-25 \\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-01\\-25}}\nOn October 1, 2013, after being waived by the Maple Leafs, he was assigned to the team's AHL affiliate, the [Toronto Marlies](/wiki/Toronto_Marlies \"Toronto Marlies\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id\\=433126\\|title\\=Leafs D Liles clears waivers; assigned to AHL\\|publisher\\=tsn.ca\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-06}} He was later recalled to the NHL on October 28, sent back on November 15, and then recalled again on December 6\\.", "#### Carolina Hurricanes", "On January 1, 2014, Liles was traded to the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\"), along with Toronto prospect Dennis Robertson, in exchange for defenseman [Tim Gleason](/wiki/Tim_Gleason \"Tim Gleason\"),{{cite web\\| url \\= http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=694652 \\| title \\= Leafs Recall John\\-Michael Liles \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Toronto Maple Leafs]] \\| date \\= 2013\\-12\\-06 \\| access\\-date \\= 2012\\-12\\-06}} just minutes before the former was scheduled to play for the Maple Leafs in the [2014 NHL Winter Classic](/wiki/2014_NHL_Winter_Classic \"2014 NHL Winter Classic\") against the [Detroit Red Wings](/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings \"Detroit Red Wings\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Maple Leafs add Tim Gleason in deal with Hurricane \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nhl/2014/01/01/maple\\-leafs\\-trade\\-hurricane\\-tim\\-gleason\\-john\\-michael\\-liles/4280033/ \\|website\\=USA Today \\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2014}}", "#### Boston Bruins", "On February 29, 2016, Liles was traded to the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") in exchange for [Anthony Camara](/wiki/Anthony_Camara \"Anthony Camara\"), a [2016](/wiki/2016_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2016 NHL Entry Draft\") third\\-round pick and a [2017](/wiki/2017_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2017 NHL Entry Draft\") fifth\\-round pick.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/\\_/id/14870662/boston\\-bruins\\-make\\-last\\-minute\\-trades\\-lee\\-stempniak\\-john\\-michael\\-liles \\| title \\= Bruins make last minute trades with Lee Stempniak and John\\-Michael Liles \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[ESPN]] \\| date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29 \\| access\\-date \\= 2016\\-02\\-29}}", "On July 1, 2016, he re\\-signed a one\\-year deal, worth $2 million with the Bruins. In his second season with the Bruins in [2016\\-17](/wiki/2016-17_NHL_season \"2016-17 NHL season\"), restricted by injury and also reassigned to a depth role, Liles appeared in just 36 games with the Bruins totalling 5 assists.", "#### Retirement", "Due to a concussion in his final year with Boston, Liles opted to end his 14\\-year professional career, returning to Colorado with his family and accepting a part\\-time role as a studio analyst for [Altitude Sports](/wiki/Altitude_Sports_and_Entertainment \"Altitude Sports and Entertainment\") in covering the Colorado Avalanche.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://soundcloud.com/altitudesports950/john\\-michael\\-liles\\-joins\\-the\\-marc\\-moser\\-show \\| title \\= John\\-Michael Liles joins Marc Moser show \\| publisher \\= Altitude Sports \\| date \\= 2017\\-09\\-27 \\| access\\-date \\= 2017\\-09\\-27}} He appears on the network live during Avalanche game intermissions from his home in Vail, Colorado.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Sam Fels \\|title\\=Avs announcer John\\-Michael Liles and his wine cave are a life goal \\|url\\=https://deadspin.com/avs\\-announcer\\-john\\-michael\\-liles\\-and\\-his\\-wine\\-cave\\-are\\-1846547613 \\|website\\=Deadspin \\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808231856/https://deadspin.com/avs\\-announcer\\-john\\-michael\\-liles\\-and\\-his\\-wine\\-cave\\-are\\-1846547613 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
Synopsis -------- [260px\|thumb\|left\|The five Alien Rangers](/wiki/Image:MMARgroup.jpg "MMARgroup.jpg") Picking up where the third season of *[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers](/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers")* left off, Master Vile has used the Orb of Doom to reverse the ages of everybody on Earth, including the Power Rangers, reducing them to children. However, unlike the last time, the rangers retain their memories of the proper time thanks to the Ninja Power Coins. Unfortunately, the rangers are unable to morph and fight; Zordon recruits the [Alien Rangers](/wiki/Alien_Rangers "Alien Rangers") of the planet Aquitar for help. These Rangers are humanoid, partially aquatic aliens and though Earth's environment is ultimately inhospitable to them, they agree to help. Master Vile's plans are foiled, and he leaves in annoyance, but Lord Zedd and Rita Repulsa remain and intend to conquer Earth. Hoping to restore the Rangers' proper ages, Billy Cranston builds a Regenerator powered by the Ninja Power Coins. However, only Billy is restored to normal before the device is stolen by Goldar and Rito Revolto. The Power Coins are then destroyed by Rita and Zedd. With the human Rangers' powers destroyed, only the Aquitian Rangers stand between Earth and the forces of evil, and they can't stay on Earth forever. Ultimately, Zordon realizes that only one thing can restore everything to normal: the [Zeo Crystal](/wiki/Zeo_Crystal "Zeo Crystal"), which the human Rangers had split into five sub\-crystals and scattered throughout time to keep it safe from Master Vile. The five young Rangers are each sent back to a different country and point in time to find a sub\-crystal. Upon success, they are returned to the present. All the while, the Aquitian Rangers, Billy, Zordon and Alpha 5 fend off the forces of Lord Zedd and Rita. The villains also plot to destroy the Command Center and steal the completed Zeo Crystal. Ultimately, Zedd and Rita succeed in summoning the Aquitian Rangers' arch\-foe, Hydro\-Hog, to destroy them. After a great deal of difficulty, the Aquitian Rangers destroy him. Meanwhile, Aisha Campbell acquires the final sub\-crystal in Africa. However, she chooses to remain in exchange for the sub\-crystal and new friend [Tanya Sloan](/wiki/Tanya_Sloan "Tanya Sloan") goes in her place. Once the Zeo Crystal is recombined in a machine devised by Billy, Earth is restored to normal. The teenaged Rangers bid thanks and farewell to their Aquitian counterparts, who return to Aquitar. However, Goldar and Rito Revolto steal the Zeo Crystal out of the Command Center and their bomb goes off soon afterwards. The Rangers are teleported to safety just before the Command Center is destroyed. ### Aftermath The series sets up the transition from *[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers](/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers")* to *[Power Rangers Zeo](/wiki/Power_Rangers_Zeo "Power Rangers Zeo")*. The two\-part premiere of the latter resolved the cliffhanger ending and established the Rangers' new powers (as well as new foes, the [Machine Empire](/wiki/Machine_Empire "Machine Empire")). The Aquitian Rangers are later seen or referenced in further seasons. [Cestro](/wiki/Cestro "Cestro") returns unmorphed in "Graduation Blues", seeking Billy's help against the Hydro\-Contaminators. Cestro later briefly appears with [Delphine](/wiki/Aquitian_Rangers%23Delphine "Aquitian Rangers#Delphine") in "Revelations of Gold". The Aquitian and Zeo Rangers team\-up in the "Rangers of Two Worlds" two\-parter, the first instance on the series of two full teams appearing together. The two\-parter also centered around Billy rapidly aging because of his use of the regenerator. In "[Countdown to Destruction](/wiki/Countdown_to_Destruction "Countdown to Destruction")" in *[Power Rangers in Space](/wiki/Power_Rangers_in_Space "Power Rangers in Space")*, the Aquitian Rangers battle and are overwhelmed by [Divatox](/wiki/Divatox "Divatox")'s forces. Aurico later appears morphed in the *[Power Rangers Wild Force](/wiki/Power_Rangers_Wild_Force "Power Rangers Wild Force")* episode, "[Forever Red](/wiki/Forever_Red "Forever Red")", which saw every previous Red Ranger (save Rocky, as Jason returned to his previous role as Red Ranger, for which Rocky originally replaced him) united to stop the remnants of the Machine Empire. All five Rangers would later return in the series finale of *[Power Rangers Super Megaforce](/wiki/Power_Rangers_Super_Megaforce "Power Rangers Super Megaforce")* to battle alongside other veteran Ranger teams and the Megaforce Rangers.
[ "Synopsis\n--------", "[260px\\|thumb\\|left\\|The five Alien Rangers](/wiki/Image:MMARgroup.jpg \"MMARgroup.jpg\")\nPicking up where the third season of *[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers](/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers \"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\")* left off, Master Vile has used the Orb of Doom to reverse the ages of everybody on Earth, including the Power Rangers, reducing them to children. However, unlike the last time, the rangers retain their memories of the proper time thanks to the Ninja Power Coins. Unfortunately, the rangers are unable to morph and fight; Zordon recruits the [Alien Rangers](/wiki/Alien_Rangers \"Alien Rangers\") of the planet Aquitar for help. These Rangers are humanoid, partially aquatic aliens and though Earth's environment is ultimately inhospitable to them, they agree to help. Master Vile's plans are foiled, and he leaves in annoyance, but Lord Zedd and Rita Repulsa remain and intend to conquer Earth.", "Hoping to restore the Rangers' proper ages, Billy Cranston builds a Regenerator powered by the Ninja Power Coins. However, only Billy is restored to normal before the device is stolen by Goldar and Rito Revolto. The Power Coins are then destroyed by Rita and Zedd. With the human Rangers' powers destroyed, only the Aquitian Rangers stand between Earth and the forces of evil, and they can't stay on Earth forever. Ultimately, Zordon realizes that only one thing can restore everything to normal: the [Zeo Crystal](/wiki/Zeo_Crystal \"Zeo Crystal\"), which the human Rangers had split into five sub\\-crystals and scattered throughout time to keep it safe from Master Vile.", "The five young Rangers are each sent back to a different country and point in time to find a sub\\-crystal. Upon success, they are returned to the present. All the while, the Aquitian Rangers, Billy, Zordon and Alpha 5 fend off the forces of Lord Zedd and Rita. The villains also plot to destroy the Command Center and steal the completed Zeo Crystal.", "Ultimately, Zedd and Rita succeed in summoning the Aquitian Rangers' arch\\-foe, Hydro\\-Hog, to destroy them. After a great deal of difficulty, the Aquitian Rangers destroy him. Meanwhile, Aisha Campbell acquires the final sub\\-crystal in Africa. However, she chooses to remain in exchange for the sub\\-crystal and new friend [Tanya Sloan](/wiki/Tanya_Sloan \"Tanya Sloan\") goes in her place. Once the Zeo Crystal is recombined in a machine devised by Billy, Earth is restored to normal. The teenaged Rangers bid thanks and farewell to their Aquitian counterparts, who return to Aquitar. However, Goldar and Rito Revolto steal the Zeo Crystal out of the Command Center and their bomb goes off soon afterwards. The Rangers are teleported to safety just before the Command Center is destroyed.", "### Aftermath", "The series sets up the transition from *[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers](/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers \"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\")* to *[Power Rangers Zeo](/wiki/Power_Rangers_Zeo \"Power Rangers Zeo\")*. The two\\-part premiere of the latter resolved the cliffhanger ending and established the Rangers' new powers (as well as new foes, the [Machine Empire](/wiki/Machine_Empire \"Machine Empire\")).", "The Aquitian Rangers are later seen or referenced in further seasons. [Cestro](/wiki/Cestro \"Cestro\") returns unmorphed in \"Graduation Blues\", seeking Billy's help against the Hydro\\-Contaminators. Cestro later briefly appears with [Delphine](/wiki/Aquitian_Rangers%23Delphine \"Aquitian Rangers#Delphine\") in \"Revelations of Gold\". The Aquitian and Zeo Rangers team\\-up in the \"Rangers of Two Worlds\" two\\-parter, the first instance on the series of two full teams appearing together. The two\\-parter also centered around Billy rapidly aging because of his use of the regenerator. In \"[Countdown to Destruction](/wiki/Countdown_to_Destruction \"Countdown to Destruction\")\" in *[Power Rangers in Space](/wiki/Power_Rangers_in_Space \"Power Rangers in Space\")*, the Aquitian Rangers battle and are overwhelmed by [Divatox](/wiki/Divatox \"Divatox\")'s forces. Aurico later appears morphed in the *[Power Rangers Wild Force](/wiki/Power_Rangers_Wild_Force \"Power Rangers Wild Force\")* episode, \"[Forever Red](/wiki/Forever_Red \"Forever Red\")\", which saw every previous Red Ranger (save Rocky, as Jason returned to his previous role as Red Ranger, for which Rocky originally replaced him) united to stop the remnants of the Machine Empire. All five Rangers would later return in the series finale of *[Power Rangers Super Megaforce](/wiki/Power_Rangers_Super_Megaforce \"Power Rangers Super Megaforce\")* to battle alongside other veteran Ranger teams and the Megaforce Rangers.", "" ]
History ------- Northwest Mall, along with its Northwest 4 Theatres, located on the northeast side of the property, opened to the public in October 1968\. The movie theater was operated by AMC. AMC Northwest 4 was one of the first multi\-screen theatres built in Houston. Upon opening, the mall featured anchors [JCPenney](/wiki/JCPenney "JCPenney"), who owned their two\-story building and surrounding parking lot with auto center, and [Foley's](/wiki/Foley%27s "Foley's"), who also owned their own two\-story building, surrounding parking lot, and automotive center, with the remainder of the property being owned by the mall itself. This resulted in the land being owned by three separate parties. Other original occupants in the mall include [Piccadilly Cafeteria](/wiki/Piccadilly_Cafeteria "Piccadilly Cafeteria"), [Palais Royal](/wiki/Palais_Royal_%28Houston-based_department_store%29 "Palais Royal (Houston-based department store)"), [Lane Bryant](/wiki/Lane_Bryant "Lane Bryant"), Lerner Shops, Susie's, Battelstein's, Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour, Gordon's Jewellers, and [Thom McAn](/wiki/Thom_McAn "Thom McAn") shoes. On July 11, 2000, after liquidating the inventory of the store, JCPenney closed their Northwest Mall location. The building remained vacant until Carolyn Thompson's Antique Center moved into the long vacant space in 2012, a result of the antique center losing its own long\-time home on Old Katy Road as a result of a widening expansion to Interstate 610\. SRO sports bar, which had relocated to Northwest Mall in the summer of 2001, announced its closing Feb. 2013\. SRO was replaced with La Chapa sports bar, which closed in 2018, shortly after the mall itself. SRO had replaced the back half of the former F.W. Woolworth's junior anchor spot. The mall entrance to Woolworth's was transformed into an independent film theater. In 2006, the mall was about 64% occupied. During that year [Glimcher Realty Trust](/wiki/Glimcher_Realty_Trust "Glimcher Realty Trust") put the mall up for sale, along with the [Almeda Mall](/wiki/Almeda_Mall "Almeda Mall"). In 2007, Levcor Inc purchased the main mall, giving them approximately 80% ownership of the property with only the former Foley's, later [Macy's](/wiki/Macy%27s "Macy's"), having its own independent owner. Macy's closed in 2008\. There was a Native American museum, Southern Apache Museum, that opened in 2012\. It closed in 2017 due to redevelopment.{{cite web\|last\=Glentzer\|first\=Molly\|url\=https://preview.houstonchronicle.com/art\-exhibits/will\-houston\-s\-next\-museum\-celebrate\-native\-15759988\|title\=Will Houston’s next museum celebrate Native Americans?\|newspaper\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=2020\-11\-30\|accessdate\=2021\-04\-24}} With the closure, only Carolyn Thompson's Antique Center, Palais Royal, La Chapa sports bar, and the Post Oak Club remained open at Northwest. All mall entrances were closed and boarded. After the 2017 closing, the only business operating at the mall was the Antique Center in the former JCPenney. Its mall entrance no longer exists, having been walled off shortly before Northwest's closure, with only the lower ground floor open to the general public. On Dec 31, 2021 Carolyn Thompson's Antique Center closed leaving the mall vacant. Northwest Mall has been named the preferred site to demolish and develop the acreage into the south terminus hub for the eventual high speed rail line between Houston and Dallas.
[ "History\n-------", "Northwest Mall, along with its Northwest 4 Theatres, located on the northeast side of the property, opened to the public in October 1968\\. The movie theater was operated by AMC. AMC Northwest 4 was one of the first multi\\-screen theatres built in Houston.", "Upon opening, the mall featured anchors [JCPenney](/wiki/JCPenney \"JCPenney\"), who owned their two\\-story building and surrounding parking lot with auto center, and [Foley's](/wiki/Foley%27s \"Foley's\"), who also owned their own two\\-story building, surrounding parking lot, and automotive center, with the remainder of the property being owned by the mall itself. This resulted in the land being owned by three separate parties. Other original occupants in the mall include [Piccadilly Cafeteria](/wiki/Piccadilly_Cafeteria \"Piccadilly Cafeteria\"), [Palais Royal](/wiki/Palais_Royal_%28Houston-based_department_store%29 \"Palais Royal (Houston-based department store)\"), [Lane Bryant](/wiki/Lane_Bryant \"Lane Bryant\"), Lerner Shops, Susie's, Battelstein's, Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour, Gordon's Jewellers, and [Thom McAn](/wiki/Thom_McAn \"Thom McAn\") shoes.", "On July 11, 2000, after liquidating the inventory of the store, JCPenney closed their Northwest Mall location. The building remained vacant until Carolyn Thompson's Antique Center moved into the long vacant space in 2012, a result of the antique center losing its own long\\-time home on Old Katy Road as a result of a widening expansion to Interstate 610\\.", "SRO sports bar, which had relocated to Northwest Mall in the summer of 2001, announced its closing Feb. 2013\\. SRO was replaced with La Chapa sports bar, which closed in 2018, shortly after the mall itself. SRO had replaced the back half of the former F.W. Woolworth's junior anchor spot. The mall entrance to Woolworth's was transformed into an independent film theater.", "In 2006, the mall was about 64% occupied. During that year [Glimcher Realty Trust](/wiki/Glimcher_Realty_Trust \"Glimcher Realty Trust\") put the mall up for sale, along with the [Almeda Mall](/wiki/Almeda_Mall \"Almeda Mall\"). In 2007, Levcor Inc purchased the main mall, giving them approximately 80% ownership of the property with only the former Foley's, later [Macy's](/wiki/Macy%27s \"Macy's\"), having its own independent owner. Macy's closed in 2008\\.", "There was a Native American museum, Southern Apache Museum, that opened in 2012\\. It closed in 2017 due to redevelopment.{{cite web\\|last\\=Glentzer\\|first\\=Molly\\|url\\=https://preview.houstonchronicle.com/art\\-exhibits/will\\-houston\\-s\\-next\\-museum\\-celebrate\\-native\\-15759988\\|title\\=Will Houston’s next museum celebrate Native Americans?\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-30\\|accessdate\\=2021\\-04\\-24}}", "With the closure, only Carolyn Thompson's Antique Center, Palais Royal, La Chapa sports bar, and the Post Oak Club remained open at Northwest. All mall entrances were closed and boarded. After the 2017 closing, the only business operating at the mall was the Antique Center in the former JCPenney. Its mall entrance no longer exists, having been walled off shortly before Northwest's closure, with only the lower ground floor open to the general public. On Dec 31, 2021 Carolyn Thompson's Antique Center closed leaving the mall vacant.", "Northwest Mall has been named the preferred site to demolish and develop the acreage into the south terminus hub for the eventual high speed rail line between Houston and Dallas.", "" ]
History ------- The first written mention of Eilendorf occurs in 1238, in a donation registry noting a gift from the Abbot Florenz of [Kornelimünster Abbey](/wiki/Kornelim%C3%BCnster_Abbey "Kornelimünster Abbey") to St. Adalbert Church in Aachen.[Urkundliche Erwähnung Eilendorfs](http://www.aachen.de/DE/stadt_buerger/politik_verwaltung/stadtbezirke/eilendorf/historischer_ueberblick_eilendorf/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108042544/http://www.aachen.de/DE/stadt\_buerger/politik\_verwaltung/stadtbezirke/eilendorf/historischer\_ueberblick\_eilendorf/index.html \|date\=2019\-01\-08 }}, Eilendorf. It developed around a [smithsonite](/wiki/Smithsonite "Smithsonite") [mine](/wiki/Mining "Mining") which today is no longer in operation, though a mining symbol still appears on the Eilendorf coat of arms. In addition, there was a [dolomite](/wiki/Dolomite_%28rock%29 "Dolomite (rock)") [quary](/wiki/Quary "Quary") as well as a line manufacturer in Eilendorf. From 1577 until 1583 Eilendorf suffered billeting, plundering and pillaging from foreign troops involved in the [Cologne War](/wiki/Cologne_War "Cologne War"), and from 1630 to 1640 the town faced the horrors of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War"), which was surpassed only by the ruthless war of conquest waged by [Louis XIV of France](/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France "Louis XIV of France") in 1678\. As a result of the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution"), the [Kornelimünster Abbey](/wiki/Kornelim%C3%BCnster_Abbey "Kornelimünster Abbey") met its abrupt end in 1794\. It was finally dissolved in 1802 when all church goods became a property of the state. By 1797, Eilendorf was already in political union with Forst, Weiern and Höfen. The Eilendorf area stretches to the east until the Propsteier Forest and the district of Aue in [Eschweiler](/wiki/Eschweiler "Eschweiler"), where in 1884 the [Stolberg Main Train Station](/wiki/Stolberg_%28Rheinland%29_Hauptbahnhof "Stolberg (Rheinland) Hauptbahnhof") was built on a track in this area. On 1 April 1886 Eilendorf split from Forst to elect its own mayor, and the old community borders were reestablished. On 1 April 1897 the town got its own train station for commuter and freight traffic, and Eilendorf and Nirm joined together as a single political community on 27 April 1900\. In 1908 the first drug store opened in town. Until the administrative reforms that took place in the communities surrounding Aachen in 1971, Eilendorf was a self\-administered town. Beginning 1 January 1972, however, it was incorporated into the city of Aachen as one of its seven districts.{{cite book \| last1 \= Bünermann \| first1 \= Martin \| authorlink1\= Martin Bünermann \| last2 \= Köstering \| first2 \= Heinz \| authorlink2 \= Heinz Köstering \| title \= Communities and Districts After the Area Community Reform in North Rhine\-Westphalia (Die Gemeinden und Kreise nach der kommunalen Gebietsreform in Nordrhein\-Westfalen) \| year \= 1975 \| publisher \= German Publishing Community (Deutscher Gemeindeverlag) \| location \= Köln \| isbn \= 3\-555\-30092\-X }} Today the district's administration is carried out in the former Eilendorf [Rathaus](/wiki/City_and_town_halls "City and town halls"). With its integration into Aachen, town leaders saw the possibility to address "outstanding community issues in a larger context and to create the basis for a stable living environment, as this would lead to a healthy community in our time ".[Eingemeindung](http://www.aachen.de/DE/stadt_buerger/politik_verwaltung/stadtbezirke/eilendorf/historischer_ueberblick_eilendorf/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108042544/http://www.aachen.de/DE/stadt\_buerger/politik\_verwaltung/stadtbezirke/eilendorf/historischer\_ueberblick\_eilendorf/index.html \|date\=2019\-01\-08 }}, Eingliederung der Gemeinde Eilendorf zur Stadt Aachen. ### Name Originally, Eilendorf did not belong to the city of Aachen, and during this early time, the community's name was ***Erlendorf***. Due to the area's moist soil, which is a prerequisite for the growth of [Alder](/wiki/Alder "Alder") (*Erlen*), it is now assumed that the original name was due to the presence of these trees. Through the pronunciation of the town's name in the [Aachen dialect](/wiki/Aachen_dialect "Aachen dialect"), however, the name of Erlendorf slowly morphed into Eilendorf.
[ "History\n-------", "The first written mention of Eilendorf occurs in 1238, in a donation registry noting a gift from the Abbot Florenz of [Kornelimünster Abbey](/wiki/Kornelim%C3%BCnster_Abbey \"Kornelimünster Abbey\") to St. Adalbert Church in Aachen.[Urkundliche Erwähnung Eilendorfs](http://www.aachen.de/DE/stadt_buerger/politik_verwaltung/stadtbezirke/eilendorf/historischer_ueberblick_eilendorf/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108042544/http://www.aachen.de/DE/stadt\\_buerger/politik\\_verwaltung/stadtbezirke/eilendorf/historischer\\_ueberblick\\_eilendorf/index.html \\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-08 }}, Eilendorf. It developed around a [smithsonite](/wiki/Smithsonite \"Smithsonite\") [mine](/wiki/Mining \"Mining\") which today is no longer in operation, though a mining symbol still appears on the Eilendorf coat of arms. In addition, there was a [dolomite](/wiki/Dolomite_%28rock%29 \"Dolomite (rock)\") [quary](/wiki/Quary \"Quary\") as well as a line manufacturer in Eilendorf. From 1577 until 1583 Eilendorf suffered billeting, plundering and pillaging from foreign troops involved in the [Cologne War](/wiki/Cologne_War \"Cologne War\"), and from 1630 to 1640 the town faced the horrors of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\"), which was surpassed only by the ruthless war of conquest waged by [Louis XIV of France](/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France \"Louis XIV of France\") in 1678\\. As a result of the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), the [Kornelimünster Abbey](/wiki/Kornelim%C3%BCnster_Abbey \"Kornelimünster Abbey\") met its abrupt end in 1794\\. It was finally dissolved in 1802 when all church goods became a property of the state. By 1797, Eilendorf was already in political union with Forst, Weiern and Höfen.", "The Eilendorf area stretches to the east until the Propsteier Forest and the district of Aue in [Eschweiler](/wiki/Eschweiler \"Eschweiler\"), where in 1884 the [Stolberg Main Train Station](/wiki/Stolberg_%28Rheinland%29_Hauptbahnhof \"Stolberg (Rheinland) Hauptbahnhof\") was built on a track in this area. On 1 April 1886 Eilendorf split from Forst to elect its own mayor, and the old community borders were reestablished. On 1 April 1897 the town got its own train station for commuter and freight traffic, and Eilendorf and Nirm joined together as a single political community on 27 April 1900\\. In 1908 the first drug store opened in town.", "Until the administrative reforms that took place in the communities surrounding Aachen in 1971, Eilendorf was a self\\-administered town. Beginning 1 January 1972, however, it was incorporated into the city of Aachen as one of its seven districts.{{cite book \\| last1 \\= Bünermann \\| first1 \\= Martin \\| authorlink1\\= Martin Bünermann \\| last2 \\= Köstering \\| first2 \\= Heinz \\| authorlink2 \\= Heinz Köstering \\| title \\= Communities and Districts After the Area Community Reform in North Rhine\\-Westphalia (Die Gemeinden und Kreise nach der kommunalen Gebietsreform in Nordrhein\\-Westfalen) \\| year \\= 1975 \\| publisher \\= German Publishing Community (Deutscher Gemeindeverlag) \\| location \\= Köln \\| isbn \\= 3\\-555\\-30092\\-X }} Today the district's administration is carried out in the former Eilendorf [Rathaus](/wiki/City_and_town_halls \"City and town halls\").", "With its integration into Aachen, town leaders saw the possibility to address \"outstanding community issues in a larger context and to create the basis for a stable living environment, as this would lead to a healthy community in our time \".[Eingemeindung](http://www.aachen.de/DE/stadt_buerger/politik_verwaltung/stadtbezirke/eilendorf/historischer_ueberblick_eilendorf/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108042544/http://www.aachen.de/DE/stadt\\_buerger/politik\\_verwaltung/stadtbezirke/eilendorf/historischer\\_ueberblick\\_eilendorf/index.html \\|date\\=2019\\-01\\-08 }}, Eingliederung der Gemeinde Eilendorf zur Stadt Aachen.", "### Name", "Originally, Eilendorf did not belong to the city of Aachen, and during this early time, the community's name was ***Erlendorf***. Due to the area's moist soil, which is a prerequisite for the growth of [Alder](/wiki/Alder \"Alder\") (*Erlen*), it is now assumed that the original name was due to the presence of these trees. Through the pronunciation of the town's name in the [Aachen dialect](/wiki/Aachen_dialect \"Aachen dialect\"), however, the name of Erlendorf slowly morphed into Eilendorf.", "" ]
Personality ----------- In the original manga series, Jigen is not always at Lupin's side but lurking in the background until needed. The anime series, however, shows Jigen as extremely loyal to Lupin and willing to partner up anytime for a given heist. Jigen is noted for his quick temper; enemy and friend alike have been victim to his need to repay violence for insult. Both Lupin and Goemon have been on the receiving end of his blows in his response to their frank or comical criticism. Despite Jigen's gruff facade, he has an ironic sense of humor and genuinely enjoys participating in each caper with his partners. He is, by far, the more pragmatic of the group, with a cynical streak founded in failed romances (his luck with women runs from bad to worse, with love interests often betraying him or dying). He is always distrustful of [Fujiko Mine](/wiki/Fujiko_Mine "Fujiko Mine") and becomes irritated when Lupin goes along with one of her plans. Among Lupin's group, Jigen is the least apprehensive at taking human life. While he considers killing women and children taboo, he is willing to put down any age or gender who offers a life threat, such as Linda in Part 2 Episode 26\. Where Lupin and Goemon both have unique sartorial tastes, Jigen is pure basics. His typical wardrobe is a dark grey, dark green or black business suit, along with a white or light blue colored dress shirt, a black tie, and his ever\-present dark grey or black broad\-brimmed fedora; the hat ranks as his most prized possession outside of his weaponry. During the third anime series, Jigen's outfit is more light colored and his hatband has a cross\-hatched or grid pattern design (similar to the original manga interpretation of the character); however the black look is most applied for OVA productions and TV specials. Jigen's thick hair is typically collar\-length and unevenly cut. His chin curtain beard varies from an inch to three inches long and is also unruly. A few episodes of the anime use an occasional gimmick where the character has his hat pulled forward so that only the lower half of his face is visible or, if he's without his hat, his hair will be covering his upper face and eyes. However such episodes are rare; and Jigen's face is plainly shown with or without his hat in most animated depictions. Jigen is the "big brother" of the group, and often serves as the voice of reason to Lupin's impulsiveness, as he must because of his friendship with Lupin as well as out of sheer professionalism. However, he has long since resigned himself to having to go along with the craziest of schemes. Jigen, like the rest of the Lupin gang, is adept with disguises and can pilot virtually any motorized vehicle. He is also a tough hand\-to\-hand opponent, capable of knocking out an attacker with one blow. While his racial origins may be in question, Jigen was at one time a famed bodyguard and assassin for many American criminal mobs. Of several stories regarding his past, the most popular has him an American mobster who moved to Japan on the lam; there he adopted a Japanese identity and name ("Jigen" is the conventional Japanese word for "dimension", not a name). According to Lupin, Jigen's hobbies are limited due to his stay\-at\-home preference. When he does go out, he usually attends target practice, visits a favorite bar, plays poker, enjoys a boxing match or eats at a [chop house](/wiki/Chop_house "Chop house")\-style restaurant. He also has a weakness for Spaghetti Westerns, lounging, classical music (except in Episodes 79 and 89 of Part 2\), and hearty American food. Jigen's most obvious pastime is smoking; there is hardly a time when he not seen with a cigarette, usually one bent in a number of directions. His preferred brands have been [Pall Mall Filter Longs](/wiki/Pall_Mall_%28cigarette%29 "Pall Mall (cigarette)") or [Marlboro Red](/wiki/Marlboro_%28cigarette%29 "Marlboro (cigarette)"). He is also seen occasionally smoking a briar pipe. As well, Jigen enjoys drinking scotch, bourbon, vodka, beer and occasionally fine wines; he has a "heavyweight's" resistance to intoxication. The Tokyo Pop releases of the original Lupin manga note in their preface that Jigen's appearance and temperament are based on the actor James Coburn, especially Coburn's role, Britt, in *[The Magnificent Seven](/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven "The Magnificent Seven")*. This has been confirmed by Monkey Punch during a 2003 Dallas, Texas anime convention interview. In a television documentary celebrating the manga's history, Monkey Punch stated he based the Jigen/Lupin relationship on [Alain Delon](/wiki/Alain_Delon "Alain Delon") and [Charles Bronson](/wiki/Charles_Bronson "Charles Bronson")'s teaming in the 1968 film *[Adieu l'ami](/wiki/Adieu_l%27ami "Adieu l'ami")*.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2017\|reason\=Reliable source needed}} ADDENDUM: TMS Entertainment's 2023's anime release of the series [Lupin Zero](/wiki/Lupin_Zero "Lupin Zero") indicates Lupin and Jigen were children together in mid 1960's Japan, with Jigen having access to guns and well\-developed marksmanship. Whether this series is considered canon has yet to be revealed.
[ "Personality\n-----------", "In the original manga series, Jigen is not always at Lupin's side but lurking in the background until needed. The anime series, however, shows Jigen as extremely loyal to Lupin and willing to partner up anytime for a given heist.", "Jigen is noted for his quick temper; enemy and friend alike have been victim to his need to repay violence for insult. Both Lupin and Goemon have been on the receiving end of his blows in his response to their frank or comical criticism.", "Despite Jigen's gruff facade, he has an ironic sense of humor and genuinely enjoys participating in each caper with his partners. He is, by far, the more pragmatic of the group, with a cynical streak founded in failed romances (his luck with women runs from bad to worse, with love interests often betraying him or dying). He is always distrustful of [Fujiko Mine](/wiki/Fujiko_Mine \"Fujiko Mine\") and becomes irritated when Lupin goes along with one of her plans. Among Lupin's group, Jigen is the least apprehensive at taking human life. While he considers killing women and children taboo, he is willing to put down any age or gender who offers a life threat, such as Linda in Part 2 Episode 26\\.", "Where Lupin and Goemon both have unique sartorial tastes, Jigen is pure basics. His typical wardrobe is a dark grey, dark green or black business suit, along with a white or light blue colored dress shirt, a black tie, and his ever\\-present dark grey or black broad\\-brimmed fedora; the hat ranks as his most prized possession outside of his weaponry. During the third anime series, Jigen's outfit is more light colored and his hatband has a cross\\-hatched or grid pattern design (similar to the original manga interpretation of the character); however the black look is most applied for OVA productions and TV specials. Jigen's thick hair is typically collar\\-length and unevenly cut. His chin curtain beard varies from an inch to three inches long and is also unruly. A few episodes of the anime use an occasional gimmick where the character has his hat pulled forward so that only the lower half of his face is visible or, if he's without his hat, his hair will be covering his upper face and eyes. However such episodes are rare; and Jigen's face is plainly shown with or without his hat in most animated depictions.", "Jigen is the \"big brother\" of the group, and often serves as the voice of reason to Lupin's impulsiveness, as he must because of his friendship with Lupin as well as out of sheer professionalism. However, he has long since resigned himself to having to go along with the craziest of schemes. Jigen, like the rest of the Lupin gang, is adept with disguises and can pilot virtually any motorized vehicle. He is also a tough hand\\-to\\-hand opponent, capable of knocking out an attacker with one blow.", "While his racial origins may be in question, Jigen was at one time a famed bodyguard and assassin for many American criminal mobs. Of several stories regarding his past, the most popular has him an American mobster who moved to Japan on the lam; there he adopted a Japanese identity and name (\"Jigen\" is the conventional Japanese word for \"dimension\", not a name). According to Lupin, Jigen's hobbies are limited due to his stay\\-at\\-home preference. When he does go out, he usually attends target practice, visits a favorite bar, plays poker, enjoys a boxing match or eats at a [chop house](/wiki/Chop_house \"Chop house\")\\-style restaurant. He also has a weakness for Spaghetti Westerns, lounging, classical music (except in Episodes 79 and 89 of Part 2\\), and hearty American food.", "Jigen's most obvious pastime is smoking; there is hardly a time when he not seen with a cigarette, usually one bent in a number of directions. His preferred brands have been [Pall Mall Filter Longs](/wiki/Pall_Mall_%28cigarette%29 \"Pall Mall (cigarette)\") or [Marlboro Red](/wiki/Marlboro_%28cigarette%29 \"Marlboro (cigarette)\"). He is also seen occasionally smoking a briar pipe. As well, Jigen enjoys drinking scotch, bourbon, vodka, beer and occasionally fine wines; he has a \"heavyweight's\" resistance to intoxication.", "The Tokyo Pop releases of the original Lupin manga note in their preface that Jigen's appearance and temperament are based on the actor James Coburn, especially Coburn's role, Britt, in *[The Magnificent Seven](/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven \"The Magnificent Seven\")*. This has been confirmed by Monkey Punch during a 2003 Dallas, Texas anime convention interview. In a television documentary celebrating the manga's history, Monkey Punch stated he based the Jigen/Lupin relationship on [Alain Delon](/wiki/Alain_Delon \"Alain Delon\") and [Charles Bronson](/wiki/Charles_Bronson \"Charles Bronson\")'s teaming in the 1968 film *[Adieu l'ami](/wiki/Adieu_l%27ami \"Adieu l'ami\")*.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2017\\|reason\\=Reliable source needed}}", "ADDENDUM: TMS Entertainment's 2023's anime release of the series [Lupin Zero](/wiki/Lupin_Zero \"Lupin Zero\") indicates Lupin and Jigen were children together in mid 1960's Japan, with Jigen having access to guns and well\\-developed marksmanship. Whether this series is considered canon has yet to be revealed.", "" ]
Description ----------- The PWS\-20 was a high\-wing braced [monoplane](/wiki/Monoplane "Monoplane") with an enclosed cabin and a single engine mounted in the nose. The constant chord wings had rounded wingtips and were built up around two wood spars, with plywood ribs and a doped [linen](/wiki/Linen "Linen") covering. Fuel tanks were located in the wing roots, between the spars. The empennage was built up as a frame and also covered in linen. The forward fuselage was a metal framework skinned with plywood, while the rear fuselage was a wooden framework covered with plywood and doped linen. The crew of two, a pilot and a mechanic, sat in a cabin ahead of the wing, and were provided with dual controls. Behind them and under the wing, there was a {{cvt\|3\.15\|m}} long cabin with seating for six passengers. Wide rectangular windows were provided, along with a door on the left side. Two additional passengers could be carried on folding seats and there was a toilet, as well as room for {{cvt\|220\|kg}} of baggage in two compartments. The PWS\-20 was powered with a {{cvt\|450\|hp}} (nominal) or {{cvt\|487\|hp}} (take\-off power) Lorraine\-Dietrich LD 12Eb [W12 engine](/wiki/W12_engine "W12 engine") produced under licence by the Polish [Skoda Works](/wiki/Skoda_Works "Skoda Works"), driving a {{cvt\|3\.2\|m}} diameter two\-blade fixed pitch metal propeller. Cooling was provided by a radiator mounted under the fuselage near the firewall, and the engine was faired into the fuselage with a duralumin cowling. Fuel consumption at cruising speed and altitude was {{cvt\|100\-110\|L}} per hour. A conventional fixed [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear "Landing gear"), with a tail skid was fitted. Initially this was formed from two vees, attached to the lower fuselage longerons and to each other with a spreader bar, with a [wheelbase](/wiki/Wheelbase "Wheelbase") of {{cvt\|2\.5\|m}}, this was replaced by individual legs, with a vee connected to the fuselage, and a vertical strut connected to the upper longeron, through one of the wing struts, with a wider {{cvt\|3\.54\|m}} wheelbase. For initial tests, skis were used.
[ "Description\n-----------", "The PWS\\-20 was a high\\-wing braced [monoplane](/wiki/Monoplane \"Monoplane\") with an enclosed cabin and a single engine mounted in the nose.", "The constant chord wings had rounded wingtips and were built up around two wood spars, with plywood ribs and a doped [linen](/wiki/Linen \"Linen\") covering. Fuel tanks were located in the wing roots, between the spars. The empennage was built up as a frame and also covered in linen.\nThe forward fuselage was a metal framework skinned with plywood, while the rear fuselage was a wooden framework covered with plywood and doped linen.", "The crew of two, a pilot and a mechanic, sat in a cabin ahead of the wing, and were provided with dual controls. Behind them and under the wing, there was a {{cvt\\|3\\.15\\|m}} long cabin with seating for six passengers. Wide rectangular windows were provided, along with a door on the left side. Two additional passengers could be carried on folding seats and there was a toilet, as well as room for {{cvt\\|220\\|kg}} of baggage in two compartments.", "The PWS\\-20 was powered with a {{cvt\\|450\\|hp}} (nominal) or {{cvt\\|487\\|hp}} (take\\-off power) Lorraine\\-Dietrich LD 12Eb [W12 engine](/wiki/W12_engine \"W12 engine\") produced under licence by the Polish [Skoda Works](/wiki/Skoda_Works \"Skoda Works\"), driving a {{cvt\\|3\\.2\\|m}} diameter two\\-blade fixed pitch metal propeller. Cooling was provided by a radiator mounted under the fuselage near the firewall, and the engine was faired into the fuselage with a duralumin cowling. Fuel consumption at cruising speed and altitude was {{cvt\\|100\\-110\\|L}} per hour.", "A conventional fixed [landing gear](/wiki/Landing_gear \"Landing gear\"), with a tail skid was fitted. Initially this was formed from two vees, attached to the lower fuselage longerons and to each other with a spreader bar, with a [wheelbase](/wiki/Wheelbase \"Wheelbase\") of {{cvt\\|2\\.5\\|m}}, this was replaced by individual legs, with a vee connected to the fuselage, and a vertical strut connected to the upper longeron, through one of the wing struts, with a wider {{cvt\\|3\\.54\\|m}} wheelbase. For initial tests, skis were used.", "" ]
College career -------------- While attending the [University of Connecticut](/wiki/University_of_Connecticut "University of Connecticut"), Wreh\-Wilson played for the Connecticut Huskies football team from 2008 to 2012\. After being [redshirted](/wiki/Redshirt_%28college_sports%29 "Redshirt (college sports)") in 2008, Wreh\-Wilson saw action in all 13 games of the 2009 season. He started nine games, including the final seven games of the season, and recorded a total of 40 tackles and one interception. Wreh\-Wilson started all 13 games for the Huskies at the [cornerback](/wiki/Cornerback "Cornerback") position in 2010\. He had four interceptions on the season, two of which were returned for touchdowns, and also recorded 57 tackles, five pass deflections, and one fumble recovery. In the 2011 season, Wreh\-Wilson only played in eight games due to a knee injury, but managed to start all eight games, and recorded 37 tackles, including two for a loss, along with two interceptions and seven pass deflections. As a senior in 2012, Wreh\-Wilson played in and started 11 games, and was honored as the team's [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player "Most Valuable Player"). He was also a second\-team All\-[Big East](/wiki/Big_East_Conference_%281979%E2%80%932013%29 "Big East Conference (1979–2013)") selection and recorded 47 tackles, nine pass deflections, and an interception.
[ "College career\n--------------", "While attending the [University of Connecticut](/wiki/University_of_Connecticut \"University of Connecticut\"), Wreh\\-Wilson played for the Connecticut Huskies football team from 2008 to 2012\\.", "After being [redshirted](/wiki/Redshirt_%28college_sports%29 \"Redshirt (college sports)\") in 2008, Wreh\\-Wilson saw action in all 13 games of the 2009 season. He started nine games, including the final seven games of the season, and recorded a total of 40 tackles and one interception.", "Wreh\\-Wilson started all 13 games for the Huskies at the [cornerback](/wiki/Cornerback \"Cornerback\") position in 2010\\. He had four interceptions on the season, two of which were returned for touchdowns, and also recorded 57 tackles, five pass deflections, and one fumble recovery.", "In the 2011 season, Wreh\\-Wilson only played in eight games due to a knee injury, but managed to start all eight games, and recorded 37 tackles, including two for a loss, along with two interceptions and seven pass deflections.", "As a senior in 2012, Wreh\\-Wilson played in and started 11 games, and was honored as the team's [Most Valuable Player](/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player \"Most Valuable Player\"). He was also a second\\-team All\\-[Big East](/wiki/Big_East_Conference_%281979%E2%80%932013%29 \"Big East Conference (1979–2013)\") selection and recorded 47 tackles, nine pass deflections, and an interception.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \| 1810\=1638 \| 1820\=1861 \| 1830\=1638 \| 1840\=1854 \| 1850\=2422 \| 1860\=2901 \| 1870\=3178 \| 1880\=3301 \| 1890\=2239 \| 1890n\=\* \| 1900\= 775 \| 1900n\=\* \| 1910\= 744 \| 1920\=6259 \| 1930\=3879 \| 1940\=4805 \| 1950\=6717 \| 1960\=7595 \| 1970\=7016 \| 1980\=8396 \| 1990\=8443 \| 2000\=7684 \| 2010\=8049 \| 2020\=8637 \| estimate\=8640 \| estyear\=2023 \| estref\=\[https://www2\.census.gov/programs\-surveys/popest/tables/2020\-2023/mcds/totals/SUB\-MCD\-EST2023\-POP\-34\.xlsx Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023], \[\[United States Census Bureau]], released May 2024\. Accessed May 16, 2024\. \| footnote\=Population sources: 1810–2000Barnett, Bob. \[http://westjersey.org/popsal\_04\.htm Population Data for Salem County Municipalities, 1810 \- 2000], WestJersey.org, January 6, 2011\. Accessed January 16, 2013\. 1810–1920\[https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/handle/10929/25218?show\=full ''Compendium of censuses 1726\-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905''], \[\[New Jersey Department of State]], 1906\. Accessed September 2, 2013\. 1840\[\[Francis Bowen\|Bowen, Francis]]. \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=DnUFAAAAQAAJ\&pg\=PA231 ''American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1843''], p. 231, David H. Williams, 1842\. Accessed September 2, 2013\. 1850–1870Raum, John A. \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=5qZ4AAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA256 ''The History of New Jersey: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Volume 1''], p. 256, J. E. Potter and company, 1877\. Accessed June 17, 2012\. "Upper Penn's Neck is the northernmost township in the county, and is situated on the Delaware river. Population in 1850, 2,422; in 1860, 2,901; in 1870, 3,178\." 1850\[\[J. D. B. De Bow\|Debow, James Dunwoody Brownson]]. \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=25TicJOdU0AC\&pg\=PA140 ''The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850''], p. 140\. R. Armstrong, 1853\. Accessed January 16, 2013\. 1870Staff. \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=gNwIAAAAQAAJ\&pg\=PA260 ''A compendium of the ninth census, 1870''], p. 260\. \[\[United States Census Bureau]], 1872\. Accessed January 16, 2013\. 1880–1890Porter, Robert Percival. \[https://books.google.com/books?id\=8gUkQkJdLpsC\&pg\=PA99 ''Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins: Volume III \- 51 to 75''], p. 99\. \[\[United States Census Bureau]], 1890\. Accessed January 16, 2013\. 1890–1910\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=T9HrAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA338 ''Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890''], \[\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 338\. Accessed January 16, 2013\. 1910–1930\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=kifRAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA718 ''Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 \- Population Volume I''], \[\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 718\. Accessed January 16, 2013\. 1940–2000\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2kpub/njsdcp3\.pdf\#page\=27 Table 6: New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1940 \- 2000], Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, August 2001\. Accessed May 1, 2023\. 2000 2010\[https://archive.today/20200212101925/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\.0/en/DEC/10\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3403310610 DP\-1 \- Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey], \[\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed June 17, 2012\.\[http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\_sal/carneyspoint1\.pdf Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Carneys Point township] {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081707/http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\_sal/carneyspoint1\.pdf \|date\=2018\-03\-22 }}, \[\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed June 17, 2012\. 2020\[https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/carneyspointtownshipsalemcountynewjersey/ QuickFacts Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey], \[\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed February 17, 2023\.\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2020/2020%20pl94%20Tables/2020\_Mun/MCD%200\_All.pdf Total Population: Census 2010 \- Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities], \[\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed December 1, 2022\. \* \= Lost territory in previous decade. }} ### 2010 census The [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census") counted 8,049 people, 3,264 households, and 2,033 families in the township. The population density was {{convert\|477\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 3,502 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|207\.7\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup was 74\.08% (5,963\) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._census%29 "White (U.S. census)"), 16\.91% (1,361\) [Black or African American](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._census%29 "Black (U.S. census)"), 0\.21% (17\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._census%29 "Native American (U.S. census)"), 0\.81% (65\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._census%29 "Asian (U.S. census)"), 0\.00% (0\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. census)"), 5\.65% (455\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census%23Race "Race and ethnicity in the United States census#Race"), and 2\.34% (188\) from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. census)") of any race were 11\.18% (900\) of the population. Of the 3,264 households, 23\.7% had children under the age of 18; 43\.8% were married couples living together; 13\.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 37\.7% were non\-families. Of all households, 32\.2% were made up of individuals and 14\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.36 and the average family size was 2\.97\. 20\.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 7\.4% from 18 to 24, 24\.7% from 25 to 44, 29\.1% from 45 to 64, and 18\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43\.2 years. For every 100 females, the population had 90\.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 85\.3 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey "American Community Survey") showed that (in 2010 [inflation\-adjusted](/wiki/Inflation_adjustment "Inflation adjustment") dollars) [median household income](/wiki/Median_household_income "Median household income") was $51,277 (with a margin of error of \+/− $4,039\) and the median family income was $65,224 (\+/− $7,825\). Males had a median income of $46,529 (\+/− $2,972\) versus $39,722 (\+/− $5,309\) for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the borough was $26,020 (\+/− $2,212\). About 4\.3% of families and 7\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 11\.2% of those under age 18 and 8\.1% of those age 65 or over.[DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006\-2010 American Community Survey 5\-Year Estimates for Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey](https://archive.today/20200212102643/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0600000US3403310610), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed May 29, 2012\. ### 2000 census As of the [2000 United States census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census") there were 7,684 people, 3,121 households, and 2,050 families residing in the township. The population density was {{convert\|439\.1\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 3,330 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|190\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the township was 78\.53% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 16\.27% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.27% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.91% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.04% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)"), 2\.10% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 1\.89% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 3\.98% of the population.[Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey](http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/0603403310610.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040115111034/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/0603403310610\.pdf \|date\=2004\-01\-15 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed January 16, 2013\.[DP\-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 \- Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\) 100\-Percent Data for Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey](https://archive.today/20200212112042/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3403310610), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed January 16, 2013\. There were 3,121 households, out of which 28\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 12\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\.3% were non\-families. 29\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.42 and the average family size was 2\.99\. In the township the population was spread out, with 22\.9% under the age of 18, 8\.6% from 18 to 24, 28\.1% from 25 to 44, 24\.3% from 45 to 64, and 16\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87\.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $41,007, and the median income for a family was $52,213\. Males had a median income of $39,861 versus $26,773 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the township was $19,978\. About 8\.3% of families and 10\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 11\.9% of those under age 18 and 9\.0% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\| 1810\\=1638\n\\| 1820\\=1861\n\\| 1830\\=1638\n\\| 1840\\=1854\n\\| 1850\\=2422\n\\| 1860\\=2901\n\\| 1870\\=3178\n\\| 1880\\=3301\n\\| 1890\\=2239 \\| 1890n\\=\\*\n\\| 1900\\= 775 \\| 1900n\\=\\*\n\\| 1910\\= 744\n\\| 1920\\=6259\n\\| 1930\\=3879\n\\| 1940\\=4805\n\\| 1950\\=6717\n\\| 1960\\=7595\n\\| 1970\\=7016\n\\| 1980\\=8396\n\\| 1990\\=8443\n\\| 2000\\=7684\n\\| 2010\\=8049\n\\| 2020\\=8637\n\\| estimate\\=8640\n\\| estyear\\=2023\n\\| estref\\=\\[https://www2\\.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/popest/tables/2020\\-2023/mcds/totals/SUB\\-MCD\\-EST2023\\-POP\\-34\\.xlsx Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], released May 2024\\. Accessed May 16, 2024\\.\n\\| footnote\\=Population sources: 1810–2000Barnett, Bob. \\[http://westjersey.org/popsal\\_04\\.htm Population Data for Salem County Municipalities, 1810 \\- 2000], WestJersey.org, January 6, 2011\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\. \n1810–1920\\[https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/handle/10929/25218?show\\=full ''Compendium of censuses 1726\\-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905''], \\[\\[New Jersey Department of State]], 1906\\. Accessed September 2, 2013\\. 1840\\[\\[Francis Bowen\\|Bowen, Francis]]. \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DnUFAAAAQAAJ\\&pg\\=PA231 ''American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1843''], p. 231, David H. Williams, 1842\\. Accessed September 2, 2013\\. 1850–1870Raum, John A. \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5qZ4AAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA256 ''The History of New Jersey: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Volume 1''], p. 256, J. E. Potter and company, 1877\\. Accessed June 17, 2012\\. \"Upper Penn's Neck is the northernmost township in the county, and is situated on the Delaware river. Population in 1850, 2,422; in 1860, 2,901; in 1870, 3,178\\.\" \n1850\\[\\[J. D. B. De Bow\\|Debow, James Dunwoody Brownson]]. \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=25TicJOdU0AC\\&pg\\=PA140 ''The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850''], p. 140\\. R. Armstrong, 1853\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\. 1870Staff. \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=gNwIAAAAQAAJ\\&pg\\=PA260 ''A compendium of the ninth census, 1870''], p. 260\\. \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], 1872\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\. 1880–1890Porter, Robert Percival. \\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8gUkQkJdLpsC\\&pg\\=PA99 ''Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins: Volume III \\- 51 to 75''], p. 99\\. \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], 1890\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\. \n1890–1910\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=T9HrAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA338 ''Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890''], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 338\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\. 1910–1930\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kifRAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA718 ''Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 \\- Population Volume I''], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]], p. 718\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\. \n1940–2000\\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2kpub/njsdcp3\\.pdf\\#page\\=27 Table 6: New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1940 \\- 2000], Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, August 2001\\. Accessed May 1, 2023\\. 2000 \n2010\\[https://archive.today/20200212101925/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1\\.0/en/DEC/10\\_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3403310610 DP\\-1 \\- Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed June 17, 2012\\.\\[http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\\_sal/carneyspoint1\\.pdf Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Carneys Point township] {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081707/http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1\\_sal/carneyspoint1\\.pdf \\|date\\=2018\\-03\\-22 }}, \\[\\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed June 17, 2012\\. 2020\\[https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/carneyspointtownshipsalemcountynewjersey/ QuickFacts Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey], \\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed February 17, 2023\\.\\[https://www.nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/assets/PDFs/census/2020/2020%20pl94%20Tables/2020\\_Mun/MCD%200\\_All.pdf Total Population: Census 2010 \\- Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities], \\[\\[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Accessed December 1, 2022\\. \n\\* \\= Lost territory in previous decade.\n}}", "### 2010 census", "The [2010 United States census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\") counted 8,049 people, 3,264 households, and 2,033 families in the township. The population density was {{convert\\|477\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 3,502 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|207\\.7\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup was 74\\.08% (5,963\\) [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._census%29 \"White (U.S. census)\"), 16\\.91% (1,361\\) [Black or African American](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._census%29 \"Black (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.21% (17\\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._census%29 \"Native American (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.81% (65\\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._census%29 \"Asian (U.S. census)\"), 0\\.00% (0\\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. census)\"), 5\\.65% (455\\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census%23Race \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census#Race\"), and 2\\.34% (188\\) from two or more races. [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. census)\") of any race were 11\\.18% (900\\) of the population.", "Of the 3,264 households, 23\\.7% had children under the age of 18; 43\\.8% were married couples living together; 13\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 37\\.7% were non\\-families. Of all households, 32\\.2% were made up of individuals and 14\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.36 and the average family size was 2\\.97\\.", "20\\.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 7\\.4% from 18 to 24, 24\\.7% from 25 to 44, 29\\.1% from 45 to 64, and 18\\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43\\.2 years. For every 100 females, the population had 90\\.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 85\\.3 males.", "The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey \"American Community Survey\") showed that (in 2010 [inflation\\-adjusted](/wiki/Inflation_adjustment \"Inflation adjustment\") dollars) [median household income](/wiki/Median_household_income \"Median household income\") was $51,277 (with a margin of error of \\+/− $4,039\\) and the median family income was $65,224 (\\+/− $7,825\\). Males had a median income of $46,529 (\\+/− $2,972\\) versus $39,722 (\\+/− $5,309\\) for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the borough was $26,020 (\\+/− $2,212\\). About 4\\.3% of families and 7\\.5% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 11\\.2% of those under age 18 and 8\\.1% of those age 65 or over.[DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006\\-2010 American Community Survey 5\\-Year Estimates for Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey](https://archive.today/20200212102643/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0600000US3403310610), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed May 29, 2012\\.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [2000 United States census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\") there were 7,684 people, 3,121 households, and 2,050 families residing in the township. The population density was {{convert\\|439\\.1\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 3,330 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|190\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the township was 78\\.53% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 16\\.27% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.27% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.91% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.04% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.10% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.89% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 3\\.98% of the population.[Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey](http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/0603403310610.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040115111034/http://censtats.census.gov/data/NJ/0603403310610\\.pdf \\|date\\=2004\\-01\\-15 }}, [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed January 16, 2013\\.[DP\\-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 \\- Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1\\) 100\\-Percent Data for Carneys Point township, Salem County, New Jersey](https://archive.today/20200212112042/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3403310610), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed January 16, 2013\\.", "There were 3,121 households, out of which 28\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\\.3% were non\\-families. 29\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.42 and the average family size was 2\\.99\\.", "In the township the population was spread out, with 22\\.9% under the age of 18, 8\\.6% from 18 to 24, 28\\.1% from 25 to 44, 24\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87\\.3 males.", "The median income for a household in the township was $41,007, and the median income for a family was $52,213\\. Males had a median income of $39,861 versus $26,773 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the township was $19,978\\. About 8\\.3% of families and 10\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 11\\.9% of those under age 18 and 9\\.0% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Government ---------- ### Local government Carneys Point Township is governed under the [Township](/wiki/Township_%28New_Jersey%29 "Township (New Jersey)") form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 564\) statewide that use this form, the second\-most commonly used form of government in the state.[*Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey*](https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/inventory_of_municipal_forms_of_government_in_new_jersey.pdf), [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011\. Accessed June 1, 2023\. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters [at\-large](/wiki/At-large "At-large") in partisan elections to serve three\-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three\-year cycle.*2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book*, [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") [Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy](/wiki/Edward_J._Bloustein_School_of_Planning_and_Public_Policy "Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy"), March 2013, p. 19\.["Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey"](https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/forms_of_municipal_government_in_new_jersey_9220.pdf#page=7), p. 7\. [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University") Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 1, 2023\. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. {{As of\|2022}}, members of the Carneys Point Township Committee are [Mayor](/wiki/Mayor "Mayor") Kenneth H. Brown ([D](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)"), term on committee ends December 31, 2023; term as mayor ends 2022\), Deputy Mayor Patrick D. Bomba (D, term on committee ends 2024; term as deputy mayor ends 2022\), Marcus E. Dowe Jr. (D, 2022\), Kenneth R. Dennis (R, 2023; elected to serve an unexpired term) and Wayne D. Pelura ([R](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)"), 2022\).[Township Committee](http://carneyspointtwp.org/cpnj/Government/Township%20Committee/), Carneys Point Township. Accessed May 29, 2022\. "Carneys Point Township is governed under the Township form of government. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at\-large in partisan elections to serve three\-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three\-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor."[2021 Municipal User Friendly Budget](http://carneyspointtwp.org/cpnj/Government/Township%20Budgets/2021%20Adopted%20Budget.pdf?1653859149#page=13), Carneys Point Township. Accessed May 29, 2022\.[Election Summary Report General Election Salem County November 2, 2021 Official Results Report](https://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/OFFICIAL-General-Election-Results-Salem-County-2021-min.pdf), [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey "Salem County, New Jersey"), updated November 15, 2021\. Accessed January 1, 2022\.[Election Summary Report Salem County NJ General Election November 3, 2020 Official Report](https://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ElectionSummaryReportRPT-short-version-revised-min.pdf), [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey "Salem County, New Jersey"), updated November 25, 2020\. Accessed January 1, 2021\.[November 5, 2019 Summary Report Salem County, NJ Official Results](https://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Official-Result-Summary-Report-min.pdf), [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey "Salem County, New Jersey") Clerk, updated November 18, 2019\. Accessed January 1, 2020\. After counting all ballots in the November 2014 general election, incumbent Democrat Charles C. Newton and his Republican challenger Joseph F. Racite were deadlocked at 1,001 votes for the second of two seats up for vote on the township committee, despite Newton's initial four\-vote edge after the machine votes were counted.[November 4, 2014 Summary Report Salem County Official Results](http://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Official-Summary-Report-11-4-14.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112170632/http://salemcountyclerk.org/wp\-content/uploads/2014/12/Official\-Summary\-Report\-11\-4\-14\.pdf \|date\=January 12, 2016 }}, [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey "Salem County, New Jersey") Clerk, updated November 24, 2014\. Accessed July 29, 2016\. In a runoff election held on December 30, Racite prevailed and was elected to take the seat by a 660–585 margin.Young, Alex. ["Joe Racite named unofficial winner of Carneys Point run off election"](http://www.nj.com/salem/index.ssf/2014/12/joe_racite_named_unofficial_winner_of_carneys_point_run_off_election.html), *[South Jersey Times](/wiki/South_Jersey_Times "South Jersey Times")*, December 30, 2014\. Accessed February 13, 2015\. "It took nearly two months, but Republican Joe Racite was named the unofficial winner of the final open seat on the township committee in a run off election Tuesday. Racite received 660 of the 1,245 total votes, edging out Democrat Charles Newton by 75 votes, according to the unofficial tallies recorded by the Salem County Board of Elections Tuesday night. Racite and Newton were deadlocked at 1,001 votes each after November's General Election."[December 30, 2014 Summary Report Salem County](http://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2014-runoff-Official-Results.pdf), [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey "Salem County, New Jersey"), December 31, 2014\. Accessed February 13, 2015\. ### Federal, state and county representation Carneys Point Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District[Plan Components Report](https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/2012-congressional-districts/njcd-2011-plan-components-county-mcd.pdf), [New Jersey Redistricting Commission](/wiki/New_Jersey_Redistricting_Commission "New Jersey Redistricting Commission"), December 23, 2011\. Accessed February 1, 2020\. and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district.[Municipalities Sorted by 2011\-2020 Legislative District](https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/2011-legislative-districts/towns-districts.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State"). Accessed February 1, 2020\.[*2019 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government*](https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5bae63366fd2b2e5b9f87e5e/5d30f0a94a82c66427e564d2_2019_CitizensGuide.pdf), New Jersey [League of Women Voters](/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters "League of Women Voters"). Accessed October 30, 2019\.[Districts by Number for 2011\-2020](https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/districts/districtnumbers.asp#3), [New Jersey Legislature](/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature "New Jersey Legislature"). Accessed January 6, 2013\. {{NJ Congress 02}} {{NJ Senate}} {{NJ Legislative 03}} {{NJ Salem County Commissioners}} ### Politics As of March 2011, there were a total of 5,154 registered voters in Carneys Point Township, of which 1,587 (30\.8% vs. 30\.6% countywide) were registered as [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)"), 927 (18\.0% vs. 21\.0%) were registered as [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)") and 2,640 (51\.2% vs. 48\.4%) were registered as [Unaffiliated](/wiki/Unaffiliated_%28New_Jersey%29 "Unaffiliated (New Jersey)"). There were no voters registered as either [Libertarians](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29 "Libertarian Party (United States)") or [Greens](/wiki/Green_Party_%28United_States%29 "Green Party (United States)").[Voter Registration Summary \- Salem](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2011-salem-co-summary-report.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State") Division of Elections, March 23, 2011\. Accessed January 16, 2013\. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 64\.0% (vs. 64\.6% in Salem County) were registered to vote, including 80\.1% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 84\.4% countywide).[GCT\-P7: Selected Age Groups: 2010 \- State \-\- County Subdivision; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey](https://www.census.gov), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"). Accessed January 16, 2013\. In the [2012 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2012 "United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2012"), Democrat [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") received 58\.1% of the vote (1,974 cast), ahead of Republican [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney "Mitt Romney") with 40\.6% (1,379 votes), and other candidates with 1\.4% (46 votes), among the 3,429 ballots cast by the township's 5,397 registered voters (30 ballots were [spoiled](/wiki/Spoilt_vote "Spoilt vote")), for a turnout of 63\.5%.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012\-results/2012\-presidential\-salem.pdf \|title\=Presidential General Election Results \- November 6, 2012 \- Salem County \|date\=March 15, 2013 \|publisher\=New Jersey Department of Elections \|access\-date\=December 24, 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012\-results/2012\-ballotscast\-salem.pdf \|title\=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast \- November 6, 2012 \- General Election Results \- Salem County\|date\=March 15, 2013 \|publisher\=New Jersey Department of Elections \|access\-date\=December 24, 2014}} In the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2008 "United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2008"), Democrat Barack Obama received 2,138 votes (57\.3% vs. 50\.4% countywide), ahead of Republican [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain "John McCain") with 1,494 votes (40\.0% vs. 46\.6%) and other candidates with 61 votes (1\.6% vs. 1\.6%), among the 3,732 ballots cast by the township's 5,471 registered voters, for a turnout of 68\.2% (vs. 71\.8% in Salem County).[2008 Presidential General Election Results: Salem County](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2008-gen-elect-presidential-results-salem.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State") Division of Elections, December 23, 2008\. Accessed January 16, 2013\. In the [2004 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2004 "United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2004"), Democrat [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry "John Kerry") received 1,671 votes (52\.6% vs. 45\.9% countywide), ahead of Republican [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") with 1,455 votes (45\.8% vs. 52\.5%) and other candidates with 28 votes (0\.9% vs. 1\.0%), among the 3,177 ballots cast by the township's 4,886 registered voters, for a turnout of 65\.0% (vs. 71\.0% in the whole county).[2004 Presidential Election: Salem County](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2004-presidential_salem_co_2004.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State") Division of Elections, December 13, 2004\. Accessed January 16, 2013\. In the [2013 gubernatorial election](/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election%2C_2013 "New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2013"), Republican [Chris Christie](/wiki/Chris_Christie "Chris Christie") received 61\.4% of the vote (1,352 cast), ahead of Democrat [Barbara Buono](/wiki/Barbara_Buono "Barbara Buono") with 36\.5% (804 votes), and other candidates with 2\.0% (45 votes), among the 2,375 ballots cast by the township's 5,308 registered voters (174 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 44\.7%.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013\-results/2013\-general\-election\-results\-governor\-salem.pdf \|title\=Governor \- Salem County \|date\=January 29, 2014 \|publisher\=New Jersey Department of Elections \|access\-date\=December 24, 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013\-results/2013\-general\-election\-ballotscast\-salem.pdf \|title\=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast \- November 5, 2013 \- General Election Results \- Salem County\|date\=January 29, 2014 \|publisher\=New Jersey Department of Elections \|access\-date\=December 24, 2014}} In the [2009 gubernatorial election](/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election%2C_2009 "New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2009"), Democrat [Jon Corzine](/wiki/Jon_Corzine "Jon Corzine") received 987 ballots cast (42\.7% vs. 39\.9% countywide), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 926 votes (40\.1% vs. 46\.1%), Independent [Chris Daggett](/wiki/Chris_Daggett "Chris Daggett") with 209 votes (9\.0% vs. 9\.7%) and other candidates with 47 votes (2\.0% vs. 2\.0%), among the 2,312 ballots cast by the township's 5,406 registered voters, yielding a 42\.8% turnout (vs. 47\.3% in the county).[2009 Governor: Salem County](http://www.njelections.org/election-results/2009-governor_results-salem.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017231212/http://www.njelections.org/election\-results/2009\-governor\_results\-salem.pdf \|date\=2012\-10\-17 }}, [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State "New Jersey Department of State") Division of Elections, December 31, 2009\. Accessed January 16, 2013\.
[ "Government\n----------", "### Local government", "Carneys Point Township is governed under the [Township](/wiki/Township_%28New_Jersey%29 \"Township (New Jersey)\") form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 564\\) statewide that use this form, the second\\-most commonly used form of government in the state.[*Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey*](https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/inventory_of_municipal_forms_of_government_in_new_jersey.pdf), [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\") Center for Government Studies, July 1, 2011\\. Accessed June 1, 2023\\. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters [at\\-large](/wiki/At-large \"At-large\") in partisan elections to serve three\\-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three\\-year cycle.*2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book*, [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\") [Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy](/wiki/Edward_J._Bloustein_School_of_Planning_and_Public_Policy \"Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy\"), March 2013, p. 19\\.[\"Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey\"](https://njdatabook.rutgers.edu/sites/njdatabook.rutgers.edu/files/documents/forms_of_municipal_government_in_new_jersey_9220.pdf#page=7), p. 7\\. [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\") Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 1, 2023\\. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor.", "{{As of\\|2022}}, members of the Carneys Point Township Committee are [Mayor](/wiki/Mayor \"Mayor\") Kenneth H. Brown ([D](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\"), term on committee ends December 31, 2023; term as mayor ends 2022\\), Deputy Mayor Patrick D. Bomba (D, term on committee ends 2024; term as deputy mayor ends 2022\\), Marcus E. Dowe Jr. (D, 2022\\), Kenneth R. Dennis (R, 2023; elected to serve an unexpired term) and Wayne D. Pelura ([R](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\"), 2022\\).[Township Committee](http://carneyspointtwp.org/cpnj/Government/Township%20Committee/), Carneys Point Township. Accessed May 29, 2022\\. \"Carneys Point Township is governed under the Township form of government. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at\\-large in partisan elections to serve three\\-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three\\-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor.\"[2021 Municipal User Friendly Budget](http://carneyspointtwp.org/cpnj/Government/Township%20Budgets/2021%20Adopted%20Budget.pdf?1653859149#page=13), Carneys Point Township. Accessed May 29, 2022\\.[Election Summary Report General Election Salem County November 2, 2021 Official Results Report](https://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/OFFICIAL-General-Election-Results-Salem-County-2021-min.pdf), [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Salem County, New Jersey\"), updated November 15, 2021\\. Accessed January 1, 2022\\.[Election Summary Report Salem County NJ General Election November 3, 2020 Official Report](https://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ElectionSummaryReportRPT-short-version-revised-min.pdf), [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Salem County, New Jersey\"), updated November 25, 2020\\. Accessed January 1, 2021\\.[November 5, 2019 Summary Report Salem County, NJ Official Results](https://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Official-Result-Summary-Report-min.pdf), [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Salem County, New Jersey\") Clerk, updated November 18, 2019\\. Accessed January 1, 2020\\.", "After counting all ballots in the November 2014 general election, incumbent Democrat Charles C. Newton and his Republican challenger Joseph F. Racite were deadlocked at 1,001 votes for the second of two seats up for vote on the township committee, despite Newton's initial four\\-vote edge after the machine votes were counted.[November 4, 2014 Summary Report Salem County Official Results](http://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Official-Summary-Report-11-4-14.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112170632/http://salemcountyclerk.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2014/12/Official\\-Summary\\-Report\\-11\\-4\\-14\\.pdf \\|date\\=January 12, 2016 }}, [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Salem County, New Jersey\") Clerk, updated November 24, 2014\\. Accessed July 29, 2016\\. In a runoff election held on December 30, Racite prevailed and was elected to take the seat by a 660–585 margin.Young, Alex. [\"Joe Racite named unofficial winner of Carneys Point run off election\"](http://www.nj.com/salem/index.ssf/2014/12/joe_racite_named_unofficial_winner_of_carneys_point_run_off_election.html), *[South Jersey Times](/wiki/South_Jersey_Times \"South Jersey Times\")*, December 30, 2014\\. Accessed February 13, 2015\\. \"It took nearly two months, but Republican Joe Racite was named the unofficial winner of the final open seat on the township committee in a run off election Tuesday. Racite received 660 of the 1,245 total votes, edging out Democrat Charles Newton by 75 votes, according to the unofficial tallies recorded by the Salem County Board of Elections Tuesday night. Racite and Newton were deadlocked at 1,001 votes each after November's General Election.\"[December 30, 2014 Summary Report Salem County](http://salemcountyclerk.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2014-runoff-Official-Results.pdf), [Salem County, New Jersey](/wiki/Salem_County%2C_New_Jersey \"Salem County, New Jersey\"), December 31, 2014\\. Accessed February 13, 2015\\.", "### Federal, state and county representation", "Carneys Point Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District[Plan Components Report](https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/2012-congressional-districts/njcd-2011-plan-components-county-mcd.pdf), [New Jersey Redistricting Commission](/wiki/New_Jersey_Redistricting_Commission \"New Jersey Redistricting Commission\"), December 23, 2011\\. Accessed February 1, 2020\\. and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district.[Municipalities Sorted by 2011\\-2020 Legislative District](https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/assets/pdf/2011-legislative-districts/towns-districts.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\"). Accessed February 1, 2020\\.[*2019 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government*](https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5bae63366fd2b2e5b9f87e5e/5d30f0a94a82c66427e564d2_2019_CitizensGuide.pdf), New Jersey [League of Women Voters](/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters \"League of Women Voters\"). Accessed October 30, 2019\\.[Districts by Number for 2011\\-2020](https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/districts/districtnumbers.asp#3), [New Jersey Legislature](/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature \"New Jersey Legislature\"). Accessed January 6, 2013\\.", "{{NJ Congress 02}} {{NJ Senate}}", "{{NJ Legislative 03}}", "{{NJ Salem County Commissioners}}", "### Politics", "As of March 2011, there were a total of 5,154 registered voters in Carneys Point Township, of which 1,587 (30\\.8% vs. 30\\.6% countywide) were registered as [Democrats](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\"), 927 (18\\.0% vs. 21\\.0%) were registered as [Republicans](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") and 2,640 (51\\.2% vs. 48\\.4%) were registered as [Unaffiliated](/wiki/Unaffiliated_%28New_Jersey%29 \"Unaffiliated (New Jersey)\"). There were no voters registered as either [Libertarians](/wiki/Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Libertarian Party (United States)\") or [Greens](/wiki/Green_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Green Party (United States)\").[Voter Registration Summary \\- Salem](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2011-salem-co-summary-report.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\") Division of Elections, March 23, 2011\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 64\\.0% (vs. 64\\.6% in Salem County) were registered to vote, including 80\\.1% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 84\\.4% countywide).[GCT\\-P7: Selected Age Groups: 2010 \\- State \\-\\- County Subdivision; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey](https://www.census.gov), [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). Accessed January 16, 2013\\.", "In the [2012 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2012 \"United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2012\"), Democrat [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") received 58\\.1% of the vote (1,974 cast), ahead of Republican [Mitt Romney](/wiki/Mitt_Romney \"Mitt Romney\") with 40\\.6% (1,379 votes), and other candidates with 1\\.4% (46 votes), among the 3,429 ballots cast by the township's 5,397 registered voters (30 ballots were [spoiled](/wiki/Spoilt_vote \"Spoilt vote\")), for a turnout of 63\\.5%.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012\\-results/2012\\-presidential\\-salem.pdf \\|title\\=Presidential General Election Results \\- November 6, 2012 \\- Salem County \\|date\\=March 15, 2013 \\|publisher\\=New Jersey Department of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012\\-results/2012\\-ballotscast\\-salem.pdf \\|title\\=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast \\- November 6, 2012 \\- General Election Results \\- Salem County\\|date\\=March 15, 2013 \\|publisher\\=New Jersey Department of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2014}} In the [2008 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2008 \"United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2008\"), Democrat Barack Obama received 2,138 votes (57\\.3% vs. 50\\.4% countywide), ahead of Republican [John McCain](/wiki/John_McCain \"John McCain\") with 1,494 votes (40\\.0% vs. 46\\.6%) and other candidates with 61 votes (1\\.6% vs. 1\\.6%), among the 3,732 ballots cast by the township's 5,471 registered voters, for a turnout of 68\\.2% (vs. 71\\.8% in Salem County).[2008 Presidential General Election Results: Salem County](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2008-gen-elect-presidential-results-salem.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\") Division of Elections, December 23, 2008\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\. In the [2004 presidential election](/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey%2C_2004 \"United States presidential election in New Jersey, 2004\"), Democrat [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry \"John Kerry\") received 1,671 votes (52\\.6% vs. 45\\.9% countywide), ahead of Republican [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") with 1,455 votes (45\\.8% vs. 52\\.5%) and other candidates with 28 votes (0\\.9% vs. 1\\.0%), among the 3,177 ballots cast by the township's 4,886 registered voters, for a turnout of 65\\.0% (vs. 71\\.0% in the whole county).[2004 Presidential Election: Salem County](http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2004-presidential_salem_co_2004.pdf), [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\") Division of Elections, December 13, 2004\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\.", "In the [2013 gubernatorial election](/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election%2C_2013 \"New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2013\"), Republican [Chris Christie](/wiki/Chris_Christie \"Chris Christie\") received 61\\.4% of the vote (1,352 cast), ahead of Democrat [Barbara Buono](/wiki/Barbara_Buono \"Barbara Buono\") with 36\\.5% (804 votes), and other candidates with 2\\.0% (45 votes), among the 2,375 ballots cast by the township's 5,308 registered voters (174 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 44\\.7%.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013\\-results/2013\\-general\\-election\\-results\\-governor\\-salem.pdf \\|title\\=Governor \\- Salem County \\|date\\=January 29, 2014 \\|publisher\\=New Jersey Department of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013\\-results/2013\\-general\\-election\\-ballotscast\\-salem.pdf \\|title\\=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast \\- November 5, 2013 \\- General Election Results \\- Salem County\\|date\\=January 29, 2014 \\|publisher\\=New Jersey Department of Elections \\|access\\-date\\=December 24, 2014}} In the [2009 gubernatorial election](/wiki/New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election%2C_2009 \"New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2009\"), Democrat [Jon Corzine](/wiki/Jon_Corzine \"Jon Corzine\") received 987 ballots cast (42\\.7% vs. 39\\.9% countywide), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 926 votes (40\\.1% vs. 46\\.1%), Independent [Chris Daggett](/wiki/Chris_Daggett \"Chris Daggett\") with 209 votes (9\\.0% vs. 9\\.7%) and other candidates with 47 votes (2\\.0% vs. 2\\.0%), among the 2,312 ballots cast by the township's 5,406 registered voters, yielding a 42\\.8% turnout (vs. 47\\.3% in the county).[2009 Governor: Salem County](http://www.njelections.org/election-results/2009-governor_results-salem.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017231212/http://www.njelections.org/election\\-results/2009\\-governor\\_results\\-salem.pdf \\|date\\=2012\\-10\\-17 }}, [New Jersey Department of State](/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_State \"New Jersey Department of State\") Division of Elections, December 31, 2009\\. Accessed January 16, 2013\\.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Juniors Enge was born in [Fort Frances](/wiki/Fort_Frances "Fort Frances"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"). She was a [Northern Ontario](/wiki/Northern_Ontario "Northern Ontario") junior champion in 2008, playing second for [Ashley Miharija](/wiki/Ashley_Miharija "Ashley Miharija"). At the [2008 Canadian Junior Curling Championships](/wiki/2008_Canadian_Junior_Curling_Championships "2008 Canadian Junior Curling Championships"), playing for Miharija, they finished with a 8–4 record, tied for third place with Alberta (skipped by [Maria Bushell](/wiki/Maria_Bushell "Maria Bushell")) and Saskatchewan (skipped by [Stephanie McVicar](/wiki/Stephanie_Schmidt "Stephanie Schmidt")). This would mean they had to play in a tie\-breaker match against Saskatchewan who had already beat Alberta in the first tie\-breaker. They would go on to lose that game 6\-5 and were eliminated. Enge was the second best second during the week and was on the 2nd All\-Star team. ### 2011–2013 In 2010, she joined [Tracy Fleury](/wiki/Tracy_Fleury "Tracy Fleury") and her team out of [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury "Greater Sudbury") for the [2010–11 curling season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_curling_season "2010–11 curling season"). The team found early success by earning the fourth and final slot at the Northern Ontario championship to qualify them for the [2011 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2011 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). The team did very well at the provincial tournament, finishing the round\-robin with a 7–2 record qualifying them for the playoffs. They lost the 1vs2 game to [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan "Rachel Homan") and the semifinal to [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville "Krista McCarville") eliminating them from contention. Team Fleury (then known as Team Horgan) had a slow start in their 2012 campaign, placing third at the Northern Ontario championship. However, they would have another successful tournament at that year's [2012 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2012_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2012 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). The team lost just two round robin games, and would eventually upset the previously undefeated [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan "Rachel Homan") rink in the final. Homan missed a draw to the button to win the game on her last rock. At the [2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2012_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), Enge and her team would find difficulties through the week, finishing round robin with a 4–7 record. Her rink began the [2012\-13 curling season](/wiki/2012-13_curling_season "2012-13 curling season") well by winning the [2012 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic](/wiki/2012_AMJ_Campbell_Shorty_Jenkins_Classic "2012 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?task\=Event\&view\=Main\&eventid\=2751\|title\=2012 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=July 25, 2020}} However, their bid to return to the Scotties at the provincial [2013 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2013_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2013 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts") was unsuccessful, with the team finishing with a 4–5 record, missing the playoffs. At the [2013 Pomeroy Inn \& Suites Prairie Showdown](/wiki/2013_Pomeroy_Inn_%26_Suites_Prairie_Showdown "2013 Pomeroy Inn & Suites Prairie Showdown"), the team went all the way to the finals, before losing in an extra end to [Mirjam Ott](/wiki/Mirjam_Ott "Mirjam Ott"), the World Champion at the time.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?task\=Event\&view\=Main\&eventid\=2851\|title\=2013 Pomeroy Inn \& Suites Prairie Showdown\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=July 25, 2020}} ### 2013–2018 The Fleury rink secured a spot at the [2013 Road to the Roar](/wiki/2013_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials_%E2%80%93_Road_to_the_Roar "2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials – Road to the Roar"), the Olympic pre\-trials event.{{Cite web\|url\=http://cloudfront7\.curling.ca/2013roadtotheroar\-en/files/2013/04/Womens\-Draw\-Final.pdf\|title\=2013 Road to the Roar – Women's Draw\|publisher\=Canadian Curling Association\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111145846/http://cloudfront7\.curling.ca/2013roadtotheroar\-en/files/2013/04/Womens\-Draw\-Final.pdf\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=November 11, 2013}} At the Road to the Roar, the team went 4–3 and lost the 'C' event final on last rock to [Val Sweeting](/wiki/Val_Sweeting "Val Sweeting"),{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/jacobs\-defeats\-gushue\-in\-curling\-pre\-trials/\|title\=Sweeting in Page playoff at Road to the Roar\|publisher\=Sportsnet\|date\=November 8, 2013\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020}} who qualified for the Roar along with [Renée Sonnenberg](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Sonnenberg "Renée Sonnenberg").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/edmonton\-s\-sweeting\-claims\-final\-spot\-in\-national\-curling\-finals\-1\.1536637\|title\=Edmonton's Sweeting claims final spot in national curling finals\|publisher\=CTV News\|date\=November 10, 2013\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020}} Fleury defeated the top two seeds at the event, [Shannon Kleibrink](/wiki/Shannon_Kleibrink "Shannon Kleibrink"){{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/webster\-beats\-holland\-stays\-alive\-at\-pre\-trials/\|title\=Webster beats Holland, stays alive at pre\-trials\|publisher\=Sportsnet\|date\=November 7, 2013\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020}} and [Laura Crocker](/wiki/Laura_Crocker "Laura Crocker").{{Cite news\|url\=https://edmontonjournal.com/sports/curling/sonnenberg\-has\-two\-chances\-to\-get\-one\-win\-for\-olympic\-trials\-berth\|title\=Renee Sonnenberg one win away from Olympic trials berth\|publisher\=Edmonton Journal\|author\=Norm Cowley\|date\=November 8, 2013\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020}} Following the Pre\-Trials, the team went undefeated at the Northern Ontario Scotties playdowns. By finishing first at the playdowns, the team competed at the [2014 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2014_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2014 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts") in [Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario](/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie%2C_Ontario "Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario").{{Cite web\|url\=http://curlnoca.ca/wp\-content/uploads/2013/08/2014\-Draw\-and\-Teams1\.pdf\|title\=2014 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts Field\|publisher\=Curl ON\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020}} The team had a disappointing run at the provincials that year, giving up key steals in their losses to finish with a 5–4 record and ultimately missing the playoffs for a second consecutive year.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=3314\&teamid\=74781\&profileid\=1727\|title\=2014 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020}} The team was selected to represent Canada at the third annual [Yichun International Ladies Cup](/wiki/Yichun_International_Ladies_Cup "Yichun International Ladies Cup") in [Yichun, China](/wiki/Yichun%2C_Heilongjiang "Yichun, Heilongjiang") from December 28, 2013 – January 1, 2014\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?task\=Event\&view\=Main\&eventid\=3281\|title\=2013 Yi Chun Ladies International\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=July 25, 2020}} The team went 6–1 in the round\-robin with their only loss coming from [Silvana Tirinzoni](/wiki/Silvana_Tirinzoni "Silvana Tirinzoni") of [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") in the opening draw.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2014/01/14/happy\-new\-year\-for\-canada\-in\-china/\|title\=Hppy New Year for Canada in China\|publisher\=Curling Canada\|date\=January 14, 2014\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020}} The team defeated [Wang Bingyu](/wiki/Wang_Bingyu "Wang Bingyu") in the semifinal and [Jiang Yilun](/wiki/Jiang_Yilun "Jiang Yilun") in the final to win the event.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.thesudburystar.com/2014/01/02/horgan\-rink\-earns\-gold\-in\-china/wcm/4027322f\-abd0\-9fc2\-6420\-44e4fa9c2edc\|title\=Horgan rink earns gold in China\|publisher\=Sudbury Star\|author\=Bruce Heidman\|date\=January 2, 2014\|access\-date\=October 10, 2020}} The team has had a successful start to their [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_curling_season "2014–15 curling season"), finishing third at the [Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel](/wiki/Stroud_Sleeman_Cash_Spiel "Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel"){{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=3415\&teamid\=77721\&profileid\=3116\|title\=2014 Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020}} and qualifying for the playoffs of a Grand Slam event, the [2014 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic](/wiki/2014_Curlers_Corner_Autumn_Gold_Curling_Classic "2014 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic") for a second time in their career making it to the quarterfinal before losing to former provincial rival [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan "Rachel Homan") of Ottawa.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=3428\&teamid\=78729\&profileid\=\|title\=2014 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020}} At the [2014 DEKALB Superspiel](/wiki/DEKALB_Superspiel "DEKALB Superspiel") in [Morris, Manitoba](/wiki/Morris%2C_Manitoba "Morris, Manitoba"), the team lost their opening match to [Colleen Kilgallen](/wiki/Colleen_Kilgallen "Colleen Kilgallen") before winning their next eight games. They defeated St. Vital's [Jennifer Jones](/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_%28curler%29 "Jennifer Jones (curler)") in the final and earned 22\.5 [CTRS Points](/wiki/CCA_rankings "CCA rankings") for their win.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.thecurler.com/story,news\-item\-2015,Horgan\-Beats\-Jones\-in\-Extra\-End\-Final\-at\-DEKALB\-SuperSpiel\|title\=Horgan Beats Jones in Extra End Final at DEKALB SuperSpiel\|publisher\=The Curler\|date\=November 24, 2014\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 28, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070804/https://www.thecurler.com/story,news\-item\-2015,Horgan\-Beats\-Jones\-in\-Extra\-End\-Final\-at\-DEKALB\-SuperSpiel\|url\-status\=dead}} Just three weeks later, at the [Curl Mesabi Classic](/wiki/Curl_Mesabi_Classic "Curl Mesabi Classic"), the Fleury rink finished first in their pool after the round\-robin with a 3–1 record. In the playoffs, they defeated [Patti Lank](/wiki/Patti_Lank "Patti Lank") in the semifinal and defeated [Erika Brown](/wiki/Erika_Brown_%28curler%29 "Erika Brown (curler)") in the final to claim the championship title.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.mesabitribune.com/sports/featured/curl\-mesabi\-classic/article\_67614e9a\-8a5b\-11e4\-94c2\-67c461c6648f.html\|title\=2014 Curl Mesabi Classic\|publisher\=Mesabi Tribune\|date\=December 22, 2014\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020}} At the [2015 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2015_Northern_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2015 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), the Fleury rink became the first women's team to represent Northern Ontario at the Scotties.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/01/18/updated\-horgan\-wins\-first\-northern\-ontario\-title/wcm/7628d7a9\-5ac5\-0683\-85aa\-e771ddd8d674\|title\=Horgan wins first Northern Ontario title\|publisher\=The Sudbury Star\|date\=January 18, 2015\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020}} The team finished the tournament with a perfect 5–0 record, defeating city rival [Kendra Lilly](/wiki/Kendra_Lilly "Kendra Lilly") 4–3 in a close match.{{YouTube\|kdytXiOinVc\|'''Video''' (full game): 2015 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts \- Final \- Tracy Horgan vs Kendra Lilly}} Team Fleury then had to win a relegation qualifier prior to the [2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2015_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts") in order to compete in the main tournament.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/2015\-scotties\-tournament\-of\-hearts\-preview\-1\.191898\|title\=2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts Preview\|publisher\=TSN\|date\=January 26, 2015\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020}} During the relegation round at the [2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2015_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), they defeated [Kerry Galusha](/wiki/Kerry_Galusha "Kerry Galusha") from the [Northwest Territories](/wiki/Northwest_Territories "Northwest Territories") 10–5 and then beat [Sarah Koltun](/wiki/Sarah_Koltun "Sarah Koltun") from the [Yukon](/wiki/Yukon "Yukon") 7–5\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://o.canada.com/sports/northern\-ontarios\-tracy\-horgan\-advances\-to\-qualification\-final\-at\-scotties\|title\=Northern Ontario's Tracy Horgan advances to qualification final at Scotties\|publisher\=O Canada\|date\=February 13, 2015\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 4, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073841/http://o.canada.com/sports/northern\-ontarios\-tracy\-horgan\-advances\-to\-qualification\-final\-at\-scotties\|url\-status\=dead}} In the pre\-qualification final, they once again defeated the team from Yellowknife, 7–6, securing the right to represent [Northern Ontario](/wiki/Northern_Ontario "Northern Ontario") in the main draw at the Scotties for the first time.{{Cite news\|url\=https://o.canada.com/sports/horgan\-beats\-galusha\-in\-qualification\-final\-to\-advance\-to\-main\-draw\-at\-scotties\|title\=Horgan beats Galusha in qualification final to advance to main draw at Scotties\|publisher\=O Canada\|date\=February 14, 2015\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020\|archive\-date\=January 26, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126015907/http://o.canada.com/sports/horgan\-beats\-galusha\-in\-qualification\-final\-to\-advance\-to\-main\-draw\-at\-scotties\|url\-status\=dead}} In the main event, they found some success defeating higher seeds such as [Julie Hastings](/wiki/Julie_Hastings "Julie Hastings") and [Stefanie Lawton](/wiki/Stefanie_Lawton "Stefanie Lawton"). Headed into draw seventeen, the final draw before playoffs, Northern Ontario and [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan "Rachel Homan"), Team Canada at the time, shared 6–4 records. The winner of their game would determine the fourth seed for playoffs, and the loser would be eliminated. After leading 4–2 after six ends, they would allow Homan to score two points in the seventh end to tie the game.{{YouTube\|4I3pElGLhxE\|'''Video''' (full game): 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts \- Draw 17 \- Canada (Rachel Homan) vs Northern Ontario (Tracy Horgan)}} After a blank in the eighth, Fleury was heavy on a tap attempt in the ninth end and gave up a steal of two points. Homan would run them out of stones in the tenth end to win 6–5\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://ottawacitizen.com/sports/local\-sports/rachel\-homan\-advances\-to\-three\-four\-game\-at\-the\-scotties\|title\=Rachel Homan advances to three\-four game at the Scotties\|publisher\=Ottawa Citizen\|date\=February 21, 2015\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020}} Therefore, Northern Ontario finished fifth at the 2015 event with a 6–5 record.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/scotties\-tournament\-of\-hearts\-draw\-sheet\-1\.183398\|title\=Scotties Tournament of Hearts Draw Sheet\|publisher\=TSN\|date\=January 15, 2015\|access\-date\=September 13, 2020}} After the conclusion of the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_curling_season "2014–15 curling season"), Team Fleury announced that they would add Calgary's [Crystal Webster](/wiki/Crystal_Webster "Crystal Webster") to the lineup in a five\-player rotation due to work commitments.{{YouTube\|hu6XxIN7Vvo\|'''Video''': Team Fleury in "Five"}} The team found success early, advancing all the way to the semifinal of the [2015 Tour Challenge](/wiki/2015_GSOC_Tour_Challenge "2015 GSOC Tour Challenge") Grand Slam.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=3825\&teamid\=87769\&profileid\=\|title\=2015 GSOC Tour Challenge\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} They finished the round robin with a 2–2 record with wins over [Eve Muirhead](/wiki/Eve_Muirhead "Eve Muirhead") and [Kim Eun\-jung](/wiki/Kim_Eun-jung_%28curler%29 "Kim Eun-jung (curler)"), qualifying for a tiebreaker.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/fleury\-edges\-kim\-in\-extra\-end\-at\-tour\-challenge/\|title\=Fleury edges Kim in extra end at Tour Challenge\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|date\=September 10, 2015\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} The team stole the 8th end of the tiebreaker against [Chelsea Carey](/wiki/Chelsea_Carey "Chelsea Carey") and went on to defeat [Sherry Middaugh](/wiki/Sherry_Middaugh "Sherry Middaugh") in the quarterfinal.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/muirhead\-fleury\-advance\-to\-tour\-challenge\-quarterfinals/\|title\=Muirhead, Fleury advance to Tour Challenge quarterfinals\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|author\=Jonathan Brazeau\|date\=September 12, 2015\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} They were defeated by Switzerland's [Silvana Tirinzoni](/wiki/Silvana_Tirinzoni "Silvana Tirinzoni") 9–7 in the semifinal to end their run in the slam.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/gushue\-to\-play\-for\-tour\-challenge\-title\-on\-home\-ice/\|title\=Gushue to play for Tour Challenge title on home ice\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|author\=Jonathan Brazeau\|date\=September 13, 2015\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} It marked the first time Team Fleury advanced to the semifinal of a Slam. Although the team struggled at the next [Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_of_Curling "Grand Slam of Curling"), [The Masters](/wiki/Masters_%28curling%29 "Masters (curling)"), finishing with a 1–3 record, they quickly rebounded and made it all the way to the final of [The National](/wiki/National_%28curling%29 "National (curling)").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=3829\&teamid\=89687\&profileid\=\|title\=2015 Masters of Curling\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/fleury\-faces\-homan\-for\-womens\-national\-title/\|title\=Fleury faces Homan for women's National title\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|author\=Jonathan Brazeau\|date\=November 15, 2015\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} Up 4–3 without hammer in the eighth and final end, the team forced [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan "Rachel Homan") to execute a difficult draw to the four\-foot through a port to win, which was made.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/wct\-cct\-recap\-gushue\-homan\-roll\-on\-with\-wins\-at\-the\-national\-1\.395149\|title\=WCT/CCT Recap: Gushue, Homan roll on with wins at the National\|publisher\=TSN\|date\=November 15, 2015\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} A month later, they played in the [2015 Canada Cup of Curling](/wiki/2015_Canada_Cup_of_Curling "2015 Canada Cup of Curling"), where they went 1–5\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/2015\-canada\-cup\-standings\-1\.395209\|title\=2015 Canada Cup Standings\|publisher\=TSN\|date\=November 17, 2015\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.curling.ca/2015canadacup/\|title\=2015 Canada Cup\|website\=Curling Canada\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004124012/http://www.curling.ca/2015canadacup/\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} In their next slam, the team lost in the quarterfinals of the [2015 Meridian Canadian Open](/wiki/2015_Meridian_Canadian_Open "2015 Meridian Canadian Open").{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/muirhead\-edges\-sweeting\-in\-canadian\-open\-quarters/\|title\=Muirhead edges Sweeting in Canadian Open quarters\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|author\=Jonathan Brazeau\|date\=December 12, 2015\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} In playdowns, the team failed in their attempt to repeat as Northern Ontario champions, losing to [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville "Krista McCarville") in the final.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.timminstoday.com/local\-news/thunder\-bays\-team\-mccarville\-wins\-northern\-ontario\-scotties\-189337\|title\=Thunder Bay's Team McCarville wins Northern Ontario Scotties\|publisher\=Timmins Today\|author\=Frank Giorno\|date\=January 24, 2016\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} They wrapped up their season at the [2016 Players' Championship](/wiki/2016_Players%27_Championship "2016 Players' Championship"), where they finished with a 1–4 record.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=3834\&teamid\=96309\&profileid\=\|title\=2016 Players' Championship\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} The team's success from the season left them in seventh spot on the [Canadian Team Ranking System](/wiki/CTRS_standings "CTRS standings").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.curling.ca/team\-canada/canadian\-team\-ranking\-system/2015\-2016\-ctrs\-standings\-women/\|title\=2015\-2016 CTRS Standings – Women\|website\=Curling Canada\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} Team Fleury began the [2016–17 Grand Slam season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_curling_season "2016–17 curling season") at the [2016 WFG Masters](/wiki/2016_WFG_Masters "2016 WFG Masters"), going 1–3 at the event.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=4206\&teamid\=100690\&profileid\=7844\|title\=2016 WFG Masters\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} A month later, the team lost in the quarterfinals of the [2016 Tour Challenge](/wiki/2016_GSOC_Tour_Challenge "2016 GSOC Tour Challenge").{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/englot\-upsets\-homan\-to\-reach\-tour\-challenge\-semis/\|title\=Englot upsets Homan to reach Tour Challenge semis\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|author\=Jonathan Brazeau\|date\=November 12, 2016\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} Later that month, they picked up a win at [The Sunova Spiel at East St. Paul](/wiki/The_Sunova_Spiel_at_East_St._Paul "The Sunova Spiel at East St. Paul") [World Curling Tour](/wiki/World_Curling_Tour "World Curling Tour") event.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=4334\&teamid\=103719\&profileid\=7844\#\|title\=2016 The Sunova Spiel at East St. Paul\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} A week later, they played in the [2016 Canada Cup of Curling](/wiki/2016_Canada_Cup_of_Curling "2016 Canada Cup of Curling"), which they finished with a 2–4 record.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/2016\-canada\-cup\-standings\-1\.608159\|title\=2016 Canada Cup Standings\|website\=TSN\|date\=27 November 2016 \|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} At their next slam, the [2016 National](/wiki/2016_Boost_National "2016 Boost National"), they missed the playoffs again with a 1–3 record.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/mccarville\-on\-roll\-reaching\-boost\-national\-quarterfinals/\|title\=McCarville on a roll reaching Boost National quarterfinals\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|author\=Jonathan Brazeau\|date\=December 10, 2016\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} They were more successful at the [2017 Meridian Canadian Open](/wiki/2017_Meridian_Canadian_Open "2017 Meridian Canadian Open"), where they lost in the quarterfinal.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/scheidegger\-stuns\-jones\-in\-canadian\-open\-quarterfinals/\|title\=Scheidegger stuns Jones in Canadian Open quarterfinals\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|author\=Jonathan Brazeau\|date\=January 8, 2017\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} At the [2017 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2017_Northern_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2017 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), they again lost in the final to the Krista McCarville rink.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/mccarville\-tops\-fleury\-defend\-northern\-ontario\-title/\|title\=McCarville tops Fleury to defend Northern Ontario title\|publisher\=Sportsnet\|author\=Jonathan Brazeau\|date\=January 22, 2017\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.tbnewswatch.com/local\-news/mccarville\-knocks\-off\-fleury\-to\-earn\-northern\-ontario\-crown\-516836\|title\=McCarville knocks off Fleury to earn Northern Ontario crown\|publisher\=Thunder Bay News Watch\|author\=Leith Dunick\|date\=January 22, 2017\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} The team finished their season with another quarterfinal finish at the [2017 Players' Championship](/wiki/2017_Players%27_Championship "2017 Players' Championship").{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/players\-championship\-live\-fleury\-faces\-hasselborg/\|title\=Players' Championship Live:Fleury faces Hasselborg\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|author\=Jonathan Brazeau\|date\=April 15, 2017\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} The team began the [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_curling_season "2017–18 curling season") at the [2017 Tour Challenge](/wiki/2017_GSOC_Tour_Challenge "2017 GSOC Tour Challenge"), where they finished with a winless 0–4 record.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=4725\&teamid\=110533\&profileid\=9593\|title\=2017 GSOC Tour Challenge\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} The next month, they picked up a tour event win at the [Gord Carroll Curling Classic](/wiki/Gord_Carroll_Curling_Classic "Gord Carroll Curling Classic").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/post.php?postid\=932\#\|title\=Tracy Fleury wins Gord Carroll Curling Classic\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=August 28, 2020}} After three seasons as one of the top teams in Canada, Team Fleury qualified for the [2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre\-Trials](/wiki/2017_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials%23Pre-trials "2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials#Pre-trials") as the number one seed.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/canada\-olympic\-pre\-trials\-curling\-1\.4214071\|title\=28\-team field chosen for Canada's pre\-Olympic curling trials\|publisher\=TSN\|date\=July 20, 2017\|access\-date\=August 28, 2020}} At the Pre\-trials, they finished with a disappointing 2–4 record, missing the playoffs.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/curling\-olympic\-pre\-trials\-tiebreaker\-friday\-1\.4398576\|title\=Tiebreaker logjam creates curling craziness at Olympic pre\-trials\|publisher\=TSN\|date\=November 17, 2017\|access\-date\=August 28, 2020}} A week later, the team rebounded by making it all the way to the semifinal of the [2017 National](/wiki/2017_Boost_National "2017 Boost National") Grand Slam event.{{Cite web\|url\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/jones\-scheidegger\-set\-for\-national\-womens\-final/\|title\=Jones, Scheidegger set for National women's final\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|date\=November 19, 2017\|access\-date\=August 28, 2020}} The team regrouped at the [2018 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2018_Northern_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2018 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), defeating [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville "Krista McCarville") in the final to qualify for the [2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2018_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.fftimes.com/news/local/sports/fleury\-rink\-gearing\-return\-trip\-scotties\|title\=Fleury rink gearing for return trip to Scotties\|publisher\=Fort Frances Times\|date\=January 24, 2018\|access\-date\=August 28, 2020}}{{Dead link\|date\=March 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} The team would finish round\-robin and championship pool play with an 8–3 record, in fourth place and a spot in the playoffs.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2018/01/30/northern\-ontario\-continues\-building\-momentum\-at\-the\-scotties/\|title\=Northern Ontario continues building momentum at the Scotties\|publisher\=Curling Canada\|author\=John Korobanik\|access\-date\=April 21, 2019}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.thesudburystar.com/2018/02/11/fleury\-proud\-of\-scotties\-effort/wcm/1a640b13\-4597\-8a1f\-e201\-cb82bd1c0234\|title\=Fleury proud of Scotties effort\|author\=Keith Dempsey\|date\=February 11, 2018\|access\-date\=April 21, 2019}} They would lose the 3 vs. 4 [page playoff](/wiki/Page_playoff_system "Page playoff system") game to [Mary\-Anne Arsenault](/wiki/Mary-Anne_Arsenault "Mary-Anne Arsenault") of [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"), eliminating them from the tournament.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2018/02/03/nova\-scotia\-advances\-to\-scotties\-semifinal/\|title\=Nova Scotia advances to Scotties semifinal\|publisher\=Curling Canada\|access\-date\=August 28, 2020}} A few weeks later, the team announced they would disband at the end of the [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_curling_season "2017–18 curling season"), citing work and family commitments.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.thegrandslamofcurling.com/curling/team\-fleury\-going\-separate\-ways\-after\-season/\|title\=Team Fleury going separate ways after season\|website\=Grand Slam of Curling\|date\=February 13, 2018\|access\-date\=April 21, 2019}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://twitter.com/Team\_Fleury/status/963193541425008640\|title\=Team Fleury going separate ways\|website\=Twitter\|publisher\=Team Fleury\|date\=February 12, 2018\|access\-date\=August 28, 2020}} ### 2018–2024 The next season, Enge would skip her own team of [Oye\-Sem Won Briand](/wiki/Oye-Sem_Won_Briand "Oye-Sem Won Briand"), Tracy Auld and long\-time teammate [Amanda Gates](/wiki/Amanda_Gates "Amanda Gates"). The team played in the [2018 Tour Challenge](/wiki/2018_Tour_Challenge "2018 Tour Challenge") Tier 2 and finished with a record of 1–3, missing the playoffs.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=5315\&teamid\=126495\&profileid\=\|title\=2018 Tour Challenge Tier 2\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}} Team Enge played in the [2019 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2019_Northern_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2019 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts") and made it all the way to the final where they lost to rival Krista McCarville 8–7\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\=Team\&eventid\=5756\&teamid\=132067\&profileid\=\|title\=2019 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://curlnoca.ca/scoreboard/\#!/competitions/4438\|title\=2019 Northern Ontario Scotties Scoreboards\|website\=Northern Ontario Curling Association\|access\-date\=August 29, 2020\|archive\-date\=August 14, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814124042/https://curlnoca.ca/scoreboard/\#!/competitions/4438\|url\-status\=dead}} After not playing during the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_curling_season "2019–20 curling season"), Enge joined the [Penny Barker](/wiki/Penny_Barker "Penny Barker") rink for the [2020–21 season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_curling_season "2020–21 curling season").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/teampennybarker/photos/a.281057542620795/609980253061854/?type\=3\&theater\|title\=Team Barker Announcement\|publisher\=Team Barker\|website\=Facebook\|date\=May 4, 2020\|access\-date\=October 7, 2020}} Due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan"), the 2021 [Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts") was cancelled. Team [Sherry Anderson](/wiki/Sherry_Anderson "Sherry Anderson") was invited to represent Saskatchewan at the [2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2021_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts"), as they had the most points from the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons combined, which they accepted.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/saskatchewan\-provincials\-covid\-19\-1\.5873270\|title\=Saskatchewan cancels curling provincials after health officials reject curling bubble\|work\=CBC Sports\|author\=Devin Heroux\|date\=January 14, 2020\|access\-date\=February 20, 2022}} This ended the abbreviated 2020–21 season for the Barker rink. Because of their previous success, Team Barker had enough points to qualify for the [2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre\-Trials](/wiki/2021_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Pre-Trials "2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre-Trials").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2021/08/10/big\-events\-in\-ottawa/\|title\=Big events in Ottawa!\|publisher\=Curling Canada\|date\=August 10, 2021\|access\-date\=February 20, 2022}} There, the team finished with a 3–3 record, just shy of qualifying for the playoff round.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2021/10/29/womens\-playoffs\-determined/\|title\=Women's playoffs determined!\|publisher\=Curling Canada\|date\=October 29, 2021\|access\-date\=February 20, 2022}} On the Saskatchewan tour, the team picked up tour wins at the SaskTour Women's Moose Jaw and the SaskTour Women's Weyburn.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/post.php?postid\=4407\#1\|title\=Carey looking for first Saskatchewan Championship in Assiniboia\|publisher\=CurlingZone\|date\=January 3, 2022\|access\-date\=February 20, 2022}} Team Barker entered the [2022 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2022_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2022 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts") as the second ranked team, only behind Team [Chelsea Carey](/wiki/Chelsea_Carey "Chelsea Carey"). In the triple knockout event, the team lost the A Qualifier game to the Carey rink before defeating [Amber Holland](/wiki/Amber_Holland "Amber Holland") in the B Qualifier.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/post.php?postid\=4541\#1\|title\=Barker wins Saskatchewan Scotties B Qualifier\|publisher\=CurlingZone\|date\=January 8, 2022\|access\-date\=February 20, 2022}} This qualified them for the 1 vs. 2 page playoff game which they would drop to the Carey rink. Following a win in the semifinal against Team Holland, Barker faced Carey for the third time in the championship in the provincial final. This time, Team Barker would win the match 7–5, winning the provincial title and qualifying for the [2022 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2022_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2022 Scotties Tournament of Hearts") as Team Saskatchewan.{{Cite news\|url\=https://leaderpost.com/sports/curling/carey\-barker\-to\-meet\-in\-final\-at\-saskatchewan\-womens\-curling\-championship\|title\=Moose Jaw's Penny Barker captures 2022 Saskatchewan women's curling championship\|publisher\=Regina Leader\-Post\|author\=Murray McCormick\|date\=January 10, 2022\|access\-date\=February 20, 2022}} At the Hearts, the Barker rink finished the round robin with a 4–4 record, just missing out on the championship round.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/article/2022\-scotties\-tournament\-hearts\-standings\-schedule\-results/\|title\=2022 Scotties Tournament of Hearts: Standings, schedule and results\|website\=Sportsnet\|date\=January 28, 2022\|access\-date\=February 20, 2022}} Team Barker had a successful [2022–23 season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_curling_season "2022–23 curling season") tour season, allowing them to easily qualify for the [2023 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2023_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2023 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). To start the season, the team played in the inaugural [PointsBet Invitational](/wiki/2022_PointsBet_Invitational "2022 PointsBet Invitational") where after an opening game win against [Hollie Duncan](/wiki/Hollie_Duncan "Hollie Duncan"), they dropped their quarterfinal game to [Kaitlyn Lawes](/wiki/Kaitlyn_Lawes "Kaitlyn Lawes").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2022/09/23/6th\-seed\-upset/\|title\=6th seed upset!\|publisher\=Curling Canada\|date\=September 23, 2022\|access\-date\=May 14, 2024}} On the Saskatchewan tour, the team won three events: the Moose Jaw SaskTour Spiel, the Regina Highland SWCT Event and the SaskTour Women's Players Championship.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.curlingzone.com/team.php?teamid\=160791\&profileid\=31160\|title\=Team Penny Barker: 2022–23\|website\=CurlingZone\|access\-date\=May 14, 2024}} They also had a strong showing at the [2022 Western Showdown](/wiki/2022_Western_Showdown "2022 Western Showdown"), reaching the quarterfinals where they lost to world champions Team Silvana Tirinzoni.{{youTube\|yQHEW3GDFLg\|'''Video''' (full game): Silvana Tirinzoni vs. Penny Barker \- QUARTERS \- RBC Dominion Securities Western Showdown}} Despite their tour dominance in their home province, they were not able to defend their provincial title, finishing 2–3 through the triple knockout.{{Cite news\|url\=https://swiftcurrentonline.com/articles/silvernagle\-and\-anderson\-set\-for\-scotties\-semi\-final\-martin\-moves\-to\-final\|title\=UPDATE: Silvernagle and Anderson set for Scotties semi\-final, Martin moves to final\|publisher\=Swift Current Online\|author\=Colin Powers\|date\=January 29, 2023\|access\-date\=May 14, 2024}} The following season was not as successful for the team as they were unable to win any tour titles. However, their multiple quarterfinal finishes earned them enough points to qualify directly for the [2024 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2024_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts "2024 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts"). In the round robin, the team had a 3–2 record which earned them a spot in the final four.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.moosejawtoday.com/local\-news/ackerman\-barker\-into\-playoffs\-at\-viterra\-scotties\-womens\-curling\-championship\-8139458\|title\=Ackerman, Barker into playoffs at Viterra Scotties women's curling championship\|publisher\=Moose Jaw Today\|author\=Randy Palmer\|date\=January 20, 2024\|access\-date\=May 14, 2024}} Facing [Michelle Englot](/wiki/Michelle_Englot "Michelle Englot") in the 3 vs. 4 game, they lost 9–6 and were eliminated from contention. After the season, the team disbanded.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/teampennybarker/posts/pfbid0gAvimnZEuAU53ByFYBBZ9FBrGFVLnFgzpHJXnvqAJ9oHGh7WFQbVRJgdeNza4W4Bl\|title\=Team Barker will be parting ways after this season. We all love this sport and intend to continue competing. While we might be playing against each other next year, we'll remain close friends on and off the ice.\|publisher\=Team Barker\|website\=Facebook\|date\=February 25, 2024\|access\-date\=May 14, 2024}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Juniors", "Enge was born in [Fort Frances](/wiki/Fort_Frances \"Fort Frances\"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"). She was a [Northern Ontario](/wiki/Northern_Ontario \"Northern Ontario\") junior champion in 2008, playing second for [Ashley Miharija](/wiki/Ashley_Miharija \"Ashley Miharija\").", "At the [2008 Canadian Junior Curling Championships](/wiki/2008_Canadian_Junior_Curling_Championships \"2008 Canadian Junior Curling Championships\"), playing for Miharija, they finished with a 8–4 record, tied for third place with Alberta (skipped by [Maria Bushell](/wiki/Maria_Bushell \"Maria Bushell\")) and Saskatchewan (skipped by [Stephanie McVicar](/wiki/Stephanie_Schmidt \"Stephanie Schmidt\")). This would mean they had to play in a tie\\-breaker match against Saskatchewan who had already beat Alberta in the first tie\\-breaker. They would go on to lose that game 6\\-5 and were eliminated. Enge was the second best second during the week and was on the 2nd All\\-Star team.", "### 2011–2013", "In 2010, she joined [Tracy Fleury](/wiki/Tracy_Fleury \"Tracy Fleury\") and her team out of [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury \"Greater Sudbury\") for the [2010–11 curling season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_curling_season \"2010–11 curling season\"). The team found early success by earning the fourth and final slot at the Northern Ontario championship to qualify them for the [2011 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2011_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2011 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). The team did very well at the provincial tournament, finishing the round\\-robin with a 7–2 record qualifying them for the playoffs. They lost the 1vs2 game to [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan \"Rachel Homan\") and the semifinal to [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville \"Krista McCarville\") eliminating them from contention.", "Team Fleury (then known as Team Horgan) had a slow start in their 2012 campaign, placing third at the Northern Ontario championship. However, they would have another successful tournament at that year's [2012 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2012_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2012 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). The team lost just two round robin games, and would eventually upset the previously undefeated [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan \"Rachel Homan\") rink in the final. Homan missed a draw to the button to win the game on her last rock. At the [2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2012_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2012 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), Enge and her team would find difficulties through the week, finishing round robin with a 4–7 record.", "Her rink began the [2012\\-13 curling season](/wiki/2012-13_curling_season \"2012-13 curling season\") well by winning the [2012 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic](/wiki/2012_AMJ_Campbell_Shorty_Jenkins_Classic \"2012 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?task\\=Event\\&view\\=Main\\&eventid\\=2751\\|title\\=2012 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2020}} However, their bid to return to the Scotties at the provincial [2013 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2013_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2013 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\") was unsuccessful, with the team finishing with a 4–5 record, missing the playoffs. At the [2013 Pomeroy Inn \\& Suites Prairie Showdown](/wiki/2013_Pomeroy_Inn_%26_Suites_Prairie_Showdown \"2013 Pomeroy Inn & Suites Prairie Showdown\"), the team went all the way to the finals, before losing in an extra end to [Mirjam Ott](/wiki/Mirjam_Ott \"Mirjam Ott\"), the World Champion at the time.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?task\\=Event\\&view\\=Main\\&eventid\\=2851\\|title\\=2013 Pomeroy Inn \\& Suites Prairie Showdown\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2020}}", "### 2013–2018", "The Fleury rink secured a spot at the [2013 Road to the Roar](/wiki/2013_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials_%E2%80%93_Road_to_the_Roar \"2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials – Road to the Roar\"), the Olympic pre\\-trials event.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://cloudfront7\\.curling.ca/2013roadtotheroar\\-en/files/2013/04/Womens\\-Draw\\-Final.pdf\\|title\\=2013 Road to the Roar – Women's Draw\\|publisher\\=Canadian Curling Association\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111145846/http://cloudfront7\\.curling.ca/2013roadtotheroar\\-en/files/2013/04/Womens\\-Draw\\-Final.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=November 11, 2013}} At the Road to the Roar, the team went 4–3 and lost the 'C' event final on last rock to [Val Sweeting](/wiki/Val_Sweeting \"Val Sweeting\"),{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/jacobs\\-defeats\\-gushue\\-in\\-curling\\-pre\\-trials/\\|title\\=Sweeting in Page playoff at Road to the Roar\\|publisher\\=Sportsnet\\|date\\=November 8, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020}} who qualified for the Roar along with [Renée Sonnenberg](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Sonnenberg \"Renée Sonnenberg\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/edmonton\\-s\\-sweeting\\-claims\\-final\\-spot\\-in\\-national\\-curling\\-finals\\-1\\.1536637\\|title\\=Edmonton's Sweeting claims final spot in national curling finals\\|publisher\\=CTV News\\|date\\=November 10, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020}} Fleury defeated the top two seeds at the event, [Shannon Kleibrink](/wiki/Shannon_Kleibrink \"Shannon Kleibrink\"){{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/webster\\-beats\\-holland\\-stays\\-alive\\-at\\-pre\\-trials/\\|title\\=Webster beats Holland, stays alive at pre\\-trials\\|publisher\\=Sportsnet\\|date\\=November 7, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020}} and [Laura Crocker](/wiki/Laura_Crocker \"Laura Crocker\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://edmontonjournal.com/sports/curling/sonnenberg\\-has\\-two\\-chances\\-to\\-get\\-one\\-win\\-for\\-olympic\\-trials\\-berth\\|title\\=Renee Sonnenberg one win away from Olympic trials berth\\|publisher\\=Edmonton Journal\\|author\\=Norm Cowley\\|date\\=November 8, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020}} Following the Pre\\-Trials, the team went undefeated at the Northern Ontario Scotties playdowns. By finishing first at the playdowns, the team competed at the [2014 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2014_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2014 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\") in [Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario](/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie%2C_Ontario \"Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://curlnoca.ca/wp\\-content/uploads/2013/08/2014\\-Draw\\-and\\-Teams1\\.pdf\\|title\\=2014 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts Field\\|publisher\\=Curl ON\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020}} The team had a disappointing run at the provincials that year, giving up key steals in their losses to finish with a 5–4 record and ultimately missing the playoffs for a second consecutive year.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=3314\\&teamid\\=74781\\&profileid\\=1727\\|title\\=2014 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020}}", "The team was selected to represent Canada at the third annual [Yichun International Ladies Cup](/wiki/Yichun_International_Ladies_Cup \"Yichun International Ladies Cup\") in [Yichun, China](/wiki/Yichun%2C_Heilongjiang \"Yichun, Heilongjiang\") from December 28, 2013 – January 1, 2014\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?task\\=Event\\&view\\=Main\\&eventid\\=3281\\|title\\=2013 Yi Chun Ladies International\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2020}} The team went 6–1 in the round\\-robin with their only loss coming from [Silvana Tirinzoni](/wiki/Silvana_Tirinzoni \"Silvana Tirinzoni\") of [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") in the opening draw.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2014/01/14/happy\\-new\\-year\\-for\\-canada\\-in\\-china/\\|title\\=Hppy New Year for Canada in China\\|publisher\\=Curling Canada\\|date\\=January 14, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020}} The team defeated [Wang Bingyu](/wiki/Wang_Bingyu \"Wang Bingyu\") in the semifinal and [Jiang Yilun](/wiki/Jiang_Yilun \"Jiang Yilun\") in the final to win the event.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thesudburystar.com/2014/01/02/horgan\\-rink\\-earns\\-gold\\-in\\-china/wcm/4027322f\\-abd0\\-9fc2\\-6420\\-44e4fa9c2edc\\|title\\=Horgan rink earns gold in China\\|publisher\\=Sudbury Star\\|author\\=Bruce Heidman\\|date\\=January 2, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=October 10, 2020}}", "The team has had a successful start to their [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_curling_season \"2014–15 curling season\"), finishing third at the [Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel](/wiki/Stroud_Sleeman_Cash_Spiel \"Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=3415\\&teamid\\=77721\\&profileid\\=3116\\|title\\=2014 Stroud Sleeman Cash Spiel\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020}} and qualifying for the playoffs of a Grand Slam event, the [2014 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic](/wiki/2014_Curlers_Corner_Autumn_Gold_Curling_Classic \"2014 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic\") for a second time in their career making it to the quarterfinal before losing to former provincial rival [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan \"Rachel Homan\") of Ottawa.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=3428\\&teamid\\=78729\\&profileid\\=\\|title\\=2014 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020}} At the [2014 DEKALB Superspiel](/wiki/DEKALB_Superspiel \"DEKALB Superspiel\") in [Morris, Manitoba](/wiki/Morris%2C_Manitoba \"Morris, Manitoba\"), the team lost their opening match to [Colleen Kilgallen](/wiki/Colleen_Kilgallen \"Colleen Kilgallen\") before winning their next eight games. They defeated St. Vital's [Jennifer Jones](/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_%28curler%29 \"Jennifer Jones (curler)\") in the final and earned 22\\.5 [CTRS Points](/wiki/CCA_rankings \"CCA rankings\") for their win.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thecurler.com/story,news\\-item\\-2015,Horgan\\-Beats\\-Jones\\-in\\-Extra\\-End\\-Final\\-at\\-DEKALB\\-SuperSpiel\\|title\\=Horgan Beats Jones in Extra End Final at DEKALB SuperSpiel\\|publisher\\=The Curler\\|date\\=November 24, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 28, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070804/https://www.thecurler.com/story,news\\-item\\-2015,Horgan\\-Beats\\-Jones\\-in\\-Extra\\-End\\-Final\\-at\\-DEKALB\\-SuperSpiel\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Just three weeks later, at the [Curl Mesabi Classic](/wiki/Curl_Mesabi_Classic \"Curl Mesabi Classic\"), the Fleury rink finished first in their pool after the round\\-robin with a 3–1 record. In the playoffs, they defeated [Patti Lank](/wiki/Patti_Lank \"Patti Lank\") in the semifinal and defeated [Erika Brown](/wiki/Erika_Brown_%28curler%29 \"Erika Brown (curler)\") in the final to claim the championship title.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.mesabitribune.com/sports/featured/curl\\-mesabi\\-classic/article\\_67614e9a\\-8a5b\\-11e4\\-94c2\\-67c461c6648f.html\\|title\\=2014 Curl Mesabi Classic\\|publisher\\=Mesabi Tribune\\|date\\=December 22, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020}} At the [2015 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2015_Northern_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2015 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), the Fleury rink became the first women's team to represent Northern Ontario at the Scotties.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thesudburystar.com/2015/01/18/updated\\-horgan\\-wins\\-first\\-northern\\-ontario\\-title/wcm/7628d7a9\\-5ac5\\-0683\\-85aa\\-e771ddd8d674\\|title\\=Horgan wins first Northern Ontario title\\|publisher\\=The Sudbury Star\\|date\\=January 18, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020}} The team finished the tournament with a perfect 5–0 record, defeating city rival [Kendra Lilly](/wiki/Kendra_Lilly \"Kendra Lilly\") 4–3 in a close match.{{YouTube\\|kdytXiOinVc\\|'''Video''' (full game): 2015 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts \\- Final \\- Tracy Horgan vs Kendra Lilly}} Team Fleury then had to win a relegation qualifier prior to the [2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2015_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\") in order to compete in the main tournament.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/2015\\-scotties\\-tournament\\-of\\-hearts\\-preview\\-1\\.191898\\|title\\=2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts Preview\\|publisher\\=TSN\\|date\\=January 26, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020}}", "During the relegation round at the [2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2015_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), they defeated [Kerry Galusha](/wiki/Kerry_Galusha \"Kerry Galusha\") from the [Northwest Territories](/wiki/Northwest_Territories \"Northwest Territories\") 10–5 and then beat [Sarah Koltun](/wiki/Sarah_Koltun \"Sarah Koltun\") from the [Yukon](/wiki/Yukon \"Yukon\") 7–5\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://o.canada.com/sports/northern\\-ontarios\\-tracy\\-horgan\\-advances\\-to\\-qualification\\-final\\-at\\-scotties\\|title\\=Northern Ontario's Tracy Horgan advances to qualification final at Scotties\\|publisher\\=O Canada\\|date\\=February 13, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 4, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073841/http://o.canada.com/sports/northern\\-ontarios\\-tracy\\-horgan\\-advances\\-to\\-qualification\\-final\\-at\\-scotties\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In the pre\\-qualification final, they once again defeated the team from Yellowknife, 7–6, securing the right to represent [Northern Ontario](/wiki/Northern_Ontario \"Northern Ontario\") in the main draw at the Scotties for the first time.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://o.canada.com/sports/horgan\\-beats\\-galusha\\-in\\-qualification\\-final\\-to\\-advance\\-to\\-main\\-draw\\-at\\-scotties\\|title\\=Horgan beats Galusha in qualification final to advance to main draw at Scotties\\|publisher\\=O Canada\\|date\\=February 14, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=January 26, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126015907/http://o.canada.com/sports/horgan\\-beats\\-galusha\\-in\\-qualification\\-final\\-to\\-advance\\-to\\-main\\-draw\\-at\\-scotties\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In the main event, they found some success defeating higher seeds such as [Julie Hastings](/wiki/Julie_Hastings \"Julie Hastings\") and [Stefanie Lawton](/wiki/Stefanie_Lawton \"Stefanie Lawton\"). Headed into draw seventeen, the final draw before playoffs, Northern Ontario and [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan \"Rachel Homan\"), Team Canada at the time, shared 6–4 records. The winner of their game would determine the fourth seed for playoffs, and the loser would be eliminated. After leading 4–2 after six ends, they would allow Homan to score two points in the seventh end to tie the game.{{YouTube\\|4I3pElGLhxE\\|'''Video''' (full game): 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts \\- Draw 17 \\- Canada (Rachel Homan) vs Northern Ontario (Tracy Horgan)}} After a blank in the eighth, Fleury was heavy on a tap attempt in the ninth end and gave up a steal of two points. Homan would run them out of stones in the tenth end to win 6–5\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://ottawacitizen.com/sports/local\\-sports/rachel\\-homan\\-advances\\-to\\-three\\-four\\-game\\-at\\-the\\-scotties\\|title\\=Rachel Homan advances to three\\-four game at the Scotties\\|publisher\\=Ottawa Citizen\\|date\\=February 21, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020}} Therefore, Northern Ontario finished fifth at the 2015 event with a 6–5 record.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/scotties\\-tournament\\-of\\-hearts\\-draw\\-sheet\\-1\\.183398\\|title\\=Scotties Tournament of Hearts Draw Sheet\\|publisher\\=TSN\\|date\\=January 15, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2020}}", "After the conclusion of the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_curling_season \"2014–15 curling season\"), Team Fleury announced that they would add Calgary's [Crystal Webster](/wiki/Crystal_Webster \"Crystal Webster\") to the lineup in a five\\-player rotation due to work commitments.{{YouTube\\|hu6XxIN7Vvo\\|'''Video''': Team Fleury in \"Five\"}} The team found success early, advancing all the way to the semifinal of the [2015 Tour Challenge](/wiki/2015_GSOC_Tour_Challenge \"2015 GSOC Tour Challenge\") Grand Slam.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=3825\\&teamid\\=87769\\&profileid\\=\\|title\\=2015 GSOC Tour Challenge\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} They finished the round robin with a 2–2 record with wins over [Eve Muirhead](/wiki/Eve_Muirhead \"Eve Muirhead\") and [Kim Eun\\-jung](/wiki/Kim_Eun-jung_%28curler%29 \"Kim Eun-jung (curler)\"), qualifying for a tiebreaker.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/fleury\\-edges\\-kim\\-in\\-extra\\-end\\-at\\-tour\\-challenge/\\|title\\=Fleury edges Kim in extra end at Tour Challenge\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|date\\=September 10, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} The team stole the 8th end of the tiebreaker against [Chelsea Carey](/wiki/Chelsea_Carey \"Chelsea Carey\") and went on to defeat [Sherry Middaugh](/wiki/Sherry_Middaugh \"Sherry Middaugh\") in the quarterfinal.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/muirhead\\-fleury\\-advance\\-to\\-tour\\-challenge\\-quarterfinals/\\|title\\=Muirhead, Fleury advance to Tour Challenge quarterfinals\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|author\\=Jonathan Brazeau\\|date\\=September 12, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} They were defeated by Switzerland's [Silvana Tirinzoni](/wiki/Silvana_Tirinzoni \"Silvana Tirinzoni\") 9–7 in the semifinal to end their run in the slam.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/gushue\\-to\\-play\\-for\\-tour\\-challenge\\-title\\-on\\-home\\-ice/\\|title\\=Gushue to play for Tour Challenge title on home ice\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|author\\=Jonathan Brazeau\\|date\\=September 13, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} It marked the first time Team Fleury advanced to the semifinal of a Slam. Although the team struggled at the next [Slam](/wiki/Grand_Slam_of_Curling \"Grand Slam of Curling\"), [The Masters](/wiki/Masters_%28curling%29 \"Masters (curling)\"), finishing with a 1–3 record, they quickly rebounded and made it all the way to the final of [The National](/wiki/National_%28curling%29 \"National (curling)\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=3829\\&teamid\\=89687\\&profileid\\=\\|title\\=2015 Masters of Curling\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/fleury\\-faces\\-homan\\-for\\-womens\\-national\\-title/\\|title\\=Fleury faces Homan for women's National title\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|author\\=Jonathan Brazeau\\|date\\=November 15, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} Up 4–3 without hammer in the eighth and final end, the team forced [Rachel Homan](/wiki/Rachel_Homan \"Rachel Homan\") to execute a difficult draw to the four\\-foot through a port to win, which was made.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/wct\\-cct\\-recap\\-gushue\\-homan\\-roll\\-on\\-with\\-wins\\-at\\-the\\-national\\-1\\.395149\\|title\\=WCT/CCT Recap: Gushue, Homan roll on with wins at the National\\|publisher\\=TSN\\|date\\=November 15, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} A month later, they played in the [2015 Canada Cup of Curling](/wiki/2015_Canada_Cup_of_Curling \"2015 Canada Cup of Curling\"), where they went 1–5\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/2015\\-canada\\-cup\\-standings\\-1\\.395209\\|title\\=2015 Canada Cup Standings\\|publisher\\=TSN\\|date\\=November 17, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.curling.ca/2015canadacup/\\|title\\=2015 Canada Cup\\|website\\=Curling Canada\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004124012/http://www.curling.ca/2015canadacup/\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In their next slam, the team lost in the quarterfinals of the [2015 Meridian Canadian Open](/wiki/2015_Meridian_Canadian_Open \"2015 Meridian Canadian Open\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/muirhead\\-edges\\-sweeting\\-in\\-canadian\\-open\\-quarters/\\|title\\=Muirhead edges Sweeting in Canadian Open quarters\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|author\\=Jonathan Brazeau\\|date\\=December 12, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} In playdowns, the team failed in their attempt to repeat as Northern Ontario champions, losing to [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville \"Krista McCarville\") in the final.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.timminstoday.com/local\\-news/thunder\\-bays\\-team\\-mccarville\\-wins\\-northern\\-ontario\\-scotties\\-189337\\|title\\=Thunder Bay's Team McCarville wins Northern Ontario Scotties\\|publisher\\=Timmins Today\\|author\\=Frank Giorno\\|date\\=January 24, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} They wrapped up their season at the [2016 Players' Championship](/wiki/2016_Players%27_Championship \"2016 Players' Championship\"), where they finished with a 1–4 record.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=3834\\&teamid\\=96309\\&profileid\\=\\|title\\=2016 Players' Championship\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} The team's success from the season left them in seventh spot on the [Canadian Team Ranking System](/wiki/CTRS_standings \"CTRS standings\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.curling.ca/team\\-canada/canadian\\-team\\-ranking\\-system/2015\\-2016\\-ctrs\\-standings\\-women/\\|title\\=2015\\-2016 CTRS Standings – Women\\|website\\=Curling Canada\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}}", "Team Fleury began the [2016–17 Grand Slam season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_curling_season \"2016–17 curling season\") at the [2016 WFG Masters](/wiki/2016_WFG_Masters \"2016 WFG Masters\"), going 1–3 at the event.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=4206\\&teamid\\=100690\\&profileid\\=7844\\|title\\=2016 WFG Masters\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} A month later, the team lost in the quarterfinals of the [2016 Tour Challenge](/wiki/2016_GSOC_Tour_Challenge \"2016 GSOC Tour Challenge\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/englot\\-upsets\\-homan\\-to\\-reach\\-tour\\-challenge\\-semis/\\|title\\=Englot upsets Homan to reach Tour Challenge semis\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|author\\=Jonathan Brazeau\\|date\\=November 12, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} Later that month, they picked up a win at [The Sunova Spiel at East St. Paul](/wiki/The_Sunova_Spiel_at_East_St._Paul \"The Sunova Spiel at East St. Paul\") [World Curling Tour](/wiki/World_Curling_Tour \"World Curling Tour\") event.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=4334\\&teamid\\=103719\\&profileid\\=7844\\#\\|title\\=2016 The Sunova Spiel at East St. Paul\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} A week later, they played in the [2016 Canada Cup of Curling](/wiki/2016_Canada_Cup_of_Curling \"2016 Canada Cup of Curling\"), which they finished with a 2–4 record.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/2016\\-canada\\-cup\\-standings\\-1\\.608159\\|title\\=2016 Canada Cup Standings\\|website\\=TSN\\|date\\=27 November 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} At their next slam, the [2016 National](/wiki/2016_Boost_National \"2016 Boost National\"), they missed the playoffs again with a 1–3 record.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/mccarville\\-on\\-roll\\-reaching\\-boost\\-national\\-quarterfinals/\\|title\\=McCarville on a roll reaching Boost National quarterfinals\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|author\\=Jonathan Brazeau\\|date\\=December 10, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} They were more successful at the [2017 Meridian Canadian Open](/wiki/2017_Meridian_Canadian_Open \"2017 Meridian Canadian Open\"), where they lost in the quarterfinal.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/scheidegger\\-stuns\\-jones\\-in\\-canadian\\-open\\-quarterfinals/\\|title\\=Scheidegger stuns Jones in Canadian Open quarterfinals\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|author\\=Jonathan Brazeau\\|date\\=January 8, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} At the [2017 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2017_Northern_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2017 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), they again lost in the final to the Krista McCarville rink.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/mccarville\\-tops\\-fleury\\-defend\\-northern\\-ontario\\-title/\\|title\\=McCarville tops Fleury to defend Northern Ontario title\\|publisher\\=Sportsnet\\|author\\=Jonathan Brazeau\\|date\\=January 22, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tbnewswatch.com/local\\-news/mccarville\\-knocks\\-off\\-fleury\\-to\\-earn\\-northern\\-ontario\\-crown\\-516836\\|title\\=McCarville knocks off Fleury to earn Northern Ontario crown\\|publisher\\=Thunder Bay News Watch\\|author\\=Leith Dunick\\|date\\=January 22, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} The team finished their season with another quarterfinal finish at the [2017 Players' Championship](/wiki/2017_Players%27_Championship \"2017 Players' Championship\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/players\\-championship\\-live\\-fleury\\-faces\\-hasselborg/\\|title\\=Players' Championship Live:Fleury faces Hasselborg\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|author\\=Jonathan Brazeau\\|date\\=April 15, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}}", "The team began the [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_curling_season \"2017–18 curling season\") at the [2017 Tour Challenge](/wiki/2017_GSOC_Tour_Challenge \"2017 GSOC Tour Challenge\"), where they finished with a winless 0–4 record.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=4725\\&teamid\\=110533\\&profileid\\=9593\\|title\\=2017 GSOC Tour Challenge\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} The next month, they picked up a tour event win at the [Gord Carroll Curling Classic](/wiki/Gord_Carroll_Curling_Classic \"Gord Carroll Curling Classic\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/post.php?postid\\=932\\#\\|title\\=Tracy Fleury wins Gord Carroll Curling Classic\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2020}} After three seasons as one of the top teams in Canada, Team Fleury qualified for the [2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre\\-Trials](/wiki/2017_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials%23Pre-trials \"2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials#Pre-trials\") as the number one seed.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/canada\\-olympic\\-pre\\-trials\\-curling\\-1\\.4214071\\|title\\=28\\-team field chosen for Canada's pre\\-Olympic curling trials\\|publisher\\=TSN\\|date\\=July 20, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2020}} At the Pre\\-trials, they finished with a disappointing 2–4 record, missing the playoffs.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/curling\\-olympic\\-pre\\-trials\\-tiebreaker\\-friday\\-1\\.4398576\\|title\\=Tiebreaker logjam creates curling craziness at Olympic pre\\-trials\\|publisher\\=TSN\\|date\\=November 17, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2020}} A week later, the team rebounded by making it all the way to the semifinal of the [2017 National](/wiki/2017_Boost_National \"2017 Boost National\") Grand Slam event.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/jones\\-scheidegger\\-set\\-for\\-national\\-womens\\-final/\\|title\\=Jones, Scheidegger set for National women's final\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|date\\=November 19, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2020}} The team regrouped at the [2018 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2018_Northern_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2018 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), defeating [Krista McCarville](/wiki/Krista_McCarville \"Krista McCarville\") in the final to qualify for the [2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2018_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.fftimes.com/news/local/sports/fleury\\-rink\\-gearing\\-return\\-trip\\-scotties\\|title\\=Fleury rink gearing for return trip to Scotties\\|publisher\\=Fort Frances Times\\|date\\=January 24, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2020}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=March 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} The team would finish round\\-robin and championship pool play with an 8–3 record, in fourth place and a spot in the playoffs.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2018/01/30/northern\\-ontario\\-continues\\-building\\-momentum\\-at\\-the\\-scotties/\\|title\\=Northern Ontario continues building momentum at the Scotties\\|publisher\\=Curling Canada\\|author\\=John Korobanik\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2019}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.thesudburystar.com/2018/02/11/fleury\\-proud\\-of\\-scotties\\-effort/wcm/1a640b13\\-4597\\-8a1f\\-e201\\-cb82bd1c0234\\|title\\=Fleury proud of Scotties effort\\|author\\=Keith Dempsey\\|date\\=February 11, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2019}} They would lose the 3 vs. 4 [page playoff](/wiki/Page_playoff_system \"Page playoff system\") game to [Mary\\-Anne Arsenault](/wiki/Mary-Anne_Arsenault \"Mary-Anne Arsenault\") of [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"), eliminating them from the tournament.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2018/02/03/nova\\-scotia\\-advances\\-to\\-scotties\\-semifinal/\\|title\\=Nova Scotia advances to Scotties semifinal\\|publisher\\=Curling Canada\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2020}} A few weeks later, the team announced they would disband at the end of the [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_curling_season \"2017–18 curling season\"), citing work and family commitments.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thegrandslamofcurling.com/curling/team\\-fleury\\-going\\-separate\\-ways\\-after\\-season/\\|title\\=Team Fleury going separate ways after season\\|website\\=Grand Slam of Curling\\|date\\=February 13, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2019}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/Team\\_Fleury/status/963193541425008640\\|title\\=Team Fleury going separate ways\\|website\\=Twitter\\|publisher\\=Team Fleury\\|date\\=February 12, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=August 28, 2020}}", "### 2018–2024", "The next season, Enge would skip her own team of [Oye\\-Sem Won Briand](/wiki/Oye-Sem_Won_Briand \"Oye-Sem Won Briand\"), Tracy Auld and long\\-time teammate [Amanda Gates](/wiki/Amanda_Gates \"Amanda Gates\"). The team played in the [2018 Tour Challenge](/wiki/2018_Tour_Challenge \"2018 Tour Challenge\") Tier 2 and finished with a record of 1–3, missing the playoffs.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=5315\\&teamid\\=126495\\&profileid\\=\\|title\\=2018 Tour Challenge Tier 2\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}} Team Enge played in the [2019 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2019_Northern_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2019 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\") and made it all the way to the final where they lost to rival Krista McCarville 8–7\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/event.php?view\\=Team\\&eventid\\=5756\\&teamid\\=132067\\&profileid\\=\\|title\\=2019 Northern Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://curlnoca.ca/scoreboard/\\#!/competitions/4438\\|title\\=2019 Northern Ontario Scotties Scoreboards\\|website\\=Northern Ontario Curling Association\\|access\\-date\\=August 29, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=August 14, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814124042/https://curlnoca.ca/scoreboard/\\#!/competitions/4438\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "After not playing during the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_curling_season \"2019–20 curling season\"), Enge joined the [Penny Barker](/wiki/Penny_Barker \"Penny Barker\") rink for the [2020–21 season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_curling_season \"2020–21 curling season\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/teampennybarker/photos/a.281057542620795/609980253061854/?type\\=3\\&theater\\|title\\=Team Barker Announcement\\|publisher\\=Team Barker\\|website\\=Facebook\\|date\\=May 4, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2020}} Due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan \"COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan\"), the 2021 [Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\") was cancelled. Team [Sherry Anderson](/wiki/Sherry_Anderson \"Sherry Anderson\") was invited to represent Saskatchewan at the [2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2021_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"), as they had the most points from the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons combined, which they accepted.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/saskatchewan\\-provincials\\-covid\\-19\\-1\\.5873270\\|title\\=Saskatchewan cancels curling provincials after health officials reject curling bubble\\|work\\=CBC Sports\\|author\\=Devin Heroux\\|date\\=January 14, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022}} This ended the abbreviated 2020–21 season for the Barker rink.", "Because of their previous success, Team Barker had enough points to qualify for the [2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre\\-Trials](/wiki/2021_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Pre-Trials \"2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre-Trials\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2021/08/10/big\\-events\\-in\\-ottawa/\\|title\\=Big events in Ottawa!\\|publisher\\=Curling Canada\\|date\\=August 10, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022}} There, the team finished with a 3–3 record, just shy of qualifying for the playoff round.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2021/10/29/womens\\-playoffs\\-determined/\\|title\\=Women's playoffs determined!\\|publisher\\=Curling Canada\\|date\\=October 29, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022}} On the Saskatchewan tour, the team picked up tour wins at the SaskTour Women's Moose Jaw and the SaskTour Women's Weyburn.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/post.php?postid\\=4407\\#1\\|title\\=Carey looking for first Saskatchewan Championship in Assiniboia\\|publisher\\=CurlingZone\\|date\\=January 3, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022}} Team Barker entered the [2022 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2022_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2022 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\") as the second ranked team, only behind Team [Chelsea Carey](/wiki/Chelsea_Carey \"Chelsea Carey\"). In the triple knockout event, the team lost the A Qualifier game to the Carey rink before defeating [Amber Holland](/wiki/Amber_Holland \"Amber Holland\") in the B Qualifier.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/post.php?postid\\=4541\\#1\\|title\\=Barker wins Saskatchewan Scotties B Qualifier\\|publisher\\=CurlingZone\\|date\\=January 8, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022}} This qualified them for the 1 vs. 2 page playoff game which they would drop to the Carey rink. Following a win in the semifinal against Team Holland, Barker faced Carey for the third time in the championship in the provincial final. This time, Team Barker would win the match 7–5, winning the provincial title and qualifying for the [2022 Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2022_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2022 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\") as Team Saskatchewan.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://leaderpost.com/sports/curling/carey\\-barker\\-to\\-meet\\-in\\-final\\-at\\-saskatchewan\\-womens\\-curling\\-championship\\|title\\=Moose Jaw's Penny Barker captures 2022 Saskatchewan women's curling championship\\|publisher\\=Regina Leader\\-Post\\|author\\=Murray McCormick\\|date\\=January 10, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022}} At the Hearts, the Barker rink finished the round robin with a 4–4 record, just missing out on the championship round.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/article/2022\\-scotties\\-tournament\\-hearts\\-standings\\-schedule\\-results/\\|title\\=2022 Scotties Tournament of Hearts: Standings, schedule and results\\|website\\=Sportsnet\\|date\\=January 28, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2022}}", "Team Barker had a successful [2022–23 season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_curling_season \"2022–23 curling season\") tour season, allowing them to easily qualify for the [2023 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2023_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2023 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). To start the season, the team played in the inaugural [PointsBet Invitational](/wiki/2022_PointsBet_Invitational \"2022 PointsBet Invitational\") where after an opening game win against [Hollie Duncan](/wiki/Hollie_Duncan \"Hollie Duncan\"), they dropped their quarterfinal game to [Kaitlyn Lawes](/wiki/Kaitlyn_Lawes \"Kaitlyn Lawes\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.curling.ca/blog/2022/09/23/6th\\-seed\\-upset/\\|title\\=6th seed upset!\\|publisher\\=Curling Canada\\|date\\=September 23, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2024}} On the Saskatchewan tour, the team won three events: the Moose Jaw SaskTour Spiel, the Regina Highland SWCT Event and the SaskTour Women's Players Championship.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.curlingzone.com/team.php?teamid\\=160791\\&profileid\\=31160\\|title\\=Team Penny Barker: 2022–23\\|website\\=CurlingZone\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2024}} They also had a strong showing at the [2022 Western Showdown](/wiki/2022_Western_Showdown \"2022 Western Showdown\"), reaching the quarterfinals where they lost to world champions Team Silvana Tirinzoni.{{youTube\\|yQHEW3GDFLg\\|'''Video''' (full game): Silvana Tirinzoni vs. Penny Barker \\- QUARTERS \\- RBC Dominion Securities Western Showdown}} Despite their tour dominance in their home province, they were not able to defend their provincial title, finishing 2–3 through the triple knockout.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://swiftcurrentonline.com/articles/silvernagle\\-and\\-anderson\\-set\\-for\\-scotties\\-semi\\-final\\-martin\\-moves\\-to\\-final\\|title\\=UPDATE: Silvernagle and Anderson set for Scotties semi\\-final, Martin moves to final\\|publisher\\=Swift Current Online\\|author\\=Colin Powers\\|date\\=January 29, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2024}} The following season was not as successful for the team as they were unable to win any tour titles. However, their multiple quarterfinal finishes earned them enough points to qualify directly for the [2024 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts](/wiki/2024_Saskatchewan_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts \"2024 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts\"). In the round robin, the team had a 3–2 record which earned them a spot in the final four.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.moosejawtoday.com/local\\-news/ackerman\\-barker\\-into\\-playoffs\\-at\\-viterra\\-scotties\\-womens\\-curling\\-championship\\-8139458\\|title\\=Ackerman, Barker into playoffs at Viterra Scotties women's curling championship\\|publisher\\=Moose Jaw Today\\|author\\=Randy Palmer\\|date\\=January 20, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2024}} Facing [Michelle Englot](/wiki/Michelle_Englot \"Michelle Englot\") in the 3 vs. 4 game, they lost 9–6 and were eliminated from contention. After the season, the team disbanded.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/teampennybarker/posts/pfbid0gAvimnZEuAU53ByFYBBZ9FBrGFVLnFgzpHJXnvqAJ9oHGh7WFQbVRJgdeNza4W4Bl\\|title\\=Team Barker will be parting ways after this season. We all love this sport and intend to continue competing. While we might be playing against each other next year, we'll remain close friends on and off the ice.\\|publisher\\=Team Barker\\|website\\=Facebook\\|date\\=February 25, 2024\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2024}}", "" ]
Division of Insurance --------------------- The Division of Insurance regulates the state's insurance industry, including the life, health, and property \& casualty insurance industries. The division currently employs approximately 330 individuals in four units. The division was reaccredited in 2010 by the [National Association of Insurance Commissioners](/wiki/National_Association_of_Insurance_Commissioners "National Association of Insurance Commissioners") (NAIC) for five years.<http://www.naic.org/meetings1010/02_daily.pdf>"DC, IN, NJ Accredited", NAIC Daily News, 2010\-10\-19\. Among its tasks, the division oversees the solvency of the various companies and ensures consumer protections while periodically examining the licensed entities within the industry for compliance issues. Additionally, the division licenses and regulates insurance agents and brokers (producers). The Property \& Casualty Section is charged with the regulation of rates, rules and forms for property and casualty insurance. The section regulates personal, commercial and title insurance sold in the state. The Life \& Health Bureaus are responsible for the review and approval of life insurance forms, annuity contracts and synthetic guaranteed investment contract (GIC) forms issued in New Jersey to ensure that they comply with insurance laws and regulations and the review and approval of individual and group health insurance contracts and rates within the department's jurisdiction, respectively. The division also oversees New Jersey's Individual Health Coverage (IHC) Program and Small Employer Health (SEH) Program for companies employing 2\-50 employees. Through the IHC, people without access to employer or government sponsored health care programs can purchase health coverage for themselves and their families from a variety of private carriers, regardless of their age or health status. The SEH establishes standard health benefit plans and ensures that small employers: have access to small group health benefits plans without regard to the occupation of the group, or the health status of any of the group's members; and have the ability to renew the coverage from year to year regardless of the group's claims experience or any changes in the health status of the group's members. Additionally, NJ Protect is the state's federally subsidized health insurance option for those residents with pre\-existing medical conditions. The Office of Solvency Regulation represents a major portion of the department's core mission in the regulation of the financial solvency of New Jersey's licensed insurers. Due to the large number of multi\-state insurers, the department utilizes a national state\-based system of regulation in order to help meet this core mission. The Office's Captives Unit oversees New Jersey's captive insurance market, which opened for business in 2011<http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2010/Bills/PL11/25_.PDF> P.L.2011, c.25, retrieved 2013\-6\-5 and currently includes ten captive insurers. The Office of Consumer Protection Services investigates regulated industries for violations and is responsible for enforcement actions when any such violations are uncovered. The Bureau of Fraud Deterrence handles investigations and prosecutions for civil insurance fraud violations following the transfer of these responsibilities from the Office of Insurance Fraud Prosecutor within the Department of Law and Public Safety as part of the FY 2010 state budget.
[ "Division of Insurance\n---------------------", "The Division of Insurance regulates the state's insurance industry, including the life, health, and property \\& casualty insurance industries. The division currently employs approximately 330 individuals in four units. The division was reaccredited in 2010 by the [National Association of Insurance Commissioners](/wiki/National_Association_of_Insurance_Commissioners \"National Association of Insurance Commissioners\") (NAIC) for five years.<http://www.naic.org/meetings1010/02_daily.pdf>\"DC, IN, NJ Accredited\", NAIC Daily News, 2010\\-10\\-19\\.", "Among its tasks, the division oversees the solvency of the various companies and ensures consumer protections while periodically examining the licensed entities within the industry for compliance issues. Additionally, the division licenses and regulates insurance agents and brokers (producers).", "The Property \\& Casualty Section is charged with the regulation of rates, rules and forms for property and casualty insurance. The section regulates personal, commercial and title insurance sold in the state.", "The Life \\& Health Bureaus are responsible for the review and approval of life insurance forms, annuity contracts and synthetic guaranteed investment contract (GIC) forms issued in New Jersey to ensure that they comply with insurance laws and regulations and the review and approval of individual and group health insurance contracts and rates within the department's jurisdiction, respectively.", "The division also oversees New Jersey's Individual Health Coverage (IHC) Program and Small Employer Health (SEH) Program for companies employing 2\\-50 employees. Through the IHC, people without access to employer or government sponsored health care programs can purchase health coverage for themselves and their families from a variety of private carriers, regardless of their age or health status. The SEH establishes standard health benefit plans and ensures that small employers: have access to small group health benefits plans without regard to the occupation of the group, or the health status of any of the group's members; and have the ability to renew the coverage from year to year regardless of the group's claims experience or any changes in the health status of the group's members. Additionally, NJ Protect is the state's federally subsidized health insurance option for those residents with pre\\-existing medical conditions.", "The Office of Solvency Regulation represents a major portion of the department's core mission in the regulation of the financial solvency of New Jersey's licensed insurers. Due to the large number of multi\\-state insurers, the department utilizes a national state\\-based system of regulation in order to help meet this core mission. The Office's Captives Unit oversees New Jersey's captive insurance market, which opened for business in 2011<http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2010/Bills/PL11/25_.PDF> P.L.2011, c.25, retrieved 2013\\-6\\-5 and currently includes ten captive insurers.", "The Office of Consumer Protection Services investigates regulated industries for violations and is responsible for enforcement actions when any such violations are uncovered.", "The Bureau of Fraud Deterrence handles investigations and prosecutions for civil insurance fraud violations following the transfer of these responsibilities from the Office of Insurance Fraud Prosecutor within the Department of Law and Public Safety as part of the FY 2010 state budget.", "" ]
Biography --------- Adam Ludwik was born in 1872\. He became the head of the Czartoryski family after the death of his father in 1894\. In 1897 he became [Ordynat](/wiki/Ordynat "Ordynat") of the Sieniawa Ordynacja property. Capital assets were estimated at 4\.5 million [Austrian Crowns](/wiki/Austrian_Crown "Austrian Crown"), which did not include the Family Collections. In 1899 [Countess Izabela Działyńska](/wiki/Izabella_El%C5%BCbieta_Czartoryska "Izabella Elżbieta Czartoryska"), his aunt, left the [Gołuchów Castle](/wiki/Go%C5%82uch%C3%B3w_Castle "Gołuchów Castle") and estates to him and his brother Witold. In the same year Ludwik acquired many [Greek](/wiki/Greece "Greece") objects during his travel to Japan. In 1901 he married [Countess Maria Ludwika Krasińska](/wiki/Maria_Ludwika_Krasi%C5%84ska "Maria Ludwika Krasińska"). His young wife took over the direction of affairs with tremendous determination, being a great heiress in her own right. In 1911 his brother Witold died and left Adam Czartoryski all his inheritance. In 1914 Czartoryski served in the Austrian Army, and his wife Maria Ludwika took over the [Czartoryski Museum](/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum "Czartoryski Museum"). During the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), thanks to family connections to the [King of Saxony](/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_III_of_Saxony "Frederick Augustus III of Saxony"), she sent the most valuable objects over to [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden "Dresden"). After the war, there was some difficulty retrieving the objects because of concern about unrest in Poland, but two years of negotiation, along with the 1919 [Treaty of Riga](/wiki/Treaty_of_Riga "Treaty of Riga") which provided for the return of looted items, helped in reassembling the collection, a process which continued for the next several years. During this time the Hotel Lambert, their property in Paris, was transformed into apartments as the family had settled permanently in Poland. On 26 June 1937, Prince Adam Ludwik died and was buried at the family crypt in [Sieniawa](/wiki/Sieniawa "Sieniawa").
[ "Biography\n---------", "Adam Ludwik was born in 1872\\. He became the head of the Czartoryski family after the death of his father in 1894\\. In 1897 he became [Ordynat](/wiki/Ordynat \"Ordynat\") of the Sieniawa Ordynacja property. Capital assets were estimated at 4\\.5 million [Austrian Crowns](/wiki/Austrian_Crown \"Austrian Crown\"), which did not include the Family Collections. In 1899 [Countess Izabela Działyńska](/wiki/Izabella_El%C5%BCbieta_Czartoryska \"Izabella Elżbieta Czartoryska\"), his aunt, left the [Gołuchów Castle](/wiki/Go%C5%82uch%C3%B3w_Castle \"Gołuchów Castle\") and estates to him and his brother Witold. In the same year Ludwik acquired many [Greek](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") objects during his travel to Japan.", "In 1901 he married [Countess Maria Ludwika Krasińska](/wiki/Maria_Ludwika_Krasi%C5%84ska \"Maria Ludwika Krasińska\"). His young wife took over the direction of affairs with tremendous determination, being a great heiress in her own right.", "In 1911 his brother Witold died and left Adam Czartoryski all his inheritance.", "In 1914 Czartoryski served in the Austrian Army, and his wife Maria Ludwika took over the [Czartoryski Museum](/wiki/Czartoryski_Museum \"Czartoryski Museum\"). During the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), thanks to family connections to the [King of Saxony](/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_III_of_Saxony \"Frederick Augustus III of Saxony\"), she sent the most valuable objects over to [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\").", "After the war, there was some difficulty retrieving the objects because of concern about unrest in Poland, but two years of negotiation, along with the 1919 [Treaty of Riga](/wiki/Treaty_of_Riga \"Treaty of Riga\") which provided for the return of looted items, helped in reassembling the collection, a process which continued for the next several years. During this time the Hotel Lambert, their property in Paris, was transformed into apartments as the family had settled permanently in Poland.", "On 26 June 1937, Prince Adam Ludwik died and was buried at the family crypt in [Sieniawa](/wiki/Sieniawa \"Sieniawa\").", "" ]
Demographics ------------ Salishan remains an important part of the City of Tacoma's portfolio of affordable housing. The following statistics are derived from the [2000 US Census](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_2000 "United States Census, 2000") and relate to the two Census block groups that primarily cover Salishan. For the purposes of this section, these block groups will be referred to as "Salishan," even though they are not recognized by any specific name by the Census and do not conform entirely to any official border of Salishan. Measures based on medians have been converted to averages, which may distort the information, but it is likely approximate to the median values. Salishan's percentage of households containing children with no female householder present was 336% higher than the state average. As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate\=2008\-01\-31\|title\=U.S. Census website}} of 2010, there were 2,447 people, 747 households, and 630 families residing in Salishan. There were 788 housing units. The racial makeup of Salishan was 33\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 23\.0% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 2\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 21\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)") (8\.3% Vietnamese, 7\.1% Cambodian, 2\.4% Korean, 0\.9% Filipino, 0\.2% Chinese, 0\.2% Asian Indian, 0\.2% Laotian, 0\.1% Thai), 2\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)") (1\.7% Samoan, 0\.2% Native Hawaiian), 3\.1% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 14\.9% from two or more races. 10\.9% of the population was [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race (6\.4% Mexican, 3\.1% Puerto Rican, 0\.3% Cuban). There were 817 households, 69\.4% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 43\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13\.2% were non\-families. 11\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\.44 and the average family size was 3\.72\. In Salishan, the population was spread out, with 46\.2% under the age of 18, 6\.4% from 18 to 24, 12\.7% from 25 to 44, 17\.6% from 45 to 64, and 4\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 78\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 65\.7 males. The median income for a household in Salishan was approximately $13,746, and the median income for a family was unavailable. Income by sex was also unavailable, as was [per capita](/wiki/Per_capita "Per capita") income. 57\.4% of the population was below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"). Family poverty statistics were unavailable. Out of the total population, 64\.5% of those under the age of 18 and 52\.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. The neighborhood is part of the larger East Tacoma region, which had a population of 30,679\. The racial makeup was 53\.2% White or Caucasian, 13% Black or African American, 4\.6% Native American, 13\.2% Asian, 1\.3% Pacific Islander and 6\.8% Mixed Race. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13% of the population. 22\.3% of the population was below the poverty line. [https://archive.today/20200212212512/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?\_event\=Search\&geo\_id\=\&\_geoContext\=\&\_street\=\&\_county\=98404\&\_cityTown\=98404\&\_state\=04000US53\&\_zip\=98404\&\_lang\=en\&\_sse\=on\&pctxt\=fph\&pgsl\=010\&show\_2003\_tab\=\&redirect\=Y](https://archive.today/20200212212512/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=98404&_cityTown=98404&_state=04000US53&_zip=98404&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y)
[ "Demographics\n------------", "Salishan remains an important part of the City of Tacoma's portfolio of affordable housing. The following statistics are derived from the [2000 US Census](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_2000 \"United States Census, 2000\") and relate to the two Census block groups that primarily cover Salishan. For the purposes of this section, these block groups will be referred to as \"Salishan,\" even though they are not recognized by any specific name by the Census and do not conform entirely to any official border of Salishan. Measures based on medians have been converted to averages, which may distort the information, but it is likely approximate to the median values.", "Salishan's percentage of households containing children with no female householder present was 336% higher than the state average.", "As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=U.S. Census website}} of 2010, there were 2,447 people, 747 households, and 630 families residing in Salishan. There were 788 housing units. The racial makeup of Salishan was 33\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 23\\.0% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 21\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\") (8\\.3% Vietnamese, 7\\.1% Cambodian, 2\\.4% Korean, 0\\.9% Filipino, 0\\.2% Chinese, 0\\.2% Asian Indian, 0\\.2% Laotian, 0\\.1% Thai), 2\\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") (1\\.7% Samoan, 0\\.2% Native Hawaiian), 3\\.1% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 14\\.9% from two or more races. 10\\.9% of the population was [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race (6\\.4% Mexican, 3\\.1% Puerto Rican, 0\\.3% Cuban).", "There were 817 households, 69\\.4% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 43\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13\\.2% were non\\-families. 11\\.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.44 and the average family size was 3\\.72\\.", "In Salishan, the population was spread out, with 46\\.2% under the age of 18, 6\\.4% from 18 to 24, 12\\.7% from 25 to 44, 17\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 4\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 78\\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 65\\.7 males.", "The median income for a household in Salishan was approximately $13,746, and the median income for a family was unavailable. Income by sex was also unavailable, as was [per capita](/wiki/Per_capita \"Per capita\") income. 57\\.4% of the population was below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"). Family poverty statistics were unavailable. Out of the total population, 64\\.5% of those under the age of 18 and 52\\.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.", "The neighborhood is part of the larger East Tacoma region, which had a population of 30,679\\. The racial makeup was 53\\.2% White or Caucasian, 13% Black or African American, 4\\.6% Native American, 13\\.2% Asian, 1\\.3% Pacific Islander and 6\\.8% Mixed Race. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13% of the population. 22\\.3% of the population was below the poverty line. [https://archive.today/20200212212512/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?\\_event\\=Search\\&geo\\_id\\=\\&\\_geoContext\\=\\&\\_street\\=\\&\\_county\\=98404\\&\\_cityTown\\=98404\\&\\_state\\=04000US53\\&\\_zip\\=98404\\&\\_lang\\=en\\&\\_sse\\=on\\&pctxt\\=fph\\&pgsl\\=010\\&show\\_2003\\_tab\\=\\&redirect\\=Y](https://archive.today/20200212212512/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=98404&_cityTown=98404&_state=04000US53&_zip=98404&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y)", "" ]
Biography --------- [thumb\|250px\|Portrait of the young Mihail Gerdzhikov from the photo gallery of [Georgi Danchov](/wiki/Georgi_Danchov "Georgi Danchov")](/wiki/File:Mihail_Gerdzhikov_by_Georgi_Danchov%2C_1881.jpg "Mihail Gerdzhikov by Georgi Danchov, 1881.jpg") [thumb\|250px\|Mikhail Gerdzhikov's troops during the Ilinden\-Transfiguration Uprising](/wiki/File:Mihail_Gerdzhikov_cheta_IMARO.jpg "Mihail Gerdzhikov cheta IMARO.jpg") [thumb\|250px\|Brothers Michael, Stefan and Nikolay Gerdzhikov, photographer [Andrey Andreev](/wiki/Andrey_Andreev_%28photographer%29 "Andrey Andreev (photographer)"), Plovdiv](/wiki/File:Mihail%2C_Stefan_and_Nikolay_Gerdzhikov_by_Andrey_Andreev%2C_1904.jpg "Mihail, Stefan and Nikolay Gerdzhikov by Andrey Andreev, 1904.jpg") [thumb\|250px\|Mikhail Gerdzhikov's Cheta](/wiki/File:Mihail_Gerdzhikov_cheta_IMARO2.jpg "Mihail Gerdzhikov cheta IMARO2.jpg") He was born in Plovdiv, then in the Ottoman Empire, in 1877\. He studied at the French College in Plovdiv, where he received the nickname *Michel*. As a student in 1893 he started his revolutionary activities as the leader of a [Macedonian Secret Revolutionary Committee](/wiki/Macedonian_Secret_Revolutionary_Committee "Macedonian Secret Revolutionary Committee") (MSRC).{{cite book\|title\=\[\[Black Flame (book)\|Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism]]\|first1\=Lucien\|last1\=van der Walt\|authorlink\=Lucien van der Walt\|first2\=Michael\|last2\=Schmidt\|publisher\=\[\[AK Press]]\|year\=2009\|isbn\=978\-1\-904859\-16\-1\|page\=317}} In [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne "Lausanne") and [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva") he participated in the so\-called *Geneva Group*. In 1899 he returned to the Bulgarian lands and became a teacher at Bulgarian Classical High School in [Bitola](/wiki/Bitola "Bitola"){{cite book \| title \= Dame Gruev. Life and business. Collection, Volume 2 \| editor\-last \= Billiard \| editor\-first \= Tsocho \| year \= 2007 \| publisher \= Aniko \| location \= Sofia \| pages \= 527–528 \| url \= http://www.sitebulgarizaedno.com/index.php?Option\=com\_content\&view\=article\&id\=611:2014\-01\-27\-15\-29\-58\&catid\=29:2010\-04\-24\-09\-14\-13\&Itemid\=61 \| accessdate \= January 15, 2016}} and joined [IMORO](/wiki/Inner_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization "Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization"), where Gerdzhikov approached [Gotse Delchev](/wiki/Gotse_Delchev "Gotse Delchev"). In 1900 he was a delegate to the Zlatitsa Society of the *Seventh Macedonian Congress*.Biljarski, Tsocho. Principality of Bulgaria and the Macedonian Question, p.1\. Supreme Macedonian\-Edirne Committee 1895 \- 1905 (Congressional Minutes), Bulgarian Historical Library, 5, Ivray, Sofia, 2002, p. 169\. In April 1901 he was a delegate of the Borisov Society to the *Eighth Macedonian\-Edirne Congress*.Bilyarski, Tsocho. Principality of Bulgaria and the Macedonian Question, p.1\. Supreme Macedonian\-Edirne Committee 1895 \- 1905 (Congressional Minutes), Bulgarian History Library, 5, Ivray, Sofia, 2002, p. 259\. After the defeat of the [Strandzha commune](/wiki/Strandzha_commune "Strandzha commune") he dealt with the accommodation of the rebels who withdrew to Bulgaria. He published articles in the Bulgarian and foreign press, appealing to the international community for intervention in the resolution of the [Eastern question](/wiki/Eastern_question "Eastern question") in the Balkans. Together with [Varban Kilifarski](/wiki/Varban_Kilifarski "Varban Kilifarski") he also published various newspapers of their own.Karchev, Peter. Through the Window of a Half\-Century (1900 \- 1950\), East\-West, Sofia, 2004, p. 203\. {{ISBN\|954321056X}} At the outbreak of the [Balkan War](/wiki/Balkan_War "Balkan War") in 1912, Gerdzhikov headed the Lozengrad guerrilla unit of the [Macedonian\-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps](/wiki/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan_Volunteer_Corps "Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps").Macedonian\-Adrian Militia 1912 \- 1913 Personnel, Main Archives Department, 2006, pp. 175, 892\. After the [War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), he renewed his contacts with the [Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization](/wiki/Inner_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization "Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization"), but no longer played an active role in it."National Liberation Struggle in Macedonia, 1919 \- 1941", Collective, Knowledge IC, Sofia, 1998, p. .72 Gerdzhikov participated in the *Constantinople Conference of the IMRO* in 1930 and was a member of the Central Committee as a member of the Foreign Office.Pandev, Konstantin. Foreword to: Gerdzhikov, Michael. Memories, Documents, Materials, Science and Art Publishing House, Sofia, 1984, p. 14\. But after the conference he did not leave for Berlin, to participate in the Central Committee, but returned to Bulgaria in 1931\.Pandev, Konstantin. Foreword to: Gerdzhikov, Michael. Memories, Documents, Materials, Science and Art Publishing House, Sofia, 1984, p. 15\. He became a journalist and translator. On the eve and during the Second World War, 1939–1945, due to his advanced age, he was mainly engaged in journalism. He has collaborated on a number of periodicals. Although some of his associates were involved in the resistance movement, Gerdzhikov remained aloof, although he maintained ties with them. Following the [September 9 coup](/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "1944 Bulgarian coup d'état"), he signed in Sofia "[Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria](/wiki/Appeal_to_the_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria "Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria")".Цочо Билярски, Ива Бурилкова, БКП, Коминтернът и македонския въпрос (1917\-1946\), Том 2, Главно управление на архивите, София, 1999, ISBN 9549800040, стр. 1122\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "[thumb\\|250px\\|Portrait of the young Mihail Gerdzhikov from the photo gallery of [Georgi Danchov](/wiki/Georgi_Danchov \"Georgi Danchov\")](/wiki/File:Mihail_Gerdzhikov_by_Georgi_Danchov%2C_1881.jpg \"Mihail Gerdzhikov by Georgi Danchov, 1881.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Mikhail Gerdzhikov's troops during the Ilinden\\-Transfiguration Uprising](/wiki/File:Mihail_Gerdzhikov_cheta_IMARO.jpg \"Mihail Gerdzhikov cheta IMARO.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Brothers Michael, Stefan and Nikolay Gerdzhikov, photographer [Andrey Andreev](/wiki/Andrey_Andreev_%28photographer%29 \"Andrey Andreev (photographer)\"), Plovdiv](/wiki/File:Mihail%2C_Stefan_and_Nikolay_Gerdzhikov_by_Andrey_Andreev%2C_1904.jpg \"Mihail, Stefan and Nikolay Gerdzhikov by Andrey Andreev, 1904.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Mikhail Gerdzhikov's Cheta](/wiki/File:Mihail_Gerdzhikov_cheta_IMARO2.jpg \"Mihail Gerdzhikov cheta IMARO2.jpg\")", "He was born in Plovdiv, then in the Ottoman Empire, in 1877\\. He studied at the French College in Plovdiv, where he received the nickname *Michel*. As a student in 1893 he started his revolutionary activities as the leader of a [Macedonian Secret Revolutionary Committee](/wiki/Macedonian_Secret_Revolutionary_Committee \"Macedonian Secret Revolutionary Committee\") (MSRC).{{cite book\\|title\\=\\[\\[Black Flame (book)\\|Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism]]\\|first1\\=Lucien\\|last1\\=van der Walt\\|authorlink\\=Lucien van der Walt\\|first2\\=Michael\\|last2\\=Schmidt\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[AK Press]]\\|year\\=2009\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-904859\\-16\\-1\\|page\\=317}}", "In [Lausanne](/wiki/Lausanne \"Lausanne\") and [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") he participated in the so\\-called *Geneva Group*. In 1899 he returned to the Bulgarian lands and became a teacher at Bulgarian Classical High School in [Bitola](/wiki/Bitola \"Bitola\"){{cite book \\| title \\= Dame Gruev. Life and business. Collection, Volume 2 \\| editor\\-last \\= Billiard \\| editor\\-first \\= Tsocho \\| year \\= 2007 \\| publisher \\= Aniko \\| location \\= Sofia \\| pages \\= 527–528 \\| url \\= http://www.sitebulgarizaedno.com/index.php?Option\\=com\\_content\\&view\\=article\\&id\\=611:2014\\-01\\-27\\-15\\-29\\-58\\&catid\\=29:2010\\-04\\-24\\-09\\-14\\-13\\&Itemid\\=61 \\| accessdate \\= January 15, 2016}} and joined [IMORO](/wiki/Inner_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization \"Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization\"), where Gerdzhikov approached [Gotse Delchev](/wiki/Gotse_Delchev \"Gotse Delchev\"). In 1900 he was a delegate to the Zlatitsa Society of the *Seventh Macedonian Congress*.Biljarski, Tsocho. Principality of Bulgaria and the Macedonian Question, p.1\\. Supreme Macedonian\\-Edirne Committee 1895 \\- 1905 (Congressional Minutes), Bulgarian Historical Library, 5, Ivray, Sofia, 2002, p. 169\\.", "In April 1901 he was a delegate of the Borisov Society to the *Eighth Macedonian\\-Edirne Congress*.Bilyarski, Tsocho. Principality of Bulgaria and the Macedonian Question, p.1\\. Supreme Macedonian\\-Edirne Committee 1895 \\- 1905 (Congressional Minutes), Bulgarian History Library, 5, Ivray, Sofia, 2002, p. 259\\.", "After the defeat of the [Strandzha commune](/wiki/Strandzha_commune \"Strandzha commune\") he dealt with the accommodation of the rebels who withdrew to Bulgaria. He published articles in the Bulgarian and foreign press, appealing to the international community for intervention in the resolution of the [Eastern question](/wiki/Eastern_question \"Eastern question\") in the Balkans. Together with [Varban Kilifarski](/wiki/Varban_Kilifarski \"Varban Kilifarski\") he also published various newspapers of their own.Karchev, Peter. Through the Window of a Half\\-Century (1900 \\- 1950\\), East\\-West, Sofia, 2004, p. 203\\. {{ISBN\\|954321056X}}", "At the outbreak of the [Balkan War](/wiki/Balkan_War \"Balkan War\") in 1912, Gerdzhikov headed the Lozengrad guerrilla unit of the [Macedonian\\-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps](/wiki/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan_Volunteer_Corps \"Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps\").Macedonian\\-Adrian Militia 1912 \\- 1913 Personnel, Main Archives Department, 2006, pp. 175, 892\\.", "After the [War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), he renewed his contacts with the [Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization](/wiki/Inner_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization \"Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization\"), but no longer played an active role in it.\"National Liberation Struggle in Macedonia, 1919 \\- 1941\", Collective, Knowledge IC, Sofia, 1998, p. .72 Gerdzhikov participated in the *Constantinople Conference of the IMRO* in 1930 and was a member of the Central Committee as a member of the Foreign Office.Pandev, Konstantin. Foreword to: Gerdzhikov, Michael. Memories, Documents, Materials, Science and Art Publishing House, Sofia, 1984, p. 14\\. But after the conference he did not leave for Berlin, to participate in the Central Committee, but returned to Bulgaria in 1931\\.Pandev, Konstantin. Foreword to: Gerdzhikov, Michael. Memories, Documents, Materials, Science and Art Publishing House, Sofia, 1984, p. 15\\.", "He became a journalist and translator. On the eve and during the Second World War, 1939–1945, due to his advanced age, he was mainly engaged in journalism. He has collaborated on a number of periodicals. Although some of his associates were involved in the resistance movement, Gerdzhikov remained aloof, although he maintained ties with them. Following the [September 9 coup](/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"1944 Bulgarian coup d'état\"), he signed in Sofia \"[Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria](/wiki/Appeal_to_the_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria \"Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria\")\".Цочо Билярски, Ива Бурилкова, БКП, Коминтернът и македонския въпрос (1917\\-1946\\), Том 2, Главно управление на архивите, София, 1999, ISBN 9549800040, стр. 1122\\.", "" ]
Overview -------- The original version was distributed on [8" floppy disks](/wiki/List_of_floppy_disk_formats "List of floppy disk formats"); the (smaller) version for 5\.25" floppies is called mini\-Flex. It was also later ported to the [Motorola 6809](/wiki/Motorola_6809 "Motorola 6809"); that version is called Flex09\.[FAQs](http://www.flexusergroup.com/flexusergroup/fug10.htm), FLEX User Group All versions are text\-based and intended for use on display devices ranging from printing terminals like the [Teletype Model 33](/wiki/Teletype_Model_33 "Teletype Model 33") ASR to smart terminals. While no graphic displays are supported by TSC software, some hardware supports elementary graphics and pointing devices. FLEX is a disk\-based operating system, using 256\-byte sectors on soft\-sectored floppies; the disk structure uses linkage bytes in each sector to indicate the next sector in a file or free list. The directory structure is simplified as a result. TSC (and others) provide several programming languages including [BASIC](/wiki/BASIC "BASIC") in two flavors (standard and extended) and a tokenizing version of extended BASIC called Pre\-compiled BASIC, [FORTH](/wiki/Forth_%28programming_language%29 "Forth (programming language)"), [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 "C (programming language)"), [FORTRAN](/wiki/Fortran "Fortran"), and [PASCAL](/wiki/Pascal_%28programming_language%29 "Pascal (programming language)"). TSC also wrote a version of FLEX, *Smoke Signal DOS*, for the California hardware manufacturer [Smoke Signal Broadcasting](/wiki/Smoke_Signal_Broadcasting "Smoke Signal Broadcasting"); this version uses forward and reverse linkage bytes in each sector which increase disk reliability at the expense of compatibility and speed. Later, TSC introduced the [multitasking](/wiki/Computer_multitasking "Computer multitasking"), [multi\-user](/wiki/Multi-user "Multi-user"), [Unix\-like](/wiki/Unix-like "Unix-like") [UniFLEX](/wiki/UniFLEX "UniFLEX") operating system, which requires [DMA](/wiki/Direct_memory_access "Direct memory access") disk controllers, 8" disk, and sold in small numbers. Several of the TSC computer languages were ported to UniFLEX. During the early 1980s, FLEX was offered by [Compusense Ltd](/wiki/Compusense_Ltd "Compusense Ltd") as an operating system for the 6809\-based [Dragon 64](/wiki/Dragon_32/64 "Dragon 32/64") [home computer](/wiki/Home_computer "Home computer"). ### Commands The following [commands](/wiki/Command_%28computing%29 "Command (computing)") are supported by different versions of the FLEX operating system.[FLEX User’s Manual (miniFLEX)](http://www.flexusergroup.com/flexusergroup/pdfs/miniflex.pdf)[FLEX 2\.0 User's Manual](http://www.flexusergroup.com/flexusergroup/pdfs/flex2um.pdf)[FLEX 9\.0 User’s Manual](http://www.flexusergroup.com/flexusergroup/pdfs/swflexum.pdf) {{Div col\|colwidth\=9em}} * APPEND * ASN * [BACKUP](/wiki/Backup "Backup") * BUILD * CAT * [COPY](/wiki/Copy_%28command%29 "Copy (command)") * COPYNEW * C4MAT * CLEAN * [DATE](/wiki/Date_%28command%29 "Date (command)") * DELETE * [ECHO](/wiki/Echo_%28command%29 "Echo (command)") * EXEC * FIX * GET * I * JUMP * LINK * LIST * MEMTEST1 * MON * N * NEWDISK * O * P * P.COR * PO * [PRINT](/wiki/Print_%28command%29 "Print (command)") * PROT * PSP * Q * QCHECK * READPROM * [RENAME](/wiki/Ren_%28command%29 "Ren (command)") * RM * S * SAVE * SAVE.LOW * SBOX * SP * STARTUP * [TOUCH](/wiki/Touch_%28command%29 "Touch (command)") * TTYSET * UCAL * USEMF * [VER](/wiki/Ver_%28command%29 "Ver (command)") * VERIFY * VERSION * WRITPROM * XOUT * Y {{Div col end}}
[ "Overview\n--------", "The original version was distributed on [8\" floppy disks](/wiki/List_of_floppy_disk_formats \"List of floppy disk formats\"); the (smaller) version for 5\\.25\" floppies is called mini\\-Flex. It was also later ported to the [Motorola 6809](/wiki/Motorola_6809 \"Motorola 6809\"); that version is called Flex09\\.[FAQs](http://www.flexusergroup.com/flexusergroup/fug10.htm), FLEX User Group All versions are text\\-based and intended for use on display devices ranging from printing terminals like the [Teletype Model 33](/wiki/Teletype_Model_33 \"Teletype Model 33\") ASR to smart terminals. While no graphic displays are supported by TSC software, some hardware supports elementary graphics and pointing devices.", "FLEX is a disk\\-based operating system, using 256\\-byte sectors on soft\\-sectored floppies; the disk structure uses linkage bytes in each sector to indicate the next sector in a file or free list. The directory structure is simplified as a result. TSC (and others) provide several programming languages including [BASIC](/wiki/BASIC \"BASIC\") in two flavors (standard and extended) and a tokenizing version of extended BASIC called Pre\\-compiled BASIC, [FORTH](/wiki/Forth_%28programming_language%29 \"Forth (programming language)\"), [C](/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29 \"C (programming language)\"), [FORTRAN](/wiki/Fortran \"Fortran\"), and [PASCAL](/wiki/Pascal_%28programming_language%29 \"Pascal (programming language)\").", "TSC also wrote a version of FLEX, *Smoke Signal DOS*, for the California hardware manufacturer [Smoke Signal Broadcasting](/wiki/Smoke_Signal_Broadcasting \"Smoke Signal Broadcasting\"); this version uses forward and reverse linkage bytes in each sector which increase disk reliability at the expense of compatibility and speed.", "Later, TSC introduced the [multitasking](/wiki/Computer_multitasking \"Computer multitasking\"), [multi\\-user](/wiki/Multi-user \"Multi-user\"), [Unix\\-like](/wiki/Unix-like \"Unix-like\") [UniFLEX](/wiki/UniFLEX \"UniFLEX\") operating system, which requires [DMA](/wiki/Direct_memory_access \"Direct memory access\") disk controllers, 8\" disk, and sold in small numbers. Several of the TSC computer languages were ported to UniFLEX.", "During the early 1980s, FLEX was offered by [Compusense Ltd](/wiki/Compusense_Ltd \"Compusense Ltd\") as an operating system for the 6809\\-based [Dragon 64](/wiki/Dragon_32/64 \"Dragon 32/64\") [home computer](/wiki/Home_computer \"Home computer\").", "### Commands", "The following [commands](/wiki/Command_%28computing%29 \"Command (computing)\") are supported by different versions of the FLEX operating system.[FLEX User’s Manual (miniFLEX)](http://www.flexusergroup.com/flexusergroup/pdfs/miniflex.pdf)[FLEX 2\\.0 User's Manual](http://www.flexusergroup.com/flexusergroup/pdfs/flex2um.pdf)[FLEX 9\\.0 User’s Manual](http://www.flexusergroup.com/flexusergroup/pdfs/swflexum.pdf)", "{{Div col\\|colwidth\\=9em}}\n* APPEND\n* ASN\n* [BACKUP](/wiki/Backup \"Backup\")\n* BUILD\n* CAT\n* [COPY](/wiki/Copy_%28command%29 \"Copy (command)\")\n* COPYNEW\n* C4MAT\n* CLEAN\n* [DATE](/wiki/Date_%28command%29 \"Date (command)\")\n* DELETE\n* [ECHO](/wiki/Echo_%28command%29 \"Echo (command)\")\n* EXEC\n* FIX\n* GET\n* I\n* JUMP\n* LINK\n* LIST\n* MEMTEST1\n* MON\n* N\n* NEWDISK\n* O\n* P\n* P.COR\n* PO\n* [PRINT](/wiki/Print_%28command%29 \"Print (command)\")\n* PROT\n* PSP\n* Q\n* QCHECK\n* READPROM\n* [RENAME](/wiki/Ren_%28command%29 \"Ren (command)\")\n* RM\n* S\n* SAVE\n* SAVE.LOW\n* SBOX\n* SP\n* STARTUP\n* [TOUCH](/wiki/Touch_%28command%29 \"Touch (command)\")\n* TTYSET\n* UCAL\n* USEMF\n* [VER](/wiki/Ver_%28command%29 \"Ver (command)\")\n* VERIFY\n* VERSION\n* WRITPROM\n* XOUT\n* Y\n{{Div col end}}", "" ]
History ------- The [Virgin Anasazi](/wiki/Virgin_Anasazi "Virgin Anasazi") were the prehistoric settlers in the area. Among other areas, nearby Parunuweap (East Fork of the Virgin River) contains evidence to their presence. This group occupied the area until about the 13th century. The people were agriculturalists who maintained a diet of mostly maize. ### Settlement {{US Census population \| align \= left \| 1880\= 137 \| 1890\= 139 \| 1900\= 137 \| 1910\= 131 \| 1920\= 143 \| 1930\= 133 \| 1940\= 187 \| 1950\= 158 \|footnote \= Source: U.S. Census Bureau {{cite web \|url \= https://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/ \|title \= Census of Population and Housing \|publisher \= U.S. Census Bureau \|accessdate \= November 7, 2011 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20060208103743/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/ \|archive\-date \= February 8, 2006 \|url\-status \= dead \|df \= mdy\-all }} }} Doctor [Priddy Meeks](/wiki/Priddy_Meeks "Priddy Meeks") settled the town of Winsor in 1864, at the site of present\-day Mount Carmel Junction, as part of [Brigham Young](/wiki/Brigham_Young "Brigham Young")'s plan to settle all of Utah Territory. In 1865 more settlers were sent by the church. Nearby [Orderville](/wiki/Orderville%2C_Utah "Orderville, Utah") and [Glendale](/wiki/Glendale%2C_Utah "Glendale, Utah") (called Berryville at this time) were also being settled. Before long, Indians forced them to leave the area. It was not until 7 years later in 1871 that the settlers returned and this time settled down permanently. This time the town was settled in the name of Mount Carmel to honor the mountain in Palestine.{{cite news \| url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=sa9SAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=c38DAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2503%2C5092871 \| title\=You name it \- there's a town for it \| work\=The Deseret News \| date\=Jan 22, 1977 \| accessdate\=18 October 2015 \| author\=Van Atta, Dale \| pages\=W6}} In 1875 Elder Howard O. Spencer presided over Mount Carmel and Glendale. He reported that most homes were temporary, but permanent structures were underway. Doctor Meeks moved to Orderville in 1876 where he died at the age of 91\. He left behind two wives and several children. Only two families ever settled in Mount Carmel Junction, and one was Jack and Fern Morrison. Jack contemplated the idea that a road must be built connecting Zion Canyon to the east side of the park. Jack explored the area and came to the conclusion that the road must come down in the area now known as Mount Carmel Junction. There were old wagon trails that Jack used to navigate his way down to the valley. The hills were steep forcing Jack to attach a Cedar tree to the back of his Model\-T\-Ford. Jack was patient and in 1931 he was able to homestead the land now known as Mount Carmel Junction. The land was unkind. It was covered with gullies, quicksand and many layers of sand. The area was also prone to violent flash floods. Jack and Fern lost two children in the flash floods of the East Fork of the Virgin River that runs through the junction. The East Fork of the Virgin River is now known as Parunuweap. Jack died in 1961, from cancer after serving in the war and spending much of his life working in the coal mines. Fern, a strong willed and hard working woman continued to build. She lived to the age of 90, dying in 1998\. Artist [Maynard Dixon](/wiki/Maynard_Dixon "Maynard Dixon"),{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.thunderbirdfoundation.com/maynard\-dixon.cfm \|title\=Thunderbird Foundation for the Arts \| About Maynard Dixon \| Mt. Carmel Utah Gallery and Museum \| www.thunderbirdfoundation.com \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526194135/http://www.thunderbirdfoundation.com/maynard\-dixon.cfm \|archive\-date\=2009\-05\-26 \|url\-status\=dead }} famed for his paintings of the American West, built [a summer home](/wiki/Maynard_and_Edith_Hamlin_Dixon_House_and_Studio "Maynard and Edith Hamlin Dixon House and Studio") in Mount Carmel Junction in 1939\. After his death in Tucson, Arizona, in 1946, his ashes were buried on a high bluff above the Mount Carmel art studio being built on the property. ### John Wesley Powell \- Parunuweap [thumb\|left\|Powell Plaque](/wiki/Image:Mtcarmelpowell.jpg "Mtcarmelpowell.jpg") [John Wesley Powell](/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell "John Wesley Powell") visited the area as part of the Powell Survey of 1872\. He was the first European\-American to descend the East Fork of the Virgin River from the current location of Mount Carmel Junction to Shunesburg. A plaque can be found at the edge of the river, just east of the Zion National Park boundary in the East Fork, that reads: "Major John Wesley Powell 1834\-1902 explorer, scientist, Steven V. Jones 1840\-1920 teacher, topographer, Joseph W. Young 1829\-1873 Mormon pioneer leader, Descended Labyrinth Falls 1/2 mile below Monday, September 30, 1872 during first Parunuweap Canyon traverse. Powell named this canyon from the Paiute Indian word 'Parunuweap' which means roaring water canyon. Dedicated September 30, 1972\." ### Historic Rock Church [thumb\|right\|Historic [Mt. Carmel School and Church](/wiki/Mt._Carmel_School_and_Church "Mt. Carmel School and Church")](/wiki/Image:Mtcarmelrockchurch.jpg "Mtcarmelrockchurch.jpg") The [Historic Rock Church](/wiki/Mt._Carmel_School_and_Church "Mt. Carmel School and Church") in Mount Carmel was used to school the children living in the Mount Carmel area. The log building was built in 1880 and used as a church, school house and recreation hall. In 1890 it was converted into the stone structure. "The rock for the building was hauled by team and wagon from a hill about a mile south of town. Later a lumber wing was added, making it into a two\-room school. At first the floors were of rough pine lumber. Then hardwood floors were installed, which made them 'nicer for dancing.'"{{cite journal \| last \= Roper \| first \= Roger \| title \= National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Mt. Carmel School and Church \| url \= {{NRHP url\|id\=87002061}} \| format \= \[\[PDF]] \| date \= August 1987 \| publisher \= National Park Service \| accessdate \= March 19, 2011}} In 1919 it burned down. In 1923 it was rebuilt, this time with rock. After the small building was rebuilt, the rock structure was used almost entirely as a church. The children who once attended school in the log building rode to nearby Orderville in a covered wagon each day to attend school. The Historic Rock Church is on the National Register of Historic Places. ### Zion\-Mount Carmel Highway History [thumb\|left\|Zion\-Mt.Carmel Tunnel](/wiki/File:Zion-Mount_Carmel_Tunnel.jpg "Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel.jpg") In 1919, a Congressional bill designating [Zion National Park](/wiki/Zion_National_Park "Zion National Park") was signed into law. In 1923 the task of finding a way to open Zion Canyon to the east side of the park began. Four different routes were considered including two options through Parunuweap and another through North Creek. The route chosen went up the side of Pine Creek canyon on switchbacks, through a tunnel and then along Clear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US\-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion\-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the [Zion\-Mount Carmel Highway](/wiki/State_Route_9_%28Utah%29 "State Route 9 (Utah)") began in 1927\. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring {{convert\|5613\|ft\|m}} through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking [Zion Canyon](/wiki/Zion_Canyon "Zion Canyon") to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit [Grand Canyon](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park "Grand Canyon National Park") and [Bryce Canyon](/wiki/Bryce_Canyon_National_Park "Bryce Canyon National Park") National Parks.
[ "History\n-------", "The [Virgin Anasazi](/wiki/Virgin_Anasazi \"Virgin Anasazi\") were the prehistoric settlers in the area. Among other areas, nearby Parunuweap (East Fork of the Virgin River) contains evidence to their presence. This group occupied the area until about the 13th century. The people were agriculturalists who maintained a diet of mostly maize.", "### Settlement", "{{US Census population \\| align \\= left\n\\| 1880\\= 137\n\\| 1890\\= 139\n\\| 1900\\= 137\n\\| 1910\\= 131\n\\| 1920\\= 143\n\\| 1930\\= 133\n\\| 1940\\= 187\n\\| 1950\\= 158\n\\|footnote \\= Source: U.S. Census Bureau\n{{cite web\n\\|url \\= https://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/\n\\|title \\= Census of Population and Housing\n\\|publisher \\= U.S. Census Bureau\n\\|accessdate \\= November 7, 2011\n\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20060208103743/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/\n\\|archive\\-date \\= February 8, 2006\n\\|url\\-status \\= dead\n\\|df \\= mdy\\-all\n}}", "}}\nDoctor [Priddy Meeks](/wiki/Priddy_Meeks \"Priddy Meeks\") settled the town of Winsor in 1864, at the site of present\\-day Mount Carmel Junction, as part of [Brigham Young](/wiki/Brigham_Young \"Brigham Young\")'s plan to settle all of Utah Territory. In 1865 more settlers were sent by the church. Nearby [Orderville](/wiki/Orderville%2C_Utah \"Orderville, Utah\") and [Glendale](/wiki/Glendale%2C_Utah \"Glendale, Utah\") (called Berryville at this time) were also being settled. Before long, Indians forced them to leave the area. It was not until 7 years later in 1871 that the settlers returned and this time settled down permanently. This time the town was settled in the name of Mount Carmel to honor the mountain in Palestine.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=sa9SAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=c38DAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2503%2C5092871 \\| title\\=You name it \\- there's a town for it \\| work\\=The Deseret News \\| date\\=Jan 22, 1977 \\| accessdate\\=18 October 2015 \\| author\\=Van Atta, Dale \\| pages\\=W6}} In 1875 Elder Howard O. Spencer presided over Mount Carmel and Glendale. He reported that most homes were temporary, but permanent structures were underway. Doctor Meeks moved to Orderville in 1876 where he died at the age of 91\\. He left behind two wives and several children.", "Only two families ever settled in Mount Carmel Junction, and one was Jack and Fern Morrison. Jack contemplated the idea that a road must be built connecting Zion Canyon to the east side of the park. Jack explored the area and came to the conclusion that the road must come down in the area now known as Mount Carmel Junction. There were old wagon trails that Jack used to navigate his way down to the valley. The hills were steep forcing Jack to attach a Cedar tree to the back of his Model\\-T\\-Ford. Jack was patient and in 1931 he was able to homestead the land now known as Mount Carmel Junction. The land was unkind. It was covered with gullies, quicksand and many layers of sand. The area was also prone to violent flash floods. Jack and Fern lost two children in the flash floods of the East Fork of the Virgin River that runs through the junction. The East Fork of the Virgin River is now known as Parunuweap. Jack died in 1961, from cancer after serving in the war and spending much of his life working in the coal mines. Fern, a strong willed and hard working woman continued to build. She lived to the age of 90, dying in 1998\\.", "Artist [Maynard Dixon](/wiki/Maynard_Dixon \"Maynard Dixon\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.thunderbirdfoundation.com/maynard\\-dixon.cfm \\|title\\=Thunderbird Foundation for the Arts \\| About Maynard Dixon \\| Mt. Carmel Utah Gallery and Museum \\| www.thunderbirdfoundation.com \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526194135/http://www.thunderbirdfoundation.com/maynard\\-dixon.cfm \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} famed for his paintings of the American West, built [a summer home](/wiki/Maynard_and_Edith_Hamlin_Dixon_House_and_Studio \"Maynard and Edith Hamlin Dixon House and Studio\") in Mount Carmel Junction in 1939\\. After his death in Tucson, Arizona, in 1946, his ashes were buried on a high bluff above the Mount Carmel art studio being built on the property.", "### John Wesley Powell \\- Parunuweap", "[thumb\\|left\\|Powell Plaque](/wiki/Image:Mtcarmelpowell.jpg \"Mtcarmelpowell.jpg\")", "[John Wesley Powell](/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell \"John Wesley Powell\") visited the area as part of the Powell Survey of 1872\\. He was the first European\\-American to descend the East Fork of the Virgin River from the current location of Mount Carmel Junction to Shunesburg. A plaque can be found at the edge of the river, just east of the Zion National Park boundary in the East Fork, that reads:", "\"Major John Wesley Powell 1834\\-1902 explorer, scientist, Steven V. Jones 1840\\-1920 teacher, topographer, Joseph W. Young 1829\\-1873 Mormon pioneer leader, Descended Labyrinth Falls 1/2 mile below Monday, September 30, 1872 during first Parunuweap Canyon traverse. Powell named this canyon from the Paiute Indian word 'Parunuweap' which means roaring water canyon. Dedicated September 30, 1972\\.\"", "### Historic Rock Church", "[thumb\\|right\\|Historic [Mt. Carmel School and Church](/wiki/Mt._Carmel_School_and_Church \"Mt. Carmel School and Church\")](/wiki/Image:Mtcarmelrockchurch.jpg \"Mtcarmelrockchurch.jpg\")", "The [Historic Rock Church](/wiki/Mt._Carmel_School_and_Church \"Mt. Carmel School and Church\") in Mount Carmel was used to school the children living in the Mount Carmel area. The log building was built in 1880 and used as a church, school house and recreation hall. In 1890 it was converted into the stone structure. \"The rock for the building was hauled by team and wagon from a hill about a mile south of town. Later a lumber wing was added, making it into a two\\-room school. At first the floors were of rough pine lumber. Then hardwood floors were installed, which made them 'nicer for dancing.'\"{{cite journal \\| last \\= Roper \\| first \\= Roger \\| title \\= National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Mt. Carmel School and Church \\| url \\= {{NRHP url\\|id\\=87002061}} \\| format \\= \\[\\[PDF]] \\| date \\= August 1987 \\| publisher \\= National Park Service \\| accessdate \\= March 19, 2011}} In 1919 it burned down. In 1923 it was rebuilt, this time with rock. After the small building was rebuilt, the rock structure was used almost entirely as a church. The children who once attended school in the log building rode to nearby Orderville in a covered wagon each day to attend school. The Historic Rock Church is on the National Register of Historic Places.", "### Zion\\-Mount Carmel Highway History", "[thumb\\|left\\|Zion\\-Mt.Carmel Tunnel](/wiki/File:Zion-Mount_Carmel_Tunnel.jpg \"Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel.jpg\")", "In 1919, a Congressional bill designating [Zion National Park](/wiki/Zion_National_Park \"Zion National Park\") was signed into law. In 1923 the task of finding a way to open Zion Canyon to the east side of the park began. Four different routes were considered including two options through Parunuweap and another through North Creek. The route chosen went up the side of Pine Creek canyon on switchbacks, through a tunnel and then along Clear Creek to the east boundary of the park, and hence to US\\-89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Construction work on the Zion\\-Mount Carmel Tunnel and the [Zion\\-Mount Carmel Highway](/wiki/State_Route_9_%28Utah%29 \"State Route 9 (Utah)\") began in 1927\\. The tunnel especially was considered quite an engineering feat for the time, requiring boring {{convert\\|5613\\|ft\\|m}} through solid rock. July 4, 1930, the tunnel and highway were dedicated, linking [Zion Canyon](/wiki/Zion_Canyon \"Zion Canyon\") to the land east of the park and making it easier to visit [Grand Canyon](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park \"Grand Canyon National Park\") and [Bryce Canyon](/wiki/Bryce_Canyon_National_Park \"Bryce Canyon National Park\") National Parks.", "" ]
History ------- The original lineup, consisting of Šarčević (vocals and bass), Ohlsson (guitar), and Färm (drums), released their first [demo tape](/wiki/Demo_tape "Demo tape"), *Goofy*, in early 1993\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.millencolin.com/bio/story.htm \|title\=The Story of Our Band \|access\-date\=9 April 2007 \|author\=Millencolin \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022062840/http://www.millencolin.com/bio/story.htm \|archive\-date\=22 October 2006 \|url\-status\=dead }} Soon afterwards, Larzon joined the band to play drums, allowing Färm to perform as the second guitarist. In the summer of 1993, they recorded a second demo tape, *Melack*. The band sent the tape to [Burning Heart Records](/wiki/Burning_Heart_Records "Burning Heart Records"), a new record label formed earlier that year.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.burningheart.com/info/ \|title\=Info/FAQ \|access\-date\=9 April 2007 \|publisher\=Burning Heart Records}} They signed Millencolin to do a CD single, which culminated in the release of *[Use Your Nose](/wiki/Use_Your_Nose "Use Your Nose")* in November 1993\. Success of the single prompted Burning Heart to sign the band to release a full album. In July 1994, the band released *[Skauch](/wiki/Skauch "Skauch")*,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.burningheart.com/bands/index.php?id\=17 \|title\=Millencolin \- Skauch \|access\-date\=9 April 2007 \|publisher\=Burning Heart Records}} initially planned to be a single for their new album. However, the band decided to record four [cover songs](/wiki/Cover_song "Cover song") as well and released it as an [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play") instead.{{cite web\|url\=http://millencolin.com/bio/disco\_skauch.htm \|title\=Skauch \|access\-date\=9 April 2007 \|author\=Millencolin \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311220147/http://www.millencolin.com/bio/disco\_skauch.htm \|archive\-date\=11 March 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }} They put out their first major release, *[Tiny Tunes](/wiki/Tiny_Tunes "Tiny Tunes")*, in 1994\. The recording and mixing of the album took two weeks. Legal trouble with [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers "Warner Brothers") over the title and cover artwork of the album led the band to re\-release it in 1998 under the name *Same Old Tunes*. Millencolin continued to tour and in 1995 brought out their second full\-length album, *[Life on a Plate](/wiki/Life_on_a_Plate "Life on a Plate")*. This coincided with Millencolin beginning to tour outside of [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia "Scandinavia"). At the end of 1995, the US record company [Epitaph](/wiki/Epitaph_Records "Epitaph Records") wanted to release *Life on a Plate* in the US, and the band agreed. They then toured further afield, touring Japan, Australia, Brazil and Canada, and played as part of the 1997 [Warped Tour](/wiki/Warped_Tour "Warped Tour"). ### *Pennybridge Pioneers* and mainstream success Further albums *[For Monkeys](/wiki/For_Monkeys "For Monkeys")* and compilation *[The Melancholy Collection](/wiki/The_Melancholy_Collection "The Melancholy Collection")* followed, but the band's popularity increased in 2000 with the release of *[Pennybridge Pioneers](/wiki/Pennybridge_Pioneers "Pennybridge Pioneers")*, an album with more of a rock influence than the band's previous [skate punk](/wiki/Skate_punk "Skate punk")/[ska punk](/wiki/Ska_punk "Ska punk") sound. The recording took six weeks, following which they began their first major worldwide tour with initial dates in Wellington, New Zealand and Australia. This led to an early release of the album in Australia and New Zealand. Whilst on tour, Millencolin wrote and released *[Home from Home](/wiki/Home_from_Home_%28album%29 "Home from Home (album)")* in 2002\. In 2003, the band received the Best Swedish Rock award from the Swedish Hit Awards.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.punkbands.com/news/1217/ \|title\=Millencolin Win Swedish Rock Award \|access\-date\=31 May 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113210511/http://www.punkbands.com/news/1217/ \|archive\-date\=13 January 2009 }} *[Kingwood](/wiki/Kingwood_%28album%29 "Kingwood (album)")*, released in March 2005, marked the band's return to a faster and more traditional [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock "Punk rock") sound, collaborating it with their recently founded rock sound, and completed a world tour in follow\-up of the album. The album debuted at No. 2 in the Swedish chart.{{cite web \| title \= Millencolin enter Swedish Album Chart at \# 2 \| work\=Burning Heart Records \| url \= http://www.burningheart.com/news/article.php?id\=219 \| access\-date \= 27 May 2006 }} On 22 October 2007, the band entered the studio and started writing and recording songs for their seventh album *Machine 15*.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.millencolin.com/ \|title\=Millencolin Official Website \|access\-date\=22 January 2008 \| author\=Millencolin }} The band has hosted a skateboard contest at their own skatepark in Örebro, Sweden, named the Millencolin Open. They say they started this annual contest because skateboarding is what brought them together and now they have the chance to make something good of their town and of skateboarding. Šarčević released his second solo album entitled *[Roll Roll and Flee](/wiki/Roll_Roll_and_Flee "Roll Roll and Flee")*, whilst Färm promoted his side project [Franky Lee](/wiki/Franky_Lee "Franky Lee"). They wrote and released a single dedicated to their hometown football club [Örebro SK](/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK "Örebro SK") titled "Örebro" in 2009\. It was played in the clubs' stadium, [Eyravallen](/wiki/Eyravallen "Eyravallen") for the first time on 11 May 2009 in the home game against [Hammarby Fotboll](/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll "Hammarby Fotboll"). Throughout 2010, they toured in Canada and South America, where they played *[Pennybridge Pioneers](/wiki/Pennybridge_Pioneers "Pennybridge Pioneers")* in its entirety. They also played the 2011 [Soundwave Festival](/wiki/Soundwave_%28Australian_music_festival%29 "Soundwave (Australian music festival)") in Australia. ### Millencolin 20 Year Festival In 2012, Millencolin held their own festival to celebrate 20 years as a band. The "Millencolin 20 Year Festival" was a two\-day open\-air festival at Brunnsparken, [Örebro](/wiki/%C3%96rebro "Örebro"), Sweden on the 8 and 9 June 2012\. Millencolin closed both nights by doing two exclusive sets from the band's entire 20\-year long career with different songs each night. In addition to Millencolin, several other international and national bands also played on stage. A temporary festival site was built, including a huge catering tent with food and drinks. In addition, [WESC](/wiki/WESC "WESC") presented a skate contest, which also featured several pro skaters. There was also a camp for festival\-goers, five minutes away from the festival and complete with its own waterpark. The band had announced on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") earlier that a limited edition "yellow bird" toy would be available at the festival, but due to a delay in production the sale of these items was only possible on future tours. A limited edition (500 copies only) vinyl release of "[Carry You](/wiki/Carry_You_%28Millencolin_song%29 "Carry You (Millencolin song)")" single, from the compilation album *[The Melancholy Connection](/wiki/The_Melancholy_Connection "The Melancholy Connection"),* was available for sale at the festival.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/Millencolin/photos/10151697346015722/ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/197134885721/10151697346015722 \|archive\-date\=2022\-02\-26 \|url\-access\=limited\|title\=Millencolin's Facebook\|access\-date\=16 November 2017 \| author\=Millencolin \|website\=\[\[Facebook]] }}{{cbignore}}
[ "History\n-------", "The original lineup, consisting of Šarčević (vocals and bass), Ohlsson (guitar), and Färm (drums), released their first [demo tape](/wiki/Demo_tape \"Demo tape\"), *Goofy*, in early 1993\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.millencolin.com/bio/story.htm \\|title\\=The Story of Our Band \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2007 \\|author\\=Millencolin \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022062840/http://www.millencolin.com/bio/story.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Soon afterwards, Larzon joined the band to play drums, allowing Färm to perform as the second guitarist. In the summer of 1993, they recorded a second demo tape, *Melack*. The band sent the tape to [Burning Heart Records](/wiki/Burning_Heart_Records \"Burning Heart Records\"), a new record label formed earlier that year.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.burningheart.com/info/ \\|title\\=Info/FAQ \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2007 \\|publisher\\=Burning Heart Records}} They signed Millencolin to do a CD single, which culminated in the release of *[Use Your Nose](/wiki/Use_Your_Nose \"Use Your Nose\")* in November 1993\\. Success of the single prompted Burning Heart to sign the band to release a full album. In July 1994, the band released *[Skauch](/wiki/Skauch \"Skauch\")*,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.burningheart.com/bands/index.php?id\\=17 \\|title\\=Millencolin \\- Skauch \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2007 \\|publisher\\=Burning Heart Records}} initially planned to be a single for their new album. However, the band decided to record four [cover songs](/wiki/Cover_song \"Cover song\") as well and released it as an [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\") instead.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://millencolin.com/bio/disco\\_skauch.htm \\|title\\=Skauch \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2007 \\|author\\=Millencolin \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311220147/http://www.millencolin.com/bio/disco\\_skauch.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=11 March 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} They put out their first major release, *[Tiny Tunes](/wiki/Tiny_Tunes \"Tiny Tunes\")*, in 1994\\. The recording and mixing of the album took two weeks. Legal trouble with [Warner Brothers](/wiki/Warner_Brothers \"Warner Brothers\") over the title and cover artwork of the album led the band to re\\-release it in 1998 under the name *Same Old Tunes*.", "Millencolin continued to tour and in 1995 brought out their second full\\-length album, *[Life on a Plate](/wiki/Life_on_a_Plate \"Life on a Plate\")*. This coincided with Millencolin beginning to tour outside of [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia \"Scandinavia\"). At the end of 1995, the US record company [Epitaph](/wiki/Epitaph_Records \"Epitaph Records\") wanted to release *Life on a Plate* in the US, and the band agreed. They then toured further afield, touring Japan, Australia, Brazil and Canada, and played as part of the 1997 [Warped Tour](/wiki/Warped_Tour \"Warped Tour\").", "### *Pennybridge Pioneers* and mainstream success", "Further albums *[For Monkeys](/wiki/For_Monkeys \"For Monkeys\")* and compilation *[The Melancholy Collection](/wiki/The_Melancholy_Collection \"The Melancholy Collection\")* followed, but the band's popularity increased in 2000 with the release of *[Pennybridge Pioneers](/wiki/Pennybridge_Pioneers \"Pennybridge Pioneers\")*, an album with more of a rock influence than the band's previous [skate punk](/wiki/Skate_punk \"Skate punk\")/[ska punk](/wiki/Ska_punk \"Ska punk\") sound. The recording took six weeks, following which they began their first major worldwide tour with initial dates in Wellington, New Zealand and Australia. This led to an early release of the album in Australia and New Zealand. Whilst on tour, Millencolin wrote and released *[Home from Home](/wiki/Home_from_Home_%28album%29 \"Home from Home (album)\")* in 2002\\. In 2003, the band received the Best Swedish Rock award from the Swedish Hit Awards.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.punkbands.com/news/1217/ \\|title\\=Millencolin Win Swedish Rock Award \\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113210511/http://www.punkbands.com/news/1217/ \\|archive\\-date\\=13 January 2009 }}", "*[Kingwood](/wiki/Kingwood_%28album%29 \"Kingwood (album)\")*, released in March 2005, marked the band's return to a faster and more traditional [punk rock](/wiki/Punk_rock \"Punk rock\") sound, collaborating it with their recently founded rock sound, and completed a world tour in follow\\-up of the album. The album debuted at No. 2 in the Swedish chart.{{cite web \\| title \\= Millencolin enter Swedish Album Chart at \\# 2 \\| work\\=Burning Heart Records \\| url \\= http://www.burningheart.com/news/article.php?id\\=219 \\| access\\-date \\= 27 May 2006 }}", "On 22 October 2007, the band entered the studio and started writing and recording songs for their seventh album *Machine 15*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.millencolin.com/ \\|title\\=Millencolin Official Website \\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2008 \\| author\\=Millencolin }}", "The band has hosted a skateboard contest at their own skatepark in Örebro, Sweden, named the Millencolin Open. They say they started this annual contest because skateboarding is what brought them together and now they have the chance to make something good of their town and of skateboarding.", "Šarčević released his second solo album entitled *[Roll Roll and Flee](/wiki/Roll_Roll_and_Flee \"Roll Roll and Flee\")*, whilst Färm promoted his side project [Franky Lee](/wiki/Franky_Lee \"Franky Lee\").", "They wrote and released a single dedicated to their hometown football club [Örebro SK](/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK \"Örebro SK\") titled \"Örebro\" in 2009\\. It was played in the clubs' stadium, [Eyravallen](/wiki/Eyravallen \"Eyravallen\") for the first time on 11 May 2009 in the home game against [Hammarby Fotboll](/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll \"Hammarby Fotboll\").", "Throughout 2010, they toured in Canada and South America, where they played *[Pennybridge Pioneers](/wiki/Pennybridge_Pioneers \"Pennybridge Pioneers\")* in its entirety. They also played the 2011 [Soundwave Festival](/wiki/Soundwave_%28Australian_music_festival%29 \"Soundwave (Australian music festival)\") in Australia.", "### Millencolin 20 Year Festival", "In 2012, Millencolin held their own festival to celebrate 20 years as a band. The \"Millencolin 20 Year Festival\" was a two\\-day open\\-air festival at Brunnsparken, [Örebro](/wiki/%C3%96rebro \"Örebro\"), Sweden on the 8 and 9 June 2012\\. Millencolin closed both nights by doing two exclusive sets from the band's entire 20\\-year long career with different songs each night. In addition to Millencolin, several other international and national bands also played on stage. A temporary festival site was built, including a huge catering tent with food and drinks. In addition, [WESC](/wiki/WESC \"WESC\") presented a skate contest, which also featured several pro skaters. There was also a camp for festival\\-goers, five minutes away from the festival and complete with its own waterpark.", "The band had announced on [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") earlier that a limited edition \"yellow bird\" toy would be available at the festival, but due to a delay in production the sale of these items was only possible on future tours. A limited edition (500 copies only) vinyl release of \"[Carry You](/wiki/Carry_You_%28Millencolin_song%29 \"Carry You (Millencolin song)\")\" single, from the compilation album *[The Melancholy Connection](/wiki/The_Melancholy_Connection \"The Melancholy Connection\"),* was available for sale at the festival.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/Millencolin/photos/10151697346015722/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/197134885721/10151697346015722 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-26 \\|url\\-access\\=limited\\|title\\=Millencolin's Facebook\\|access\\-date\\=16 November 2017 \\| author\\=Millencolin \\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]] }}{{cbignore}}", "" ]
Plot summary ------------ Ten years ago, a man lost all his savings due to a financial crash. He visited a financial banker named Zara and asked for advice, but she flatly said it was his fault for giving the bank his money. The man wrote a letter to her before taking his own life by jumping off the bridge. In the present day, a woman tries to rob a bank to get enough money to pay for rent, so her ex\-husband won't take her children away. Unfortunately, it is a cashless bank, so she panics and runs to a nearby apartment building to avoid being caught by the police. The bank robber enters an apartment viewing, and the people inside see her pistol and assume that it is a robbery. The bank robber hesitantly accepts that she is taking the people hostage as she tries to maintain order. The hostages are apartment renovators Anna\-Lena and Roger, expecting mothers Julia and Ro, an elderly Estelle, and bank owner Zara. They find a man named Lennart wearing a bunny suit inside the bathroom. Anna\-Lena admits that she hired Lennart to cause a commotion to lower the bidding price of other prospective buyers, in order to make Roger believe that he negotiated the price himself. They split up in silence, as Roger had taken pride in his negotiation skills. Ro follows Roger and admits to him that the reason she nitpicks every apartment her wife Julia brings her to is because she fears she isn't ready to be a parent. Roger assures her that she'll be a good mother and encourages her to buy the apartment. Anna\-Lena tells Julia that she fears Roger hates her for deceiving him, but Julia promises her that all couples show their love to their spouses in unconventional ways. A standoffish Zara looks at the bridge from the apartment's balcony and complains about human greed and economic systems to Lennart. When all the hostages regroup, Roger tells Julia that Ro is excited and nervous to be a mother, and Julia tells Roger that he is enough and that Anna\-Lena still loves him. The bank robber apologizes for keeping them hostage and says she will free them and turn herself in. However, the hostages argue that she simply made a mistake to protect her children, and that they all agree to lie in their witness statements to protect her. Estelle reveals that the apartment they're currently in is actually her apartment, and that she posed as one of the buyers to sell it to someone who deserved it. She gives the bank robber the key to a neighboring apartment to hide in when the police arrive. The bank robber thanks the hostages for being kind to her. Jim is the first police to reach the apartment. The bank robber turns herself in and tells Jim the whole truth of why she robbed the bank. Jim feels sympathy for her and agrees to let her off scot\-free. The bank robber releases the hostages and hides in a neighboring apartment. Jim's son, Jack, also a policeman, interviews the hostages and is frustrated when they play dumb. A series of coincidences lead Jack to believe that the bank robber is still hiding in the apartment, or left pretending to be real estate agent. Jim tells the truth to his son, and they reconcile. In the end, the bank robber moves in with Estelle in her apartment, and her children are hers every other week. Julia and Ro move into a neighboring apartment and have a baby boy. Anna\-Lena and Roger take up a new hobby. Zara starts a relationship with Lennart and works up the courage to read the letter from the man who jumped off the bridge ten years ago. It reads "It wasn't your fault." and she finally lets go of her guilt.
[ "Plot summary\n------------", "Ten years ago, a man lost all his savings due to a financial crash. He visited a financial banker named Zara and asked for advice, but she flatly said it was his fault for giving the bank his money. The man wrote a letter to her before taking his own life by jumping off the bridge.", "In the present day, a woman tries to rob a bank to get enough money to pay for rent, so her ex\\-husband won't take her children away. Unfortunately, it is a cashless bank, so she panics and runs to a nearby apartment building to avoid being caught by the police. The bank robber enters an apartment viewing, and the people inside see her pistol and assume that it is a robbery. The bank robber hesitantly accepts that she is taking the people hostage as she tries to maintain order.", "The hostages are apartment renovators Anna\\-Lena and Roger, expecting mothers Julia and Ro, an elderly Estelle, and bank owner Zara. They find a man named Lennart wearing a bunny suit inside the bathroom. Anna\\-Lena admits that she hired Lennart to cause a commotion to lower the bidding price of other prospective buyers, in order to make Roger believe that he negotiated the price himself. They split up in silence, as Roger had taken pride in his negotiation skills.", "Ro follows Roger and admits to him that the reason she nitpicks every apartment her wife Julia brings her to is because she fears she isn't ready to be a parent. Roger assures her that she'll be a good mother and encourages her to buy the apartment. Anna\\-Lena tells Julia that she fears Roger hates her for deceiving him, but Julia promises her that all couples show their love to their spouses in unconventional ways. A standoffish Zara looks at the bridge from the apartment's balcony and complains about human greed and economic systems to Lennart. When all the hostages regroup, Roger tells Julia that Ro is excited and nervous to be a mother, and Julia tells Roger that he is enough and that Anna\\-Lena still loves him.", "The bank robber apologizes for keeping them hostage and says she will free them and turn herself in. However, the hostages argue that she simply made a mistake to protect her children, and that they all agree to lie in their witness statements to protect her. Estelle reveals that the apartment they're currently in is actually her apartment, and that she posed as one of the buyers to sell it to someone who deserved it. She gives the bank robber the key to a neighboring apartment to hide in when the police arrive. The bank robber thanks the hostages for being kind to her.", "Jim is the first police to reach the apartment. The bank robber turns herself in and tells Jim the whole truth of why she robbed the bank. Jim feels sympathy for her and agrees to let her off scot\\-free. The bank robber releases the hostages and hides in a neighboring apartment. Jim's son, Jack, also a policeman, interviews the hostages and is frustrated when they play dumb. A series of coincidences lead Jack to believe that the bank robber is still hiding in the apartment, or left pretending to be real estate agent. Jim tells the truth to his son, and they reconcile.", "In the end, the bank robber moves in with Estelle in her apartment, and her children are hers every other week. Julia and Ro move into a neighboring apartment and have a baby boy. Anna\\-Lena and Roger take up a new hobby. Zara starts a relationship with Lennart and works up the courage to read the letter from the man who jumped off the bridge ten years ago. It reads \"It wasn't your fault.\" and she finally lets go of her guilt.", "" ]
Theme ----- Source:{{Cite web \|title\=LitCharts \|url\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\-people/themes \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-13 \|website\=LitCharts \|language\=en}} ### Parenting and Fear *Anxious People* revolves around a bank robbery that goes awry. The robber flees the bank and ends up taking nine people hostage at an apartment viewing. However, the robber's motivation is not selfish or attention\-seeking. Instead, she is caught in the midst of a bitter divorce and financial hardship. Fearing that her inability to pay rent could lead to her two young daughters being taken away by a lawyer, she resorts to the desperate act of attempting to rob a bank. The novel explores parenthood from various perspectives and life stages but overwhelmingly portrays it as simultaneously the most terrifying yet most fulfilling experience a person can have. The bank robber, for instance, wants to do right by her daughters, driving her questionable decision. Ro and Julia, expectant parents among the hostages, are already terrified of parenthood, with Ro admitting she finds even updating her phone too taxing compared to the demands of children. The narrator highlights the heartbreak parents face as their children grow up, reject affection, or make choices parents disapprove of. Anna\-Lena laments that her and Roger's adult children don't want kids, seeing it as a reflection on their parenting. The novel repeatedly shows that parenthood is a heartbreaking job riddled with fears of never doing enough or anything correctly, even after children are grown. Yet, the novel offers glimpses into the parent\-child bond that suggest parenthood is ultimately fulfilling despite the fears. Anna\-Lena believes Roger would feel important again as a grandfather, describing the feeling of holding a preschooler's hand as unparalleled importance. Although the robber never intended parenthood due to her own upbringing, she cherishes every moment with her daughters, so much so that it drives her to attempt the bank robbery. *Anxious People* suggests that while parenthood is frightening, the desire to be there for one's children makes it worth undertaking almost anything.{{Cite web \|title\=Parenting and Fear \|url\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\-people/themes/parenting\-and\-fear \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-14 \|website\=LitCharts \|language\=en}} ### Marriage, Conflict, and Communication Many characters in *Anxious People* are married or going through divorce, allowing the novel to portray marriages at various stages and levels of health. The overarching message is that marriage requires hard work, sacrifice, and most importantly, open and honest communication from both partners \- something none of the couples fully achieve. Anna\-Lena and Roger, a retired couple, face tensions after Roger put his career on hold to raise their kids while Anna\-Lena pursued her high\-powered job. Now retired, Anna\-Lena defers to Roger's interests in flipping apartments, though she desires a permanent home, unable to voice her true feelings after his past sacrifices. The younger Julia and Ro frequently argue, partially due to Julia's combative personality during pregnancy, and partially because Ro fears committing to a new home that her father with dementia cannot approve of first. Like Anna\-Lena, Ro does not openly communicate this concern to her spouse. However, the novel does not condemn conflict within marriage. The elderly Estelle, who lost her husband Knut, advises Julia and Anna\-Lena that couples simply need to be better at making up than fighting, which allowed her and Knut's decades\-long happy marriage despite disagreements.   While the novel depicts marriage as seldom free of conflict, it suggests marriages can remain fulfilling when partners are willing to communicate and cooperatively ensure each other's happiness, rather than letting resentments fester.{{Cite web \|title\=Marriage, Conflict, and Communication \|url\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\-people/themes/marriage\-conflict\-and\-communication \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-14 \|website\=LitCharts \|language\=en}} ### Mental Health and Connection *Anxious People* deals closely with mental health issues and suicide. Several characters witnessed or were involved when a man took his own life by jumping off a bridge 10 years prior. One of them, a teen named Nadia, nearly followed suit a week later before being pulled off the ledge by Jack, who later became a policeman. This inspired the adult Nadia, now a psychologist, to study what differentiates those who attempt suicide from others experiencing depression or anguish who choose not to \- a difference the novel suggests is smaller than most believe, as mental illness and suicidal ideation are more common than realized. While emphasizing the importance of professional mental health support, the novel also highlights the positive impact strangers can have. Jack, a stranger to Nadia, saved her life that day. The narrator insists stopping someone from jumping is a normal human instinct. Zara only realizes she doesn't actually want to die when the bank robber points a gun at her, and later stops the robber from turning the gun on herself in desperation. Though strangers, their fleeting connections make a profound difference, steering each other toward healing, which the novel suggests can come from these seemingly random acts of kindness between strangers. The novel implies that while professional treatment is crucial, human connections and empathy, even from passersby, can provide life\-altering support and hope for those suffering from mental illness.{{Cite web \|title\=Mental Health and Connection \|url\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\-people/themes/mental\-health\-and\-connection \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-14 \|website\=LitCharts \|language\=en}} ### The Modern World As *Anxious People* explores its characters' mental health, parenting challenges, and marital dynamics, the novel overwhelmingly links these issues to the pressures of the modern world. The narrator suggests that in today's fast\-paced society, feelings of isolation, inadequacy, and anxiety are common human experiences. While modernity has brought positive advancements, the novel proposes that it has also made life more stressfully demanding than necessary. For instance, in depicting a parent's inner dialogue, the narrator notes the perception that one's children are behind while everyone else's kids excel, and that other parents seem to have parenting and careers figured out \- a perception the narrator implies is often inaccurate, but nonetheless breeds insecurity and fear. Furthermore, the novel highlights how systems meant to improve lives, like banking, can exploit people's trust and dreams instead. Both the bank robber and the man who jumped faced banks denying them loans when they most needed financial support after setbacks. Zara, a banker, crystallizes the issue when she remarks that people no longer buy homes, but investments \- referring to how few fully pay off mortgages, leaving them beholden to banks that may not prioritize customers' interests during economic downturns. While celebrating societal progress like Ro and Julia's lesbian marriage, the novel also portrays many modern phenomena as needlessly stressful or even exploitative. It suggests modernity has paradoxically made being human more isolating and anxiety\-inducing despite its conveniences.{{Cite web \|title\=The Modern World \|url\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\-people/themes/the\-modern\-world \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-14 \|website\=www.litcharts.com}} ### Assumptions Nearly every character in *Anxious People* makes assumptions about others. Most assume wealthy older Zara couldn't genuinely want to buy the apartment. Police officers Jim and Jack assume they are dealing with a dangerous armed male bank robber for much of the hostage situation. While some assumptions prove correct, like Zara's disinterest, the novel more often suggests assumptions lead to mistakes and misunderstandings. The most egregious assumption encouraged even for the reader is that the robber is male \- the narration avoids gendered pronouns until halfway through, while Jim and Jack's masculine pronoun use during witness interviews reinforces this. This leads Jack to incorrectly believe the robber shot themselves and is hiding in the apartment. In contrast, setting aside assumptions and listening to people's stories is portrayed as respecting others and forming connections. When Jim learns the robber, a woman desperate to avoid losing custody of her daughters due to unpaid rent, only attempted the robbery out of that fear, he is motivated to help her escape. Hearing her story also compels Estelle, the apartment's elderly owner, to assist with her housing troubles. Many hostages part as friends after sharing this experience together. The novel highlights the positive outcomes of questioning assumptions, listening openly to others' perspectives, and connecting honestly rather than making premature judgments. It encourages empathy and understanding over unfounded preconceptions about people.{{Cite web \|title\=Assumptions \|url\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\-people/themes/assumptions \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-14 \|website\=www.litcharts.com}}
[ "Theme\n-----", "Source:{{Cite web \\|title\\=LitCharts \\|url\\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\\-people/themes \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-13 \\|website\\=LitCharts \\|language\\=en}}\n### Parenting and Fear", "*Anxious People* revolves around a bank robbery that goes awry. The robber flees the bank and ends up taking nine people hostage at an apartment viewing. However, the robber's motivation is not selfish or attention\\-seeking. Instead, she is caught in the midst of a bitter divorce and financial hardship. Fearing that her inability to pay rent could lead to her two young daughters being taken away by a lawyer, she resorts to the desperate act of attempting to rob a bank.", "The novel explores parenthood from various perspectives and life stages but overwhelmingly portrays it as simultaneously the most terrifying yet most fulfilling experience a person can have. The bank robber, for instance, wants to do right by her daughters, driving her questionable decision. Ro and Julia, expectant parents among the hostages, are already terrified of parenthood, with Ro admitting she finds even updating her phone too taxing compared to the demands of children.", "The narrator highlights the heartbreak parents face as their children grow up, reject affection, or make choices parents disapprove of. Anna\\-Lena laments that her and Roger's adult children don't want kids, seeing it as a reflection on their parenting. The novel repeatedly shows that parenthood is a heartbreaking job riddled with fears of never doing enough or anything correctly, even after children are grown.", "Yet, the novel offers glimpses into the parent\\-child bond that suggest parenthood is ultimately fulfilling despite the fears. Anna\\-Lena believes Roger would feel important again as a grandfather, describing the feeling of holding a preschooler's hand as unparalleled importance. Although the robber never intended parenthood due to her own upbringing, she cherishes every moment with her daughters, so much so that it drives her to attempt the bank robbery. *Anxious People* suggests that while parenthood is frightening, the desire to be there for one's children makes it worth undertaking almost anything.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Parenting and Fear \\|url\\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\\-people/themes/parenting\\-and\\-fear \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-14 \\|website\\=LitCharts \\|language\\=en}}", "### Marriage, Conflict, and Communication", "Many characters in *Anxious People* are married or going through divorce, allowing the novel to portray marriages at various stages and levels of health. The overarching message is that marriage requires hard work, sacrifice, and most importantly, open and honest communication from both partners \\- something none of the couples fully achieve.", "Anna\\-Lena and Roger, a retired couple, face tensions after Roger put his career on hold to raise their kids while Anna\\-Lena pursued her high\\-powered job. Now retired, Anna\\-Lena defers to Roger's interests in flipping apartments, though she desires a permanent home, unable to voice her true feelings after his past sacrifices.", "The younger Julia and Ro frequently argue, partially due to Julia's combative personality during pregnancy, and partially because Ro fears committing to a new home that her father with dementia cannot approve of first. Like Anna\\-Lena, Ro does not openly communicate this concern to her spouse.", "However, the novel does not condemn conflict within marriage. The elderly Estelle, who lost her husband Knut, advises Julia and Anna\\-Lena that couples simply need to be better at making up than fighting, which allowed her and Knut's decades\\-long happy marriage despite disagreements.", "While the novel depicts marriage as seldom free of conflict, it suggests marriages can remain fulfilling when partners are willing to communicate and cooperatively ensure each other's happiness, rather than letting resentments fester.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Marriage, Conflict, and Communication \\|url\\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\\-people/themes/marriage\\-conflict\\-and\\-communication \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-14 \\|website\\=LitCharts \\|language\\=en}}", "### Mental Health and Connection", "*Anxious People* deals closely with mental health issues and suicide. Several characters witnessed or were involved when a man took his own life by jumping off a bridge 10 years prior. One of them, a teen named Nadia, nearly followed suit a week later before being pulled off the ledge by Jack, who later became a policeman. This inspired the adult Nadia, now a psychologist, to study what differentiates those who attempt suicide from others experiencing depression or anguish who choose not to \\- a difference the novel suggests is smaller than most believe, as mental illness and suicidal ideation are more common than realized.", "While emphasizing the importance of professional mental health support, the novel also highlights the positive impact strangers can have. Jack, a stranger to Nadia, saved her life that day. The narrator insists stopping someone from jumping is a normal human instinct. Zara only realizes she doesn't actually want to die when the bank robber points a gun at her, and later stops the robber from turning the gun on herself in desperation. Though strangers, their fleeting connections make a profound difference, steering each other toward healing, which the novel suggests can come from these seemingly random acts of kindness between strangers.", "The novel implies that while professional treatment is crucial, human connections and empathy, even from passersby, can provide life\\-altering support and hope for those suffering from mental illness.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mental Health and Connection \\|url\\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\\-people/themes/mental\\-health\\-and\\-connection \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-14 \\|website\\=LitCharts \\|language\\=en}}", "### The Modern World", "As *Anxious People* explores its characters' mental health, parenting challenges, and marital dynamics, the novel overwhelmingly links these issues to the pressures of the modern world. The narrator suggests that in today's fast\\-paced society, feelings of isolation, inadequacy, and anxiety are common human experiences. While modernity has brought positive advancements, the novel proposes that it has also made life more stressfully demanding than necessary.", "For instance, in depicting a parent's inner dialogue, the narrator notes the perception that one's children are behind while everyone else's kids excel, and that other parents seem to have parenting and careers figured out \\- a perception the narrator implies is often inaccurate, but nonetheless breeds insecurity and fear.", "Furthermore, the novel highlights how systems meant to improve lives, like banking, can exploit people's trust and dreams instead. Both the bank robber and the man who jumped faced banks denying them loans when they most needed financial support after setbacks. Zara, a banker, crystallizes the issue when she remarks that people no longer buy homes, but investments \\- referring to how few fully pay off mortgages, leaving them beholden to banks that may not prioritize customers' interests during economic downturns.", "While celebrating societal progress like Ro and Julia's lesbian marriage, the novel also portrays many modern phenomena as needlessly stressful or even exploitative. It suggests modernity has paradoxically made being human more isolating and anxiety\\-inducing despite its conveniences.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Modern World \\|url\\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\\-people/themes/the\\-modern\\-world \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-14 \\|website\\=www.litcharts.com}}", "### Assumptions", "Nearly every character in *Anxious People* makes assumptions about others. Most assume wealthy older Zara couldn't genuinely want to buy the apartment. Police officers Jim and Jack assume they are dealing with a dangerous armed male bank robber for much of the hostage situation. While some assumptions prove correct, like Zara's disinterest, the novel more often suggests assumptions lead to mistakes and misunderstandings.", "The most egregious assumption encouraged even for the reader is that the robber is male \\- the narration avoids gendered pronouns until halfway through, while Jim and Jack's masculine pronoun use during witness interviews reinforces this. This leads Jack to incorrectly believe the robber shot themselves and is hiding in the apartment.", "In contrast, setting aside assumptions and listening to people's stories is portrayed as respecting others and forming connections. When Jim learns the robber, a woman desperate to avoid losing custody of her daughters due to unpaid rent, only attempted the robbery out of that fear, he is motivated to help her escape. Hearing her story also compels Estelle, the apartment's elderly owner, to assist with her housing troubles. Many hostages part as friends after sharing this experience together.", "The novel highlights the positive outcomes of questioning assumptions, listening openly to others' perspectives, and connecting honestly rather than making premature judgments. It encourages empathy and understanding over unfounded preconceptions about people.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Assumptions \\|url\\=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/anxious\\-people/themes/assumptions \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-14 \\|website\\=www.litcharts.com}}", "" ]
Professional life ----------------- ### A star is born Her passion for dance and music was passed down to her by her grandmother Victoria. She entered a choir and dance group named *Los joselitos del cante* belonging to the [Sección Femenina](/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina "Sección Femenina")'s national organization {{ill\|Coros y Danzas de España\|es\|lt\=Coros y Danzas}}.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.elle.com/es/living/ocio\-cultura/a30603442/marisol\-pepa\-flores\-biografia/\|website\=\[\[Elle (magazine)\|Elle]]\|date\=4 February 2021\|title\=Marisol: dolor y gloria de Pepa Flores, la actriz más legendaria del cine español\|first\=Begoña\|last\=Alonso}} One of her first televised performances was seen by Mari Carmen Goyanes, daughter of producer Manuel Goyanes, who convinced her father that the girl she had seen on television was the actress and singer they needed. The producer convinced Pepa Flores's parents, and she finally signed an exclusive contract with them that made her a millionaire. The career of Marisol, her artistic name, had just begun. She was extremely popular in Spain and Latin America. She received dance, acting, and declamation classes taught by the best teachers, with the idea of making her the star of children's and youth cinema. In her first film, *[A Ray of Light](/wiki/A_Ray_of_Light "A Ray of Light")* ([Luis Lucia](/wiki/Luis_Lucia "Luis Lucia"), 1960\), a huge merchandising campaign was organized around the new star, with books, dolls, cards, and all kinds of objects with the image of the girl. Each film premiere included a tour of Spain and Hispanic countries to promote it, with all kinds of events creating tumults and crowds at the airports. Televisions, interviews, and hundreds of photo shoots, in addition to the film shootings, prevented her from having a childhood like that of any other girl. Columbia Pictures wanted to buy the rights to Manuel Goyanes to continue exploiting her artistic career, but the producer rejected it.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/abci\-marisol\-cincuenta\-anos\-creacion\-mito\-200908160300\-1023363526830\_noticia.html\|title\=Marisol: Cincuenta años de la creación del mito\|date\=2009\-08\-16\|website\=ABC\|language\=es\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-29}} Luis Lucia propelled her to national stardom in her two following films *[An Angel Has Arrived](/wiki/An_Angel_Has_Arrived "An Angel Has Arrived")* (1961\) and *[Tómbola](/wiki/T%C3%B3mbola_%28film%29 "Tómbola (film)")* (1962\). ### As a singer She also established herself as a singer thanks to the songs she performed in her films. Some of her best\-known songs from her first three films were "{{ill\|Tómbola (song)\|es\|Tómbola (canción)\|lt\=Tómbola}}", "{{ill\|Corre, corre caballito\|es}}", "Bambina", "{{ill\|Ola, ola, ola\|es}}", "[Estando contigo](/wiki/Estando_contigo "Estando contigo")", "Chiquitina", and "Nueva melodía". In 1963 she starred in *[Marisol rumbo a Río](/wiki/Marisol_rumbo_a_R%C3%ADo "Marisol rumbo a Río")*, where she played twins (similar to [Hayley Mills](/wiki/Hayley_Mills "Hayley Mills") in *[The Parent Trap](/wiki/The_Parent_Trap_%281961_film%29 "The Parent Trap (1961 film)")*) and sang "Bossanova junto a ti", "Muchachita", "¡Oh, Tony!", and "Guajiras". Marisol co\-starred with [Robert Conrad](/wiki/Robert_Conrad "Robert Conrad") the 1964 film *{{ill\|La nueva Cenicienta\|es\|La nueva Cenicienta (película de 1964\)}}*, in which she sang "Me conformo". [Mel Ferrer](/wiki/Mel_Ferrer "Mel Ferrer") directed her in *[Cabriola](/wiki/Cabriola "Cabriola")* in 1965, where she sang "Cabriola", "¡Ay, vagabundo!", "Ya no me importas nada", and "Sevillanas". She appeared in the 1964 film *{{ill\|Búsqueme a esa chica\|es}}* with [Dúo Dinámico](/wiki/D%C3%BAo_Din%C3%A1mico "Dúo Dinámico"). The film had biographical elements, featuring Marisol singing "Mi pequeña estrella", "Typical Spanish", and "Solo a ti". She appeared in the 1964 film *[La historia de Bienvenido](/wiki/La_historia_de_Bienvenido "La historia de Bienvenido")*, a story about a donkey. ### As an actress In 1967, Marisol starred in the comedy *{{ill\|Las cuatro bodas de Marisol\|es}}*, as the daughter of actress [Isabel Garcés](/wiki/Isabel_Garc%C3%A9s "Isabel Garcés"), and sang "La Boda", "Johnny", "Belen, Belen" (featuring [Peret](/wiki/Peret "Peret")), and "La Tarara" (inspired by a [García Lorca](/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca "Federico García Lorca") poem). She appeared in *{{ill\|Solos los dos\|es}}* (1968\), where she sang "La nieve" (her most popular song in South America, composed by [Juan Pardo](/wiki/Juan_Pardo_%28singer%29 "Juan Pardo (singer)") and [Rocío Dúrcal](/wiki/Roc%C3%ADo_D%C3%BArcal "Rocío Dúrcal")'s husband, [Júnior](/wiki/J%C3%BAnior_%28singer%29 "Júnior (singer)")). In 1969, she appeared in the unsuccessful *{{ill\|Carola de día, Carola de noche\|es}}* and in the musical comedy *{{ill\|El taxi de los conflictos\|es}}*, where she sang "{{ill\|Corazón contento\|es\|Corazón contento (canción)}}", a song composed by [Palito Ortega](/wiki/Palito_Ortega "Palito Ortega"). Marisol received the Best Actress Award at the [Karlovy Vary International Film Festival](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival "Karlovy Vary International Film Festival") for her role in *[Los días del pasado](/wiki/Los_d%C3%ADas_del_pasado "Los días del pasado")* (1978\). She also appeared in *[The Corruption of Chris Miller](/wiki/The_Corruption_of_Chris_Miller "The Corruption of Chris Miller")* (1973\), directed by [Juan Antonio Bardem](/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Bardem "Juan Antonio Bardem"); *[The Girl from the Red Cabaret](/wiki/The_Girl_from_the_Red_Cabaret "The Girl from the Red Cabaret")* (1973\) with [Mel Ferrer](/wiki/Mel_Ferrer "Mel Ferrer"), and *{{ill\|El poder del deseo\|es\|El poder del deseo (película)}}* (1975\) with [Pilar Bardem](/wiki/Pilar_Bardem "Pilar Bardem"). As an adult, Marisol changed her stage name to her given name, Pepa Flores and appeared in [Carlos Saura](/wiki/Carlos_Saura "Carlos Saura")'s *[Blood Wedding](/wiki/Blood_Wedding_%281981_film%29 "Blood Wedding (1981 film)")* (based on García Lorca's play), and in *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_%281983_film%29 "Carmen (1983 film)")* (1983\). She played the title role of [Mariana Pineda](/wiki/Mariana_Pineda "Mariana Pineda") in the [Televisión Española](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola "Televisión Española") (TVE) series *[Proceso a Mariana Pineda](/wiki/Proceso_a_Mariana_Pineda "Proceso a Mariana Pineda")* in 1984, and was applauded for her lead role in the 1985's *{{ill\|Caso cerrado (1985 film)\|es\|Caso cerrado (película de 1985\)\|lt\=Caso cerrado}}* with [Antonio Banderas](/wiki/Antonio_Banderas "Antonio Banderas").
[ "Professional life\n-----------------", "### A star is born", "Her passion for dance and music was passed down to her by her grandmother Victoria. She entered a choir and dance group named *Los joselitos del cante* belonging to the [Sección Femenina](/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina \"Sección Femenina\")'s national organization {{ill\\|Coros y Danzas de España\\|es\\|lt\\=Coros y Danzas}}.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.elle.com/es/living/ocio\\-cultura/a30603442/marisol\\-pepa\\-flores\\-biografia/\\|website\\=\\[\\[Elle (magazine)\\|Elle]]\\|date\\=4 February 2021\\|title\\=Marisol: dolor y gloria de Pepa Flores, la actriz más legendaria del cine español\\|first\\=Begoña\\|last\\=Alonso}} One of her first televised performances was seen by Mari Carmen Goyanes, daughter of producer Manuel Goyanes, who convinced her father that the girl she had seen on television was the actress and singer they needed. The producer convinced Pepa Flores's parents, and she finally signed an exclusive contract with them that made her a millionaire.", "The career of Marisol, her artistic name, had just begun. She was extremely popular in Spain and Latin America. She received dance, acting, and declamation classes taught by the best teachers, with the idea of making her the star of children's and youth cinema.", "In her first film, *[A Ray of Light](/wiki/A_Ray_of_Light \"A Ray of Light\")* ([Luis Lucia](/wiki/Luis_Lucia \"Luis Lucia\"), 1960\\), a huge merchandising campaign was organized around the new star, with books, dolls, cards, and all kinds of objects with the image of the girl. Each film premiere included a tour of Spain and Hispanic countries to promote it, with all kinds of events creating tumults and crowds at the airports. Televisions, interviews, and hundreds of photo shoots, in addition to the film shootings, prevented her from having a childhood like that of any other girl. Columbia Pictures wanted to buy the rights to Manuel Goyanes to continue exploiting her artistic career, but the producer rejected it.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/abci\\-marisol\\-cincuenta\\-anos\\-creacion\\-mito\\-200908160300\\-1023363526830\\_noticia.html\\|title\\=Marisol: Cincuenta años de la creación del mito\\|date\\=2009\\-08\\-16\\|website\\=ABC\\|language\\=es\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-29}} Luis Lucia propelled her to national stardom in her two following films *[An Angel Has Arrived](/wiki/An_Angel_Has_Arrived \"An Angel Has Arrived\")* (1961\\) and *[Tómbola](/wiki/T%C3%B3mbola_%28film%29 \"Tómbola (film)\")* (1962\\).", "### As a singer", "She also established herself as a singer thanks to the songs she performed in her films. Some of her best\\-known songs from her first three films were \"{{ill\\|Tómbola (song)\\|es\\|Tómbola (canción)\\|lt\\=Tómbola}}\", \"{{ill\\|Corre, corre caballito\\|es}}\", \"Bambina\", \"{{ill\\|Ola, ola, ola\\|es}}\", \"[Estando contigo](/wiki/Estando_contigo \"Estando contigo\")\", \"Chiquitina\", and \"Nueva melodía\".", "In 1963 she starred in *[Marisol rumbo a Río](/wiki/Marisol_rumbo_a_R%C3%ADo \"Marisol rumbo a Río\")*, where she played twins (similar to [Hayley Mills](/wiki/Hayley_Mills \"Hayley Mills\") in *[The Parent Trap](/wiki/The_Parent_Trap_%281961_film%29 \"The Parent Trap (1961 film)\")*) and sang \"Bossanova junto a ti\", \"Muchachita\", \"¡Oh, Tony!\", and \"Guajiras\". Marisol co\\-starred with [Robert Conrad](/wiki/Robert_Conrad \"Robert Conrad\") the 1964 film *{{ill\\|La nueva Cenicienta\\|es\\|La nueva Cenicienta (película de 1964\\)}}*, in which she sang \"Me conformo\". [Mel Ferrer](/wiki/Mel_Ferrer \"Mel Ferrer\") directed her in *[Cabriola](/wiki/Cabriola \"Cabriola\")* in 1965, where she sang \"Cabriola\", \"¡Ay, vagabundo!\", \"Ya no me importas nada\", and \"Sevillanas\". She appeared in the 1964 film *{{ill\\|Búsqueme a esa chica\\|es}}* with [Dúo Dinámico](/wiki/D%C3%BAo_Din%C3%A1mico \"Dúo Dinámico\"). The film had biographical elements, featuring Marisol singing \"Mi pequeña estrella\", \"Typical Spanish\", and \"Solo a ti\". She appeared in the 1964 film *[La historia de Bienvenido](/wiki/La_historia_de_Bienvenido \"La historia de Bienvenido\")*, a story about a donkey.", "### As an actress", "In 1967, Marisol starred in the comedy *{{ill\\|Las cuatro bodas de Marisol\\|es}}*, as the daughter of actress [Isabel Garcés](/wiki/Isabel_Garc%C3%A9s \"Isabel Garcés\"), and sang \"La Boda\", \"Johnny\", \"Belen, Belen\" (featuring [Peret](/wiki/Peret \"Peret\")), and \"La Tarara\" (inspired by a [García Lorca](/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca \"Federico García Lorca\") poem). She appeared in *{{ill\\|Solos los dos\\|es}}* (1968\\), where she sang \"La nieve\" (her most popular song in South America, composed by [Juan Pardo](/wiki/Juan_Pardo_%28singer%29 \"Juan Pardo (singer)\") and [Rocío Dúrcal](/wiki/Roc%C3%ADo_D%C3%BArcal \"Rocío Dúrcal\")'s husband, [Júnior](/wiki/J%C3%BAnior_%28singer%29 \"Júnior (singer)\")). In 1969, she appeared in the unsuccessful *{{ill\\|Carola de día, Carola de noche\\|es}}* and in the musical comedy *{{ill\\|El taxi de los conflictos\\|es}}*, where she sang \"{{ill\\|Corazón contento\\|es\\|Corazón contento (canción)}}\", a song composed by [Palito Ortega](/wiki/Palito_Ortega \"Palito Ortega\").", "Marisol received the Best Actress Award at the [Karlovy Vary International Film Festival](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival \"Karlovy Vary International Film Festival\") for her role in *[Los días del pasado](/wiki/Los_d%C3%ADas_del_pasado \"Los días del pasado\")* (1978\\). She also appeared in *[The Corruption of Chris Miller](/wiki/The_Corruption_of_Chris_Miller \"The Corruption of Chris Miller\")* (1973\\), directed by [Juan Antonio Bardem](/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Bardem \"Juan Antonio Bardem\"); *[The Girl from the Red Cabaret](/wiki/The_Girl_from_the_Red_Cabaret \"The Girl from the Red Cabaret\")* (1973\\) with [Mel Ferrer](/wiki/Mel_Ferrer \"Mel Ferrer\"), and *{{ill\\|El poder del deseo\\|es\\|El poder del deseo (película)}}* (1975\\) with [Pilar Bardem](/wiki/Pilar_Bardem \"Pilar Bardem\").", "As an adult, Marisol changed her stage name to her given name, Pepa Flores and appeared in [Carlos Saura](/wiki/Carlos_Saura \"Carlos Saura\")'s *[Blood Wedding](/wiki/Blood_Wedding_%281981_film%29 \"Blood Wedding (1981 film)\")* (based on García Lorca's play), and in *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_%281983_film%29 \"Carmen (1983 film)\")* (1983\\). She played the title role of [Mariana Pineda](/wiki/Mariana_Pineda \"Mariana Pineda\") in the [Televisión Española](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola \"Televisión Española\") (TVE) series *[Proceso a Mariana Pineda](/wiki/Proceso_a_Mariana_Pineda \"Proceso a Mariana Pineda\")* in 1984, and was applauded for her lead role in the 1985's *{{ill\\|Caso cerrado (1985 film)\\|es\\|Caso cerrado (película de 1985\\)\\|lt\\=Caso cerrado}}* with [Antonio Banderas](/wiki/Antonio_Banderas \"Antonio Banderas\").", "" ]
Regional variations ------------------- ### Argentina In [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"), {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} is a traditional dish. It is a dessert with native roots made with white maize, water, sugar, and vanilla. A variant, the most consumed in the country, is {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} with milk. In this recipe, milk is added to the previous ingredients. {{Lang\|es\|Mazamorra}} is usually made with the same boiled maize used to make [locro](/wiki/Locro "Locro"). As with locro, it is common to eat {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} on national holidays, like [25 May](/wiki/May_Revolution "May Revolution") and [Independence Day](/wiki/Argentine_Declaration_of_Independence "Argentine Declaration of Independence"). ### Colombia [thumb\|left\|*{{Lang\|es\|Mazamorra}}* as served in [Antioquia](/wiki/Antioquia_Department "Antioquia Department")](/wiki/File:Mazamorra-antioque%C3%B1a.jpg "Mazamorra-antioqueña.jpg") Initially, {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} was the stew which fed {{Lang\|es\|galeotes}} (the rowers, almost always forced, in the ships called {{Lang\|es\|galeras}}) and sailors. The dish consisted of any available vegetables, most often peppers, lentils, and chickpeas, cooked together. In central Colombia, there is still a type of vegetable stew with this name. Today, however, {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} is more commonly a corn\-based beverage, with different presentations in various parts of the country. For many Colombian speakers, it is simply very well\-cooked peeled corn, also known as {{Lang\|es\|peto}} in the [Colombian Caribbean region](/wiki/Caribbean_region_of_Colombia "Caribbean region of Colombia"). Its texture and appearance vary depending on the region, but usually, {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} has a white or yellow appearance according to the maize that is used; its texture is generally soft and mushy. In Antioquia, it often accompanies [panela](/wiki/Panela "Panela") and is a very popular [side dish](/wiki/Side_dish "Side dish") to meals such as {{Lang\|es\|\[\[bandeja paisa]]}}. The drink typically includes [maize](/wiki/Maize "Maize") kernels, crushed with [mortar and pestle](/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle "Mortar and pestle"), then soaked in water with [soda lye](/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide "Sodium hydroxide") (although the traditional [reagent](/wiki/Reagent "Reagent") used is [fern](/wiki/Fern "Fern") ash, which contains high amounts of [potassium carbonate](/wiki/Potassium_carbonate "Potassium carbonate")), and finally cooked until soft. {{Lang\|es\|Mazamorra}} is very common during lunch and dinnertime at any time of year. {{Lang\|es\|Mazamorra}} is a typical Colombian food that is served as an accompaniment or as a main dish, whether familiar or casual. It is usually sold as street food. {{cite web\|url\=http://fabricadecosas.com/2009/05/mazamorra\-y\-panela\-machacada/ \|title\=Mazamorra y panela machacada \| FÁBRICADECOSAS \|publisher\=Fabricadecosas.com \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-31}} Usually, the consumer adds the milk and the [panela](/wiki/Panela "Panela") to the {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} base. In [Cundinamarca](/wiki/Cundinamarca_department "Cundinamarca department") and [Boyacá](/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_department "Boyacá department"), where the corn is cooked with [onions](/wiki/Onion "Onion"), [coriander](/wiki/Coriander "Coriander"), [garlic](/wiki/Garlic "Garlic"), [faba beans](/wiki/Faba_bean "Faba bean"), [potatoes](/wiki/Potato "Potato") and [mashuas](/wiki/Mashua "Mashua"), often with pieces of [ribs](/wiki/Rib "Rib") or [beef](/wiki/Beef "Beef"). This dish is known as {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra chiquita}} (small {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}}).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.redcolombiana.com/mipais/recetascolombianas/BoyacayCundinamarca/Mazamorrachiquita.asp \|title\=Mazamorra chiquita \|publisher\=Redcolombiana.com \|date\=1999\-02\-22 \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-31 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102071555/http://www.redcolombiana.com/mipais/recetascolombianas/BoyacayCundinamarca/Mazamorrachiquita.asp \|archive\-date\=2013\-11\-02 }} ### Dominican Republic and Cuba In the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic") and [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba") this dish is known as {{Lang\|es\|majarete}}. Corn is cut off the husk, blended with milk, butter, water, sugar, and cornstarch. It is then boiled until thick with cinnamon sticks. In Cuba, raisins, vanilla, and lemon zest can be added. Once cooled the pudding is garnished with nutmeg and cinnamon. Both countries claim to have originated the dish. Due to migration between the two countries the origin is lost. In the Dominican Republic, when the corn is left whole, it is known as {{Lang\|es\|chaca}} and cooked rice can be added. ### Paraguay Also known as {{Lang\|gn\|kaguyjy}} in [Guaraní](/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language "Guaraní language"), {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} in [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay") is made with the native locro variety of maize. It is one of the most traditional [desserts](/wiki/Dessert "Dessert") of the country. According with the ingredients added to the cooked corn, the dish is called {{Lang\|gn\|kaguyjy eírare}} ([honey](/wiki/Honey "Honey") {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}}), {{Lang\|gn\|kaaguyjy kambýre}} (milk {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}}) or {{Lang\|gn\|kaguyjy asukáre}} (sugar {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}}). {{Lang\|gn\|Kaguyjy}} reached great popularity in Paraguay due to the food scarcity during the [Paraguayan War](/wiki/Paraguayan_War "Paraguayan War") (between 1864 and 1870\) as a nutritious substitute for a regular meal."Karú rekó – Antropología culinaria paraguaya", by Margarita Miró Ibars ### Peru [thumb\|Peruvian purple {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}}](/wiki/File:Mazamorra_morada.JPG "Mazamorra morada.JPG") Purple {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} in [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru") is made with a local variety of maize, [purple corn](/wiki/Purple_corn "Purple corn"), rich in [anthocyanin](/wiki/Anthocyanin "Anthocyanin") which gives the {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} a deep purple color. The maize is cooked with [pineapple](/wiki/Pineapple "Pineapple"), [cinnamon](/wiki/Cinnamon "Cinnamon") and [sweet potato](/wiki/Sweet_potato "Sweet potato") flour. This dish is made specially in October for the celebrations of the [Lord of Miracles](/wiki/Lord_of_Miracles "Lord of Miracles") day 333\. This purple corn is also used to make [chicha morada](/wiki/Chicha_morada "Chicha morada"), a sweet beverage. Other types of Peruvian {{Lang\|es\|mazamorras}} include maize starch {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} ({{Lang\|es\|mazamorra de maicena}}), and dark brown sugar {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} ({{Lang\|es\|mazamorra de cochino}}). ### Uruguay {{Lang\|es\|Mazamorra}} has been consumed since colonial times, made from crushed maize. {{Lang\|es\|Mazamorra con leche}} is a traditional dessert, made of crumbled maize, sugar and milk, and was commonly sold as [street food](/wiki/Street_food "Street food") in ancient [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo "Montevideo") but nowadays is more like an old fashioned [comfort food](/wiki/Comfort_food "Comfort food").[Montevideo Antiguo](http://www.autoresdeluruguay.uy/biblioteca/isidoro_de_maria/textos/bibliografia/montevideo_antiguo_1.pdf) It is also a type of {{Lang\|es\|\[\[cazuela]]}}, using maize for {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} and other ingredients such as butter beans, carrots, pork meat or other kinds of meat in tiny slices; it is typically a winter meal. ### Costa Rica [Costa Rican](/wiki/Costa_Rica "Costa Rica") {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} is basically a corn [porridge](/wiki/Porridge "Porridge"), which is made cooking the maize in milk, [clove](/wiki/Clove "Clove"), vanilla, and adding [corn starch](/wiki/Corn_starch "Corn starch"). ### Puerto Rico [Puerto Rican](/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine "Puerto Rican cuisine") {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} is fresh corn [custard](/wiki/Custard "Custard"). Corn kernels are cut off the cob and boiled with milk and cob until the corn softens. Once soft, the cob is discarded and the corn is put into a blender with the milk. Once made into a paste, the corn is passed through a [chinois](/wiki/Chinois "Chinois") back into the pot for a second time. The liquid is then cooked with corn starch, butter, coconut cream, evaporated milk, ginger, spices, [zest](/wiki/Zest_%28ingredient%29 "Zest (ingredient)"), and sugar. It is then topped with powdered nutmeg and cinnamon.{{cite web \| url\=http://www.recipelink.com/msgbrd/board\_3/2006/FEB/9978\.html \| title\=Recipe(tried)\_ Mundo Nuevo, Mazamorra, Majarete(Corn Pudding) \- Dear Camille \- \| publisher\=The Kitchen Link \| work\=Recipelink.com \| access\-date\=December 17, 2016}} Banana or ripe [breadfruit](/wiki/Breadfruit "Breadfruit") can be blended and added for texture and flavor. ### Spain [Cordobense](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Andalusia "Córdoba, Andalusia") {{Lang\|es\|mazamorra}} is a traditional dish made of almonds, bread, garlic, oil and vinegar.
[ "Regional variations\n-------------------", "### Argentina", "In [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\"), {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} is a traditional dish. It is a dessert with native roots made with white maize, water, sugar, and vanilla. A variant, the most consumed in the country, is {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} with milk. In this recipe, milk is added to the previous ingredients.", "{{Lang\\|es\\|Mazamorra}} is usually made with the same boiled maize used to make [locro](/wiki/Locro \"Locro\").", "As with locro, it is common to eat {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} on national holidays, like [25 May](/wiki/May_Revolution \"May Revolution\") and [Independence Day](/wiki/Argentine_Declaration_of_Independence \"Argentine Declaration of Independence\").", "### Colombia", "[thumb\\|left\\|*{{Lang\\|es\\|Mazamorra}}* as served in [Antioquia](/wiki/Antioquia_Department \"Antioquia Department\")](/wiki/File:Mazamorra-antioque%C3%B1a.jpg \"Mazamorra-antioqueña.jpg\")\nInitially, {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} was the stew which fed {{Lang\\|es\\|galeotes}} (the rowers, almost always forced, in the ships called {{Lang\\|es\\|galeras}}) and sailors. The dish consisted of any available vegetables, most often peppers, lentils, and chickpeas, cooked together. In central Colombia, there is still a type of vegetable stew with this name.", "Today, however, {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} is more commonly a corn\\-based beverage, with different presentations in various parts of the country. For many Colombian speakers, it is simply very well\\-cooked peeled corn, also known as {{Lang\\|es\\|peto}} in the [Colombian Caribbean region](/wiki/Caribbean_region_of_Colombia \"Caribbean region of Colombia\"). Its texture and appearance vary depending on the region, but usually, {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} has a white or yellow appearance according to the maize that is used; its texture is generally soft and mushy.", "In Antioquia, it often accompanies [panela](/wiki/Panela \"Panela\") and is a very popular [side dish](/wiki/Side_dish \"Side dish\") to meals such as {{Lang\\|es\\|\\[\\[bandeja paisa]]}}. The drink typically includes [maize](/wiki/Maize \"Maize\") kernels, crushed with [mortar and pestle](/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle \"Mortar and pestle\"), then soaked in water with [soda lye](/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide \"Sodium hydroxide\") (although the traditional [reagent](/wiki/Reagent \"Reagent\") used is [fern](/wiki/Fern \"Fern\") ash, which contains high amounts of [potassium carbonate](/wiki/Potassium_carbonate \"Potassium carbonate\")), and finally cooked until soft.", "{{Lang\\|es\\|Mazamorra}} is very common during lunch and dinnertime at any time of year. {{Lang\\|es\\|Mazamorra}} is a typical Colombian food that is served as an accompaniment or as a main dish, whether familiar or casual.\nIt is usually sold as street food.\n{{cite web\\|url\\=http://fabricadecosas.com/2009/05/mazamorra\\-y\\-panela\\-machacada/ \\|title\\=Mazamorra y panela machacada \\| FÁBRICADECOSAS \\|publisher\\=Fabricadecosas.com \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-31}} Usually, the consumer adds the milk and the [panela](/wiki/Panela \"Panela\") to the {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} base.", "In [Cundinamarca](/wiki/Cundinamarca_department \"Cundinamarca department\") and [Boyacá](/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_department \"Boyacá department\"), where the corn is cooked with [onions](/wiki/Onion \"Onion\"), [coriander](/wiki/Coriander \"Coriander\"), [garlic](/wiki/Garlic \"Garlic\"), [faba beans](/wiki/Faba_bean \"Faba bean\"), [potatoes](/wiki/Potato \"Potato\") and [mashuas](/wiki/Mashua \"Mashua\"), often with pieces of [ribs](/wiki/Rib \"Rib\") or [beef](/wiki/Beef \"Beef\"). This dish is known as {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra chiquita}} (small {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}}).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.redcolombiana.com/mipais/recetascolombianas/BoyacayCundinamarca/Mazamorrachiquita.asp \\|title\\=Mazamorra chiquita \\|publisher\\=Redcolombiana.com \\|date\\=1999\\-02\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-31 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102071555/http://www.redcolombiana.com/mipais/recetascolombianas/BoyacayCundinamarca/Mazamorrachiquita.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-02 }}", "### Dominican Republic and Cuba", "In the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\") and [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") this dish is known as {{Lang\\|es\\|majarete}}. Corn is cut off the husk, blended with milk, butter, water, sugar, and cornstarch. It is then boiled until thick with cinnamon sticks.", "In Cuba, raisins, vanilla, and lemon zest can be added. Once cooled the pudding is garnished with nutmeg and cinnamon. Both countries claim to have originated the dish. Due to migration between the two countries the origin is lost.", "In the Dominican Republic, when the corn is left whole, it is known as {{Lang\\|es\\|chaca}} and cooked rice can be added.", "### Paraguay", "Also known as {{Lang\\|gn\\|kaguyjy}} in [Guaraní](/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language \"Guaraní language\"), {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} in [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay \"Paraguay\") is made with the native locro variety of maize. It is one of the most traditional [desserts](/wiki/Dessert \"Dessert\") of the country. According with the ingredients added to the cooked corn, the dish is called {{Lang\\|gn\\|kaguyjy eírare}} ([honey](/wiki/Honey \"Honey\") {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}}), {{Lang\\|gn\\|kaaguyjy kambýre}} (milk {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}}) or {{Lang\\|gn\\|kaguyjy asukáre}} (sugar {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}}). {{Lang\\|gn\\|Kaguyjy}} reached great popularity in Paraguay due to the food scarcity during the [Paraguayan War](/wiki/Paraguayan_War \"Paraguayan War\") (between 1864 and 1870\\) as a nutritious substitute for a regular meal.\"Karú rekó – Antropología culinaria paraguaya\", by Margarita Miró Ibars", "### Peru", "[thumb\\|Peruvian purple {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}}](/wiki/File:Mazamorra_morada.JPG \"Mazamorra morada.JPG\")\nPurple {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} in [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\") is made with a local variety of maize, [purple corn](/wiki/Purple_corn \"Purple corn\"), rich in [anthocyanin](/wiki/Anthocyanin \"Anthocyanin\") which gives the {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} a deep purple color. The maize is cooked with [pineapple](/wiki/Pineapple \"Pineapple\"), [cinnamon](/wiki/Cinnamon \"Cinnamon\") and [sweet potato](/wiki/Sweet_potato \"Sweet potato\") flour. This dish is made specially in October for the celebrations of the [Lord of Miracles](/wiki/Lord_of_Miracles \"Lord of Miracles\") day 333\\. This purple corn is also used to make [chicha morada](/wiki/Chicha_morada \"Chicha morada\"), a sweet beverage.\nOther types of Peruvian {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorras}} include maize starch {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} ({{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra de maicena}}), and dark brown sugar {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} ({{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra de cochino}}).", "### Uruguay", "{{Lang\\|es\\|Mazamorra}} has been consumed since colonial times, made from crushed maize. {{Lang\\|es\\|Mazamorra con leche}} is a traditional dessert, made of crumbled maize, sugar and milk, and was commonly sold as [street food](/wiki/Street_food \"Street food\") in ancient [Montevideo](/wiki/Montevideo \"Montevideo\") but nowadays is more like an old fashioned [comfort food](/wiki/Comfort_food \"Comfort food\").[Montevideo Antiguo](http://www.autoresdeluruguay.uy/biblioteca/isidoro_de_maria/textos/bibliografia/montevideo_antiguo_1.pdf)", "It is also a type of {{Lang\\|es\\|\\[\\[cazuela]]}}, using maize for {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} and other ingredients such as butter beans, carrots, pork meat or other kinds of meat in tiny slices; it is typically a winter meal.", "### Costa Rica", "[Costa Rican](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\") {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} is basically a corn [porridge](/wiki/Porridge \"Porridge\"), which is made cooking the maize in milk, [clove](/wiki/Clove \"Clove\"), vanilla, and adding [corn starch](/wiki/Corn_starch \"Corn starch\").", "### Puerto Rico", "[Puerto Rican](/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine \"Puerto Rican cuisine\") {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} is fresh corn [custard](/wiki/Custard \"Custard\"). Corn kernels are cut off the cob and boiled with milk and cob until the corn softens. Once soft, the cob is discarded and the corn is put into a blender with the milk. Once made into a paste, the corn is passed through a [chinois](/wiki/Chinois \"Chinois\") back into the pot for a second time. The liquid is then cooked with corn starch, butter, coconut cream, evaporated milk, ginger, spices, [zest](/wiki/Zest_%28ingredient%29 \"Zest (ingredient)\"), and sugar. It is then topped with powdered nutmeg and cinnamon.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.recipelink.com/msgbrd/board\\_3/2006/FEB/9978\\.html \\| title\\=Recipe(tried)\\_ Mundo Nuevo, Mazamorra, Majarete(Corn Pudding) \\- Dear Camille \\- \\| publisher\\=The Kitchen Link \\| work\\=Recipelink.com \\| access\\-date\\=December 17, 2016}} Banana or ripe [breadfruit](/wiki/Breadfruit \"Breadfruit\") can be blended and added for texture and flavor.", "### Spain", "[Cordobense](/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Andalusia \"Córdoba, Andalusia\") {{Lang\\|es\\|mazamorra}} is a traditional dish made of almonds, bread, garlic, oil and vinegar.", "" ]
Biography --------- After graduating in law from the [University of Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna "University of Bologna"), in 1903 he entered the administration of the Ministry of Public Works and, in 1912, became general manager of special services for the Southern Italy.[Ruini, Meuccio](http://senato.archivioluce.it/senato-luce/scheda/senatore/antroponimi/0041995/16/Meuccio-Ruini.html) In 1904 he joined the [Italian Socialist Party](/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party "Italian Socialist Party") (PSI) and in 1907 he was elected municipal councilor in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") and provincial councilor in [Reggio Emilia](/wiki/Reggio_Emilia "Reggio Emilia"). In 1913 he was elected deputy for the [radical list](/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party "Italian Radical Party") in the constituency of [Castelnovo Monti](/wiki/Castelnovo_Monti "Castelnovo Monti"). In the same year he was appointed [Councilor of State](/wiki/Council_of_State_%28Italy%29 "Council of State (Italy)"). He took part in the debate on the Italian participation in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") on fiercely interventionist positions, and at the outbreak of the conflict he enlisted as a volunteer, deserving the praise of [Francesco Saverio Nitti](/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti "Francesco Saverio Nitti") and General [Armando Diaz](/wiki/Armando_Diaz "Armando Diaz") and obtaining a silver medal for military valor. In 1917 he joined the [Orlando government](/wiki/Orlando_Cabinet "Orlando Cabinet") as undersecretary of industry, commerce and employment and held the post until 1921, also under the [Nitti I government](/wiki/Nitti_I_Cabinet "Nitti I Cabinet"). In 1919 he was re\-elected deputy for the radical list. In 1920 he briefly served as [Minister of the Colonies](/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Colonies_%28Italy%29 "Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)") in the [Nitti II Cabinet](/wiki/Nitti_II_Cabinet "Nitti II Cabinet"). Ruini was firmly against fascism and launched a campaign against the regime from the columns of the newspaper [*Il Mondo*](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28newspaper%29 "Il Mondo (newspaper)"). In 1927 he was ousted from the Council of State, forced to abandon all political activities and returned to the private practices of advocacy and teaching. In 1942 he founded in secret, with [Ivanoe Bonomi](/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi "Ivanoe Bonomi"), the [Labour Democratic Party](/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party "Labour Democratic Party") of which he was also secretary. At the fall of fascism he was among the promoters of the Committee of anti\-fascist forces and then of the [CLN](/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee "National Liberation Committee"). He was also part of the [National Council](/wiki/National_Council_%28Italy%29 "National Council (Italy)"). He was Minister without portfolio in the [Bonomi II Cabinet](/wiki/Bonomi_II_Cabinet "Bonomi II Cabinet") (June–December 1944\) and Minister of public works in the [Bonomi III Cabinet](/wiki/Bonomi_III_Cabinet "Bonomi III Cabinet") (December 1944–June 1945\). He was then Minister for the reconstruction of the lands liberated by the enemy in the [Parri Cabinet](/wiki/Parri_Cabinet "Parri Cabinet") (June–December 1945\). In the meantime, from January 1945, he became president of the Inter\-ministerial Committee for Reconstruction and President of the Council of State. On 2 June 1946 he was elected deputy to the Constituent Assembly, and became president of the "Commission of 75", charged with drafting the constitutional text. As it was confirmed by the former President of the [Grand Orient of Italy](/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy "Grand Orient of Italy"), he was one of the eight father constituents belonging to the main Italian Masonic organization.{{cite news \| url \= https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/06/09/news/massoneria\_pd\-4683769/ \| title \= I massoni di sinistra. Nelle logge sono 4mila. \| trans\-title \= Freemasons of left wing. In the lodges are 4 thousands. \| author \= Alberto Statera \| journal \= \[\[La Repubblica]] \| date \= June 9, 2010 \| language \= Italian \| archive\-url \= https://archive.today/20100612084229/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/06/09/news/massoneria\_pd\-4683769/ \| archive\-date \= June 12, 2010 \| url\-status \= live}} Under the third transitional and final provision of the Italian Constitution, Ruini, who had been a deputy for three legislatures without compromising fascism, became a senator by right of the first legislature of the Italian Republic and joined the mixed group. On 24 March 1953 he was elected President of the Senate to replace [Giuseppe Paratore](/wiki/Giuseppe_Paratore "Giuseppe Paratore"), who resigned the previous day while the parliamentary obstruction of the opposition was underway to hinder the attempt by the majority to approve a contested electoral reform. In 1957 he was appointed first president of the [National Council for Economics and Labour](/wiki/National_Council_for_Economics_and_Labour "National Council for Economics and Labour"), which he chaired until May 1959\. On 2 March 1963 the President of the Republic [Antonio Segni](/wiki/Antonio_Segni "Antonio Segni") appointed him Senator for life "for having illustrated the country with very high scientific merits and social."
[ "Biography\n---------", "After graduating in law from the [University of Bologna](/wiki/University_of_Bologna \"University of Bologna\"), in 1903 he entered the administration of the Ministry of Public Works and, in 1912, became general manager of special services for the Southern Italy.[Ruini, Meuccio](http://senato.archivioluce.it/senato-luce/scheda/senatore/antroponimi/0041995/16/Meuccio-Ruini.html)", "In 1904 he joined the [Italian Socialist Party](/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party \"Italian Socialist Party\") (PSI) and in 1907 he was elected municipal councilor in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") and provincial councilor in [Reggio Emilia](/wiki/Reggio_Emilia \"Reggio Emilia\"). In 1913 he was elected deputy for the [radical list](/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party \"Italian Radical Party\") in the constituency of [Castelnovo Monti](/wiki/Castelnovo_Monti \"Castelnovo Monti\"). In the same year he was appointed [Councilor of State](/wiki/Council_of_State_%28Italy%29 \"Council of State (Italy)\").", "He took part in the debate on the Italian participation in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") on fiercely interventionist positions, and at the outbreak of the conflict he enlisted as a volunteer, deserving the praise of [Francesco Saverio Nitti](/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti \"Francesco Saverio Nitti\") and General [Armando Diaz](/wiki/Armando_Diaz \"Armando Diaz\") and obtaining a silver medal for military valor. In 1917 he joined the [Orlando government](/wiki/Orlando_Cabinet \"Orlando Cabinet\") as undersecretary of industry, commerce and employment and held the post until 1921, also under the [Nitti I government](/wiki/Nitti_I_Cabinet \"Nitti I Cabinet\"). In 1919 he was re\\-elected deputy for the radical list. In 1920 he briefly served as [Minister of the Colonies](/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Colonies_%28Italy%29 \"Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)\") in the [Nitti II Cabinet](/wiki/Nitti_II_Cabinet \"Nitti II Cabinet\").", "Ruini was firmly against fascism and launched a campaign against the regime from the columns of the newspaper [*Il Mondo*](/wiki/Il_Mondo_%28newspaper%29 \"Il Mondo (newspaper)\"). In 1927 he was ousted from the Council of State, forced to abandon all political activities and returned to the private practices of advocacy and teaching.", "In 1942 he founded in secret, with [Ivanoe Bonomi](/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi \"Ivanoe Bonomi\"), the [Labour Democratic Party](/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party \"Labour Democratic Party\") of which he was also secretary. At the fall of fascism he was among the promoters of the Committee of anti\\-fascist forces and then of the [CLN](/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee \"National Liberation Committee\"). He was also part of the [National Council](/wiki/National_Council_%28Italy%29 \"National Council (Italy)\").", "He was Minister without portfolio in the [Bonomi II Cabinet](/wiki/Bonomi_II_Cabinet \"Bonomi II Cabinet\") (June–December 1944\\) and Minister of public works in the [Bonomi III Cabinet](/wiki/Bonomi_III_Cabinet \"Bonomi III Cabinet\") (December 1944–June 1945\\). He was then Minister for the reconstruction of the lands liberated by the enemy in the [Parri Cabinet](/wiki/Parri_Cabinet \"Parri Cabinet\") (June–December 1945\\). In the meantime, from January 1945, he became president of the Inter\\-ministerial Committee for Reconstruction and President of the Council of State.", "On 2 June 1946 he was elected deputy to the Constituent Assembly, and became president of the \"Commission of 75\", charged with drafting the constitutional text. As it was confirmed by the former President of the [Grand Orient of Italy](/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy \"Grand Orient of Italy\"), he was one of the eight father constituents belonging to the main Italian Masonic organization.{{cite news \\| url \\= https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/06/09/news/massoneria\\_pd\\-4683769/ \\| title \\= I massoni di sinistra. Nelle logge sono 4mila. \\| trans\\-title \\= Freemasons of left wing. In the lodges are 4 thousands. \\| author \\= Alberto Statera \\| journal \\= \\[\\[La Repubblica]] \\| date \\= June 9, 2010 \\| language \\= Italian \\| archive\\-url \\= https://archive.today/20100612084229/https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/06/09/news/massoneria\\_pd\\-4683769/ \\| archive\\-date \\= June 12, 2010 \\| url\\-status \\= live}}", "Under the third transitional and final provision of the Italian Constitution, Ruini, who had been a deputy for three legislatures without compromising fascism, became a senator by right of the first legislature of the Italian Republic and joined the mixed group.", "On 24 March 1953 he was elected President of the Senate to replace [Giuseppe Paratore](/wiki/Giuseppe_Paratore \"Giuseppe Paratore\"), who resigned the previous day while the parliamentary obstruction of the opposition was underway to hinder the attempt by the majority to approve a contested electoral reform.", "In 1957 he was appointed first president of the [National Council for Economics and Labour](/wiki/National_Council_for_Economics_and_Labour \"National Council for Economics and Labour\"), which he chaired until May 1959\\. On 2 March 1963 the President of the Republic [Antonio Segni](/wiki/Antonio_Segni \"Antonio Segni\") appointed him Senator for life \"for having illustrated the country with very high scientific merits and social.\"", "" ]
History[http://www.therockpub\-bangkok.com/index.php?lay\=show\&ac\=article\&Id\=410301](http://www.therockpub-bangkok.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=410301) The Rock Pub\`s history ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Rock Pub opened their doors on March 1, 1987, and hundreds of local and international bands have played there since then. They celebrated their 27th anniversary on March 1, 2014\. For almost three decades, many rock bands have performed on the Rock Pub's stage. Over dozens of those became famous in Thailand's music industry. One of the reasons they all had agreed for their success is the experiences they gained from playing there night in and night out. Artists from all over the world have also played at the Rock Pub: Sodom, Dragonforce, Doro, Exodus, Mr. Gary Bowden, Napalm Death and King Lychee (Hong Kong) are just some of the bands that put on performances at the Rock Pub. The Rock Pub has seen and gone through different paths. The [economy shock in 1997](/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis "1997 Asian financial crisis") almost put it out of business, but it stayed strong as the musicians and customers supported and stood by during tough times. On every March 1 since 1987, rockers from all over Thailand have gathered up and celebrated each year that passed on.
[ "History[http://www.therockpub\\-bangkok.com/index.php?lay\\=show\\&ac\\=article\\&Id\\=410301](http://www.therockpub-bangkok.com/index.php?lay=show&ac=article&Id=410301) The Rock Pub\\`s history\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "The Rock Pub opened their doors on March 1, 1987, and hundreds of local and international bands have played there since then. They celebrated their 27th anniversary on March 1, 2014\\.", "For almost three decades, many rock bands have performed on the Rock Pub's stage. Over dozens of those became famous in Thailand's music industry. One of the reasons they all had agreed for their success is the experiences they gained from playing there night in and night out.", "Artists from all over the world have also played at the Rock Pub: Sodom, Dragonforce, Doro, Exodus, Mr. Gary Bowden, Napalm Death and King Lychee (Hong Kong) are just some of the bands that put on performances at the Rock Pub.", "The Rock Pub has seen and gone through different paths. The [economy shock in 1997](/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis \"1997 Asian financial crisis\") almost put it out of business, but it stayed strong as the musicians and customers supported and stood by during tough times.", "On every March 1 since 1987, rockers from all over Thailand have gathered up and celebrated each year that passed on.", "" ]
Life ---- Branson was born in what is now [Union County, Tennessee](/wiki/Union_County%2C_Tennessee "Union County, Tennessee"), (then part of [Knox County](/wiki/Knox_County%2C_Tennessee "Knox County, Tennessee")) to [English](/wiki/English_people "English people") parents. His family moved to Knoxville in 1868, where Lloyd found work in a brickyard. As a child, he impressed his friends by crafting small figures out of clay."[Native Genius](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033437/1872-07-11/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1852&sort=date&date2=1922&words=Branson+Lloyd&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=1&state=Tennessee&rows=20&proxtext=%22lloyd+branson%22&y=15&x=18&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1)," *Knoxville Daily Chronicle*, 11 July 1872, p. 4\. Around the time of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), prominent Knoxville physician John Mason Boyd noticed a sketch of [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant") Branson had made on a cigar box, and provided financial assistance for Branson to attend [East Tennessee University](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee "University of Tennessee"). In 1871, Branson drew favorable attention for his exhibition at the East Tennessee Division Fair.East Tennessee Historical Society, Mary Rothrock (ed.), *The French Broad\-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee* (Knoxville, Tenn.: The Society, 1972\), pp. 385\-6\. By the following year, his portraits had impressed art enthusiasts to the extent that the *Knoxville Chronicle* described him as Knoxville's "native genius." [left\|thumb\|220px\|*Hauling Marble*](/wiki/File:Hauling-marble-by-branson.jpg "Hauling-marble-by-branson.jpg") Branson moved to New York in 1873, where he attended the National Academy of Design. Two years later, he captured first prize at one of the Academy's exhibitions for his drawing of a [gladiator](/wiki/Gladiator "Gladiator"), which earned him a scholarship to receive further training in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"). Some of Branson's later work showed elements of the French [Barbizon school](/wiki/Barbizon_school "Barbizon school"),Frederick Moffatt, Lucile Deaderick (ed.), "Painting, Sculpture, and Photograph," *Heart of the Valley: A History of Knoxville, Tennessee* (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976\), pp. 426\-7\. though it's uncertain whether or not he ever visited Europe. By 1876, he had returned to Knoxville, and quickly became a leading figure in the city's art community. Working in partnership with early photographer [T. M. Schleier](/wiki/T._M._Schleier "T. M. Schleier"), he focused primarily on commercial portraits. He became a regular at the [masquerade balls](/wiki/Masquerade_ball "Masquerade ball") attended by the city's elite at the [Lamar House Hotel](/wiki/Bijou_Theatre_%28Knoxville%29 "Bijou Theatre (Knoxville)"),Dean Novelli, "On a Corner of Gay Street: A History of the Lamar House—Bijou Theater, Knoxville, Tennessee, 1817 – 1985\." East Tennessee Historical Society *Publications*, Vol. 56 (1984\), pp. 3\-45\. and spent time at resorts such as [Tate Springs](/wiki/Tate_Springs_Springhouse "Tate Springs Springhouse")."[Knoxville at Tate Spring](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033437/1880-05-20/ed-1/seq-4/)," *Knoxville Daily Chronicle*, 20 May 1880, p. 4\. In 1880, Branson and photographer Frank McCrary formed [McCrary and Branson](/wiki/McCrary_and_Branson "McCrary and Branson"), a Photograph \& Portrait Artists company that operated out of a three\-story building on [Gay Street](/wiki/Gay_Street_%28Knoxville%29 "Gay Street (Knoxville)") in Knoxville. The company, which at times included Branson's brother, Oliver, and sister\-in\-law, Laura, specialized in oil\-painted photographs, oil copies, crayon\-and\-oil sketches, and illustrated souvenirs. Branson also taught art classes in the building, often to members of Knoxville's upper class. Impressionist Catherine Wiley, [Adelia Armstrong Lutz](/wiki/Adelia_Armstrong_Lutz "Adelia Armstrong Lutz"), and Mortimer Thompson were arguably his most well\-known students during this period. Branson's work was exhibited at the 1893 [Chicago World's Fair](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition "World's Columbian Exposition"), the [1900 World's Fair](/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_%281900%29 "Exposition Universelle (1900)") in Paris, and the 1901 [Pan\-American Exposition](/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition "Pan-American Exposition") in [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York "Buffalo, New York"). He won the gold medal for an exhibition at the 1895 [Cotton States Exposition](/wiki/Cotton_States_and_International_Exposition "Cotton States and International Exposition") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta "Atlanta") and in 1896, he won a national competition for designing the [Flag of Knoxville, Tennessee](/wiki/Flag_of_Knoxville%2C_Tennessee "Flag of Knoxville, Tennessee")."Statement as to the Adoption of the Knoxville City Flag," November 6, 1896, Knoxville Minute Book, Book L, p.380\.Jack Neely, "[The Knoxville Flag's Mini\-Revival](http://www.knoxmercury.com/2016/10/21/knoxville-flags-mini-revival/)," *Knoxville Mercury*, 21 October 2016\. Branson reached the height of his career in 1910, when his work, *Hauling Marble*, won the gold medal at Knoxville's [Appalachian Exposition](/wiki/Appalachian_Exposition "Appalachian Exposition"). In the early 1920s, Branson began giving lessons to a young [Beauford Delaney](/wiki/Beauford_Delaney "Beauford Delaney"), whose sketches he found impressive. In 1924, he arranged to send Delaney to an art school in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") to receive further instruction. Branson died of "chronic [Bright's disease](/wiki/Bright%27s_disease "Bright's disease")""Tennessee Deaths, 1914\-1966," database with images, *FamilySearch* ([https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QPC9\-RMXG](https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QPC9-RMXG) : 23 February 2021\), Lloyd Branson, 12 Jun 1925; Death, Knoxville, Knox, Tennessee, United States, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville. on June 12, 1925\. He is buried in [Old Gray Cemetery](/wiki/Old_Gray_Cemetery "Old Gray Cemetery") in Knoxville.
[ "Life\n----", "Branson was born in what is now [Union County, Tennessee](/wiki/Union_County%2C_Tennessee \"Union County, Tennessee\"), (then part of [Knox County](/wiki/Knox_County%2C_Tennessee \"Knox County, Tennessee\")) to [English](/wiki/English_people \"English people\") parents. His family moved to Knoxville in 1868, where Lloyd found work in a brickyard. As a child, he impressed his friends by crafting small figures out of clay.\"[Native Genius](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033437/1872-07-11/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1852&sort=date&date2=1922&words=Branson+Lloyd&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=1&state=Tennessee&rows=20&proxtext=%22lloyd+branson%22&y=15&x=18&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1),\" *Knoxville Daily Chronicle*, 11 July 1872, p. 4\\.", "Around the time of the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), prominent Knoxville physician John Mason Boyd noticed a sketch of [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\") Branson had made on a cigar box, and provided financial assistance for Branson to attend [East Tennessee University](/wiki/University_of_Tennessee \"University of Tennessee\"). In 1871, Branson drew favorable attention for his exhibition at the East Tennessee Division Fair.East Tennessee Historical Society, Mary Rothrock (ed.), *The French Broad\\-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee* (Knoxville, Tenn.: The Society, 1972\\), pp. 385\\-6\\. By the following year, his portraits had impressed art enthusiasts to the extent that the *Knoxville Chronicle* described him as Knoxville's \"native genius.\"", "[left\\|thumb\\|220px\\|*Hauling Marble*](/wiki/File:Hauling-marble-by-branson.jpg \"Hauling-marble-by-branson.jpg\")", "Branson moved to New York in 1873, where he attended the National Academy of Design. Two years later, he captured first prize at one of the Academy's exhibitions for his drawing of a [gladiator](/wiki/Gladiator \"Gladiator\"), which earned him a scholarship to receive further training in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"). Some of Branson's later work showed elements of the French [Barbizon school](/wiki/Barbizon_school \"Barbizon school\"),Frederick Moffatt, Lucile Deaderick (ed.), \"Painting, Sculpture, and Photograph,\" *Heart of the Valley: A History of Knoxville, Tennessee* (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976\\), pp. 426\\-7\\. though it's uncertain whether or not he ever visited Europe.", "By 1876, he had returned to Knoxville, and quickly became a leading figure in the city's art community. Working in partnership with early photographer [T. M. Schleier](/wiki/T._M._Schleier \"T. M. Schleier\"), he focused primarily on commercial portraits. He became a regular at the [masquerade balls](/wiki/Masquerade_ball \"Masquerade ball\") attended by the city's elite at the [Lamar House Hotel](/wiki/Bijou_Theatre_%28Knoxville%29 \"Bijou Theatre (Knoxville)\"),Dean Novelli, \"On a Corner of Gay Street: A History of the Lamar House—Bijou Theater, Knoxville, Tennessee, 1817 – 1985\\.\" East Tennessee Historical Society *Publications*, Vol. 56 (1984\\), pp. 3\\-45\\. and spent time at resorts such as [Tate Springs](/wiki/Tate_Springs_Springhouse \"Tate Springs Springhouse\").\"[Knoxville at Tate Spring](http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033437/1880-05-20/ed-1/seq-4/),\" *Knoxville Daily Chronicle*, 20 May 1880, p. 4\\.", "In 1880, Branson and photographer Frank McCrary formed [McCrary and Branson](/wiki/McCrary_and_Branson \"McCrary and Branson\"), a Photograph \\& Portrait Artists company that operated out of a three\\-story building on [Gay Street](/wiki/Gay_Street_%28Knoxville%29 \"Gay Street (Knoxville)\") in Knoxville. The company, which at times included Branson's brother, Oliver, and sister\\-in\\-law, Laura, specialized in oil\\-painted photographs, oil copies, crayon\\-and\\-oil sketches, and illustrated souvenirs. Branson also taught art classes in the building, often to members of Knoxville's upper class. Impressionist Catherine Wiley, [Adelia Armstrong Lutz](/wiki/Adelia_Armstrong_Lutz \"Adelia Armstrong Lutz\"), and Mortimer Thompson were arguably his most well\\-known students during this period. Branson's work was exhibited at the 1893 [Chicago World's Fair](/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition \"World's Columbian Exposition\"), the [1900 World's Fair](/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_%281900%29 \"Exposition Universelle (1900)\") in Paris, and the 1901 [Pan\\-American Exposition](/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition \"Pan-American Exposition\") in [Buffalo](/wiki/Buffalo%2C_New_York \"Buffalo, New York\"). He won the gold medal for an exhibition at the 1895 [Cotton States Exposition](/wiki/Cotton_States_and_International_Exposition \"Cotton States and International Exposition\") in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\") and in 1896, he won a national competition for designing the [Flag of Knoxville, Tennessee](/wiki/Flag_of_Knoxville%2C_Tennessee \"Flag of Knoxville, Tennessee\").\"Statement as to the Adoption of the Knoxville City Flag,\" November 6, 1896, Knoxville Minute Book, Book L, p.380\\.Jack Neely, \"[The Knoxville Flag's Mini\\-Revival](http://www.knoxmercury.com/2016/10/21/knoxville-flags-mini-revival/),\" *Knoxville Mercury*, 21 October 2016\\.", "Branson reached the height of his career in 1910, when his work, *Hauling Marble*, won the gold medal at Knoxville's [Appalachian Exposition](/wiki/Appalachian_Exposition \"Appalachian Exposition\"). In the early 1920s, Branson began giving lessons to a young [Beauford Delaney](/wiki/Beauford_Delaney \"Beauford Delaney\"), whose sketches he found impressive. In 1924, he arranged to send Delaney to an art school in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") to receive further instruction.", "Branson died of \"chronic [Bright's disease](/wiki/Bright%27s_disease \"Bright's disease\")\"\"Tennessee Deaths, 1914\\-1966,\" database with images, *FamilySearch* ([https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QPC9\\-RMXG](https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QPC9-RMXG) : 23 February 2021\\), Lloyd Branson, 12 Jun 1925; Death, Knoxville, Knox, Tennessee, United States, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville. on June 12, 1925\\. He is buried in [Old Gray Cemetery](/wiki/Old_Gray_Cemetery \"Old Gray Cemetery\") in Knoxville.", "" ]
Biography --------- Born in Toronto, Ontario, Jaques was educated at the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto "University of Toronto") and studied medicine at [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University"), then received his Ph.D in [social relations](/wiki/Social_relations "Social relations") from [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"), and qualification as psychoanalyst at the [British Psychoanalytical Society](/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society "British Psychoanalytical Society"). He was a founding fellow of the [Royal College of Psychiatrists](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists "Royal College of Psychiatrists") in Britain and was a visiting professor at [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University") in Washington, D.C., and honorary professor of the University of Buenos Aires. During the Second World War, Jaques served as a major in the Canadian Army where in collaboration with [Henry Murray](/wiki/Henry_Murray "Henry Murray") of Harvard University using his education and training established the Canadian War Office Selection Boards. He was assigned as liaison to the British Army War Office Psychiatry Division that developed their own [War Office Selection Boards](/wiki/War_Office_Selection_Boards "War Office Selection Boards"). In 1949, he married the English actress [Kay Walsh](/wiki/Kay_Walsh "Kay Walsh"). They adopted a girl, Gemma. They divorced in 1956\. After the war Jaques remained in England and qualified under Austrian\-British psychoanalyst [Melanie Klein](/wiki/Melanie_Klein "Melanie Klein"). She appreciated his help in preparation for the publication of her book *Narrative of a Child Analysis* (1961\). Jaques also helped Klein to edit the manuscript of *Envy and Gratitude* (1957\), evidence suggests that it was Jaques who suggested that the word "gratitude" should be included in the title of the book. He was a founding member of the [Tavistock Institute of Human Relations](/wiki/Tavistock_Institute_of_Human_Relations "Tavistock Institute of Human Relations") in 1946\. In 1964, he founded the School of Social Sciences at Brunel University London and served as its Professor and Head of School.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.requisite.org/dr\-elliott\-jaques/biography/\|title\=Dr. Elliott Jaques \- Requisite Organization International Institute\|website\=requisite.org\|access\-date\=26 February 2018}} Jaques moved from London to Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1991\. He became a research professor at George Washington University. In 1999 Jaques established [Requisite Organization International Institute](/wiki/Requisite_Organisation_International_Institute "Requisite Organisation International Institute"), that operates as an educational and research group. As a result of his work with different corporations, governments and U.S. Army, Jaques developed a scientific process that allows for the evaluation of the [potential capability of individuals](/wiki/Potential_capability_of_individuals "Potential capability of individuals") in the context of time\-span of discretion, an instrument which measures work complexity in each role within the organisation. This approach has been used by US armed services and large public and private organisations around the world. In 1965 Jaques published an essay on working patterns of creative geniuses in which he coined the phrase [midlife crisis](/wiki/Midlife_crisis "Midlife crisis"). His development approach to organizational development makes him one of the early contributors to [positive adult development](/wiki/Positive_adult_development "Positive adult development"). He died in Gloucester, Massachusetts in 2003\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born in Toronto, Ontario, Jaques was educated at the [University of Toronto](/wiki/University_of_Toronto \"University of Toronto\") and studied medicine at [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University \"Johns Hopkins University\"), then received his Ph.D in [social relations](/wiki/Social_relations \"Social relations\") from [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"), and qualification as psychoanalyst at the [British Psychoanalytical Society](/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society \"British Psychoanalytical Society\"). He was a founding fellow of the [Royal College of Psychiatrists](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists \"Royal College of Psychiatrists\") in Britain and was a visiting professor at [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University \"George Washington University\") in Washington, D.C., and honorary professor of the University of Buenos Aires.", "During the Second World War, Jaques served as a major in the Canadian Army where in collaboration with [Henry Murray](/wiki/Henry_Murray \"Henry Murray\") of Harvard University using his education and training established the Canadian War Office Selection Boards. He was assigned as liaison to the British Army War Office Psychiatry Division that developed their own [War Office Selection Boards](/wiki/War_Office_Selection_Boards \"War Office Selection Boards\").", "In 1949, he married the English actress [Kay Walsh](/wiki/Kay_Walsh \"Kay Walsh\"). They adopted a girl, Gemma. They divorced in 1956\\.", "After the war Jaques remained in England and qualified under Austrian\\-British psychoanalyst [Melanie Klein](/wiki/Melanie_Klein \"Melanie Klein\"). She appreciated his help in preparation for the publication of her book *Narrative of a Child Analysis* (1961\\). Jaques also helped Klein to edit the manuscript of *Envy and Gratitude* (1957\\), evidence suggests that it was Jaques who suggested that the word \"gratitude\" should be included in the title of the book. He was a founding member of the [Tavistock Institute of Human Relations](/wiki/Tavistock_Institute_of_Human_Relations \"Tavistock Institute of Human Relations\") in 1946\\. In 1964, he founded the School of Social Sciences at Brunel University London and served as its Professor and Head of School.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.requisite.org/dr\\-elliott\\-jaques/biography/\\|title\\=Dr. Elliott Jaques \\- Requisite Organization International Institute\\|website\\=requisite.org\\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2018}}", "Jaques moved from London to Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1991\\. He became a research professor at George Washington University. In 1999 Jaques established [Requisite Organization International Institute](/wiki/Requisite_Organisation_International_Institute \"Requisite Organisation International Institute\"), that operates as an educational and research group.", "As a result of his work with different corporations, governments and U.S. Army, Jaques developed a scientific process that allows for the evaluation of the [potential capability of individuals](/wiki/Potential_capability_of_individuals \"Potential capability of individuals\") in the context of time\\-span of discretion, an instrument which measures work complexity in each role within the organisation. This approach has been used by US armed services and large public and private organisations around the world.", "In 1965 Jaques published an essay on working patterns of creative geniuses in which he coined the phrase [midlife crisis](/wiki/Midlife_crisis \"Midlife crisis\").", "His development approach to organizational development makes him one of the early contributors to [positive adult development](/wiki/Positive_adult_development \"Positive adult development\").", "He died in Gloucester, Massachusetts in 2003\\.", "" ]
Work ---- ### Glacier Project, 1952–1977 The origins of Jaques's theories can be traced back to 1952, when Britain's Glacier Metal Company asked him to help to develop a worker participation plan. At one point, Jaques was asked if there was any importance to the fact that the salary of low\-level workers was estimated on hourly, daily or weekly basis, while salary of executives was described as annual amount. The question 'was the finest gift I've ever been given', Jaques said. 'It was absolutely, bloody brilliant. That's when I started examining the significance of time.'{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/17/business/corporate\-psychologist\-elliott\-jaques\-his\-ideas\-on\-work\-take\-hold.html\|title\=Corporate Psychologist: Elliott Jaques; His Ideas on Work Take Hold\|last\=Rasky\|first\=Susan F.\|date\=1985\-02\-17\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-02\|language\=en\-US\|issn\=0362\-4331}} His work with Glacier Metal Company in London continued through 1977 and largely influenced the management theory. [Peter Drucker](/wiki/Peter_Drucker "Peter Drucker") called this work "the most extensive study of actual worker behavior in large\-scale industry".{{Cite book\|title\=People and performance: the best of Peter Drucker on management.\|last\=Drucker\|first\=Peter\|publisher\=Harper's College Press\|year\=1977\|isbn\=9781138145580\|location\=New York\|pages\=251}} ### Stratified Systems Theory of Requisite Organization, 1977–1999 Jaques incorporated his findings during "Glacier investigations" into what was first known as Stratified Systems Theory of [requisite organization](/wiki/Requisite_organization "Requisite organization"). This major discovery served as a link between social theory and theory of organizations. #### Human Capability and Its Maturation Jaques continued his development of theory of underlying Nature of Human Capability, that he first approached during his work with the US Army and this resulted in the discovery (with Kathryn Cason) of a method for evaluation of potential individual capability within the evaluation of Complexity of Information Processing.{{Cite book\|title\=Human capability: a study of individual potential and its application\|last\=Jaques\|first\=Elliott\|last2\=Cason\|first2\=Kathryn\|publisher\=Cason Hall \& Co\|year\=1994\|isbn\=978\-0962107078\|location\=Falls Church, VA}} As a result of the research carried out for the US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences and American and Australian companies on the study of mental complexity, it was found that individuals process information at work in four ways: declarative, cumulative, serial and parallel. This study demonstrated the interdependence of layers of the managerial hierarchy and each separate step in mental processing complexity. From this work it was concluded that organizational life of intermittent steps in the nature of human capability reflects the essence of [managerial hierarchical structure](/wiki/Hierarchical_organization "Hierarchical organization") (Jaques, 1994\). #### Time\-Span of Discretion As an outcome of the discovery and use of Time\-span, work on Theory of the Nature of Time took place. This led to another major contribution of Dr.Jaques, the development of the [Time\-span of Discretion](/wiki/Time-span_of_Discretion "Time-span of Discretion") instrument, the ratio\-scale measure for a construct in the social sciences, which measures the complexity of work in each role within the organization. The measure of how much responsibility an employee has is the concept Jaques is widely known for.Jaques, E., Time\-span handbook: The use of time\-span of discretion to measure the level of work in employment roles and to arrange an equitable payment structure (London: Heinemann, 1971\) ### Requisite Organization International Institute, 1999–present In 1999, The [Requisite Organization International Institute](/wiki/Requisite_Organization_International_Institute "Requisite Organization International Institute") was established by Co\-founders Elliott Jaques and Kathryn Cason. Institute operates as research and educational centre providing support and consulting in implementation of principles of Requisite Organization worldwide.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.requisite.org/about\-roii/about\-requisite\-organization/\|title\=Requisite Organization International Institute \- ROII \- About Us\|work\=Requisite Organization International Institute\|access\-date\=2018\-02\-08\|language\=en\-US}} Jaques' ideas are still very influential in a practical study of organizations and the optimization of structures and systems that support productive work for the achievement of the organization's purpose. Jaques argued that the higher a person was positioned in a hierarchy, assuming the individual possessed a corresponding level of cognitive complexity, acquired skills and knowledge (gained through experience) and presuming that individual valued the work he or she was tasked, the longer he could work to complete a task without supervision. The time span of a CEO of a major institution might be 15–20 years. This concept enabled him to describe a "requisite organization" as one in which each level in the hierarchy had its own distinctive time span. If an organization had too many levels, then their time spans overlapped. If a manager at a higher level was ill\-equipped in respect of his or her inherent mental processing capability, or lacked the required skills and knowledge the risk is they would interfere in the work of managers at a lower level generally propelled by their own anxiety and insecurity. The process of delegation would be undermined leading to organizational dysfunction. With an understanding of mental processing capability and a hierarchy that supports the proficiency of work in the organization Jaques provided some insight into effective managerial practices that are aimed at freeing up the human potential in the organization. For example, Jaques advocates the importance of effectively assigning tasks to individuals in the organization delivered by contextualizing the significance of the task(s) to the organization's purpose in terms of output including clear deliverables in respect of quantity and quality and the time for delivery. Moreover, a manager has an obligation to provide coaching to his or her subordinates, and the manager is in fact accountable for his or her subordinates' outputs.
[ "Work\n----", "### Glacier Project, 1952–1977", "The origins of Jaques's theories can be traced back to 1952, when Britain's Glacier Metal Company asked him to help to develop a worker participation plan. At one point, Jaques was asked if there was any importance to the fact that the salary of low\\-level workers was estimated on hourly, daily or weekly basis, while salary of executives was described as annual amount. The question 'was the finest gift I've ever been given', Jaques said. 'It was absolutely, bloody brilliant. That's when I started examining the significance of time.'{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/17/business/corporate\\-psychologist\\-elliott\\-jaques\\-his\\-ideas\\-on\\-work\\-take\\-hold.html\\|title\\=Corporate Psychologist: Elliott Jaques; His Ideas on Work Take Hold\\|last\\=Rasky\\|first\\=Susan F.\\|date\\=1985\\-02\\-17\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-02\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} His work with Glacier Metal Company in London continued through 1977 and largely influenced the management theory. [Peter Drucker](/wiki/Peter_Drucker \"Peter Drucker\") called this work \"the most extensive study of actual worker behavior in large\\-scale industry\".{{Cite book\\|title\\=People and performance: the best of Peter Drucker on management.\\|last\\=Drucker\\|first\\=Peter\\|publisher\\=Harper's College Press\\|year\\=1977\\|isbn\\=9781138145580\\|location\\=New York\\|pages\\=251}}", "### Stratified Systems Theory of Requisite Organization, 1977–1999", "Jaques incorporated his findings during \"Glacier investigations\" into what was first known as Stratified Systems Theory of [requisite organization](/wiki/Requisite_organization \"Requisite organization\"). This major discovery served as a link between social theory and theory of organizations.", "#### Human Capability and Its Maturation", "Jaques continued his development of theory of underlying Nature of Human Capability, that he first approached during his work with the US Army and this resulted in the discovery (with Kathryn Cason) of a method for evaluation of potential individual capability within the evaluation of Complexity of Information Processing.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Human capability: a study of individual potential and its application\\|last\\=Jaques\\|first\\=Elliott\\|last2\\=Cason\\|first2\\=Kathryn\\|publisher\\=Cason Hall \\& Co\\|year\\=1994\\|isbn\\=978\\-0962107078\\|location\\=Falls Church, VA}}", "As a result of the research carried out for the US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences and American and Australian companies on the study of mental complexity, it was found that individuals process information at work in four ways: declarative, cumulative, serial and parallel. This study demonstrated the interdependence of layers of the managerial hierarchy and each separate step in mental processing complexity.", "From this work it was concluded that organizational life of intermittent steps in the nature of human capability reflects the essence of [managerial hierarchical structure](/wiki/Hierarchical_organization \"Hierarchical organization\") (Jaques, 1994\\).", "#### Time\\-Span of Discretion", "As an outcome of the discovery and use of Time\\-span, work on Theory of the Nature of Time took place. This led to another major contribution of Dr.Jaques, the development of the [Time\\-span of Discretion](/wiki/Time-span_of_Discretion \"Time-span of Discretion\") instrument, the ratio\\-scale measure for a construct in the social sciences, which measures the complexity of work in each role within the organization. The measure of how much responsibility an employee has is the concept Jaques is widely known for.Jaques, E., Time\\-span handbook: The use of time\\-span of discretion to measure the level of work in employment roles and to arrange an equitable payment structure (London: Heinemann, 1971\\)", "### Requisite Organization International Institute, 1999–present", "In 1999, The [Requisite Organization International Institute](/wiki/Requisite_Organization_International_Institute \"Requisite Organization International Institute\") was established by Co\\-founders Elliott Jaques and Kathryn Cason. Institute operates as research and educational centre providing support and consulting in implementation of principles of Requisite Organization worldwide.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.requisite.org/about\\-roii/about\\-requisite\\-organization/\\|title\\=Requisite Organization International Institute \\- ROII \\- About Us\\|work\\=Requisite Organization International Institute\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-02\\-08\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "Jaques' ideas are still very influential in a practical study of organizations and the optimization of structures and systems that support productive work for the achievement of the organization's purpose. Jaques argued that the higher a person was positioned in a hierarchy, assuming the individual possessed a corresponding level of cognitive complexity, acquired skills and knowledge (gained through experience) and presuming that individual valued the work he or she was tasked, the longer he could work to complete a task without supervision. The time span of a CEO of a major institution might be 15–20 years. This concept enabled him to describe a \"requisite organization\" as one in which each level in the hierarchy had its own distinctive time span. If an organization had too many levels, then their time spans overlapped. If a manager at a higher level was ill\\-equipped in respect of his or her inherent mental processing capability, or lacked the required skills and knowledge the risk is they would interfere in the work of managers at a lower level generally propelled by their own anxiety and insecurity. The process of delegation would be undermined leading to organizational dysfunction.", "With an understanding of mental processing capability and a hierarchy that supports the proficiency of work in the organization Jaques provided some insight into effective managerial practices that are aimed at freeing up the human potential in the organization. For example, Jaques advocates the importance of effectively assigning tasks to individuals in the organization delivered by contextualizing the significance of the task(s) to the organization's purpose in terms of output including clear deliverables in respect of quantity and quality and the time for delivery. Moreover, a manager has an obligation to provide coaching to his or her subordinates, and the manager is in fact accountable for his or her subordinates' outputs.", "" ]
Plot ---- Five days after the end of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth "John Wilkes Booth") and [Michael O'Laughlen](/wiki/Michael_O%27Laughlen "Michael O'Laughlen"), both members of the [KGC](/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle "Knights of the Golden Circle"), approach Thomas Gates to decode a message copied into Booth's diary. Thomas recognizes the message as a [Playfair cipher](/wiki/Playfair_cipher "Playfair cipher"), and translates it while Booth departs for [Ford's Theatre](/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre "Ford's Theatre") to [assassinate](/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln") President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln"). Thomas solves the puzzle, but realizes Booth and O'Laughlen are trying to help [the Confederacy](/wiki/The_Confederacy "The Confederacy"), and rips the cipher's pages from the diary to burn them. O'Laughlen shoots Thomas and flees with the one surviving page fragment, and a dying Thomas tells his son Charles the keyword for the cipher. In the present day, famed treasure hunter Ben Gates tells Thomas' story at a Civilian Heroes conference. [Black market](/wiki/Black_market "Black market") dealer Mitch Wilkinson produces the page fragment, with Thomas Gates' name next to those of [Mary Surratt](/wiki/Mary_Surratt "Mary Surratt") and Dr. [Samuel Mudd](/wiki/Samuel_Mudd "Samuel Mudd"). The public believes Thomas helped kill Lincoln, and Ben and his father Patrick set out to disprove it. Using [spectral imaging](/wiki/Spectral_imaging "Spectral imaging"), Ben discovers traces of the cipher on the diary page, that, when solved using the keyword, points to the [smaller Statue of Liberty](/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty") in Paris. Traveling there, Ben and his friend Riley Poole discover an engraving referencing the [*Resolute* desks](/wiki/Resolute_desk "Resolute desk"). They head to London, reluctantly recruiting Ben's estranged girlfriend, Dr. Abigail Chase, along the way. Ben and Abigail sneak a peek at the Buckingham Palace desk, and obtain a [Pre\-Columbian](/wiki/Pre-Columbian "Pre-Columbian") carved plank from a secret drawer. Mitch, who had secretly [cloned](/wiki/Phone_cloning "Phone cloning") Patrick's cell phone in order to track Ben's whereabouts, pursues the trio, and eventually obtains the wooden plank, but not before Ben manages to photograph it. Back in America, Patrick reluctantly asks his ex\-wife, [archaeo](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology")\-[lexicologist](/wiki/Lexicology "Lexicology") Dr. Emily Appleton, for help. She claims the carvings reference the "center of the Earth", but points out that some of the glyphs are partial. Ben and Abigail convince Abigail's new boyfriend, Connor, a [White House Curator](/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Curator "White House Office of the Curator"), to let them see the Resolute Desk in the [Oval Office](/wiki/Oval_Office "Oval Office"). Ben discovers that the second plank has been replaced by a stamp of an altered [Presidential seal](/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States "Seal of the President of the United States"), which Riley identifies as the symbol for a secret shared diary, written by [Presidents](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") containing national secrets such as [Watergate](/wiki/Watergate "Watergate"), [Area 51](/wiki/Area_51 "Area 51"), and the [JFK assassination](/wiki/JFK_assassination "JFK assassination"). Ben's FBI friend Agent Peter Sadusky confirms the book's existence but warns that no one can read its contents without consent from the sitting President. Ben manipulates the President's birthday party to be hosted at [Mount Vernon](/wiki/Mount_Vernon "Mount Vernon") to convince the President to explore a secret tunnel with him. There, Ben activates a secret sliding door, separates the President from the [U.S. Secret Service](/wiki/U.S._Secret_Service "U.S. Secret Service"), and asks him about the book, while safely leading the President to freedom at the other end of the tunnel. The President sympathetically warns Ben that his actions, while innocently meant, will be interpreted as attempted kidnapping, and, unless he achieves his goal of finding the treasure, he will be arrested for his actions. He then reveals the book is hidden in a safe at the [Library of Congress](/wiki/Library_of_Congress "Library of Congress"). Pursued by the FBI, Ben, Abigail, and Riley manage a brief look at the book. They find a photograph of the missing plank and an entry by [Calvin Coolidge](/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge "Calvin Coolidge"). He found the plank in 1924, translated it, had it destroyed, and commissioned [Gutzon Borglum](/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum "Gutzon Borglum") to carve [Mount Rushmore](/wiki/Mount_Rushmore "Mount Rushmore"), to hide evidence of a hidden treasure nearby. After consulting Emily about the glyphs, Ben, Riley, Abigail, and Patrick head to Mount Rushmore. They meet Mitch and Emily there, as Mitch kidnapped her. Mitch already has acquired, memorized, and destroyed the final clue, forcing the group to bring him along. He helps the group find the entrance of a cave full of booby traps. After briefly getting separated, the group finds a pit containing [Cíbola](/wiki/Quivira_and_C%C3%ADbola "Quivira and Cíbola"), a [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas "Indigenous peoples of the Americas") city of gold. An ancient dam fails, and it becomes clear one of the group must sacrifice themselves in the quickly flooding cave to hold open the door for the others. Ben initially does so, but Mitch takes over when Ben is knocked away, and he begs Ben to give him posthumous credit for finding the treasure. Ben and the rest return to the surface, where the President prevents Ben from being arrested by claiming Ben saved him from the tunnel's accidental closing. Ben ensures that Mitch receives joint credit for the discovery, and clears Thomas Gates' name by proving that Booth had consulted him about the treasure, not the assassination. Emily and Patrick lead an expedition of Cíbola while Ben rekindles his relationship with Abigail. Riley gets his Ferrari back from the president of the United States.
[ "Plot\n----", "Five days after the end of the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth \"John Wilkes Booth\") and [Michael O'Laughlen](/wiki/Michael_O%27Laughlen \"Michael O'Laughlen\"), both members of the [KGC](/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle \"Knights of the Golden Circle\"), approach Thomas Gates to decode a message copied into Booth's diary. Thomas recognizes the message as a [Playfair cipher](/wiki/Playfair_cipher \"Playfair cipher\"), and translates it while Booth departs for [Ford's Theatre](/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre \"Ford's Theatre\") to [assassinate](/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln \"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln\") President [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\"). Thomas solves the puzzle, but realizes Booth and O'Laughlen are trying to help [the Confederacy](/wiki/The_Confederacy \"The Confederacy\"), and rips the cipher's pages from the diary to burn them. O'Laughlen shoots Thomas and flees with the one surviving page fragment, and a dying Thomas tells his son Charles the keyword for the cipher.", "In the present day, famed treasure hunter Ben Gates tells Thomas' story at a Civilian Heroes conference. [Black market](/wiki/Black_market \"Black market\") dealer Mitch Wilkinson produces the page fragment, with Thomas Gates' name next to those of [Mary Surratt](/wiki/Mary_Surratt \"Mary Surratt\") and Dr. [Samuel Mudd](/wiki/Samuel_Mudd \"Samuel Mudd\"). The public believes Thomas helped kill Lincoln, and Ben and his father Patrick set out to disprove it. Using [spectral imaging](/wiki/Spectral_imaging \"Spectral imaging\"), Ben discovers traces of the cipher on the diary page, that, when solved using the keyword, points to the [smaller Statue of Liberty](/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty \"Replicas of the Statue of Liberty\") in Paris. Traveling there, Ben and his friend Riley Poole discover an engraving referencing the [*Resolute* desks](/wiki/Resolute_desk \"Resolute desk\"). They head to London, reluctantly recruiting Ben's estranged girlfriend, Dr. Abigail Chase, along the way. Ben and Abigail sneak a peek at the Buckingham Palace desk, and obtain a [Pre\\-Columbian](/wiki/Pre-Columbian \"Pre-Columbian\") carved plank from a secret drawer. Mitch, who had secretly [cloned](/wiki/Phone_cloning \"Phone cloning\") Patrick's cell phone in order to track Ben's whereabouts, pursues the trio, and eventually obtains the wooden plank, but not before Ben manages to photograph it.", "Back in America, Patrick reluctantly asks his ex\\-wife, [archaeo](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\")\\-[lexicologist](/wiki/Lexicology \"Lexicology\") Dr. Emily Appleton, for help. She claims the carvings reference the \"center of the Earth\", but points out that some of the glyphs are partial. Ben and Abigail convince Abigail's new boyfriend, Connor, a [White House Curator](/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Curator \"White House Office of the Curator\"), to let them see the Resolute Desk in the [Oval Office](/wiki/Oval_Office \"Oval Office\"). Ben discovers that the second plank has been replaced by a stamp of an altered [Presidential seal](/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States \"Seal of the President of the United States\"), which Riley identifies as the symbol for a secret shared diary, written by [Presidents](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") containing national secrets such as [Watergate](/wiki/Watergate \"Watergate\"), [Area 51](/wiki/Area_51 \"Area 51\"), and the [JFK assassination](/wiki/JFK_assassination \"JFK assassination\"). Ben's FBI friend Agent Peter Sadusky confirms the book's existence but warns that no one can read its contents without consent from the sitting President.", "Ben manipulates the President's birthday party to be hosted at [Mount Vernon](/wiki/Mount_Vernon \"Mount Vernon\") to convince the President to explore a secret tunnel with him. There, Ben activates a secret sliding door, separates the President from the [U.S. Secret Service](/wiki/U.S._Secret_Service \"U.S. Secret Service\"), and asks him about the book, while safely leading the President to freedom at the other end of the tunnel. The President sympathetically warns Ben that his actions, while innocently meant, will be interpreted as attempted kidnapping, and, unless he achieves his goal of finding the treasure, he will be arrested for his actions. He then reveals the book is hidden in a safe at the [Library of Congress](/wiki/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\"). Pursued by the FBI, Ben, Abigail, and Riley manage a brief look at the book. They find a photograph of the missing plank and an entry by [Calvin Coolidge](/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge \"Calvin Coolidge\"). He found the plank in 1924, translated it, had it destroyed, and commissioned [Gutzon Borglum](/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum \"Gutzon Borglum\") to carve [Mount Rushmore](/wiki/Mount_Rushmore \"Mount Rushmore\"), to hide evidence of a hidden treasure nearby.", "After consulting Emily about the glyphs, Ben, Riley, Abigail, and Patrick head to Mount Rushmore. They meet Mitch and Emily there, as Mitch kidnapped her. Mitch already has acquired, memorized, and destroyed the final clue, forcing the group to bring him along. He helps the group find the entrance of a cave full of booby traps. After briefly getting separated, the group finds a pit containing [Cíbola](/wiki/Quivira_and_C%C3%ADbola \"Quivira and Cíbola\"), a [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") city of gold. An ancient dam fails, and it becomes clear one of the group must sacrifice themselves in the quickly flooding cave to hold open the door for the others. Ben initially does so, but Mitch takes over when Ben is knocked away, and he begs Ben to give him posthumous credit for finding the treasure.", "Ben and the rest return to the surface, where the President prevents Ben from being arrested by claiming Ben saved him from the tunnel's accidental closing. Ben ensures that Mitch receives joint credit for the discovery, and clears Thomas Gates' name by proving that Booth had consulted him about the treasure, not the assassination. Emily and Patrick lead an expedition of Cíbola while Ben rekindles his relationship with Abigail. Riley gets his Ferrari back from the president of the United States.", "" ]
History ------- ### Early history Forty fossilised hominid footprints, dating to about 90,000 years ago, along with various other archaeological discoveries suggest that humans have lived in Knysna for well over 300,000 years. The first of these were various [San](/wiki/San_people "San people") [Hunter\-gatherer](/wiki/Hunter-gatherer "Hunter-gatherer") peoples who inhabited most of [Southern Africa](/wiki/Southern_Africa "Southern Africa") in [paleolithic](/wiki/Paleolithic "Paleolithic"). The San were gradually displaced and absorbed by south migrating [Khoekhoe](/wiki/Khoekhoe "Khoekhoe") peoples.{{Cite web\|title\=Earlier Stone Age archaeology in Knysna \- Knysna Museums\|url\=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/early\-stone\-age\-archaeology\-in\-knysna/\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-17\|website\=www.knysnamuseums.co.za\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|title\=Knysna's fossil hominin footprints \- Knysna Museums\|url\=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/hominin\-fossil\-tracks\-garden\-route/\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-17\|website\=www.knysnamuseums.co.za\|language\=en}} ### Houtunqua (Outeniqua) Khoe The indigenous inhabitants of the Knysna area are a southern [Khoekhoe](/wiki/Khoekhoe "Khoekhoe") people called the **Houtunqua** or **Outeniqua**. Their name means "The People Who Bear Honey".{{Cite web\|title\=The Otentottu and their tribes\|url\=http://www.georgeherald.com/News/Article/General/the\-otentottu\-and\-their\-tribes\-201811140339\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-17\|website\=George Herald}}{{Cite web\|title\=Outeniqua Nature Reserve, Garden Route\|url\=https://www.sa\-venues.com/game\-reserves/outeniqua.php\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-17\|website\=www.sa\-venues.com}} From the [Khoekhoegowab](/wiki/Khoekhoe_language "Khoekhoe language") words {{Lang\-naq\|'''/hao'''\|links\=\|lit\=honey\|label\=none}}, {{Lang\-naq\|'''tun'(teni)'''\|links\=no\|lit\=to carry (verb)\|label\=none}}, and **khoe** rendered as **qua** meaning *people*.{{Cite web\|last\=ujubee\|title\=Honeybees and The Great Fire of 1869 extending from Swellendam to Uitenhage\|url\=http://ujubee.com/?p\=1061\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-17\|website\=Ujubee\|language\=en\-US}}[250px\|thumb\|19th century depiction of Khoekhoe people.](/wiki/File:Hottentotdrawing.jpg "Hottentotdrawing.jpg") Little is known about Houtunqua society prior to [European contact](/wiki/History_of_colonialism "History of colonialism"). What little historical sources exist are not elaborate. It is suspected that at the height of the Houtunqua's society, their territory stretched from the mouth of the [Krom River](/wiki/Krom_River "Krom River") in the east, along the [Outeniqua Mountains](/wiki/Outeniqua_Mountains "Outeniqua Mountains") which bear their name, up until the mouth of the [Grootbrak River](/wiki/Great_Brak_River_%28river%29 "Great Brak River (river)") in the west.{{Cite journal\|date\=1952\|title\=Jan van Riebeeck and the Hottentots 1652\-1662\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887531\|journal\=The South African Archaeological Bulletin\|volume\=7\|issue\=25\|pages\=7–53\|doi\=10\.2307/3887531\|jstor\=3887531\|issn\=0038\-1969}}[250px\|thumb\|Khoekhoe hunters.](/wiki/File:Bushmen_Hottentots_armed_for_an_expedition.png "Bushmen Hottentots armed for an expedition.png") The Houtunqua seem to have remained autonomous from the [Inqua (Hamcumqua)](/wiki/Inqua_%28Hamcumqua%29 "Inqua (Hamcumqua)") expansion in the north with smaller Khoekhoe tribes like the Gamtobaqua{{Cite journal\|last\=Goodwin\|first\=A. J. H.\|date\=1952\|title\=Commentary on 'Jan van Riebeeck and the Hottentots'\|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887454\|journal\=The South African Archaeological Bulletin\|volume\=7\|issue\=26\|pages\=86–91\|doi\=10\.2307/3887454\|jstor\=3887454\|issn\=0038\-1969}} coming into the fold of the Houtunqua to seek protection from the ever expanding Inqua to the north east. The Houtunqua were connected to trades routes with the [Attaqua](/wiki/Attaqua "Attaqua") and [Hessequa](/wiki/Hessequa "Hessequa") to the west.{{Cite web\|title\=Bicentennial of the Establishment of the Town of George\|url\=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/speech/bicentennial\-establishment\-town\-george\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-17\|website\=Western Cape Government}} Archaeological evidence suggests that the Houtunqua kept livestock and practised [Nomadic Pastoralism](/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism "Nomadic pastoralism") but made extensive use of the resources in [mountain forests](/wiki/Knysna%E2%80%93Amatole_montane_forests "Knysna–Amatole montane forests"). Excavations in the region have unearthed many caves showing signs of pre\-colonial occupation.The discovery of [shell middens](/wiki/Midden%23Shells "Midden#Shells") at Knoetzie beach confirms the idea that like other Khoekhoe peoples, the Houtuniqua made use of the ocean for its resources.{{Cite web\|title\=Pre\-colonial people of the Knysna forests \- Knysna Museums\|url\=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/knysna\-forests\-pre\-colonial\-history/\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-17\|website\=www.knysnamuseums.co.za\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|title\=Middle Stone Age archaeology in Knysna \- Knysna Museums\|url\=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/archaeology/\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-17\|website\=www.knysnamuseums.co.za}} Oral tradition among the Houtunqua tells how the Houtunqua held specific superstitions about Europeans and believed them to be "baleful spirits". Thus the Houtunqua went out of their way to avoid contact with Europeans. Where other Khoekhoe tribes established formal relations and trade with Europeans, the Houtunqua receded deeper and deeper into the mountain forests.[https://www.sloanemedia.net/fhk/who\-were\-the\-gamtoos%2C\-chainoqua\-and\-hessequa](https://www.sloanemedia.net/fhk/who-were-the-gamtoos%2C-chainoqua-and-hessequa) {{Dead link\|date\=February 2022}} As a result the Houtunqua disappeared from the historical record for some time with some Houtunqua eventually assimilating into colonial society of the time. [Chief Dikkop](/wiki/Chief_Dikkop "Chief Dikkop"), who died in 1816, was the last recorded Chief of the Houtunqua.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pa.org.za/speech/533608 \|title \= View Section: :: People's Assembly}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/dapp001earl01\_01/dapp001earl01\_01\.pdf\|title\=The early Cape Hottentots\|website\=dbnl.org\|author\=Editie I. Schapera \|access\-date\=1 July 2023}} ### European settlement [250px\|thumb\|The SS Agnar tows an unknown sailing ship into Knysna Harbour in 1910\.](/wiki/File:Charles_Wilhelm_Thesen04.jpg "Charles Wilhelm Thesen04.jpg") The first Europeans arrived in the area in 1760, and the farm *Melkhoutkraal* (literally translating from [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans "Afrikaans") as 'milk wood kraal') was established on the eastern shore of the Knysna Lagoon. Stephanus Terblans, the first European farmer to settle in the area, was given a loan permit to farm here in 1770\. Upon moving to Knysna [George Rex](/wiki/George_Rex "George Rex"), a British\-born entrepreneur credited as being the founder of Knysna, acquired the loan rights to Melkhoutkraal in 1804 and later, in 1816, to the farm *Welbedacht*, which he renamed *Eastford*.Knysna Historical Society He gave {{convert\|80\|acres\|0\|abbr\=on}} of Eastford to the [Colonial Government](/wiki/British_Cape_Colony "British Cape Colony"), on which the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") established the township of Melville. Rex's properties were sold when he died in 1839\. In April 1817, the transport brig {{ship\|\|Emu\|1813 ship\|2}}, belonging to the Cape Town Dockyard, was the first European vessel to enter the Knysna Heads. She struck a rock, now known as Emu Rock, and was holed. Her crew ran *Emu* ashore to prevent her sinking. In late April {{HMS\|Podargus\|1808\|6}} arrived to render assistance.Horsburgh (1826\), Vol. 1, p.196\. After surveying the area, *Podargus* sailed safely into the Knysna and retrieved *Emu{{'}}*s cargo.*Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany*, (1818\), Vol. 6, p.317\. The next major settler in Knysna was Captain Thomas Henry Duthie, who married Caroline, George Rex's daughter, and bought a portion of the Uitzigt farm from his father\-in\-law which Rex had named *Belvidere*.Travel Journal of Thomas Henry Duthie, 5 December 1830 The construction of a small [Norman](/wiki/Normans "Normans")\-style church was commissioned by Duthie on his property, and was consecrated in 1855\. The settlement's population grew slowly, and Englishmen such as Henry Barrington and Lt. Col. John Sutherland, who established the settlement of Newhaven on a portion of purchased land, settled in the area. At the time, Knysna was a [field cornetcy](/wiki/Field_cornet "Field cornet") of [Plettenberg Bay](/wiki/Plettenberg_Bay "Plettenberg Bay") within the Magisterial Division of [George](/wiki/George%2C_Western_Cape "George, Western Cape"). In 1858, Knysna became a separate Magisterial Division, new stores and accommodation facilities were opened, and Knysna became the new commercial centre of the region. On their way to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), the Thesen family who were travelling from [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway") fancied the little hamlet of Knysna so much that they decided to stay, bringing with them their knowledge of [commerce](/wiki/Commerce "Commerce") and [sailing](/wiki/Sailing "Sailing"). Soon, [timber](/wiki/Timber "Timber") was being exported to the [Cape](/wiki/Cape_Colony "Cape Colony") from the vast areas of forest surrounding Knysna, and a steam [sawmill](/wiki/Sawmill "Sawmill") and small [shipyard](/wiki/Shipyard "Shipyard") were established. Later, these were relocated to Paarden Island, later known as Thesen's Island. ### Millwood Gold Rush [thumb\|alt\=alt text\|left\|Millwood House Museum](/wiki/File:Millwood_House.jpg "Millwood House.jpg") In 1878, an important discovery was made in the area. A [gold](/wiki/Gold "Gold") nugget was found in the Karatara River, near *Ruigtevlei*. Soon fortune hunters from all over the world arrived at the [Millwood Forest](/wiki/Millwood%2C_South_Africa "Millwood, South Africa") in search of gold, and Millwood grew into a bustling town. Millwood was declared a [gold field](/wiki/Gold_mining "Gold mining"), the first in South Africa. However, soon not enough gold was being recovered to sustain a growing town, and the mining industry in the area collapsed. Some miners relocated to Knysna, bringing their little homes with them. One of the houses, known as 'Millwood House', now functions as a [museum](/wiki/Museum "Museum"). ### Amalgamation and timber industry By 1880 over 1000 people had settled in Knysna.{{Cite web \|url\=http://go2knysna.co.za/the\-history\-of\-knysna\-1770\-1899/ \|title\=THE HISTORY OF KNYSNA (1770 – 1899\) \| Go2KnysnaGo2Knysna \|access\-date\=2013\-11\-09 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109164718/http://go2knysna.co.za/the\-history\-of\-knysna\-1770\-1899/ \|archive\-date\=2013\-11\-09 \|url\-status\=dead }} In 1882, the settlements of Newhaven, Melville and the "wedge" of land between the two villages were [amalgamated](/wiki/Amalgamation_%28politics%29 "Amalgamation (politics)") to form the [municipality](/wiki/Municipality "Municipality") of 'The Knysna', named after the [Knysna River](/wiki/Knysna_River "Knysna River"). Knysna's timber industry peaked when [George Parkes](/wiki/George_Parkes "George Parkes") arrived from [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") and saw the opportunity to use the [hardwoods](/wiki/Hardwood "Hardwood") of the [Knysna Forest](/wiki/Knysna_forest "Knysna forest") for export to elsewhere in the country, and even overseas. He established the Knysna Forest Company, later renamed Geo. Parkes and Sons Ltd., which is still trading to this day. ### 2017 Knysna fire On June 7, 2017, fuelled by strong winds from a severe storm \- [the Cape Storm of 2017](/wiki/Cape_Storm_%282017%29 "Cape Storm (2017)")\- coming in from the west, a fire swept through the town and surrounding areas. Killing 9 as a direct result of the fires and another 2 indirectly and displacing around 10,000 people from all walks of life.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/companies/financial\-services/2017\-06\-08\-insurers\-fears\-grow\-after\-vicious\-storm\-and\-fires\-in\-western\-cape/\|title\=Insurers expect claims to rise on Cape storm and fires\|last\=NDLOVU\|first\=RAY\|date\=8 June 2017\|website\=Business Day\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-12}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.news24\.com/SouthAfrica/News/knysnafire\-death\-toll\-rise\-to\-6\-20170610\|title\=\#KnysnaFire: death toll rises\|last\=de Villiers\|first\=James\|date\=11 June 2017\|work\=News24\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-12}} Initially reported as [arson](/wiki/Arson "Arson"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/forensic\-investigator\-believes\-arson\-is\-the\-cause\-of\-knysna\-fires/\|title\=Forensic investigator believes arson is the cause of Knysna fires\|last\=Head\|first\=Tom\|website\=www.thesouthafrican.com\|date\=10 June 2017 \|language\=en\-ZA\|access\-date\=2017\-06\-12}} the cause of the fire was later revealed to have been lightning.{{Cite web \|last\=QUKULA \|first\=QAMA \|title\=Knysna fires sparked was caused by arson, finds expert \|url\=http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/269400/knysna\-fires\-sparked\-by\-lightning\-strike\-not\-arson\-finds\-expert \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621171956/www.capetalk.co.za/articles/269400/knysna\-fires\-sparked\-by\-lightning\-strike\-not\-arson\-finds\-expert \|archive\-date\=2019\-06\-21 \|access\-date\=2019\-06\-21 \|website\=www.capetalk.co.za \|language\=en\-ZA}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Early history", "Forty fossilised hominid footprints, dating to about 90,000 years ago, along with various other archaeological discoveries suggest that humans have lived in Knysna for well over 300,000 years. The first of these were various [San](/wiki/San_people \"San people\") [Hunter\\-gatherer](/wiki/Hunter-gatherer \"Hunter-gatherer\") peoples who inhabited most of [Southern Africa](/wiki/Southern_Africa \"Southern Africa\") in [paleolithic](/wiki/Paleolithic \"Paleolithic\"). The San were gradually displaced and absorbed by south migrating [Khoekhoe](/wiki/Khoekhoe \"Khoekhoe\") peoples.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Earlier Stone Age archaeology in Knysna \\- Knysna Museums\\|url\\=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/early\\-stone\\-age\\-archaeology\\-in\\-knysna/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-17\\|website\\=www.knysnamuseums.co.za\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Knysna's fossil hominin footprints \\- Knysna Museums\\|url\\=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/hominin\\-fossil\\-tracks\\-garden\\-route/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-17\\|website\\=www.knysnamuseums.co.za\\|language\\=en}}", "### Houtunqua (Outeniqua) Khoe", "The indigenous inhabitants of the Knysna area are a southern [Khoekhoe](/wiki/Khoekhoe \"Khoekhoe\") people called the **Houtunqua** or **Outeniqua**. Their name means \"The People Who Bear Honey\".{{Cite web\\|title\\=The Otentottu and their tribes\\|url\\=http://www.georgeherald.com/News/Article/General/the\\-otentottu\\-and\\-their\\-tribes\\-201811140339\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-17\\|website\\=George Herald}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Outeniqua Nature Reserve, Garden Route\\|url\\=https://www.sa\\-venues.com/game\\-reserves/outeniqua.php\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-17\\|website\\=www.sa\\-venues.com}} From the [Khoekhoegowab](/wiki/Khoekhoe_language \"Khoekhoe language\") words {{Lang\\-naq\\|'''/hao'''\\|links\\=\\|lit\\=honey\\|label\\=none}}, {{Lang\\-naq\\|'''tun'(teni)'''\\|links\\=no\\|lit\\=to carry (verb)\\|label\\=none}}, and **khoe** rendered as **qua** meaning *people*.{{Cite web\\|last\\=ujubee\\|title\\=Honeybees and The Great Fire of 1869 extending from Swellendam to Uitenhage\\|url\\=http://ujubee.com/?p\\=1061\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-17\\|website\\=Ujubee\\|language\\=en\\-US}}[250px\\|thumb\\|19th century depiction of Khoekhoe people.](/wiki/File:Hottentotdrawing.jpg \"Hottentotdrawing.jpg\")", "Little is known about Houtunqua society prior to [European contact](/wiki/History_of_colonialism \"History of colonialism\"). What little historical sources exist are not elaborate. It is suspected that at the height of the Houtunqua's society, their territory stretched from the mouth of the [Krom River](/wiki/Krom_River \"Krom River\") in the east, along the [Outeniqua Mountains](/wiki/Outeniqua_Mountains \"Outeniqua Mountains\") which bear their name, up until the mouth of the [Grootbrak River](/wiki/Great_Brak_River_%28river%29 \"Great Brak River (river)\") in the west.{{Cite journal\\|date\\=1952\\|title\\=Jan van Riebeeck and the Hottentots 1652\\-1662\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887531\\|journal\\=The South African Archaeological Bulletin\\|volume\\=7\\|issue\\=25\\|pages\\=7–53\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3887531\\|jstor\\=3887531\\|issn\\=0038\\-1969}}[250px\\|thumb\\|Khoekhoe hunters.](/wiki/File:Bushmen_Hottentots_armed_for_an_expedition.png \"Bushmen Hottentots armed for an expedition.png\")", "The Houtunqua seem to have remained autonomous from the [Inqua (Hamcumqua)](/wiki/Inqua_%28Hamcumqua%29 \"Inqua (Hamcumqua)\") expansion in the north with smaller Khoekhoe tribes like the Gamtobaqua{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Goodwin\\|first\\=A. J. H.\\|date\\=1952\\|title\\=Commentary on 'Jan van Riebeeck and the Hottentots'\\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887454\\|journal\\=The South African Archaeological Bulletin\\|volume\\=7\\|issue\\=26\\|pages\\=86–91\\|doi\\=10\\.2307/3887454\\|jstor\\=3887454\\|issn\\=0038\\-1969}} coming into the fold of the Houtunqua to seek protection from the ever expanding Inqua to the north east. The Houtunqua were connected to trades routes with the [Attaqua](/wiki/Attaqua \"Attaqua\") and [Hessequa](/wiki/Hessequa \"Hessequa\") to the west.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Bicentennial of the Establishment of the Town of George\\|url\\=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/speech/bicentennial\\-establishment\\-town\\-george\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-17\\|website\\=Western Cape Government}}", "Archaeological evidence suggests that the Houtunqua kept livestock and practised [Nomadic Pastoralism](/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism \"Nomadic pastoralism\") but made extensive use of the resources in [mountain forests](/wiki/Knysna%E2%80%93Amatole_montane_forests \"Knysna–Amatole montane forests\"). Excavations in the region have unearthed many caves showing signs of pre\\-colonial occupation.The discovery of [shell middens](/wiki/Midden%23Shells \"Midden#Shells\") at Knoetzie beach confirms the idea that like other Khoekhoe peoples, the Houtuniqua made use of the ocean for its resources.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Pre\\-colonial people of the Knysna forests \\- Knysna Museums\\|url\\=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/knysna\\-forests\\-pre\\-colonial\\-history/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-17\\|website\\=www.knysnamuseums.co.za\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Middle Stone Age archaeology in Knysna \\- Knysna Museums\\|url\\=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/archaeology/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-17\\|website\\=www.knysnamuseums.co.za}}", "Oral tradition among the Houtunqua tells how the Houtunqua held specific superstitions about Europeans and believed them to be \"baleful spirits\". Thus the Houtunqua went out of their way to avoid contact with Europeans. Where other Khoekhoe tribes established formal relations and trade with Europeans, the Houtunqua receded deeper and deeper into the mountain forests.[https://www.sloanemedia.net/fhk/who\\-were\\-the\\-gamtoos%2C\\-chainoqua\\-and\\-hessequa](https://www.sloanemedia.net/fhk/who-were-the-gamtoos%2C-chainoqua-and-hessequa) {{Dead link\\|date\\=February 2022}} As a result the Houtunqua disappeared from the historical record for some time with some Houtunqua eventually assimilating into colonial society of the time. [Chief Dikkop](/wiki/Chief_Dikkop \"Chief Dikkop\"), who died in 1816, was the last recorded Chief of the Houtunqua.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pa.org.za/speech/533608 \\|title \\= View Section: :: People's Assembly}}{{cite web\n\\|url\\=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/dapp001earl01\\_01/dapp001earl01\\_01\\.pdf\\|title\\=The early Cape Hottentots\\|website\\=dbnl.org\\|author\\=Editie I. Schapera\n\\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2023}}", "### European settlement", "[250px\\|thumb\\|The SS Agnar tows an unknown sailing ship into Knysna Harbour in 1910\\.](/wiki/File:Charles_Wilhelm_Thesen04.jpg \"Charles Wilhelm Thesen04.jpg\")\nThe first Europeans arrived in the area in 1760, and the farm *Melkhoutkraal* (literally translating from [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans \"Afrikaans\") as 'milk wood kraal') was established on the eastern shore of the Knysna Lagoon. Stephanus Terblans, the first European farmer to settle in the area, was given a loan permit to farm here in 1770\\.", "Upon moving to Knysna [George Rex](/wiki/George_Rex \"George Rex\"), a British\\-born entrepreneur credited as being the founder of Knysna, acquired the loan rights to Melkhoutkraal in 1804 and later, in 1816, to the farm *Welbedacht*, which he renamed *Eastford*.Knysna Historical Society He gave {{convert\\|80\\|acres\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} of Eastford to the [Colonial Government](/wiki/British_Cape_Colony \"British Cape Colony\"), on which the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") established the township of Melville. Rex's properties were sold when he died in 1839\\.", "In April 1817, the transport brig {{ship\\|\\|Emu\\|1813 ship\\|2}}, belonging to the Cape Town Dockyard, was the first European vessel to enter the Knysna Heads. She struck a rock, now known as Emu Rock, and was holed. Her crew ran *Emu* ashore to prevent her sinking. In late April {{HMS\\|Podargus\\|1808\\|6}} arrived to render assistance.Horsburgh (1826\\), Vol. 1, p.196\\. After surveying the area, *Podargus* sailed safely into the Knysna and retrieved *Emu{{'}}*s cargo.*Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany*, (1818\\), Vol. 6, p.317\\.", "The next major settler in Knysna was Captain Thomas Henry Duthie, who married Caroline, George Rex's daughter, and bought a portion of the Uitzigt farm from his father\\-in\\-law which Rex had named *Belvidere*.Travel Journal of Thomas Henry Duthie, 5 December 1830 The construction of a small [Norman](/wiki/Normans \"Normans\")\\-style church was commissioned by Duthie on his property, and was consecrated in 1855\\. The settlement's population grew slowly, and Englishmen such as Henry Barrington and Lt. Col. John Sutherland, who established the settlement of Newhaven on a portion of purchased land, settled in the area. At the time, Knysna was a [field cornetcy](/wiki/Field_cornet \"Field cornet\") of [Plettenberg Bay](/wiki/Plettenberg_Bay \"Plettenberg Bay\") within the Magisterial Division of [George](/wiki/George%2C_Western_Cape \"George, Western Cape\"). In 1858, Knysna became a separate Magisterial Division, new stores and accommodation facilities were opened, and Knysna became the new commercial centre of the region.", "On their way to [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), the Thesen family who were travelling from [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") fancied the little hamlet of Knysna so much that they decided to stay, bringing with them their knowledge of [commerce](/wiki/Commerce \"Commerce\") and [sailing](/wiki/Sailing \"Sailing\"). Soon, [timber](/wiki/Timber \"Timber\") was being exported to the [Cape](/wiki/Cape_Colony \"Cape Colony\") from the vast areas of forest surrounding Knysna, and a steam [sawmill](/wiki/Sawmill \"Sawmill\") and small [shipyard](/wiki/Shipyard \"Shipyard\") were established. Later, these were relocated to Paarden Island, later known as Thesen's Island.", "### Millwood Gold Rush", "[thumb\\|alt\\=alt text\\|left\\|Millwood House Museum](/wiki/File:Millwood_House.jpg \"Millwood House.jpg\")", "In 1878, an important discovery was made in the area. A [gold](/wiki/Gold \"Gold\") nugget was found in the Karatara River, near *Ruigtevlei*. Soon fortune hunters from all over the world arrived at the [Millwood Forest](/wiki/Millwood%2C_South_Africa \"Millwood, South Africa\") in search of gold, and Millwood grew into a bustling town. Millwood was declared a [gold field](/wiki/Gold_mining \"Gold mining\"), the first in South Africa. However, soon not enough gold was being recovered to sustain a growing town, and the mining industry in the area collapsed. Some miners relocated to Knysna, bringing their little homes with them. One of the houses, known as 'Millwood House', now functions as a [museum](/wiki/Museum \"Museum\").", "### Amalgamation and timber industry", "By 1880 over 1000 people had settled in Knysna.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://go2knysna.co.za/the\\-history\\-of\\-knysna\\-1770\\-1899/ \\|title\\=THE HISTORY OF KNYSNA (1770 – 1899\\) \\| Go2KnysnaGo2Knysna \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-09 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109164718/http://go2knysna.co.za/the\\-history\\-of\\-knysna\\-1770\\-1899/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In 1882, the settlements of Newhaven, Melville and the \"wedge\" of land between the two villages were [amalgamated](/wiki/Amalgamation_%28politics%29 \"Amalgamation (politics)\") to form the [municipality](/wiki/Municipality \"Municipality\") of 'The Knysna', named after the [Knysna River](/wiki/Knysna_River \"Knysna River\").", "Knysna's timber industry peaked when [George Parkes](/wiki/George_Parkes \"George Parkes\") arrived from [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") and saw the opportunity to use the [hardwoods](/wiki/Hardwood \"Hardwood\") of the [Knysna Forest](/wiki/Knysna_forest \"Knysna forest\") for export to elsewhere in the country, and even overseas. He established the Knysna Forest Company, later renamed Geo. Parkes and Sons Ltd., which is still trading to this day.", "### 2017 Knysna fire", "On June 7, 2017, fuelled by strong winds from a severe storm \\- [the Cape Storm of 2017](/wiki/Cape_Storm_%282017%29 \"Cape Storm (2017)\")\\- coming in from the west, a fire swept through the town and surrounding areas. Killing 9 as a direct result of the fires and another 2 indirectly and displacing around 10,000 people from all walks of life.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/companies/financial\\-services/2017\\-06\\-08\\-insurers\\-fears\\-grow\\-after\\-vicious\\-storm\\-and\\-fires\\-in\\-western\\-cape/\\|title\\=Insurers expect claims to rise on Cape storm and fires\\|last\\=NDLOVU\\|first\\=RAY\\|date\\=8 June 2017\\|website\\=Business Day\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-12}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.news24\\.com/SouthAfrica/News/knysnafire\\-death\\-toll\\-rise\\-to\\-6\\-20170610\\|title\\=\\#KnysnaFire: death toll rises\\|last\\=de Villiers\\|first\\=James\\|date\\=11 June 2017\\|work\\=News24\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-12}} Initially reported as [arson](/wiki/Arson \"Arson\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/forensic\\-investigator\\-believes\\-arson\\-is\\-the\\-cause\\-of\\-knysna\\-fires/\\|title\\=Forensic investigator believes arson is the cause of Knysna fires\\|last\\=Head\\|first\\=Tom\\|website\\=www.thesouthafrican.com\\|date\\=10 June 2017 \\|language\\=en\\-ZA\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-12}} the cause of the fire was later revealed to have been lightning.{{Cite web \\|last\\=QUKULA \\|first\\=QAMA \\|title\\=Knysna fires sparked was caused by arson, finds expert \\|url\\=http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/269400/knysna\\-fires\\-sparked\\-by\\-lightning\\-strike\\-not\\-arson\\-finds\\-expert \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621171956/www.capetalk.co.za/articles/269400/knysna\\-fires\\-sparked\\-by\\-lightning\\-strike\\-not\\-arson\\-finds\\-expert \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-21 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-21 \\|website\\=www.capetalk.co.za \\|language\\=en\\-ZA}}", "" ]
Historical context ------------------ Many families and institutions throughout Brazil are entitled to laudemium. Any landowner who, instead of selling their land or renting it out, gives it away by means of an emphyteusis, may be entitled to laudemium. It is also very common for organisations of the [Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil "Catholic Church in Brazil") to have emphyteuses, as they were large landowners and, in order to develop them, created various emphyteuses. Examples of institutions that receive emphyteusis are the Hospital dos Lázaros, the Convent of Santa Teresa, the [Municipality of Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), and the [State of Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_%28state%29 "Rio de Janeiro (state)"), among others.{{cite web\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-19\|date\=2022\-02\-18\|language\=pt\-BR\|title\=Laudêmio: entenda o que é a "taxa do príncipe" cobrada em Petrópolis\|url\=https://www.metropoles.com/historia\-em\-fotos/laudemio\-entenda\-o\-que\-e\-a\-taxa\-do\-principe\-cobrada\-em\-petropolis\|website\=Metrópoles}} The descendants of the imperial family, who receive the rent and laudemium on parts of Petrópolis, receive this at their own expense. During the imperial period, the imperial family bought a farm, with their own money, called "Fazenda Córrego Seco". [Emperor Pedro I](/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil "Pedro I of Brazil"), then [Emperor of Brazil](/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil "List of monarchs of Brazil"), tried to buy a farm called "Padre Correia", but his heirs wouldn't agree to sell it to him. He ended up buying a neighbouring farm, Córrego Seco, which at the time belonged to Sergeant Major José Vieira Afonso. He bought the property for twenty contos de réis, a price considered too high for the real value of the farm. The deed for the purchase of the property by the then emperor was signed in 1830\. The monarch \- who after becoming emperor in Brazil was acclaimed [King in Portugal](/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs "List of Portuguese monarchs") \- also bought other properties in the surrounding area, in Alto da Serra, Quitandinha and Retiro, expanding the area of his farm. Later, his son, Emperor Pedro II, instead of parceling out the farm and selling it in lots, decided to set up enfiteuses with the aim of developing the town. As well as founding a town, he also invested in the locality. On 16 March 1843, Pedro II, who was eighteen years old and newly married to [Empress Teresa Cristina](/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies"), signed the document that leased the lands of the Córrego Seco farm to Major Koeler for the foundation of what he called the "Povoação\-Palácio de Petrópolis", in which he established the collection of emphyteusis from the settlers living in the region, among other things. The emphyteusis generates much less immediate money than selling or renting, but its advantage is that it lasts forever. Although it generates tiny amounts of rent, it generates the 2\.5 per cent of each sale. And with an advantage: it helps to develop the city, and even to increase the value of the surrounding area, as deals go through. The imperial family lost access to and use of the Brazilian state's possessions with the Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil on 15 November 1889, but managed to regain rights to part of their private property. The property of Fazenda Córrego Seco \- now part of Petrópolis \- belonged absolutely and demonstrably to the family, and was not part of the assets of the Brazilian state. For this reason, the descendants of the Brazilian imperial family were able to recover the rights to the emphyteusis, which is only a right over private property, i.e. it is valid regardless of who owns it. The Vassouras Branch of the Brazilian imperial family no longer has a stake in the issue of land rents and lauds, since Pedro Henrique de Orleans e Bragança sold his share to his relatives from the Petrópolis Branch, who run and manage the Petrópolis Real Estate Company. In 2022 number of bills were tabled before the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Brazil%29 "Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)") proposing the extinction of *laudêmio* in the municipality of Petrópolis.{{Cite web \|last\=Brasília \|first\=O. TEMPO \|date\=2022\-02\-19 \|title\=Deputados propõem acabar com laudêmio, o imposto do príncipe {{!}} O TEMPO \|url\=https://www.otempo.com.br/politica/congresso/deputados\-propoem\-acabar\-com\-laudemio\-o\-imposto\-do\-principe\-1\.2616705 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-28 \|website\=www.otempo.com.br \|language\=pt\-BR}}{{Cite web \|title\=Com 'taxa do príncipe', Petrópolis privilegia regime extinto há tempos \|url\=https://noticias.uol.com.br/opiniao/coluna/2015/08/18/com\-taxa\-do\-principe\-petropolis\-privilegia\-regime\-extinto\-ha\-tempos.htm \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-28 \|website\=noticias.uol.com.br \|language\=pt\-br}} However, as of 2023 this tax was still in force.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-10\-16 \|title\=Imposto arcaico obriga brasileiros a sustentar a família real portuguesa \|url\=https://oglobo.globo.com/opiniao/editorial/coluna/2023/10/imposto\-arcaico\-obriga\-brasileiros\-a\-sustentar\-a\-familia\-real\-portuguesa.ghtml \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-28 \|website\=O Globo \|language\=pt\-br}}
[ "Historical context\n------------------", "Many families and institutions throughout Brazil are entitled to laudemium. Any landowner who, instead of selling their land or renting it out, gives it away by means of an emphyteusis, may be entitled to laudemium. It is also very common for organisations of the [Roman Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil \"Catholic Church in Brazil\") to have emphyteuses, as they were large landowners and, in order to develop them, created various emphyteuses. Examples of institutions that receive emphyteusis are the Hospital dos Lázaros, the Convent of Santa Teresa, the [Municipality of Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"), and the [State of Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_%28state%29 \"Rio de Janeiro (state)\"), among others.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-19\\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-18\\|language\\=pt\\-BR\\|title\\=Laudêmio: entenda o que é a \"taxa do príncipe\" cobrada em Petrópolis\\|url\\=https://www.metropoles.com/historia\\-em\\-fotos/laudemio\\-entenda\\-o\\-que\\-e\\-a\\-taxa\\-do\\-principe\\-cobrada\\-em\\-petropolis\\|website\\=Metrópoles}}", "The descendants of the imperial family, who receive the rent and laudemium on parts of Petrópolis, receive this at their own expense. During the imperial period, the imperial family bought a farm, with their own money, called \"Fazenda Córrego Seco\". [Emperor Pedro I](/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil \"Pedro I of Brazil\"), then [Emperor of Brazil](/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil \"List of monarchs of Brazil\"), tried to buy a farm called \"Padre Correia\", but his heirs wouldn't agree to sell it to him. He ended up buying a neighbouring farm, Córrego Seco, which at the time belonged to Sergeant Major José Vieira Afonso. He bought the property for twenty contos de réis, a price considered too high for the real value of the farm. The deed for the purchase of the property by the then emperor was signed in 1830\\. The monarch \\- who after becoming emperor in Brazil was acclaimed [King in Portugal](/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs \"List of Portuguese monarchs\") \\- also bought other properties in the surrounding area, in Alto da Serra, Quitandinha and Retiro, expanding the area of his farm.", "Later, his son, Emperor Pedro II, instead of parceling out the farm and selling it in lots, decided to set up enfiteuses with the aim of developing the town. As well as founding a town, he also invested in the locality.", "On 16 March 1843, Pedro II, who was eighteen years old and newly married to [Empress Teresa Cristina](/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies\"), signed the document that leased the lands of the Córrego Seco farm to Major Koeler for the foundation of what he called the \"Povoação\\-Palácio de Petrópolis\", in which he established the collection of emphyteusis from the settlers living in the region, among other things.", "The emphyteusis generates much less immediate money than selling or renting, but its advantage is that it lasts forever. Although it generates tiny amounts of rent, it generates the 2\\.5 per cent of each sale. And with an advantage: it helps to develop the city, and even to increase the value of the surrounding area, as deals go through.", "The imperial family lost access to and use of the Brazilian state's possessions with the Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil on 15 November 1889, but managed to regain rights to part of their private property. The property of Fazenda Córrego Seco \\- now part of Petrópolis \\- belonged absolutely and demonstrably to the family, and was not part of the assets of the Brazilian state. For this reason, the descendants of the Brazilian imperial family were able to recover the rights to the emphyteusis, which is only a right over private property, i.e. it is valid regardless of who owns it.", "The Vassouras Branch of the Brazilian imperial family no longer has a stake in the issue of land rents and lauds, since Pedro Henrique de Orleans e Bragança sold his share to his relatives from the Petrópolis Branch, who run and manage the Petrópolis Real Estate Company.", "In 2022 number of bills were tabled before the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Brazil%29 \"Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)\") proposing the extinction of *laudêmio* in the municipality of Petrópolis.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Brasília \\|first\\=O. TEMPO \\|date\\=2022\\-02\\-19 \\|title\\=Deputados propõem acabar com laudêmio, o imposto do príncipe {{!}} O TEMPO \\|url\\=https://www.otempo.com.br/politica/congresso/deputados\\-propoem\\-acabar\\-com\\-laudemio\\-o\\-imposto\\-do\\-principe\\-1\\.2616705 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-28 \\|website\\=www.otempo.com.br \\|language\\=pt\\-BR}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Com 'taxa do príncipe', Petrópolis privilegia regime extinto há tempos \\|url\\=https://noticias.uol.com.br/opiniao/coluna/2015/08/18/com\\-taxa\\-do\\-principe\\-petropolis\\-privilegia\\-regime\\-extinto\\-ha\\-tempos.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-28 \\|website\\=noticias.uol.com.br \\|language\\=pt\\-br}} However, as of 2023 this tax was still in force.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-16 \\|title\\=Imposto arcaico obriga brasileiros a sustentar a família real portuguesa \\|url\\=https://oglobo.globo.com/opiniao/editorial/coluna/2023/10/imposto\\-arcaico\\-obriga\\-brasileiros\\-a\\-sustentar\\-a\\-familia\\-real\\-portuguesa.ghtml \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-28 \\|website\\=O Globo \\|language\\=pt\\-br}}", "" ]
Life and career --------------- ### Early club career Born on 31 October 1920, Walter was exposed to football early with his parents, Ludwig (1893–1973\) and Dorothea Walter ([née](/wiki/Birth_name "Birth name") Kieburg; 1896–1978\), working at the [1\. FC Kaiserslautern](/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern "1. FC Kaiserslautern") club restaurant.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.initiative\-fritz\-walter\-museum.de/erinnerungen/2021/007\-dorothea\-walter/\|title\=Die Mutter der Weltmeister—Zum 125\. Geburtstag von Dorothea Walter\|date\=7 February 2021\|publisher\=Fritz Walter Museum\|access\-date\=23 December 2023}} By 1928 he had joined the Kaiserslautern youth academy, and he made his first team debut at 17, continuing an association with the club that would be his only professional club.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/organisation/history/obituaries/newsid\=26646\.html\|title\=Tributes for the 'Hero of Berne'\|date\=18 June 2002\|publisher\=UEFA\|access\-date\=5 July 2010}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player\=44747/index.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228024644/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player\=44747/index.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=28 February 2008\|title\=Fritz WALTER – Germany's post\-war hero\|work\=FIFA Classic Player\|publisher\=FIFA\|access\-date\=5 July 2010}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.conti\-online.com/generator/www/uk/en/contisoccerworld/themes/02\_fanzone/04\_stars/1954\-walter\-en.html\|title\=FIFA World Cup Star 1954: Fritz Walter\|work\=ContiSoccerWorld\|publisher\=Continental\|access\-date\=5 July 2010}} International pro teams had repeatedly offered him hefty sums, but with support from his wife always declined in order to stay at home, to play for his home town, the national team and "Chef" (German for "boss") Herberger. ### International debut Walter debuted with the Germany national team in 1940 under [Sepp Herberger](/wiki/Sepp_Herberger "Sepp Herberger"), and scored a [hat\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick%23Association_football "Hat-trick#Association football") against [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_football_team "Romania national football team"). ### War Walter was drafted into the armed forces in 1942\. However, the end of the war found 24\-year\-old Walter in a [Prisoner of War](/wiki/Prisoner_of_War "Prisoner of War") camp in [Maramures](/wiki/Maramures "Maramures") in which he played with Hungarian and Slovakian guards. When the Soviets arrived they generally took all German prisoners back to [Gulags](/wiki/Gulag "Gulag") in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). One of the Hungarian prison guards had seen Walter playing for Germany, and told them that Fritz was not German but from the [Saar Protectorate](/wiki/Saar_Protectorate "Saar Protectorate").{{cite web\|title\=Fritz Walter – A Footballing Grandmaster : "I was there in 1942\. I have seen you play against us. Hungary lost 3–5"\|url\=http://www.goaldentimes.org/fritz\-walter\-%E2%80%93\-a\-footballing\-grandmaster/\|website\=goaldentimes.org\|access\-date\=2 February 2015\|archive\-date\=10 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210075903/http://www.goaldentimes.org/fritz\-walter\-%E2%80%93\-a\-footballing\-grandmaster/\|url\-status\=dead}} Walter would later call the match in question as the most important of his life as it spared him and his brother from a gulag sentence. ### Return to Germany Upon his return in 1945, Walter, who by now suffered from [malaria](/wiki/Malaria "Malaria"), again played for Kaiserslautern,{{Cite web \| url \= https://www.rsssf.org/players/fwalterdata.html \| title \= Fritz Walter – Matches and Goals in Oberliga \| first \= Matthias \| last \= Arnhold \| date \= 14 January 2016 \| access\-date \= 21 January 2016 \| publisher \= Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}} leading them to German championships in 1951 and 1953\. Walter coached [VfR Kaiserslautern](/wiki/VfR_Kaiserslautern "VfR Kaiserslautern") during the 1948–49 season and helped them win the 1948–49 Westpfälzischen Amateurliga. [Sepp Herberger](/wiki/Sepp_Herberger "Sepp Herberger") recalled Walter to the national team in 1951, and he was named captain. He was captain of the [West German](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany") team that won their first [World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup "FIFA World Cup") in [1954](/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup "1954 FIFA World Cup"), beating Hungary. He and his brother, [Ottmar Walter](/wiki/Ottmar_Walter "Ottmar Walter"), became the first brothers to play in a World Cup winning team. In 1956, after the crackdown by the Soviets of the [Hungarian Uprising](/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 "Hungarian Revolution of 1956"), the Hungarian football team were caught away from home, and for two years, Fritz managed their games and provided the financial backing and in small measure, paid them back for having saved him from deportation to the Soviet Union. Walter received his last cap{{Cite web \| url \= https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fwalter\-intlg.html \| title \= Fritz Walter – Goals in International Matches \| first \= Karel \| last \= Stokkermans \| date \= 14 January 2016 \| access\-date \= 21 January 2016 \| publisher \= Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}} during the semi\-final against [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_football_team "Sweden men's national football team") in the [1958 World Cup](/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup "1958 FIFA World Cup"), suffering an injury which ended his international career, and he retired from football in 1959\. ### Later life and legacy [thumb\|right\|Memorial for the [1\. FC Kaiserslautern](/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern "1. FC Kaiserslautern") players in the [1954 FIFA World Cup Final](/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup_Final "1954 FIFA World Cup Final"). From left to right: [Werner Liebrich](/wiki/Werner_Liebrich "Werner Liebrich"), Walter, [Werner Kohlmeyer](/wiki/Werner_Kohlmeyer "Werner Kohlmeyer"), [Horst Eckel](/wiki/Horst_Eckel "Horst Eckel") and [Ottmar Walter](/wiki/Ottmar_Walter "Ottmar Walter").](/wiki/Image:DielautrerheldenvonBern.JPG "DielautrerheldenvonBern.JPG") The home stadium of 1\. FC Kaiserslautern was renamed the [Fritz\-Walter\-Stadion](/wiki/Fritz-Walter-Stadion "Fritz-Walter-Stadion") in 1985\. Fritz Walter was named an honorary captain of the German football squad in 1958\.The [DFB](/wiki/German_Football_Association "German Football Association") [Fritz Walter: Das Idol vom Betzenberg](https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=12351). The other five are [Uwe Seeler](/wiki/Uwe_Seeler "Uwe Seeler"), [Franz Beckenbauer](/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer "Franz Beckenbauer"), [Lothar Matthäus](/wiki/Lothar_Matth%C3%A4us "Lothar Matthäus"), [Bettina Wiegmann](/wiki/Bettina_Wiegmann "Bettina Wiegmann") and [Jürgen Klinsmann](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Klinsmann "Jürgen Klinsmann"). Walter died in [Enkenbach\-Alsenborn](/wiki/Enkenbach-Alsenborn "Enkenbach-Alsenborn") on 17 June 2002, aged 81\.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/team\_pages/germany/newsid\_2050000/2050347\.stm\|title\=World Cup hero Walter dies\|date\=17 June 2002\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=5 July 2010}} It was his dream to see the [World Cup 2006](/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup "2006 FIFA World Cup") in "his" town Kaiserslautern as the town had not been selected in the smaller tournament of 1974, but it was denied with his death. But on the fourth anniversary of his death on 17 June 2006, the [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team "United States men's national soccer team") played [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team "Italy national football team") in Kaiserslautern and a minute of silence was observed in his memory. Today people may visit the "Fritz Walter Haus" in the town of [Enkenbach\-Alsenborn](/wiki/Enkenbach-Alsenborn "Enkenbach-Alsenborn") approx. 20 km east of Kaiserslautern (first exit from Kaiserslautern on [Bundesautobahn 6](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6 "Bundesautobahn 6") direction Mannheim).{{cite news\|url\=http://www.boston.com/sports/soccer/articles/2006/06/20/immortal\_beloved/\|title\=Immortal, beloved German icon still a presence\|last\=Dell'Apa\|first\=Frank\|date\=20 June 2006\|work\=The Boston Globe\|access\-date\=5 July 2010}} In November 2003, to celebrate [UEFA](/wiki/UEFA "UEFA")'s 50th anniversary, the [German Football Association](/wiki/German_Football_Association "German Football Association") (DFB) selected him as its [Golden Player](/wiki/UEFA_Jubilee_Awards "UEFA Jubilee Awards") of the past 50 years (from 1954 to 2003\).{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind\=256/newsId\=130150\.html \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=10 August 2006 \|archive\-date\=12 March 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312053707/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind\=256/newsId\=130150\.html \|url\-status\=dead }} During the eighties and nineties, there was another successful [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga "Bundesliga") striker called "[Fritz Walter](/wiki/Fritz_Walter_%28footballer%2C_1960%29 "Fritz Walter (footballer, 1960)")", who mainly played for [VfB Stuttgart](/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart "VfB Stuttgart"). Although he had no relationship to the great Kaiserslautern captain, sports fans jokingly called him "Fritz Walter junior". In 2005, the *[Fritz Walter Medal](/wiki/Fritz_Walter_Medal "Fritz Walter Medal")*, a series of annual awards which were established in his honour, and which are given by the [German Football Association](/wiki/German_Football_Association "German Football Association") to youth footballers in Germany, was first awarded.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id\=511739\&tx\_dfbnews\_pi1\[showUid]\=1784 \|title\=DFB verleiht Fritz\-Walter\-Medaille an Nachwuchsspieler\|trans\-title\=DFB to award Fritz\-Walter\-Medal to youth players\|publisher\=\[\[German Football Association]]\|language\=de\|date\=9 February 2004\|access\-date\=20 September 2012}}
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "### Early club career", "Born on 31 October 1920, Walter was exposed to football early with his parents, Ludwig (1893–1973\\) and Dorothea Walter ([née](/wiki/Birth_name \"Birth name\") Kieburg; 1896–1978\\), working at the [1\\. FC Kaiserslautern](/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern \"1. FC Kaiserslautern\") club restaurant.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.initiative\\-fritz\\-walter\\-museum.de/erinnerungen/2021/007\\-dorothea\\-walter/\\|title\\=Die Mutter der Weltmeister—Zum 125\\. Geburtstag von Dorothea Walter\\|date\\=7 February 2021\\|publisher\\=Fritz Walter Museum\\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2023}} By 1928 he had joined the Kaiserslautern youth academy, and he made his first team debut at 17, continuing an association with the club that would be his only professional club.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/organisation/history/obituaries/newsid\\=26646\\.html\\|title\\=Tributes for the 'Hero of Berne'\\|date\\=18 June 2002\\|publisher\\=UEFA\\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2010}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player\\=44747/index.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228024644/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player\\=44747/index.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2008\\|title\\=Fritz WALTER – Germany's post\\-war hero\\|work\\=FIFA Classic Player\\|publisher\\=FIFA\\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2010}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.conti\\-online.com/generator/www/uk/en/contisoccerworld/themes/02\\_fanzone/04\\_stars/1954\\-walter\\-en.html\\|title\\=FIFA World Cup Star 1954: Fritz Walter\\|work\\=ContiSoccerWorld\\|publisher\\=Continental\\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2010}}", "International pro teams had repeatedly offered him hefty sums, but with support from his wife always declined in order to stay at home, to play for his home town, the national team and \"Chef\" (German for \"boss\") Herberger.", "### International debut", "Walter debuted with the Germany national team in 1940 under [Sepp Herberger](/wiki/Sepp_Herberger \"Sepp Herberger\"), and scored a [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick%23Association_football \"Hat-trick#Association football\") against [Romania](/wiki/Romania_national_football_team \"Romania national football team\").", "### War", "Walter was drafted into the armed forces in 1942\\. However, the end of the war found 24\\-year\\-old Walter in a [Prisoner of War](/wiki/Prisoner_of_War \"Prisoner of War\") camp in [Maramures](/wiki/Maramures \"Maramures\") in which he played with Hungarian and Slovakian guards. When the Soviets arrived they generally took all German prisoners back to [Gulags](/wiki/Gulag \"Gulag\") in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"). One of the Hungarian prison guards had seen Walter playing for Germany, and told them that Fritz was not German but from the [Saar Protectorate](/wiki/Saar_Protectorate \"Saar Protectorate\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Fritz Walter – A Footballing Grandmaster : \"I was there in 1942\\. I have seen you play against us. Hungary lost 3–5\"\\|url\\=http://www.goaldentimes.org/fritz\\-walter\\-%E2%80%93\\-a\\-footballing\\-grandmaster/\\|website\\=goaldentimes.org\\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210075903/http://www.goaldentimes.org/fritz\\-walter\\-%E2%80%93\\-a\\-footballing\\-grandmaster/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Walter would later call the match in question as the most important of his life as it spared him and his brother from a gulag sentence.", "### Return to Germany", "Upon his return in 1945, Walter, who by now suffered from [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\"), again played for Kaiserslautern,{{Cite web \\| url \\= https://www.rsssf.org/players/fwalterdata.html \\| title \\= Fritz Walter – Matches and Goals in Oberliga \\| first \\= Matthias \\| last \\= Arnhold \\| date \\= 14 January 2016 \\| access\\-date \\= 21 January 2016 \\| publisher \\= Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}} leading them to German championships in 1951 and 1953\\. Walter coached [VfR Kaiserslautern](/wiki/VfR_Kaiserslautern \"VfR Kaiserslautern\") during the 1948–49 season and helped them win the 1948–49 Westpfälzischen Amateurliga. [Sepp Herberger](/wiki/Sepp_Herberger \"Sepp Herberger\") recalled Walter to the national team in 1951, and he was named captain.", "He was captain of the [West German](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") team that won their first [World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup \"FIFA World Cup\") in [1954](/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup \"1954 FIFA World Cup\"), beating Hungary. He and his brother, [Ottmar Walter](/wiki/Ottmar_Walter \"Ottmar Walter\"), became the first brothers to play in a World Cup winning team.", "In 1956, after the crackdown by the Soviets of the [Hungarian Uprising](/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 \"Hungarian Revolution of 1956\"), the Hungarian football team were caught away from home, and for two years, Fritz managed their games and provided the financial backing and in small measure, paid them back for having saved him from deportation to the Soviet Union. Walter received his last cap{{Cite web \\| url \\= https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fwalter\\-intlg.html \\| title \\= Fritz Walter – Goals in International Matches \\| first \\= Karel \\| last \\= Stokkermans \\| date \\= 14 January 2016 \\| access\\-date \\= 21 January 2016 \\| publisher \\= Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}} during the semi\\-final against [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_football_team \"Sweden men's national football team\") in the [1958 World Cup](/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup \"1958 FIFA World Cup\"), suffering an injury which ended his international career, and he retired from football in 1959\\.", "### Later life and legacy", "[thumb\\|right\\|Memorial for the [1\\. FC Kaiserslautern](/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern \"1. FC Kaiserslautern\") players in the [1954 FIFA World Cup Final](/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup_Final \"1954 FIFA World Cup Final\"). From left to right: [Werner Liebrich](/wiki/Werner_Liebrich \"Werner Liebrich\"), Walter, [Werner Kohlmeyer](/wiki/Werner_Kohlmeyer \"Werner Kohlmeyer\"), [Horst Eckel](/wiki/Horst_Eckel \"Horst Eckel\") and [Ottmar Walter](/wiki/Ottmar_Walter \"Ottmar Walter\").](/wiki/Image:DielautrerheldenvonBern.JPG \"DielautrerheldenvonBern.JPG\")\nThe home stadium of 1\\. FC Kaiserslautern was renamed the [Fritz\\-Walter\\-Stadion](/wiki/Fritz-Walter-Stadion \"Fritz-Walter-Stadion\") in 1985\\.", "Fritz Walter was named an honorary captain of the German football squad in 1958\\.The [DFB](/wiki/German_Football_Association \"German Football Association\") [Fritz Walter: Das Idol vom Betzenberg](https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=12351). The other five are [Uwe Seeler](/wiki/Uwe_Seeler \"Uwe Seeler\"), [Franz Beckenbauer](/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer \"Franz Beckenbauer\"), [Lothar Matthäus](/wiki/Lothar_Matth%C3%A4us \"Lothar Matthäus\"), [Bettina Wiegmann](/wiki/Bettina_Wiegmann \"Bettina Wiegmann\") and [Jürgen Klinsmann](/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Klinsmann \"Jürgen Klinsmann\").", "Walter died in [Enkenbach\\-Alsenborn](/wiki/Enkenbach-Alsenborn \"Enkenbach-Alsenborn\") on 17 June 2002, aged 81\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/team\\_pages/germany/newsid\\_2050000/2050347\\.stm\\|title\\=World Cup hero Walter dies\\|date\\=17 June 2002\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2010}} It was his dream to see the [World Cup 2006](/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup \"2006 FIFA World Cup\") in \"his\" town Kaiserslautern as the town had not been selected in the smaller tournament of 1974, but it was denied with his death. But on the fourth anniversary of his death on 17 June 2006, the [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team \"United States men's national soccer team\") played [Italy](/wiki/Italy_national_football_team \"Italy national football team\") in Kaiserslautern and a minute of silence was observed in his memory. Today people may visit the \"Fritz Walter Haus\" in the town of [Enkenbach\\-Alsenborn](/wiki/Enkenbach-Alsenborn \"Enkenbach-Alsenborn\") approx. 20 km east of Kaiserslautern (first exit from Kaiserslautern on [Bundesautobahn 6](/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6 \"Bundesautobahn 6\") direction Mannheim).{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/sports/soccer/articles/2006/06/20/immortal\\_beloved/\\|title\\=Immortal, beloved German icon still a presence\\|last\\=Dell'Apa\\|first\\=Frank\\|date\\=20 June 2006\\|work\\=The Boston Globe\\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2010}}", "In November 2003, to celebrate [UEFA](/wiki/UEFA \"UEFA\")'s 50th anniversary, the [German Football Association](/wiki/German_Football_Association \"German Football Association\") (DFB) selected him as its [Golden Player](/wiki/UEFA_Jubilee_Awards \"UEFA Jubilee Awards\") of the past 50 years (from 1954 to 2003\\).{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind\\=256/newsId\\=130150\\.html \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2006 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312053707/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind\\=256/newsId\\=130150\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "During the eighties and nineties, there was another successful [Bundesliga](/wiki/Bundesliga \"Bundesliga\") striker called \"[Fritz Walter](/wiki/Fritz_Walter_%28footballer%2C_1960%29 \"Fritz Walter (footballer, 1960)\")\", who mainly played for [VfB Stuttgart](/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart \"VfB Stuttgart\"). Although he had no relationship to the great Kaiserslautern captain, sports fans jokingly called him \"Fritz Walter junior\".", "In 2005, the *[Fritz Walter Medal](/wiki/Fritz_Walter_Medal \"Fritz Walter Medal\")*, a series of annual awards which were established in his honour, and which are given by the [German Football Association](/wiki/German_Football_Association \"German Football Association\") to youth footballers in Germany, was first awarded.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id\\=511739\\&tx\\_dfbnews\\_pi1\\[showUid]\\=1784 \\|title\\=DFB verleiht Fritz\\-Walter\\-Medaille an Nachwuchsspieler\\|trans\\-title\\=DFB to award Fritz\\-Walter\\-Medal to youth players\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[German Football Association]]\\|language\\=de\\|date\\=9 February 2004\\|access\\-date\\=20 September 2012}}", "" ]
History ------- Maclellan, like his father [Lord Kirkcudbright](/wiki/Thomas_Maclellan%2C_2nd_Lord_Kirkcudbright "Thomas Maclellan, 2nd Lord Kirkcudbright") (whose titles he inherited in 1647\), was an ardent Covenanter; he raised levies for the king which he used in the raid on [Whigamore](/wiki/Whiggamore_Raid "Whiggamore Raid") in 1648\. A zealous Royalist, John Maclellan insisted his vassals take up arms in the cause of the King, during the course of which from 1640 the villages of Dunrod and Galtway were much depleted. Lord Kirkcudbright, along with Major General [James Holburn](/wiki/James_Holborne_of_Menstrie "James Holborne of Menstrie"), was appointed as a deputation from the [Committee of Estates](/wiki/Committee_of_Estates "Committee of Estates") to meet with [Oliver Cromwell](/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell "Oliver Cromwell") at Seaton and accompany him to [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"). Lord Kirkcudbright's regiment, which had been sent to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"), was on 6 December attacked by the English Parliamentary forces, nearly being cut to pieces. The lands to which this Lord Kirkcudbright succeeded were extensive, but his loyalty in raising and furnishing forces during the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War"), for which he, like so many other royalists, received no remuneration, impoverished his estate.
[ "History\n-------", "Maclellan, like his father [Lord Kirkcudbright](/wiki/Thomas_Maclellan%2C_2nd_Lord_Kirkcudbright \"Thomas Maclellan, 2nd Lord Kirkcudbright\") (whose titles he inherited in 1647\\), was an ardent Covenanter; he raised levies for the king which he used in the raid on [Whigamore](/wiki/Whiggamore_Raid \"Whiggamore Raid\") in 1648\\.", "A zealous Royalist, John Maclellan insisted his vassals take up arms in the cause of the King, during the course of which from 1640 the villages of Dunrod and Galtway were much depleted.", "Lord Kirkcudbright, along with Major General [James Holburn](/wiki/James_Holborne_of_Menstrie \"James Holborne of Menstrie\"), was appointed as a deputation from the [Committee of Estates](/wiki/Committee_of_Estates \"Committee of Estates\") to meet with [Oliver Cromwell](/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell \"Oliver Cromwell\") at Seaton and accompany him to [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\").", "Lord Kirkcudbright's regiment, which had been sent to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), was on 6 December attacked by the English Parliamentary forces, nearly being cut to pieces.", "The lands to which this Lord Kirkcudbright succeeded were extensive, but his loyalty in raising and furnishing forces during the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\"), for which he, like so many other royalists, received no remuneration, impoverished his estate.", "" ]
History ------- ### Origins [thumb\|A dacha near [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"), 1917](/wiki/File:1917_Datcha_pr%C3%A8s_de_Moscou.jpg "1917 Datcha près de Moscou.jpg") [thumb\|An old dacha near Saint Petersburg](/wiki/File:Magic_Sankt_Petersburg_-_it%27s_Datscha_Land_3.jpg "Magic Sankt Petersburg - it's Datscha Land 3.jpg") The first dachas in Russia began to appear during the 17th century, initially referring to small estates in the country that were given to loyal vassals by the [tsar](/wiki/Tsar "Tsar").{{cite book\|last\=Lovell\|first\=Stephen\|title\=Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710\-2000\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wr75LM7kD3AC\|publisher\=Cornell University Press\|year\=2003\|isbn\=0801440718\|access\-date\=25 November 2015\|archive\-date\=30 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230154654/https://books.google.com/books?id\=wr75LM7kD3AC\|url\-status\=live}} In archaic Russian, the word *dacha* means *something given*, from the verb "дать" \[dat'] – "to give". During the [Age of Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment"), Russian aristocracy used their dachas for social and cultural gatherings, which were usually accompanied by [masquerade balls](/wiki/Masquerade_ball "Masquerade ball") and [firework](/wiki/Firework "Firework") displays. The coming of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution") to Russia brought about a rapid growth in the urban population, and wealthy urban residents increasingly desired to escape the heavily polluted cities, at least temporarily. By the end of the 19th century, the dacha became a favorite summer retreat for the upper and middle classes of Russian society.{{cite book\|title\= Pop Culture Russia!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle\|first\= Birgit\|last\= Beumers\|pages\= 349–350\|url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=Hix8AyteLN8C\&pg\=PA350\|year\= 2005\|publisher\= ABC\-CLIO\|isbn\= 1851094598\|access\-date\= 25 November 2015\|archive\-date\= 30 December 2023\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20231230154706/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Hix8AyteLN8C\&pg\=PA350\|url\-status\= live}} In the tsarist era, dachas tended to have pleasure gardens, but were not used much for growing food.{{cite book\|last\=Caldwell\|first\=Melissa\|title\=Dacha Idylls: Living Organically in Russia's Countryside\|location\=Berkeley\|publisher\= University of California Press\|year\=2011\|page\=40}} [Maxim Gorky](/wiki/Maxim_Gorky "Maxim Gorky") wrote a [novelette](/wiki/Novella "Novella") entitled *Dachniki* (1885\), about newlywed city\-dwellers living a 'simple' summer life of walks in the countryside.{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2021}} ### Soviet Union Following the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution "Russian Revolution"), most dachas were [nationalised](/wiki/Nationalisation "Nationalisation"). Some were converted into vacation homes for factory workers, while others, usually of better quality, were distributed among the prominent functionaries of the Communist Party and the newly emerged cultural and scientific elite. All but a few dachas remained the property of the state and the right to use them was usually revoked when a dacha occupant was dismissed or fell out of favour with the rulers of the state. Building new dachas required permission from senior officials and was rarely granted during the early years of the Soviet Union.{{cite journal\| last\=Lovell\|first\= Stephen\|title\=The Making of the Stalin\-Era Dacha\|journal\= The Journal of Modern History \|volume\=74\|issue\=2 \|year\=2002\|pages\=253–288\|doi\=10\.1086/343408\|s2cid\= 143201074}} The seniormost Soviet leaders all had their own dachas, and [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin")'s favourite was in [Gagra](/wiki/Gagra "Gagra"), [Abkhazia](/wiki/Abkhazia "Abkhazia").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/index.php?storyID\=7039 \|title\=Abkhazia: where Stalin's ghost holds sway\|newspaper\=The Week\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918220951/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/index.php?storyID\=7039\|archive\-date\=18 September 2007\|last\=Walker\|first\=Shaun}} New dachas started to be built in larger numbers during the 1930s, and dacha colonies for artists, or soldiers, or various classes of party functionaries, started to form. There were legal size restrictions for dacha houses in the Soviet era. They had to have not more than {{convert\|25\|m2\|sqft\|0\|abbr\=on}} of living area and be only one story tall.{{cite book\|last1\=Lovell\|first1\=John\|title\=The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the present\|date\=2011\|publisher\=John Wiley \& Sons}} For that reason, they usually had a [mansard roof](/wiki/Mansard_roof "Mansard roof"), which was considered by authorities as just a large garret or attic, not a second story.{{cite book\|title\= The 'Unmaking' of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies After Socialism \| first\=Caroline \| last\=Humphrey \| publisher\= Cornell University Press \| year\=2002\|isbn\= 0801487730 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/unmakingofsoviet0000hump/page/187 187] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/unmakingofsoviet0000hump\|url\-access\= registration }} Often ill\-equipped and without indoor plumbing, dachas were nevertheless a solution for millions of working\-class families, to have their own form of summer retreat. Having a piece of land also offered an opportunity for city dwellers to indulge themselves in growing their own fruits and vegetables. In the years before and after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), cultivation of garden crops on dacha plots was substantial, because of the failure of the [centrally planned Soviet agricultural programme](/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union "Collectivization in the Soviet Union") to supply enough fresh produce. Many dacha owners grew crops for market. Since then, growing garden crops has been of lesser importance, but continues to be widespread. Many Russian dacha owners still see gardening as a key value of *dachnik* culture. Keeping historical food shortages in mind, they take great pride in growing their own food rather than buying it at a store.{{cite journal\|last\= Zavisca\|first\= Jane\|title\=Contesting Capitalism at the Post\-Soviet Dacha: The Meaning of Food Cultivation for Urban Russians\|journal\= Slavic Review\|volume\= 62\|issue\=4\|year\=2003\|pages\= 786–810\|jstor\= 3185655\|doi\= 10\.2307/3185655\|s2cid\= 146997165}} [upright\|thumb\|Battening a country house in a dacha co\-operative in the environs of Moscow, July 1993](/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_532407_Country_house_battening.jpg "RIAN archive 532407 Country house battening.jpg") [thumb\|The family of a worker of the Krasny Khimik plant in [Leningrad](/wiki/Leningrad "Leningrad") at their dacha house, July 1981](/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_487609_Boleslav_Telichan%27s_family_at_summer_house.jpg "RIAN archive 487609 Boleslav Telichan's family at summer house.jpg") The period after World War II saw moderate growth in dacha development. Since there was no actual law banning the construction of dachas, people began [occupying unused plots](/wiki/Squatting "Squatting") of land near cities and towns, growing gardens and building sheds, huts, and more prominent dwellings that served as dachas. As time passed, the number of squatters grew and the government had no choice but to officially recognise their right to amateur farming.{{cite encyclopedia\|trans\-title\=Sadovodcheskoye tovarishchestvo\|script\-title\=ru:Садоводческое товарищество\|language\=ru\|encyclopedia\=Sel'sko\-khozyaystvennyy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'\|editor\=Mesyats, V. K.\|year\=1989\|location\=Moscow\|publisher\=Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya\|url\=http://agricultural\_dictionary.academic.ru/4437/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%95\_%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A9%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E\|access\-date\=30 September 2014\|archive\-date\=11 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011100012/http://agricultural\_dictionary.academic.ru/4437/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%95\_%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A9%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E\|url\-status\=live}} The 1955 legislation introduced a new type of legal person into the [Soviet juridical system](/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union "Law of the Soviet Union"), a gardeners' partnership ({{lang\|ru\|садоводческое товарищество}}, *sadovodcheskoye tovarishchestvo*), similar to *[community gardens](/wiki/Community_garden "Community garden")* in other countries. The gardeners' partnership received the right to permanent use of land exclusively for agricultural purposes and permission to connect to public electrical and water supply networks. In 1958, yet another form of organisation was introduced, a *cooperative for dacha construction* ({{lang\|ru\|дачно\-строительный кооператив}}, *dachno\-stroytelniy kooperativ*), which recognised the right of an individual to build a small house on the land leased from the government. The 1980s saw the peak of the dacha boom, with nearly all affluent families—over a third of families in urban areas—having a dacha of their own.{{cite book\|title\=Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian Culture\|contribution\=housing, Soviet and post\-Soviet\|pages\=256–258\|first\=Ilia\|last\=Utekhin\|year\=2013\|publisher\=Routledge\|editor\=Smorodinskaya, T.\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZXz2okCSfq8C\&q\=1980s%20dacha%20boom\&pg\=PA256\|isbn\=978\-1136787850\|access\-date\=10 November 2020\|archive\-date\=30 December 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230154742/https://books.google.com/books?id\=ZXz2okCSfq8C\&q\=1980s%20dacha%20boom\&pg\=PA256\#v\=snippet\&q\=1980s%20dacha%20boom\&f\=false\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite journal\|url\=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n19/sheila\-fitzpatrick/the\-good\-old\-days\|title\=The Good Old Days\|journal\=London Review of Books\|volume\=25\|issue\=19\|date\=9 October 2003\|pages\=18–20\|first\=Sheila\|last\=Fitzpatrick\|access\-date\=30 September 2014\|archive\-date\=2 January 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102165526/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n19/sheila\-fitzpatrick/the\-good\-old\-days\|url\-status\=live}} Dacha houses built since the late 1980s are significantly larger than older ones because legal size restrictions were liberalized, and new dacha areas became fields of relatively big houses on tiny land plots.{{cite web\|url \= http://lidenz.ru/russian\-dachas/\|title \= What You Need To Know About Russian Dachas\|publisher \= Liden \& Denz Intercultural Institute of Languages\|first \= Zoran\|last \= Trevisan\|access\-date \= 30 September 2014\|archive\-date \= 24 December 2016\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20161224074138/http://lidenz.ru/russian\-dachas/\|url\-status \= dead}} Tracts between lines of dacha land plots are usually unimproved or improved with crushed stone, and narrow (often about {{convert\|6\|m\|ft\|abbr\=on}} between fences) enough that two cars can hardly pass each other by.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2013}} Dachas also started to be found in other [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc "Eastern Bloc") countries, especially in [East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") (where it remains quite current even after [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification")), and in [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia") and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia").{{cite book\|title\=Brockhaus Enzyklopädie\|volume\= 26\|publisher\= F. A. Brockhaus\|location\=Mannheim\|year\= 1995\|language\=de}}{{cite news\|newspaper\=Rheinische Post \|date\= 2 October 2010\|page\= A5\|language\=de}}{{cite book\|first\= Marina \|last\=Rumjanzewa\|title\=Auf der Datscha: Eine kleine Kulturgeschichte und ein Lesebuch\|language\=de\|publisher\= Dörlemann Verlag\|location\= Zürich \|year\=2009\|isbn\= 978\-3\-908777\-35\-9}} ### Post\-Soviet {{Unreferenced section\|date\=June 2021}} In the 1990s, there was great unemployment in Russia and other post\-Soviet states, and salaries in factories and [research institutes](/wiki/Research_institutes "Research institutes") that still functioned were sometimes not paid for many months. In these hard times potatoes grown in garden plots saved many people from hunger, and fruit and berries helped prevent [vitamin deficiency](/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency "Vitamin deficiency"). Due to the rapid increase in urbanization in Russia, many village houses are currently being sold for use as dachas. Many Russian villages now have *dachniki* as temporary residents. Some villages have been fully transformed into dacha settlements, while some older dacha settlements often look like more permanent lodgings. The advantages of purchasing a dacha in a village usually are lower costs, greater land area, and larger distances between houses. The disadvantages may include lower\-quality utilities, less security, and typically a farther distance to travel. The means of transportation for people to get to their dachas, besides cars, are "[water trams](/wiki/Water_trams "Water trams")", buses, and electric trains (colloquially called "[elektrichka](/wiki/Elektrichka "Elektrichka")"). Due to the large number of people traveling to dachas at weekends (especially during the summer), traffic typically builds up around large cities, and elektrichka and buses are filled to capacity. Dachas have started appearing in regions of North America that have high concentrations of immigrants from Russia and Ukraine. Russians and Ukrainians from New York, Long Island, and New Jersey have been retreating to their Russian\-style dacha homes in the forests of [Upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York "Upstate New York") in order to recreate the dacha experiences they had during the Soviet era.
[ "History\n-------", "### Origins", "[thumb\\|A dacha near [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"), 1917](/wiki/File:1917_Datcha_pr%C3%A8s_de_Moscou.jpg \"1917 Datcha près de Moscou.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|An old dacha near Saint Petersburg](/wiki/File:Magic_Sankt_Petersburg_-_it%27s_Datscha_Land_3.jpg \"Magic Sankt Petersburg - it's Datscha Land 3.jpg\")\nThe first dachas in Russia began to appear during the 17th century, initially referring to small estates in the country that were given to loyal vassals by the [tsar](/wiki/Tsar \"Tsar\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Lovell\\|first\\=Stephen\\|title\\=Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710\\-2000\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wr75LM7kD3AC\\|publisher\\=Cornell University Press\\|year\\=2003\\|isbn\\=0801440718\\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=30 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230154654/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wr75LM7kD3AC\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In archaic Russian, the word *dacha* means *something given*, from the verb \"дать\" \\[dat'] – \"to give\". During the [Age of Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\"), Russian aristocracy used their dachas for social and cultural gatherings, which were usually accompanied by [masquerade balls](/wiki/Masquerade_ball \"Masquerade ball\") and [firework](/wiki/Firework \"Firework\") displays. The coming of the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\") to Russia brought about a rapid growth in the urban population, and wealthy urban residents increasingly desired to escape the heavily polluted cities, at least temporarily.", "By the end of the 19th century, the dacha became a favorite summer retreat for the upper and middle classes of Russian society.{{cite book\\|title\\= Pop Culture Russia!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle\\|first\\= Birgit\\|last\\= Beumers\\|pages\\= 349–350\\|url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Hix8AyteLN8C\\&pg\\=PA350\\|year\\= 2005\\|publisher\\= ABC\\-CLIO\\|isbn\\= 1851094598\\|access\\-date\\= 25 November 2015\\|archive\\-date\\= 30 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20231230154706/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Hix8AyteLN8C\\&pg\\=PA350\\|url\\-status\\= live}} In the tsarist era, dachas tended to have pleasure gardens, but were not used much for growing food.{{cite book\\|last\\=Caldwell\\|first\\=Melissa\\|title\\=Dacha Idylls: Living Organically in Russia's Countryside\\|location\\=Berkeley\\|publisher\\= University of California Press\\|year\\=2011\\|page\\=40}} [Maxim Gorky](/wiki/Maxim_Gorky \"Maxim Gorky\") wrote a [novelette](/wiki/Novella \"Novella\") entitled *Dachniki* (1885\\), about newlywed city\\-dwellers living a 'simple' summer life of walks in the countryside.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2021}}", "### Soviet Union", "Following the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution \"Russian Revolution\"), most dachas were [nationalised](/wiki/Nationalisation \"Nationalisation\"). Some were converted into vacation homes for factory workers, while others, usually of better quality, were distributed among the prominent functionaries of the Communist Party and the newly emerged cultural and scientific elite. All but a few dachas remained the property of the state and the right to use them was usually revoked when a dacha occupant was dismissed or fell out of favour with the rulers of the state. Building new dachas required permission from senior officials and was rarely granted during the early years of the Soviet Union.{{cite journal\\| last\\=Lovell\\|first\\= Stephen\\|title\\=The Making of the Stalin\\-Era Dacha\\|journal\\= The Journal of Modern History \\|volume\\=74\\|issue\\=2 \\|year\\=2002\\|pages\\=253–288\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/343408\\|s2cid\\= 143201074}} The seniormost Soviet leaders all had their own dachas, and [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\")'s favourite was in [Gagra](/wiki/Gagra \"Gagra\"), [Abkhazia](/wiki/Abkhazia \"Abkhazia\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/index.php?storyID\\=7039 \\|title\\=Abkhazia: where Stalin's ghost holds sway\\|newspaper\\=The Week\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918220951/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/index.php?storyID\\=7039\\|archive\\-date\\=18 September 2007\\|last\\=Walker\\|first\\=Shaun}} New dachas started to be built in larger numbers during the 1930s, and dacha colonies for artists, or soldiers, or various classes of party functionaries, started to form.", "There were legal size restrictions for dacha houses in the Soviet era. They had to have not more than {{convert\\|25\\|m2\\|sqft\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} of living area and be only one story tall.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Lovell\\|first1\\=John\\|title\\=The Shadow of War: Russia and the USSR, 1941 to the present\\|date\\=2011\\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\& Sons}} For that reason, they usually had a [mansard roof](/wiki/Mansard_roof \"Mansard roof\"), which was considered by authorities as just a large garret or attic, not a second story.{{cite book\\|title\\= The 'Unmaking' of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies After Socialism \\| first\\=Caroline \\| last\\=Humphrey \\| publisher\\= Cornell University Press \\| year\\=2002\\|isbn\\= 0801487730 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/unmakingofsoviet0000hump/page/187 187] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/unmakingofsoviet0000hump\\|url\\-access\\= registration }} Often ill\\-equipped and without indoor plumbing, dachas were nevertheless a solution for millions of working\\-class families, to have their own form of summer retreat. Having a piece of land also offered an opportunity for city dwellers to indulge themselves in growing their own fruits and vegetables.", "In the years before and after [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), cultivation of garden crops on dacha plots was substantial, because of the failure of the [centrally planned Soviet agricultural programme](/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Collectivization in the Soviet Union\") to supply enough fresh produce. Many dacha owners grew crops for market. Since then, growing garden crops has been of lesser importance, but continues to be widespread. Many Russian dacha owners still see gardening as a key value of *dachnik* culture. Keeping historical food shortages in mind, they take great pride in growing their own food rather than buying it at a store.{{cite journal\\|last\\= Zavisca\\|first\\= Jane\\|title\\=Contesting Capitalism at the Post\\-Soviet Dacha: The Meaning of Food Cultivation for Urban Russians\\|journal\\= Slavic Review\\|volume\\= 62\\|issue\\=4\\|year\\=2003\\|pages\\= 786–810\\|jstor\\= 3185655\\|doi\\= 10\\.2307/3185655\\|s2cid\\= 146997165}}", "[upright\\|thumb\\|Battening a country house in a dacha co\\-operative in the environs of Moscow, July 1993](/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_532407_Country_house_battening.jpg \"RIAN archive 532407 Country house battening.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The family of a worker of the Krasny Khimik plant in [Leningrad](/wiki/Leningrad \"Leningrad\") at their dacha house, July 1981](/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_487609_Boleslav_Telichan%27s_family_at_summer_house.jpg \"RIAN archive 487609 Boleslav Telichan's family at summer house.jpg\")\nThe period after World War II saw moderate growth in dacha development. Since there was no actual law banning the construction of dachas, people began [occupying unused plots](/wiki/Squatting \"Squatting\") of land near cities and towns, growing gardens and building sheds, huts, and more prominent dwellings that served as dachas. As time passed, the number of squatters grew and the government had no choice but to officially recognise their right to amateur farming.{{cite encyclopedia\\|trans\\-title\\=Sadovodcheskoye tovarishchestvo\\|script\\-title\\=ru:Садоводческое товарищество\\|language\\=ru\\|encyclopedia\\=Sel'sko\\-khozyaystvennyy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'\\|editor\\=Mesyats, V. K.\\|year\\=1989\\|location\\=Moscow\\|publisher\\=Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya\\|url\\=http://agricultural\\_dictionary.academic.ru/4437/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%95\\_%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A9%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E\\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=11 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011100012/http://agricultural\\_dictionary.academic.ru/4437/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%95\\_%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A9%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The 1955 legislation introduced a new type of legal person into the [Soviet juridical system](/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Law of the Soviet Union\"), a gardeners' partnership ({{lang\\|ru\\|садоводческое товарищество}}, *sadovodcheskoye tovarishchestvo*), similar to *[community gardens](/wiki/Community_garden \"Community garden\")* in other countries. The gardeners' partnership received the right to permanent use of land exclusively for agricultural purposes and permission to connect to public electrical and water supply networks. In 1958, yet another form of organisation was introduced, a *cooperative for dacha construction* ({{lang\\|ru\\|дачно\\-строительный кооператив}}, *dachno\\-stroytelniy kooperativ*), which recognised the right of an individual to build a small house on the land leased from the government.", "The 1980s saw the peak of the dacha boom, with nearly all affluent families—over a third of families in urban areas—having a dacha of their own.{{cite book\\|title\\=Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian Culture\\|contribution\\=housing, Soviet and post\\-Soviet\\|pages\\=256–258\\|first\\=Ilia\\|last\\=Utekhin\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|editor\\=Smorodinskaya, T.\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZXz2okCSfq8C\\&q\\=1980s%20dacha%20boom\\&pg\\=PA256\\|isbn\\=978\\-1136787850\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=30 December 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230154742/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ZXz2okCSfq8C\\&q\\=1980s%20dacha%20boom\\&pg\\=PA256\\#v\\=snippet\\&q\\=1980s%20dacha%20boom\\&f\\=false\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite journal\\|url\\=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n19/sheila\\-fitzpatrick/the\\-good\\-old\\-days\\|title\\=The Good Old Days\\|journal\\=London Review of Books\\|volume\\=25\\|issue\\=19\\|date\\=9 October 2003\\|pages\\=18–20\\|first\\=Sheila\\|last\\=Fitzpatrick\\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=2 January 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102165526/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n19/sheila\\-fitzpatrick/the\\-good\\-old\\-days\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Dacha houses built since the late 1980s are significantly larger than older ones because legal size restrictions were liberalized, and new dacha areas became fields of relatively big houses on tiny land plots.{{cite web\\|url \\= http://lidenz.ru/russian\\-dachas/\\|title \\= What You Need To Know About Russian Dachas\\|publisher \\= Liden \\& Denz Intercultural Institute of Languages\\|first \\= Zoran\\|last \\= Trevisan\\|access\\-date \\= 30 September 2014\\|archive\\-date \\= 24 December 2016\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161224074138/http://lidenz.ru/russian\\-dachas/\\|url\\-status \\= dead}} Tracts between lines of dacha land plots are usually unimproved or improved with crushed stone, and narrow (often about {{convert\\|6\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}} between fences) enough that two cars can hardly pass each other by.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2013}}", "Dachas also started to be found in other [Eastern Bloc](/wiki/Eastern_Bloc \"Eastern Bloc\") countries, especially in [East Germany](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\") (where it remains quite current even after [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\")), and in [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\") and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Brockhaus Enzyklopädie\\|volume\\= 26\\|publisher\\= F. A. Brockhaus\\|location\\=Mannheim\\|year\\= 1995\\|language\\=de}}{{cite news\\|newspaper\\=Rheinische Post \\|date\\= 2 October 2010\\|page\\= A5\\|language\\=de}}{{cite book\\|first\\= Marina \\|last\\=Rumjanzewa\\|title\\=Auf der Datscha: Eine kleine Kulturgeschichte und ein Lesebuch\\|language\\=de\\|publisher\\= Dörlemann Verlag\\|location\\= Zürich \\|year\\=2009\\|isbn\\= 978\\-3\\-908777\\-35\\-9}}", "### Post\\-Soviet", "{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=June 2021}}\nIn the 1990s, there was great unemployment in Russia and other post\\-Soviet states, and salaries in factories and [research institutes](/wiki/Research_institutes \"Research institutes\") that still functioned were sometimes not paid for many months. In these hard times potatoes grown in garden plots saved many people from hunger, and fruit and berries helped prevent [vitamin deficiency](/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency \"Vitamin deficiency\").", "Due to the rapid increase in urbanization in Russia, many village houses are currently being sold for use as dachas. Many Russian villages now have *dachniki* as temporary residents. Some villages have been fully transformed into dacha settlements, while some older dacha settlements often look like more permanent lodgings. The advantages of purchasing a dacha in a village usually are lower costs, greater land area, and larger distances between houses. The disadvantages may include lower\\-quality utilities, less security, and typically a farther distance to travel.", "The means of transportation for people to get to their dachas, besides cars, are \"[water trams](/wiki/Water_trams \"Water trams\")\", buses, and electric trains (colloquially called \"[elektrichka](/wiki/Elektrichka \"Elektrichka\")\"). Due to the large number of people traveling to dachas at weekends (especially during the summer), traffic typically builds up around large cities, and elektrichka and buses are filled to capacity.", "Dachas have started appearing in regions of North America that have high concentrations of immigrants from Russia and Ukraine. Russians and Ukrainians from New York, Long Island, and New Jersey have been retreating to their Russian\\-style dacha homes in the forests of [Upstate New York](/wiki/Upstate_New_York \"Upstate New York\") in order to recreate the dacha experiences they had during the Soviet era.", "" ]
Plot ---- A disheveled man in a suit wanders down the main street of the small, rural town of Mountaincrest on a winter's night. He goes into a bar, telling the bartender that he does not know who or where he is. Local thug Joe Mitchell demands his money as he leaves. As the two men struggle in an alleyway, Ma Everett sees only four legs sticking out onto the sidewalk but hears an animal snarling. Two of the legs go limp. Someone\- or something\- steps out of the alley. She screams, and it runs off into the darkness. Sheriff Jack Haines takes Joe's body to Dr. Jonas Gilchrist and nurse Amy Standish. Gilchrist notes that the wounds seem inflicted by a wild animal, but Ma described not an animal but "a thing." Jack organizes a posse to find the creature. Jack brings Deputy Ben Clovey to Gilchrist's office. Ben has been attacked by "the thing." He describes it haltingly to Jack: "Maybe it had hands covered with hair... or maybe it had paws like a wolf... but it wasn't *all* wolf... I didn't have much time to see." Jack declares that a werewolf attacked Ben. Gilchrist and Amy conclude that Jack is correct. The disheveled man arrives at Gilchrist's office. After an automobile accident, he can recall being to two doctors\- he does not know who or where they are. He is tormented by what is happening to him. He says he killed Joe, then flees when Amy attempts to give him a sedative, exclaiming, "Those other doctors did something to me!" Amy phones the sheriff. Doctors Morgan Chambers and Emery Forrest discuss the man they had treated after his car crash. They had injected him with "irradiated wolf serum", never before used on humans. The doctors believe that once perfected, the serum will allow "a select minority of people" — chosen by them — to survive the imminent [nuclear holocaust](/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust "Nuclear holocaust"). [Lycanthropy](/wiki/Lycanthropy "Lycanthropy") is an unfortunate side effect. The amnesiac man's wife, Helen Marsh, and their preteen son Chris show up and identify the man as Duncan Marsh. The doctors head to Mountaincrest, hoping to avoid blame by killing Duncan. Forrest corners Duncan in a mineshaft. Duncan pleads for his life before suddenly transforming into the werewolf. He attacks Forrest but is driven off by shots fired by Chambers. Amy convinces Jack to try to take Duncan alive and volunteers to help with first aid. Jack reluctantly agrees to allow Helen and Chris to come also and they, accompanied by Ben, set out. Helen calls Duncan with Jack's megaphone. In human form, Duncan comes and tearfully embraces Helen and Chris, but tells Amy to take them away as he fears he might turn into a werewolf again and harm them. Duncan is put in a jail cell. Chambers and Forrest force their way into the jail and try to inject Duncan with something deadly. Duncan changes into the werewolf, kills them and again escapes into the woods. The werewolf, on a bridge, attempts to flee but is shot dead by the posse. As the werewolf dies, it reverts to Duncan's human form.
[ "Plot\n----", "A disheveled man in a suit wanders down the main street of the small, rural town of Mountaincrest on a winter's night. He goes into a bar, telling the bartender that he does not know who or where he is. Local thug Joe Mitchell demands his money as he leaves. As the two men struggle in an alleyway, Ma Everett sees only four legs sticking out onto the sidewalk but hears an animal snarling. Two of the legs go limp. Someone\\- or something\\- steps out of the alley. She screams, and it runs off into the darkness.", "Sheriff Jack Haines takes Joe's body to Dr. Jonas Gilchrist and nurse Amy Standish. Gilchrist notes that the wounds seem inflicted by a wild animal, but Ma described not an animal but \"a thing.\" Jack organizes a posse to find the creature.", "Jack brings Deputy Ben Clovey to Gilchrist's office. Ben has been attacked by \"the thing.\" He describes it haltingly to Jack: \"Maybe it had hands covered with hair... or maybe it had paws like a wolf... but it wasn't *all* wolf... I didn't have much time to see.\" Jack declares that a werewolf attacked Ben. Gilchrist and Amy conclude that Jack is correct.", "The disheveled man arrives at Gilchrist's office. After an automobile accident, he can recall being to two doctors\\- he does not know who or where they are. He is tormented by what is happening to him. He says he killed Joe, then flees when Amy attempts to give him a sedative, exclaiming, \"Those other doctors did something to me!\" Amy phones the sheriff.", "Doctors Morgan Chambers and Emery Forrest discuss the man they had treated after his car crash. They had injected him with \"irradiated wolf serum\", never before used on humans. The doctors believe that once perfected, the serum will allow \"a select minority of people\" — chosen by them — to survive the imminent [nuclear holocaust](/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust \"Nuclear holocaust\"). [Lycanthropy](/wiki/Lycanthropy \"Lycanthropy\") is an unfortunate side effect. The amnesiac man's wife, Helen Marsh, and their preteen son Chris show up and identify the man as Duncan Marsh. The doctors head to Mountaincrest, hoping to avoid blame by killing Duncan.", "Forrest corners Duncan in a mineshaft. Duncan pleads for his life before suddenly transforming into the werewolf. He attacks Forrest but is driven off by shots fired by Chambers.", "Amy convinces Jack to try to take Duncan alive and volunteers to help with first aid. Jack reluctantly agrees to allow Helen and Chris to come also and they, accompanied by Ben, set out.", "Helen calls Duncan with Jack's megaphone. In human form, Duncan comes and tearfully embraces Helen and Chris, but tells Amy to take them away as he fears he might turn into a werewolf again and harm them.", "Duncan is put in a jail cell. Chambers and Forrest force their way into the jail and try to inject Duncan with something deadly. Duncan changes into the werewolf, kills them and again escapes into the woods.", "The werewolf, on a bridge, attempts to flee but is shot dead by the posse. As the werewolf dies, it reverts to Duncan's human form.", "" ]
History ------- Piadena was inhabited as early as prehistoric times, as proven by archaeological finds in the area. In the [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic "Neolithic"), primitive peoples lived in huts located on high ground and in lake settlements in the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age "Bronze Age"). The etymology of Piadena is unknown: one relatively old version attributes the name to the [exarch of Ravenna](/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna "Exarchate of Ravenna"), Giovanni Platina, who erected the castrum Platinae here in [686](/wiki/686 "686"). Other historians believe that the center was founded by an Etruscan settlement. The locality is mentioned in a [990](/wiki/990 "990") deed by which the Cremonese bishop donated the castle to the Monastery of San Lorenzo in Cremona. In [1019](/wiki/1019 "1019"), it was ceded by the Marquis of Tuscany, [Boniface of Canossa](/wiki/Boniface_III%2C_Margrave_of_Tuscany "Boniface III, Margrave of Tuscany"), to the bishops of Cremona. It was torched in [1306](/wiki/1306 "1306") by the Guelphs of Brescia and Mantua after being troubled for two centuries (13th and 14th century) by conflicts between [Guelphs and Ghibellines](/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines "Guelphs and Ghibellines"). After being occupied by the Gonzagas, it was passed to the [Visconti](/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan "Visconti of Milan") in [1348](/wiki/1348 "1348"), who improved its defenses and erected watchtowers (the "torrazze di Salvaterra"), which can still be seen on the local coat of arms. It was seized by the Venetians in the 15th century but quickly recovered by the [Duchy of Milan](/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan "Duchy of Milan"). The [Sforza](/wiki/House_of_Sforza "House of Sforza") family bequeathed it to the [Sanseverino](/wiki/House_of_Sanseverino "House of Sanseverino") family in [1494](/wiki/1494 "1494"). It was a fief of several families, including the Oscasali of Cremona and the Araldi. In the 17th century, Piadena was sacked during the war that pitted the Count of Modena against the Spanish. During the 18th and 19th centuries,Piadena shared the fate of the rest of the Lombard territory, from the first [Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg "House of Habsburg") rule, to the advent of [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon "Napoleon"), and the establishment of the [Lombard\-Venetian Kingdom](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia"). Significant was the contribution made by the people of Piadena to the revolutionary uprisings of the Risorgimento. Notable historic buildings are the former 17th\-century Gerolimini convent, home of the town hall, and the 18th\-century Magio Trecchi villa, where a nursing home for the elderly is in operation. In the town hall, which occupies the former Gerolimini convent, there is an archaeological museum displaying numerous prehistoric, Celtic and Roman artifacts. As of January 1, 2019, it merged with the municipality of Drizzona to form the new municipality of Piadena Drizzona. ### Symbols By Presidential Decree of June 26, 2008, Piadena received its coat of arms and flag. > "Coat of arms in silver, to the two covered [towers](/wiki/Tower "Tower"), gules, bricked and windowed in black, united by the bridge in gules, bricked in black, with convex scaffolding, founded on the plain in azure, floating in silver, these towers accompanied at the point of honor by the waving bison in pole, azure, crowned in the ancient style in gold, engulfing the putto of flesh, hairy in black, with arms outstretched. Under the shield, on a bifid, fluttering list of silver, the motto, in capital letters of black, PROSPERA ET PROBATA PLATINA. Outward ornaments from common." The municipal coat of arms is composed of some significant emblems of local history. The two masonry towers joined by a bridge over the river allude either to the features of the tower named Salvaterra, which was to be located on the Delmona Canal on the road to [San Giovanni in Croce](/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Croce "San Giovanni in Croce"), or they allude to the two distinct defensive towers in the area, namely the Salvaterra Tower and the tower that was to stand near the Oglio River. Above the wall structure appears the unique Visconti coat of arms of a snake swallowing a man, a symbol of the victorious war exploits of the noble [Visconti](/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan "Visconti of Milan") family. Under the coat of arms appears the name of the municipality in the ancient form of "Platina." The gonfalone was a white drape with an azure border.
[ "History\n-------", "Piadena was inhabited as early as prehistoric times, as proven by archaeological finds in the area. In the [Neolithic](/wiki/Neolithic \"Neolithic\"), primitive peoples lived in huts located on high ground and in lake settlements in the [Bronze Age](/wiki/Bronze_Age \"Bronze Age\"). The etymology of Piadena is unknown: one relatively old version attributes the name to the [exarch of Ravenna](/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna \"Exarchate of Ravenna\"), Giovanni Platina, who erected the castrum Platinae here in [686](/wiki/686 \"686\"). Other historians believe that the center was founded by an Etruscan settlement.", "The locality is mentioned in a [990](/wiki/990 \"990\") deed by which the Cremonese bishop donated the castle to the Monastery of San Lorenzo in Cremona. In [1019](/wiki/1019 \"1019\"), it was ceded by the Marquis of Tuscany, [Boniface of Canossa](/wiki/Boniface_III%2C_Margrave_of_Tuscany \"Boniface III, Margrave of Tuscany\"), to the bishops of Cremona.", "It was torched in [1306](/wiki/1306 \"1306\") by the Guelphs of Brescia and Mantua after being troubled for two centuries (13th and 14th century) by conflicts between [Guelphs and Ghibellines](/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines \"Guelphs and Ghibellines\"). After being occupied by the Gonzagas, it was passed to the [Visconti](/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan \"Visconti of Milan\") in [1348](/wiki/1348 \"1348\"), who improved its defenses and erected watchtowers (the \"torrazze di Salvaterra\"), which can still be seen on the local coat of arms. It was seized by the Venetians in the 15th century but quickly recovered by the [Duchy of Milan](/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan \"Duchy of Milan\"). The [Sforza](/wiki/House_of_Sforza \"House of Sforza\") family bequeathed it to the [Sanseverino](/wiki/House_of_Sanseverino \"House of Sanseverino\") family in [1494](/wiki/1494 \"1494\").", "It was a fief of several families, including the Oscasali of Cremona and the Araldi. In the 17th century, Piadena was sacked during the war that pitted the Count of Modena against the Spanish. During the 18th and 19th centuries,Piadena shared the fate of the rest of the Lombard territory, from the first [Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg \"House of Habsburg\") rule, to the advent of [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon \"Napoleon\"), and the establishment of the [Lombard\\-Venetian Kingdom](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia \"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia\"). Significant was the contribution made by the people of Piadena to the revolutionary uprisings of the Risorgimento.", "", "Notable historic buildings are the former 17th\\-century Gerolimini convent, home of the town hall, and the 18th\\-century Magio Trecchi villa, where a nursing home for the elderly is in operation.", "In the town hall, which occupies the former Gerolimini convent, there is an archaeological museum displaying numerous prehistoric, Celtic and Roman artifacts.", "As of January 1, 2019, it merged with the municipality of Drizzona to form the new municipality of Piadena Drizzona.", "### Symbols", "By Presidential Decree of June 26, 2008, Piadena received its coat of arms and flag.\n> \"Coat of arms in silver, to the two covered [towers](/wiki/Tower \"Tower\"), gules, bricked and windowed in black, united by the bridge in gules, bricked in black, with convex scaffolding, founded on the plain in azure, floating in silver, these towers accompanied at the point of honor by the waving bison in pole, azure, crowned in the ancient style in gold, engulfing the putto of flesh, hairy in black, with arms outstretched. Under the shield, on a bifid, fluttering list of silver, the motto, in capital letters of black, PROSPERA ET PROBATA PLATINA. Outward ornaments from common.\"", "The municipal coat of arms is composed of some significant emblems of local history. The two masonry towers joined by a bridge over the river allude either to the features of the tower named Salvaterra, which was to be located on the Delmona Canal on the road to [San Giovanni in Croce](/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Croce \"San Giovanni in Croce\"), or they allude to the two distinct defensive towers in the area, namely the Salvaterra Tower and the tower that was to stand near the Oglio River. Above the wall structure appears the unique Visconti coat of arms of a snake swallowing a man, a symbol of the victorious war exploits of the noble [Visconti](/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan \"Visconti of Milan\") family. Under the coat of arms appears the name of the municipality in the ancient form of \"Platina.\"", "The gonfalone was a white drape with an azure border.", "" ]
Biography --------- John Carlyle Raven was born in [London](/wiki/London "London") on 28 June 1902\. His interest in psychology developed at an early age. Despite problems posed by the early death of his father – leaving him with a mother and two sisters to care for, and discouragement from his school teachers on account of his [dyslexia](/wiki/Dyslexia "Dyslexia"), he insisted on pursuing these interests.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2022}} To support his studies he worked as a teacher, and then as the head teacher, in a boarding school for children with [physical disabilities](/wiki/Physical_disabilities "Physical disabilities"). Based on archival material held by [Pearson PLC](/wiki/Pearson_PLC "Pearson PLC") in London, his interests were in topics that many would today regard as peripheral, such as the psychology of religion and its spiritual/[parapsychological](/wiki/Parapsychological "Parapsychological") components. Detailed notes he took on his [undergraduate](/wiki/Undergraduate "Undergraduate") laboratory work are preserved. Both his undergraduate and postgraduate studies were formally under the direction of [Francis Aveling](/wiki/Francis_Aveling "Francis Aveling") at [King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London "King's College London"), but it would appear that, certainly as a post\-graduate he had little direct contact with him, his MSc [dissertation](/wiki/Dissertation "Dissertation") being based on work carried out at the [Royal Eastern Counties Institution](/wiki/Royal_Eastern_Counties_Institution "Royal Eastern Counties Institution"). As an undergraduate, he became friendly with [Charles Spearman](/wiki/Charles_Spearman "Charles Spearman") and that, shortly after graduation, this relationship led to an introduction to [Lionel Penrose](/wiki/Lionel_Penrose "Lionel Penrose") who needed an assistant. Penrose was a [geneticist](/wiki/Geneticist "Geneticist") conducting an investigation of the genetic and environmental origins of mental deficiency. This involved administering the [Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales](/wiki/Stanford-Binet "Stanford-Binet") tests to all parents and siblings of children identified as "mentally deficient" by the school system in [East Anglia](/wiki/East_Anglia "East Anglia"). Around this time, he met his wife, [Mary Elizabeth Wild](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Wild "Mary Elizabeth Wild"), who became a crucial assistant throughout his life. Raven retired in May 1964\.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2022}} John and Jean RavenRaven, John, \& Raven, Jean (2018\) *John Carlyle Raven and his legacy*. [http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/J\-C\-Raven\-Biography.pdf](http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/J-C-Raven-Biography.pdf).; Джон Карлайл Равен (1902 – 1970\), его научное наследие и влияние на современную психологию.\- Азимут научных исследований: педагогика и психология. 2020\. Т. 9\. № 3(32\)б сс. 13\-16, 381\-397\.; Azimuth of Scientific Research: Pedagogy and Psychology. 2020\. Т. 9\. № 3(32\)pp. 13\-16, 381\-397\. have offered a more detailed account of Raven's life, work, and legacy.
[ "Biography\n---------", "John Carlyle Raven was born in [London](/wiki/London \"London\") on 28 June 1902\\. His interest in psychology developed at an early age. Despite problems posed by the early death of his father – leaving him with a mother and two sisters to care for, and discouragement from his school teachers on account of his [dyslexia](/wiki/Dyslexia \"Dyslexia\"), he insisted on pursuing these interests.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2022}}", "To support his studies he worked as a teacher, and then as the head teacher, in a boarding school for children with [physical disabilities](/wiki/Physical_disabilities \"Physical disabilities\").", "Based on archival material held by [Pearson PLC](/wiki/Pearson_PLC \"Pearson PLC\") in London, his interests were in topics that many would today regard as peripheral, such as the psychology of religion and its spiritual/[parapsychological](/wiki/Parapsychological \"Parapsychological\") components. Detailed notes he took on his [undergraduate](/wiki/Undergraduate \"Undergraduate\") laboratory work are preserved.", "Both his undergraduate and postgraduate studies were formally under the direction of [Francis Aveling](/wiki/Francis_Aveling \"Francis Aveling\") at [King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London \"King's College London\"), but it would appear that, certainly as a post\\-graduate he had little direct contact with him, his MSc [dissertation](/wiki/Dissertation \"Dissertation\") being based on work carried out at the [Royal Eastern Counties Institution](/wiki/Royal_Eastern_Counties_Institution \"Royal Eastern Counties Institution\").", "As an undergraduate, he became friendly with [Charles Spearman](/wiki/Charles_Spearman \"Charles Spearman\") and that, shortly after graduation, this relationship led to an introduction to [Lionel Penrose](/wiki/Lionel_Penrose \"Lionel Penrose\") who needed an assistant. Penrose was a [geneticist](/wiki/Geneticist \"Geneticist\") conducting an investigation of the genetic and environmental origins of mental deficiency. This involved administering the [Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales](/wiki/Stanford-Binet \"Stanford-Binet\") tests to all parents and siblings of children identified as \"mentally deficient\" by the school system in [East Anglia](/wiki/East_Anglia \"East Anglia\"). Around this time, he met his wife, [Mary Elizabeth Wild](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Wild \"Mary Elizabeth Wild\"), who became a crucial assistant throughout his life.", "Raven retired in May 1964\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2022}}", "John and Jean RavenRaven, John, \\& Raven, Jean (2018\\) *John Carlyle Raven and his legacy*. [http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/J\\-C\\-Raven\\-Biography.pdf](http://eyeonsociety.co.uk/resources/J-C-Raven-Biography.pdf).; Джон Карлайл Равен (1902 – 1970\\), его научное наследие и влияние на современную психологию.\\- Азимут научных исследований: педагогика и психология. 2020\\. Т. 9\\. № 3(32\\)б сс. 13\\-16, 381\\-397\\.; Azimuth of Scientific Research: Pedagogy and Psychology. 2020\\. Т. 9\\. № 3(32\\)pp. 13\\-16, 381\\-397\\. have offered a more detailed account of Raven's life, work, and legacy.", "" ]
Research and theory ------------------- {{More citations needed section\|date\=June 2022}} Raven found the tests cumbersome to administer in homes, schools, and workplaces (where, as he commented, there were friends and parents anxious to assist, no separate facilities for testing, and often a great deal of noise) and the results impossible to interpret because so many different things were composited together. As a student of Spearman's, he concluded that what was needed was a test that was theoretically based (cf. Spearman's critique of the Terman\-Merrill and [Moray House](/wiki/Moray_House "Moray House") Tests mentioned in the Wikipedia [Charles Spearman](/wiki/Charles_Spearman "Charles Spearman") entry) and easy to administer and score.{{Full citation needed\|date\=June 2022}} Accordingly, he set about developing tests of the two components of ***g*** identified by Spearman – namely *eductive* (meaning making) and *reproductive* ability. The former was measured by the [Raven's Progressive Matrices](/wiki/Progressive_Matrices "Progressive Matrices") (RPM) tests and the latter by a vocabulary test which later became known as the *Mill Hill Vocabulary Test* (MHV). The development of the RPM is described in his Master's dissertation.Raven, J. C. (1936\). *Mental Tests Used in Genetic Studies: The Performances of Related Individuals in Tests Mainly Educative and Mainly Reproductive*. MSc [Thesis](/wiki/Thesis "Thesis"), [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London "University of London"). Significantly, this does not mainly consist of the kind of literature review one would normally expect but a specification of the operational criteria to be met by the, as yet non\-existent, test. He and his wife, with the support of a grant from the [Darwin Trust](/wiki/Charles_Darwin_Trust "Charles Darwin Trust"), then set about developing a test to meet these requirements. It would appear that Raven was one of the few people (another was [Louis Guttman](/wiki/Guttman "Guttman")) who appreciated the importance of developing tests which yielded something approaching an interval scale (although that term was not the stated objective of either author). Among other things, this meant that the sequence of item difficulties must be the same for persons of all levels of ability. In order to demonstrate this ... and identify those items which needed to be modified or rejected ... Raven plotted what have since become known in [Item Response Theory](/wiki/Item_Response_Theory "Item Response Theory") terminology as *Item Characteristic Curves*. (When [Georg Rasch](/wiki/Georg_Rasch "Georg Rasch") appeared on the scene in the late 1950s and developed a mathematical model for doing this he tested it on the RPM and was satisfied when it worked!) The first versions of what were later termed the *[Colored Progressive Matrices](/wiki/Colored_Progressive_Matrices "Colored Progressive Matrices")* (CPM) (designed to spread the scores of the less able).and the *Standard Progressive Matrices* (SPM) were published in 1938\.Raven, J. C. (1939\). The R.E.C.I. series of perceptual tests: An experimental survey. British Journal of Medical Psychology, XVIII(1\), 16\-34\. Raven, J. C. (1940\). Matrix tests. Mental Health, January, 10\-18\. Raven, J. C. (1940\). Progressive Matrices. London: [H. K. Lewis \& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. "H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.") Raven, J. C. (1940\). Progressive Matrices; Instructions, Key and Norms. London: [H. K. Lewis \& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. "H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.") Raven, J. C. (1941\). Standardisation of Progressive Matrices, 1938\. British Journal of Medical Psychology, XIX(1\), 137\-150\. The SPM came into its own with the advent of the Second World War. High levels of illiteracy and huge numbers to be tested rendered the use of most other tests unfeasible. After some validation exercises had been conducted, a special 20\-minute version of the SPM was produced for the military. This had the items arranged in a single order of difficulty instead of the usual cyclical presentation. The absence of any dependence on language facilitated the diffusion of the tests into military systems throughout the world. (One sees the same requirement for language independence in such places as the mines of South Africa today. Again, there are many prospective entrants speaking many languages – all differing from that of the test administrator – and the question of whether the test has the same meaning in these different groups becomes serious.) Although no further experimental work was pursued with a view to implementing Spearman's injunction to better understand the nature of eductive ability, the RavensRaven, J., Raven, J. C., \& Court, J. H. (1998, updated 2004\). *Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Sections 1\-7 with 3 Research Supplements*. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment; Raven, J. C. (1966\). *Psychological Principles Appropriate to Social and Clinical Problems*. London: [H. K. Lewis \& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. "H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd."); Raven, J., \& Raven, J. (Eds.). (2008\). *Uses and Abuses of Intelligence: Studies Advancing Spearman and Raven's Quest for Non\-Arbitrary Metrics*. [Unionville, New York](/wiki/Unionville%2C_Orange_County%2C_New_York "Unionville, Orange County, New York"): [Royal Fireworks Press](/wiki/Royal_Fireworks_Press "Royal Fireworks Press") www.rfwp.com ; Edinburgh, Scotland: Competency Motivation Project; Budapest, Hungary: EDGE 2000; Cluj Napoca, Romania: Romanian Psychological Testing Services SRL. continued to reiterate that the *eductive* or *meaning making* ability measured by the RPM tests is a difficult and demanding activity primarily dependent on its affective and conative components and incorporating a great deal of unconscious activity of the kind that later became known as *metacognitive* activity. Consequently, it is not possible to generate the understanding Spearman sought via reductionist studies of the kind brought together in Carroll'sCarroll, J. B. (1993\). *Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor\-Analytic Studies*. New York: Cambridge University Press. book. Despite undertaking no further *empirical* work on the nature of education, J. C. Raven did try to extend thinking in the area by developing a theoretical framework which he called the *Principles of Individuation and Coordinates of Conduct*.Raven, J. C. (1966\). *Psychological Principles Appropriate to Social and Clinical Problems*. London: [H. K. Lewis \& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. "H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd."); Raven, J., Raven, J. C., \& Court, J. H. (1998\). *Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Section 5: The Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale*. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment. This he regarded as his most important contribution to psychology. Alongside this, he *did* undertake further work with the Vocabulary tests (i.e. a measure of *reproductive* ability) which he came to see as a route into study of the workings of the mind.Raven, J., Raven, J. C., \& Court, J. H. (1998\). *Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Section 5: The Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale*. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment. The Ravens actively followed up Spearman's injunction to promote what amounts to a paradigm shift in psychological assessment by promoting procedures which would identify peoples' idiosyncratic motives or values and the components of competence required to pursue them. In this connection, J. C. Raven published his *Controlled Projection* Raven, J. C. (1944\). *Controlled Projection*. London: [H. K. Lewis \& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. "H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.") while John Raven (jnr) published extensively \*<http://www.eyeonsociety.co.uk>,\*<http://www.eoswiki.co.uk/wiki>, but most succinctly and comprehensively in *Competence in Modern Society*.Raven, J. (1984/1997\). *Competence in Modern Society: Its Identification, Development and Release*. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press. www.rfwp.com (First published in 1984 in London, England, by [H. K. Lewis \& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. "H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.")) This work was built on a framework developed for scoring projective tests developed by [David C. McClelland](/wiki/David_C._McClelland "David C. McClelland") and his co\-workers.Atkinson J. W. (1958\). (Ed.). *Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society*. New York: Van Nostrand. But, to return to Raven's historical career: After working on various research grants, he was, in 1944, offered a post as Director of Psychological Research at the Crichton Royal (mental) Hospital in Dumfries, Scotland. Two things were remarkable about the terms of reference Raven negotiated for this appointment: First that it should be a part\-time one so that he could focus on topics of his own choice without having to negotiate institutional approval. Second, the terms of reference for the department were that it should largely focus on studies of the normal in order that these might throw light on the abnormal. (It may be thought that this was hardly necessary because are not the journals full of such studies? Indeed, not. Firstly, most of the studies are based on captive populations of students \[which limits their generalisability]. And, secondly, the range of topics studied is largely limited to those that can be conducted in literature\-oriented laboratory studies, as distinct from problem\-oriented studies.) Throughout his time in this position Raven resisted the notion that psychologists should be engaged in therapy, arguing that such a role relationship implicitly assumes that the therapist knows better than the patient what the patient should be doing. This, Raven argued, discouraged understanding. He maintained that the best way to promote personal re\-organisation and growth involved helping people to understand themselves. Other members of the department at the Crichton Royal included John Court, Alan Forbes, Graham Foulds, Ralph Hetherington, Joseph Kelly, John Orme, Nancy Thomson, Alastair Weir, and Eunice White.
[ "Research and theory\n-------------------", "{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=June 2022}}\nRaven found the tests cumbersome to administer in homes, schools, and workplaces (where, as he commented, there were friends and parents anxious to assist, no separate facilities for testing, and often a great deal of noise) and the results impossible to interpret because so many different things were composited together.", "As a student of Spearman's, he concluded that what was needed was a test that was theoretically based (cf. Spearman's critique of the Terman\\-Merrill and [Moray House](/wiki/Moray_House \"Moray House\") Tests mentioned in the Wikipedia [Charles Spearman](/wiki/Charles_Spearman \"Charles Spearman\") entry) and easy to administer and score.{{Full citation needed\\|date\\=June 2022}}", "Accordingly, he set about developing tests of the two components of ***g*** identified by Spearman – namely *eductive* (meaning making) and *reproductive* ability. The former was measured by the [Raven's Progressive Matrices](/wiki/Progressive_Matrices \"Progressive Matrices\") (RPM) tests and the latter by a vocabulary test which later became known as the *Mill Hill Vocabulary Test* (MHV). The development of the RPM is described in his Master's dissertation.Raven, J. C. (1936\\). *Mental Tests Used in Genetic Studies: The Performances of Related Individuals in Tests Mainly Educative and Mainly Reproductive*. MSc [Thesis](/wiki/Thesis \"Thesis\"), [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London \"University of London\"). Significantly, this does not mainly consist of the kind of literature review one would normally expect but a specification of the operational criteria to be met by the, as yet non\\-existent, test. He and his wife, with the support of a grant from the [Darwin Trust](/wiki/Charles_Darwin_Trust \"Charles Darwin Trust\"), then set about developing a test to meet these requirements.", "It would appear that Raven was one of the few people (another was [Louis Guttman](/wiki/Guttman \"Guttman\")) who appreciated the importance of developing tests which yielded something approaching an interval scale (although that term was not the stated objective of either author). Among other things, this meant that the sequence of item difficulties must be the same for persons of all levels of ability. In order to demonstrate this ... and identify those items which needed to be modified or rejected ... Raven plotted what have since become known in [Item Response Theory](/wiki/Item_Response_Theory \"Item Response Theory\") terminology as *Item Characteristic Curves*. (When [Georg Rasch](/wiki/Georg_Rasch \"Georg Rasch\") appeared on the scene in the late 1950s and developed a mathematical model for doing this he tested it on the RPM and was satisfied when it worked!)", "The first versions of what were later termed the *[Colored Progressive Matrices](/wiki/Colored_Progressive_Matrices \"Colored Progressive Matrices\")* (CPM) (designed to spread the scores of the less able).and the *Standard Progressive Matrices* (SPM) were published in 1938\\.Raven, J. C. (1939\\). The R.E.C.I. series of perceptual tests: An experimental survey. British Journal of Medical Psychology, XVIII(1\\), 16\\-34\\.\nRaven, J. C. (1940\\). Matrix tests. Mental Health, January, 10\\-18\\.\nRaven, J. C. (1940\\). Progressive Matrices. London: [H. K. Lewis \\& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. \"H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.\")\nRaven, J. C. (1940\\). Progressive Matrices; Instructions, Key and Norms. London: [H. K. Lewis \\& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. \"H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.\")\nRaven, J. C. (1941\\). Standardisation of Progressive Matrices, 1938\\. British Journal of Medical Psychology, XIX(1\\), 137\\-150\\.", "The SPM came into its own with the advent of the Second World War. High levels of illiteracy and huge numbers to be tested rendered the use of most other tests unfeasible. After some validation exercises had been conducted, a special 20\\-minute version of the SPM was produced for the military. This had the items arranged in a single order of difficulty instead of the usual cyclical presentation. The absence of any dependence on language facilitated the diffusion of the tests into military systems throughout the world. (One sees the same requirement for language independence in such places as the mines of South Africa today. Again, there are many prospective entrants speaking many languages – all differing from that of the test administrator – and the question of whether the test has the same meaning in these different groups becomes serious.)", "Although no further experimental work was pursued with a view to implementing Spearman's injunction to better understand the nature of eductive ability, the RavensRaven, J., Raven, J. C., \\& Court, J. H. (1998, updated 2004\\). *Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Sections 1\\-7 with 3 Research Supplements*. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment; Raven, J. C. (1966\\). *Psychological Principles Appropriate to Social and Clinical Problems*. London: [H. K. Lewis \\& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. \"H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.\"); Raven, J., \\& Raven, J. (Eds.). (2008\\). *Uses and Abuses of Intelligence: Studies Advancing Spearman and Raven's Quest for Non\\-Arbitrary Metrics*. [Unionville, New York](/wiki/Unionville%2C_Orange_County%2C_New_York \"Unionville, Orange County, New York\"): [Royal Fireworks Press](/wiki/Royal_Fireworks_Press \"Royal Fireworks Press\") www.rfwp.com ; Edinburgh, Scotland: Competency Motivation Project; Budapest, Hungary: EDGE 2000; Cluj Napoca, Romania: Romanian Psychological Testing Services SRL. continued to reiterate that the *eductive* or *meaning making* ability measured by the RPM tests is a difficult and demanding activity primarily dependent on its affective and conative components and incorporating a great deal of unconscious activity of the kind that later became known as *metacognitive* activity. Consequently, it is not possible to generate the understanding Spearman sought via reductionist studies of the kind brought together in Carroll'sCarroll, J. B. (1993\\). *Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor\\-Analytic Studies*. New York: Cambridge University Press. book.", "Despite undertaking no further *empirical* work on the nature of education, J. C. Raven did try to extend thinking in the area by developing a theoretical framework which he called the *Principles of Individuation and Coordinates of Conduct*.Raven, J. C. (1966\\). *Psychological Principles Appropriate to Social and Clinical Problems*. London: [H. K. Lewis \\& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. \"H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.\"); Raven, J., Raven, J. C., \\& Court, J. H. (1998\\). *Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Section 5: The Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale*. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment. This he regarded as his most important contribution to psychology.", "Alongside this, he *did* undertake further work with the Vocabulary tests (i.e. a measure of *reproductive* ability) which he came to see as a route into study of the workings of the mind.Raven, J., Raven, J. C., \\& Court, J. H. (1998\\). *Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Section 5: The Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale*. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.", "The Ravens actively followed up Spearman's injunction to promote what amounts to a paradigm shift in psychological assessment by promoting procedures which would identify peoples' idiosyncratic motives or values and the components of competence required to pursue them. In this connection, J. C. Raven published his *Controlled Projection* Raven, J. C. (1944\\). *Controlled Projection*. London: [H. K. Lewis \\& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. \"H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.\") while John Raven (jnr) published extensively \\*<http://www.eyeonsociety.co.uk>,\\*<http://www.eoswiki.co.uk/wiki>, but most succinctly and comprehensively in *Competence in Modern Society*.Raven, J. (1984/1997\\). *Competence in Modern Society: Its Identification, Development and Release*. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press. www.rfwp.com (First published in 1984 in London, England, by [H. K. Lewis \\& Co. Ltd.](/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd. \"H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.\")) This work was built on a framework developed for scoring projective tests developed by [David C. McClelland](/wiki/David_C._McClelland \"David C. McClelland\") and his co\\-workers.Atkinson J. W. (1958\\). (Ed.). *Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society*. New York: Van Nostrand.", "But, to return to Raven's historical career: After working on various research grants, he was, in 1944, offered a post as Director of Psychological Research at the Crichton Royal (mental) Hospital in Dumfries, Scotland. Two things were remarkable about the terms of reference Raven negotiated for this appointment: First that it should be a part\\-time one so that he could focus on topics of his own choice without having to negotiate institutional approval. Second, the terms of reference for the department were that it should largely focus on studies of the normal in order that these might throw light on the abnormal. (It may be thought that this was hardly necessary because are not the journals full of such studies? Indeed, not. Firstly, most of the studies are based on captive populations of students \\[which limits their generalisability]. And, secondly, the range of topics studied is largely limited to those that can be conducted in literature\\-oriented laboratory studies, as distinct from problem\\-oriented studies.)", "Throughout his time in this position Raven resisted the notion that psychologists should be engaged in therapy, arguing that such a role relationship implicitly assumes that the therapist knows better than the patient what the patient should be doing. This, Raven argued, discouraged understanding. He maintained that the best way to promote personal re\\-organisation and growth involved helping people to understand themselves.", "Other members of the department at the Crichton Royal included John Court, Alan Forbes, Graham Foulds, Ralph Hetherington, Joseph Kelly, John Orme, Nancy Thomson, Alastair Weir, and Eunice White.", "" ]
Biography --------- Pfefferle studied [chemical engineering](/wiki/Chemical_engineering "Chemical engineering") at [Drexel University](/wiki/Drexel_University "Drexel University"). He took a doctorate in [physical chemistry](/wiki/Physical_chemistry "Physical chemistry") at the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania"). From 1952 to 1956, he worked at [Standard Oil](/wiki/Standard_Oil "Standard Oil") of Indiana (now part of [BP](/wiki/BP "BP")). In 1956 he moved to Engelhard Industries,[Engelhard Industries](http://www.engelhard.com/Lang1) Iselin, NJ. While at Engelhard he invented "Magnaforming", a technique that now creates a large amount of the world's gasoline. He pioneered "permeation mediated catalysis" and developed phosphoric acid [fuel cells](/wiki/Fuel_cell "Fuel cell"). Nicknamed the "father of catalytic combustion",Worthy, Sharon. *[Bio\-Medicine: Connecticut chemist receives award for cleaner air technology](http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/Connecticut-chemist-receives-award-for-cleaner-air-technology-4451-1)*. 23 June 2003\. Retrieved 31 October 2012\. Pfefferle invented the original catalytic combustor for gas turbine engines in the early 1970s. Gas turbines work by mixing fuel with compressed and heated air, which burns and generates energy to turn the turbines. Unfortunately, nitrogen oxide gases, which contribute to global warming, are emitted during this process. Pfefferle developed a process using a [catalyst](/wiki/Catalyst "Catalyst") to allow combustion while forming minimal amounts of nitrogen oxides and [carbon monoxide](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide "Carbon monoxide").Robert N. Carter, Lance L. Smith, Hasan Karim, Marco Castaldi, Shah Etemad, George Muench, R. Samuel Boorse, Paul Menacherry and William C. Pfefferle (1998\). *[Catalytic Combustion Technology Development for Gas Turbine Engine Applications](http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8078814)*. MRS Proceedings, 549, 93 doi:10\.1557/PROC\-549\-93 In 1977, Pfefferle founded William C. Pfefferle Associates, which he continued until 1986\. He worked on several projects included a heavy oil burning downhole steam system for Dresser Industries. In 1986, Pfefferle co\-founded Precision Combustion[Precision Combustion, Inc](http://www.precision-combustion.com), North Haven, Connecticut. in North Haven, [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut "Connecticut"). Pfefferle helped to develop clean and efficient [catalytic combustion](/wiki/Catalytic_combustion "Catalytic combustion") technologies for combustion engines. He also invented the "[Microlith](/wiki/Microlith_%28catalytic_reactor%29 "Microlith (catalytic reactor)")" catalytic reactor for automobiles and fuel processing, and the RCL catalytic combustor for ground\-power gas turbine machines. Pfefferle received the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Gas Turbine Award in 2003\.[ASME: Gas Turbine Award](http://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/literature-awards/gas-turbine-award). Retrieved 31 October 2012\. Also in 2003, he received the American Chemical Society's (ACS) Industrial Innovation Award. He was survived by his wife Eleanor, whom he married in 1950\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Pfefferle studied [chemical engineering](/wiki/Chemical_engineering \"Chemical engineering\") at [Drexel University](/wiki/Drexel_University \"Drexel University\"). He took a doctorate in [physical chemistry](/wiki/Physical_chemistry \"Physical chemistry\") at the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\").", "From 1952 to 1956, he worked at [Standard Oil](/wiki/Standard_Oil \"Standard Oil\") of Indiana (now part of [BP](/wiki/BP \"BP\")).", "In 1956 he moved to Engelhard Industries,[Engelhard Industries](http://www.engelhard.com/Lang1) Iselin, NJ. While at Engelhard he invented \"Magnaforming\", a technique that now creates a large amount of the world's gasoline. He pioneered \"permeation mediated catalysis\" and developed phosphoric acid [fuel cells](/wiki/Fuel_cell \"Fuel cell\").", "Nicknamed the \"father of catalytic combustion\",Worthy, Sharon. *[Bio\\-Medicine: Connecticut chemist receives award for cleaner air technology](http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/Connecticut-chemist-receives-award-for-cleaner-air-technology-4451-1)*. 23 June 2003\\. Retrieved 31 October 2012\\. Pfefferle invented the original catalytic combustor for gas turbine engines in the early 1970s. Gas turbines work by mixing fuel with compressed and heated air, which burns and generates energy to turn the turbines. Unfortunately, nitrogen oxide gases, which contribute to global warming, are emitted during this process. Pfefferle developed a process using a [catalyst](/wiki/Catalyst \"Catalyst\") to allow combustion while forming minimal amounts of nitrogen oxides and [carbon monoxide](/wiki/Carbon_monoxide \"Carbon monoxide\").Robert N. Carter, Lance L. Smith, Hasan Karim, Marco Castaldi, Shah Etemad, George Muench, R. Samuel Boorse, Paul Menacherry and William C. Pfefferle (1998\\). *[Catalytic Combustion Technology Development for Gas Turbine Engine Applications](http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8078814)*. MRS Proceedings, 549, 93 doi:10\\.1557/PROC\\-549\\-93", "In 1977, Pfefferle founded William C. Pfefferle Associates, which he continued until 1986\\. He worked on several projects included a heavy oil burning downhole steam system for Dresser Industries.", "In 1986, Pfefferle co\\-founded Precision Combustion[Precision Combustion, Inc](http://www.precision-combustion.com), North Haven, Connecticut. in North Haven, [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\"). Pfefferle helped to develop clean and efficient [catalytic combustion](/wiki/Catalytic_combustion \"Catalytic combustion\") technologies for combustion engines. He also invented the \"[Microlith](/wiki/Microlith_%28catalytic_reactor%29 \"Microlith (catalytic reactor)\")\" catalytic reactor for automobiles and fuel processing, and the RCL catalytic combustor for ground\\-power gas turbine machines.", "Pfefferle received the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Gas Turbine Award in 2003\\.[ASME: Gas Turbine Award](http://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/literature-awards/gas-turbine-award). Retrieved 31 October 2012\\. Also in 2003, he received the American Chemical Society's (ACS) Industrial Innovation Award. He was survived by his wife Eleanor, whom he married in 1950\\.", "" ]
Gobi Noyon Khutagts ------------------- The first Noyon Khutagt to be identified among Gobi Buddhists was Agvangonchig, in 1622\. Generally speaking, Gobi Noyon Khutagts were among the most influential Mongolian Rinpoches in Mongolia, China, and other countries. Besides their dharma education and deeds, they were holders of the Governor's stamp for their own Banner, which of their disciples made up the entire administration unit, during both the regimes of [Manchu Qing Dynasty](/wiki/Manchu_Qing_dynasty "Manchu Qing dynasty") and [Bogd Khan](/wiki/Bogd_Khan "Bogd Khan"), the Eighth [Jetsundampa](/wiki/Jetsun_Dampa "Jetsun Dampa"), of Mongolia. ### Agvangonchig The first Gobi Noyon Khutagt Agvangonchig (ngag\-dbang dkon\-mchog) was born in a water dog year (1622\) of the 10th cycle (sixty years) of the lunar calendar as the first son of the Khalkha prince Sonom Daichin. The First Noyon Khutagt studied in [Tashi Lhunpo Monastery](/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery "Tashi Lhunpo Monastery") for 30 years from age 15\. When he was 45 years old, he came back to Mongolia and established Amgalan (which means peace or bliss) Monastery (also known as “Olon Khuree”) in a fire horse year (1666\) of the 11th cycle of the lunar calendar. He lived and spread the Dharma in the Mongolian Gobi region and died at age 82 in a wooden monkey year (1704\). He was buried in a tomb at a place called Gua teeg (on top of ‘Burkhan’ heap in present Khuvsgul county of Dornogobi Province). ### Jamyan\-dambee\-jantsan Noyon Khutagt Jamyan\-dambee\-jantsan (’jam\-dbyangs bstan\-pa’i rgyal\-mtshan) was born as a son of an ordinary nomad by the name of Sunder in a wooden monkey year of the 12th cycle of the lunar calendar (1704\). This lama was a great practitioner of [tantric](/wiki/Tantric_arts "Tantric arts") meditation and died in a water pig year of the 12th cycle (1743\) at the age of 40\. His body was placed in a special temple at Choi\-ling Monastery (at the site of Khan Bayanzurkh Mountain). ### Jamyan\-danzan Noyon Khutagt Jamyandanzan (’jam\-dbyangs bstan\-‘dzin) was born as a son of Tseden Mergen Zasag (a county governor) in a wooden mouse year of the 12th cycle (1744\). This Noyon Khutagt was educated in all Buddhist fields of knowledge. In a fire dog year (1766\), when he was 23 years old, he offered presents to the Manchu Emperor with the request to build a monastery in the Gobi region. He died in an earth mouse year of the 13th cycle (1768\), at 25 years old .{{Cite journal \|last\=Леман \|first\=Яна Дмитриевна \|date\=2019\-12\-11 \|title\=Рукопись «История семи перерождений халхаских ноён\-хутухт» из коллекции квартиры\-музея Ц. Дамдинсурэна \|url\=https://kigiran.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1946 \|journal\=Oriental Studies \|language\=ru \|volume\=45 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=883–890 \|doi\=10\.22162/2619\-0990\-2019\-45\-5\-883\-890\|s2cid\=216400140 \|doi\-access\=free }} His body was enshrined in the Temple of Khan Bayanzurkh Mountain (Tulgat Mountain). ### Jamyang\-Oidovjamts Noyon Khutagt Jamyang\-Oidovjamts ([Tibetan](/wiki/Tibetan_language_%28standard%29 "Tibetan language (standard)"): jam\-dbyangs dngos\-grub rgya\-mtsho) was born as a son of Rinchendorj, the governor of [Selenge Province](/wiki/Selenge_Province "Selenge Province"), in 1765\. At age 13, he was enthroned on the lion throne of [Khashaat](/wiki/Khushaat "Khushaat") monastery, which had been bestowed on him by a [Manchu](/wiki/Manchu_people "Manchu people") Emperor. This Noyon Khutagt was accused of murdering the Manchu Emperor’s son\-in\-law (although people believed that he had crushed an evil spirit) while traveling to [Erdene Zuu Monastery](/wiki/Erdene_Zuu_Monastery "Erdene Zuu Monastery"). Thus, he was taken to [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing") by order of the Emperor and imprisoned for some time. Finally, when he was traveling back to the Gobi he was murdered at a place called “Tsuurai”. ### Danzanravjaa Noyon Khutagt [Dulduityn Danzanravjaa](/wiki/Dulduityn_Danzanravjaa "Dulduityn Danzanravjaa") was born in 1803 into a poor family in Shuvuun Shand, now part of [Dornogovi Province](/wiki/Dornogovi_Province "Dornogovi Province"), and took the vows of a monk at age six. He was identified as the reincarnation of the fourth Noyon Khutagt at age nine.{{Cite book \|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1134148060 \|title\=Sources of Mongolian Buddhism \|date\=2019 \|others\=Vesna A. Wallace \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-090070\-0 \|location\=New York, NY \|oclc\=1134148060}} An exceptional student, he returned to his birthplace at age sixteen and began to build [Khamar Monastery](/wiki/Khamar_Monastery "Khamar Monastery"). He developed his own tantric practice, attracted many students, and gave many teachings to the local nomadic herding community. His relationship with the local [Qing](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") rulers became increasingly tense \- when he died at age 53 in 1856, there was a widespread rumour that he had been poisoned. Among both religious and secular writers and scholars of Mongolia at the time, Danzanravjaa stands out for his humour, wisdom, and popular tone. He gradually mastered written Mongolian and Tibetan languages and became a celebrated poet, with his work still enjoyed by Mongolians.{{Cite journal \|last\=FEDOTOV \|first\=ALEXANDER \|date\=1989 \|title\=Ravjaa's Role in Tibeto\-Mongolian Literature \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300315 \|journal\=The Tibet Journal \|volume\=14 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=43–48 \|jstor\=43300315 \|issn\=0970\-5368}} In addition to being the Noyon Khutagt and a poet, he was also an artist, composer, educator, [dramaturge](/wiki/Dramaturge "Dramaturge"), and functioned as a statesman of the Gobi. He was continually at odds with the Qing occupation of Mongolia. Unlike other high\-ranking [tulkus](/wiki/Tulku "Tulku"), he never went to Tibet; his understanding of Buddhism was entirely nomadic and Mongolian. Although he wrote poetry in Tibetan, his teachings were delivered in Mongolian. In his capacity as a religious leader, he promoted the Mongolian language and culture, and the secular education of both boys and girls. Danzanravjaa was a controversial figure during his lifetime, given his public fondness for excessive drinking and the company of young women. He was also referred to as the *sogtuu* ('drunk') reincarnation of the Noyon Khutagt. ### Luvsan\-dondov Noyon Khutagt Luvsan\-dondov (blo\-bzang don\-grub) was born as a son of Myagmar, a Tibetan national and younger brother of Seventh Jetsundampa in a fire dragon year of the 14th of cycle of the lunar calendar. He was recognized as Noyon Khutagt when he was one year old and enthroned at the age of fourteen in an earth dragon year (1868\). During his enthronement ceremony, the Seventh Jetsundampa offered 64 families from his own disciple’s county. The Sixth Noyon Khutagt Luvsan\-dondov died in a wooden pig year of the 15th cycle of the lunar calendar (1875\) at age 20\. ### Agvaan\-luvsan\-dambee\-jantsan Noyon Khutagt Agvaan\-luvsan\-dambee\-jantsan (ngag\-dbang blo\-zang bstan\-pa’i rgyal\-mtshan) was born as a son of Sharkhuu and Jinjee with clear signs of a higher being in a wooden pig year of the 15th cycle (1875\). The Seventh Noyon Khutagt had established four aimags (major divisions) i.e., worship or devotion, preachers ({{transl\|bo\|nomch}}), abbots and monks. He had also established Great Jagar Choir (Buddhist philosophy) College of Tashi Goman of Tibet in a wooden horse year (1882\) at Khamar Monastery. The Seventh Noyon Khutagt revised ‘The Life Story Moon Cuckoo” and staged it again in a water tiger year (1890\). Noyon Khutagt Agvaan\-luvsan\-dambee\-jantsan died on the 16th day of the last winter month, an iron sheep year of the 16th cycle of the lunar calendar (1931\) at 57\. Generally, it is not clear how his condition was after his arrest by Mongolian National Security and Intelligence Organization. No clear records document him at the Intelligence Archive. ### Samdanjamts Noyon Khutagt Samdanjamts (bsam gtan rgya mtsho) has no clear account, because he was not officially recognized and enthroned in Mongolia. In 1945, Soviet and Mongolian armies marched into the territory of China and freed it from Japan. After this historical event Mongolian refugees in Inner Mongolia moved back to the [Mongolian People's Republic](/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic "Mongolian People's Republic"). Some monks came up with news about the Eight Noyon Khutagt together with handwritten list of names of Noyon Khutagts. Since it was a [Communist](/wiki/Communism "Communism") regime, Gobi people could not take steps towards clarifying on this. What elders heard during their hidden meetings and conversations was: Genden, who was an attendant to the Seventh Noyon Khutagt, fled to Inner Mongolia and found the Eight Noyon Khutagt there. This was linked with Japanese policy to establish united Mongolia and Manchu state under her rule. The idea was to use the so called Noyon Khutagt as the head of Buddhism of the planned state. When Mongolians were moving back to their home country Samdanjamts was around 15 or 16 year. He decided to stay there. Thereafter, Mongolians lost any communications with him. ### Danzanluvsantudev {{main\|Noyon Khutagt Danzanluvsantudev\|l1\=Noyon Khutagt Danzanluvsantudev (Tenzing Losang Thudob)}}Noyon Khutagt Danzanluvsantudev was identified by the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/Dalai_Lama "Dalai Lama") on 29 December 2012 and enthroned as the Noyon Khutagt the following March.{{Cite web \|title\=IX Ноён хутагт Данзанлувсантүдэв: Догшин хэмээх тодотгол надад зохихгүй \|url\=https://mass.mn/n/23131 \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-25 \|website\=mass.mn}}
[ "Gobi Noyon Khutagts\n-------------------", "The first Noyon Khutagt to be identified among Gobi Buddhists was Agvangonchig, in 1622\\.", "Generally speaking, Gobi Noyon Khutagts were among the most influential Mongolian Rinpoches in Mongolia, China, and other countries. Besides their dharma education and deeds, they were holders of the Governor's stamp for their own Banner, which of their disciples made up the entire administration unit, during both the regimes of [Manchu Qing Dynasty](/wiki/Manchu_Qing_dynasty \"Manchu Qing dynasty\") and [Bogd Khan](/wiki/Bogd_Khan \"Bogd Khan\"), the Eighth [Jetsundampa](/wiki/Jetsun_Dampa \"Jetsun Dampa\"), of Mongolia.", "### Agvangonchig", "The first Gobi Noyon Khutagt Agvangonchig (ngag\\-dbang dkon\\-mchog) was born in a water dog year (1622\\) of the 10th cycle (sixty years) of the lunar calendar as the first son of the Khalkha prince Sonom Daichin. The First Noyon Khutagt studied in [Tashi Lhunpo Monastery](/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery \"Tashi Lhunpo Monastery\") for 30 years from age 15\\. When he was 45 years old, he came back to Mongolia and established Amgalan (which means peace or bliss) Monastery (also known as “Olon Khuree”) in a fire horse year (1666\\) of the 11th cycle of the lunar calendar. He lived and spread the Dharma in the Mongolian Gobi region and died at age 82 in a wooden monkey year (1704\\). He was buried in a tomb at a place called Gua teeg (on top of ‘Burkhan’ heap in present Khuvsgul county of Dornogobi Province).", "### Jamyan\\-dambee\\-jantsan", "Noyon Khutagt Jamyan\\-dambee\\-jantsan (’jam\\-dbyangs bstan\\-pa’i rgyal\\-mtshan) was born as a son of an ordinary nomad by the name of Sunder in a wooden monkey year of the 12th cycle of the lunar calendar (1704\\). This lama was a great practitioner of [tantric](/wiki/Tantric_arts \"Tantric arts\") meditation and died in a water pig year of the 12th cycle (1743\\) at the age of 40\\. His body was placed in a special temple at Choi\\-ling Monastery (at the site of Khan Bayanzurkh Mountain).", "### Jamyan\\-danzan", "Noyon Khutagt Jamyandanzan (’jam\\-dbyangs bstan\\-‘dzin) was born as a son of Tseden Mergen Zasag (a county governor) in a wooden mouse year of the 12th cycle (1744\\). This Noyon Khutagt was educated in all Buddhist fields of knowledge. In a fire dog year (1766\\), when he was 23 years old, he offered presents to the Manchu Emperor with the request to build a monastery in the Gobi region. He died in an earth mouse year of the 13th cycle (1768\\), at 25 years old .{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Леман \\|first\\=Яна Дмитриевна \\|date\\=2019\\-12\\-11 \\|title\\=Рукопись «История семи перерождений халхаских ноён\\-хутухт» из коллекции квартиры\\-музея Ц. Дамдинсурэна \\|url\\=https://kigiran.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1946 \\|journal\\=Oriental Studies \\|language\\=ru \\|volume\\=45 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=883–890 \\|doi\\=10\\.22162/2619\\-0990\\-2019\\-45\\-5\\-883\\-890\\|s2cid\\=216400140 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} His body was enshrined in the Temple of Khan Bayanzurkh Mountain (Tulgat Mountain).", "### Jamyang\\-Oidovjamts", "Noyon Khutagt Jamyang\\-Oidovjamts ([Tibetan](/wiki/Tibetan_language_%28standard%29 \"Tibetan language (standard)\"): jam\\-dbyangs dngos\\-grub rgya\\-mtsho) was born as a son of Rinchendorj, the governor of [Selenge Province](/wiki/Selenge_Province \"Selenge Province\"), in 1765\\. At age 13, he was enthroned on the lion throne of [Khashaat](/wiki/Khushaat \"Khushaat\") monastery, which had been bestowed on him by a [Manchu](/wiki/Manchu_people \"Manchu people\") Emperor. This Noyon Khutagt was accused of murdering the Manchu Emperor’s son\\-in\\-law (although people believed that he had crushed an evil spirit) while traveling to [Erdene Zuu Monastery](/wiki/Erdene_Zuu_Monastery \"Erdene Zuu Monastery\"). Thus, he was taken to [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\") by order of the Emperor and imprisoned for some time. Finally, when he was traveling back to the Gobi he was murdered at a place called “Tsuurai”.", "### Danzanravjaa", "Noyon Khutagt [Dulduityn Danzanravjaa](/wiki/Dulduityn_Danzanravjaa \"Dulduityn Danzanravjaa\") was born in 1803 into a poor family in Shuvuun Shand, now part of [Dornogovi Province](/wiki/Dornogovi_Province \"Dornogovi Province\"), and took the vows of a monk at age six. He was identified as the reincarnation of the fourth Noyon Khutagt at age nine.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1134148060 \\|title\\=Sources of Mongolian Buddhism \\|date\\=2019 \\|others\\=Vesna A. Wallace \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-090070\\-0 \\|location\\=New York, NY \\|oclc\\=1134148060}} An exceptional student, he returned to his birthplace at age sixteen and began to build [Khamar Monastery](/wiki/Khamar_Monastery \"Khamar Monastery\"). He developed his own tantric practice, attracted many students, and gave many teachings to the local nomadic herding community. His relationship with the local [Qing](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") rulers became increasingly tense \\- when he died at age 53 in 1856, there was a widespread rumour that he had been poisoned.", "Among both religious and secular writers and scholars of Mongolia at the time, Danzanravjaa stands out for his humour, wisdom, and popular tone. He gradually mastered written Mongolian and Tibetan languages and became a celebrated poet, with his work still enjoyed by Mongolians.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=FEDOTOV \\|first\\=ALEXANDER \\|date\\=1989 \\|title\\=Ravjaa's Role in Tibeto\\-Mongolian Literature \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300315 \\|journal\\=The Tibet Journal \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=43–48 \\|jstor\\=43300315 \\|issn\\=0970\\-5368}} In addition to being the Noyon Khutagt and a poet, he was also an artist, composer, educator, [dramaturge](/wiki/Dramaturge \"Dramaturge\"), and functioned as a statesman of the Gobi. He was continually at odds with the Qing occupation of Mongolia. Unlike other high\\-ranking [tulkus](/wiki/Tulku \"Tulku\"), he never went to Tibet; his understanding of Buddhism was entirely nomadic and Mongolian. Although he wrote poetry in Tibetan, his teachings were delivered in Mongolian. In his capacity as a religious leader, he promoted the Mongolian language and culture, and the secular education of both boys and girls.", "Danzanravjaa was a controversial figure during his lifetime, given his public fondness for excessive drinking and the company of young women. He was also referred to as the *sogtuu* ('drunk') reincarnation of the Noyon Khutagt.", "### Luvsan\\-dondov", "Noyon Khutagt Luvsan\\-dondov (blo\\-bzang don\\-grub) was born as a son of Myagmar, a Tibetan national and younger brother of Seventh Jetsundampa in a fire dragon year of the 14th of cycle of the lunar calendar. He was recognized as Noyon Khutagt when he was one year old and enthroned at the age of fourteen in an earth dragon year (1868\\). During his enthronement ceremony, the Seventh Jetsundampa offered 64 families from his own disciple’s county. The Sixth Noyon Khutagt Luvsan\\-dondov died in a wooden pig year of the 15th cycle of the lunar calendar (1875\\) at age 20\\.", "### Agvaan\\-luvsan\\-dambee\\-jantsan", "Noyon Khutagt Agvaan\\-luvsan\\-dambee\\-jantsan (ngag\\-dbang blo\\-zang bstan\\-pa’i rgyal\\-mtshan) was born as a son of Sharkhuu and Jinjee with clear signs of a higher being in a wooden pig year of the 15th cycle (1875\\). The Seventh Noyon Khutagt had established four aimags (major divisions) i.e., worship or devotion, preachers ({{transl\\|bo\\|nomch}}), abbots and monks. He had also established Great Jagar Choir (Buddhist philosophy) College of Tashi Goman of Tibet in a wooden horse year (1882\\) at Khamar Monastery. The Seventh Noyon Khutagt revised ‘The Life Story Moon Cuckoo” and staged it again in a water tiger year (1890\\). Noyon Khutagt Agvaan\\-luvsan\\-dambee\\-jantsan died on the 16th day of the last winter month, an iron sheep year of the 16th cycle of the lunar calendar (1931\\) at 57\\. Generally, it is not clear how his condition was after his arrest by Mongolian National Security and Intelligence Organization. No clear records document him at the Intelligence Archive.", "### Samdanjamts", "Noyon Khutagt Samdanjamts (bsam gtan rgya mtsho) has no clear account, because he was not officially recognized and enthroned in Mongolia. In 1945, Soviet and Mongolian armies marched into the territory of China and freed it from Japan. After this historical event Mongolian refugees in Inner Mongolia moved back to the [Mongolian People's Republic](/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic \"Mongolian People's Republic\"). Some monks came up with news about the Eight Noyon Khutagt together with handwritten list of names of Noyon Khutagts. Since it was a [Communist](/wiki/Communism \"Communism\") regime, Gobi people could not take steps towards clarifying on this. What elders heard during their hidden meetings and conversations was: Genden, who was an attendant to the Seventh Noyon Khutagt, fled to Inner Mongolia and found the Eight Noyon Khutagt there. This was linked with Japanese policy to establish united Mongolia and Manchu state under her rule. The idea was to use the so called Noyon Khutagt as the head of Buddhism of the planned state. When Mongolians were moving back to their home country Samdanjamts was around 15 or 16 year. He decided to stay there. Thereafter, Mongolians lost any communications with him.", "### Danzanluvsantudev", "{{main\\|Noyon Khutagt Danzanluvsantudev\\|l1\\=Noyon Khutagt Danzanluvsantudev (Tenzing Losang Thudob)}}Noyon Khutagt Danzanluvsantudev was identified by the [Dalai Lama](/wiki/Dalai_Lama \"Dalai Lama\") on 29 December 2012 and enthroned as the Noyon Khutagt the following March.{{Cite web \\|title\\=IX Ноён хутагт Данзанлувсантүдэв: Догшин хэмээх тодотгол надад зохихгүй \\|url\\=https://mass.mn/n/23131 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-25 \\|website\\=mass.mn}}", "" ]
Revolutionary life ------------------ After finishing her studies, Praskovya moved to [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa "Odessa") where she immediately made contact with other radicals living in the city. She worked distributing socialist propaganda to factory workers by day while providing literacy lessons in the evening. In the summer of 1876, Ivanovskaya found work as a farm labourer in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), with intentions to spreading information on the [Zemlya i volya](/wiki/Zemlya_i_volya "Zemlya i volya") (Land and liberty) movement. However, this did not quite work out as she had hoped, for she was so exhausted by the end of the day's work that she had little energy for propaganda work. After the split of "Zemlya i volya", she became a member of the more radical break away faction, [Narodnaya Volya](/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya_%28organization%29 "Narodnaya Volya (organization)") (the Peoples Will), which favoured a policy of [terrorism](/wiki/Terrorism "Terrorism"). She was then briefly imprisoned, and after her release lived in an émigré colony of Russian radicals in [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"). Later in 1880, Ivanovskaya returned to Russia where she worked in an underground printing plant producing propaganda for Narodnaya Volya, one job having been to print leaflets explaining why they had assassinated Emperor [Alexander II of Russia](/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia "Alexander II of Russia"). Following the assassination of Alexander II, several members of Narodnaya Volya were arrested and on 3 April 1881, and many were subsequently hanged. Ivanovskaya was arrested and charged with involvement in the assassination. She was sentenced to death, with the sentence being reduced to life, hard labour. After fifteen years she was released from prison, but was sent to [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia "Siberia"). In 1903, she escaped and went into hiding, joining the [Socialist Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party "Socialist Revolutionary Party") and became involved with the SR Combat Organisation. In 1904, she helped the organisation in the assassination of the Minister of Interior, [Vyacheslav Plehve](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Plehve "Vyacheslav Plehve"). Ivanovskaya became one of many revolutionaries to be betrayed by [Evno Azef](/wiki/Evno_Azef "Evno Azef"), which led to her arrest and imprisonment, however was granted amnesty as part of [Nicholas II](/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia "Nicholas II of Russia") concessions following the [1905 revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905 "Russian Revolution of 1905"). In 1925, Ivanovskaya published her autobiography.
[ "Revolutionary life\n------------------", "After finishing her studies, Praskovya moved to [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa \"Odessa\") where she immediately made contact with other radicals living in the city. She worked distributing socialist propaganda to factory workers by day while providing literacy lessons in the evening.", "In the summer of 1876, Ivanovskaya found work as a farm labourer in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"), with intentions to spreading information on the [Zemlya i volya](/wiki/Zemlya_i_volya \"Zemlya i volya\") (Land and liberty) movement. However, this did not quite work out as she had hoped, for she was so exhausted by the end of the day's work that she had little energy for propaganda work.", "After the split of \"Zemlya i volya\", she became a member of the more radical break away faction, [Narodnaya Volya](/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya_%28organization%29 \"Narodnaya Volya (organization)\") (the Peoples Will), which favoured a policy of [terrorism](/wiki/Terrorism \"Terrorism\").", "She was then briefly imprisoned, and after her release lived in an émigré colony of Russian radicals in [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\").", "Later in 1880, Ivanovskaya returned to Russia where she worked in an underground printing plant producing propaganda for Narodnaya Volya, one job having been to print leaflets explaining why they had assassinated Emperor [Alexander II of Russia](/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia \"Alexander II of Russia\").", "Following the assassination of Alexander II, several members of Narodnaya Volya were arrested and on 3 April 1881, and many were subsequently hanged.", "Ivanovskaya was arrested and charged with involvement in the assassination. She was sentenced to death, with the sentence being reduced to life, hard labour.", "After fifteen years she was released from prison, but was sent to [Siberia](/wiki/Siberia \"Siberia\"). In 1903, she escaped and went into hiding, joining the [Socialist Revolutionary Party](/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party \"Socialist Revolutionary Party\") and became involved with the SR Combat Organisation. In 1904, she helped the organisation in the assassination of the Minister of Interior, [Vyacheslav Plehve](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Plehve \"Vyacheslav Plehve\").", "Ivanovskaya became one of many revolutionaries to be betrayed by [Evno Azef](/wiki/Evno_Azef \"Evno Azef\"), which led to her arrest and imprisonment, however was granted amnesty as part of [Nicholas II](/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia \"Nicholas II of Russia\") concessions following the [1905 revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905 \"Russian Revolution of 1905\").", "In 1925, Ivanovskaya published her autobiography.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Upbringing Brinsmead's parents, Edward Kenelm Guy Hungerford and May Lambert, were missionaries for the [Seventh\-day Adventist Church](/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church "Seventh-day Adventist Church") who left Sydney for [Java](/wiki/Java "Java") ([Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia")) 1909 to 1912\. On their return her father and his brothers built homes in the isolated area of the Blue Mountains where Brinsmead was born. Ken and May took their three small children, one of whom was seriously ill, with them. They farmed in this beautiful place while the children grew up. Brinsmead was the youngest and, for several years, was the only child at home as her siblings were at school in town. ### The writer Brinsmead was determined to be a writer from an early age but had very little formal education due to her home's remote location. Her mother gave her much of her early education at home around their kitchen table.{{cite web\|title\="A wry chronicler of society's foibles" \|publisher\= Sydney Morning Herald, 29 November 2003\|url\=http://www.milesago.com/Obits/brinsmead\-hesba.htm\|access\-date\= 14 May 2024}} After completing some primary schooling by correspondence she attended a small church high school at Wahroonga, Sydney. Eventually she left home in her mid\-teens and became a teacher. She taught in various places around Australia, at a one\-teacher school, as a governess in the far west of NSW and in the Derwent Valley of Tasmania. She undertook a correspondence course in journalism while in her thirties. She had married Reg Brinsmead when 20 years of age and had two sons. Her husband owned and managed a pest control business active in three states. Finding time to write or study was a struggle for Brinsmead as she was always kept busy with clerical tasks and arranging employees' food and accommodation needs. She managed to escape in various ways to find a place to write undisturbed; to a caravan in the back yard or to coffee shops. While living in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), the ANZ bank near her home in the suburb of Nunawading allowed her to use a spare room on their premises. She lived for varying lengths of time in North Queensland, Melbourne, Tasmania, the West Australian outback, and in northern New South Wales. These places are all featured strongly in her novels. ### Influences and inspiration Her novels, taken from her experiences and travels around Australia, were written for children and young adults; however, they expressed many themes that have gained more prominence in today's world – such as the fragility and beauty of the environment and indigenous areas and the need for their conservation, the effect of ecological damage, the plight of refugees and societies disaffected and the human cost of resource development. As examples, *Echo in the Wilderness*, set on [Lake Pedder](/wiki/Lake_Pedder "Lake Pedder") on the eve of its destruction, chronicles the submergence and obliteration of the lake. Her 1983 book, *I Will Not Say the Day Is Done* (her only non\-fiction/adult book) brought to life the struggle to save Lake Pedder. She was passionately consumed by the need to do something about environmental vandalism in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania "Tasmania"). Her book *Isle of the Sea Horse*, released in 1969, grew out of her concern about the ecological devastation to the [Great Barrier Reef](/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef "Great Barrier Reef") and, among other concerns, the plight of refugees. Her *Longtime* trilogy was set in, and inspired by her upbringing in, the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28Australia%29 "Blue Mountains (Australia)"). ### Recognition and later life She was friends with fellow well known children's writers [Nance Donkin](/wiki/Nance_Donkin "Nance Donkin") and Lu Rees and, later, provided advice and support to younger writer Nette Hilton, after she moved to Northern New South Wales in 1976\. Brinsmead was twice the winner of the [Children's Book Council of Australia](/wiki/Children%27s_Book_Council_of_Australia "Children's Book Council of Australia")'s Book of the Year Award (for *[Pastures of the Blue Crane](/wiki/Pastures_of_the_Blue_Crane "Pastures of the Blue Crane")* in 1965 and *Longtime Passing* in 1972\), and winner of the Dame [Mary Gilmore](/wiki/Mary_Gilmore "Mary Gilmore") Medallion in 1965\. *Pastures of the Blue Crane* was later made into a successful mini\-series by ABC TV. Her fame from writing books allowed her to forge a separate but related career as a public speaker, speaking at conferences, seminars, meetings, school and public library events. Many of her over twenty books reached an international readership and were translated into Japanese, Italian, Czech, and German as well as being published in British, American and Australian editions. In later life she retired to [Terranora](/wiki/Terranora "Terranora") in northern NSW but even in her later years was an outspoken opponent of developers taking over the land. She stopped writing in the 1990s due to ill health. She had suffered from [osteoporosis](/wiki/Osteoporosis "Osteoporosis") all her life.
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Upbringing", "Brinsmead's parents, Edward Kenelm Guy Hungerford and May Lambert, were missionaries for the [Seventh\\-day Adventist Church](/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church \"Seventh-day Adventist Church\") who left Sydney for [Java](/wiki/Java \"Java\") ([Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\")) 1909 to 1912\\. On their return her father and his brothers built homes in the isolated area of the Blue Mountains where Brinsmead was born. Ken and May took their three small children, one of whom was seriously ill, with them. They farmed in this beautiful place while the children grew up. Brinsmead was the youngest and, for several years, was the only child at home as her siblings were at school in town.", "### The writer", "Brinsmead was determined to be a writer from an early age but had very little formal education due to her home's remote location. Her mother gave her much of her early education at home around their kitchen table.{{cite web\\|title\\=\"A wry chronicler of society's foibles\" \\|publisher\\= Sydney Morning Herald, 29 November 2003\\|url\\=http://www.milesago.com/Obits/brinsmead\\-hesba.htm\\|access\\-date\\= 14 May 2024}} After completing some primary schooling by correspondence she attended a small church high school at Wahroonga, Sydney. Eventually she left home in her mid\\-teens and became a teacher. She taught in various places around Australia, at a one\\-teacher school, as a governess in the far west of NSW and in the Derwent Valley of Tasmania. She undertook a correspondence course in journalism while in her thirties. She had married Reg Brinsmead when 20 years of age and had two sons. Her husband owned and managed a pest control business active in three states. Finding time to write or study was a struggle for Brinsmead as she was always kept busy with clerical tasks and arranging employees' food and accommodation needs. She managed to escape in various ways to find a place to write undisturbed; to a caravan in the back yard or to coffee shops.", "While living in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), the ANZ bank near her home in the suburb of Nunawading allowed her to use a spare room on their premises. She lived for varying lengths of time in North Queensland, Melbourne, Tasmania, the West Australian outback, and in northern New South Wales. These places are all featured strongly in her novels.", "### Influences and inspiration", "Her novels, taken from her experiences and travels around Australia, were written for children and young adults; however, they expressed many themes that have gained more prominence in today's world – such as the fragility and beauty of the environment and indigenous areas and the need for their conservation, the effect of ecological damage, the plight of refugees and societies disaffected and the human cost of resource development. As examples, *Echo in the Wilderness*, set on [Lake Pedder](/wiki/Lake_Pedder \"Lake Pedder\") on the eve of its destruction, chronicles the submergence and obliteration of the lake. Her 1983 book, *I Will Not Say the Day Is Done* (her only non\\-fiction/adult book) brought to life the struggle to save Lake Pedder. She was passionately consumed by the need to do something about environmental vandalism in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\"). Her book *Isle of the Sea Horse*, released in 1969, grew out of her concern about the ecological devastation to the [Great Barrier Reef](/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef \"Great Barrier Reef\") and, among other concerns, the plight of refugees. Her *Longtime* trilogy was set in, and inspired by her upbringing in, the [Blue Mountains](/wiki/Blue_Mountains_%28Australia%29 \"Blue Mountains (Australia)\").", "### Recognition and later life", "She was friends with fellow well known children's writers [Nance Donkin](/wiki/Nance_Donkin \"Nance Donkin\") and Lu Rees and, later, provided advice and support to younger writer Nette Hilton, after she moved to Northern New South Wales in 1976\\. Brinsmead was twice the winner of the [Children's Book Council of Australia](/wiki/Children%27s_Book_Council_of_Australia \"Children's Book Council of Australia\")'s Book of the Year Award (for *[Pastures of the Blue Crane](/wiki/Pastures_of_the_Blue_Crane \"Pastures of the Blue Crane\")* in 1965 and *Longtime Passing* in 1972\\), and winner of the Dame [Mary Gilmore](/wiki/Mary_Gilmore \"Mary Gilmore\") Medallion in 1965\\. *Pastures of the Blue Crane* was later made into a successful mini\\-series by ABC TV. Her fame from writing books allowed her to forge a separate but related career as a public speaker, speaking at conferences, seminars, meetings, school and public library events. Many of her over twenty books reached an international readership and were translated into Japanese, Italian, Czech, and German as well as being published in British, American and Australian editions.", "In later life she retired to [Terranora](/wiki/Terranora \"Terranora\") in northern NSW but even in her later years was an outspoken opponent of developers taking over the land. She stopped writing in the 1990s due to ill health. She had suffered from [osteoporosis](/wiki/Osteoporosis \"Osteoporosis\") all her life.", "" ]
Disease linkage --------------- Certain [mutations](/wiki/Mutation "Mutation") in the thyroid hormone receptor are associated with [thyroid hormone resistance](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_resistance "Thyroid hormone resistance").{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Olateju TO, Vanderpump MP \| title \= Thyroid hormone resistance \| journal \= Annals of Clinical Biochemistry \| volume \= 43 \| issue \= Pt 6 \| pages \= 431–40 \| date \= November 2006 \| pmid \= 17132274 \| doi \= 10\.1258/000456306778904678 \| s2cid \= 21555314 }} The clinical diagnosis of t[hyroid hormone resistance syndrome (THRS)](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_resistance "Thyroid hormone resistance") depends on the location of the resistance, which can be localized to the pituitary gland, peripheral tissues, or both.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Guo QH, Wang BA, Wang CZ, Wang M, Lu JM, Lv ZH, Mu YM \| title \= Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome caused by heterozygous A317T mutation in thyroid hormone receptor β gene: Report of one Chinese pedigree and review of the literature \| journal \= Medicine \| volume \= 95 \| issue \= 33 \| pages \= e4415 \| date \= August 2016 \| pmid \= 27537566 \| pmc \= 5370793 \| doi \= 10\.1097/MD.0000000000004415 }} Patients who present with resistance in both tissue types are diagnosed with global resistance to thyroid hormone. Mutations to both TR genes have been observed clinically, however, THRB gene mutations are much more common. ### *THRB* gene mutation {{more citations needed\|subsection\|date\=March 2024}} [TR\-β](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta "Thyroid hormone receptor beta") resistance is an [autosomal dominant](/wiki/Autosomal_dominant "Autosomal dominant") disease. This means only one copy of the mutated gene on [chromosome 3](/wiki/Chromosome_3 "Chromosome 3") needs to be inherited in order for an individual to present with this condition. *THRB* mutation directly affects the regulation of the [hypothalamic\-pituitary\-thyroid (HPT) axis](/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis "Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis"). In a healthy individual, the TR\-β2 expressed in the pituitary gland plays a major role in regulating [thyroid\-stimulating hormone (TSH)](/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone "Thyroid-stimulating hormone") levels through [negative feedback](/wiki/Negative_feedback "Negative feedback"). TSH stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone. Once secreted, thyroid hormone acts on these receptors and inhibits transcription of [*Tshb*](/wiki/TSHB "TSHB"). This feedback inhibition stops further TSH production, inhibiting thyroid hormone secretion downstream. When the THRB gene is mutated, the receptors on the pituitary can no longer bind thyroid hormone. Due to this, TSH production and secretion is not regulated to the same degree and the thyroid continues to be stimulated. The elimination of the [negative feedback](/wiki/Negative_feedback "Negative feedback") loop results in the heightened levels of thyroid hormone presented by patients with this condition. ### *THRA* gene mutation {{more citations needed\|subsection\|date\=March 2024}} The *THRA* gene is located on [chromosome 17](/wiki/Chromosome_17 "Chromosome 17"). Not as much information is known about mutations to this gene because it is far less common than mutations to *THRB*.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2024}} Unlike THRB mutations, *THRA* mutations do not disrupt the HPT axis. This can make [TR\-α](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_alpha "Thyroid hormone receptor alpha") resistance more difficult to diagnose because patients do not typically present with elevations in thyroid hormone concentration. Due to the high TR\-α1 expression in the heart, the cardiovascular system is highly affected by this condition. Additionally, thyroid hormone plays an important role in bone development. Thus, patients with this condition have consistently presented with short stature. #### Symptoms Symptoms of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome can be similar to those seen in [hypothyroidism](/wiki/Hypothyroidism "Hypothyroidism"). [Hypothyroidism](/wiki/Hypothyroidism "Hypothyroidism") is a disease in which the [thyroid](/wiki/Thyroid "Thyroid") does not produce enough [thyroid hormone](/wiki/Thyroid_hormones "Thyroid hormones"). Patients with this condition have also presented with symptoms similar to [hyperthyroidism](/wiki/Hyperthyroidism "Hyperthyroidism"). In contrast to [hypothyroidism](/wiki/Hypothyroidism "Hypothyroidism"), [hyperthyroidism](/wiki/Hyperthyroidism "Hyperthyroidism") is a disease in which the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone. Due to the large array of potential symptoms, this condition can be misleading and is often difficult for medical professionals to diagnose. **Common symptoms of TR mutation include:** * [Depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 "Depression (mood)") * [Loss of vision](/wiki/Loss_of_vision "Loss of vision") * [Heart problems](/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease "Cardiovascular disease") * Weight gain * Fatigue * Hearing loss * Sensitivity to cold * Weakness * Issues with [digestion](/wiki/Digestion "Digestion") * [Cognitive impairment](/wiki/Cognitive_impairment "Cognitive impairment") * Changes to the [menstrual cycle](/wiki/Menstrual_cycle "Menstrual cycle") ### Treatment Treating patients with [hypothyroidism](/wiki/Hypothyroidism "Hypothyroidism") caused by the absence of functional TRs is difficult. Treatments prescribed to patients with [thyroid hormone resistance](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_resistance "Thyroid hormone resistance") largely depend on the symptoms they present and the type of resistance they have. For those whose conditions mimic hypothyroidism, prescribing normal thyroid hormone doses may not remedy the symptoms they are experiencing. In order for a ligand to have an effect, it must be able to bind to a receptor. Individuals with a *THRB* or *THRA* mutation have less receptors that are able to bind ligand, and a corresponding drop in tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone. For this reason, physicians may prescribe higher doses of the hormone to increase the probability that the ligand will reach a TR that is functional. Prescribing thyroid hormone in any dose to patients presenting with symptoms mimicking [hyperthyroidism](/wiki/Hyperthyroidism "Hyperthyroidism") does not improve the condition. For these individuals, [beta\-blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker") can be prescribed to treat the increased [sympathetic](/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system "Sympathetic nervous system") activation they experience.{{cite journal \| vauthors \= Rivas AM, Lado\-Abeal J \| title \= Thyroid hormone resistance and its management \| journal \= Proceedings \| volume \= 29 \| issue \= 2 \| pages \= 209–11 \| date \= April 2016 \| pmid \= 27034574 \| pmc \= 4790576 \| doi \= 10\.1080/08998280\.2016\.11929421 }} [Beta\-blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker") are competitive inhibitors of adrenaline, the [post\-ganglionic](/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers "Postganglionic nerve fibers") [neurotransmitter](/wiki/Neurotransmitter "Neurotransmitter") released by cells of the [sympathetic nervous system](/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system "Sympathetic nervous system"). By blocking the ability of receptors to bind [adrenaline](/wiki/Adrenaline "Adrenaline"), [beta\-blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker "Beta blocker") have been observed to alleviate symptoms of [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety"), increased [blood pressure](/wiki/Blood_pressure "Blood pressure"), and irregular heartbeat, amongst others. Anti\-anxiety medications can also be prescribed to individuals with this conditions to treat symptoms of [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety").
[ "Disease linkage\n---------------", "Certain [mutations](/wiki/Mutation \"Mutation\") in the thyroid hormone receptor are associated with [thyroid hormone resistance](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_resistance \"Thyroid hormone resistance\").{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Olateju TO, Vanderpump MP \\| title \\= Thyroid hormone resistance \\| journal \\= Annals of Clinical Biochemistry \\| volume \\= 43 \\| issue \\= Pt 6 \\| pages \\= 431–40 \\| date \\= November 2006 \\| pmid \\= 17132274 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1258/000456306778904678 \\| s2cid \\= 21555314 }} The clinical diagnosis of t[hyroid hormone resistance syndrome (THRS)](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_resistance \"Thyroid hormone resistance\") depends on the location of the resistance, which can be localized to the pituitary gland, peripheral tissues, or both.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Guo QH, Wang BA, Wang CZ, Wang M, Lu JM, Lv ZH, Mu YM \\| title \\= Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome caused by heterozygous A317T mutation in thyroid hormone receptor β gene: Report of one Chinese pedigree and review of the literature \\| journal \\= Medicine \\| volume \\= 95 \\| issue \\= 33 \\| pages \\= e4415 \\| date \\= August 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27537566 \\| pmc \\= 5370793 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1097/MD.0000000000004415 }} Patients who present with resistance in both tissue types are diagnosed with global resistance to thyroid hormone. Mutations to both TR genes have been observed clinically, however, THRB gene mutations are much more common.", "### *THRB* gene mutation", "{{more citations needed\\|subsection\\|date\\=March 2024}}\n[TR\\-β](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta \"Thyroid hormone receptor beta\") resistance is an [autosomal dominant](/wiki/Autosomal_dominant \"Autosomal dominant\") disease. This means only one copy of the mutated gene on [chromosome 3](/wiki/Chromosome_3 \"Chromosome 3\") needs to be inherited in order for an individual to present with this condition. *THRB* mutation directly affects the regulation of the [hypothalamic\\-pituitary\\-thyroid (HPT) axis](/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis \"Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis\"). In a healthy individual, the TR\\-β2 expressed in the pituitary gland plays a major role in regulating [thyroid\\-stimulating hormone (TSH)](/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone \"Thyroid-stimulating hormone\") levels through [negative feedback](/wiki/Negative_feedback \"Negative feedback\"). TSH stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone. Once secreted, thyroid hormone acts on these receptors and inhibits transcription of [*Tshb*](/wiki/TSHB \"TSHB\"). This feedback inhibition stops further TSH production, inhibiting thyroid hormone secretion downstream. When the THRB gene is mutated, the receptors on the pituitary can no longer bind thyroid hormone. Due to this, TSH production and secretion is not regulated to the same degree and the thyroid continues to be stimulated. The elimination of the [negative feedback](/wiki/Negative_feedback \"Negative feedback\") loop results in the heightened levels of thyroid hormone presented by patients with this condition.", "### *THRA* gene mutation", "{{more citations needed\\|subsection\\|date\\=March 2024}}\nThe *THRA* gene is located on [chromosome 17](/wiki/Chromosome_17 \"Chromosome 17\"). Not as much information is known about mutations to this gene because it is far less common than mutations to *THRB*.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2024}} Unlike THRB mutations, *THRA* mutations do not disrupt the HPT axis. This can make [TR\\-α](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_alpha \"Thyroid hormone receptor alpha\") resistance more difficult to diagnose because patients do not typically present with elevations in thyroid hormone concentration. Due to the high TR\\-α1 expression in the heart, the cardiovascular system is highly affected by this condition. Additionally, thyroid hormone plays an important role in bone development. Thus, patients with this condition have consistently presented with short stature.", "#### Symptoms", "Symptoms of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome can be similar to those seen in [hypothyroidism](/wiki/Hypothyroidism \"Hypothyroidism\"). [Hypothyroidism](/wiki/Hypothyroidism \"Hypothyroidism\") is a disease in which the [thyroid](/wiki/Thyroid \"Thyroid\") does not produce enough [thyroid hormone](/wiki/Thyroid_hormones \"Thyroid hormones\"). Patients with this condition have also presented with symptoms similar to [hyperthyroidism](/wiki/Hyperthyroidism \"Hyperthyroidism\"). In contrast to [hypothyroidism](/wiki/Hypothyroidism \"Hypothyroidism\"), [hyperthyroidism](/wiki/Hyperthyroidism \"Hyperthyroidism\") is a disease in which the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone. Due to the large array of potential symptoms, this condition can be misleading and is often difficult for medical professionals to diagnose.", "**Common symptoms of TR mutation include:**", "* [Depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 \"Depression (mood)\")\n* [Loss of vision](/wiki/Loss_of_vision \"Loss of vision\")\n* [Heart problems](/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease \"Cardiovascular disease\")\n* Weight gain\n* Fatigue\n* Hearing loss\n* Sensitivity to cold\n* Weakness\n* Issues with [digestion](/wiki/Digestion \"Digestion\")\n* [Cognitive impairment](/wiki/Cognitive_impairment \"Cognitive impairment\")\n* Changes to the [menstrual cycle](/wiki/Menstrual_cycle \"Menstrual cycle\")", "### Treatment", "Treating patients with [hypothyroidism](/wiki/Hypothyroidism \"Hypothyroidism\") caused by the absence of functional TRs is difficult. Treatments prescribed to patients with [thyroid hormone resistance](/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_resistance \"Thyroid hormone resistance\") largely depend on the symptoms they present and the type of resistance they have.", "For those whose conditions mimic hypothyroidism, prescribing normal thyroid hormone doses may not remedy the symptoms they are experiencing. In order for a ligand to have an effect, it must be able to bind to a receptor. Individuals with a *THRB* or *THRA* mutation have less receptors that are able to bind ligand, and a corresponding drop in tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone. For this reason, physicians may prescribe higher doses of the hormone to increase the probability that the ligand will reach a TR that is functional.", "Prescribing thyroid hormone in any dose to patients presenting with symptoms mimicking [hyperthyroidism](/wiki/Hyperthyroidism \"Hyperthyroidism\") does not improve the condition. For these individuals, [beta\\-blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\") can be prescribed to treat the increased [sympathetic](/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system \"Sympathetic nervous system\") activation they experience.{{cite journal \\| vauthors \\= Rivas AM, Lado\\-Abeal J \\| title \\= Thyroid hormone resistance and its management \\| journal \\= Proceedings \\| volume \\= 29 \\| issue \\= 2 \\| pages \\= 209–11 \\| date \\= April 2016 \\| pmid \\= 27034574 \\| pmc \\= 4790576 \\| doi \\= 10\\.1080/08998280\\.2016\\.11929421 }} [Beta\\-blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\") are competitive inhibitors of adrenaline, the [post\\-ganglionic](/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers \"Postganglionic nerve fibers\") [neurotransmitter](/wiki/Neurotransmitter \"Neurotransmitter\") released by cells of the [sympathetic nervous system](/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system \"Sympathetic nervous system\"). By blocking the ability of receptors to bind [adrenaline](/wiki/Adrenaline \"Adrenaline\"), [beta\\-blockers](/wiki/Beta_blocker \"Beta blocker\") have been observed to alleviate symptoms of [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\"), increased [blood pressure](/wiki/Blood_pressure \"Blood pressure\"), and irregular heartbeat, amongst others. Anti\\-anxiety medications can also be prescribed to individuals with this conditions to treat symptoms of [anxiety](/wiki/Anxiety \"Anxiety\").", "" ]
Varsity teams ------------- Central Methodist competes in 19 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, track \& field and wrestling; basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track \& field, volleyball and wrestling; and co\-ed sports include competitive cheer, competitive dance and eSports. ### Softball (women's) CMU Eagles softball head coach Pat Reardon became the winningest coach in the Heart of America Athletic Conference history, after a game\-one win over Evangel (Mo.) on April 4, 2015, as he surpassed the Crusaders' Jerry Breaux. He also moved into the Top 10 on the NAIA active coaches wins list. ### Basketball (men's) CMU Eagles men's basketball team first appeared in the NAIA tournament in [1943](/wiki/1943_NAIA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament "1943 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament"). ### Rugby In the 1970s Central Methodist had a rugby team that enjoyed some national success. [Roger B. Wilson](/wiki/Roger_B._Wilson "Roger B. Wilson"), who later became [Governor of Missouri](/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri "Governor of Missouri"), was a member of Central Methodist's rugby teams in the early 1970s. In that time Central Methodist regularly beat opponents such as the [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri "University of Missouri") and posted the most lopsided victory in the history of sanctioned American rugby to that time (77\-0 over [St. Louis University](/wiki/St._Louis_University "St. Louis University")). In 1973 Central Methodist won a regional rugby tournament by defeating the [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri "University of Missouri") 32\-4 in the championship game. Central Methodist then entered the national championship tournament, defeating the [University of Notre Dame](/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame "University of Notre Dame") 24\-10 and the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan "University of Michigan") 29\-4 to reach the national semi\-finals. Central Methodist lost its semi\-final match to the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign "University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign") 13\-3 but won the consolation match to finish third in the nation. ### Men's Soccer The men's soccer programme led by coach Alex Nichols and assisted by David Macsicza, Marc Russell and Rafael Ortiz Ferreira, won the 2018 NAIA National Championship.
[ "Varsity teams\n-------------", "Central Methodist competes in 19 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, track \\& field and wrestling; basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track \\& field, volleyball and wrestling; and co\\-ed sports include competitive cheer, competitive dance and eSports.", "### Softball (women's)", "CMU Eagles softball head coach Pat Reardon became the winningest coach in the Heart of America Athletic Conference history, after a game\\-one win over Evangel (Mo.) on April 4, 2015, as he surpassed the Crusaders' Jerry Breaux. He also moved into the Top 10 on the NAIA active coaches wins list.", "### Basketball (men's)", "CMU Eagles men's basketball team first appeared in the NAIA tournament in [1943](/wiki/1943_NAIA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"1943 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament\").", "### Rugby", "In the 1970s Central Methodist had a rugby team that enjoyed some national success. [Roger B. Wilson](/wiki/Roger_B._Wilson \"Roger B. Wilson\"), who later became [Governor of Missouri](/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri \"Governor of Missouri\"), was a member of Central Methodist's rugby teams in the early 1970s. In that time Central Methodist regularly beat opponents such as the [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri \"University of Missouri\") and posted the most lopsided victory in the history of sanctioned American rugby to that time (77\\-0 over [St. Louis University](/wiki/St._Louis_University \"St. Louis University\")). In 1973 Central Methodist won a regional rugby tournament by defeating the [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri \"University of Missouri\") 32\\-4 in the championship game. Central Methodist then entered the national championship tournament, defeating the [University of Notre Dame](/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame \"University of Notre Dame\") 24\\-10 and the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\") 29\\-4 to reach the national semi\\-finals. Central Methodist lost its semi\\-final match to the [University of Illinois](/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign \"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign\") 13\\-3 but won the consolation match to finish third in the nation.", "### Men's Soccer", "The men's soccer programme led by coach Alex Nichols and assisted by David Macsicza, Marc Russell and Rafael Ortiz Ferreira, won the 2018 NAIA National Championship.", "" ]
Service history --------------- After her shakedown cruise to [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe") from 6 October to 5 December 1936, *Drayton* underwent final trials and acceptance. Then sailed from [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia "Norfolk, Virginia"), 6 June 1937 to join the [Scouting Force](/wiki/Scouting_Force "Scouting Force") at [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California "San Diego, California"), 19 June. On 4 July she got underway to take part in the fruitless search for the lost aviator [Amelia Earhart](/wiki/Amelia_Earhart "Amelia Earhart"), participating in maneuvers at [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor") before her return to San Diego 30 July. For the next two years, *Drayton* exercised along the west coast, in the [Hawaiian Islands](/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands "Hawaiian Islands"), and in the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean"). *Drayton*{{'}}s homeport from 12 October 1939 was [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor"). With war raging in Europe and tension increasing in the pacific, *Drayton* joined in the constant exercises and tactical problems preparing the fleet for action. ### World War II Underway as plane guard for {{USS\|Lexington\|CV\-2\|2}} in TF 12 when the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") [attacked Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor"), *Drayton*, with the force returned to Pearl Harbor 13 December 1941 after searching for Japanese raiders. Between 24 December 1941 and 7 January 1942, she escorted a convoy to [Christmas Island](/wiki/Christmas_Island "Christmas Island"), making two attacks on [submarines](/wiki/Submarine "Submarine") en route. Four days later she got underway in the screen of {{USS\|Enterprise\|CV\-6\|2}} for an air strike on [Bougainville](/wiki/Bougainville_Island "Bougainville Island") on 20 February, returning to Pearl Harbor on the 24th. After screening a tanker to [Suva Harbor](/wiki/Suva_Harbor "Suva Harbor"), [Fiji Islands](/wiki/Fiji "Fiji"), *Drayton* sailed for the United States 25 March and arrived at [San Pedro, Los Angeles](/wiki/San_Pedro%2C_Los_Angeles "San Pedro, Los Angeles"), 5 April. She joined in training exercises and patrol duty on the west coast until 1 August 1942\. [thumb\|left\|USS *Drayton* in October 1941\.](/wiki/File:USS_Drayton_%28DD-366%29_underway_1941.jpg "USS Drayton (DD-366) underway 1941.jpg") *Drayton* sailed from Pearl Harbor 17 November 1942 for action in the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands "Solomon Islands"). She sortied from [Espiritu Santo](/wiki/Espiritu_Santo "Espiritu Santo") 29 November with TF 67 to intercept a Japanese naval force guarding transports en route to reinforce [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal "Guadalcanal"). That night, the American ships battled a determined Japanese force off [Tassafaronga](/wiki/Tassafaronga "Tassafaronga"). When the action was over, *Drayton* picked up 128 survivors, including the commanding officer from {{USS\|Northampton\|CA\-26\|2}}, and returned to Espiritu Santo 2 December. *Drayton* continued to operate in the Solomons campaign, bombarding [Munda](/wiki/Munda_%28Solomon_Islands%29 "Munda (Solomon Islands)"), [New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia "New Georgia"), and protecting transports bound for the [Russell Islands](/wiki/Russell_Islands "Russell Islands"). She escorted the unladen transports to [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington "Wellington"), New Zealand, then returned to [Nouméa](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a "Nouméa") 7 March 1943 for exercises and patrol with TF 64\. *Drayton* sailed from Nouméa 13 May 1943 as escort for a transport convoy and arrived at [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville "Townsville"), Australia 4 days later. Through the summer, she escorted Australian transports carrying troops from Townsville to [Milne Bay](/wiki/Milne_Bay "Milne Bay") for the lengthy fighting on vast New Guinea. *Drayton* patrolled and gave fire support during the invasion landings at Lae on 4 September and bombarded [Finschhafen](/wiki/Finschhafen "Finschhafen") on 22 September. After brief overhaul at [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), Australia, *Drayton* returned to the New Guinea area, escorting transports to [Arawe](/wiki/Arawe "Arawe"), [New Britain](/wiki/New_Britain "New Britain"), for the landings of 15 December, and covered the marine landings near \-[Cape Gloucester](/wiki/Cape_Gloucester_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29 "Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea)") 26 December. She screened high\-speed transports from [Buna Roads](/wiki/Buna_Roads "Buna Roads") to the invasion of [Saidor](/wiki/Saidor "Saidor") 2 January, and aside from a brief voyage to [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") to replenish, remained on patrol and escort duty for the occupation of the [Bismarck Archipelago](/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago "Bismarck Archipelago"). *Drayton* carried troops for the invasion of [Los Negros Island](/wiki/Los_Negros_Island "Los Negros Island") in the [Admiralty Islands](/wiki/Admiralty_Islands "Admiralty Islands"). Here she joined in the bombardment 29 February 1944 and remained to provide fire support. She returned with reinforcement troops from Milne Bay 4 March and began operating as headquarters for the Landing Craft Control Officer for the Admiralties. *Drayton* bombarded [Pityilu Island](/wiki/Pityilu_Island "Pityilu Island") 12 March then sailed for [Seeadler Harbor](/wiki/Seeadler_Harbor "Seeadler Harbor"), [Manus](/wiki/Manus_Island "Manus Island"), escorting an LST convoy before returning to New Guinea. The destroyer got underway from Milne Bay, New Guinea, 22 March 1944 and escorted transports to [Canton Island](/wiki/Canton_Island "Canton Island") on her way to the west coast. Following an overhaul at [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California "San Francisco, California"), *Drayton* trained out of Pearl Harbor before arriving at Eniwetok 8 August. For the next 2 months she patrolled off [Maloelap](/wiki/Maloelap "Maloelap"), [Wotje](/wiki/Wotje "Wotje"), [Jaluit](/wiki/Jaluit "Jaluit"), and [Mille](/wiki/Mili_Atoll "Mili Atoll")—bypassed Japanese\-held atolls in the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands"). [thumb\|USS *Drayton* wearing dazzle camouflage, in 1944\.](/wiki/File:USS_Drayton_%28DD-366%29_off_the_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard_on_26_June_1944_%2819-N-68063%29.jpg "USS Drayton (DD-366) off the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 26 June 1944 (19-N-68063).jpg") *Drayton* reported to the [7th Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet "United States Seventh Fleet") at [Humboldt Bay](/wiki/Teluk_Yos_Sudarso "Teluk Yos Sudarso"), New Guinea, on 20 October 1944; 5 days later, she got underway for patrol and escort duty in newly invaded [Leyte Gulf](/wiki/Leyte_Gulf "Leyte Gulf"), where she arrived 29 October. Her service in this operation included a voyage to New Guinea to bring back transports laden with reinforcements. On 6 December while screening a convoy of LCMs and LCIs to [San Pedro Bay](/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_%28Philippines%29 "San Pedro Bay (Philippines)"), *Drayton* was attacked by a twin\-engine bomber which scored a near miss, killing two and wounding seven of the destroyer's crew. The next day she repulsed a group of strafing planes before they could damage her charges, and later the same morning engaged 10 or 12 enemy fighters. One aircraft crashed into the No. One 5 inch gun mount, killing 6 and wounding 12 men. *Drayton* extinguished her fires and carried out her mission, convoying her charges safely to harbor and then sailing unassisted to Manus, New Guinea for repairs. Her repairs completed, *Drayton* sailed from Manus 26 December 1944 for the invasion of [Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf "Lingayen Gulf"), Luzon, 9 January 1945\. She gave fire support until the 13th, then sailed to San Pedro Bay to escort a support convoy to the beachhead. From 27 January to 18 February, she served on patrol and gave fire support, bombarding enemy troops in the foothills and destroying a strong point in a cave. Continuing to operate in the Philippines, *Drayton* participated in the landings at [Mangarin Bay](/wiki/Mangarin_Bay "Mangarin Bay"), [Puerto Princesa](/wiki/Puerto_Princesa "Puerto Princesa"), [Cebu](/wiki/Cebu_Island "Cebu Island"), [Ormoc Bay](/wiki/Ormoc_Bay "Ormoc Bay"), and [Masbate City](/wiki/Masbate_City "Masbate City"). On 23 April 1945, *Drayton* stood out of San Pedro Bay for the invasion of Borneo, screening the actions at [Tarakan](/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_%281945%29 "Battle of Tarakan (1945)") from 1 to 27 May and at [Balikpapan](/wiki/Balikpapan "Balikpapan") from 1 to 21 July. Returning to [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") 29 July, she got underway 7 August, and arrived at [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") 12 September. *Drayton* was decommissioned 9 October 1945 and sold for scrap 20 December 1946\.
[ "Service history\n---------------", "After her shakedown cruise to [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") from 6 October to 5 December 1936, *Drayton* underwent final trials and acceptance. Then sailed from [Norfolk, Virginia](/wiki/Norfolk%2C_Virginia \"Norfolk, Virginia\"), 6 June 1937 to join the [Scouting Force](/wiki/Scouting_Force \"Scouting Force\") at [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\"), 19 June. On 4 July she got underway to take part in the fruitless search for the lost aviator [Amelia Earhart](/wiki/Amelia_Earhart \"Amelia Earhart\"), participating in maneuvers at [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\") before her return to San Diego 30 July. For the next two years, *Drayton* exercised along the west coast, in the [Hawaiian Islands](/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands \"Hawaiian Islands\"), and in the [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\").", "*Drayton*{{'}}s homeport from 12 October 1939 was [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"). With war raging in Europe and tension increasing in the pacific, *Drayton* joined in the constant exercises and tactical problems preparing the fleet for action.", "### World War II", "Underway as plane guard for {{USS\\|Lexington\\|CV\\-2\\|2}} in TF 12 when the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") [attacked Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"), *Drayton*, with the force returned to Pearl Harbor 13 December 1941 after searching for Japanese raiders. Between 24 December 1941 and 7 January 1942, she escorted a convoy to [Christmas Island](/wiki/Christmas_Island \"Christmas Island\"), making two attacks on [submarines](/wiki/Submarine \"Submarine\") en route. Four days later she got underway in the screen of {{USS\\|Enterprise\\|CV\\-6\\|2}} for an air strike on [Bougainville](/wiki/Bougainville_Island \"Bougainville Island\") on 20 February, returning to Pearl Harbor on the 24th. After screening a tanker to [Suva Harbor](/wiki/Suva_Harbor \"Suva Harbor\"), [Fiji Islands](/wiki/Fiji \"Fiji\"), *Drayton* sailed for the United States 25 March and arrived at [San Pedro, Los Angeles](/wiki/San_Pedro%2C_Los_Angeles \"San Pedro, Los Angeles\"), 5 April. She joined in training exercises and patrol duty on the west coast until 1 August 1942\\.", "[thumb\\|left\\|USS *Drayton* in October 1941\\.](/wiki/File:USS_Drayton_%28DD-366%29_underway_1941.jpg \"USS Drayton (DD-366) underway 1941.jpg\")", "*Drayton* sailed from Pearl Harbor 17 November 1942 for action in the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands \"Solomon Islands\"). She sortied from [Espiritu Santo](/wiki/Espiritu_Santo \"Espiritu Santo\") 29 November with TF 67 to intercept a Japanese naval force guarding transports en route to reinforce [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal \"Guadalcanal\"). That night, the American ships battled a determined Japanese force off [Tassafaronga](/wiki/Tassafaronga \"Tassafaronga\"). When the action was over, *Drayton* picked up 128 survivors, including the commanding officer from {{USS\\|Northampton\\|CA\\-26\\|2}}, and returned to Espiritu Santo 2 December. *Drayton* continued to operate in the Solomons campaign, bombarding [Munda](/wiki/Munda_%28Solomon_Islands%29 \"Munda (Solomon Islands)\"), [New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia \"New Georgia\"), and protecting transports bound for the [Russell Islands](/wiki/Russell_Islands \"Russell Islands\"). She escorted the unladen transports to [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington \"Wellington\"), New Zealand, then returned to [Nouméa](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a \"Nouméa\") 7 March 1943 for exercises and patrol with TF 64\\.", "*Drayton* sailed from Nouméa 13 May 1943 as escort for a transport convoy and arrived at [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville \"Townsville\"), Australia 4 days later. Through the summer, she escorted Australian transports carrying troops from Townsville to [Milne Bay](/wiki/Milne_Bay \"Milne Bay\") for the lengthy fighting on vast New Guinea. *Drayton* patrolled and gave fire support during the invasion landings at Lae on 4 September and bombarded [Finschhafen](/wiki/Finschhafen \"Finschhafen\") on 22 September.", "After brief overhaul at [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"), Australia, *Drayton* returned to the New Guinea area, escorting transports to [Arawe](/wiki/Arawe \"Arawe\"), [New Britain](/wiki/New_Britain \"New Britain\"), for the landings of 15 December, and covered the marine landings near \\-[Cape Gloucester](/wiki/Cape_Gloucester_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29 \"Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea)\") 26 December. She screened high\\-speed transports from [Buna Roads](/wiki/Buna_Roads \"Buna Roads\") to the invasion of [Saidor](/wiki/Saidor \"Saidor\") 2 January, and aside from a brief voyage to [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") to replenish, remained on patrol and escort duty for the occupation of the [Bismarck Archipelago](/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago \"Bismarck Archipelago\").", "*Drayton* carried troops for the invasion of [Los Negros Island](/wiki/Los_Negros_Island \"Los Negros Island\") in the [Admiralty Islands](/wiki/Admiralty_Islands \"Admiralty Islands\"). Here she joined in the bombardment 29 February 1944 and remained to provide fire support. She returned with reinforcement troops from Milne Bay 4 March and began operating as headquarters for the Landing Craft Control Officer for the Admiralties. *Drayton* bombarded [Pityilu Island](/wiki/Pityilu_Island \"Pityilu Island\") 12 March then sailed for [Seeadler Harbor](/wiki/Seeadler_Harbor \"Seeadler Harbor\"), [Manus](/wiki/Manus_Island \"Manus Island\"), escorting an LST convoy before returning to New Guinea.", "The destroyer got underway from Milne Bay, New Guinea, 22 March 1944 and escorted transports to [Canton Island](/wiki/Canton_Island \"Canton Island\") on her way to the west coast. Following an overhaul at [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\"), *Drayton* trained out of Pearl Harbor before arriving at Eniwetok 8 August. For the next 2 months she patrolled off [Maloelap](/wiki/Maloelap \"Maloelap\"), [Wotje](/wiki/Wotje \"Wotje\"), [Jaluit](/wiki/Jaluit \"Jaluit\"), and [Mille](/wiki/Mili_Atoll \"Mili Atoll\")—bypassed Japanese\\-held atolls in the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\").", "[thumb\\|USS *Drayton* wearing dazzle camouflage, in 1944\\.](/wiki/File:USS_Drayton_%28DD-366%29_off_the_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard_on_26_June_1944_%2819-N-68063%29.jpg \"USS Drayton (DD-366) off the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 26 June 1944 (19-N-68063).jpg\")", "*Drayton* reported to the [7th Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet \"United States Seventh Fleet\") at [Humboldt Bay](/wiki/Teluk_Yos_Sudarso \"Teluk Yos Sudarso\"), New Guinea, on 20 October 1944; 5 days later, she got underway for patrol and escort duty in newly invaded [Leyte Gulf](/wiki/Leyte_Gulf \"Leyte Gulf\"), where she arrived 29 October. Her service in this operation included a voyage to New Guinea to bring back transports laden with reinforcements. On 6 December while screening a convoy of LCMs and LCIs to [San Pedro Bay](/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_%28Philippines%29 \"San Pedro Bay (Philippines)\"), *Drayton* was attacked by a twin\\-engine bomber which scored a near miss, killing two and wounding seven of the destroyer's crew. The next day she repulsed a group of strafing planes before they could damage her charges, and later the same morning engaged 10 or 12 enemy fighters. One aircraft crashed into the No. One 5 inch gun mount, killing 6 and wounding 12 men. *Drayton* extinguished her fires and carried out her mission, convoying her charges safely to harbor and then sailing unassisted to Manus, New Guinea for repairs.", "Her repairs completed, *Drayton* sailed from Manus 26 December 1944 for the invasion of [Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf \"Lingayen Gulf\"), Luzon, 9 January 1945\\. She gave fire support until the 13th, then sailed to San Pedro Bay to escort a support convoy to the beachhead. From 27 January to 18 February, she served on patrol and gave fire support, bombarding enemy troops in the foothills and destroying a strong point in a cave.", "Continuing to operate in the Philippines, *Drayton* participated in the landings at [Mangarin Bay](/wiki/Mangarin_Bay \"Mangarin Bay\"), [Puerto Princesa](/wiki/Puerto_Princesa \"Puerto Princesa\"), [Cebu](/wiki/Cebu_Island \"Cebu Island\"), [Ormoc Bay](/wiki/Ormoc_Bay \"Ormoc Bay\"), and [Masbate City](/wiki/Masbate_City \"Masbate City\").", "On 23 April 1945, *Drayton* stood out of San Pedro Bay for the invasion of Borneo, screening the actions at [Tarakan](/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_%281945%29 \"Battle of Tarakan (1945)\") from 1 to 27 May and at [Balikpapan](/wiki/Balikpapan \"Balikpapan\") from 1 to 21 July. Returning to [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") 29 July, she got underway 7 August, and arrived at [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") 12 September.", "*Drayton* was decommissioned 9 October 1945 and sold for scrap 20 December 1946\\.", "" ]
### World War II Underway as plane guard for {{USS\|Lexington\|CV\-2\|2}} in TF 12 when the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") [attacked Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor"), *Drayton*, with the force returned to Pearl Harbor 13 December 1941 after searching for Japanese raiders. Between 24 December 1941 and 7 January 1942, she escorted a convoy to [Christmas Island](/wiki/Christmas_Island "Christmas Island"), making two attacks on [submarines](/wiki/Submarine "Submarine") en route. Four days later she got underway in the screen of {{USS\|Enterprise\|CV\-6\|2}} for an air strike on [Bougainville](/wiki/Bougainville_Island "Bougainville Island") on 20 February, returning to Pearl Harbor on the 24th. After screening a tanker to [Suva Harbor](/wiki/Suva_Harbor "Suva Harbor"), [Fiji Islands](/wiki/Fiji "Fiji"), *Drayton* sailed for the United States 25 March and arrived at [San Pedro, Los Angeles](/wiki/San_Pedro%2C_Los_Angeles "San Pedro, Los Angeles"), 5 April. She joined in training exercises and patrol duty on the west coast until 1 August 1942\. [thumb\|left\|USS *Drayton* in October 1941\.](/wiki/File:USS_Drayton_%28DD-366%29_underway_1941.jpg "USS Drayton (DD-366) underway 1941.jpg") *Drayton* sailed from Pearl Harbor 17 November 1942 for action in the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands "Solomon Islands"). She sortied from [Espiritu Santo](/wiki/Espiritu_Santo "Espiritu Santo") 29 November with TF 67 to intercept a Japanese naval force guarding transports en route to reinforce [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal "Guadalcanal"). That night, the American ships battled a determined Japanese force off [Tassafaronga](/wiki/Tassafaronga "Tassafaronga"). When the action was over, *Drayton* picked up 128 survivors, including the commanding officer from {{USS\|Northampton\|CA\-26\|2}}, and returned to Espiritu Santo 2 December. *Drayton* continued to operate in the Solomons campaign, bombarding [Munda](/wiki/Munda_%28Solomon_Islands%29 "Munda (Solomon Islands)"), [New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia "New Georgia"), and protecting transports bound for the [Russell Islands](/wiki/Russell_Islands "Russell Islands"). She escorted the unladen transports to [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington "Wellington"), New Zealand, then returned to [Nouméa](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a "Nouméa") 7 March 1943 for exercises and patrol with TF 64\. *Drayton* sailed from Nouméa 13 May 1943 as escort for a transport convoy and arrived at [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville "Townsville"), Australia 4 days later. Through the summer, she escorted Australian transports carrying troops from Townsville to [Milne Bay](/wiki/Milne_Bay "Milne Bay") for the lengthy fighting on vast New Guinea. *Drayton* patrolled and gave fire support during the invasion landings at Lae on 4 September and bombarded [Finschhafen](/wiki/Finschhafen "Finschhafen") on 22 September. After brief overhaul at [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), Australia, *Drayton* returned to the New Guinea area, escorting transports to [Arawe](/wiki/Arawe "Arawe"), [New Britain](/wiki/New_Britain "New Britain"), for the landings of 15 December, and covered the marine landings near \-[Cape Gloucester](/wiki/Cape_Gloucester_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29 "Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea)") 26 December. She screened high\-speed transports from [Buna Roads](/wiki/Buna_Roads "Buna Roads") to the invasion of [Saidor](/wiki/Saidor "Saidor") 2 January, and aside from a brief voyage to [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") to replenish, remained on patrol and escort duty for the occupation of the [Bismarck Archipelago](/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago "Bismarck Archipelago"). *Drayton* carried troops for the invasion of [Los Negros Island](/wiki/Los_Negros_Island "Los Negros Island") in the [Admiralty Islands](/wiki/Admiralty_Islands "Admiralty Islands"). Here she joined in the bombardment 29 February 1944 and remained to provide fire support. She returned with reinforcement troops from Milne Bay 4 March and began operating as headquarters for the Landing Craft Control Officer for the Admiralties. *Drayton* bombarded [Pityilu Island](/wiki/Pityilu_Island "Pityilu Island") 12 March then sailed for [Seeadler Harbor](/wiki/Seeadler_Harbor "Seeadler Harbor"), [Manus](/wiki/Manus_Island "Manus Island"), escorting an LST convoy before returning to New Guinea. The destroyer got underway from Milne Bay, New Guinea, 22 March 1944 and escorted transports to [Canton Island](/wiki/Canton_Island "Canton Island") on her way to the west coast. Following an overhaul at [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California "San Francisco, California"), *Drayton* trained out of Pearl Harbor before arriving at Eniwetok 8 August. For the next 2 months she patrolled off [Maloelap](/wiki/Maloelap "Maloelap"), [Wotje](/wiki/Wotje "Wotje"), [Jaluit](/wiki/Jaluit "Jaluit"), and [Mille](/wiki/Mili_Atoll "Mili Atoll")—bypassed Japanese\-held atolls in the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands"). [thumb\|USS *Drayton* wearing dazzle camouflage, in 1944\.](/wiki/File:USS_Drayton_%28DD-366%29_off_the_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard_on_26_June_1944_%2819-N-68063%29.jpg "USS Drayton (DD-366) off the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 26 June 1944 (19-N-68063).jpg") *Drayton* reported to the [7th Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet "United States Seventh Fleet") at [Humboldt Bay](/wiki/Teluk_Yos_Sudarso "Teluk Yos Sudarso"), New Guinea, on 20 October 1944; 5 days later, she got underway for patrol and escort duty in newly invaded [Leyte Gulf](/wiki/Leyte_Gulf "Leyte Gulf"), where she arrived 29 October. Her service in this operation included a voyage to New Guinea to bring back transports laden with reinforcements. On 6 December while screening a convoy of LCMs and LCIs to [San Pedro Bay](/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_%28Philippines%29 "San Pedro Bay (Philippines)"), *Drayton* was attacked by a twin\-engine bomber which scored a near miss, killing two and wounding seven of the destroyer's crew. The next day she repulsed a group of strafing planes before they could damage her charges, and later the same morning engaged 10 or 12 enemy fighters. One aircraft crashed into the No. One 5 inch gun mount, killing 6 and wounding 12 men. *Drayton* extinguished her fires and carried out her mission, convoying her charges safely to harbor and then sailing unassisted to Manus, New Guinea for repairs. Her repairs completed, *Drayton* sailed from Manus 26 December 1944 for the invasion of [Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf "Lingayen Gulf"), Luzon, 9 January 1945\. She gave fire support until the 13th, then sailed to San Pedro Bay to escort a support convoy to the beachhead. From 27 January to 18 February, she served on patrol and gave fire support, bombarding enemy troops in the foothills and destroying a strong point in a cave. Continuing to operate in the Philippines, *Drayton* participated in the landings at [Mangarin Bay](/wiki/Mangarin_Bay "Mangarin Bay"), [Puerto Princesa](/wiki/Puerto_Princesa "Puerto Princesa"), [Cebu](/wiki/Cebu_Island "Cebu Island"), [Ormoc Bay](/wiki/Ormoc_Bay "Ormoc Bay"), and [Masbate City](/wiki/Masbate_City "Masbate City"). On 23 April 1945, *Drayton* stood out of San Pedro Bay for the invasion of Borneo, screening the actions at [Tarakan](/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_%281945%29 "Battle of Tarakan (1945)") from 1 to 27 May and at [Balikpapan](/wiki/Balikpapan "Balikpapan") from 1 to 21 July. Returning to [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila") 29 July, she got underway 7 August, and arrived at [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") 12 September. *Drayton* was decommissioned 9 October 1945 and sold for scrap 20 December 1946\.
[ "### World War II", "Underway as plane guard for {{USS\\|Lexington\\|CV\\-2\\|2}} in TF 12 when the [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") [attacked Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"), *Drayton*, with the force returned to Pearl Harbor 13 December 1941 after searching for Japanese raiders. Between 24 December 1941 and 7 January 1942, she escorted a convoy to [Christmas Island](/wiki/Christmas_Island \"Christmas Island\"), making two attacks on [submarines](/wiki/Submarine \"Submarine\") en route. Four days later she got underway in the screen of {{USS\\|Enterprise\\|CV\\-6\\|2}} for an air strike on [Bougainville](/wiki/Bougainville_Island \"Bougainville Island\") on 20 February, returning to Pearl Harbor on the 24th. After screening a tanker to [Suva Harbor](/wiki/Suva_Harbor \"Suva Harbor\"), [Fiji Islands](/wiki/Fiji \"Fiji\"), *Drayton* sailed for the United States 25 March and arrived at [San Pedro, Los Angeles](/wiki/San_Pedro%2C_Los_Angeles \"San Pedro, Los Angeles\"), 5 April. She joined in training exercises and patrol duty on the west coast until 1 August 1942\\.", "[thumb\\|left\\|USS *Drayton* in October 1941\\.](/wiki/File:USS_Drayton_%28DD-366%29_underway_1941.jpg \"USS Drayton (DD-366) underway 1941.jpg\")", "*Drayton* sailed from Pearl Harbor 17 November 1942 for action in the [Solomon Islands](/wiki/Solomon_Islands \"Solomon Islands\"). She sortied from [Espiritu Santo](/wiki/Espiritu_Santo \"Espiritu Santo\") 29 November with TF 67 to intercept a Japanese naval force guarding transports en route to reinforce [Guadalcanal](/wiki/Guadalcanal \"Guadalcanal\"). That night, the American ships battled a determined Japanese force off [Tassafaronga](/wiki/Tassafaronga \"Tassafaronga\"). When the action was over, *Drayton* picked up 128 survivors, including the commanding officer from {{USS\\|Northampton\\|CA\\-26\\|2}}, and returned to Espiritu Santo 2 December. *Drayton* continued to operate in the Solomons campaign, bombarding [Munda](/wiki/Munda_%28Solomon_Islands%29 \"Munda (Solomon Islands)\"), [New Georgia](/wiki/New_Georgia \"New Georgia\"), and protecting transports bound for the [Russell Islands](/wiki/Russell_Islands \"Russell Islands\"). She escorted the unladen transports to [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington \"Wellington\"), New Zealand, then returned to [Nouméa](/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a \"Nouméa\") 7 March 1943 for exercises and patrol with TF 64\\.", "*Drayton* sailed from Nouméa 13 May 1943 as escort for a transport convoy and arrived at [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville \"Townsville\"), Australia 4 days later. Through the summer, she escorted Australian transports carrying troops from Townsville to [Milne Bay](/wiki/Milne_Bay \"Milne Bay\") for the lengthy fighting on vast New Guinea. *Drayton* patrolled and gave fire support during the invasion landings at Lae on 4 September and bombarded [Finschhafen](/wiki/Finschhafen \"Finschhafen\") on 22 September.", "After brief overhaul at [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"), Australia, *Drayton* returned to the New Guinea area, escorting transports to [Arawe](/wiki/Arawe \"Arawe\"), [New Britain](/wiki/New_Britain \"New Britain\"), for the landings of 15 December, and covered the marine landings near \\-[Cape Gloucester](/wiki/Cape_Gloucester_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29 \"Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea)\") 26 December. She screened high\\-speed transports from [Buna Roads](/wiki/Buna_Roads \"Buna Roads\") to the invasion of [Saidor](/wiki/Saidor \"Saidor\") 2 January, and aside from a brief voyage to [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") to replenish, remained on patrol and escort duty for the occupation of the [Bismarck Archipelago](/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago \"Bismarck Archipelago\").", "*Drayton* carried troops for the invasion of [Los Negros Island](/wiki/Los_Negros_Island \"Los Negros Island\") in the [Admiralty Islands](/wiki/Admiralty_Islands \"Admiralty Islands\"). Here she joined in the bombardment 29 February 1944 and remained to provide fire support. She returned with reinforcement troops from Milne Bay 4 March and began operating as headquarters for the Landing Craft Control Officer for the Admiralties. *Drayton* bombarded [Pityilu Island](/wiki/Pityilu_Island \"Pityilu Island\") 12 March then sailed for [Seeadler Harbor](/wiki/Seeadler_Harbor \"Seeadler Harbor\"), [Manus](/wiki/Manus_Island \"Manus Island\"), escorting an LST convoy before returning to New Guinea.", "The destroyer got underway from Milne Bay, New Guinea, 22 March 1944 and escorted transports to [Canton Island](/wiki/Canton_Island \"Canton Island\") on her way to the west coast. Following an overhaul at [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\"), *Drayton* trained out of Pearl Harbor before arriving at Eniwetok 8 August. For the next 2 months she patrolled off [Maloelap](/wiki/Maloelap \"Maloelap\"), [Wotje](/wiki/Wotje \"Wotje\"), [Jaluit](/wiki/Jaluit \"Jaluit\"), and [Mille](/wiki/Mili_Atoll \"Mili Atoll\")—bypassed Japanese\\-held atolls in the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\").", "[thumb\\|USS *Drayton* wearing dazzle camouflage, in 1944\\.](/wiki/File:USS_Drayton_%28DD-366%29_off_the_Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard_on_26_June_1944_%2819-N-68063%29.jpg \"USS Drayton (DD-366) off the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 26 June 1944 (19-N-68063).jpg\")", "*Drayton* reported to the [7th Fleet](/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet \"United States Seventh Fleet\") at [Humboldt Bay](/wiki/Teluk_Yos_Sudarso \"Teluk Yos Sudarso\"), New Guinea, on 20 October 1944; 5 days later, she got underway for patrol and escort duty in newly invaded [Leyte Gulf](/wiki/Leyte_Gulf \"Leyte Gulf\"), where she arrived 29 October. Her service in this operation included a voyage to New Guinea to bring back transports laden with reinforcements. On 6 December while screening a convoy of LCMs and LCIs to [San Pedro Bay](/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_%28Philippines%29 \"San Pedro Bay (Philippines)\"), *Drayton* was attacked by a twin\\-engine bomber which scored a near miss, killing two and wounding seven of the destroyer's crew. The next day she repulsed a group of strafing planes before they could damage her charges, and later the same morning engaged 10 or 12 enemy fighters. One aircraft crashed into the No. One 5 inch gun mount, killing 6 and wounding 12 men. *Drayton* extinguished her fires and carried out her mission, convoying her charges safely to harbor and then sailing unassisted to Manus, New Guinea for repairs.", "Her repairs completed, *Drayton* sailed from Manus 26 December 1944 for the invasion of [Lingayen Gulf](/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf \"Lingayen Gulf\"), Luzon, 9 January 1945\\. She gave fire support until the 13th, then sailed to San Pedro Bay to escort a support convoy to the beachhead. From 27 January to 18 February, she served on patrol and gave fire support, bombarding enemy troops in the foothills and destroying a strong point in a cave.", "Continuing to operate in the Philippines, *Drayton* participated in the landings at [Mangarin Bay](/wiki/Mangarin_Bay \"Mangarin Bay\"), [Puerto Princesa](/wiki/Puerto_Princesa \"Puerto Princesa\"), [Cebu](/wiki/Cebu_Island \"Cebu Island\"), [Ormoc Bay](/wiki/Ormoc_Bay \"Ormoc Bay\"), and [Masbate City](/wiki/Masbate_City \"Masbate City\").", "On 23 April 1945, *Drayton* stood out of San Pedro Bay for the invasion of Borneo, screening the actions at [Tarakan](/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_%281945%29 \"Battle of Tarakan (1945)\") from 1 to 27 May and at [Balikpapan](/wiki/Balikpapan \"Balikpapan\") from 1 to 21 July. Returning to [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\") 29 July, she got underway 7 August, and arrived at [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") 12 September.", "*Drayton* was decommissioned 9 October 1945 and sold for scrap 20 December 1946\\.", "" ]
First World War --------------- [thumb\|left\|upright\|Great War poster of Lettow\-Vorbeck leading African soldiers. Above: "Colonial Warriors' Donation"; below a facsimile of Lettow\-Vorbeck's signature](/wiki/File:Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck_WWI_poster.jpg "Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck WWI poster.jpg") Lettow\-Vorbeck's plan for the [war](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") was relatively simple: knowing that East Africa would only be a sideshow to other theatres of war, he was determined to tie down as many British troops as he could. He intended to keep them away from the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 "Western Front (World War I)"), and in this way to contribute to the German war effort.{{cite book \|editor1\-last\=Held \|editor1\-first\=Ivan \|editor2\-first\=Christine \|editor2\-last\=Ball \|editor3\-first\=Jeanne\-Marie \|editor3\-last\=Hudson \|editor4\-first\=Benjamin \|editor4\-last\=Lee \|editor5\-first\=Claire \|editor5\-last\=Claire \|editor6\-first\=Tom \|editor6\-last\=Colgan \|editor7\-first\=Cindy \|editor7\-last\=Hwang \|publisher\=Caliber/\[\[Berkeley Books]] (\[\[Penguin Random House]]) \|title\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\-1918 \|publication\-place\=\[\[New York City]], \[\[New York (state)\|New York]], United States of America \|first\=Robert \|last\=Gaudi \|edition\=1st \|lccn\=2016039912 \|isbn\=9780425283714 \|date\=1 January 2017 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \|via\=Google Books \|oclc\=957705214 \|language\=English \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|chapter\=Chapter 12: Opening Moves \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA149 \|page\=149 }} In August 1914 Lettow\-Vorbeck was the commander of a military garrison of 2,600 German nationals and 2,472 African soldiers in fourteen [Askari](/wiki/Askari "Askari") field companies.Farwell, p. 109\. Feeling the need to seize the initiative, he disregarded orders from Berlin and the colony's Governor, [Heinrich Schnee](/wiki/Heinrich_Schnee "Heinrich Schnee"), who had attempted to achieve neutrality for German East Africa, relying on the [Congo Act](/wiki/Berlin_Conference "Berlin Conference") of 1885, by which the European colonial powers had promised to keep their overseas possessions neutral in any European wars.{{cite book \|editor1\-last\=Held \|editor1\-first\=Ivan \|editor2\-first\=Christine \|editor2\-last\=Ball \|editor3\-first\=Jeanne\-Marie \|editor3\-last\=Hudson \|editor4\-first\=Benjamin \|editor4\-last\=Lee \|editor5\-first\=Claire \|editor5\-last\=Claire \|editor6\-first\=Tom \|editor6\-last\=Colgan \|editor7\-first\=Cindy \|editor7\-last\=Hwang \|publisher\=Caliber/\[\[Berkeley Books]] (\[\[Penguin Random House]]) \|title\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\-1918 \|publication\-place\=\[\[New York City]], \[\[New York (state)\|New York]], United States of America \|first\=Robert \|last\=Gaudi \|edition\=1st \|lccn\=2016039912 \|isbn\=9780425283714 \|date\=1 January 2017 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \|via\=Google Books \|oclc\=957705214 \|language\=English \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|chapter\=Chapter 12: Opening Moves \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA136 \|page\=136 }} He thus prepared to repel a major British amphibious assault on the city of [Tanga](/wiki/Tanga%2C_Tanzania "Tanga, Tanzania"). The attack began on 2 November 1914, and for the next four days the German forces fought the [Battle of Tanga](/wiki/Battle_of_Tanga "Battle of Tanga").{{cite book \|editor1\-last\=Held \|editor1\-first\=Ivan \|editor2\-first\=Christine \|editor2\-last\=Ball \|editor3\-first\=Jeanne\-Marie \|editor3\-last\=Hudson \|editor4\-first\=Benjamin \|editor4\-last\=Lee \|editor5\-first\=Claire \|editor5\-last\=Claire \|editor6\-first\=Tom \|editor6\-last\=Colgan \|editor7\-first\=Cindy \|editor7\-last\=Hwang \|publisher\=Caliber/\[\[Berkeley Books]] (\[\[Penguin Random House]]) \|title\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\-1918 \|publication\-place\=\[\[New York City]], \[\[New York (state)\|New York]], United States of America \|first\=Robert \|last\=Gaudi \|edition\=1st \|lccn\=2016039912 \|isbn\=9780425283714 \|date\=1 January 2017 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \|via\=Google Books \|oclc\=957705214 \|language\=English \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|chapter\=Chapter 14: Tanga \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA184 \|pages\=184–203 }} Lettow\-Vorbeck then assembled his men and their scant supplies to attack the British railways in East Africa. He scored a second victory over the British at [Jassin](/wiki/Battle_of_Jassin "Battle of Jassin") on 19 January 1915\.{{cite book \|editor1\-last\=Held \|editor1\-first\=Ivan \|editor2\-first\=Christine \|editor2\-last\=Ball \|editor3\-first\=Jeanne\-Marie \|editor3\-last\=Hudson \|editor4\-first\=Benjamin \|editor4\-last\=Lee \|editor5\-first\=Claire \|editor5\-last\=Claire \|editor6\-first\=Tom \|editor6\-last\=Colgan \|editor7\-first\=Cindy \|editor7\-last\=Hwang \|publisher\=Caliber/\[\[Berkeley Books]] (\[\[Penguin Random House]]) \|title\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\-1918 \|publication\-place\=\[\[New York City]], \[\[New York (state)\|New York]], United States of America \|first\=Robert \|last\=Gaudi \|edition\=1st \|lccn\=2016039912 \|isbn\=9780425283714 \|date\=1 January 2017 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \|via\=Google Books \|oclc\=957705214 \|language\=English \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|chapter\=Chapter 16: The Siege of Jasin \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA228 \|pages\=228–234 }} These victories allowed the Germans to capture much needed rifles and other supplies, in addition to boosting the troops' morale. Lettow\-Vorbeck also lost many experienced men, however, including the "splendid Captain [Tom von Prince](/wiki/Tom_von_Prince "Tom von Prince")", whom he could not easily replace.Prince had a Scots father and German mother and was born on [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius "Mauritius"). After being orphaned, Prince and his sister had been educated in England. Later, his mother's family brought him to Germany, where he and Lettow\-Vorbeck were classmates at the Kassel Military Academy (*Kadettenanstalt Kassel*). Prince eventually settled in the Usambara region of German East Africa. He was recalled to active duty as *Hauptmann* (captain) and given command of the Askaris of the 13th Field Company and of the 7th and 8th *Schützenkompagnies* (rifle companies composed mainly of the sons of German settlers). Prince's exploits earned him the nickname *Bwana Sakarani* — the wild one — from his Askaris. He was killed at Tanga on 4 November 1914\. Gaudi 2017, pp. 35, 145–148, 200{{additional citation needed\|date\=October 2017\|reason\=Gaudi's book African Kaiser confirms most of the information in this footnote but not all}} [thumb\|*Schutztruppe* Askari Company (1914\)](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3056, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Askarikompanie.jpg") Though casualties were high, Lettow insisted his commanders engage British forces, though they offered few enticing targets. This forced him to conduct raids into [British East Africa](/wiki/British_East_Africa "British East Africa") (later [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya "Kenya"), [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda "Uganda"), and [Zanzibar](/wiki/Zanzibar "Zanzibar")), targeting forts, railways, and communications, still hoping to force the *[Entente](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I")* to divert manpower from the main theatre of war in Europe. Realizing the critical needs of [guerrilla warfare](/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare "Guerrilla warfare"), he used everything available to him to keep his troops supplied. The *[Schutztruppe](/wiki/Schutztruppe "Schutztruppe")* recruited new personnel and expanded its size to some 14,000 soldiers, most of them [Askaris](/wiki/Askari "Askari"). Lettow\-Vorbeck's fluency in the [Swahili language](/wiki/Swahili_language "Swahili language") apparently earned the respect and admiration of his African soldiers. He appointed black officers and reportedly stated that "we are all Africans here".{{cite book\|last\=Garfield\|first\=Brian\|author\-link\=Brian Garfield\|title\= The Meinertzhagen Mystery\|page\= 85}} In one historian's opinion, > "It is probable that no white commander of the era had so keen an appreciation of the African's worth not only as a fighting man but as a man."Miller, Charles (1974\), *Battle for the Bundu, The First World War in East Africa* p. 38\. The historian Michael von Herff says the loyalty of Askaris during the campaign was due to them having formed a military caste within the colonial structure, which had largely separated itself from its members' tribal roots.*They Walk Through The Fire Like The Blondest German – African Soldiers Serving the Kaiser in German East Africa 1888–1918*. Michael von Herff MA Thesis, McGill University, Montreal 1991 [thumb\|*Königsberg* guns on land](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg "Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3100, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Artillerie.jpg") In 1915, he gained the men and artillery of the German cruiser {{SMS\|Königsberg\|1905\|6}} which had been scuttled in the [Rufiji River](/wiki/Rufiji_River "Rufiji River") delta. The cruiser had a capable crew under commander [Max Looff](/wiki/Max_Looff "Max Looff"), and its artillery pieces, converted to land use, became the largest standard guns used in the East African Theatre. In March 1916 British forces under [General Jan Smuts](/wiki/Jan_Smuts "Jan Smuts") and the Belgians under [Charles Tombeur](/wiki/Charles_Tombeur "Charles Tombeur") launched an offensive with 45,000 men near [Tabora](/wiki/Tabora "Tabora"). Lettow\-Vorbeck used the climate and terrain to his advantage, engaging the British on his terms. British reinforcements forced Lettow\-Vorbeck to yield territory. Continuing his resistance, Lettow\-Vorbeck fought a crucial battle at [Mahiwa](/wiki/Battle_of_Mahiwa "Battle of Mahiwa") in October 1917, where he inflicted 2,700 casualties on the British.Miller, p. 287\. Lettow\-Vorbeck himself lost 519 men killed, wounded, or missing while also running critically low on ammunition, forcing him to withdraw. The British would proceed to recover their losses and continue to hold an overwhelming advantage in numbers of men. For the *Schutztruppe*, this was serious, for there were no reserves with which to replenish their ranks. After news of the battle reached Germany, however, Lettow\-Vorbeck was promoted to major\-general (*Generalmajor*).Hoyt, p. 175; on a comparison chart this rank was equivalent to brigadier general in the British or American armies: i.e., the lowest general\-officer rank. [thumb\|left\|The [Battle of Ngomano](/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano "Battle of Ngomano") in November 1917](/wiki/File:Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg "Der Durchbruch der Schutztruppe Deutsch-Ostafrika über den Rowuma MItte November 1917. Darstellung von Carl Arriens.jpg") Lettow\-Vorbeck thus withdrew to the south, with his troops on half rations and the British in pursuit. On 25 November 1917, his advance column waded across the [Ruvuma River](/wiki/Ruvuma_River "Ruvuma River") into [Portuguese Mozambique](/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique "Portuguese Mozambique").A state of war had existed since 9 March 1916 between Germany and Portugal: when neutral Portugal complied with a British demand to confiscate German ships interned in Portuguese ports, Germany reacted by declaring war on Portugal. Having essentially cut their own supply lines, the *Schutztruppe* caravan became a completely independent unit. On its first day across the river, the column [attacked the newly replenished Portuguese garrison of Ngomano](/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano "Battle of Ngomano") and solved its supply problems for the foreseeable future.Miller, p. 296\. The subsequent capture of a river steamer with a load of medical supplies, including [quinine](/wiki/Quinine "Quinine"), satisfied some of its medical needs as well.Hoyt, p. 214\. For almost a year Lettow\-Vorbeck's men had lived off whatever was available, mainly provisions captured from the British and Portuguese; they had replaced their old rifles with new equipment and acquired machine guns and mortars after [capturing Namakura](/wiki/Battle_of_Namacurra "Battle of Namacurra") ([Namacurra](/wiki/Namacurra "Namacurra") in modern Mozambique) in July 1918\.Willmott, *World War One*, p. 93\. [thumb\|General von Lettow\-Vorbeck and colonial Governor Heinrich Schnee](/wiki/File:Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg "Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg") The war in East Africa set off a chain of events with devastating results for the natives and their German overlords. The invasions caused interruptions throughout the colony, so that the land no longer "basked in a climate of plenty."Miller, p. 22\. Lettow\-Vorbeck considered his first obligation as a military commander that to his army, over the objections of Governor Heinrich Schnee. The governor regarded war as the worst possible calamity to befall German East Africa, "\[undoing] everything his social and economic reforms had accomplished."Miller, p. 41\. Lettow\-Vorbeck's strategy, meanwhile, held central giving ground and escaping confrontations with Allied forces. He had thus established food depots along his intended line of march from [Neu Moshi](/wiki/Moshi%2C_Tanzania "Moshi, Tanzania") to the [Uluguru Mountains](/wiki/Uluguru_Mountains "Uluguru Mountains"), writing off famine in neighboring villages as a misfortune of war.Miller, p. 236\. {{Css Image Crop\|Image \= GEA\-45a\-Deutsch Ostafrikanische Bank\-20 Rupien (1915\).jpg\|bSize \= 220\|cWidth \= 220\|cHeight \= 145\|oTop \= 0\|oLeft \= 0\|Location \= right\|Description\=A 20 \[\[German East African rupie]] provisional banknote issued in \[\[Dar es Salaam]] due to a significant lack of provisions resulting from naval blockade}} Little aid from Germany could penetrate the British naval blockade to alleviate the enormous supply deficiencies facing Lettow\-Vorbeck's men in the area, and only two ships succeeded in running the blockade and reaching the colony. On 14 April 1915, the freighter *Kronborg* arrived off Tanga at [Manza Bay](/wiki/Manza_Bay "Manza Bay") after a two\-month journey from [Wilhelmshaven](/wiki/Wilhelmshaven "Wilhelmshaven"), and was promptly attacked by the British cruiser [HMS *Hyacinth*](/wiki/HMS_Hyacinth_%281898%29 "HMS Hyacinth (1898)"). Fortunately for the Germans, *Kronborg* was scuttled by her captain to avoid a coal fire after repeated hits were scored by the British cruiser, and the ship settled in shallow water. Nearly the entire cargo could then be salvaged.Hoyt, pp. 89–90 However, when the steamer *Marie von Stettin* arrived south of [Lindi](/wiki/Lindi "Lindi") on 17 March 1916,Hoyt, p. 119\. its cargo of 1,500 tons was of only very modest help to Lettow\-Vorbeck's forces.Farwell, p. 276\. An attempt in November 1917 to resupply German forces by [Zeppelin](/wiki/Zeppelin "Zeppelin") airship, an operation codenamed "the China Show", failed. The Zeppelin, [LZ 104 (L 59\)](/wiki/LZ_104_%28L_59%29 "LZ 104 (L 59)"), intended also as a morale\-booster to the beleaguered East African troops, was designed to be dismembered on arrival and all its parts cannibalised as spares for the troops \- the canvas of its hull used for tents, for example. The airship reached the [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan "Sudan"), in a single uninterrupted flight from [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria"), where it received a message from the German Admiralty that its planned landing area in East Africa was no longer in Lettow\-Vorbeck's hands. Its captain decided to turn back. The British later claimed the about\-turn was a result of a fake radio message sent in German by British intelligence in Cairo stating that Lettow\-Vorbeck had surrendered, but this has never been proven. By late September 1916, all of coastal German East Africa, including [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam "Dar es Salaam") and the [Central Railway](/wiki/Central_Line_%28Tanzania%29 "Central Line (Tanzania)"), was under British control. The west of the colony was meanwhile occupied by Belgian forces.Louis, *Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies 1914–1919*, p. 74\. In December 1917, the German colony was officially declared an Allied protectorate.Miller, p. 291\. Lettow\-Vorbeck and his caravan of Europeans, Askaris, porters, women, and children marched on, deliberately bypassing the tribal homelands of the native soldiers in an effort to prevent desertions. They traversed difficult territory. "Swamps and jungles ... what a dismal prospect there is in front of me," stated the Allied commander in pursuit, General Jan Smuts, whose new approach was subsequently not to fight the *Schutztruppe* at all, but to go after their food supply.Miller, p. 237\. When the end of the campaign eventually came, Smuts was in London and General J. L. van Deventer commanded East Africa. His actions were described as "a campaign of supreme ruthlessness where a small, well trained force extorted supplies from civilians to whom it felt no responsibility...it was the climax of Africa's exploitation".*The Boers in East Africa: Ethnicity and Identity*, Brian M. Du Toit Lettow\-Vorbeck's tactics led to a famine that killed thousands of Africans and weakened the population, leaving it vulnerable to the [Spanish influenza](/wiki/Spanish_flu "Spanish flu") epidemic in 1919\.Warfare in World History [Michael S. Neiberg](/wiki/Michael_S._Neiberg "Michael S. Neiberg") page 68 In a book published in 1919, Ludwig Deppe, a doctor of medicine who campaigned with Lettow\-Vorbeck and who had formerly headed the hospital at Tanga, lamented the tragedy that German forces had imposed on East Africa in their war with the Allies: > "Behind us we leave destroyed fields, ransacked magazines and, for the immediate future, starvation. We are no longer the agents of culture, our track is marked by death, plundered and evacuated villages, just like the progress of our own and enemy armies in the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War")."Ferguson, *Empire*, p. 253\. When the worldwide [Spanish influenza](/wiki/Spanish_influenza "Spanish influenza") epidemic swept into eastern Africa in 1918–1919, it struck down thousands of people.Farwell, p. 354\. The weakened state of many native Africans, resulting from the war, made them especially susceptible.Miller, p. 329\. Lettow\-Vorbeck was greatly respected by his white officers, non\-commissioned officers and Askaris, and even Allied forces. In the field when rations had to be reduced and supplies dwindled, > "It was a measure of the Askaris' loyalty to their commander that they accepted the cuts and did not desert en masse. Some did desert, of course... But the German Askaris were by far the most loyal as well as the most effective, and it all went back to… Lettow\-Vorbeck's brand of discipline, which bound him and his German officers as much as his black soldiers".Hoyt, p. 171\. [left\|thumb\|Lettow\-Vorbeck surrendering his forces to the British at Abercorn, as drawn by an African artist](/wiki/File:Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg "Lettow's surrender.jpg") There is a *legend* that Lettow\-Vorbeck once lost his glass eye in the bush. When an *askari* returned it to him and enquired why the colonel had removed it, Lettow\-Vorbeck replied that "he had placed it there to watch that the *askari* were doing their duty".{{cite book \| last \= Paice \| first \= Edward \| title \= Tip and Run: The untold tragedy of the Great War in Africa \| publisher \= Weidenfeld and Nicolson \| date \= 2007 \| location \= London \| pages \= 17 \| url \= \| doi \= \| id \= \| isbn \= 9\-780297\-847090 }} On 28 September 1918, Lettow\-Vorbeck again crossed the [Ruvuma River](/wiki/Ruvuma_River "Ruvuma River") and returned to German East Africa, with the British still in pursuit. He then turned west and raided [Northern Rhodesia](/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia "Northern Rhodesia"), evading an ambush that the British had prepared in German East Africa. On 13 November 1918, two days after the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 "Armistice of 11 November 1918"), he took the town of [Kasama](/wiki/Kasama%2C_Zambia "Kasama, Zambia"), which the British had evacuated,["The Evacuation of Kasama in 1918".](http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N5/V4N5.htm) *The [Northern Rhodesia Journal](/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia_Journal "Northern Rhodesia Journal")*. **IV** (5\) (1961\). pp. 440–442\. Retrieved 7 March 2007\. and continued heading south\-west towards [Katanga](/wiki/Katanga_Province "Katanga Province"). When he reached the [Chambeshi River](/wiki/Chambeshi_River "Chambeshi River") on the morning of 14 November, the British magistrate [Hector Croad](/wiki/Hector_Croad "Hector Croad") appeared under a white flag and delivered a message from South African General [Jacob van Deventer](/wiki/Jacob_van_Deventer_%28general%29 "Jacob van Deventer (general)"), informing Lettow\-Vorbeck of the Armistice. Lettow\-Vorbeck agreed to a cease\-fire at the spot now marked by the [Chambeshi Monument](/wiki/Chambeshi_Monument "Chambeshi Monument") in present\-day [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia "Zambia"). He was instructed by the British to march north to [Abercorn](/wiki/Mbala%2C_Zambia "Mbala, Zambia") to surrender his army, arriving there on 25 November.[Gore\-Browne, Sir Stewart (1954\). "The Chambeshi Memorial".](http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm) *The Northern Rhodesia Journal*, **2** (5\) pp. 81–84 (1954\). Retrieved 18 May 2007\.Lettow\-Vorbeck, *My Life* The remains of his army at the time consisted of 30 German officers, 125 German non\-commissioned officers and other enlisted ranks, 1,168 [Askaris](/wiki/Askari "Askari"), and some 3,500 porters.Haupt, *Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918*, p. 154\. [thumb\|[Chambeshi Monument](/wiki/Chambeshi_Monument "Chambeshi Monument"), in the [Northern Province](/wiki/Northern_Province%2C_Zambia "Northern Province, Zambia") of [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia "Zambia"), also called the Chambeshi Memorial and the Lettow\-Vorbeck Memorial, commemorates the final [cessation of hostilities](/wiki/Cessation_of_hostilities "Cessation of hostilities") of the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), three days after the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice "Armistice") in [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe").](/wiki/File:Chambeshi_Monument_03.jpg "Chambeshi Monument 03.jpg") After hostilities ended, the British transferred the German POWs to [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam "Dar es Salaam") for eventual repatriation. Lettow\-Vorbeck made several efforts to secure an early release for his Askaris, who were in a [POW camp](/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp "Prisoner-of-war camp") at [Tabora](/wiki/Tabora "Tabora").Miller, p. 327\. Before Lettow\-Vorbeck was separated from his Askaris, one of them cried out, > "I have been asked to say this to you *[Bwana](/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Niger-Congo_origin "List of English words of Niger-Congo origin")* General. Where do you go now? Where you go, we will go with you! And if this is not the time, then wait until my son grows up to be a warrior and he will take my place and go with you. We will go with the *Bwana* General, will we not?"{{cite book \|editor1\-last\=Held \|editor1\-first\=Ivan \|editor2\-first\=Christine \|editor2\-last\=Ball \|editor3\-first\=Jeanne\-Marie \|editor3\-last\=Hudson \|editor4\-first\=Benjamin \|editor4\-last\=Lee \|editor5\-first\=Claire \|editor5\-last\=Claire \|editor6\-first\=Tom \|editor6\-last\=Colgan \|editor7\-first\=Cindy \|editor7\-last\=Hwang \|publisher\=Caliber/\[\[Berkeley Books]] (\[\[Penguin Random House]]) \|title\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\-1918 \|publication\-place\=\[\[New York City]], \[\[New York (state)\|New York]], United States of America \|first\=Robert \|last\=Gaudi \|edition\=1st \|lccn\=2016039912 \|isbn\=9780425283714 \|date\=1 January 2017 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \|via\=Google Books \|oclc\=957705214 \|language\=English \|access\-date\=19 June 2021 \|chapter\=Chapter 24: The English Motorcycle Messenger \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA416 \|pages\=409 }} Robert Gaudi writes, > "To a man, the Askaris stepped forward, ready to follow the commander to the ends of the Earth. But von Lettow held them back with a gesture and kept on marching. His war was over now."
[ "First World War\n---------------", "[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Great War poster of Lettow\\-Vorbeck leading African soldiers. Above: \"Colonial Warriors' Donation\"; below a facsimile of Lettow\\-Vorbeck's signature](/wiki/File:Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck_WWI_poster.jpg \"Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck WWI poster.jpg\")", "Lettow\\-Vorbeck's plan for the [war](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") was relatively simple: knowing that East Africa would only be a sideshow to other theatres of war, he was determined to tie down as many British troops as he could. He intended to keep them away from the [Western Front](/wiki/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Western Front (World War I)\"), and in this way to contribute to the German war effort.{{cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Held \\|editor1\\-first\\=Ivan \\|editor2\\-first\\=Christine \\|editor2\\-last\\=Ball \\|editor3\\-first\\=Jeanne\\-Marie \\|editor3\\-last\\=Hudson \\|editor4\\-first\\=Benjamin \\|editor4\\-last\\=Lee \\|editor5\\-first\\=Claire \\|editor5\\-last\\=Claire \\|editor6\\-first\\=Tom \\|editor6\\-last\\=Colgan \\|editor7\\-first\\=Cindy \\|editor7\\-last\\=Hwang \\|publisher\\=Caliber/\\[\\[Berkeley Books]] (\\[\\[Penguin Random House]]) \\|title\\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\\-1918 \\|publication\\-place\\=\\[\\[New York City]], \\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]], United States of America \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Gaudi \\|edition\\=1st \\|lccn\\=2016039912 \\|isbn\\=9780425283714 \\|date\\=1 January 2017 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \\|via\\=Google Books \\|oclc\\=957705214 \\|language\\=English \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 12: Opening Moves \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA149 \\|page\\=149 }}", "In August 1914 Lettow\\-Vorbeck was the commander of a military garrison of 2,600 German nationals and 2,472 African soldiers in fourteen [Askari](/wiki/Askari \"Askari\") field companies.Farwell, p. 109\\. Feeling the need to seize the initiative, he disregarded orders from Berlin and the colony's Governor, [Heinrich Schnee](/wiki/Heinrich_Schnee \"Heinrich Schnee\"), who had attempted to achieve neutrality for German East Africa, relying on the [Congo Act](/wiki/Berlin_Conference \"Berlin Conference\") of 1885, by which the European colonial powers had promised to keep their overseas possessions neutral in any European wars.{{cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Held \\|editor1\\-first\\=Ivan \\|editor2\\-first\\=Christine \\|editor2\\-last\\=Ball \\|editor3\\-first\\=Jeanne\\-Marie \\|editor3\\-last\\=Hudson \\|editor4\\-first\\=Benjamin \\|editor4\\-last\\=Lee \\|editor5\\-first\\=Claire \\|editor5\\-last\\=Claire \\|editor6\\-first\\=Tom \\|editor6\\-last\\=Colgan \\|editor7\\-first\\=Cindy \\|editor7\\-last\\=Hwang \\|publisher\\=Caliber/\\[\\[Berkeley Books]] (\\[\\[Penguin Random House]]) \\|title\\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\\-1918 \\|publication\\-place\\=\\[\\[New York City]], \\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]], United States of America \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Gaudi \\|edition\\=1st \\|lccn\\=2016039912 \\|isbn\\=9780425283714 \\|date\\=1 January 2017 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \\|via\\=Google Books \\|oclc\\=957705214 \\|language\\=English \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 12: Opening Moves \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA136 \\|page\\=136 }} He thus prepared to repel a major British amphibious assault on the city of [Tanga](/wiki/Tanga%2C_Tanzania \"Tanga, Tanzania\"). The attack began on 2 November 1914, and for the next four days the German forces fought the [Battle of Tanga](/wiki/Battle_of_Tanga \"Battle of Tanga\").{{cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Held \\|editor1\\-first\\=Ivan \\|editor2\\-first\\=Christine \\|editor2\\-last\\=Ball \\|editor3\\-first\\=Jeanne\\-Marie \\|editor3\\-last\\=Hudson \\|editor4\\-first\\=Benjamin \\|editor4\\-last\\=Lee \\|editor5\\-first\\=Claire \\|editor5\\-last\\=Claire \\|editor6\\-first\\=Tom \\|editor6\\-last\\=Colgan \\|editor7\\-first\\=Cindy \\|editor7\\-last\\=Hwang \\|publisher\\=Caliber/\\[\\[Berkeley Books]] (\\[\\[Penguin Random House]]) \\|title\\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\\-1918 \\|publication\\-place\\=\\[\\[New York City]], \\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]], United States of America \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Gaudi \\|edition\\=1st \\|lccn\\=2016039912 \\|isbn\\=9780425283714 \\|date\\=1 January 2017 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \\|via\\=Google Books \\|oclc\\=957705214 \\|language\\=English \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 14: Tanga \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA184 \\|pages\\=184–203 }} Lettow\\-Vorbeck then assembled his men and their scant supplies to attack the British railways in East Africa. He scored a second victory over the British at [Jassin](/wiki/Battle_of_Jassin \"Battle of Jassin\") on 19 January 1915\\.{{cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Held \\|editor1\\-first\\=Ivan \\|editor2\\-first\\=Christine \\|editor2\\-last\\=Ball \\|editor3\\-first\\=Jeanne\\-Marie \\|editor3\\-last\\=Hudson \\|editor4\\-first\\=Benjamin \\|editor4\\-last\\=Lee \\|editor5\\-first\\=Claire \\|editor5\\-last\\=Claire \\|editor6\\-first\\=Tom \\|editor6\\-last\\=Colgan \\|editor7\\-first\\=Cindy \\|editor7\\-last\\=Hwang \\|publisher\\=Caliber/\\[\\[Berkeley Books]] (\\[\\[Penguin Random House]]) \\|title\\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\\-1918 \\|publication\\-place\\=\\[\\[New York City]], \\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]], United States of America \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Gaudi \\|edition\\=1st \\|lccn\\=2016039912 \\|isbn\\=9780425283714 \\|date\\=1 January 2017 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \\|via\\=Google Books \\|oclc\\=957705214 \\|language\\=English \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 16: The Siege of Jasin \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA228 \\|pages\\=228–234 }} These victories allowed the Germans to capture much needed rifles and other supplies, in addition to boosting the troops' morale. Lettow\\-Vorbeck also lost many experienced men, however, including the \"splendid Captain [Tom von Prince](/wiki/Tom_von_Prince \"Tom von Prince\")\", whom he could not easily replace.Prince had a Scots father and German mother and was born on [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius \"Mauritius\"). After being orphaned, Prince and his sister had been educated in England. Later, his mother's family brought him to Germany, where he and Lettow\\-Vorbeck were classmates at the Kassel Military Academy (*Kadettenanstalt Kassel*). Prince eventually settled in the Usambara region of German East Africa. He was recalled to active duty as *Hauptmann* (captain) and given command of the Askaris of the 13th Field Company and of the 7th and 8th *Schützenkompagnies* (rifle companies composed mainly of the sons of German settlers). Prince's exploits earned him the nickname *Bwana Sakarani* — the wild one — from his Askaris. He was killed at Tanga on 4 November 1914\\. Gaudi 2017, pp. 35, 145–148, 200{{additional citation needed\\|date\\=October 2017\\|reason\\=Gaudi's book African Kaiser confirms most of the information in this footnote but not all}}", "[thumb\\|*Schutztruppe* Askari Company (1914\\)](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3056, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Askarikompanie.jpg\")\nThough casualties were high, Lettow insisted his commanders engage British forces, though they offered few enticing targets. This forced him to conduct raids into [British East Africa](/wiki/British_East_Africa \"British East Africa\") (later [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya \"Kenya\"), [Uganda](/wiki/Uganda \"Uganda\"), and [Zanzibar](/wiki/Zanzibar \"Zanzibar\")), targeting forts, railways, and communications, still hoping to force the *[Entente](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I \"Allies of World War I\")* to divert manpower from the main theatre of war in Europe. Realizing the critical needs of [guerrilla warfare](/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare \"Guerrilla warfare\"), he used everything available to him to keep his troops supplied.", "The *[Schutztruppe](/wiki/Schutztruppe \"Schutztruppe\")* recruited new personnel and expanded its size to some 14,000 soldiers, most of them [Askaris](/wiki/Askari \"Askari\"). Lettow\\-Vorbeck's fluency in the [Swahili language](/wiki/Swahili_language \"Swahili language\") apparently earned the respect and admiration of his African soldiers. He appointed black officers and reportedly stated that \"we are all Africans here\".{{cite book\\|last\\=Garfield\\|first\\=Brian\\|author\\-link\\=Brian Garfield\\|title\\= The Meinertzhagen Mystery\\|page\\= 85}} In one historian's opinion, \n> \"It is probable that no white commander of the era had so keen an appreciation of the African's worth not only as a fighting man but as a man.\"Miller, Charles (1974\\), *Battle for the Bundu, The First World War in East Africa* p. 38\\.", "The historian Michael von Herff says the loyalty of Askaris during the campaign was due to them having formed a military caste within the colonial structure, which had largely separated itself from its members' tribal roots.*They Walk Through The Fire Like The Blondest German – African Soldiers Serving the Kaiser in German East Africa 1888–1918*. Michael von Herff MA Thesis, McGill University, Montreal 1991", "[thumb\\|*Königsberg* guns on land](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg \"Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3100, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Artillerie.jpg\")\nIn 1915, he gained the men and artillery of the German cruiser {{SMS\\|Königsberg\\|1905\\|6}} which had been scuttled in the [Rufiji River](/wiki/Rufiji_River \"Rufiji River\") delta. The cruiser had a capable crew under commander [Max Looff](/wiki/Max_Looff \"Max Looff\"), and its artillery pieces, converted to land use, became the largest standard guns used in the East African Theatre. In March 1916 British forces under [General Jan Smuts](/wiki/Jan_Smuts \"Jan Smuts\") and the Belgians under [Charles Tombeur](/wiki/Charles_Tombeur \"Charles Tombeur\") launched an offensive with 45,000 men near [Tabora](/wiki/Tabora \"Tabora\"). Lettow\\-Vorbeck used the climate and terrain to his advantage, engaging the British on his terms. British reinforcements forced Lettow\\-Vorbeck to yield territory. Continuing his resistance, Lettow\\-Vorbeck fought a crucial battle at [Mahiwa](/wiki/Battle_of_Mahiwa \"Battle of Mahiwa\") in October 1917, where he inflicted 2,700 casualties on the British.Miller, p. 287\\. Lettow\\-Vorbeck himself lost 519 men killed, wounded, or missing while also running critically low on ammunition, forcing him to withdraw. The British would proceed to recover their losses and continue to hold an overwhelming advantage in numbers of men. For the *Schutztruppe*, this was serious, for there were no reserves with which to replenish their ranks. After news of the battle reached Germany, however, Lettow\\-Vorbeck was promoted to major\\-general (*Generalmajor*).Hoyt, p. 175; on a comparison chart this rank was equivalent to brigadier general in the British or American armies: i.e., the lowest general\\-officer rank.", "[thumb\\|left\\|The [Battle of Ngomano](/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano \"Battle of Ngomano\") in November 1917](/wiki/File:Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg \"Der Durchbruch der Schutztruppe Deutsch-Ostafrika über den Rowuma MItte November 1917. Darstellung von Carl Arriens.jpg\")\nLettow\\-Vorbeck thus withdrew to the south, with his troops on half rations and the British in pursuit. On 25 November 1917, his advance column waded across the [Ruvuma River](/wiki/Ruvuma_River \"Ruvuma River\") into [Portuguese Mozambique](/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique \"Portuguese Mozambique\").A state of war had existed since 9 March 1916 between Germany and Portugal: when neutral Portugal complied with a British demand to confiscate German ships interned in Portuguese ports, Germany reacted by declaring war on Portugal. Having essentially cut their own supply lines, the *Schutztruppe* caravan became a completely independent unit. On its first day across the river, the column [attacked the newly replenished Portuguese garrison of Ngomano](/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano \"Battle of Ngomano\") and solved its supply problems for the foreseeable future.Miller, p. 296\\. The subsequent capture of a river steamer with a load of medical supplies, including [quinine](/wiki/Quinine \"Quinine\"), satisfied some of its medical needs as well.Hoyt, p. 214\\. For almost a year Lettow\\-Vorbeck's men had lived off whatever was available, mainly provisions captured from the British and Portuguese; they had replaced their old rifles with new equipment and acquired machine guns and mortars after [capturing Namakura](/wiki/Battle_of_Namacurra \"Battle of Namacurra\") ([Namacurra](/wiki/Namacurra \"Namacurra\") in modern Mozambique) in July 1918\\.Willmott, *World War One*, p. 93\\.", "[thumb\\|General von Lettow\\-Vorbeck and colonial Governor Heinrich Schnee](/wiki/File:Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg \"Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg\")\nThe war in East Africa set off a chain of events with devastating results for the natives and their German overlords. The invasions caused interruptions throughout the colony, so that the land no longer \"basked in a climate of plenty.\"Miller, p. 22\\.", "Lettow\\-Vorbeck considered his first obligation as a military commander that to his army, over the objections of Governor Heinrich Schnee. The governor regarded war as the worst possible calamity to befall German East Africa, \"\\[undoing] everything his social and economic reforms had accomplished.\"Miller, p. 41\\. Lettow\\-Vorbeck's strategy, meanwhile, held central giving ground and escaping confrontations with Allied forces. He had thus established food depots along his intended line of march from [Neu Moshi](/wiki/Moshi%2C_Tanzania \"Moshi, Tanzania\") to the [Uluguru Mountains](/wiki/Uluguru_Mountains \"Uluguru Mountains\"), writing off famine in neighboring villages as a misfortune of war.Miller, p. 236\\.", "{{Css Image Crop\\|Image \\= GEA\\-45a\\-Deutsch Ostafrikanische Bank\\-20 Rupien (1915\\).jpg\\|bSize \\= 220\\|cWidth \\= 220\\|cHeight \\= 145\\|oTop \\= 0\\|oLeft \\= 0\\|Location \\= right\\|Description\\=A 20 \\[\\[German East African rupie]] provisional banknote issued in \\[\\[Dar es Salaam]] due to a significant lack of provisions resulting from naval blockade}}", "Little aid from Germany could penetrate the British naval blockade to alleviate the enormous supply deficiencies facing Lettow\\-Vorbeck's men in the area, and only two ships succeeded in running the blockade and reaching the colony. On 14 April 1915, the freighter *Kronborg* arrived off Tanga at [Manza Bay](/wiki/Manza_Bay \"Manza Bay\") after a two\\-month journey from [Wilhelmshaven](/wiki/Wilhelmshaven \"Wilhelmshaven\"), and was promptly attacked by the British cruiser [HMS *Hyacinth*](/wiki/HMS_Hyacinth_%281898%29 \"HMS Hyacinth (1898)\"). Fortunately for the Germans, *Kronborg* was scuttled by her captain to avoid a coal fire after repeated hits were scored by the British cruiser, and the ship settled in shallow water. Nearly the entire cargo could then be salvaged.Hoyt, pp. 89–90 However, when the steamer *Marie von Stettin* arrived south of [Lindi](/wiki/Lindi \"Lindi\") on 17 March 1916,Hoyt, p. 119\\. its cargo of 1,500 tons was of only very modest help to Lettow\\-Vorbeck's forces.Farwell, p. 276\\.", "An attempt in November 1917 to resupply German forces by [Zeppelin](/wiki/Zeppelin \"Zeppelin\") airship, an operation codenamed \"the China Show\", failed. The Zeppelin, [LZ 104 (L 59\\)](/wiki/LZ_104_%28L_59%29 \"LZ 104 (L 59)\"), intended also as a morale\\-booster to the beleaguered East African troops, was designed to be dismembered on arrival and all its parts cannibalised as spares for the troops \\- the canvas of its hull used for tents, for example. The airship reached the [Sudan](/wiki/Sudan \"Sudan\"), in a single uninterrupted flight from [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria \"Bulgaria\"), where it received a message from the German Admiralty that its planned landing area in East Africa was no longer in Lettow\\-Vorbeck's hands. Its captain decided to turn back. The British later claimed the about\\-turn was a result of a fake radio message sent in German by British intelligence in Cairo stating that Lettow\\-Vorbeck had surrendered, but this has never been proven.", "By late September 1916, all of coastal German East Africa, including [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam \"Dar es Salaam\") and the [Central Railway](/wiki/Central_Line_%28Tanzania%29 \"Central Line (Tanzania)\"), was under British control. The west of the colony was meanwhile occupied by Belgian forces.Louis, *Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies 1914–1919*, p. 74\\. In December 1917, the German colony was officially declared an Allied protectorate.Miller, p. 291\\.", "Lettow\\-Vorbeck and his caravan of Europeans, Askaris, porters, women, and children marched on, deliberately bypassing the tribal homelands of the native soldiers in an effort to prevent desertions. They traversed difficult territory. \"Swamps and jungles ... what a dismal prospect there is in front of me,\" stated the Allied commander in pursuit, General Jan Smuts, whose new approach was subsequently not to fight the *Schutztruppe* at all, but to go after their food supply.Miller, p. 237\\. When the end of the campaign eventually came, Smuts was in London and General J. L. van Deventer commanded East Africa.", "His actions were described as \"a campaign of supreme ruthlessness where a small, well trained force extorted supplies from civilians to whom it felt no responsibility...it was the climax of Africa's exploitation\".*The Boers in East Africa: Ethnicity and Identity*, Brian M. Du Toit Lettow\\-Vorbeck's tactics led to a famine that killed thousands of Africans and weakened the population, leaving it vulnerable to the [Spanish influenza](/wiki/Spanish_flu \"Spanish flu\") epidemic in 1919\\.Warfare in World History [Michael S. Neiberg](/wiki/Michael_S._Neiberg \"Michael S. Neiberg\") page 68", "In a book published in 1919, Ludwig Deppe, a doctor of medicine who campaigned with Lettow\\-Vorbeck and who had formerly headed the hospital at Tanga, lamented the tragedy that German forces had imposed on East Africa in their war with the Allies: \n> \"Behind us we leave destroyed fields, ransacked magazines and, for the immediate future, starvation. We are no longer the agents of culture, our track is marked by death, plundered and evacuated villages, just like the progress of our own and enemy armies in the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\").\"Ferguson, *Empire*, p. 253\\.", "When the worldwide [Spanish influenza](/wiki/Spanish_influenza \"Spanish influenza\") epidemic swept into eastern Africa in 1918–1919, it struck down thousands of people.Farwell, p. 354\\. The weakened state of many native Africans, resulting from the war, made them especially susceptible.Miller, p. 329\\.", "Lettow\\-Vorbeck was greatly respected by his white officers, non\\-commissioned officers and Askaris, and even Allied forces. In the field when rations had to be reduced and supplies dwindled,\n> \"It was a measure of the Askaris' loyalty to their commander that they accepted the cuts and did not desert en masse. Some did desert, of course... But the German Askaris were by far the most loyal as well as the most effective, and it all went back to… Lettow\\-Vorbeck's brand of discipline, which bound him and his German officers as much as his black soldiers\".Hoyt, p. 171\\.", "[left\\|thumb\\|Lettow\\-Vorbeck surrendering his forces to the British at Abercorn, as drawn by an African artist](/wiki/File:Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg \"Lettow's surrender.jpg\")", "There is a *legend* that Lettow\\-Vorbeck once lost his glass eye in the bush. When an *askari* returned it to him and enquired why the colonel had removed it, Lettow\\-Vorbeck replied that \"he had placed it there to watch that the *askari* were doing their duty\".{{cite book \\| last \\= Paice \\| first \\= Edward \\| title \\= Tip and Run: The untold tragedy of the Great War in Africa \\| publisher \\= Weidenfeld and Nicolson \\| date \\= 2007 \\| location \\= London \\| pages \\= 17 \\| url \\= \\| doi \\= \\| id \\= \\| isbn \\= 9\\-780297\\-847090 }}", "On 28 September 1918, Lettow\\-Vorbeck again crossed the [Ruvuma River](/wiki/Ruvuma_River \"Ruvuma River\") and returned to German East Africa, with the British still in pursuit. He then turned west and raided [Northern Rhodesia](/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia \"Northern Rhodesia\"), evading an ambush that the British had prepared in German East Africa. On 13 November 1918, two days after the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 \"Armistice of 11 November 1918\"), he took the town of [Kasama](/wiki/Kasama%2C_Zambia \"Kasama, Zambia\"), which the British had evacuated,[\"The Evacuation of Kasama in 1918\".](http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N5/V4N5.htm) *The [Northern Rhodesia Journal](/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia_Journal \"Northern Rhodesia Journal\")*. **IV** (5\\) (1961\\). pp. 440–442\\. Retrieved 7 March 2007\\. and continued heading south\\-west towards [Katanga](/wiki/Katanga_Province \"Katanga Province\"). When he reached the [Chambeshi River](/wiki/Chambeshi_River \"Chambeshi River\") on the morning of 14 November, the British magistrate [Hector Croad](/wiki/Hector_Croad \"Hector Croad\") appeared under a white flag and delivered a message from South African General [Jacob van Deventer](/wiki/Jacob_van_Deventer_%28general%29 \"Jacob van Deventer (general)\"), informing Lettow\\-Vorbeck of the Armistice. Lettow\\-Vorbeck agreed to a cease\\-fire at the spot now marked by the [Chambeshi Monument](/wiki/Chambeshi_Monument \"Chambeshi Monument\") in present\\-day [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia \"Zambia\"). He was instructed by the British to march north to [Abercorn](/wiki/Mbala%2C_Zambia \"Mbala, Zambia\") to surrender his army, arriving there on 25 November.[Gore\\-Browne, Sir Stewart (1954\\). \"The Chambeshi Memorial\".](http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm) *The Northern Rhodesia Journal*, **2** (5\\) pp. 81–84 (1954\\). Retrieved 18 May 2007\\.Lettow\\-Vorbeck, *My Life* The remains of his army at the time consisted of 30 German officers, 125 German non\\-commissioned officers and other enlisted ranks, 1,168 [Askaris](/wiki/Askari \"Askari\"), and some 3,500 porters.Haupt, *Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918*, p. 154\\.", "[thumb\\|[Chambeshi Monument](/wiki/Chambeshi_Monument \"Chambeshi Monument\"), in the [Northern Province](/wiki/Northern_Province%2C_Zambia \"Northern Province, Zambia\") of [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia \"Zambia\"), also called the Chambeshi Memorial and the Lettow\\-Vorbeck Memorial, commemorates the final [cessation of hostilities](/wiki/Cessation_of_hostilities \"Cessation of hostilities\") of the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), three days after the [Armistice](/wiki/Armistice \"Armistice\") in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\").](/wiki/File:Chambeshi_Monument_03.jpg \"Chambeshi Monument 03.jpg\")\nAfter hostilities ended, the British transferred the German POWs to [Dar es Salaam](/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam \"Dar es Salaam\") for eventual repatriation. Lettow\\-Vorbeck made several efforts to secure an early release for his Askaris, who were in a [POW camp](/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp \"Prisoner-of-war camp\") at [Tabora](/wiki/Tabora \"Tabora\").Miller, p. 327\\.", "Before Lettow\\-Vorbeck was separated from his Askaris, one of them cried out, \n> \"I have been asked to say this to you *[Bwana](/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Niger-Congo_origin \"List of English words of Niger-Congo origin\")* General. Where do you go now? Where you go, we will go with you! And if this is not the time, then wait until my son grows up to be a warrior and he will take my place and go with you. We will go with the *Bwana* General, will we not?\"{{cite book \\|editor1\\-last\\=Held \\|editor1\\-first\\=Ivan \\|editor2\\-first\\=Christine \\|editor2\\-last\\=Ball \\|editor3\\-first\\=Jeanne\\-Marie \\|editor3\\-last\\=Hudson \\|editor4\\-first\\=Benjamin \\|editor4\\-last\\=Lee \\|editor5\\-first\\=Claire \\|editor5\\-last\\=Claire \\|editor6\\-first\\=Tom \\|editor6\\-last\\=Colgan \\|editor7\\-first\\=Cindy \\|editor7\\-last\\=Hwang \\|publisher\\=Caliber/\\[\\[Berkeley Books]] (\\[\\[Penguin Random House]]) \\|title\\=African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow\\-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914\\-1918 \\|publication\\-place\\=\\[\\[New York City]], \\[\\[New York (state)\\|New York]], United States of America \\|first\\=Robert \\|last\\=Gaudi \\|edition\\=1st \\|lccn\\=2016039912 \\|isbn\\=9780425283714 \\|date\\=1 January 2017 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ \\|via\\=Google Books \\|oclc\\=957705214 \\|language\\=English \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2021 \\|chapter\\=Chapter 24: The English Motorcycle Messenger \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=96D0CwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA416 \\|pages\\=409 }}", "Robert Gaudi writes, \n> \"To a man, the Askaris stepped forward, ready to follow the commander to the ends of the Earth. But von Lettow held them back with a gesture and kept on marching. His war was over now.\"", "", "" ]
In popular culture ------------------ Lettow\-Vorbeck appears in a 1993 episode of the television series *[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles](/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles")*. The episode, which was titled "The Phantom Train of Doom", begins with [Indiana Jones](/wiki/Indiana_Jones_%28character%29 "Indiana Jones (character)") as an officer in the [Belgian Army](/wiki/Belgian_Army "Belgian Army") during the First World War. Determined to destroy a *Schutztruppe* [armoured train](/wiki/Armoured_train "Armoured train"), Indiana takes General von Lettow\-Vorbeck (played by [Tom Bell](/wiki/Tom_Bell_%28actor%29 "Tom Bell (actor)")) hostage and attempts to return with him behind Allied lines. When the *Schutztruppe* tracks them down, Indy draws his revolver to shoot the general, but decides to let him go. The general magnanimously gives him a [compass](/wiki/Compass "Compass") so Indiana can find his way back to his lines, and the two part as friends. Lettow\-Vorbeck is the [protagonist](/wiki/Protagonist "Protagonist") of *The Ghosts of Africa*, a 1980 [historical novel](/wiki/Historical_novel "Historical novel") by Anglo\-Canadian novelist [William Stevenson](/wiki/William_Stevenson_%28Canadian_writer%29 "William Stevenson (Canadian writer)") about the East African Campaign which highlighted the long\-distance resupply mission of the German rigid airship [L 59](/wiki/LZ_104_%28L_59%29 "LZ 104 (L 59)"). The many bureaucratic absurdities of the British campaign against General von Lettow\-Vorbeck in [German East Africa](/wiki/German_East_Africa "German East Africa") are satirized in [William Boyd](/wiki/William_Boyd_%28writer%29 "William Boyd (writer)")'s 1983 anti\-war novel *[An Ice\-Cream War](/wiki/An_Ice-Cream_War "An Ice-Cream War")*. Lettow\-Vorbeck also appears as a character in [Peter Høeg](/wiki/Peter_H%C3%B8eg "Peter Høeg")'s short story, "Journey into a Dark Heart", which is the opening story in his 1990 collection, *[Tales of the Night](/wiki/Tales_of_the_Night_%28H%C3%B8eg_book%29 "Tales of the Night (Høeg book)")*. In this story Høeg imagines Lettow\-Vorbeck travelling through Africa by train at night accompanied by [Joseph Conrad](/wiki/Joseph_Conrad "Joseph Conrad"). Much of the history of Lettow\-Vorbeck's war campaign in East Africa is detailed in the book *Speak Swahili, Dammit!* (2011\) by James Penhaligon, as well as in a novel of the same year, *The Bridge Builders* (*Brobyggarna* in Swedish) by [Jan Guillou](/wiki/Jan_Guillou "Jan Guillou"). A German film, *Lettow\-Vorbeck: Der deutsch\-ostafrikanische Imperativ*, was produced in 1984\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0463336/\|title \= Lettow\-Vorbeck: Der deutsch\-ostafrikanische Imperativ (1984\)\| website\=\[\[IMDb]] }}
[ "In popular culture\n------------------", "Lettow\\-Vorbeck appears in a 1993 episode of the television series *[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles](/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles \"The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles\")*. The episode, which was titled \"The Phantom Train of Doom\", begins with [Indiana Jones](/wiki/Indiana_Jones_%28character%29 \"Indiana Jones (character)\") as an officer in the [Belgian Army](/wiki/Belgian_Army \"Belgian Army\") during the First World War. Determined to destroy a *Schutztruppe* [armoured train](/wiki/Armoured_train \"Armoured train\"), Indiana takes General von Lettow\\-Vorbeck (played by [Tom Bell](/wiki/Tom_Bell_%28actor%29 \"Tom Bell (actor)\")) hostage and attempts to return with him behind Allied lines. When the *Schutztruppe* tracks them down, Indy draws his revolver to shoot the general, but decides to let him go. The general magnanimously gives him a [compass](/wiki/Compass \"Compass\") so Indiana can find his way back to his lines, and the two part as friends.", "Lettow\\-Vorbeck is the [protagonist](/wiki/Protagonist \"Protagonist\") of *The Ghosts of Africa*, a 1980 [historical novel](/wiki/Historical_novel \"Historical novel\") by Anglo\\-Canadian novelist [William Stevenson](/wiki/William_Stevenson_%28Canadian_writer%29 \"William Stevenson (Canadian writer)\") about the East African Campaign which highlighted the long\\-distance resupply mission of the German rigid airship [L 59](/wiki/LZ_104_%28L_59%29 \"LZ 104 (L 59)\").", "The many bureaucratic absurdities of the British campaign against General von Lettow\\-Vorbeck in [German East Africa](/wiki/German_East_Africa \"German East Africa\") are satirized in [William Boyd](/wiki/William_Boyd_%28writer%29 \"William Boyd (writer)\")'s 1983 anti\\-war novel *[An Ice\\-Cream War](/wiki/An_Ice-Cream_War \"An Ice-Cream War\")*.", "Lettow\\-Vorbeck also appears as a character in [Peter Høeg](/wiki/Peter_H%C3%B8eg \"Peter Høeg\")'s short story, \"Journey into a Dark Heart\", which is the opening story in his 1990 collection, *[Tales of the Night](/wiki/Tales_of_the_Night_%28H%C3%B8eg_book%29 \"Tales of the Night (Høeg book)\")*. In this story Høeg imagines Lettow\\-Vorbeck travelling through Africa by train at night accompanied by [Joseph Conrad](/wiki/Joseph_Conrad \"Joseph Conrad\").", "Much of the history of Lettow\\-Vorbeck's war campaign in East Africa is detailed in the book *Speak Swahili, Dammit!* (2011\\) by James Penhaligon, as well as in a novel of the same year, *The Bridge Builders* (*Brobyggarna* in Swedish) by [Jan Guillou](/wiki/Jan_Guillou \"Jan Guillou\").", "A German film, *Lettow\\-Vorbeck: Der deutsch\\-ostafrikanische Imperativ*, was produced in 1984\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0463336/\\|title \\= Lettow\\-Vorbeck: Der deutsch\\-ostafrikanische Imperativ (1984\\)\\| website\\=\\[\\[IMDb]] }}", "" ]
Business career --------------- In 1997, he decided to get away from Antwerp and diamonds and left [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") to settle in [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"). In 1988 he bought his first and largest diamond factory{{clarify\|date\=March 2024}} in [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa"). In the coming years he expanded his activities to other African countries, such as [Angola](/wiki/Angola "Angola") and [Botswana](/wiki/Botswana "Botswana"). He also branched out into ventures such as mining, real estate and capital markets. The group operates in more than 25 countries. Steinmetz occupies an advisory role in the Beny Steinmetz Group Resources (BSGR) Board of Directors. BSGR is a natural resource company active in the fields of [oil](/wiki/Oil "Oil") \& [gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas"), mining, metal and power{{Cite web\|url\=http://thejewishvoice.com/2012/03/15/13\-israelis\-make\-forbes\-billionaire\-list/\|title\=13 Israelis Make Forbes' Billionaire List\|date\=2012\-03\-15\|website\=The Jewish Voice\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-21}} headquartered in the island of [Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey "Guernsey").{{cite book \|title\=Minerals Yearbook \|date\=2008 \|publisher\=USGS Bureau of Mines \|location\=Washington DC \|pages\=20–2 \|isbn\=9781411329669 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=kTMT2KCpCx8C\&pg\=SA20\-PA2}} Steinmetz and billionaire [George Soros](/wiki/George_Soros "George Soros"), once business partners, parted company in the 1990s over a Russian business deal gone sour.{{cite news \|title\=Steinmetz's BSGR bankruptcy fends off Vale's $2B award \|url\=https://www.mining.com/web/steinmetzs\-bsgr\-bankruptcy\-fends\-off\-vales\-2b\-award/ \|agency\=Bloomberg News \|publisher\=Mining dot com / Glacier Media Group \|date\=4 June 2019 \|archive\-date\=26 July 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20210726085104/https://www.mining.com/web/steinmetzs\-bsgr\-bankruptcy\-fends\-off\-vales\-2b\-award/}} [Koidu Holdings](/wiki/Koidu_Holdings "Koidu Holdings"), which formerly operated as a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture "Joint venture"), has been wholly owned by the BSGR company since 2007\.[Koidu Holdings Company History](http://www.koiduholdings.com/company-history.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405071603/http://www.koiduholdings.com/company\-history.php \|date\=2013\-04\-05 }} Retrieved 2012\-12\-15Joan Baxter, *Dust from our eyes: an unblinkered look at Africa*, Wolsak and Wynn Publishers Ltd., 2008, p. 226 [https://books.google.com/books?id\=I\_kMAQAAMAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=I_kMAQAAMAAJ) In 1997, he founded STI Ventures NV, a [venture capital](/wiki/Venture_capital "Venture capital") firm that invests in [start\-up companies](/wiki/Start-up_companies "Start-up companies") in Israel. In 1999, he was the owner of [Tucows](/wiki/Tucows "Tucows").*ISLA*, Volume 54, Issue 12, [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California"): Information Services on Latin America, 1999, pg. 7379 [https://books.google.com/books?id\=eTAcAQAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=eTAcAQAAIAAJ) In 2007, Steinmetz "was forced to abandon plans for a $580 million share sale in London for his Cunico Resources vehicle."{{cite news \|last1\=Miller \|first1\=Hugo \|last2\=Biesheuvel \|first2\=Thomas \|title\=Beny Steinmetz Pressed on Guinea Deals on Second Day of Bribery Trial \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021\-01\-12/steinmetz\-pressed\-on\-guinea\-deals\-on\-second\-day\-of\-bribery\-trial \|publisher\=Bloomberg News \|date\=12 January 2021}} A now\-defunct company, of which he was a founder and shareholder, [Nikanor plc](/wiki/Nikanor_plc "Nikanor plc"), listed in London, was acquired by [Katanga Mining](/wiki/Katanga_Mining "Katanga Mining") in 2008\.{{Cite web \|last\=Bream \|first\=Rebecca \|date\=2007\-11\-06 \|title\=Nikanor and Katanga to merge \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/5e9f1a68\-8ca1\-11dc\-b887\-0000779fd2ac \|access\-date\=2019\-11\-21 \|website\=Financial Times \|language\=en\-GB}} Through his company called Scorpio, he owns real estate in [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"), Russia, and Eastern Europe.{{Cite web\|url\=http://business\-review.eu/news/israeli\-police\-detains\-ex\-rosia\-montana\-project\-shareholder\-beny\-steinmetz\-126979\|title\=Israeli police holds ex\-Rosia Montana shareholder Beny Steinmetz\|date\=2016\-12\-19\|website\=Business Review\|language\=ro\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-21}} In March 2014, the Swiss daily *[Le Temps](/wiki/Le_Temps "Le Temps")* reported that Beny Steinmetz had sold shares in the Steinmetz Diamond Group (SDG) to his brother Daniel.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/apr/09/guinea\-strips\-beny\-steinmetz\-bsg\-resources\-mining\-contracts\-corruption\|title\=Guinea to strip Beny Steinmetz company of mining concessions\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=9 April 2014}} In March 2015, BSG Capital owned a 16% share of [Gabriel Resources](/wiki/Gabriel_Resources "Gabriel Resources").{{cite news \|title\=BSG Capital Gabriel Resources owner Steinmetz wanted in Romania \|url\=https://www.miningsee.eu/bsg\-capital\-gabriel\-resources\-owner\-steinmetz\-wanted\-in\-romania/ \|publisher\=Mining See \|date\=11 March 2016}} As of March 2015 BSG Capital, a subsidiary of BSGR, held a 16% share in Gabriel Resources Ltd.{{Citation\|chapter\=Gabriela Scripnic \- Emotion\-invoking strategies in the presentation of Roşia Montană Project in the Romanian public sphere\|publisher\=Peter Lang\|isbn\=978\-3\-631\-66633\-3\|doi\=10\.3726/978\-3\-653\-05950\-2/20\|title\=Rhetoric, Knowledge and the Public Sphere\|year\=2016}} In June 2016, it was reported that BSGR had divested itself of most of its holdings in Cunico Resources,{{cite news \|last1\=Fortson \|first1\=Danny \|title\=Diamond city — where it rains rocks \|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/diamond\-city\-where\-it\-rains\-rocks\-3qsmjdg9d \|publisher\=Times Newspapers Limited \|date\=12 June 2016}} in favor of [International Mineral Resources](/wiki/International_Mineral_Resources "International Mineral Resources"), with which it had ownership of FENI Industries in a joint venture.{{cite news \|last1\=VAN CALSTER \|first1\=GEERT \|title\=Cunico v Daskalakis. Lugano Convention, employment and choice of court. \|url\=https://gavclaw.com/2019/01/22/cunico\-v\-daskalakis\-lugano\-convention\-employment\-and\-choice\-of\-court/ \|publisher\=GAVC LAW \|date\=22 January 2019}} As late as 2017, Steinmetz reportedly owned [Cunico Resources](/wiki/Cunico_Resources "Cunico Resources") which operates in [North Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia "North Macedonia") and [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo"), as well as [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada")\-based [Gabriel Resources](/wiki/Gabriel_Resources "Gabriel Resources"), a gold\-mining company seeking (unsuccessfully thus far) to reopen a mine in [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"). In 2017 Cunico Resources, which was based on [The Netherlands](/wiki/The_Netherlands "The Netherlands"), requested arbitration with [North Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia "North Macedonia") at the [International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes](/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes "International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes") over its **FENI Industries** property in [Kavadarci](/wiki/Kavadarci "Kavadarci"). The arbitration "Claims arising out of the alleged interference by the Government in the claimant’s planned sale of FENI Industries, which allegedly led to initiation of bankruptcy proceedings against FENI" was later discontinued,{{cite news \|title\=2017 Cunico v. Macedonia Cunico Resources N.V. v. Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of (ICSID Case No. ARB/17/46\) \|url\=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment\-dispute\-settlement/cases/859/cunico\-v\-macedonia \|access\-date\=3 April 2021 \|publisher\=UNCTAD Division on Investment and Enterprise}} and FENI was sold to [EuroNickel](/wiki/EuroNickel "EuroNickel") Industries. On 14 August 2017, Steinmetz was arrested as part of a joint investigation by Israeli and Swiss anti\-corruption officials over allegations of fraud, breach of trust, bribery, obstruction of justice and false registration of corporate documents with the apparent purpose of [money laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering "Money laundering"). He was released to house arrest on 17 August 2017\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\-beny\-steinmetz\-to\-be\-released\-to\-house\-arrest\-1001201743\|title\=Beny Steinmetz to be released to house arrest\|date\=2017\-08\-17\|newspaper\=Globes\|language\=he\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-08}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Israel\-News/Israeli\-billionaire\-arrested\-in\-international\-money\-laundering\-probe\-502413\|title\=Israeli billionaire arrested in int'l money laundering probe\|last1\=Eisenbud \|first1\=Daniel\|last2\=Shaham\|first2\=Udi\|date\=14 August 2017\|website\=jpost.com\|publisher\=Jerusalem Post\|access\-date\=21 February 2018}} In spring 2018, the BSGR went into voluntary receivership "in the face of bribery allegations".{{cite news \|last1\=Reguly \|first1\=Eric \|title\=Once promising Gabriel Resources loses another CEO as company's prospects dim \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/industry\-news/energy\-and\-resources/article\-once\-so\-promising\-gabriel\-resources\-loses\-another\-ceo\-as\-companys/ \|publisher\=The Globe and Mail Inc \|date\=11 June 2018}} In June 2019, two months after losing in the [London Court of International Arbitration](/wiki/London_Court_of_International_Arbitration "London Court of International Arbitration") a $2\-billion arbitration against [Vale](/wiki/Vale_S.A. "Vale S.A."), BSGR sought bankruptcy protection in the U.S. At that time, BSGR sued Soros, alleging a defamation campaign that cost the company its rights to Simandou and at least $10 billion." In November 2019 Forbes estimated his net worth at $1\.1 billion. In January 2021, Beny Steinmetz was found guilty in a Swiss court of bribing senior foreign public officials and fraud and forgery of corporate documents. This pertained to the granting of rights to an iron ore mine in Guinea.{{Cite news \|date\=2022\-08\-30 \|title\=Beny Steinmetz bribery conviction appeal begins in Geneva \|language\=en \|work\=Globes \|url\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\-beny\-steinmetz\-bribery\-conviction\-appeal\-begins\-in\-geneva\-1001422890 \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-29}} He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and a fine of 50 million Swiss francs{{Cite news \|date\=2021\-01\-22 \|title\=Swiss court finds Israeli businessman Beny Steinmetz guilty of corruption \|language\=en \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-swiss\-steinmetz\-idUSKBN29R27Q \|access\-date\=2021\-01\-22}} regarding the Simandu Case{{cite news \|first\=Sylvain \|last\=Besson \|title\=Mines, milliards et coups tordus \- a Geneve, le milliardaire Beny Steinmetz defie ses accusateurs \|url\=https://www.24heures.ch/a\-geneve\-le\-milliardaire\-beny\-steinmetz\-defiera\-ses\-accusateurs\-215359104834 \|publisher\=24heures \|date\=11 January 2021 \|language\=fr}} He lost his appeal over corruption charges in 2023\. On 14 February 2022 the Brazilian mining company Vale SA dropped a $1\.2 billion claim against individuals and entities linked to Beny Steinmetz.{{Cite web\|date\=14 February 2022\|title\=Brazil's Vale drops $1\.2 bln claim in Steinmetz dispute\|url\=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/brazils\-vale\-drops\-%241\.2\-bln\-claim\-in\-steinmetz\-dispute\|access\-date\=16 February 2022\|website\=Nasdaq}}
[ "Business career\n---------------", "In 1997, he decided to get away from Antwerp and diamonds and left [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") to settle in [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\").", "In 1988 he bought his first and largest diamond factory{{clarify\\|date\\=March 2024}} in [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"). In the coming years he expanded his activities to other African countries, such as [Angola](/wiki/Angola \"Angola\") and [Botswana](/wiki/Botswana \"Botswana\"). He also branched out into ventures such as mining, real estate and capital markets. The group operates in more than 25 countries.", "Steinmetz occupies an advisory role in the Beny Steinmetz Group Resources (BSGR) Board of Directors. BSGR is a natural resource company active in the fields of [oil](/wiki/Oil \"Oil\") \\& [gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\"), mining, metal and power{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://thejewishvoice.com/2012/03/15/13\\-israelis\\-make\\-forbes\\-billionaire\\-list/\\|title\\=13 Israelis Make Forbes' Billionaire List\\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-15\\|website\\=The Jewish Voice\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-21}} headquartered in the island of [Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey \"Guernsey\").{{cite book \\|title\\=Minerals Yearbook \\|date\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=USGS Bureau of Mines \\|location\\=Washington DC \\|pages\\=20–2 \\|isbn\\=9781411329669 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kTMT2KCpCx8C\\&pg\\=SA20\\-PA2}}", "Steinmetz and billionaire [George Soros](/wiki/George_Soros \"George Soros\"), once business partners, parted company in the 1990s over a Russian business deal gone sour.{{cite news \\|title\\=Steinmetz's BSGR bankruptcy fends off Vale's $2B award \\|url\\=https://www.mining.com/web/steinmetzs\\-bsgr\\-bankruptcy\\-fends\\-off\\-vales\\-2b\\-award/ \\|agency\\=Bloomberg News \\|publisher\\=Mining dot com / Glacier Media Group \\|date\\=4 June 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 July 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20210726085104/https://www.mining.com/web/steinmetzs\\-bsgr\\-bankruptcy\\-fends\\-off\\-vales\\-2b\\-award/}}", "[Koidu Holdings](/wiki/Koidu_Holdings \"Koidu Holdings\"), which formerly operated as a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture \"Joint venture\"), has been wholly owned by the BSGR company since 2007\\.[Koidu Holdings Company History](http://www.koiduholdings.com/company-history.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405071603/http://www.koiduholdings.com/company\\-history.php \\|date\\=2013\\-04\\-05 }} Retrieved 2012\\-12\\-15Joan Baxter, *Dust from our eyes: an unblinkered look at Africa*, Wolsak and Wynn Publishers Ltd., 2008, p. 226 [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=I\\_kMAQAAMAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=I_kMAQAAMAAJ) In 1997, he founded STI Ventures NV, a [venture capital](/wiki/Venture_capital \"Venture capital\") firm that invests in [start\\-up companies](/wiki/Start-up_companies \"Start-up companies\") in Israel. In 1999, he was the owner of [Tucows](/wiki/Tucows \"Tucows\").*ISLA*, Volume 54, Issue 12, [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\"): Information Services on Latin America, 1999, pg. 7379 [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=eTAcAQAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=eTAcAQAAIAAJ)", "In 2007, Steinmetz \"was forced to abandon plans for a $580 million share sale in London for his Cunico Resources vehicle.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Miller \\|first1\\=Hugo \\|last2\\=Biesheuvel \\|first2\\=Thomas \\|title\\=Beny Steinmetz Pressed on Guinea Deals on Second Day of Bribery Trial \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021\\-01\\-12/steinmetz\\-pressed\\-on\\-guinea\\-deals\\-on\\-second\\-day\\-of\\-bribery\\-trial \\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News \\|date\\=12 January 2021}}", "A now\\-defunct company, of which he was a founder and shareholder, [Nikanor plc](/wiki/Nikanor_plc \"Nikanor plc\"), listed in London, was acquired by [Katanga Mining](/wiki/Katanga_Mining \"Katanga Mining\") in 2008\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bream \\|first\\=Rebecca \\|date\\=2007\\-11\\-06 \\|title\\=Nikanor and Katanga to merge \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/5e9f1a68\\-8ca1\\-11dc\\-b887\\-0000779fd2ac \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-21 \\|website\\=Financial Times \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} Through his company called Scorpio, he owns real estate in [Kazakhstan](/wiki/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\"), Russia, and Eastern Europe.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://business\\-review.eu/news/israeli\\-police\\-detains\\-ex\\-rosia\\-montana\\-project\\-shareholder\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-126979\\|title\\=Israeli police holds ex\\-Rosia Montana shareholder Beny Steinmetz\\|date\\=2016\\-12\\-19\\|website\\=Business Review\\|language\\=ro\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-21}}", "In March 2014, the Swiss daily *[Le Temps](/wiki/Le_Temps \"Le Temps\")* reported that Beny Steinmetz had sold shares in the Steinmetz Diamond Group (SDG) to his brother Daniel.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/apr/09/guinea\\-strips\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-bsg\\-resources\\-mining\\-contracts\\-corruption\\|title\\=Guinea to strip Beny Steinmetz company of mining concessions\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=9 April 2014}}", "In March 2015, BSG Capital owned a 16% share of [Gabriel Resources](/wiki/Gabriel_Resources \"Gabriel Resources\").{{cite news \\|title\\=BSG Capital Gabriel Resources owner Steinmetz wanted in Romania \\|url\\=https://www.miningsee.eu/bsg\\-capital\\-gabriel\\-resources\\-owner\\-steinmetz\\-wanted\\-in\\-romania/ \\|publisher\\=Mining See \\|date\\=11 March 2016}} As of March 2015 BSG Capital, a subsidiary of BSGR, held a 16% share in Gabriel Resources Ltd.{{Citation\\|chapter\\=Gabriela Scripnic \\- Emotion\\-invoking strategies in the presentation of Roşia Montană Project in the Romanian public sphere\\|publisher\\=Peter Lang\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-631\\-66633\\-3\\|doi\\=10\\.3726/978\\-3\\-653\\-05950\\-2/20\\|title\\=Rhetoric, Knowledge and the Public Sphere\\|year\\=2016}}", "In June 2016, it was reported that BSGR had divested itself of most of its holdings in Cunico Resources,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Fortson \\|first1\\=Danny \\|title\\=Diamond city — where it rains rocks \\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/diamond\\-city\\-where\\-it\\-rains\\-rocks\\-3qsmjdg9d \\|publisher\\=Times Newspapers Limited \\|date\\=12 June 2016}} in favor of [International Mineral Resources](/wiki/International_Mineral_Resources \"International Mineral Resources\"), with which it had ownership of FENI Industries in a joint venture.{{cite news \\|last1\\=VAN CALSTER \\|first1\\=GEERT \\|title\\=Cunico v Daskalakis. Lugano Convention, employment and choice of court. \\|url\\=https://gavclaw.com/2019/01/22/cunico\\-v\\-daskalakis\\-lugano\\-convention\\-employment\\-and\\-choice\\-of\\-court/ \\|publisher\\=GAVC LAW \\|date\\=22 January 2019}}", "As late as 2017, Steinmetz reportedly owned [Cunico Resources](/wiki/Cunico_Resources \"Cunico Resources\") which operates in [North Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia \"North Macedonia\") and [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\"), as well as [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\")\\-based [Gabriel Resources](/wiki/Gabriel_Resources \"Gabriel Resources\"), a gold\\-mining company seeking (unsuccessfully thus far) to reopen a mine in [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\").", "In 2017 Cunico Resources, which was based on [The Netherlands](/wiki/The_Netherlands \"The Netherlands\"), requested arbitration with [North Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia \"North Macedonia\") at the [International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes](/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes \"International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes\") over its **FENI Industries** property in [Kavadarci](/wiki/Kavadarci \"Kavadarci\"). The arbitration \"Claims arising out of the alleged interference by the Government in the claimant’s planned sale of FENI Industries, which allegedly led to initiation of bankruptcy proceedings against FENI\" was later discontinued,{{cite news \\|title\\=2017 Cunico v. Macedonia Cunico Resources N.V. v. Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of (ICSID Case No. ARB/17/46\\) \\|url\\=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment\\-dispute\\-settlement/cases/859/cunico\\-v\\-macedonia \\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2021 \\|publisher\\=UNCTAD Division on Investment and Enterprise}} and FENI was sold to [EuroNickel](/wiki/EuroNickel \"EuroNickel\") Industries.", "On 14 August 2017, Steinmetz was arrested as part of a joint investigation by Israeli and Swiss anti\\-corruption officials over allegations of fraud, breach of trust, bribery, obstruction of justice and false registration of corporate documents with the apparent purpose of [money laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering \"Money laundering\"). He was released to house arrest on 17 August 2017\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-to\\-be\\-released\\-to\\-house\\-arrest\\-1001201743\\|title\\=Beny Steinmetz to be released to house arrest\\|date\\=2017\\-08\\-17\\|newspaper\\=Globes\\|language\\=he\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-08}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Israel\\-News/Israeli\\-billionaire\\-arrested\\-in\\-international\\-money\\-laundering\\-probe\\-502413\\|title\\=Israeli billionaire arrested in int'l money laundering probe\\|last1\\=Eisenbud \\|first1\\=Daniel\\|last2\\=Shaham\\|first2\\=Udi\\|date\\=14 August 2017\\|website\\=jpost.com\\|publisher\\=Jerusalem Post\\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2018}}", "In spring 2018, the BSGR went into voluntary receivership \"in the face of bribery allegations\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Reguly \\|first1\\=Eric \\|title\\=Once promising Gabriel Resources loses another CEO as company's prospects dim \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/industry\\-news/energy\\-and\\-resources/article\\-once\\-so\\-promising\\-gabriel\\-resources\\-loses\\-another\\-ceo\\-as\\-companys/ \\|publisher\\=The Globe and Mail Inc \\|date\\=11 June 2018}}", "In June 2019, two months after losing in the [London Court of International Arbitration](/wiki/London_Court_of_International_Arbitration \"London Court of International Arbitration\") a $2\\-billion arbitration against [Vale](/wiki/Vale_S.A. \"Vale S.A.\"), BSGR sought bankruptcy protection in the U.S. At that time, BSGR sued Soros, alleging a defamation campaign that cost the company its rights to Simandou and at least $10 billion.\"", "In November 2019 Forbes estimated his net worth at $1\\.1 billion.", "In January 2021, Beny Steinmetz was found guilty in a Swiss court of bribing senior foreign public officials and fraud and forgery of corporate documents. This pertained to the granting of rights to an iron ore mine in Guinea.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2022\\-08\\-30 \\|title\\=Beny Steinmetz bribery conviction appeal begins in Geneva \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Globes \\|url\\=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-bribery\\-conviction\\-appeal\\-begins\\-in\\-geneva\\-1001422890 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-29}} He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and a fine of 50 million Swiss francs{{Cite news \\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-22 \\|title\\=Swiss court finds Israeli businessman Beny Steinmetz guilty of corruption \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-swiss\\-steinmetz\\-idUSKBN29R27Q \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-22}} regarding the Simandu Case{{cite news \\|first\\=Sylvain \\|last\\=Besson \\|title\\=Mines, milliards et coups tordus \\- a Geneve, le milliardaire Beny Steinmetz defie ses accusateurs \\|url\\=https://www.24heures.ch/a\\-geneve\\-le\\-milliardaire\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-defiera\\-ses\\-accusateurs\\-215359104834 \\|publisher\\=24heures \\|date\\=11 January 2021 \\|language\\=fr}} He lost his appeal over corruption charges in 2023\\.", "On 14 February 2022 the Brazilian mining company Vale SA dropped a $1\\.2 billion claim against individuals and entities linked to Beny Steinmetz.{{Cite web\\|date\\=14 February 2022\\|title\\=Brazil's Vale drops $1\\.2 bln claim in Steinmetz dispute\\|url\\=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/brazils\\-vale\\-drops\\-%241\\.2\\-bln\\-claim\\-in\\-steinmetz\\-dispute\\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2022\\|website\\=Nasdaq}}", "" ]
Controversies and criminal trials --------------------------------- ### Guinea and the Simandou deposit In 2013 Steinmetz was falsely accused by French newspaper *[Le Canard Enchainé](/wiki/Le_Canard_Enchain%C3%A9 "Le Canard Enchainé")* of hiring French, Israeli and South African mercenaries to topple the government of [Guinea](/wiki/Guinea "Guinea"). Steinmetz sued the newspaper for libel. In September 2018, because the paper could not prove the authenticity of the sources, it claimed to cite (the CIA and its French equivalent), the [French court of appeals](/wiki/Court_of_appeal_%28France%29 "Court of appeal (France)") ruled that the newspaper defamed Steinmetz and his company. The paper and the journalist behind the article had to pay a total of 50,000 euros and publish corrections in the *Canard Enchainé* as well as three other major newspapers.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018\-09\-07/coup\-claims\-against\-steinmetz\-land\-french\-newspaper\-with\-fine\|title\=Coup Claims Against Steinmetz Land French Newspaper With Fine\|date\=2018\-09\-07\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-08\|language\=en}} Beny Steinmetz had been involved in a long\-running dispute with the government of the [Republic of Guinea](/wiki/Guinea "Guinea") surrounding the development of [Simandou](/wiki/Simandou_mine "Simandou mine") Blocks 1 \& 2, part of one of the world's largest iron\-ore deposits.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.haaretz.com/world\-news/asia\-and\-australia/israeli\-billionaire\-steinmetz\-s\-bsgr\-settles\-guinea\-row\-looks\-to\-zogota\-iron\-ore\-1\.6965270\|title\=Israeli Billionaire Steinmetz's BSGR Settles Guinea Row, Looks to Zogota Iron Ore\|date\=2019\-02\-25\|work\=Haaretz\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-08\|language\=en}} In December 2008, a three\-year exploration permit to prospect for iron ore in Simandou, was awarded to BSGR Guinea, after the government of Guits to mine the northern half of Simandou to Steinmetz for $160 million. Steinmetz then soon sold a 51% share to [Vale](/wiki/Vale_%28mining_company%29 "Vale (mining company)") for $2\.5 billion.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.economist.com/news/middle\-east\-and\-africa/21603507\-guineas\-government\-may\-last\-be\-dealing\-sensibly\-its\-mineral\-riches\-let\|title\=Guinea and its iron ore: Let the people benefit, for once\|magazine\=The Economist\|date\=7 June 2014}} The [U.S. Justice Department](/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department "U.S. Justice Department") and the [FBI](/wiki/FBI "FBI") investigated BSGR's acquisition of the rights to extract half of the iron ore deposits at [Simandou](/wiki/Simandou "Simandou"), due to illegitimate concerns.[FBI arrest agent over bribery cover\-up claim in battle over $10bn mountain](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/16/fbi-arrest-bribery-10bn-mountain), *The Guardian*, 16 April 2013\.["The corruption deal of the century: How Guinea lost billions of pounds in Simandou mining licensing](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/the-corruption-deal-of-the-century-how-guinea-lost-billions-of-pounds-in-simandou-mining-licensing-8662534.html), *The Independent*, 17 June 2013\. BSGR denied these allegations and in an interview to the *[New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")*, Steinmetz said: “We are the victims. We have done only good things for Guinea, and what we’re getting is spit in the face."Patrick Radden Keefe, ["Buried Secrets: How an Israeli billionaire wrested control of one of Africa's biggest prizes"](http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/07/08/130708fa_fact_keefe?currentPage=all), *The New Yorker*, 8 July 2013\. In April 2014 the Guinean government accused BSGR of obtaining the Simandou mining rights by paying bribes to the wife of then\-president [Lansana Conté](/wiki/Lansana_Cont%C3%A9 "Lansana Conté") in 2008, and that the rights would be stripped from BSGR and its partner [Vale S.A.](/wiki/Vale_%28mining_company%29 "Vale (mining company)"){{cite news\|title\=Guinea to strip Beny Steinmetz company of mining concessions\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/apr/09/guinea\-strips\-beny\-steinmetz\-bsg\-resources\-mining\-contracts\-corruption\|access\-date\=1 May 2014\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=9 April 2014\|author\=Ian Cobain\|author2\=Juliette Garside\|author3\=Anne Penketh}} In September 2014 BSGR started an [international arbitration](/wiki/International_arbitration "International arbitration") proceeding against the Republic of Guinea in the [International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes](/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes "International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes"), challenging the government's decision to revoke its mining rights.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/guinea\-mining\-simandou\-idUSL5N0RB45320140910\|title\=BSGR pushes ahead with arbitration against Guinea over Simandou mining rights\|date\=10 September 2014\|work\=Reuters}} In February 2019, BSGR together with Guinean President [Alpha Condé](/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9 "Alpha Condé") agreed to drop the pending arbitration case and all allegations of wrongdoing.\[1] As part of the agreement, BSGR would relinquish its rights to Simandou and maintain an interest in the Zogota deposit that would be developed by head of [Niron Metals](/wiki/Niron_Metals "Niron Metals"), [Mick Davis](/wiki/Mick_Davis "Mick Davis").{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019\-02\-25/steinmetz\-stages\-guinea\-comeback\-in\-sarkozy\-brokered\-deal\|title\=Mining Billionaire Ends Bitter Guinea Dispute After Months of Secret Negotiations\|date\=2019\-02\-25\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-08\|language\=en}}{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/feb/25/beny\-steinmetz\-settles\-dispute\-guinea\-iron\-ore\-simandou\|title\=Beny Steinmetz settles dispute with Guinea over iron ore project\|last\=Goodley\|first\=Simon\|date\=2019\-02\-25\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-08\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0261\-3077}} [Rio Tinto](/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group "Rio Tinto Group") then filed suit against Steinmetz, BSGR and Vale alleging that they had devised a [RICO](/wiki/RICO "RICO") scheme to steal "valuable mining rights" held by Rio Tinto.{{cite news\|last\=Cobain\|first\=Ian\|title\=Rio Tinto sues Israeli billionaire Beny Steinmetz\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/01/rio\-tinto\-sues\-beny\-steinmetz\|access\-date\=2 May 2014\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|date\=1 May 2014}} Steinmetz subsequently hired former FBI director [Louis Freeh](/wiki/Louis_Freeh "Louis Freeh"), defense attorney [Alan Dershowitz](/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz "Alan Dershowitz"), and law firm [Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher \& Flom](/wiki/Skadden%2C_Arps%2C_Slate%2C_Meagher_%26_Flom "Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom"), as part of his defense team.{{cite news\|last\=Silverstein\|first\=Ken\|author\-link\=Ken Silverstein\|url\=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/01/02/louis\-freehs\-latest\-investigation\-billionaire\-businessman\-accused\-bribing\-african\-government\|title\=Louis Freeh's Latest Investigation: Billionaire Businessman Accused of Bribing African Government\|work\=\[\[The Intercept]]\|date\=2 January 2015\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102234158/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/01/02/louis\-freehs\-latest\-investigation\-billionaire\-businessman\-accused\-bribing\-african\-government\|archive\-date\=2 January 2015}} In November 2015, Rio Tinto's RICO lawsuit against BSGR was dismissed, with U.S. District Judge [Richard Berman](/wiki/Richard_Berman_%28lawyer%29 "Richard Berman (lawyer)") ruling that Rio exceeded the [statute of limitations](/wiki/Statute_of_limitations "Statute of limitations") when filing their claim against BSGR in 2014 and that the company failed to identify a pattern of racketeering activity by the defendants.{{Cite news\|author1\=Erik Larson \|author2\=Bob Van Voris \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\-11\-20/steinmetz\-bsg\-resources\-win\-ruling\-dismissing\-rio\-tinto\-suit\|title\=Steinmetz, BSG Resources Win Dismissal of Rio Tinto Lawsuit\|publisher\=Bloomberg News\|date\=20 November 2015}} In mid\-November 2016, Alan Davies, head of the Rio Tinto department responsible for Simandou, was suspended due to an investigation into the lawfulness of Rio Tinto's payment to Francois de Combert, former managing partner at [Lazard](/wiki/Lazard "Lazard") and personal adviser to the president of Guinea.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\-11\-11/billionaire\-steinmetz\-says\-rio\-probe\-proves\-guinea\-mine\-plot\|title\=Billionaire Says Rio Probe Proves Elaborate Plot to Strip Prized Guinea Mine Rights\|date\=11 November 2016\|publisher\=Bloomberg News\|access\-date\=21 February 2018}} On 1 December 2016, *[France 24](/wiki/France_24 "France 24")* aired recordings from 2012 that it claimed were conversations between Francois de Combret and unnamed people involved in negotiations over the future of [Simandou](/wiki/Simandou_mine "Simandou mine").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.france24\.com/en/20161201\-exclusive\-audio\-recordings\-guinea\-president\-conde\-simandou\-mine\-bribery\-rio\-tinto\|title\=Audio recordings drag Guinea president into mine bribery scandal\|date\=1 December 2016\|newspaper\=France 24\|access\-date\=12 December 2016}} In December 2016, Steinmetz was arrested on suspicion of money laundering and bribery charges following an investigation carried out by Israeli, American, Swiss, and Guinean authorities in coordination with the [OECD](/wiki/OECD "OECD").{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/billionaire\-vs\-billionaire\-israels\-steinmetz\-sues\-soros\|title\=Billionaire vs. billionaire: Israel's Steinmetz sues Soros\|work\=The Times of Israel\|access\-date\=18 April 2017}} He was placed under [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest "House arrest") in Israel on 19 December 2016, due to accusations that he paid tens of millions of dollars to senior public officials in Guinea to advance his businesses, specifically in connection with BSGR's purchase of Simandou.{{cite news\|title\=BSGR sues billionaire George Soros over the loss of Guinea iron project\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-bsgr\-lawsuit\-idUSKBN17G1LL\|work\=Reuters}} Steinmetz was released without charge the following month.[Billionaire Beny Steinmetz released from Israel house arrest](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-corruption-steinmetz-idUSKBN14O1QT), Reuters.com, 4 January 2017\. In April 2017, BSGR filed a suit against American billionaire [George Soros](/wiki/George_Soros "George Soros") in U.S. federal court in New York, claiming he had engaged in a lengthy effort to defame the company and sabotage its business in Simandou and around the world.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\-04\-14/george\-soros\-sued\-by\-fellow\-billionaire\-in\-10\-billion\-mine\-row\|title\=Soros Sued by Fellow Billionaire in $10 Billion Mine Brawl\|date\=14 April 2017\|publisher\=Bloomberg News\|access\-date\=21 February 2018}} In 2021, Steinmetz was convicted by a [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva") court of bribery and forging documents to gain mining rights in Guinea and was sentenced to five years in prison and a fine of $50 million.{{cite news \|agency\=Associated Press \|title\=Israeli minerals magnate Beny Steinmetz convicted of corruption \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/22/israeli\-minerals\-magnate\-beny\-steinmetz\-convicted\-of\-corruption \|access\-date\=29 June 2022 \|work\=the Guardian \|date\=22 January 2021 \|language\=en}} The conviction was upheld on appeal in a March 28, 2023 ruling. ### Switzerland On January 22, 2021, Steinmetz was found guilty in Geneva of [corruption](/wiki/Corruption "Corruption") related to bribes paid in Guinea. He was sentenced to five years in prison, and ordered to pay a fine of 50 million Swiss francs.{{Cite web \|last\=swissinfo.ch/ilj \|title\=Swiss court hands diamond magnate five\-year prison sentence \|url\=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\-court\-hands\-diamond\-magnate\-five\-year\-prison\-sentence\-/46309514 \|access\-date\=2021\-01\-22 \|website\=SWI swissinfo.ch \|date\=22 January 2021 \|language\=en}}{{cite web \|title\=Mines, milliards et coups tordus – À Genève, le milliardaire Beny Steinmetz défie ses accusateurs \|date\=3 January 2021 \|url\=https://www.24heures.ch/a\-geneve\-le\-milliardaire\-beny\-steinmetz\-defiera\-ses\-accusateurs\-215359104834}} In 2023, a Swiss court upheld the bribery conviction. ### Romania On 10 March 2016, Steinmetz was indicted [*in absentia*](/wiki/Trial_in_absentia "Trial in absentia") by the Romanian [National Anticorruption Directorate](/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate "National Anticorruption Directorate"), on charges of the unlawful recovery of [Paul\-Philippe Hohenzollern](/wiki/Paul-Philippe_Hohenzollern "Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern")'s inheritance.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.antena3\.ro/actualitate/dna\-cere\-arestarea\-strategului\-lui\-basescu\-345480\.html\|title\=Bombă aruncată de DNA: Se cere arestarea a patru afaceriști extrem de influenţi\|publisher\=antena3\|date\=10 March 2016\|language\=ro}} Two other Israelis and he were on trial "in several cases involving high\-ranking dignitaries in Romania."{{cite news \|last1\=Touma \|first1\=Ana Maria \|title\=Balkan Mining Tycoon Arrested for Alleged Graft \|url\=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/08/14/balkan\-mining\-tycoon\-detained\-for\-graft\-in\-israel\-08\-14\-2017/ \|publisher\=Balkan Insight \|date\=14 August 2017}} In February 2018, a court in Romania dismissed the request for a warrant for his arrest.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article\-romanian\-court\-refuses\-arrest\-warrant\-for\-beny\-steinmetz\-1001126076\|title\=Romanian court refuses Steinmetz arrest warrant\|website\=Globes\|date\=22 May 2016 \|access\-date\=21 February 2018}} An Athens court rejected an extradition request by Romanian authorities in March 2022, ruling that Steinmetz's [right to a fair trial](/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial "Right to a fair trial") in Romania was violated and that he is at real risk of inhuman and degrading treatment if extradited.{{Cite web \|title\=Court rejects extradition request for mining billionaire Beny Steinmetz – Athens\-News.GR \|url\=https://athens\-news.gr/court\-rejects\-extradition\-request\-for\-mining\-billionaire\-beny\-steinmetz/ \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-05 \|website\=athens\-news.gr}} The decision was confirmed on appeal. Greek authorities executing a Romanian arrest warrant detained Steinmetz in October 2024\. He was later released on €5,000 bail.{{cite web \|title\=Greece arrests Israeli billionaire on Romanian corruption charges \|url\=https://www.politico.eu/article/israeli\-billionaire\-beny\-steinmetz\-arrest\-greece\-romania\-corruption/ \|website\=Politico \|access\-date\=17 October 2024}} ### Panama Papers Beny Steinmetz was named in 282 documents in the [Panama Papers](/wiki/Panama_Papers "Panama Papers") leak.{{Cite web \|last\=Seargent \|first\=Barry \|date\=2016\-05\-29 \|title\=Panama Papers flag billion\-dollar DRC mining rip\-offs {{!}} Special Reports {{!}} M\&G \|url\=https://mg.co.za/article/2016\-04\-14\-panama\-papers\-flag\-billion\-dollar\-drc\-rip\-offs/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529033348/http://mg.co.za/article/2016\-04\-14\-panama\-papers\-flag\-billion\-dollar\-drc\-rip\-offs \|archive\-date\=May 29, 2016 \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-01 \|website\=Mail and Guardian}} This included revelations around corruption and improper business dealings in [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Panama_Papers_%28Africa%29%23Sierra_Leone "Panama Papers (Africa)#Sierra Leone"),{{Cite web \|last1\=Sharife \|first1\=Kadije \|last2\=Gbande \|first2\=Silas \|date\=2017\-05\-10 \|title\=Sierra Leone's flawed diamond trade \|url\=https://www.namibian.com.na/Sierra\-Leone's\-flawed\-diamond\-trade/39957/read \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510111253/http://www.namibian.com.na/Sierra\-Leone's\-flawed\-diamond\-trade/39957/read \|archive\-date\=May 10, 2017 \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-01 \|website\=The Namibian}} the [Democratic Republic of Congo](/wiki/Panama_Papers_%28Africa%29%23Dan_Gertler_and_Beny_Steinmetz "Panama Papers (Africa)#Dan Gertler and Beny Steinmetz") as well as further details on activities in [Guinea](/wiki/Panama_Papers_%28Africa%29%23Guinea "Panama Papers (Africa)#Guinea").{{Cite news \|last\=Sharife \|first\=Kadije \|date\=2016\-04\-04 \|title\=Panama Papers: Steinmetz Guinea deal pried open \|work\=Times Live \|url\=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2016\-04\-04\-panama\-papers\-steinmetz\-guinea\-deal\-pried\-open/ \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504085959/http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2016/04/04/Panama\-Papers\-Steinmetz\-Guinea\-deal\-pried\-open \|archive\-date\=May 4, 2016}}
[ "Controversies and criminal trials\n---------------------------------", "### Guinea and the Simandou deposit", "In 2013 Steinmetz was falsely accused by French newspaper *[Le Canard Enchainé](/wiki/Le_Canard_Enchain%C3%A9 \"Le Canard Enchainé\")* of hiring French, Israeli and South African mercenaries to topple the government of [Guinea](/wiki/Guinea \"Guinea\"). Steinmetz sued the newspaper for libel. In September 2018, because the paper could not prove the authenticity of the sources, it claimed to cite (the CIA and its French equivalent), the [French court of appeals](/wiki/Court_of_appeal_%28France%29 \"Court of appeal (France)\") ruled that the newspaper defamed Steinmetz and his company. The paper and the journalist behind the article had to pay a total of 50,000 euros and publish corrections in the *Canard Enchainé* as well as three other major newspapers.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018\\-09\\-07/coup\\-claims\\-against\\-steinmetz\\-land\\-french\\-newspaper\\-with\\-fine\\|title\\=Coup Claims Against Steinmetz Land French Newspaper With Fine\\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-07\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-08\\|language\\=en}}", "Beny Steinmetz had been involved in a long\\-running dispute with the government of the [Republic of Guinea](/wiki/Guinea \"Guinea\") surrounding the development of [Simandou](/wiki/Simandou_mine \"Simandou mine\") Blocks 1 \\& 2, part of one of the world's largest iron\\-ore deposits.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.haaretz.com/world\\-news/asia\\-and\\-australia/israeli\\-billionaire\\-steinmetz\\-s\\-bsgr\\-settles\\-guinea\\-row\\-looks\\-to\\-zogota\\-iron\\-ore\\-1\\.6965270\\|title\\=Israeli Billionaire Steinmetz's BSGR Settles Guinea Row, Looks to Zogota Iron Ore\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-25\\|work\\=Haaretz\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-08\\|language\\=en}} In December 2008, a three\\-year exploration permit to prospect for iron ore in Simandou, was awarded to BSGR Guinea, after the government of Guits to mine the northern half of Simandou to Steinmetz for $160 million. Steinmetz then soon sold a 51% share to [Vale](/wiki/Vale_%28mining_company%29 \"Vale (mining company)\") for $2\\.5 billion.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/news/middle\\-east\\-and\\-africa/21603507\\-guineas\\-government\\-may\\-last\\-be\\-dealing\\-sensibly\\-its\\-mineral\\-riches\\-let\\|title\\=Guinea and its iron ore: Let the people benefit, for once\\|magazine\\=The Economist\\|date\\=7 June 2014}}", "The [U.S. Justice Department](/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department \"U.S. Justice Department\") and the [FBI](/wiki/FBI \"FBI\") investigated BSGR's acquisition of the rights to extract half of the iron ore deposits at [Simandou](/wiki/Simandou \"Simandou\"), due to illegitimate concerns.[FBI arrest agent over bribery cover\\-up claim in battle over $10bn mountain](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/16/fbi-arrest-bribery-10bn-mountain), *The Guardian*, 16 April 2013\\.[\"The corruption deal of the century: How Guinea lost billions of pounds in Simandou mining licensing](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/the-corruption-deal-of-the-century-how-guinea-lost-billions-of-pounds-in-simandou-mining-licensing-8662534.html), *The Independent*, 17 June 2013\\. BSGR denied these allegations and in an interview to the *[New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")*, Steinmetz said: “We are the victims. We have done only good things for Guinea, and what we’re getting is spit in the face.\"Patrick Radden Keefe, [\"Buried Secrets: How an Israeli billionaire wrested control of one of Africa's biggest prizes\"](http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/07/08/130708fa_fact_keefe?currentPage=all), *The New Yorker*, 8 July 2013\\.", "In April 2014 the Guinean government accused BSGR of obtaining the Simandou mining rights by paying bribes to the wife of then\\-president [Lansana Conté](/wiki/Lansana_Cont%C3%A9 \"Lansana Conté\") in 2008, and that the rights would be stripped from BSGR and its partner [Vale S.A.](/wiki/Vale_%28mining_company%29 \"Vale (mining company)\"){{cite news\\|title\\=Guinea to strip Beny Steinmetz company of mining concessions\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/apr/09/guinea\\-strips\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-bsg\\-resources\\-mining\\-contracts\\-corruption\\|access\\-date\\=1 May 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=9 April 2014\\|author\\=Ian Cobain\\|author2\\=Juliette Garside\\|author3\\=Anne Penketh}}", "In September 2014 BSGR started an [international arbitration](/wiki/International_arbitration \"International arbitration\") proceeding against the Republic of Guinea in the [International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes](/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes \"International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes\"), challenging the government's decision to revoke its mining rights.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/guinea\\-mining\\-simandou\\-idUSL5N0RB45320140910\\|title\\=BSGR pushes ahead with arbitration against Guinea over Simandou mining rights\\|date\\=10 September 2014\\|work\\=Reuters}} In February 2019, BSGR together with Guinean President [Alpha Condé](/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9 \"Alpha Condé\") agreed to drop the pending arbitration case and all allegations of wrongdoing.\\[1] As part of the agreement, BSGR would relinquish its rights to Simandou and maintain an interest in the Zogota deposit that would be developed by head of [Niron Metals](/wiki/Niron_Metals \"Niron Metals\"), [Mick Davis](/wiki/Mick_Davis \"Mick Davis\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019\\-02\\-25/steinmetz\\-stages\\-guinea\\-comeback\\-in\\-sarkozy\\-brokered\\-deal\\|title\\=Mining Billionaire Ends Bitter Guinea Dispute After Months of Secret Negotiations\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-25\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-08\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/feb/25/beny\\-steinmetz\\-settles\\-dispute\\-guinea\\-iron\\-ore\\-simandou\\|title\\=Beny Steinmetz settles dispute with Guinea over iron ore project\\|last\\=Goodley\\|first\\=Simon\\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-25\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-08\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}", "[Rio Tinto](/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group \"Rio Tinto Group\") then filed suit against Steinmetz, BSGR and Vale alleging that they had devised a [RICO](/wiki/RICO \"RICO\") scheme to steal \"valuable mining rights\" held by Rio Tinto.{{cite news\\|last\\=Cobain\\|first\\=Ian\\|title\\=Rio Tinto sues Israeli billionaire Beny Steinmetz\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/01/rio\\-tinto\\-sues\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=1 May 2014}}", "Steinmetz subsequently hired former FBI director [Louis Freeh](/wiki/Louis_Freeh \"Louis Freeh\"), defense attorney [Alan Dershowitz](/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz \"Alan Dershowitz\"), and law firm [Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher \\& Flom](/wiki/Skadden%2C_Arps%2C_Slate%2C_Meagher_%26_Flom \"Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom\"), as part of his defense team.{{cite news\\|last\\=Silverstein\\|first\\=Ken\\|author\\-link\\=Ken Silverstein\\|url\\=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/01/02/louis\\-freehs\\-latest\\-investigation\\-billionaire\\-businessman\\-accused\\-bribing\\-african\\-government\\|title\\=Louis Freeh's Latest Investigation: Billionaire Businessman Accused of Bribing African Government\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Intercept]]\\|date\\=2 January 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102234158/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/01/02/louis\\-freehs\\-latest\\-investigation\\-billionaire\\-businessman\\-accused\\-bribing\\-african\\-government\\|archive\\-date\\=2 January 2015}}", "In November 2015, Rio Tinto's RICO lawsuit against BSGR was dismissed, with U.S. District Judge [Richard Berman](/wiki/Richard_Berman_%28lawyer%29 \"Richard Berman (lawyer)\") ruling that Rio exceeded the [statute of limitations](/wiki/Statute_of_limitations \"Statute of limitations\") when filing their claim against BSGR in 2014 and that the company failed to identify a pattern of racketeering activity by the defendants.{{Cite news\\|author1\\=Erik Larson \\|author2\\=Bob Van Voris \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\\-11\\-20/steinmetz\\-bsg\\-resources\\-win\\-ruling\\-dismissing\\-rio\\-tinto\\-suit\\|title\\=Steinmetz, BSG Resources Win Dismissal of Rio Tinto Lawsuit\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News\\|date\\=20 November 2015}}", "In mid\\-November 2016, Alan Davies, head of the Rio Tinto department responsible for Simandou, was suspended due to an investigation into the lawfulness of Rio Tinto's payment to Francois de Combert, former managing partner at [Lazard](/wiki/Lazard \"Lazard\") and personal adviser to the president of Guinea.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\\-11\\-11/billionaire\\-steinmetz\\-says\\-rio\\-probe\\-proves\\-guinea\\-mine\\-plot\\|title\\=Billionaire Says Rio Probe Proves Elaborate Plot to Strip Prized Guinea Mine Rights\\|date\\=11 November 2016\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News\\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2018}}", "On 1 December 2016, *[France 24](/wiki/France_24 \"France 24\")* aired recordings from 2012 that it claimed were conversations between Francois de Combret and unnamed people involved in negotiations over the future of [Simandou](/wiki/Simandou_mine \"Simandou mine\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.france24\\.com/en/20161201\\-exclusive\\-audio\\-recordings\\-guinea\\-president\\-conde\\-simandou\\-mine\\-bribery\\-rio\\-tinto\\|title\\=Audio recordings drag Guinea president into mine bribery scandal\\|date\\=1 December 2016\\|newspaper\\=France 24\\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2016}}", "In December 2016, Steinmetz was arrested on suspicion of money laundering and bribery charges following an investigation carried out by Israeli, American, Swiss, and Guinean authorities in coordination with the [OECD](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\").{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/billionaire\\-vs\\-billionaire\\-israels\\-steinmetz\\-sues\\-soros\\|title\\=Billionaire vs. billionaire: Israel's Steinmetz sues Soros\\|work\\=The Times of Israel\\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2017}}", "He was placed under [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest \"House arrest\") in Israel on 19 December 2016, due to accusations that he paid tens of millions of dollars to senior public officials in Guinea to advance his businesses, specifically in connection with BSGR's purchase of Simandou.{{cite news\\|title\\=BSGR sues billionaire George Soros over the loss of Guinea iron project\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-bsgr\\-lawsuit\\-idUSKBN17G1LL\\|work\\=Reuters}} Steinmetz was released without charge the following month.[Billionaire Beny Steinmetz released from Israel house arrest](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-corruption-steinmetz-idUSKBN14O1QT), Reuters.com, 4 January 2017\\.", "In April 2017, BSGR filed a suit against American billionaire [George Soros](/wiki/George_Soros \"George Soros\") in U.S. federal court in New York, claiming he had engaged in a lengthy effort to defame the company and sabotage its business in Simandou and around the world.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\\-04\\-14/george\\-soros\\-sued\\-by\\-fellow\\-billionaire\\-in\\-10\\-billion\\-mine\\-row\\|title\\=Soros Sued by Fellow Billionaire in $10 Billion Mine Brawl\\|date\\=14 April 2017\\|publisher\\=Bloomberg News\\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2018}}", "In 2021, Steinmetz was convicted by a [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") court of bribery and forging documents to gain mining rights in Guinea and was sentenced to five years in prison and a fine of $50 million.{{cite news \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|title\\=Israeli minerals magnate Beny Steinmetz convicted of corruption \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/22/israeli\\-minerals\\-magnate\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-convicted\\-of\\-corruption \\|access\\-date\\=29 June 2022 \\|work\\=the Guardian \\|date\\=22 January 2021 \\|language\\=en}} The conviction was upheld on appeal in a March 28, 2023 ruling.", "### Switzerland", "On January 22, 2021, Steinmetz was found guilty in Geneva of [corruption](/wiki/Corruption \"Corruption\") related to bribes paid in Guinea. He was sentenced to five years in prison, and ordered to pay a fine of 50 million Swiss francs.{{Cite web \\|last\\=swissinfo.ch/ilj \\|title\\=Swiss court hands diamond magnate five\\-year prison sentence \\|url\\=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss\\-court\\-hands\\-diamond\\-magnate\\-five\\-year\\-prison\\-sentence\\-/46309514 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-22 \\|website\\=SWI swissinfo.ch \\|date\\=22 January 2021 \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Mines, milliards et coups tordus – À Genève, le milliardaire Beny Steinmetz défie ses accusateurs \\|date\\=3 January 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.24heures.ch/a\\-geneve\\-le\\-milliardaire\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-defiera\\-ses\\-accusateurs\\-215359104834}} In 2023, a Swiss court upheld the bribery conviction.", "### Romania", "On 10 March 2016, Steinmetz was indicted [*in absentia*](/wiki/Trial_in_absentia \"Trial in absentia\") by the Romanian [National Anticorruption Directorate](/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate \"National Anticorruption Directorate\"), on charges of the unlawful recovery of [Paul\\-Philippe Hohenzollern](/wiki/Paul-Philippe_Hohenzollern \"Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern\")'s inheritance.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.antena3\\.ro/actualitate/dna\\-cere\\-arestarea\\-strategului\\-lui\\-basescu\\-345480\\.html\\|title\\=Bombă aruncată de DNA: Se cere arestarea a patru afaceriști extrem de influenţi\\|publisher\\=antena3\\|date\\=10 March 2016\\|language\\=ro}} Two other Israelis and he were on trial \"in several cases involving high\\-ranking dignitaries in Romania.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Touma \\|first1\\=Ana Maria \\|title\\=Balkan Mining Tycoon Arrested for Alleged Graft \\|url\\=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/08/14/balkan\\-mining\\-tycoon\\-detained\\-for\\-graft\\-in\\-israel\\-08\\-14\\-2017/ \\|publisher\\=Balkan Insight \\|date\\=14 August 2017}}", "In February 2018, a court in Romania dismissed the request for a warrant for his arrest.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article\\-romanian\\-court\\-refuses\\-arrest\\-warrant\\-for\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-1001126076\\|title\\=Romanian court refuses Steinmetz arrest warrant\\|website\\=Globes\\|date\\=22 May 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2018}}", "An Athens court rejected an extradition request by Romanian authorities in March 2022, ruling that Steinmetz's [right to a fair trial](/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial \"Right to a fair trial\") in Romania was violated and that he is at real risk of inhuman and degrading treatment if extradited.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Court rejects extradition request for mining billionaire Beny Steinmetz – Athens\\-News.GR \\|url\\=https://athens\\-news.gr/court\\-rejects\\-extradition\\-request\\-for\\-mining\\-billionaire\\-beny\\-steinmetz/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-05 \\|website\\=athens\\-news.gr}} The decision was confirmed on appeal.", "Greek authorities executing a Romanian arrest warrant detained Steinmetz in October 2024\\. He was later released on €5,000 bail.{{cite web \\|title\\=Greece arrests Israeli billionaire on Romanian corruption charges \\|url\\=https://www.politico.eu/article/israeli\\-billionaire\\-beny\\-steinmetz\\-arrest\\-greece\\-romania\\-corruption/ \\|website\\=Politico \\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2024}}", "### Panama Papers", "Beny Steinmetz was named in 282 documents in the [Panama Papers](/wiki/Panama_Papers \"Panama Papers\") leak.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Seargent \\|first\\=Barry \\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-29 \\|title\\=Panama Papers flag billion\\-dollar DRC mining rip\\-offs {{!}} Special Reports {{!}} M\\&G \\|url\\=https://mg.co.za/article/2016\\-04\\-14\\-panama\\-papers\\-flag\\-billion\\-dollar\\-drc\\-rip\\-offs/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529033348/http://mg.co.za/article/2016\\-04\\-14\\-panama\\-papers\\-flag\\-billion\\-dollar\\-drc\\-rip\\-offs \\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-01 \\|website\\=Mail and Guardian}} This included revelations around corruption and improper business dealings in [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Panama_Papers_%28Africa%29%23Sierra_Leone \"Panama Papers (Africa)#Sierra Leone\"),{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Sharife \\|first1\\=Kadije \\|last2\\=Gbande \\|first2\\=Silas \\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=Sierra Leone's flawed diamond trade \\|url\\=https://www.namibian.com.na/Sierra\\-Leone's\\-flawed\\-diamond\\-trade/39957/read \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510111253/http://www.namibian.com.na/Sierra\\-Leone's\\-flawed\\-diamond\\-trade/39957/read \\|archive\\-date\\=May 10, 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-01 \\|website\\=The Namibian}} the [Democratic Republic of Congo](/wiki/Panama_Papers_%28Africa%29%23Dan_Gertler_and_Beny_Steinmetz \"Panama Papers (Africa)#Dan Gertler and Beny Steinmetz\") as well as further details on activities in [Guinea](/wiki/Panama_Papers_%28Africa%29%23Guinea \"Panama Papers (Africa)#Guinea\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Sharife \\|first\\=Kadije \\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-04 \\|title\\=Panama Papers: Steinmetz Guinea deal pried open \\|work\\=Times Live \\|url\\=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2016\\-04\\-04\\-panama\\-papers\\-steinmetz\\-guinea\\-deal\\-pried\\-open/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504085959/http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2016/04/04/Panama\\-Papers\\-Steinmetz\\-Guinea\\-deal\\-pried\\-open \\|archive\\-date\\=May 4, 2016}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Early history In the 16th and early 17th century, the Wisconsin area was part of the French colony of New France. During this time, the French bishops in [Quebec](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec"), which became a diocese in 1674, had jurisdiction over Canada and [North America](/wiki/North_America "North America") east of the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River"). When the British took control of New France in 1763, the bishops in Quebec continued to have jurisdiction in the region. In 1791, soon after the conclusion of the [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolution "American Revolution"), Pope Pius VI erected the [Diocese of Baltimore](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Baltimore "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore"). It covered all the American states and the [Northwest Territory](/wiki/Northwest_Territory "Northwest Territory"), which included part of present\-day Wisconsin.{{cite book \|title\=Our Journey Through Faith: A History of the Diocese of Superior \|publisher\=Booklink \|pages\=11–15}} The rest of Wisconsin became part of the territory after the [Louisiana Purchase](/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase "Louisiana Purchase") in 1803\. In 1843, [Pope Leo XIII](/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII "Pope Leo XIII") erected the [Diocese of Milwaukee](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milwaukee "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee"), which included all of present\-day Wisconsin. Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848\. [Pope](/wiki/Pope "Pope") [Pius IX](/wiki/Pius_IX "Pius IX") established the [Diocese of Lacrosse](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_La_Crosse "Roman Catholic Diocese of La Crosse") and the [Diocese of Green Bay](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Green_Bay "Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay") in 1868\. The Madison region would remain part of these three dioceses for the next 78 years. During the 19th century, Reverend [Samuel Mazzuchelli](/wiki/Samuel_Charles_Mazzuchelli "Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli") established 25 parishes in Wisconsin, 11 of which are in the Madison area. ### 1946 to 2003 The Diocese of Madison was established on January 9, 1946, by [Pope Pius XII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII "Pope Pius XII"). The diocese was created out of territory from the [Archdiocese of Milwaukee](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milwaukee "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee") and the Dioceses of La Crosse and Green Bay.{{Catholic\-hierarchy\|diocese\|dmadi\|Diocese of Madison\|21 January 2015}} The pope selected Bishop [William Patrick O'Connor](/wiki/William_Patrick_O%27Connor "William Patrick O'Connor") from the [Diocese of Superior](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Superior "Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior") as the first bishop of Madison.{{cite news \|title\=Bishop William Patrick O'Connor \|work\=Catholic\-Hierarchy.org \|url\=http://www.catholic\-hierarchy.org/bishop/boconwp.html}} During O'Connor's tenure, the diocese went from having 135 priests serving 82,000 Catholics to having 290 priests serving a Catholic population of 180,640\.{{cite news \|title\=A look back: Diocese of Madison experiences growth under Bishop O'Connor \|work\=Catholic Herald \|url\=http://madisoncatholicherald.org/diocese\-experiences\-growth\-under\-oconnor}} In his first year as bishop, O'Connor established the Blessed Martin Guild to promote racial understanding and convert more minorities to Catholicism.{{cite news \|title\=A timeline of key events in the Diocese of Madison's 75\-year history \|work\=Catholic Herald \|url\=http://madisoncatholicherald.org/diocese\-75th5/}} He also founded [Holy Name Seminary](/wiki/Holy_Name_Seminary_%28Madison%2C_Wisconsin%29 "Holy Name Seminary (Madison, Wisconsin)") in Madison in 1965\. As part of the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council "Second Vatican Council")'s reforms, he established a diocesan priest senate in 1966\.{{cite news \|title\=Second Vatican Council had a profound impact on Bishop O'Donnell \|work\=Catholic Herald \|url\=http://madisoncatholicherald.org/75th\-anniversary\-16}} O'Connor resigned in 1967\. In 1967, [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI "Pope Paul VI") appointed Auxiliary Bishop [Cletus F. O'Donnell](/wiki/Cletus_F._O%27Donnell "Cletus F. O'Donnell") from the Archdiocese of Chicago as the second bishop of Madison.{{cite news \|date\=February 23, 1967 \|title\=Cletus O'Donnell Named Bishop of Madison Diocese \|page\=8 \|newspaper\=Chicago Tribune \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37584290/cletus\_f\_odonnell\_19171992/ \|access\-date\=October 21, 2019 \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}{{cite news \|date\=August 31, 1992 \|title\=Bishop O'Donnell Has Heart Attack \|page\=2 \|newspaper\=Wisconsin State Journal \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37720042/cletus\_f\_odonnell\_19171992/ \|access\-date\=October 23, 2019 \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} He established ministries for the [deaf](/wiki/Deaf_culture "Deaf culture") and the [developmentally disabled](/wiki/Developmental_disability "Developmental disability"). He also encouraged adult education and created a religious education consultants program to help individual parishes.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-06\-01 \|title\=Bishop O'Donnell accomplished much in over 25 years as Bishop of Madison \|url\=https://madisoncatholicherald.org/75th\-anniversary\-21/ \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-07 \|website\=Madison Catholic Herald \|language\=en\-US}} After O'Donnell retired in 1992, [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II "Pope John Paul II") named Bishop [William Bullock](/wiki/William_Henry_Bullock "William Henry Bullock") of the [Diocese of Des Moines](/wiki/Diocese_of_Des_Moines "Diocese of Des Moines") to replace him.{{Cite web \|title\=Bishop William Henry Bullock \[Catholic\-Hierarchy] \|url\=https://www.catholic\-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbullock.html \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-19 \|website\=www.catholic\-hierarchy.org}} The pope declared Reverend Mazzuchelli, a pioneer priest from the 19th century, as [venerable](/wiki/Venerable "Venerable") in 1993\. In 1995, Bullock closed [Holy Name Seminary](/wiki/Holy_Name_Seminary_%28Madison%2C_Wisconsin%29 "Holy Name Seminary (Madison, Wisconsin)"), a private boys high school in [Madison](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin").{{cite news \|date\=April 5, 2001 \|title\=Obituary. Bishop William Bullock, 83 \|page\=1 \|newspaper\=Wisconsin State Journal \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37160426/william\_henry\_bullock\_19272011/ \|access\-date\=October 14, 2019 \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} Bullock retired in 2003\. ### 2003 to present Bishop [Robert C. Morlino](/wiki/Robert_C._Morlino "Robert C. Morlino") from the [Diocese of Helena](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Helena "Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena") was named the fourth bishop of the Diocese of Madison in 2003 by John Paul II.{{cite news \|date\=November 26, 2018 \|title\=Morlino's Controversial Tenure \|page\=A9 \|newspaper\=Wisconsin State Journal \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37389297/robert\_c\_morlino\_19462018/ \|access\-date\=October 18, 2019 \|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} Morlino supported the application of *[Summorum Pontificum](/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum "Summorum Pontificum")*, an apostolic letter issued by Pope Benedict XVI in 2007 on the use of the Tridentine Mass. Morlino celebrated the [Tridentine Mass](/wiki/Tridentine_Mass "Tridentine Mass") in several parishes. He ordered all the parishes to move the [tabernacles](/wiki/Tabernacle "Tabernacle") in their churches to central places of prominence. Morlino encouraged parishioners to receive [communion](/wiki/Holy_Communion "Holy Communion") on the tongue while kneeling, and he encouraged pastors to enlist exclusively male [altar servers](/wiki/Altar_server "Altar server"). One of Morlino's main objectives was to increase the ordination of priests in the diocese. He helped raise $44 million for the endowment fund "Priests for Our Future". The number of [seminarians](/wiki/Seminarians "Seminarians") grew from six to 30 during his episcopate, one of the largest increases in the United States.{{cite web \|last\=Hanneman \|first\=Joseph M. \|date\=November 24, 2018 \|title\=Bishop Robert C. Morlino dead at age 71 (Updated) \|url\=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2018/11/24/bishop\-robert\-c\-morlino\-dead\-at\-age\-71/ \|access\-date\=December 6, 2018 \|publisher\=The Catholic World Report}} Catholics in his diocese had divided opinions of him.{{cite web \|last1\=Rickert \|first1\=Chris \|last2\=Schultz \|first2\=Rob \|date\=November 26, 2018 \|title\=Catholics express mixed feelings as they mourn Bishop Robert Morlino \|url\=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/catholics\-express\-mixed\-feelings\-as\-they\-mourn\-bishop\-robert\-morlino/article\_23c80540\-f136\-5615\-af99\-3faadfe27a09\.html\#1 \|access\-date\=November 26, 2018 \|work\=Wisconsin State Journal}} In May 2009, Morlino announced that due to budget cuts, he was closing the Catholic Multicultural Center, which provided food and other support for residents on Madison's south side.{{cite web \|last\=Erickson \|first\=Doug \|title\=Center that Serves Poor Closing its Doors Today, Budget Cuts Hit Catholic Diocese, and the People it Serves SERVES \|url\=https://madison.com/news/center\-that\-serves\-poor\-closing\-its\-doors\-today\-budget\-cuts/article\_df89156a\-43e8\-55a1\-8b90\-a3636b7d7566\.html \|access\-date\=January 14, 2019 \|website\=madison.com}} A handoff to local parish administration and fundraising drive was announced one week later.{{cite web \|last\=Erickson \|first\=Doug \|title\=A Lifeline for the Catholic Center Our Lady Queen of Peace Parish Gets Permission from Diocese to Lead a Fundraising Drive, But Reopening Could Take Monts \|url\=https://madison.com/news/a\-lifeline\-for\-the\-catholic\-center\-our\-lady\-queen\-of/article\_6cd0df13\-92a8\-513d\-a79a\-560008a2a2b6\.html \|access\-date\=January 14, 2019 \|website\=madison.com}} In March 2009, Morlino dismissed Ruth Kolpack from her post as a pastoral associate at St. Thomas the Apostle Parish in [Beloit](/wiki/Beloit%2C_Wisconsin "Beloit, Wisconsin"), citing breaches of orthodoxy. In a brief meeting with Kolpack, he asked her to take an oath of loyalty and to denounce her 2003 thesis, which advocated [women's ordination](/wiki/Ordination_of_women "Ordination of women") in the Church and [inclusive language](/wiki/Inclusive_language "Inclusive language") relating to God. Morlino fired Kolpack after she refused to denounce her thesis.{{cite web \|date\=March 18, 2009 \|title\=Madison's Morlino noted for othodoxy, controversy \|url\=http://ncronline.org/news/faith\-parish/madisons\-morlino\-noted\-othodoxy\-controversy \|publisher\=}} Morlino died in 2018\. The current bishop of the Diocese of Madison is [Donald J. Hying](/wiki/Donald_J._Hying "Donald J. Hying"), formerly bishop of the [Diocese of Gary.](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gary "Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary") He was appointed by [Pope Francis](/wiki/Pope_Francis "Pope Francis") in 2018\. In 2023, Hying announced the grouping of all the parishes into 30 pastorates to be run by multiple priests. This reorganization was meant to relieve some of the administrative duties of the diocesan priests.{{Cite web \|last\=Molesky \|first\=Colton \|title\=Madison diocese reveals new cathedral and parish plans \|url\=https://www.nbc15\.com/2023/03/06/diocese\-madison\-announces\-potential\-new\-cathedral\-parish\-plans/ \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-04 \|website\=www.nbc15\.com \|language\=en}} ### Cathedral fire [thumbnail\|right\|235px\|St. Raphael's Cathedral, Madison just after the 2005 fire.](/wiki/File:Madison_Wisconsin_0773.jpg "Madison Wisconsin 0773.jpg") {{Main\|Saint Raphael's Cathedral, Madison, Wisconsin}} In March 2005, St. Raphael's Cathedral was heavily damaged in an [arson](/wiki/Arson "Arson") attack. William J. Connell was arrested and charged with arson and other crimes, but was deemed incompetent to stand trial due to [paranoid schizophrenia](/wiki/Paranoid_schizophrenia "Paranoid schizophrenia").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.channel3000\.com/fire/4907849/detail.html \|title\=Judge: Arson Suspect Not Competent To Stand Trial \|access\-date\=September 2, 2006 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051206145401/http://www.channel3000\.com/fire/4907849/detail.html \|archive\-date\=December 6, 2005 }} After being deemed competent, he was tried and convicted. In June 2007, Connell was sentenced to 15 years in prison followed by 15 years of close supervision. In April 2007, Bishop Morlino released plans to erect a new cathedral on the existing site. However, the plans were never realized. In March 2023, [Bishop Donald Hying](/wiki/Bishop_Donald_Hying "Bishop Donald Hying") announced that he had petitioned the Vatican to designate St. Bernard's Church in Madison as the new cathedral. In January 2024, it was announced that St. Bernard's would be elevated to cathedral. ### Reports of sex abuse In September 2003, at a legislative hearing in Madison, a woman from [Sun Prairie](/wiki/Sun_Prairie%2C_Wisconsin "Sun Prairie, Wisconsin") accused Reverend Gerald Vosen, pastor of St. Joseph's Catholic Church in [Baraboo](/wiki/Baraboo%2C_Wisconsin "Baraboo, Wisconsin"), of sexually assaulting her brother when he was age 14 in the 1970s. Vosen, who denied the accusations, was put on leave by the diocese.{{Cite web \|title\=Priest on Leave after Allegations But Denies Any Sexual Misconduct, Capital Times, September 22, 2003 \|url\=https://www.bishop\-accountability.org/news3/2003\_09\_22\_CapitalTimes\_PriestOn\_Gerald\_Vosen\_2\.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-19 \|website\=www.bishop\-accountability.org}} The diocesan review board reviewed three allegations against Vosen and in February 2003 recommended the permanent suspension of ministry.{{Cite web \|title\=Catholic Diocese Puts Baraboo Priest on Paid Leave First Edition Diocese Ends Baraboo Priest's Role As Pastor Second Edition, by William R. Wineke, Wisconsin State Journal, February 16, 2004 \|url\=https://www.bishop\-accountability.org/news3/2004\_02\_16\_Wineke\_CatholicDiocese\_Gerald\_Vosen\_6\.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-19 \|website\=www.bishop\-accountability.org}} In May 2004, Vosen unsuccessfully sued one of his accusers.{{Cite web \|title\=Priest Files Suit against Accuser He Wants to Clear Name, Capital Times, May 14, 2004 \|url\=https://www.bishop\-accountability.org/news3/2004\_05\_14\_CapitalTimes\_PriestFiles\_Gerald\_Vosen\_7\.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-19 \|website\=www.bishop\-accountability.org}} Appeals of the review board decision were declined in 2007 and 2015 by the Vatican. An [Eau Claire](/wiki/Eau_Claire%2C_Wisconsin "Eau Claire, Wisconsin") man sued the diocese in February 1994, claiming that he had been sexually assaulted by Reverend Michael Trainor in the summer of 1982\. The crime allegedly happened in the [rectory](/wiki/Clergy_house "Clergy house") of St. Thomas Aquinas Church. Trainor left Wisconsin in 1994 after several parents brought accusations to Bishop Bullock.{{Cite web \|title\=Man Alleges Sex Assault by Priest in '82, by Pat Schneider, Capital Times, February 18, 1994 \|url\=https://www.bishop\-accountability.org/news3/1994\_02\_18\_Schneider\_ManAlleges\_Michael\_Trainor\_2\.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-19 \|website\=www.bishop\-accountability.org}} By February 1995, seven other men had joined the lawsuit, claiming abuse by Trainor.{{Cite web \|title\=Sexual Abuse Lawsuit Grows Eight Now Accuse Diocesan Priest, by Phil Brinkman, Wisconsin State Journal, February 16, 1995 \|url\=https://www.bishop\-accountability.org/news3/1995\_02\_16\_Brinkman\_SexualAbuse\_Michael\_Trainor\_5\.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-19 \|website\=www.bishop\-accountability.org}} The plaintiffs claimed that Bishop O'Donnell was aware of Trainor's abuse of children and transferred him from one parish to another without reporting him to the police or parishioners.{{Cite web \|title\=Molestation Suit Targets Diocese, by Pat Schneider, Capital Times, February 15, 1995 \|url\=https://www.bishop\-accountability.org/news3/1995\_02\_15\_Schneider\_MolestationSuit\_Michael\_Trainor\_4\.htm \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-07 \|website\=www.bishop\-accountability.org}} A separate suit by nine other men against the diocese regarding Trainor was filed in September 1995\.{{Cite web \|title\=9 Men Accuse Ex\-City Priest of Sex Assault, by Mike Miller, Capital Times, October 14, 1995 \|url\=https://www.bishop\-accountability.org/news3/1995\_10\_14\_Miller\_9Men\_Michael\_Trainor\_6\.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-19 \|website\=www.bishop\-accountability.org}} The lawsuits were dismissed in 1995\. New allegations of abuse against Trainor were brought to the diocese in 2002 and 2003\.{{Cite web \|title\=Ex\-Priest Faces New Complaint Placed on Leave after Allegations, by Pat Schneider, Capital Times, December 31, 2002 \|url\=https://www.bishop\-accountability.org/news3/2002\_12\_31\_Schneider\_ExPriest\_Robert\_DeCock\_etc.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-19 \|website\=www.bishop\-accountability.org}} In May 2018, Reverend William Nolan, a retired priest, was charged with six counts of sexual assault. He was acquitted in September 2019 of five of these counts,{{Cite web \|date\=14 September 2019 \|title\=Retired Catholic priest found not guilty of sexual assault \|url\=https://cruxnow.com/church\-in\-the\-usa/2019/09/14/retired\-catholic\-priest\-found\-not\-guilty\-of\-sexual\-assault/}} with the presiding judge dropping the remaining count.{{Cite web \|last\=Redman \|first\=Henry \|title\=Nolan testifies as defense rests its case \|url\=https://www.dailyunion.com/news/nolan\-testifies\-as\-defense\-rests\-its\-case/article\_7aafa1e7\-4309\-504a\-9eb6\-1b6d7676297d.html \|website\=Daily Jefferson County Union}} The diocese also investigated Nolan and later cleared him from the title of "credibly accused" priest in March 2020 as well.{{Cite web \|last\=Schultz \|first\=Frank \|title\=Priest accused of sex abuse cleared by Madison Diocese \|url\=https://www.gazettextra.com/news/local/priest\-accused\-of\-sex\-abuse\-cleared\-by\-madison\-diocese/article\_a5bb9598\-80c4\-5da9\-8aeb\-8ce56e1ea95c.html \|website\=GazetteXtra}} In June 2019, the diocese agreed to present a list of credibly accused clergy who served in the diocese and hired detectives to assist in this investigation.{{Cite web\|url\=https://madison.com/news/local/madison\-catholic\-diocese\-hires\-detectives\-to\-probe\-clergy\-sexual\-abuse/article\_afc2e437\-999e\-58c3\-ab56\-5aa004822e7c.html\|title\=Madison Catholic Diocese hires detectives to probe clergy sexual abuse\|first\=Steven\|last\=Verburg\|website\=madison.com}} In March 2020, Bishop Hying announced that investigators had found two [sexual abuse](/wiki/Sexual_abuse "Sexual abuse") allegations against Patrick Doherty, a retired priest from the diocese, to be credible. Hying had already placed restrictions on Doherty.{{Cite web \|last\=WKOW \|title\=Madison Diocese determines 2nd credible sex abuse allegation against former priest \|url\=https://www.wkow.com/news/madison\-diocese\-determines\-2nd\-credible\-sex\-abuse\-allegation\-against\-former\-priest/article\_48f2eddb\-07a5\-5109\-b9a6\-8698ff9d7b98\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-11 \|website\=WKOW \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-01\-17 \|title\=Diocese of Madison determines sexual abuse allegations against former priest as credible \|url\=https://www.channel3000\.com/diocese\-of\-madison\-determines\-sexual\-abuse\-allegations\-against\-former\-priest\-as\-credible/ \|access\-date\=2022\-01\-11 \|website\=Channel3000\.com \|language\=en\-US}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Early history", "In the 16th and early 17th century, the Wisconsin area was part of the French colony of New France. During this time, the French bishops in [Quebec](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec\"), which became a diocese in 1674, had jurisdiction over Canada and [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") east of the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\").", "When the British took control of New France in 1763, the bishops in Quebec continued to have jurisdiction in the region. In 1791, soon after the conclusion of the [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\"), Pope Pius VI erected the [Diocese of Baltimore](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Baltimore \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore\"). It covered all the American states and the [Northwest Territory](/wiki/Northwest_Territory \"Northwest Territory\"), which included part of present\\-day Wisconsin.{{cite book \\|title\\=Our Journey Through Faith: A History of the Diocese of Superior \\|publisher\\=Booklink \\|pages\\=11–15}} The rest of Wisconsin became part of the territory after the [Louisiana Purchase](/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase \"Louisiana Purchase\") in 1803\\.", "In 1843, [Pope Leo XIII](/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII \"Pope Leo XIII\") erected the [Diocese of Milwaukee](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milwaukee \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee\"), which included all of present\\-day Wisconsin. Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848\\. [Pope](/wiki/Pope \"Pope\") [Pius IX](/wiki/Pius_IX \"Pius IX\") established the [Diocese of Lacrosse](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_La_Crosse \"Roman Catholic Diocese of La Crosse\") and the [Diocese of Green Bay](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Green_Bay \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay\") in 1868\\. The Madison region would remain part of these three dioceses for the next 78 years.", "During the 19th century, Reverend [Samuel Mazzuchelli](/wiki/Samuel_Charles_Mazzuchelli \"Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli\") established 25 parishes in Wisconsin, 11 of which are in the Madison area.", "### 1946 to 2003", "The Diocese of Madison was established on January 9, 1946, by [Pope Pius XII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII \"Pope Pius XII\"). The diocese was created out of territory from the [Archdiocese of Milwaukee](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milwaukee \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee\") and the Dioceses of La Crosse and Green Bay.{{Catholic\\-hierarchy\\|diocese\\|dmadi\\|Diocese of Madison\\|21 January 2015}} The pope selected Bishop [William Patrick O'Connor](/wiki/William_Patrick_O%27Connor \"William Patrick O'Connor\") from the [Diocese of Superior](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Superior \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior\") as the first bishop of Madison.{{cite news \\|title\\=Bishop William Patrick O'Connor \\|work\\=Catholic\\-Hierarchy.org \\|url\\=http://www.catholic\\-hierarchy.org/bishop/boconwp.html}}", "During O'Connor's tenure, the diocese went from having 135 priests serving 82,000 Catholics to having 290 priests serving a Catholic population of 180,640\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=A look back: Diocese of Madison experiences growth under Bishop O'Connor \\|work\\=Catholic Herald \\|url\\=http://madisoncatholicherald.org/diocese\\-experiences\\-growth\\-under\\-oconnor}} In his first year as bishop, O'Connor established the Blessed Martin Guild to promote racial understanding and convert more minorities to Catholicism.{{cite news \\|title\\=A timeline of key events in the Diocese of Madison's 75\\-year history \\|work\\=Catholic Herald \\|url\\=http://madisoncatholicherald.org/diocese\\-75th5/}} He also founded [Holy Name Seminary](/wiki/Holy_Name_Seminary_%28Madison%2C_Wisconsin%29 \"Holy Name Seminary (Madison, Wisconsin)\") in Madison in 1965\\. As part of the [Second Vatican Council](/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council \"Second Vatican Council\")'s reforms, he established a diocesan priest senate in 1966\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Second Vatican Council had a profound impact on Bishop O'Donnell \\|work\\=Catholic Herald \\|url\\=http://madisoncatholicherald.org/75th\\-anniversary\\-16}} O'Connor resigned in 1967\\.", "In 1967, [Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI \"Pope Paul VI\") appointed Auxiliary Bishop [Cletus F. O'Donnell](/wiki/Cletus_F._O%27Donnell \"Cletus F. O'Donnell\") from the Archdiocese of Chicago as the second bishop of Madison.{{cite news \\|date\\=February 23, 1967 \\|title\\=Cletus O'Donnell Named Bishop of Madison Diocese \\|page\\=8 \\|newspaper\\=Chicago Tribune \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37584290/cletus\\_f\\_odonnell\\_19171992/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2019 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}{{cite news \\|date\\=August 31, 1992 \\|title\\=Bishop O'Donnell Has Heart Attack \\|page\\=2 \\|newspaper\\=Wisconsin State Journal \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37720042/cletus\\_f\\_odonnell\\_19171992/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2019 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} He established ministries for the [deaf](/wiki/Deaf_culture \"Deaf culture\") and the [developmentally disabled](/wiki/Developmental_disability \"Developmental disability\"). He also encouraged adult education and created a religious education consultants program to help individual parishes.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-01 \\|title\\=Bishop O'Donnell accomplished much in over 25 years as Bishop of Madison \\|url\\=https://madisoncatholicherald.org/75th\\-anniversary\\-21/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-07 \\|website\\=Madison Catholic Herald \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "After O'Donnell retired in 1992, [Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II \"Pope John Paul II\") named Bishop [William Bullock](/wiki/William_Henry_Bullock \"William Henry Bullock\") of the [Diocese of Des Moines](/wiki/Diocese_of_Des_Moines \"Diocese of Des Moines\") to replace him.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bishop William Henry Bullock \\[Catholic\\-Hierarchy] \\|url\\=https://www.catholic\\-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbullock.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=www.catholic\\-hierarchy.org}} The pope declared Reverend Mazzuchelli, a pioneer priest from the 19th century, as [venerable](/wiki/Venerable \"Venerable\") in 1993\\. In 1995, Bullock closed [Holy Name Seminary](/wiki/Holy_Name_Seminary_%28Madison%2C_Wisconsin%29 \"Holy Name Seminary (Madison, Wisconsin)\"), a private boys high school in [Madison](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\").{{cite news \\|date\\=April 5, 2001 \\|title\\=Obituary. Bishop William Bullock, 83 \\|page\\=1 \\|newspaper\\=Wisconsin State Journal \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37160426/william\\_henry\\_bullock\\_19272011/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 14, 2019 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} Bullock retired in 2003\\.", "### 2003 to present", "Bishop [Robert C. Morlino](/wiki/Robert_C._Morlino \"Robert C. Morlino\") from the [Diocese of Helena](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Helena \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena\") was named the fourth bishop of the Diocese of Madison in 2003 by John Paul II.{{cite news \\|date\\=November 26, 2018 \\|title\\=Morlino's Controversial Tenure \\|page\\=A9 \\|newspaper\\=Wisconsin State Journal \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37389297/robert\\_c\\_morlino\\_19462018/ \\|access\\-date\\=October 18, 2019 \\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}} Morlino supported the application of *[Summorum Pontificum](/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum \"Summorum Pontificum\")*, an apostolic letter issued by Pope Benedict XVI in 2007 on the use of the Tridentine Mass. Morlino celebrated the [Tridentine Mass](/wiki/Tridentine_Mass \"Tridentine Mass\") in several parishes. He ordered all the parishes to move the [tabernacles](/wiki/Tabernacle \"Tabernacle\") in their churches to central places of prominence. Morlino encouraged parishioners to receive [communion](/wiki/Holy_Communion \"Holy Communion\") on the tongue while kneeling, and he encouraged pastors to enlist exclusively male [altar servers](/wiki/Altar_server \"Altar server\").", "One of Morlino's main objectives was to increase the ordination of priests in the diocese. He helped raise $44 million for the endowment fund \"Priests for Our Future\". The number of [seminarians](/wiki/Seminarians \"Seminarians\") grew from six to 30 during his episcopate, one of the largest increases in the United States.{{cite web \\|last\\=Hanneman \\|first\\=Joseph M. \\|date\\=November 24, 2018 \\|title\\=Bishop Robert C. Morlino dead at age 71 (Updated) \\|url\\=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2018/11/24/bishop\\-robert\\-c\\-morlino\\-dead\\-at\\-age\\-71/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 6, 2018 \\|publisher\\=The Catholic World Report}} Catholics in his diocese had divided opinions of him.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Rickert \\|first1\\=Chris \\|last2\\=Schultz \\|first2\\=Rob \\|date\\=November 26, 2018 \\|title\\=Catholics express mixed feelings as they mourn Bishop Robert Morlino \\|url\\=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/catholics\\-express\\-mixed\\-feelings\\-as\\-they\\-mourn\\-bishop\\-robert\\-morlino/article\\_23c80540\\-f136\\-5615\\-af99\\-3faadfe27a09\\.html\\#1 \\|access\\-date\\=November 26, 2018 \\|work\\=Wisconsin State Journal}}", "In May 2009, Morlino announced that due to budget cuts, he was closing the Catholic Multicultural Center, which provided food and other support for residents on Madison's south side.{{cite web \\|last\\=Erickson \\|first\\=Doug \\|title\\=Center that Serves Poor Closing its Doors Today, Budget Cuts Hit Catholic Diocese, and the People it Serves SERVES \\|url\\=https://madison.com/news/center\\-that\\-serves\\-poor\\-closing\\-its\\-doors\\-today\\-budget\\-cuts/article\\_df89156a\\-43e8\\-55a1\\-8b90\\-a3636b7d7566\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2019 \\|website\\=madison.com}} A handoff to local parish administration and fundraising drive was announced one week later.{{cite web \\|last\\=Erickson \\|first\\=Doug \\|title\\=A Lifeline for the Catholic Center Our Lady Queen of Peace Parish Gets Permission from Diocese to Lead a Fundraising Drive, But Reopening Could Take Monts \\|url\\=https://madison.com/news/a\\-lifeline\\-for\\-the\\-catholic\\-center\\-our\\-lady\\-queen\\-of/article\\_6cd0df13\\-92a8\\-513d\\-a79a\\-560008a2a2b6\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=January 14, 2019 \\|website\\=madison.com}}", "In March 2009, Morlino dismissed Ruth Kolpack from her post as a pastoral associate at St. Thomas the Apostle Parish in [Beloit](/wiki/Beloit%2C_Wisconsin \"Beloit, Wisconsin\"), citing breaches of orthodoxy. In a brief meeting with Kolpack, he asked her to take an oath of loyalty and to denounce her 2003 thesis, which advocated [women's ordination](/wiki/Ordination_of_women \"Ordination of women\") in the Church and [inclusive language](/wiki/Inclusive_language \"Inclusive language\") relating to God. Morlino fired Kolpack after she refused to denounce her thesis.{{cite web \\|date\\=March 18, 2009 \\|title\\=Madison's Morlino noted for othodoxy, controversy \\|url\\=http://ncronline.org/news/faith\\-parish/madisons\\-morlino\\-noted\\-othodoxy\\-controversy \\|publisher\\=}} Morlino died in 2018\\.", "The current bishop of the Diocese of Madison is [Donald J. Hying](/wiki/Donald_J._Hying \"Donald J. Hying\"), formerly bishop of the [Diocese of Gary.](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gary \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary\") He was appointed by [Pope Francis](/wiki/Pope_Francis \"Pope Francis\") in 2018\\. In 2023, Hying announced the grouping of all the parishes into 30 pastorates to be run by multiple priests. This reorganization was meant to relieve some of the administrative duties of the diocesan priests.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Molesky \\|first\\=Colton \\|title\\=Madison diocese reveals new cathedral and parish plans \\|url\\=https://www.nbc15\\.com/2023/03/06/diocese\\-madison\\-announces\\-potential\\-new\\-cathedral\\-parish\\-plans/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-04 \\|website\\=www.nbc15\\.com \\|language\\=en}}", "### Cathedral fire", "[thumbnail\\|right\\|235px\\|St. Raphael's Cathedral, Madison just after the 2005 fire.](/wiki/File:Madison_Wisconsin_0773.jpg \"Madison Wisconsin 0773.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Saint Raphael's Cathedral, Madison, Wisconsin}}\nIn March 2005, St. Raphael's Cathedral was heavily damaged in an [arson](/wiki/Arson \"Arson\") attack. William J. Connell was arrested and charged with arson and other crimes, but was deemed incompetent to stand trial due to [paranoid schizophrenia](/wiki/Paranoid_schizophrenia \"Paranoid schizophrenia\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.channel3000\\.com/fire/4907849/detail.html \\|title\\=Judge: Arson Suspect Not Competent To Stand Trial \\|access\\-date\\=September 2, 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051206145401/http://www.channel3000\\.com/fire/4907849/detail.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 6, 2005 }} After being deemed competent, he was tried and convicted. In June 2007, Connell was sentenced to 15 years in prison followed by 15 years of close supervision.", "In April 2007, Bishop Morlino released plans to erect a new cathedral on the existing site. However, the plans were never realized. In March 2023, [Bishop Donald Hying](/wiki/Bishop_Donald_Hying \"Bishop Donald Hying\") announced that he had petitioned the Vatican to designate St. Bernard's Church in Madison as the new cathedral. In January 2024, it was announced that St. Bernard's would be elevated to cathedral.", "### Reports of sex abuse", "In September 2003, at a legislative hearing in Madison, a woman from [Sun Prairie](/wiki/Sun_Prairie%2C_Wisconsin \"Sun Prairie, Wisconsin\") accused Reverend Gerald Vosen, pastor of St. Joseph's Catholic Church in [Baraboo](/wiki/Baraboo%2C_Wisconsin \"Baraboo, Wisconsin\"), of sexually assaulting her brother when he was age 14 in the 1970s. Vosen, who denied the accusations, was put on leave by the diocese.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Priest on Leave after Allegations But Denies Any Sexual Misconduct, Capital Times, September 22, 2003 \\|url\\=https://www.bishop\\-accountability.org/news3/2003\\_09\\_22\\_CapitalTimes\\_PriestOn\\_Gerald\\_Vosen\\_2\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=www.bishop\\-accountability.org}} The diocesan review board reviewed three allegations against Vosen and in February 2003 recommended the permanent suspension of ministry.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Catholic Diocese Puts Baraboo Priest on Paid Leave First Edition Diocese Ends Baraboo Priest's Role As Pastor Second Edition, by William R. Wineke, Wisconsin State Journal, February 16, 2004 \\|url\\=https://www.bishop\\-accountability.org/news3/2004\\_02\\_16\\_Wineke\\_CatholicDiocese\\_Gerald\\_Vosen\\_6\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=www.bishop\\-accountability.org}} In May 2004, Vosen unsuccessfully sued one of his accusers.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Priest Files Suit against Accuser He Wants to Clear Name, Capital Times, May 14, 2004 \\|url\\=https://www.bishop\\-accountability.org/news3/2004\\_05\\_14\\_CapitalTimes\\_PriestFiles\\_Gerald\\_Vosen\\_7\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=www.bishop\\-accountability.org}} Appeals of the review board decision were declined in 2007 and 2015 by the Vatican.", "An [Eau Claire](/wiki/Eau_Claire%2C_Wisconsin \"Eau Claire, Wisconsin\") man sued the diocese in February 1994, claiming that he had been sexually assaulted by Reverend Michael Trainor in the summer of 1982\\. The crime allegedly happened in the [rectory](/wiki/Clergy_house \"Clergy house\") of St. Thomas Aquinas Church. Trainor left Wisconsin in 1994 after several parents brought accusations to Bishop Bullock.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Man Alleges Sex Assault by Priest in '82, by Pat Schneider, Capital Times, February 18, 1994 \\|url\\=https://www.bishop\\-accountability.org/news3/1994\\_02\\_18\\_Schneider\\_ManAlleges\\_Michael\\_Trainor\\_2\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=www.bishop\\-accountability.org}} By February 1995, seven other men had joined the lawsuit, claiming abuse by Trainor.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Sexual Abuse Lawsuit Grows Eight Now Accuse Diocesan Priest, by Phil Brinkman, Wisconsin State Journal, February 16, 1995 \\|url\\=https://www.bishop\\-accountability.org/news3/1995\\_02\\_16\\_Brinkman\\_SexualAbuse\\_Michael\\_Trainor\\_5\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=www.bishop\\-accountability.org}} The plaintiffs claimed that Bishop O'Donnell was aware of Trainor's abuse of children and transferred him from one parish to another without reporting him to the police or parishioners.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Molestation Suit Targets Diocese, by Pat Schneider, Capital Times, February 15, 1995 \\|url\\=https://www.bishop\\-accountability.org/news3/1995\\_02\\_15\\_Schneider\\_MolestationSuit\\_Michael\\_Trainor\\_4\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-07 \\|website\\=www.bishop\\-accountability.org}} A separate suit by nine other men against the diocese regarding Trainor was filed in September 1995\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=9 Men Accuse Ex\\-City Priest of Sex Assault, by Mike Miller, Capital Times, October 14, 1995 \\|url\\=https://www.bishop\\-accountability.org/news3/1995\\_10\\_14\\_Miller\\_9Men\\_Michael\\_Trainor\\_6\\.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=www.bishop\\-accountability.org}} The lawsuits were dismissed in 1995\\. New allegations of abuse against Trainor were brought to the diocese in 2002 and 2003\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Ex\\-Priest Faces New Complaint Placed on Leave after Allegations, by Pat Schneider, Capital Times, December 31, 2002 \\|url\\=https://www.bishop\\-accountability.org/news3/2002\\_12\\_31\\_Schneider\\_ExPriest\\_Robert\\_DeCock\\_etc.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=www.bishop\\-accountability.org}}", "In May 2018, Reverend William Nolan, a retired priest, was charged with six counts of sexual assault. He was acquitted in September 2019 of five of these counts,{{Cite web \\|date\\=14 September 2019 \\|title\\=Retired Catholic priest found not guilty of sexual assault \\|url\\=https://cruxnow.com/church\\-in\\-the\\-usa/2019/09/14/retired\\-catholic\\-priest\\-found\\-not\\-guilty\\-of\\-sexual\\-assault/}} with the presiding judge dropping the remaining count.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Redman \\|first\\=Henry \\|title\\=Nolan testifies as defense rests its case \\|url\\=https://www.dailyunion.com/news/nolan\\-testifies\\-as\\-defense\\-rests\\-its\\-case/article\\_7aafa1e7\\-4309\\-504a\\-9eb6\\-1b6d7676297d.html \\|website\\=Daily Jefferson County Union}} The diocese also investigated Nolan and later cleared him from the title of \"credibly accused\" priest in March 2020 as well.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Schultz \\|first\\=Frank \\|title\\=Priest accused of sex abuse cleared by Madison Diocese \\|url\\=https://www.gazettextra.com/news/local/priest\\-accused\\-of\\-sex\\-abuse\\-cleared\\-by\\-madison\\-diocese/article\\_a5bb9598\\-80c4\\-5da9\\-8aeb\\-8ce56e1ea95c.html \\|website\\=GazetteXtra}}", "In June 2019, the diocese agreed to present a list of credibly accused clergy who served in the diocese and hired detectives to assist in this investigation.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://madison.com/news/local/madison\\-catholic\\-diocese\\-hires\\-detectives\\-to\\-probe\\-clergy\\-sexual\\-abuse/article\\_afc2e437\\-999e\\-58c3\\-ab56\\-5aa004822e7c.html\\|title\\=Madison Catholic Diocese hires detectives to probe clergy sexual abuse\\|first\\=Steven\\|last\\=Verburg\\|website\\=madison.com}} In March 2020, Bishop Hying announced that investigators had found two [sexual abuse](/wiki/Sexual_abuse \"Sexual abuse\") allegations against Patrick Doherty, a retired priest from the diocese, to be credible. Hying had already placed restrictions on Doherty.{{Cite web \\|last\\=WKOW \\|title\\=Madison Diocese determines 2nd credible sex abuse allegation against former priest \\|url\\=https://www.wkow.com/news/madison\\-diocese\\-determines\\-2nd\\-credible\\-sex\\-abuse\\-allegation\\-against\\-former\\-priest/article\\_48f2eddb\\-07a5\\-5109\\-b9a6\\-8698ff9d7b98\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-11 \\|website\\=WKOW \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-17 \\|title\\=Diocese of Madison determines sexual abuse allegations against former priest as credible \\|url\\=https://www.channel3000\\.com/diocese\\-of\\-madison\\-determines\\-sexual\\-abuse\\-allegations\\-against\\-former\\-priest\\-as\\-credible/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-01\\-11 \\|website\\=Channel3000\\.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "" ]
Early life and career --------------------- Goddard was born in [Clayton, Missouri](/wiki/Clayton%2C_Missouri "Clayton, Missouri"), a suburb of [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri "St. Louis, Missouri"), the son of Florence Hilton (née Denham) and Samuel Pearson Goddard.{{Cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/n2secretarysre1900harvuoft/n2secretarysre1900harvuoft\_djvu.txt\|title \= Secretary's report\|publisher \= Cambridge, Mass}} He attended [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University") and was a member of the school's [glee club](/wiki/Glee_club "Glee club") and varsity [crew team](/wiki/College_rowing_%28United_States%29 "College rowing (United States)"). His athletic efforts resulted in his induction into the Rowing Hall of Fame in 1976\. Goddard graduated in 1941 with a [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts "Bachelor of Arts") in history. Soon after graduation, Goddard enlisted in the [United States Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps "United States Army Air Corps") as a private for [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") service. He was commissioned by the Air Corps in 1942 and served as an operations and communications officer in England, India, North Africa, and the [South Pacific](/wiki/South_Pacific_Area "South Pacific Area"). He was discharged from the Air Corps in 1946 as a [major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 "Major (rank)"), remained active in the [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command "Air Force Reserve Command"), and rose to the rank of [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)"). Goddard married Julia "Judy" Hatch of [Springfield, Illinois](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Illinois "Springfield, Illinois"), in 1944\. The couple chose to settle in Arizona upon a doctor's recommendation that the dry climate would help relieve Judy's rheumatoid arthritis. The marriage resulted in three sons, [Terry](/wiki/Terry_Goddard "Terry Goddard") ([Mayor of Phoenix](/wiki/Mayor_of_Phoenix "Mayor of Phoenix") and [Arizona Attorney General](/wiki/Arizona_Attorney_General "Arizona Attorney General")), Tim and Bill. In 1946, Goddard purchased land in [Tucson](/wiki/Tucson "Tucson"), near Swan Road and 22nd Street and built a home for his family. He developed the land into a subdivision that included extra large lots, homes that were set back from the street and restrictions that kept the area residential. The subdivision he called [Aldea Linda](/wiki/Aldea_Linda "Aldea Linda") or Beautiful Little Village, is listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places").{{Cite web \|url\=http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street\-smarts\-midtown\-neighborhood\-one\-of\-tucson\-s\-most\-unusual/article\_b167c721\-b7f9\-5625\-99b1\-4df2cc7a2312\.html \|title\=David Leighton,"Street Smarts: Midtown neighborhood one of Tucson's most unusual," ''Arizona Daily Star'', Nov. 16, 2015 \|date\=16 November 2015 \|access\-date\=2015\-11\-18 \|archive\-date\=2015\-11\-18 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118205927/http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street\-smarts\-midtown\-neighborhood\-one\-of\-tucson\-s\-most\-unusual/article\_b167c721\-b7f9\-5625\-99b1\-4df2cc7a2312\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Goddard earned his law degree at the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona") in 1949 and began practicing in [Tucson](/wiki/Tucson "Tucson"). Goddard became a widower in 1999 following the death of his first wife, former Arizona First Lady Judy Goddard. He died in Paradise Valley, Arizona. Goddard was survived by his three sons and his second wife, Myra Ann.
[ "Early life and career\n---------------------", "Goddard was born in [Clayton, Missouri](/wiki/Clayton%2C_Missouri \"Clayton, Missouri\"), a suburb of [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis%2C_Missouri \"St. Louis, Missouri\"), the son of Florence Hilton (née Denham) and Samuel Pearson Goddard.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/n2secretarysre1900harvuoft/n2secretarysre1900harvuoft\\_djvu.txt\\|title \\= Secretary's report\\|publisher \\= Cambridge, Mass}} He attended [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") and was a member of the school's [glee club](/wiki/Glee_club \"Glee club\") and varsity [crew team](/wiki/College_rowing_%28United_States%29 \"College rowing (United States)\"). His athletic efforts resulted in his induction into the Rowing Hall of Fame in 1976\\. Goddard graduated in 1941 with a [Bachelor of Arts](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts \"Bachelor of Arts\") in history.", "Soon after graduation, Goddard enlisted in the [United States Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps \"United States Army Air Corps\") as a private for [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") service. He was commissioned by the Air Corps in 1942 and served as an operations and communications officer in England, India, North Africa, and the [South Pacific](/wiki/South_Pacific_Area \"South Pacific Area\"). He was discharged from the Air Corps in 1946 as a [major](/wiki/Major_%28rank%29 \"Major (rank)\"), remained active in the [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command \"Air Force Reserve Command\"), and rose to the rank of [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\").", "Goddard married Julia \"Judy\" Hatch of [Springfield, Illinois](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Illinois \"Springfield, Illinois\"), in 1944\\. The couple chose to settle in Arizona upon a doctor's recommendation that the dry climate would help relieve Judy's rheumatoid arthritis. The marriage resulted in three sons, [Terry](/wiki/Terry_Goddard \"Terry Goddard\") ([Mayor of Phoenix](/wiki/Mayor_of_Phoenix \"Mayor of Phoenix\") and [Arizona Attorney General](/wiki/Arizona_Attorney_General \"Arizona Attorney General\")), Tim and Bill.", "In 1946, Goddard purchased land in [Tucson](/wiki/Tucson \"Tucson\"), near Swan Road and 22nd Street and built a home for his family. He developed the land into a subdivision that included extra large lots, homes that were set back from the street and restrictions that kept the area residential. The subdivision he called [Aldea Linda](/wiki/Aldea_Linda \"Aldea Linda\") or Beautiful Little Village, is listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street\\-smarts\\-midtown\\-neighborhood\\-one\\-of\\-tucson\\-s\\-most\\-unusual/article\\_b167c721\\-b7f9\\-5625\\-99b1\\-4df2cc7a2312\\.html \\|title\\=David Leighton,\"Street Smarts: Midtown neighborhood one of Tucson's most unusual,\" ''Arizona Daily Star'', Nov. 16, 2015 \\|date\\=16 November 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-18 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118205927/http://tucson.com/news/blogs/streetsmarts/street\\-smarts\\-midtown\\-neighborhood\\-one\\-of\\-tucson\\-s\\-most\\-unusual/article\\_b167c721\\-b7f9\\-5625\\-99b1\\-4df2cc7a2312\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Goddard earned his law degree at the [University of Arizona](/wiki/University_of_Arizona \"University of Arizona\") in 1949 and began practicing in [Tucson](/wiki/Tucson \"Tucson\").", "Goddard became a widower in 1999 following the death of his first wife, former Arizona First Lady Judy Goddard. He died in Paradise Valley, Arizona. Goddard was survived by his three sons and his second wife, Myra Ann.", "" ]
Political career ---------------- He became a community leader, helped organize the Tucson Civic Chorus and the Tucson Watercolor Guild, and took an active role in charitable fundraising. In 1959, he became the chairman of the Tucson Youth Study Group and was selected as a member of the White House Conference on Youth and Children. His community efforts earned him the title Tucson Man of the Year 1959\. He first was elected chairman of the Arizona Democratic State Committee in 1960\. In 1961–1962 he served as president of the 11 state Western Conference of United Funds. He became recognized as a rising power in Democratic politics in the state and in 1962 made an unsuccessful bid for the governorship. He ran for governor again in 1964, and this time won, beating future [U.S. Attorney General](/wiki/U.S._Attorney_General "U.S. Attorney General") [Richard Kleindienst](/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst "Richard Kleindienst") by 53–47%. Goddard's campaign symbol, the Arizona [roadrunner](/wiki/Geococcyx "Geococcyx"), became familiar throughout the state, and it helped bolster his reputation as a man of energy who got things done. As Governor, Goddard helped to organise a compromise amongst regional governors supporting the Colorado River Basin Project including the [Central Arizona Project](/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project "Central Arizona Project"). This secured a reliable water source for the state, providing a foundation for the subsequent rapid economic population and economic growth that has occurred. Governor Goddard signed a bill banning discrimination on grounds of race, gender, religion and ethnicity. He also established the state's first budget office and worked to improve relations with the Mexican state of [Sonora](/wiki/Sonora "Sonora"). He stood for re\-election in 1966 but was defeated by [Jack Williams](/wiki/Jack_Richard_Williams "Jack Richard Williams"), and lost to Williams again in 1968\. Goddard also served as chair of the [Arizona Democratic Party](/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party "Arizona Democratic Party") for 10 years and on the [Democratic National Committee](/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee "Democratic National Committee") for 20 years.
[ "Political career\n----------------", "He became a community leader, helped organize the Tucson Civic Chorus and the Tucson Watercolor Guild, and took an active role in charitable fundraising. In 1959, he became the chairman of the Tucson Youth Study Group and was selected as a member of the White House Conference on Youth and Children. His community efforts earned him the title Tucson Man of the Year 1959\\.", "He first was elected chairman of the Arizona Democratic State Committee in 1960\\. In 1961–1962 he served as president of the 11 state Western Conference of United Funds. He became recognized as a rising power in Democratic politics in the state and in 1962 made an unsuccessful bid for the governorship. He ran for governor again in 1964, and this time won, beating future [U.S. Attorney General](/wiki/U.S._Attorney_General \"U.S. Attorney General\") [Richard Kleindienst](/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst \"Richard Kleindienst\") by 53–47%. Goddard's campaign symbol, the Arizona [roadrunner](/wiki/Geococcyx \"Geococcyx\"), became familiar throughout the state, and it helped bolster his reputation as a man of energy who got things done.", "As Governor, Goddard helped to organise a compromise amongst regional governors supporting the Colorado River Basin Project including the [Central Arizona Project](/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project \"Central Arizona Project\"). This secured a reliable water source for the state, providing a foundation for the subsequent rapid economic population and economic growth that has occurred.", "Governor Goddard signed a bill banning discrimination on grounds of race, gender, religion and ethnicity. He also established the state's first budget office and worked to improve relations with the Mexican state of [Sonora](/wiki/Sonora \"Sonora\").", "He stood for re\\-election in 1966 but was defeated by [Jack Williams](/wiki/Jack_Richard_Williams \"Jack Richard Williams\"), and lost to Williams again in 1968\\. Goddard also served as chair of the [Arizona Democratic Party](/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party \"Arizona Democratic Party\") for 10 years and on the [Democratic National Committee](/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee \"Democratic National Committee\") for 20 years.", "" ]
Biography --------- Hennadiy Babenko was born in [Mayankovka](/wiki/Mayankovka "Mayankovka"), [Omsk Oblast](/wiki/Omsk_Oblast "Omsk Oblast") on 24 June 1950\. He graduated from secondary school No. 5 in Zhytomyr in 1967\. In 1972, he graduated from the Sevastopol Instrument\-Making Institute with a degree in radio engineering. He was a member of the Radio Engineering Alumni Association.{{Cite web \|url\=http://rt\-sevastopol.ru/view\_user.php?id\=466 \|title\=Бабенко Геннадий Александрович \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222759/http://rt\-sevastopol.ru/view\_user.php?id\=466 \|url\-status\=dead}} In early 1972, he worked as a laboratory assistant at the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Television. Then he worked at the Simferopol plant "Fiolent". He was initially an engineer and process engineer, and then was promoted as a deputy secretary and secretary of the Komsomol committee. After that, he became the head of the department of Komsomol organizations of the Simferopol city committee of the Komsomol. From 1981 to 1983 he studied at the Higher Party School under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine in Kyiv. After that, he returned to Simferopol, where he was a party worker. He was an instructor in the organizational department of the central district committee of the party, secretary of the party committee of the production leather and footwear association named after. F. E. Dzerzhinsky, the second, first secretary of the central district committee of the party. In November 1990, he became chairman of the Central District Council of Simferopol, and from February 1991 to May 1998 he was chairman of the executive committee of that region. He has been the chairman of the Crimean Baseball and Softball Federation of Ukraine since 1996\. In 1998, he was elected to the Crimean parliament, where he headed the commission for industry, construction, transport, communications and the fuel and energy complex. In 1999 he graduated from the Crimean Institute of Economics and Economic Law with a degree in finance and credit. In 2001, he graduated from the Odesa National Law Academy. In 2002, he was reelected to the [Verkhovna Rada of Crimea](/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada_of_Crimea "Verkhovna Rada of Crimea"). From 2002 to 2005, he was Deputy Chairman of the Crimean Council of Ministers. On 16 May 2005, he became the Minister of Construction Policy, Architecture, Housing and Communal Services of the ARC in the government of [Anatoliy Matviyenko](/wiki/Anatoliy_Matviyenko "Anatoliy Matviyenko"), where he worked for a year. {{Cite web\|url\=http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\=10\&day\=16\&month\=05\&year\=2005\|title\=Крымский Обзор {{!}} Крымские депутаты большинством в 76 голосов поддержали предложенный Анатолием Матвиенко новый состав Совмина /16 май 2005/\|website\=adekvat.pp.ua\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-25\|archive\-date\=2020\-07\-14\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714192901/http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\=10\&day\=16\&month\=05\&year\=2005\|url\-status\=live}} In March 2006, Babenko ran for the mayor of Simferopol with the support of the Party of Regions, of which he was a member. In the elections, Babenko won 26% of the votes. However, despite this, the Simferopol City Territorial Electoral Commission appointed a repeat election of the mayor. The reason was that Republican Party member Oleksnadr Hress was removed from the ballot on Election Day and reinstated on that list the same day.{{Cite web\|url\=http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\=47\&day\=7\&month\=04\&year\=2006\|title\=Повторные выборы мэра Симферополя пройдут 28 мая\|website\=adekvat.pp.ua\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-25\|archive\-date\=2020\-07\-14\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714192904/http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\=47\&day\=7\&month\=04\&year\=2006\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://podrobnosti.ua/307180\-merom\-simferopolja\-ofitsialno\-objavlen\-gennadij\-babenko.html\|title\=Мэром Симферополя официально объявлен Геннадий Бабенко\|website\=podrobnosti\|date\=2006\-04\-20\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-25\|archive\-date\=2020\-07\-14\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714145947/https://podrobnosti.ua/307180\-merom\-simferopolja\-ofitsialno\-objavlen\-gennadij\-babenko.html\|url\-status\=live}} The Crimean Court of Appeal recognized that decision as illegal.,{{Cite web \|url\=http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\=55\&day\=26\&month\=05\&year\=2006 \|title\=В Симферополе таки пройдут перевыборы городского головы \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222759/http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\=55\&day\=26\&month\=05\&year\=2006 \|url\-status\=live }} and ordered to hold reelections of the mayor. Despite this, on 4 June 2006, the Territorial Electoral Commission registered Babenko as the mayor. At the very first meeting, Babenko proposed the candidacy of Volodymyr Blinov, a member of the Russian Bloc, for the position of secretary of the City Council, which was supported by the deputies of the City Council.{{Cite web \|url\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\-nakonetsto\-zaregistrirovali\-simferopolskim\-gorodskim\-golovoi/1098/ \|title\=БАБЕНКО НАКОНЕЦ\-ТО ЗАРЕГИСТРИРОВАЛИ СИМФЕРОПОЛЬСКИМ ГОРОДСКИМ ГОЛОВОЙ \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\-nakonetsto\-zaregistrirovali\-simferopolskim\-gorodskim\-golovoi/1098/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/sud\-otklonil\-jalobu\-aleksandra\-gressa\-po\-povodu\-naznacheniya\-povtornih\-viborov\-vopros\-pereviborov\-mera\-goroda\-zakrit/1963/ \|title\=СУД ОТКЛОНИЛ ЖАЛОБУ АЛЕКСАНДРА ГРЕССА ПО ПОВОДУ НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ ПОВТОРНЫХ ВЫБОРОВ — ВОПРОС ПЕРЕВЫБОРОВ МЭРА ГОРОДА ЗАКРЫТ \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/sud\-otklonil\-jalobu\-aleksandra\-gressa\-po\-povodu\-naznacheniya\-povtornih\-viborov\-vopros\-pereviborov\-mera\-goroda\-zakrit/1963/ \|url\-status\=live }} On 31 August 2006, Babenko headed the Crimean branch of the Association of Cities of Ukraine.{{Cite web \|url\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/gennadii\-babenko\-izbran\-novim\-predsedatelem\-krimskogo\-respublikanskogo\-otdeleniya\-assotsiatsii\-gorodov\-ukraini/2158/ \|title\=ГЕННАДИЙ БАБЕНКО ИЗБРАН НОВЫМ ПРЕДСЕДАТЕЛЕМ КРЫМСКОГО РЕСПУБЛИКАНСКОГО ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ АССОЦИАЦИИ ГОРОДОВ УКРАИНЫ \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/gennadii\-babenko\-izbran\-novim\-predsedatelem\-krimskogo\-respublikanskogo\-otdeleniya\-assotsiatsii\-gorodov\-ukraini/2158/ \|url\-status\=live }} In September 2007, Babenko became a member of the "Community of Siberians in Crimea".{{Cite web \|url\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/mer\-simferopolya\-toje\-stal\-sibiryakom/12606/ \|title\=Мэр Симферополя тоже стал "сибиряком" \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/mer\-simferopolya\-toje\-stal\-sibiryakom/12606/ \|url\-status\=live }} At the end of 2008, there was a split in the Crimean branch of the Party of Regions. The result was that the Simferopol City Council could not hold a meeting due to a conflict between some of the representatives of the Party of Regions and Babenko. Blinov, Secretary of the City Council, became the leader of Babenko's opponents.{{Cite web \|url\=https://podrobnosti.ua/590028\-mer\-simferopolja\-provodit\-zasedanie\-gorsoveta\-s\-jaichnitsej\-na\-golove.html \|title\=Мэр Симферополя проводит заседание горсовета с яичницей на голове \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/https://podrobnosti.ua/590028\-mer\-simferopolja\-provodit\-zasedanie\-gorsoveta\-s\-jaichnitsej\-na\-golove.html \|url\-status\=live }} Member of the faction "For Yanukovych!" Boris Frotman accused Babenko of usurping power and the corruption component of his work.{{Cite web \|url\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\-obvinili\-v\-uzurpatsii\-vlasti/40048/ \|title\=Бабенко обвинили в узурпации власти \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\-obvinili\-v\-uzurpatsii\-vlasti/40048/ \|url\-status\=live }} These accusations were supported by deputies of the City Council from the factions of the [Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc](/wiki/Yulia_Tymoshenko_Bloc "Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc"), the Communist Party, the Soyuz Party, the Russian Bloc and the Ne Tak electoral bloc, who united in the “anti\-Babenkov opposition”.{{Cite web \|url\=https://realty.ria.ru/20090202/40847\.html \|title\=Мэр Симферополя и депутаты городского совета обменялись обвинениями в коррупции \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307223352/https://realty.ria.ru/20090202/40847\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/v\-simferopolskoi\-merii\-sformirovalos\-antibabenkovskoe\-bolshinstvo/40207/ \|title\=В Симферопольской мэрии сформировалось антибабенковское большинство \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/v\-simferopolskoi\-merii\-sformirovalos\-antibabenkovskoe\-bolshinstvo/40207/ \|url\-status\=live }} In February 2009, the Political Council of the Party of Regions expelled Babenko from the party. {{Cite web \|url\=https://www.unian.net/politics/189072\-iz\-pr\-vyignali\-kryimskogo\-premera\-i\-mera\-simferopolya.html \|title\=Из ПР выгнали крымского премьера и мэра Симферополя \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820034043/http://www.unian.net/politics/189072\-iz\-pr\-vyignali\-kryimskogo\-premera\-i\-mera\-simferopolya.html \|archive\-date\=2016\-08\-20 \|url\-status\=live }} On 19 March 2009, at a meeting of the City Council, a deputy from the Russian Block party, Nataliya Lantukh, smashed four raw chicken eggs on Babenko's head, protesting against Belov's dismissal.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.segodnya.ua/politics/draka\-c\-deputatom\-i\-brocok\-jajtsom\-155133\.html \|title\=Драка с депутатом и бросок яйцом \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222759/https://www.segodnya.ua/politics/draka\-c\-deputatom\-i\-brocok\-jajtsom\-155133\.html \|url\-status\=live }} The Zheleznodorozhny District Court found Lantukh guilty of hooliganism and ordered her to pay a fine of 119 hryvnias.{{Cite web \|url\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/lantuh\-razbivshaya\-yaitsa\-na\-golove\-mera\-otdelalas\-shtrafom\-aj\-v\-119\-grn/43243/ \|title\=Лантух, разбившая яйца на голове мэра, отделалась штрафом аж в 119 грн \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/lantuh\-razbivshaya\-yaitsa\-na\-golove\-mera\-otdelalas\-shtrafom\-aj\-v\-119\-grn/43243/ \|url\-status\=live }} The Court of Appeal of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea confirmed that decision.{{Cite web \|url\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/u\-lantuh\-ne\-poluchilos\-osporit\-reshenie\-suda\-po\-yaichnomu\-skandalu/45490/ \|title\=У Лантух не получилось оспорить решение суда по яичному скандалу \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/u\-lantuh\-ne\-poluchilos\-osporit\-reshenie\-suda\-po\-yaichnomu\-skandalu/45490/ \|url\-status\=live }} On 14 September 2009, the Council of the Crimean organization of the Party of Regions expelled Babenko again.{{Cite web \|url\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\-opyat\-vignali\-iz\-partii\-regionov/54949/ \|title\=Бабенко опять выгнали из Партии регионов \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\-opyat\-vignali\-iz\-partii\-regionov/54949/ \|url\-status\=live }} In October 2009, Party of Regions leader [Viktor Yanukovych](/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych "Viktor Yanukovych") announced that he would not support Babenko in the next mayoral elections in Simferopol. {{Cite web \|url\=https://focus.ua/politics/68401 \|title\=Янукович назвал мэра Симферополя "засранцем" и отказался от его поддержки на выборах \|access\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114024139/http://www.focus.ua/politics/68401/ \|archive\-date\=2010\-11\-14 \|url\-status\=live }} The head of the head of the Crimean police, [Hennadiy Moskal](/wiki/Hennadiy_Moskal "Hennadiy Moskal"), accused Babenko of making decisions related to the distribution of land and issues of alienation of property, only after agreement "with members of an organized criminal group \- Mr. Melnik and Mr. [Lukashev](/wiki/Igor_Lukashyov "Igor Lukashyov").".{{cite web\|url\=https://newdaynews.ru/crimea/247390\.html\|title\=Москаль попросил прокурора отстранить самопровозглашенного мэра Симферополя\|publisher\=Новый Регион\|author\=Ахметова Анна\|date\=2009\-09\-02\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-19\|language\=ru\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228081855/https://newdaynews.ru/crimea/247390\.html\|archive\-date\=2017\-12\-28}} During the leadership of Simferopol, Babenko opposed the return of historical names to the streets of Katerininska, Dolhorukovska, Potemkinska, Oleksnadr Nevsky.{{Cite web \|date\=2017\-11\-26 \|title\=2007 год. «Крымская правда» \- Все обо всем \- газета Крымская правда \|url\=http://c\-pravda.ru/newspapers/2017/11/23/2007\-god\-krymskaya\-pravda \|access\-date\=2023\-06\-01 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126142131/http://c\-pravda.ru/newspapers/2017/11/23/2007\-god\-krymskaya\-pravda \|archive\-date\=2017\-11\-26 }} He also supported the naming of the Simferopol airport after the pilot [Amet\-khan Sultan](/wiki/Amet-khan_Sultan "Amet-khan Sultan").{{Cite web \|url\=http://milli\-firka.org/%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9\-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE\-%D0%B7%D0%B0\-%D1%82%D0%BE\-%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B\-%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82/ \|title\=Геннадий Бабенко за то, чтобы аэропорт "Симферополь" носил имя Аметхана Султана \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-19 \|archive\-date\=2020\-07\-14 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714151209/http://milli\-firka.org/%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9\-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE\-%D0%B7%D0%B0\-%D1%82%D0%BE\-%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B\-%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82/ \|url\-status\=live }} In December 2010, Babenko ended up in the intensive care unit of the City Clinical Hospital No. 6 with a diagnosis of a compression fracture of the spine. From 2010 to 2014, he was a member of the Crimean Parliament. Since October 2011 \- Deputy Head of the Department of Service of the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea and his deputies. From February to October 2014, he was the Chairman of the Permanent Commission of the Supreme Council of Crimea on industrial policy, transport, communications and fuel and energy complex. Since 2014, after the annexation of Crimea, he has been a member of United Russia party. From 2014 to 2015, he has been the Advisor to the Chairman of the [State Council of Crimea](/wiki/State_Council_of_Crimea "State Council of Crimea").
[ "Biography\n---------", "Hennadiy Babenko was born in [Mayankovka](/wiki/Mayankovka \"Mayankovka\"), [Omsk Oblast](/wiki/Omsk_Oblast \"Omsk Oblast\") on 24 June 1950\\.", "He graduated from secondary school No. 5 in Zhytomyr in 1967\\. In 1972, he graduated from the Sevastopol Instrument\\-Making Institute with a degree in radio engineering. He was a member of the Radio Engineering Alumni Association.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://rt\\-sevastopol.ru/view\\_user.php?id\\=466 \\|title\\=Бабенко Геннадий Александрович \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222759/http://rt\\-sevastopol.ru/view\\_user.php?id\\=466 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In early 1972, he worked as a laboratory assistant at the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Television. Then he worked at the Simferopol plant \"Fiolent\". He was initially an engineer and process engineer, and then was promoted as a deputy secretary and secretary of the Komsomol committee. After that, he became the head of the department of Komsomol organizations of the Simferopol city committee of the Komsomol.", "From 1981 to 1983 he studied at the Higher Party School under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine in Kyiv. After that, he returned to Simferopol, where he was a party worker. He was an instructor in the organizational department of the central district committee of the party, secretary of the party committee of the production leather and footwear association named after. F. E. Dzerzhinsky, the second, first secretary of the central district committee of the party.", "In November 1990, he became chairman of the Central District Council of Simferopol, and from February 1991 to May 1998 he was chairman of the executive committee of that region.", "He has been the chairman of the Crimean Baseball and Softball Federation of Ukraine since 1996\\.", "In 1998, he was elected to the Crimean parliament, where he headed the commission for industry, construction, transport, communications and the fuel and energy complex. In 1999 he graduated from the Crimean Institute of Economics and Economic Law with a degree in finance and credit. In 2001, he graduated from the Odesa National Law Academy.", "In 2002, he was reelected to the [Verkhovna Rada of Crimea](/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada_of_Crimea \"Verkhovna Rada of Crimea\"). From 2002 to 2005, he was Deputy Chairman of the Crimean Council of Ministers.", "On 16 May 2005, he became the Minister of Construction Policy, Architecture, Housing and Communal Services of the ARC in the government of [Anatoliy Matviyenko](/wiki/Anatoliy_Matviyenko \"Anatoliy Matviyenko\"), where he worked for a year.\n{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\\=10\\&day\\=16\\&month\\=05\\&year\\=2005\\|title\\=Крымский Обзор {{!}} Крымские депутаты большинством в 76 голосов поддержали предложенный Анатолием Матвиенко новый состав Совмина /16 май 2005/\\|website\\=adekvat.pp.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-25\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-14\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714192901/http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\\=10\\&day\\=16\\&month\\=05\\&year\\=2005\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In March 2006, Babenko ran for the mayor of Simferopol with the support of the Party of Regions, of which he was a member. In the elections, Babenko won 26% of the votes. However, despite this, the Simferopol City Territorial Electoral Commission appointed a repeat election of the mayor. The reason was that Republican Party member Oleksnadr Hress was removed from the ballot on Election Day and reinstated on that list the same day.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\\=47\\&day\\=7\\&month\\=04\\&year\\=2006\\|title\\=Повторные выборы мэра Симферополя пройдут 28 мая\\|website\\=adekvat.pp.ua\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-25\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-14\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714192904/http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\\=47\\&day\\=7\\&month\\=04\\&year\\=2006\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://podrobnosti.ua/307180\\-merom\\-simferopolja\\-ofitsialno\\-objavlen\\-gennadij\\-babenko.html\\|title\\=Мэром Симферополя официально объявлен Геннадий Бабенко\\|website\\=podrobnosti\\|date\\=2006\\-04\\-20\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-25\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-14\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714145947/https://podrobnosti.ua/307180\\-merom\\-simferopolja\\-ofitsialno\\-objavlen\\-gennadij\\-babenko.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The Crimean Court of Appeal recognized that decision as illegal.,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\\=55\\&day\\=26\\&month\\=05\\&year\\=2006 \\|title\\=В Симферополе таки пройдут перевыборы городского головы \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222759/http://adekvat.pp.ua/stare.php?mark\\=55\\&day\\=26\\&month\\=05\\&year\\=2006 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and ordered to hold reelections of the mayor. Despite this, on 4 June 2006, the Territorial Electoral Commission registered Babenko as the mayor. At the very first meeting, Babenko proposed the candidacy of Volodymyr Blinov, a member of the Russian Bloc, for the position of secretary of the City Council, which was supported by the deputies of the City Council.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\\-nakonetsto\\-zaregistrirovali\\-simferopolskim\\-gorodskim\\-golovoi/1098/ \\|title\\=БАБЕНКО НАКОНЕЦ\\-ТО ЗАРЕГИСТРИРОВАЛИ СИМФЕРОПОЛЬСКИМ ГОРОДСКИМ ГОЛОВОЙ \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\\-nakonetsto\\-zaregistrirovali\\-simferopolskim\\-gorodskim\\-golovoi/1098/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/sud\\-otklonil\\-jalobu\\-aleksandra\\-gressa\\-po\\-povodu\\-naznacheniya\\-povtornih\\-viborov\\-vopros\\-pereviborov\\-mera\\-goroda\\-zakrit/1963/ \\|title\\=СУД ОТКЛОНИЛ ЖАЛОБУ АЛЕКСАНДРА ГРЕССА ПО ПОВОДУ НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ ПОВТОРНЫХ ВЫБОРОВ — ВОПРОС ПЕРЕВЫБОРОВ МЭРА ГОРОДА ЗАКРЫТ \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/sud\\-otklonil\\-jalobu\\-aleksandra\\-gressa\\-po\\-povodu\\-naznacheniya\\-povtornih\\-viborov\\-vopros\\-pereviborov\\-mera\\-goroda\\-zakrit/1963/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 31 August 2006, Babenko headed the Crimean branch of the Association of Cities of Ukraine.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/gennadii\\-babenko\\-izbran\\-novim\\-predsedatelem\\-krimskogo\\-respublikanskogo\\-otdeleniya\\-assotsiatsii\\-gorodov\\-ukraini/2158/ \\|title\\=ГЕННАДИЙ БАБЕНКО ИЗБРАН НОВЫМ ПРЕДСЕДАТЕЛЕМ КРЫМСКОГО РЕСПУБЛИКАНСКОГО ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ АССОЦИАЦИИ ГОРОДОВ УКРАИНЫ \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/gennadii\\-babenko\\-izbran\\-novim\\-predsedatelem\\-krimskogo\\-respublikanskogo\\-otdeleniya\\-assotsiatsii\\-gorodov\\-ukraini/2158/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In September 2007, Babenko became a member of the \"Community of Siberians in Crimea\".{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/mer\\-simferopolya\\-toje\\-stal\\-sibiryakom/12606/ \\|title\\=Мэр Симферополя тоже стал \"сибиряком\" \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/mer\\-simferopolya\\-toje\\-stal\\-sibiryakom/12606/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "At the end of 2008, there was a split in the Crimean branch of the Party of Regions. The result was that the Simferopol City Council could not hold a meeting due to a conflict between some of the representatives of the Party of Regions and Babenko. Blinov, Secretary of the City Council, became the leader of Babenko's opponents.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://podrobnosti.ua/590028\\-mer\\-simferopolja\\-provodit\\-zasedanie\\-gorsoveta\\-s\\-jaichnitsej\\-na\\-golove.html \\|title\\=Мэр Симферополя проводит заседание горсовета с яичницей на голове \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/https://podrobnosti.ua/590028\\-mer\\-simferopolja\\-provodit\\-zasedanie\\-gorsoveta\\-s\\-jaichnitsej\\-na\\-golove.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Member of the faction \"For Yanukovych!\" Boris Frotman accused Babenko of usurping power and the corruption component of his work.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\\-obvinili\\-v\\-uzurpatsii\\-vlasti/40048/ \\|title\\=Бабенко обвинили в узурпации власти \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\\-obvinili\\-v\\-uzurpatsii\\-vlasti/40048/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} These accusations were supported by deputies of the City Council from the factions of the [Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc](/wiki/Yulia_Tymoshenko_Bloc \"Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc\"), the Communist Party, the Soyuz Party, the Russian Bloc and the Ne Tak electoral bloc, who united in the “anti\\-Babenkov opposition”.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://realty.ria.ru/20090202/40847\\.html \\|title\\=Мэр Симферополя и депутаты городского совета обменялись обвинениями в коррупции \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307223352/https://realty.ria.ru/20090202/40847\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/v\\-simferopolskoi\\-merii\\-sformirovalos\\-antibabenkovskoe\\-bolshinstvo/40207/ \\|title\\=В Симферопольской мэрии сформировалось антибабенковское большинство \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/v\\-simferopolskoi\\-merii\\-sformirovalos\\-antibabenkovskoe\\-bolshinstvo/40207/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In February 2009, the Political Council of the Party of Regions expelled Babenko from the party.\n{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.unian.net/politics/189072\\-iz\\-pr\\-vyignali\\-kryimskogo\\-premera\\-i\\-mera\\-simferopolya.html \\|title\\=Из ПР выгнали крымского премьера и мэра Симферополя \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820034043/http://www.unian.net/politics/189072\\-iz\\-pr\\-vyignali\\-kryimskogo\\-premera\\-i\\-mera\\-simferopolya.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-08\\-20 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "", "On 19 March 2009, at a meeting of the City Council, a deputy from the Russian Block party, Nataliya Lantukh, smashed four raw chicken eggs on Babenko's head, protesting against Belov's dismissal.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.segodnya.ua/politics/draka\\-c\\-deputatom\\-i\\-brocok\\-jajtsom\\-155133\\.html \\|title\\=Драка с депутатом и бросок яйцом \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222759/https://www.segodnya.ua/politics/draka\\-c\\-deputatom\\-i\\-brocok\\-jajtsom\\-155133\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Zheleznodorozhny District Court found Lantukh guilty of hooliganism and ordered her to pay a fine of 119 hryvnias.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/lantuh\\-razbivshaya\\-yaitsa\\-na\\-golove\\-mera\\-otdelalas\\-shtrafom\\-aj\\-v\\-119\\-grn/43243/ \\|title\\=Лантух, разбившая яйца на голове мэра, отделалась штрафом аж в 119 грн \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/lantuh\\-razbivshaya\\-yaitsa\\-na\\-golove\\-mera\\-otdelalas\\-shtrafom\\-aj\\-v\\-119\\-grn/43243/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Court of Appeal of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea confirmed that decision.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/u\\-lantuh\\-ne\\-poluchilos\\-osporit\\-reshenie\\-suda\\-po\\-yaichnomu\\-skandalu/45490/ \\|title\\=У Лантух не получилось оспорить решение суда по яичному скандалу \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/obschestvo/u\\-lantuh\\-ne\\-poluchilos\\-osporit\\-reshenie\\-suda\\-po\\-yaichnomu\\-skandalu/45490/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 14 September 2009, the Council of the Crimean organization of the Party of Regions expelled Babenko again.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\\-opyat\\-vignali\\-iz\\-partii\\-regionov/54949/ \\|title\\=Бабенко опять выгнали из Партии регионов \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307222758/http://old.qha.com.ua/ru/politika/babenko\\-opyat\\-vignali\\-iz\\-partii\\-regionov/54949/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In October 2009, Party of Regions leader [Viktor Yanukovych](/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych \"Viktor Yanukovych\") announced that he would not support Babenko in the next mayoral elections in Simferopol.\n{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://focus.ua/politics/68401 \\|title\\=Янукович назвал мэра Симферополя \"засранцем\" и отказался от его поддержки на выборах \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114024139/http://www.focus.ua/politics/68401/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-14 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "", "The head of the head of the Crimean police, [Hennadiy Moskal](/wiki/Hennadiy_Moskal \"Hennadiy Moskal\"), accused Babenko of making decisions related to the distribution of land and issues of alienation of property, only after agreement \"with members of an organized criminal group \\- Mr. Melnik and Mr. [Lukashev](/wiki/Igor_Lukashyov \"Igor Lukashyov\").\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://newdaynews.ru/crimea/247390\\.html\\|title\\=Москаль попросил прокурора отстранить самопровозглашенного мэра Симферополя\\|publisher\\=Новый Регион\\|author\\=Ахметова Анна\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-02\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-19\\|language\\=ru\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228081855/https://newdaynews.ru/crimea/247390\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-28}}", "During the leadership of Simferopol, Babenko opposed the return of historical names to the streets of Katerininska, Dolhorukovska, Potemkinska, Oleksnadr Nevsky.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-26 \\|title\\=2007 год. «Крымская правда» \\- Все обо всем \\- газета Крымская правда \\|url\\=http://c\\-pravda.ru/newspapers/2017/11/23/2007\\-god\\-krymskaya\\-pravda \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-06\\-01 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126142131/http://c\\-pravda.ru/newspapers/2017/11/23/2007\\-god\\-krymskaya\\-pravda \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-26 }}", "He also supported the naming of the Simferopol airport after the pilot [Amet\\-khan Sultan](/wiki/Amet-khan_Sultan \"Amet-khan Sultan\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://milli\\-firka.org/%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9\\-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE\\-%D0%B7%D0%B0\\-%D1%82%D0%BE\\-%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B\\-%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82/ \\|title\\=Геннадий Бабенко за то, чтобы аэропорт \"Симферополь\" носил имя Аметхана Султана \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-19 \\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-14 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714151209/http://milli\\-firka.org/%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9\\-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE\\-%D0%B7%D0%B0\\-%D1%82%D0%BE\\-%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B\\-%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In December 2010, Babenko ended up in the intensive care unit of the City Clinical Hospital No. 6 with a diagnosis of a compression fracture of the spine.", "From 2010 to 2014, he was a member of the Crimean Parliament. Since October 2011 \\- Deputy Head of the Department of Service of the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea and his deputies. From February to October 2014, he was the Chairman of the Permanent Commission of the Supreme Council of Crimea on industrial policy, transport, communications and fuel and energy complex.", "Since 2014, after the annexation of Crimea, he has been a member of United Russia party.", "From 2014 to 2015, he has been the Advisor to the Chairman of the [State Council of Crimea](/wiki/State_Council_of_Crimea \"State Council of Crimea\").", "" ]
Playing career -------------- ### Junior The highest scoring minor midget player in Ontario in 2010, Gaunce was taken second in the OHL Priority Draft after [Alex Galchenyuk](/wiki/Alex_Galchenyuk "Alex Galchenyuk") by the [Belleville Bulls](/wiki/Belleville_Bulls "Belleville Bulls") of the [Ontario Hockey League](/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League "Ontario Hockey League") (OHL). Gaunce made his [major junior](/wiki/Major_junior "Major junior") debut in the [2010–11 OHL season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_OHL_season "2010–11 OHL season") and in his second OHL game recorded a four assist game in a 7–4 win over the [Peterborough Petes](/wiki/Peterborough_Petes "Peterborough Petes"). In the following game, Gaunce scored his first career OHL goal.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/league\_results.php?lid\=ohl1989\&sid\=2011\|title\=Ontario Hockey League 2010\-11 Schedule and Results\|publisher\=Internet Hockey Database\|accessdate\=July 9, 2012}} He had a second 4\-point game and added a 5\-game point streak, finishing the season with 11 goals and 36 points, 13th in OHL rookie scoring. At the beginning of his [second season](/wiki/2011-12_OHL_season "2011-12 OHL season"), Gaunce was named an [alternate captain](/wiki/Alternate_captain "Alternate captain") for the Bulls. During the season he earned the OHL Player of the Week award. He scored five goals and added an assist in three Belleville wins for the week ending November 27\. Gaunce finished the season as a point a game player registering 28 goals and 40 assists in 68 games.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/canucks\-get\-physical\-with\-26th\-pick\-brendan\-gaunce\-1\.1170762\|title\=Canucks get physical with 26th pick Brendan Gaunce\|publisher\=\[\[Canadian Broadcasting Company\|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]\|access\-date\=July 9, 2012\|date\=June 22, 2012\|agency \= \[\[The Canadian Press]]}} At the end of the season Gaunce was Belleville's nominee for the [Bobby Smith Trophy](/wiki/Bobby_Smith_Trophy "Bobby Smith Trophy") as scholastic player of the year, but lost out to [Adam Pelech](/wiki/Adam_Pelech "Adam Pelech").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id\=4391749\|title\=OHL Announces Academic Player of the Year Award Winners\|publisher\=\[\[Ontario Hockey League]]\|accessdate\=July 9, 2012\|date\=April 26, 2012}} Before the [2012 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2012_NHL_Entry_Draft "2012 NHL Entry Draft"), Gaunce was ranked 13th among North American skaters by the NHL's scouting department, and the top\-ranked Canadian forward.{{cite web \|url\=http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/2012/06/22/get\-to\-know\-a\-draft\-pick\-brendan\-gaunce/\|title\=Get to know a draft pick — Brendan Gaunce\|publisher\=\[\[NBC Sports]]\|accessdate\=July 9, 2012\|date\=June 22, 2012\|last \= O'Brien\|first\=James}} Projected to be a mid first round pick, he fell to 26th when he was selected by the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks "Vancouver Canucks"). Canucks' [general manager](/wiki/General_manager_%28ice_hockey%29 "General manager (ice hockey)") [Mike Gillis](/wiki/Mike_Gillis "Mike Gillis") stated that going into the draft they had targeted Gaunce and if he had not been available Vancouver would have traded down to add extra picks. On November 26, 2013, Brendan Gaunce was traded from the Belleville Bulls to the Erie Otters. ### Professional Gaunce played the entire 2014–15 season for the Canucks' [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League "American Hockey League") (AHL) affiliate, the [Utica Comets](/wiki/Utica_Comets "Utica Comets"). Gaunce was a late cut from the Canucks' 2015 training camp and was again reassigned to Utica to start the season. He was recalled by the Canucks on October 28, 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/canucks/news/canucks\-recall\-biega\-gaunce/c\-785262\|title\=Canucks recall Biega \& Gaunce\|publisher\=National Hockey League\|date\=October 28, 2015\|accessdate\=October 28, 2015}} On October 29, 2015, Gaunce made his NHL debut with the Canucks in a game against the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars "Dallas Stars") in a 4–3 overtime loss.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/benns\-ot\-goal\-lifts\-stars\-past\-canucks/c\-176246\|title\=Benn's OT goal lifts Stars past Canucks\|publisher\=National Hockey League\|date\=October 29, 2015\|accessdate\=October 29, 2015}} The next day, Gaunce scored his first NHL goal against [Anders Lindback](/wiki/Anders_Lindb%C3%A4ck "Anders Lindbäck") of the [Arizona Coyotes](/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes "Arizona Coyotes") in a 4–3 Canucks win.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/bachman\-canucks\-hang\-on\-to\-defeat\-coyotes/c\-176375\|title\=Bachman, Canucks hang on to defeat Coyotes\|publisher\=National Hockey League\|date\=October 30, 2015\|accessdate\=October 30, 2015}} He was reassigned to Utica on November 5\. On March 1, 2016, Gaunce was again recalled by the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks "Vancouver Canucks"). He played in the remainder of the Canucks' games that season before returning to the Comets to finish the season. At the start of the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season "2016–17 NHL season"), Gaunce made the Canucks' roster out of training camp for the first time in his career. He earned his first career [assist](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 "Assist (ice hockey)") on October 16, 2016; assisting on a [Ben Hutton](/wiki/Ben_Hutton_%28ice_hockey%29 "Ben Hutton (ice hockey)") goal in a 4–3 overtime win against the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes "Carolina Hurricanes").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/news/carolina\-hurricanes\-vancouver\-canucks\-game\-recap/c\-282741848\|title\=Brandon Sutter gives Canucks win in OT\|publisher\=National Hockey League\|date\=October 16, 2016\|accessdate\=October 17, 2016}} On August 9, 2017, the Canucks re\-signed Gaunce to a two\-year, $1\.5 million contract worth $750,000 annually.{{cite web\|title\=Canucks sign forward Brendan Gaunce\|url\=https://www.nhl.com/canucks/news/vancouver\-canucks\-sign\-brendan\-gaunce/c\-290628824\|website\=NHL.com\|accessdate\=April 24, 2018\|date\=August 9, 2017}} Gaunce broke his foot in February and was set to be out for 2–4 weeks.{{cite web\|title\=Canucks' Gaunce (foot) out 2\-4 weeks\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/canucks\-gaunce\-foot\-out\-2\-4\-weeks\-1\.993023\|website\=tsn.ca\|accessdate\=April 24, 2018\|date\=February 8, 2018}} After five seasons within the Canucks organization, Gaunce left as a free agent after he was not tendered a qualifying offer. On July 1, 2019, Gaunce was signed to a one\-year, two\-way deal with the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins "Boston Bruins") worth $700,000\.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.nhl.com/bruins/news/bruins\-announce\-seven\-transactions\-on\-july\-1/c\-308149348 \| title \= Bruins announce seven transactions on July 1 \| publisher \= \[\[Boston Bruins]] \| date \= July 1, 2019 \| accessdate \= July 1, 2019}} In the {{nhly\|2019}} season, Gaunce only played one game for the Bruins recording an assist. Gaunce played 52 games in the AHL for the [Providence Bruins](/wiki/Providence_Bruins "Providence Bruins") recording 18 goals and 19 assists. After receiving no interest from NHL clubs, on January 2, 2021, Gaunce signed with the [Växjö Lakers](/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6_Lakers "Växjö Lakers") of the [Swedish Hockey League](/wiki/Swedish_Hockey_League "Swedish Hockey League") with the intent of joining the club to finish the [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_SHL_season "2020–21 SHL season") season.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.vaxjolakers.se/artikel/1bauakjfp\-4af7d/forward\-klar\-for\-vaxjo\-lakers \| title \= Forward Gaunce signs for Lakers \| publisher \= \[\[Växjö Lakers]] \| date \= January 2, 2021 \| accessdate \= January 2, 2021 \| language \= Swedish}} Gaunce quickly transitioned to the larger European ice, recording 5 goals and 12 points and a \+10 plus/minus rating in 18 contests. He added 7 points in 12 playoff games to help the club capture the SHL Championship. As a free agent, Gaunce returned to North America in the off\-season, securing a one\-year, two\-way contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets on July 30, 2021\.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.nhl.com/bluejackets/news/columbus\-blue\-jackets\-sign\-forward\-brendan\-gaunce\-to\-one\-year\-two\-way\-nhlahl\-contract\-for\-2021\-22\-season/c\-325877428 \| title \= CBJ signs Brendan Gaunce to a one\-year, two\-way contract \| publisher \= \[\[Columbus Blue Jackets]] \| date \= July 30, 2021 \| accessdate \= July 30, 2021}} Gaunce decided to re\-up with the Blue Jackets by signing a two\-year, $1\.525 million contract on June 18, 2022\.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.prohockeyrumors.com/2022/06/blue\-jackets\-re\-sign\-brendan\-gaunce.html \| title \= Blue Jackets Re\-Sign Brendan Gaunce \| date \= June 18, 2022 \| accessdate \= September 3, 2022}} After three seasons within the Blue Jackets organization, Gaunce left as a free agent and was signed to a two\-year, two\-way contract with the Minnesota Wild on July 1, 2024\.{{citeweb\| url \= https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/minnesota\-wild\-agrees\-to\-terms\-with\-eight\-players\-070124 \| title \= Minnesota Wild agrees to terms with eight players \| publisher \= \[\[Minnesota Wild]] \| date \= July 1, 2024 \| accessdate \= July 1, 2024 }}
[ "Playing career\n--------------", "### Junior", "The highest scoring minor midget player in Ontario in 2010, Gaunce was taken second in the OHL Priority Draft after [Alex Galchenyuk](/wiki/Alex_Galchenyuk \"Alex Galchenyuk\") by the [Belleville Bulls](/wiki/Belleville_Bulls \"Belleville Bulls\") of the [Ontario Hockey League](/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League \"Ontario Hockey League\") (OHL). Gaunce made his [major junior](/wiki/Major_junior \"Major junior\") debut in the [2010–11 OHL season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_OHL_season \"2010–11 OHL season\") and in his second OHL game recorded a four assist game in a 7–4 win over the [Peterborough Petes](/wiki/Peterborough_Petes \"Peterborough Petes\"). In the following game, Gaunce scored his first career OHL goal.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/league\\_results.php?lid\\=ohl1989\\&sid\\=2011\\|title\\=Ontario Hockey League 2010\\-11 Schedule and Results\\|publisher\\=Internet Hockey Database\\|accessdate\\=July 9, 2012}} He had a second 4\\-point game and added a 5\\-game point streak, finishing the season with 11 goals and 36 points, 13th in OHL rookie scoring.", "At the beginning of his [second season](/wiki/2011-12_OHL_season \"2011-12 OHL season\"), Gaunce was named an [alternate captain](/wiki/Alternate_captain \"Alternate captain\") for the Bulls. During the season he earned the OHL Player of the Week award. He scored five goals and added an assist in three Belleville wins for the week ending November 27\\. Gaunce finished the season as a point a game player registering 28 goals and 40 assists in 68 games.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/canucks\\-get\\-physical\\-with\\-26th\\-pick\\-brendan\\-gaunce\\-1\\.1170762\\|title\\=Canucks get physical with 26th pick Brendan Gaunce\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canadian Broadcasting Company\\|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 9, 2012\\|date\\=June 22, 2012\\|agency \\= \\[\\[The Canadian Press]]}} At the end of the season Gaunce was Belleville's nominee for the [Bobby Smith Trophy](/wiki/Bobby_Smith_Trophy \"Bobby Smith Trophy\") as scholastic player of the year, but lost out to [Adam Pelech](/wiki/Adam_Pelech \"Adam Pelech\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id\\=4391749\\|title\\=OHL Announces Academic Player of the Year Award Winners\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ontario Hockey League]]\\|accessdate\\=July 9, 2012\\|date\\=April 26, 2012}} Before the [2012 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2012_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2012 NHL Entry Draft\"), Gaunce was ranked 13th among North American skaters by the NHL's scouting department, and the top\\-ranked Canadian forward.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/2012/06/22/get\\-to\\-know\\-a\\-draft\\-pick\\-brendan\\-gaunce/\\|title\\=Get to know a draft pick — Brendan Gaunce\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC Sports]]\\|accessdate\\=July 9, 2012\\|date\\=June 22, 2012\\|last \\= O'Brien\\|first\\=James}} Projected to be a mid first round pick, he fell to 26th when he was selected by the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\"). Canucks' [general manager](/wiki/General_manager_%28ice_hockey%29 \"General manager (ice hockey)\") [Mike Gillis](/wiki/Mike_Gillis \"Mike Gillis\") stated that going into the draft they had targeted Gaunce and if he had not been available Vancouver would have traded down to add extra picks. On November 26, 2013, Brendan Gaunce was traded from the Belleville Bulls to the Erie Otters.", "### Professional", "Gaunce played the entire 2014–15 season for the Canucks' [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") (AHL) affiliate, the [Utica Comets](/wiki/Utica_Comets \"Utica Comets\"). Gaunce was a late cut from the Canucks' 2015 training camp and was again reassigned to Utica to start the season. He was recalled by the Canucks on October 28, 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/canucks/news/canucks\\-recall\\-biega\\-gaunce/c\\-785262\\|title\\=Canucks recall Biega \\& Gaunce\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\|date\\=October 28, 2015\\|accessdate\\=October 28, 2015}}", "On October 29, 2015, Gaunce made his NHL debut with the Canucks in a game against the [Dallas Stars](/wiki/Dallas_Stars \"Dallas Stars\") in a 4–3 overtime loss.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/benns\\-ot\\-goal\\-lifts\\-stars\\-past\\-canucks/c\\-176246\\|title\\=Benn's OT goal lifts Stars past Canucks\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\|date\\=October 29, 2015\\|accessdate\\=October 29, 2015}} The next day, Gaunce scored his first NHL goal against [Anders Lindback](/wiki/Anders_Lindb%C3%A4ck \"Anders Lindbäck\") of the [Arizona Coyotes](/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes \"Arizona Coyotes\") in a 4–3 Canucks win.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/bachman\\-canucks\\-hang\\-on\\-to\\-defeat\\-coyotes/c\\-176375\\|title\\=Bachman, Canucks hang on to defeat Coyotes\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\|date\\=October 30, 2015\\|accessdate\\=October 30, 2015}} He was reassigned to Utica on November 5\\. On March 1, 2016, Gaunce was again recalled by the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\"). He played in the remainder of the Canucks' games that season before returning to the Comets to finish the season.", "At the start of the [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\"), Gaunce made the Canucks' roster out of training camp for the first time in his career. He earned his first career [assist](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\") on October 16, 2016; assisting on a [Ben Hutton](/wiki/Ben_Hutton_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Ben Hutton (ice hockey)\") goal in a 4–3 overtime win against the [Carolina Hurricanes](/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes \"Carolina Hurricanes\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/news/carolina\\-hurricanes\\-vancouver\\-canucks\\-game\\-recap/c\\-282741848\\|title\\=Brandon Sutter gives Canucks win in OT\\|publisher\\=National Hockey League\\|date\\=October 16, 2016\\|accessdate\\=October 17, 2016}}", "On August 9, 2017, the Canucks re\\-signed Gaunce to a two\\-year, $1\\.5 million contract worth $750,000 annually.{{cite web\\|title\\=Canucks sign forward Brendan Gaunce\\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/canucks/news/vancouver\\-canucks\\-sign\\-brendan\\-gaunce/c\\-290628824\\|website\\=NHL.com\\|accessdate\\=April 24, 2018\\|date\\=August 9, 2017}} Gaunce broke his foot in February and was set to be out for 2–4 weeks.{{cite web\\|title\\=Canucks' Gaunce (foot) out 2\\-4 weeks\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/canucks\\-gaunce\\-foot\\-out\\-2\\-4\\-weeks\\-1\\.993023\\|website\\=tsn.ca\\|accessdate\\=April 24, 2018\\|date\\=February 8, 2018}}", "After five seasons within the Canucks organization, Gaunce left as a free agent after he was not tendered a qualifying offer. On July 1, 2019, Gaunce was signed to a one\\-year, two\\-way deal with the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") worth $700,000\\.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.nhl.com/bruins/news/bruins\\-announce\\-seven\\-transactions\\-on\\-july\\-1/c\\-308149348 \\| title \\= Bruins announce seven transactions on July 1 \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Boston Bruins]] \\| date \\= July 1, 2019 \\| accessdate \\= July 1, 2019}} In the {{nhly\\|2019}} season, Gaunce only played one game for the Bruins recording an assist. Gaunce played 52 games in the AHL for the [Providence Bruins](/wiki/Providence_Bruins \"Providence Bruins\") recording 18 goals and 19 assists.", "After receiving no interest from NHL clubs, on January 2, 2021, Gaunce signed with the [Växjö Lakers](/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6_Lakers \"Växjö Lakers\") of the [Swedish Hockey League](/wiki/Swedish_Hockey_League \"Swedish Hockey League\") with the intent of joining the club to finish the [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_SHL_season \"2020–21 SHL season\") season.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.vaxjolakers.se/artikel/1bauakjfp\\-4af7d/forward\\-klar\\-for\\-vaxjo\\-lakers \\| title \\= Forward Gaunce signs for Lakers \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Växjö Lakers]] \\| date \\= January 2, 2021 \\| accessdate \\= January 2, 2021 \\| language \\= Swedish}} Gaunce quickly transitioned to the larger European ice, recording 5 goals and 12 points and a \\+10 plus/minus rating in 18 contests. He added 7 points in 12 playoff games to help the club capture the SHL Championship.", "As a free agent, Gaunce returned to North America in the off\\-season, securing a one\\-year, two\\-way contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets on July 30, 2021\\.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.nhl.com/bluejackets/news/columbus\\-blue\\-jackets\\-sign\\-forward\\-brendan\\-gaunce\\-to\\-one\\-year\\-two\\-way\\-nhlahl\\-contract\\-for\\-2021\\-22\\-season/c\\-325877428 \\| title \\= CBJ signs Brendan Gaunce to a one\\-year, two\\-way contract \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Columbus Blue Jackets]] \\| date \\= July 30, 2021 \\| accessdate \\= July 30, 2021}}", "Gaunce decided to re\\-up with the Blue Jackets by signing a two\\-year, $1\\.525 million contract on June 18, 2022\\.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.prohockeyrumors.com/2022/06/blue\\-jackets\\-re\\-sign\\-brendan\\-gaunce.html \\| title \\= Blue Jackets Re\\-Sign Brendan Gaunce \\| date \\= June 18, 2022 \\| accessdate \\= September 3, 2022}}", "After three seasons within the Blue Jackets organization, Gaunce left as a free agent and was signed to a two\\-year, two\\-way contract with the Minnesota Wild on July 1, 2024\\.{{citeweb\\| url \\= https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/minnesota\\-wild\\-agrees\\-to\\-terms\\-with\\-eight\\-players\\-070124 \\| title \\= Minnesota Wild agrees to terms with eight players \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Minnesota Wild]] \\| date \\= July 1, 2024 \\| accessdate \\= July 1, 2024 }}", "" ]
History ------- Following entry of the United States into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the Chief of the [Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps "United States Army Air Corps") directed the [Air Corps Flying Training Command](/wiki/Air_Corps_Flying_Training_Command "Air Corps Flying Training Command") Southeast Training Center to immediately take action to select air base sites needed to increase its pilot training rate to meet anticipated wartime demands. A level area near Bainbridge, seven miles (11 km) northwest of the City adjacent to the Seaboard Air Line Railroad was selected by the Air Corps, and the City of Bainbridge and [Decatur County](/wiki/Decatur_County%2C_Georgia "Decatur County, Georgia") purchased {{convert\|2070\|acre\|km2}} for $66,800 and then leased the property to the Army for $1 per annum for a basic flight training base authorizing 89\.9 million for its construction. [alt\=Photograph of mechanics going to work, Bainbridge Army Airfield, 1944\|thumb\|Photograph of mechanics going to work, Bainbridge Army Airfield, 1944](/wiki/File:Photograph_of_mechanics_going_to_work%2C_Bainbridge%2C_Georgia%2C_1944_-_DPLA_-_eb0b7655123262863726813c9cc04a70.jpeg "Photograph of mechanics going to work, Bainbridge, Georgia, 1944 - DPLA - eb0b7655123262863726813c9cc04a70.jpeg") The contractor broke ground on 3 April 1942, for **Bainbridge Army Airfield**. The immediate construction involved runways and airplane hangars, with concrete runways, several taxiways and a large parking apron and a control tower. Several large hangars were also constructed. Initial construction reached completion on 25 August. [alt\=Photograph of airplanes at the Bainbridge Army Airfield, 1944\|thumb\|Photograph of airplanes at the Bainbridge Army Airfield, 1944](/wiki/File:Photograph_of_airplanes_at_the_Bainbridge_Army_Airfield%2C_Bainbridge%2C_Georgia%2C_1944_-_DPLA_-_527f4635c5b0f7b2d6d3b16501fc3766.jpeg "Photograph of airplanes at the Bainbridge Army Airfield, Bainbridge, Georgia, 1944 - DPLA - 527f4635c5b0f7b2d6d3b16501fc3766.jpeg") During World War II, the airfield conducted flight training of new pilots by [Army Air Forces Flying Training Command](/wiki/Air_Training_Command "Air Training Command"). It was closed on 24 December 1944\. With the airfield's closure, the Army Air Force gifted the base to the City and County. There was little need, however, for the airfield, and in the immediate postwar years, farmers leased the open areas of the airfield for cultivation and the cantonment area was used for various purposes. As a result of the Korean War which began in 1950 and the expansion of the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force"), [Bainbridge Air Base](/wiki/Bainbridge_Air_Base "Bainbridge Air Base")\* was reopened to train additional pilots. The base was inactivated and returned to civilian control on 31 March 1961\. Today, Bainbridge is used for various purposes in addition to a small amount of aviation activity. On the former base are several manufacturing plants. For a time, the Southern Airways built student housing was used by a mental health facility. Some of the remaining Southern Airways buildings are occupied by the Georgia Department of Corrections as a prison. The golf course built in the 1950s is still in use, and the World War II hangars are still in use. Through the years a lot of material has been gathered about the Southern Airways School and Bainbridge Air Base. The information is located at the Decatur County Museum.
[ "History\n-------", "Following entry of the United States into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the Chief of the [Army Air Corps](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps \"United States Army Air Corps\") directed the [Air Corps Flying Training Command](/wiki/Air_Corps_Flying_Training_Command \"Air Corps Flying Training Command\") Southeast Training Center to immediately take action to select air base sites needed to increase its pilot training rate to meet anticipated wartime demands.", "A level area near Bainbridge, seven miles (11 km) northwest of the City adjacent to the Seaboard Air Line Railroad was selected by the Air Corps, and the City of Bainbridge and [Decatur County](/wiki/Decatur_County%2C_Georgia \"Decatur County, Georgia\") purchased {{convert\\|2070\\|acre\\|km2}} for $66,800 and then leased the property to the Army for $1 per annum for a basic flight training base authorizing 89\\.9 million for its construction.\n[alt\\=Photograph of mechanics going to work, Bainbridge Army Airfield, 1944\\|thumb\\|Photograph of mechanics going to work, Bainbridge Army Airfield, 1944](/wiki/File:Photograph_of_mechanics_going_to_work%2C_Bainbridge%2C_Georgia%2C_1944_-_DPLA_-_eb0b7655123262863726813c9cc04a70.jpeg \"Photograph of mechanics going to work, Bainbridge, Georgia, 1944 - DPLA - eb0b7655123262863726813c9cc04a70.jpeg\")\nThe contractor broke ground on 3 April 1942, for **Bainbridge Army Airfield**. The immediate construction involved runways and airplane hangars, with concrete runways, several taxiways and a large parking apron and a control tower. Several large hangars were also constructed. Initial construction reached completion on 25 August.\n[alt\\=Photograph of airplanes at the Bainbridge Army Airfield, 1944\\|thumb\\|Photograph of airplanes at the Bainbridge Army Airfield, 1944](/wiki/File:Photograph_of_airplanes_at_the_Bainbridge_Army_Airfield%2C_Bainbridge%2C_Georgia%2C_1944_-_DPLA_-_527f4635c5b0f7b2d6d3b16501fc3766.jpeg \"Photograph of airplanes at the Bainbridge Army Airfield, Bainbridge, Georgia, 1944 - DPLA - 527f4635c5b0f7b2d6d3b16501fc3766.jpeg\")\nDuring World War II, the airfield conducted flight training of new pilots by [Army Air Forces Flying Training Command](/wiki/Air_Training_Command \"Air Training Command\"). It was closed on 24 December 1944\\. With the airfield's closure, the Army Air Force gifted the base to the City and County.", "There was little need, however, for the airfield, and in the immediate postwar years, farmers leased the open areas of the airfield for cultivation and the cantonment area was used for various purposes.", "As a result of the Korean War which began in 1950 and the expansion of the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\"), [Bainbridge Air Base](/wiki/Bainbridge_Air_Base \"Bainbridge Air Base\")\\* was reopened to train additional pilots. The base was inactivated and returned to civilian control on 31 March 1961\\.", "Today, Bainbridge is used for various purposes in addition to a small amount of aviation activity. On the former base are several manufacturing plants. For a time, the Southern Airways built student housing was used by a mental health facility. Some of the remaining Southern Airways buildings are occupied by the Georgia Department of Corrections as a prison. The golf course built in the 1950s is still in use, and the World War II hangars are still in use.", "Through the years a lot of material has been gathered about the Southern Airways School and Bainbridge Air Base. The information is located at the Decatur County Museum.", "" ]
Chord types ----------- ### Basic chord types The above chords, despite their differences, share the same harmonic function and can be used interchangeably. #### Major chords {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Major seventh chord on C i.e. CΔ7}} A [major seventh chord](/wiki/Major_seventh_chord "Major seventh chord") contains the notes: root, 3, 5, M7, (9\). The symbols *M7* and *Δ7* have the same meaning as *maj7* or just *Δ*. Often melody notes or other pitches influence an improviser's choice of chord types. For example, if the melody note is the root of the chord, including a major seventh can cause dissonance. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Major sixth chord on C i.e. C6}} A [major sixth chord](/wiki/Major_sixth_chord "Major sixth chord") contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5, 6\. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Major 6/9 chord on C i.e. C6/9}} A [6/9 chord](/wiki/6/9_chord "6/9 chord") (C6/9 or C6add9) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5, 6, 9\. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Lydian chord on C i.e. CΔ{{music\|sharp}}11}} A [Lydian chord](/wiki/Lydian_chord "Lydian chord") (CΔ{{music\|sharp}}11) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5, M7, (9\), {{music\|sharp}}11 (13\). The Lydian chord has a strange quirk, where if the root is put both above and below the augmented eleventh it creates an unpleasant dissonance of a [tritone](/wiki/Tritone "Tritone"). This is not usually a problem in a jazz context, as chord\-playing musicians often omit the root. The interval of the sixth is used, even though it is described after other compound intervals and perhaps should also be a compound interval (i.e., 13th). However, a convention in jazz dictates that when describing the major sixth, generally use the simple interval, i.e., 6 is often used instead of the compound interval, i.e., 13\. This helps avoid confusion with the [dominant thirteenth chord](/wiki/Dominant_thirteenth_chord "Dominant thirteenth chord"). #### Basic dominant chords The term *basic* can be used to describe [dominant chords](/wiki/Dominant_chord "Dominant chord") based on the major scale.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2020}} In many instances, dominant chords written as basic chords (e.g., G7) can substitute for more complex chords, as long as they remain part of the same group (i.e., dominant chords) and do not clash with the melody notes. Dominant chords are considered to sound unstable in [classical music](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music") harmony contexts, and so in a classical piece, these chords often resolve down a perfect fifth or up a perfect fourth (e.g. **G7** tends to resolve onto chords based on *C*, such as C suspended 4 or C major ninth). However, in a jazz context, particularly in music from the 1940s [bebop](/wiki/Bebop "Bebop") era and later decades, dominant chords were no longer treated as "unstable" chords. Some bebop tunes use a dominant chord as the [tonic chord](/wiki/Tonic_%28music%29 "Tonic (music)") and also use dominant chords for the chords that would typically be minor chords in a [classical](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music") piece or a [swing](/wiki/Swing_music "Swing music") arrangement. For example, while a classical piece and a swing arrangement might use the following chord sequence in the key of C major: "{{nowrap\|C – Am – Dm – G7}}", a bebop [bandleader](/wiki/Bandleader "Bandleader") might reharmonize the same progression as "{{nowrap\|C7 – A7 – D7 – G7}}", making a sequence of dominant seventh chords, so long as the new dominant chord harmonies were compatible with the tune's melody. For more details, see [chord progression](/wiki/Chord_progression "Chord progression"). Many of the chordal alterations used in jazz are derived from minor scale modes, as opposed to the major scale modes. (See [musical mode](/wiki/Musical_mode "Musical mode").) If the performer retains the 13th in the chord and/or avoids playing a {{music\|flat}}13th, it can be substituted for a C13{{music\|flat}}9. Likewise a C9 can often be substituted for a Cmaj9{{music\|sharp}}5, as long as the 9th is retained or the {{music\|flat}}9th and {{music\|sharp}}9th is avoided. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 1 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Dominant seventh, ninth, and thirteenth chords on G i.e. G7, G9, and G13}} A [dominant seventh chord](/wiki/Dominant_seventh_chord "Dominant seventh chord") contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, (9\), (13\). A [dominant ninth chord](/wiki/Dominant_ninth_chord "Dominant ninth chord") (G9) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, 9, (13\). A [dominant thirteenth chord](/wiki/Dominant_thirteenth_chord "Dominant thirteenth chord") (G13) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, (9\), 13\. This symbol is often used if the 13th is found in the melody. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Sus chord on C i.e. Csus4}} A [sus, or suspended, chord](/wiki/Suspended_chord "Suspended chord") (C7sus4) contains the notes: root, 4, 5, 7, (9\), (13\). {{clear\|right}} #### Minor seventh chords {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 1 1 1 } }\|width\=300\|caption\=Minor seventh, ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords on A i.e. Am7, Am9, Am11, Am13}} A minor seventh chord (A−7, Amin7, Ami7, or Am7) contains the notes: root, {{music\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\), (11\), (13\). A minor ninth chord (A−9, Amin9, Ami9, or Am9) contains the notes: root, {{music\|flat}}3, 5, 7, 9, (11\), (13\). A minor eleventh chord (A\-11, Amin11, Ami11, or Am11) contains the notes: root, {{music\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\), 11, (13\). A minor thirteenth chord (A−13, Amin13, Ami13, or Am13) contains the notes: root, {{music\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\), (11\), 13\. {{Clear}} ### Complex dominant chords {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Dominant seventh flat nine chord on E i.e. E7({{music\|flat}}9\)}} Complex dominant chords can be voiced in a great variety of ways, including building the chord on the 3 or 7 (minor seventh). They usually, but not always, resolve to a chord built on an interval a fifth down from the root. Utilizing a [tritone substitution](/wiki/Tritone_substitution "Tritone substitution"), a dominant chord may resolve down a half\-step instead. It is not uncommon to express the alteration (usually {{music\|sharp}}9, {{music\|flat}}9, or {{music\|sharp}}5\) in the melody. For expediency, musicians may use the abbreviation "alt"—as in C7alt—to describe the family of dominant chords with [altered tones](/wiki/Alteration_%28music%29 "Alteration (music)") (including the {{music\|flat}}5, {{music\|sharp}}5, {{music\|flat}}9, {{music\|sharp}}9, {{music\|sharp}}11, or {{music\|flat}}13\). Notably, all altered tones mentioned above, along with the 3 and {{music\|flat}}7, are present in the [melodic minor scale](/wiki/Melodic_minor_scale "Melodic minor scale") whose root is a half\-step above the root of the [alt chord](/wiki/Altered_chord "Altered chord") (i.e., E{{music\|flat}} melodic minor for D7alt). In other words, the [altered scale](/wiki/Altered_scale "Altered scale") is the seventh mode of the [jazz minor scale](/wiki/Jazz_minor_scale "Jazz minor scale"). This scale is commonly used to improvise over an altered dominant chord. In the section on basic dominant chords, it was noted that the perfect fifth is often omitted. By altering it with a diminished fifth ({{music\|flat}}5\) or augmented fifth ({{music\|sharp}}5\), extra tension and dissonance is added, which strengthens the resolution to the I chord.{{Cite web\|title\=Altered Jazz Chords and the Major 251 Progression\|url\=https://www.pianogroove.com/jazz\-piano\-lessons/altered\-jazz\-chords\-major\-251/\|access\-date\=2021\-04\-23\|website\=PianoGroove.com\|date\=15 October 2018 }} {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 1 1 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Dominant {{music\|flat}}9/{{music\|flat}}5, Dominant {{music\|sharp}}9/{{music\|flat}}5, Dominant {{music\|flat}}9/{{music\|sharp}}5, Dominant {{music\|sharp}}9/{{music\|sharp}}5 chords on G i.e. G7({{music\|flat}}9{{music\|flat}}5\), G7({{music\|sharp}}9{{music\|flat}}5\), G7({{music\|flat}}9{{music\|sharp}}5\), G7({{music\|sharp}}9{{music\|sharp}}5\). All of these chords can be written as G7alt.}} A dominant {{music\|flat}}9/{{music\|flat}}5 chord (G7({{music\|flat}}5{{music\|flat}}9\)) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, {{music\|flat}}5, 7, {{music\|flat}}9\. A dominant {{music\|sharp}}9/{{music\|flat}}5 chord (G7({{music\|flat}}5{{music\|sharp}}9\)) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, {{music\|flat}}5, 7, {{music\|sharp}}9\. A dominant {{music\|flat}}9/{{music\|sharp}}5 chord (G7({{music\|sharp}}5{{music\|flat}}9\)) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, {{music\|sharp}}5, 7, {{music\|flat}}9\. A dominant {{music\|sharp}}9/{{music\|sharp}}5 chord (G7({{music\|sharp}}5{{music\|sharp}}9\)) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, {{music\|sharp}}5, 7, {{music\|sharp}}9\.
[ "Chord types\n-----------", "### Basic chord types", "The above chords, despite their differences, share the same harmonic function and can be used interchangeably.", "#### Major chords", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Major seventh chord on C i.e. CΔ7}}\nA [major seventh chord](/wiki/Major_seventh_chord \"Major seventh chord\") contains the notes:", "root, 3, 5, M7, (9\\).\nThe symbols *M7* and *Δ7* have the same meaning as *maj7* or just *Δ*. Often melody notes or other pitches influence an improviser's choice of chord types. For example, if the melody note is the root of the chord, including a major seventh can cause dissonance.\n{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Major sixth chord on C i.e. C6}}\nA [major sixth chord](/wiki/Major_sixth_chord \"Major sixth chord\") contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, 5, 6\\.", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Major 6/9 chord on C i.e. C6/9}}", "A [6/9 chord](/wiki/6/9_chord \"6/9 chord\") (C6/9 or C6add9) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, 5, 6, 9\\.", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Lydian chord on C i.e. CΔ{{music\\|sharp}}11}}", "A [Lydian chord](/wiki/Lydian_chord \"Lydian chord\") (CΔ{{music\\|sharp}}11) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, 5, M7, (9\\), {{music\\|sharp}}11 (13\\).\nThe Lydian chord has a strange quirk, where if the root is put both above and below the augmented eleventh it creates an unpleasant dissonance of a [tritone](/wiki/Tritone \"Tritone\"). This is not usually a problem in a jazz context, as chord\\-playing musicians often omit the root.", "The interval of the sixth is used, even though it is described after other compound intervals and perhaps should also be a compound interval (i.e., 13th). However, a convention in jazz dictates that when describing the major sixth, generally use the simple interval, i.e., 6 is often used instead of the compound interval, i.e., 13\\. This helps avoid confusion with the [dominant thirteenth chord](/wiki/Dominant_thirteenth_chord \"Dominant thirteenth chord\").", "#### Basic dominant chords", "The term *basic* can be used to describe [dominant chords](/wiki/Dominant_chord \"Dominant chord\") based on the major scale.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2020}} In many instances, dominant chords written as basic chords (e.g., G7) can substitute for more complex chords, as long as they remain part of the same group (i.e., dominant chords) and do not clash with the melody notes.", "Dominant chords are considered to sound unstable in [classical music](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") harmony contexts, and so in a classical piece, these chords often resolve down a perfect fifth or up a perfect fourth (e.g. **G7** tends to resolve onto chords based on *C*, such as C suspended 4 or C major ninth). However, in a jazz context, particularly in music from the 1940s [bebop](/wiki/Bebop \"Bebop\") era and later decades, dominant chords were no longer treated as \"unstable\" chords. Some bebop tunes use a dominant chord as the [tonic chord](/wiki/Tonic_%28music%29 \"Tonic (music)\") and also use dominant chords for the chords that would typically be minor chords in a [classical](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") piece or a [swing](/wiki/Swing_music \"Swing music\") arrangement. For example, while a classical piece and a swing arrangement might use the following chord sequence in the key of C major: \"{{nowrap\\|C – Am – Dm – G7}}\", a bebop [bandleader](/wiki/Bandleader \"Bandleader\") might reharmonize the same progression as \"{{nowrap\\|C7 – A7 – D7 – G7}}\", making a sequence of dominant seventh chords, so long as the new dominant chord harmonies were compatible with the tune's melody. For more details, see [chord progression](/wiki/Chord_progression \"Chord progression\").", "Many of the chordal alterations used in jazz are derived from minor scale modes, as opposed to the major scale modes. (See [musical mode](/wiki/Musical_mode \"Musical mode\").) If the performer retains the 13th in the chord and/or avoids playing a {{music\\|flat}}13th, it can be substituted for a C13{{music\\|flat}}9. Likewise a C9 can often be substituted for a Cmaj9{{music\\|sharp}}5, as long as the 9th is retained or the {{music\\|flat}}9th and {{music\\|sharp}}9th is avoided.", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n 1\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Dominant seventh, ninth, and thirteenth chords on G i.e. G7, G9, and G13}}\nA [dominant seventh chord](/wiki/Dominant_seventh_chord \"Dominant seventh chord\") contains the notes:", "root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, (9\\), (13\\).\nA [dominant ninth chord](/wiki/Dominant_ninth_chord \"Dominant ninth chord\") (G9) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, 9, (13\\).", "A [dominant thirteenth chord](/wiki/Dominant_thirteenth_chord \"Dominant thirteenth chord\") (G13) contains the notes:", "root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, (9\\), 13\\.\nThis symbol is often used if the 13th is found in the melody.", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Sus chord on C i.e. Csus4}}", "A [sus, or suspended, chord](/wiki/Suspended_chord \"Suspended chord\") (C7sus4) contains the notes:\nroot, 4, 5, 7, (9\\), (13\\).\n{{clear\\|right}}", "#### Minor seventh chords", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n 1\n 1\n 1\n} }\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Minor seventh, ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords on A i.e. Am7, Am9, Am11, Am13}}\nA minor seventh chord (A−7, Amin7, Ami7, or Am7) contains the notes:", "root, {{music\\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\\), (11\\), (13\\).\nA minor ninth chord (A−9, Amin9, Ami9, or Am9) contains the notes:\nroot, {{music\\|flat}}3, 5, 7, 9, (11\\), (13\\).", "A minor eleventh chord (A\\-11, Amin11, Ami11, or Am11) contains the notes:\nroot, {{music\\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\\), 11, (13\\).", "A minor thirteenth chord (A−13, Amin13, Ami13, or Am13) contains the notes:", "root, {{music\\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\\), (11\\), 13\\.\n{{Clear}}\n### Complex dominant chords", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Dominant seventh flat nine chord on E i.e. E7({{music\\|flat}}9\\)}}\nComplex dominant chords can be voiced in a great variety of ways, including building the chord on the 3 or 7 (minor seventh). They usually, but not always, resolve to a chord built on an interval a fifth down from the root. Utilizing a [tritone substitution](/wiki/Tritone_substitution \"Tritone substitution\"), a dominant chord may resolve down a half\\-step instead. It is not uncommon to express the alteration (usually {{music\\|sharp}}9, {{music\\|flat}}9, or {{music\\|sharp}}5\\) in the melody. For expediency, musicians may use the abbreviation \"alt\"—as in C7alt—to describe the family of dominant chords with [altered tones](/wiki/Alteration_%28music%29 \"Alteration (music)\") (including the {{music\\|flat}}5, {{music\\|sharp}}5, {{music\\|flat}}9, {{music\\|sharp}}9, {{music\\|sharp}}11, or {{music\\|flat}}13\\). Notably, all altered tones mentioned above, along with the 3 and {{music\\|flat}}7, are present in the [melodic minor scale](/wiki/Melodic_minor_scale \"Melodic minor scale\") whose root is a half\\-step above the root of the [alt chord](/wiki/Altered_chord \"Altered chord\") (i.e., E{{music\\|flat}} melodic minor for D7alt). In other words, the [altered scale](/wiki/Altered_scale \"Altered scale\") is the seventh mode of the [jazz minor scale](/wiki/Jazz_minor_scale \"Jazz minor scale\"). This scale is commonly used to improvise over an altered dominant chord. In the section on basic dominant chords, it was noted that the perfect fifth is often omitted. By altering it with a diminished fifth ({{music\\|flat}}5\\) or augmented fifth ({{music\\|sharp}}5\\), extra tension and dissonance is added, which strengthens the resolution to the I chord.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Altered Jazz Chords and the Major 251 Progression\\|url\\=https://www.pianogroove.com/jazz\\-piano\\-lessons/altered\\-jazz\\-chords\\-major\\-251/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-04\\-23\\|website\\=PianoGroove.com\\|date\\=15 October 2018 }}", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n 1\n 1\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Dominant {{music\\|flat}}9/{{music\\|flat}}5, Dominant {{music\\|sharp}}9/{{music\\|flat}}5, Dominant {{music\\|flat}}9/{{music\\|sharp}}5, Dominant {{music\\|sharp}}9/{{music\\|sharp}}5 chords on G i.e. G7({{music\\|flat}}9{{music\\|flat}}5\\), G7({{music\\|sharp}}9{{music\\|flat}}5\\), G7({{music\\|flat}}9{{music\\|sharp}}5\\), G7({{music\\|sharp}}9{{music\\|sharp}}5\\). All of these chords can be written as G7alt.}}", "A dominant {{music\\|flat}}9/{{music\\|flat}}5 chord (G7({{music\\|flat}}5{{music\\|flat}}9\\)) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, {{music\\|flat}}5, 7, {{music\\|flat}}9\\.", "A dominant {{music\\|sharp}}9/{{music\\|flat}}5 chord (G7({{music\\|flat}}5{{music\\|sharp}}9\\)) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, {{music\\|flat}}5, 7, {{music\\|sharp}}9\\.", "A dominant {{music\\|flat}}9/{{music\\|sharp}}5 chord (G7({{music\\|sharp}}5{{music\\|flat}}9\\)) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, {{music\\|sharp}}5, 7, {{music\\|flat}}9\\.", "A dominant {{music\\|sharp}}9/{{music\\|sharp}}5 chord (G7({{music\\|sharp}}5{{music\\|sharp}}9\\)) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, {{music\\|sharp}}5, 7, {{music\\|sharp}}9\\.", "" ]
### Basic chord types The above chords, despite their differences, share the same harmonic function and can be used interchangeably. #### Major chords {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Major seventh chord on C i.e. CΔ7}} A [major seventh chord](/wiki/Major_seventh_chord "Major seventh chord") contains the notes: root, 3, 5, M7, (9\). The symbols *M7* and *Δ7* have the same meaning as *maj7* or just *Δ*. Often melody notes or other pitches influence an improviser's choice of chord types. For example, if the melody note is the root of the chord, including a major seventh can cause dissonance. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Major sixth chord on C i.e. C6}} A [major sixth chord](/wiki/Major_sixth_chord "Major sixth chord") contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5, 6\. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Major 6/9 chord on C i.e. C6/9}} A [6/9 chord](/wiki/6/9_chord "6/9 chord") (C6/9 or C6add9) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5, 6, 9\. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Lydian chord on C i.e. CΔ{{music\|sharp}}11}} A [Lydian chord](/wiki/Lydian_chord "Lydian chord") (CΔ{{music\|sharp}}11) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5, M7, (9\), {{music\|sharp}}11 (13\). The Lydian chord has a strange quirk, where if the root is put both above and below the augmented eleventh it creates an unpleasant dissonance of a [tritone](/wiki/Tritone "Tritone"). This is not usually a problem in a jazz context, as chord\-playing musicians often omit the root. The interval of the sixth is used, even though it is described after other compound intervals and perhaps should also be a compound interval (i.e., 13th). However, a convention in jazz dictates that when describing the major sixth, generally use the simple interval, i.e., 6 is often used instead of the compound interval, i.e., 13\. This helps avoid confusion with the [dominant thirteenth chord](/wiki/Dominant_thirteenth_chord "Dominant thirteenth chord"). #### Basic dominant chords The term *basic* can be used to describe [dominant chords](/wiki/Dominant_chord "Dominant chord") based on the major scale.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2020}} In many instances, dominant chords written as basic chords (e.g., G7) can substitute for more complex chords, as long as they remain part of the same group (i.e., dominant chords) and do not clash with the melody notes. Dominant chords are considered to sound unstable in [classical music](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music") harmony contexts, and so in a classical piece, these chords often resolve down a perfect fifth or up a perfect fourth (e.g. **G7** tends to resolve onto chords based on *C*, such as C suspended 4 or C major ninth). However, in a jazz context, particularly in music from the 1940s [bebop](/wiki/Bebop "Bebop") era and later decades, dominant chords were no longer treated as "unstable" chords. Some bebop tunes use a dominant chord as the [tonic chord](/wiki/Tonic_%28music%29 "Tonic (music)") and also use dominant chords for the chords that would typically be minor chords in a [classical](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music") piece or a [swing](/wiki/Swing_music "Swing music") arrangement. For example, while a classical piece and a swing arrangement might use the following chord sequence in the key of C major: "{{nowrap\|C – Am – Dm – G7}}", a bebop [bandleader](/wiki/Bandleader "Bandleader") might reharmonize the same progression as "{{nowrap\|C7 – A7 – D7 – G7}}", making a sequence of dominant seventh chords, so long as the new dominant chord harmonies were compatible with the tune's melody. For more details, see [chord progression](/wiki/Chord_progression "Chord progression"). Many of the chordal alterations used in jazz are derived from minor scale modes, as opposed to the major scale modes. (See [musical mode](/wiki/Musical_mode "Musical mode").) If the performer retains the 13th in the chord and/or avoids playing a {{music\|flat}}13th, it can be substituted for a C13{{music\|flat}}9. Likewise a C9 can often be substituted for a Cmaj9{{music\|sharp}}5, as long as the 9th is retained or the {{music\|flat}}9th and {{music\|sharp}}9th is avoided. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 1 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Dominant seventh, ninth, and thirteenth chords on G i.e. G7, G9, and G13}} A [dominant seventh chord](/wiki/Dominant_seventh_chord "Dominant seventh chord") contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, (9\), (13\). A [dominant ninth chord](/wiki/Dominant_ninth_chord "Dominant ninth chord") (G9) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, 9, (13\). A [dominant thirteenth chord](/wiki/Dominant_thirteenth_chord "Dominant thirteenth chord") (G13) contains the notes: root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, (9\), 13\. This symbol is often used if the 13th is found in the melody. {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 } } \|width\=300\|caption\=Sus chord on C i.e. Csus4}} A [sus, or suspended, chord](/wiki/Suspended_chord "Suspended chord") (C7sus4) contains the notes: root, 4, 5, 7, (9\), (13\). {{clear\|right}} #### Minor seventh chords {{Image frame\|content\= { \\override Score.TimeSignature \#'stencil \= \#\#f \\relative c' { \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major 1 1 1 1 } }\|width\=300\|caption\=Minor seventh, ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords on A i.e. Am7, Am9, Am11, Am13}} A minor seventh chord (A−7, Amin7, Ami7, or Am7) contains the notes: root, {{music\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\), (11\), (13\). A minor ninth chord (A−9, Amin9, Ami9, or Am9) contains the notes: root, {{music\|flat}}3, 5, 7, 9, (11\), (13\). A minor eleventh chord (A\-11, Amin11, Ami11, or Am11) contains the notes: root, {{music\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\), 11, (13\). A minor thirteenth chord (A−13, Amin13, Ami13, or Am13) contains the notes: root, {{music\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\), (11\), 13\. {{Clear}}
[ "### Basic chord types", "The above chords, despite their differences, share the same harmonic function and can be used interchangeably.", "#### Major chords", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Major seventh chord on C i.e. CΔ7}}\nA [major seventh chord](/wiki/Major_seventh_chord \"Major seventh chord\") contains the notes:", "root, 3, 5, M7, (9\\).\nThe symbols *M7* and *Δ7* have the same meaning as *maj7* or just *Δ*. Often melody notes or other pitches influence an improviser's choice of chord types. For example, if the melody note is the root of the chord, including a major seventh can cause dissonance.\n{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Major sixth chord on C i.e. C6}}\nA [major sixth chord](/wiki/Major_sixth_chord \"Major sixth chord\") contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, 5, 6\\.", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Major 6/9 chord on C i.e. C6/9}}", "A [6/9 chord](/wiki/6/9_chord \"6/9 chord\") (C6/9 or C6add9) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, 5, 6, 9\\.", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Lydian chord on C i.e. CΔ{{music\\|sharp}}11}}", "A [Lydian chord](/wiki/Lydian_chord \"Lydian chord\") (CΔ{{music\\|sharp}}11) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, 5, M7, (9\\), {{music\\|sharp}}11 (13\\).\nThe Lydian chord has a strange quirk, where if the root is put both above and below the augmented eleventh it creates an unpleasant dissonance of a [tritone](/wiki/Tritone \"Tritone\"). This is not usually a problem in a jazz context, as chord\\-playing musicians often omit the root.", "The interval of the sixth is used, even though it is described after other compound intervals and perhaps should also be a compound interval (i.e., 13th). However, a convention in jazz dictates that when describing the major sixth, generally use the simple interval, i.e., 6 is often used instead of the compound interval, i.e., 13\\. This helps avoid confusion with the [dominant thirteenth chord](/wiki/Dominant_thirteenth_chord \"Dominant thirteenth chord\").", "#### Basic dominant chords", "The term *basic* can be used to describe [dominant chords](/wiki/Dominant_chord \"Dominant chord\") based on the major scale.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2020}} In many instances, dominant chords written as basic chords (e.g., G7) can substitute for more complex chords, as long as they remain part of the same group (i.e., dominant chords) and do not clash with the melody notes.", "Dominant chords are considered to sound unstable in [classical music](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") harmony contexts, and so in a classical piece, these chords often resolve down a perfect fifth or up a perfect fourth (e.g. **G7** tends to resolve onto chords based on *C*, such as C suspended 4 or C major ninth). However, in a jazz context, particularly in music from the 1940s [bebop](/wiki/Bebop \"Bebop\") era and later decades, dominant chords were no longer treated as \"unstable\" chords. Some bebop tunes use a dominant chord as the [tonic chord](/wiki/Tonic_%28music%29 \"Tonic (music)\") and also use dominant chords for the chords that would typically be minor chords in a [classical](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") piece or a [swing](/wiki/Swing_music \"Swing music\") arrangement. For example, while a classical piece and a swing arrangement might use the following chord sequence in the key of C major: \"{{nowrap\\|C – Am – Dm – G7}}\", a bebop [bandleader](/wiki/Bandleader \"Bandleader\") might reharmonize the same progression as \"{{nowrap\\|C7 – A7 – D7 – G7}}\", making a sequence of dominant seventh chords, so long as the new dominant chord harmonies were compatible with the tune's melody. For more details, see [chord progression](/wiki/Chord_progression \"Chord progression\").", "Many of the chordal alterations used in jazz are derived from minor scale modes, as opposed to the major scale modes. (See [musical mode](/wiki/Musical_mode \"Musical mode\").) If the performer retains the 13th in the chord and/or avoids playing a {{music\\|flat}}13th, it can be substituted for a C13{{music\\|flat}}9. Likewise a C9 can often be substituted for a Cmaj9{{music\\|sharp}}5, as long as the 9th is retained or the {{music\\|flat}}9th and {{music\\|sharp}}9th is avoided.", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n 1\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Dominant seventh, ninth, and thirteenth chords on G i.e. G7, G9, and G13}}\nA [dominant seventh chord](/wiki/Dominant_seventh_chord \"Dominant seventh chord\") contains the notes:", "root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, (9\\), (13\\).\nA [dominant ninth chord](/wiki/Dominant_ninth_chord \"Dominant ninth chord\") (G9) contains the notes:\nroot (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, 9, (13\\).", "A [dominant thirteenth chord](/wiki/Dominant_thirteenth_chord \"Dominant thirteenth chord\") (G13) contains the notes:", "root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted), 7, (9\\), 13\\.\nThis symbol is often used if the 13th is found in the melody.", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n} }\n\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Sus chord on C i.e. Csus4}}", "A [sus, or suspended, chord](/wiki/Suspended_chord \"Suspended chord\") (C7sus4) contains the notes:\nroot, 4, 5, 7, (9\\), (13\\).\n{{clear\\|right}}", "#### Minor seventh chords", "{{Image frame\\|content\\=\n{\n\\\\override Score.TimeSignature \\#'stencil \\= \\#\\#f\n\\\\relative c' {\n \\\\clef treble\n \\\\time 4/4\n \\\\key c \\\\major\n 1\n 1\n 1\n 1\n} }\\|width\\=300\\|caption\\=Minor seventh, ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords on A i.e. Am7, Am9, Am11, Am13}}\nA minor seventh chord (A−7, Amin7, Ami7, or Am7) contains the notes:", "root, {{music\\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\\), (11\\), (13\\).\nA minor ninth chord (A−9, Amin9, Ami9, or Am9) contains the notes:\nroot, {{music\\|flat}}3, 5, 7, 9, (11\\), (13\\).", "A minor eleventh chord (A\\-11, Amin11, Ami11, or Am11) contains the notes:\nroot, {{music\\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\\), 11, (13\\).", "A minor thirteenth chord (A−13, Amin13, Ami13, or Am13) contains the notes:", "root, {{music\\|flat}}3, 5, 7, (9\\), (11\\), 13\\.\n{{Clear}}" ]
Research interests ------------------ Czeisler's research focus is the neurobiology of human [circadian rhythm](/wiki/Circadian_rhythms "Circadian rhythms"), the functions and physiology of [sleep](/wiki/Sleep "Sleep"), the [epidemiology](/wiki/Epidemiology "Epidemiology") and public health consequences of [sleep disorders](/wiki/Sleep_disorder "Sleep disorder"), and the applications of circadian and sleep principles in clinical medicine and [occupational safety and health](/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health "Occupational safety and health"). He also examines the relationship between the circadian oscillator and sleep homeostasis, including a landmark 1980 *[Science](/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 "Science (journal)")* paper demonstrating that sleep episodes were correlated with the circadian phase of the body temperature rhythm at bedtime and not with the length of prior wakefulness.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Czeisler \|first1\=C. A. \|last2\=Weitzman \|first2\=E. d \|last3\=Moore\-Ede \|first3\=M. C. \|last4\=Zimmerman \|first4\=J. C. \|last5\=Knauer \|first5\=R. S. \|date\=1980\-12\-12 \|title\=Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase \|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7434029/ \|journal\=Science \|volume\=210 \|issue\=4475 \|pages\=1264–1267 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.7434029 \|issn\=0036\-8075 \|pmid\=7434029}} Czeisler's research interests encompass many areas, including the effects of light on human circadian rhythms, the role of sleep and circadian rhythms in metabolism, the impact of [shift work](/wiki/Shift_work "Shift work") on health and productivity, and the effects of [melatonin](/wiki/Melatonin "Melatonin") and [melatonin receptor agonists](/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_agonist "Melatonin receptor agonist") on humans. Czeisler investigates how the physiological system works to reset the human central circadian pacemaker, located in the [hypothalamus](/wiki/Hypothalamus "Hypothalamus") and called the [suprachiasmatic nucleus](/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus "Suprachiasmatic nucleus") (SCN).Joseph S. Takahashi, Hee\-Kyung Hong, Caroline H. Ko \& Erin L. McDearmon "The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease" *Nature Reviews Genetics* 9, 764\-775 (October 2008\)[http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v9/n10/full/nrg2430\.html](http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v9/n10/full/nrg2430.html) Among his most salient contributions to this research area are a pair of seminal *Science* original research articles published in 1986{{Cite journal \|last1\=Czeisler \|first1\=C. A. \|last2\=Allan \|first2\=J. S. \|last3\=Strogatz \|first3\=S. H. \|last4\=Ronda \|first4\=J. M. \|last5\=Sánchez \|first5\=R. \|last6\=Ríos \|first6\=C. D. \|last7\=Freitag \|first7\=W. O. \|last8\=Richardson \|first8\=G. S. \|last9\=Kronauer \|first9\=R. E. \|date\=1986\-08\-08 \|title\=Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep\-wake cycle \|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3726555/ \|journal\=Science \|volume\=233 \|issue\=4764 \|pages\=667–671 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.3726555 \|issn\=0036\-8075 \|pmid\=3726555}} and 1989\.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Czeisler \|first1\=C. A. \|last2\=Kronauer \|first2\=R. E. \|last3\=Allan \|first3\=J. S. \|last4\=Duffy \|first4\=J. F. \|last5\=Jewett \|first5\=M. E. \|last6\=Brown \|first6\=E. N. \|last7\=Ronda \|first7\=J. M. \|date\=1989\-06\-16 \|title\=Bright light induction of strong (type 0\) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker \|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2734611/ \|journal\=Science \|volume\=244 \|issue\=4910 \|pages\=1328–1333 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.2734611 \|issn\=0036\-8075 \|pmid\=2734611}} The first, entitled "Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep\-wake cycle," provided convincing evidence that light influences the human circadian pacemaker, contributing to control of daily variations in physiologic, behavioral, and cognitive function. This finding challenged the then\-common idea that synchronization to the 24\-hour day accomplished either through social contacts or the sleep\-wake schedule. This scientific breakthrough was featured on the [front page](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/16/us/recent-findings-on-light-could-be-a-boon-to-sleep.html) of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* in June 1989\. Czeisler then led the discovery that light transduced by non\-visual input (melanopsin activation) could reset the circadian clock in patients without sight.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Klein \|first1\=Torsten \|last2\=Martens \|first2\=Heinz \|last3\=Dijk \|first3\=Derk\-Jan \|last4\=Kronauer \|first4\=Richard E. \|last5\=Seely \|first5\=Ellen W. \|last6\=Czeisler \|first6\=Charles A. \|date\=June 1993 \|title\=Circadian Sleep Regulation in the Absence of Light Perception: Chronic Non\-24\-Hour Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder in a Blind Man With a Regular 24\-Hour Sleep—Wake Schedule \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1093/sleep/16\.4\.333 \|journal\=Sleep \|volume\=16 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=333–343 \|doi\=10\.1093/sleep/16\.4\.333 \|pmid\=8341894 \|issn\=1550\-9109}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Czeisler \|first1\=Charles A. \|last2\=Shanahan \|first2\=Theresa L. \|last3\=Klerman \|first3\=Elizabeth B. \|last4\=Martens \|first4\=Heinz \|last5\=Brotman \|first5\=Daniel J. \|last6\=Emens \|first6\=Jonathan S. \|last7\=Klein \|first7\=Torsten \|last8\=Rizzo \|first8\=Joseph F. \|date\=1995\-01\-05 \|title\=Suppression of Melatonin Secretion in Some Blind Patients by Exposure to Bright Light \|journal\=New England Journal of Medicine \|volume\=332 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=6–11 \|doi\=10\.1056/nejm199501053320102 \|pmid\=7990870 \|issn\=0028\-4793\|doi\-access\=free }} This indicated that some blind humans can [entrain](/wiki/Entrainment_%28chronobiology%29 "Entrainment (chronobiology)") to light through non\-visual photoreceptors. Czeisler found that [intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)](/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell "Photosensitive ganglion cell") influence both the circadian clock and visual perception, indicating that ipRGCs contribute to "visual" light perception even in the absence of rod and cone photoreceptors.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Yamazaki S, Goto M, Menaker M \|year\=1999 \|title\=No Evidence for Extraocular Photoreceptors in the Circadian System of the Syrian Hamster \|journal\=Journal of Biological Rhythms \|volume\=14 \|issue\= 3\|pages\=197–201 \|doi\=10\.1177/074873099129000605\|pmid\=10452331 \|s2cid\=2102758 }} Significantly, this challenged the misconception that rod and cone photoreceptors were the sole receptors for photo\-entrainment in humans.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Münch M, Bromundt V \|date\=Dec 2012 \|title\=Light and chronobiology: implications for health and disease \|journal\=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience \|volume\=14 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=448–53 \|doi\=10\.31887/DCNS.2012\.14\.4/mmuench \|pmc\=3553574 \|pmid\=23393421}}{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Higuchi S, Hida A, Tsujimura S, Mishima K, Yasukouchi A, Lee SI, Kinjyo Y, Miyahira M\|year\=2013 \|title\=Melanopsin Gene Polymorphism I394T Is Associated with Pupillary Light Responses in a Dose\-Dependent Manner \|journal\=PLOS ONE \|volume\=8 \|issue\=3 \|page\=e60310 \|doi\=10\.1371/journal.pone.0060310 \|pmid\=23555953 \|pmc\=3610661\|bibcode\=2013PLoSO...860310H \|doi\-access\=free }} In 2002, Czeisler published a study that defended the long\-held notion that mammals do not have extra\-occular photoreceptors.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Wright \|first1\=Kenneth P. \|last2\=Czeisler \|first2\=Charles A. \|date\=2002\-07\-26 \|title\=Absence of Circadian Phase Resetting in Response to Bright Light Behind the Knees \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1126/science.1071697 \|journal\=Science \|volume\=297 \|issue\=5581 \|pages\=571 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.1071697 \|pmid\=12142528 \|s2cid\=12121143 \|issn\=0036\-8075}} The findings of his study definitively refuted those of the famous 1998 *Science* publication, "Extraocular Circadian Phototransduction in Humans," which had reported that bright light behind the knees can help regulated human circadian photoentrainment. Czeisler's study debunked the 1998 publication. Czeisler has examined the effects of [sleep deprivation](/wiki/Sleep_deprivation "Sleep deprivation") on the sleep\-wake cycle and circadian rhythms, and how this impacts attention performance.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Möller\-Levet CS, Archer SN, Bucca G, Laing EE, Slak A, Kabiljo R, Lo JC, Santhi N, von Schantz M, Smith CP, Dijk DJ\|date\=Mar 2013 \|title\=Effects of insufficient sleep on circadian rhythmicity and expression amplitude of the human blood transcriptome \|journal\=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \|volume\=110 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=E1132–41 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1217154110 \|pmid\=23440187 \|pmc\=3607048\|doi\-access\=free }} He found that bright light duration impacts the circadian pacemaker, [melatonin](/wiki/Melatonin "Melatonin") suppression, and sleepiness."Annual Sleep in American Poll Exploring Connections with Communications Technology Use and Sleep". National Sleep Foundation. March 7, 2011\.[http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/press\-release/annual\-sleep\-america\-poll\-exploring\-connections\-communications\-technology\-use\-](http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/press-release/annual-sleep-america-poll-exploring-connections-communications-technology-use-) He has also discovered that even room lighting can suppress melatonin production and its duration.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Chang \|first1\=Anne\-Marie \|last2\=Aeschbach \|first2\=Daniel \|last3\=Duffy \|first3\=Jeanne F. \|last4\=Czeisler \|first4\=Charles A. \|date\=2015\-01\-27 \|title\=Evening use of light\-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next\-morning alertness \|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \|language\=en \|volume\=112 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=1232–1237 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1418490112 \|issn\=0027\-8424 \|pmc\=4313820 \|pmid\=25535358 \|doi\-access\=free }} Czeisler has also dedicated a portion of his career to examining the effects of light timing, duration, intensity, and wavelength on resetting the pacemaker through ipRGCs, which contain the photopigment [melanopsin](/wiki/Melanopsin "Melanopsin"). Czeisler's work has many important applications. He showed that sleep deprivation could have adverse consequences affecting obesity and diabetes, among other health problems.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Li MD, Li CM, Wang Z\|date\=Sep 2012 \|title\=The role of circadian clocks in metabolic disease \|journal\=Yale J Biol Med \|volume\=85 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=387–401 \|pmc\=3447202 \|pmid\=23012586}} He has also investigated the effects of chronic sleep deprivation and restriction, night shifts, and circadian disruption, on neurobehavioral performance and metabolism.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Kavarana MN, Sade RM\|date\=May 2012 \|title\=Ethical issues in cardiac surgery \|journal\=Future Cardiology \|volume\=8 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=451–65 \|doi\=10\.2217/fca.11\.91 \|pmc\=3374583 \|pmid\=22642634}} Furthermore, Czeisler studied how sleep deprivation impairs the psychomotor performance of night shift workers (2009\-2014\), specifically surgeons (2009\-2013\) and residents (2010\), police officers (2004\-2008\),"Sleep disorders linked to poor health and reduced occupational performance in police officers". National Sleep Foundation. Jan 3, 2012 [http://www.sleepfoundation.org/alert/sleep\-disorders\-linked\-poor\-health\-and\-reduced\-occupational\-performance\-police\-officers](http://www.sleepfoundation.org/alert/sleep-disorders-linked-poor-health-and-reduced-occupational-performance-police-officers) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112021134/http://www.sleepfoundation.org/alert/sleep\-disorders\-linked\-poor\-health\-and\-reduced\-occupational\-performance\-police\-officers\|date\=2012\-01\-12}} and truck drivers (2012\). Other research interests of his include studying wakefulness, sleep deprivation and how it can be prevented, and such influences on the clock as exercise and age. Czeisler's research has been applied to medicine, [space travel](/wiki/Effects_of_sleep_deprivation_in_space "Effects of sleep deprivation in space"), and night occupations including shift\-work. As of August 2023, Czeisler has published more than 300 scientific articles, which have accumulated more than 80,000 citations, leading to an [h\-index](/wiki/H-index "H-index") of 138\.{{Cite web \|title\=Charles A. Czeisler \|url\=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user\=BwXjdhAAAAAJ\&hl\=en \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-08 \|website\=scholar.google.com}} ### Summary of selected contributions * 1980 – Demonstrated that human sleep duration and organization depend on its circadian phase.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Czeisler \|first1\=Charles A. \|last2\=Weitzman \|first2\=Elliot D. \|last3\=Moore\-Ede \|first3\=Martin C. \|last4\=Zimmerman \|first4\=Janet C. \|last5\=Knauer \|first5\=Richard S. \|date\=1980\-12\-12 \|title\=Human Sleep: Its Duration and Organization Depend on Its Circadian Phase \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1126/science.7434029 \|journal\=Science \|volume\=210 \|issue\=4475 \|pages\=1264–1267 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.7434029 \|pmid\=7434029 \|issn\=0036\-8075}} * 1981 – Characterized and named [Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome](/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder "Delayed sleep phase disorder") (aka [Delayed Sleep\-Wake Phase Disorder](/wiki/Delayed_sleep-wake_phase_disorder "Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder")){{Cite journal \|last1\=Weitzman \|first1\=Elliot D. \|last2\=Czeisler \|first2\=Charles A. \|last3\=Coleman \|first3\=Richard M. \|last4\=Spielman \|first4\=Arthur J. \|last5\=Zimmerman \|first5\=Janet C. \|last6\=Dement \|first6\=William \|last7\=Pollak \|first7\=Charles P. \|date\=1981\-07\-01 \|title\=Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome: A Chronobiological Disorder With Sleep\-Onset Insomnia \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1001/archpsyc.1981\.01780320017001 \|journal\=Archives of General Psychiatry \|volume\=38 \|issue\=7 \|pages\=737–746 \|doi\=10\.1001/archpsyc.1981\.01780320017001 \|pmid\=7247637 \|issn\=0003\-990X}} * 1986 – Discovered that light resets the human circadian pacemaker, not social cues or sleep\-wake cycles as previously thought.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Czeisler \|first1\=Charles A. \|last2\=Allan \|first2\=James S. \|last3\=Strogatz \|first3\=Steven H. \|last4\=Ronda \|first4\=Joseph M. \|last5\=Sánchez \|first5\=Ramiro \|last6\=Ríos \|first6\=C. David \|last7\=Freitag \|first7\=Walter O. \|last8\=Richardson \|first8\=Gary S. \|last9\=Kronauer \|first9\=Richard E. \|date\=1986\-08\-08 \|title\=Bright Light Resets the Human Circadian Pacemaker Independent of the Timing of the Sleep\-Wake Cycle \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1126/science.3726555 \|journal\=Science \|volume\=233 \|issue\=4764 \|pages\=667–671 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.3726555 \|pmid\=3726555 \|issn\=0036\-8075}} * 1989 – Characterized the profound sensitivity of the human circadian clock to light.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Czeisler \|first1\=Charles A. \|last2\=Kronauer \|first2\=Richard E. \|last3\=Allan \|first3\=James S. \|last4\=Duffy \|first4\=Jeanne F. \|last5\=Jewett \|first5\=Megan E. \|last6\=Brown \|first6\=Emery N. \|last7\=Ronda \|first7\=Joseph M. \|date\=1989\-06\-16 \|title\=Bright Light Induction of Strong (Type 0\) Resetting of the Human Circadian Pacemaker \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1126/science.2734611 \|journal\=Science \|volume\=244 \|issue\=4910 \|pages\=1328–1333 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.2734611 \|pmid\=2734611 \|issn\=0036\-8075}} * 1995 – Discovered that blind people can still retain sleep rhythms if their eyes remain intact.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Ca \|first1\=Czeisler \|last2\=Tl \|first2\=Shanahan \|last3\=Eb \|first3\=Klerman \|last4\=H \|first4\=Martens \|last5\=Dj \|first5\=Brotman \|last6\=Js \|first6\=Emens \|last7\=T \|first7\=Klein \|last8\=Jf \|first8\=Rizzo \|date\=1995\-01\-05 \|title\=Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light \|journal\=The New England Journal of Medicine \|language\=en \|volume\=332 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=6–11 \|doi\=10\.1056/NEJM199501053320102 \|issn\=0028\-4793 \|pmid\=7990870\|doi\-access\=free }} * 1996 – Characterization of the dose\-response relationship between light and circadian phase{{Cite journal \|last1\=Boivin \|first1\=D. B. \|last2\=Duffy \|first2\=J. F. \|last3\=Kronauer \|first3\=R. E. \|last4\=Czeisler \|first4\=C. A. \|date\=1996\-02\-08 \|title\=Dose\-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light \|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8596632/ \|journal\=Nature \|volume\=379 \|issue\=6565 \|pages\=540–542 \|doi\=10\.1038/379540a0 \|issn\=0028\-0836 \|pmid\=8596632\|s2cid\=4307825 }} * 1999 – Determined that the average intrinsic circadian period in humans is 24\.18 hours, not over 25 hours as previously thought.{{cite journal \|pmid\=10381883 \|volume\=284 \|issue\=5423 \|title\=Stability, precision, and near\-24\-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. \|date\=June 1999 \|journal\=Science \|pages\=2177–81 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.284\.5423\.2177 \|vauthors\=Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, Brown EN, Mitchell JF, Rimmer DW, Ronda JM, Silva EJ, Allan JS, Emens JS, Dijk DJ, Kronauer RE\|s2cid\=8516106 }} * 2002 – Invalidated reported findings of a study claiming bright light behind the knees impacted human circadian rhythms.Post, Sarah. "Bright Light behind the Knees Is Just Bright Light behind the Knees." Genome News Network. Craig Venter Institute, 16 Aug. 2002\. Web. 22 Apr. 2013\.<http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/08_02/bright_knees.shtml>Campbell, Scott S., and Patricia S. Murphy. "Extraocular Circadian Phototransduction in Humans." Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 16 Jan. 1998\. Web. 23 Apr. 2013\.[https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10\.1126/science.279\.5349\.396](https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.279.5349.396) * 2004 and 2005 – Demonstrated the risks of extended\-duration shifts by medical residents, and health and performance benefits of reduced work hours.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Lockley \|first1\=Steven W. \|last2\=Cronin \|first2\=John W. \|last3\=Evans \|first3\=Erin E. \|last4\=Cade \|first4\=Brian E. \|last5\=Lee \|first5\=Clark J. \|last6\=Landrigan \|first6\=Christopher P. \|last7\=Rothschild \|first7\=Jeffrey M. \|last8\=Katz \|first8\=Joel T. \|last9\=Lilly \|first9\=Craig M. \|last10\=Stone \|first10\=Peter H. \|last11\=Aeschbach \|first11\=Daniel \|last12\=Czeisler \|first12\=Charles A. \|last13\=Harvard Work Hours, Health and Safety Group \|date\=2004\-10\-28 \|title\=Effect of reducing interns' weekly work hours on sleep and attentional failures \|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15509816/ \|journal\=The New England Journal of Medicine \|volume\=351 \|issue\=18 \|pages\=1829–1837 \|doi\=10\.1056/NEJMoa041404 \|issn\=1533\-4406 \|pmid\=15509816\|doi\-access\=free }}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Landrigan \|first1\=Christopher P. \|last2\=Rothschild \|first2\=Jeffrey M. \|last3\=Cronin \|first3\=John W. \|last4\=Kaushal \|first4\=Rainu \|last5\=Burdick \|first5\=Elisabeth \|last6\=Katz \|first6\=Joel T. \|last7\=Lilly \|first7\=Craig M. \|last8\=Stone \|first8\=Peter H. \|last9\=Lockley \|first9\=Steven W. \|last10\=Bates \|first10\=David W. \|last11\=Czeisler \|first11\=Charles A. \|date\=2004\-10\-28 \|title\=Effect of reducing interns' work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units \|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15509817/ \|journal\=The New England Journal of Medicine \|volume\=351 \|issue\=18 \|pages\=1838–1848 \|doi\=10\.1056/NEJMoa041406 \|issn\=1533\-4406 \|pmid\=15509817\|doi\-access\=free }}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Barger \|first1\=Laura K. \|last2\=Cade \|first2\=Brian E. \|last3\=Ayas \|first3\=Najib T. \|last4\=Cronin \|first4\=John W. \|last5\=Rosner \|first5\=Bernard \|last6\=Speizer \|first6\=Frank E. \|last7\=Czeisler \|first7\=Charles A. \|last8\=Harvard Work Hours, Health, and Safety Group \|date\=2005\-01\-13 \|title\=Extended work shifts and the risk of motor vehicle crashes among interns \|journal\=The New England Journal of Medicine \|volume\=352 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=125–134 \|doi\=10\.1056/NEJMoa041401 \|issn\=1533\-4406 \|pmid\=15647575\|doi\-access\=free }} * 2006 – Published on the benefit of modafinil for excessive sleepiness in people with shift work disorder.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Czeisler \|first1\=Charles A. \|last2\=Walsh \|first2\=James K. \|last3\=Roth \|first3\=Thomas \|last4\=Hughes \|first4\=Rod J. \|last5\=Wright \|first5\=Kenneth P. \|last6\=Kingsbury \|first6\=Lilliam \|last7\=Arora \|first7\=Sanjay \|last8\=Schwartz \|first8\=Jonathan R. L. \|last9\=Niebler \|first9\=Gwendolyn E. \|last10\=Dinges \|first10\=David F. \|last11\=U.S. Modafinil in Shift Work Sleep Disorder Study Group \|date\=2005\-08\-04 \|title\=Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift\-work sleep disorder \|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16079371/ \|journal\=The New England Journal of Medicine \|volume\=353 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=476–486 \|doi\=10\.1056/NEJMoa041292 \|issn\=1533\-4406 \|pmid\=16079371\|doi\-access\=free }} * 2011 – Discovered that women have, on average, shorter intrinsic circadian periods than men{{Cite journal \|last1\=Duffy \|first1\=Jeanne F. \|last2\=Cain \|first2\=Sean W. \|last3\=Chang \|first3\=Anne\-Marie \|last4\=Phillips \|first4\=Andrew J. K. \|last5\=Münch \|first5\=Mirjam Y. \|last6\=Gronfier \|first6\=Claude \|last7\=Wyatt \|first7\=James K. \|last8\=Dijk \|first8\=Derk\-Jan \|last9\=Wright \|first9\=Kenneth P. \|last10\=Czeisler \|first10\=Charles A. \|date\=2011\-09\-13 \|title\=Sex difference in the near\-24\-hour intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system \|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \|volume\=108 \|issue\=Suppl 3 \|pages\=15602–15608 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1010666108 \|issn\=1091\-6490 \|pmc\=3176605 \|pmid\=21536890 \|doi\-access\=free }} * 2012 – Demonstrated that prolonged sleep restriction with concurrent circadian disruption impairs glucose regulation and metabolism{{Cite journal \|last1\=Buxton \|first1\=Orfeu M. \|last2\=Cain \|first2\=Sean W. \|last3\=O’Connor \|first3\=Shawn P. \|last4\=Porter \|first4\=James H. \|last5\=Duffy \|first5\=Jeanne F. \|last6\=Wang \|first6\=Wei \|last7\=Czeisler \|first7\=Charles A. \|last8\=Shea \|first8\=Steven A. \|date\=2012\-04\-11 \|title\=Adverse Metabolic Consequences in Humans of Prolonged Sleep Restriction Combined with Circadian Disruption \|journal\=Science Translational Medicine \|language\=en \|volume\=4 \|issue\=129 \|pages\=129ra43 \|doi\=10\.1126/scitranslmed.3003200 \|issn\=1946\-6234 \|pmc\=3678519 \|pmid\=22496545}} * 2015 – Revealed that evening use of light\-emitting devices negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next\-morning alertness{{Cite journal \|last1\=Chang \|first1\=Anne\-Marie \|last2\=Aeschbach \|first2\=Daniel \|last3\=Duffy \|first3\=Jeanne F. \|last4\=Czeisler \|first4\=Charles A. \|date\=2015\-01\-27 \|title\=Evening use of light\-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next\-morning alertness \|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \|volume\=112 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=1232–1237 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1418490112 \|issn\=1091\-6490 \|pmc\=4313820 \|pmid\=25535358 \|doi\-access\=free }}
[ "Research interests\n------------------", "Czeisler's research focus is the neurobiology of human [circadian rhythm](/wiki/Circadian_rhythms \"Circadian rhythms\"), the functions and physiology of [sleep](/wiki/Sleep \"Sleep\"), the [epidemiology](/wiki/Epidemiology \"Epidemiology\") and public health consequences of [sleep disorders](/wiki/Sleep_disorder \"Sleep disorder\"), and the applications of circadian and sleep principles in clinical medicine and [occupational safety and health](/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health \"Occupational safety and health\"). He also examines the relationship between the circadian oscillator and sleep homeostasis, including a landmark 1980 *[Science](/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 \"Science (journal)\")* paper demonstrating that sleep episodes were correlated with the circadian phase of the body temperature rhythm at bedtime and not with the length of prior wakefulness.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Czeisler \\|first1\\=C. A. \\|last2\\=Weitzman \\|first2\\=E. d \\|last3\\=Moore\\-Ede \\|first3\\=M. C. \\|last4\\=Zimmerman \\|first4\\=J. C. \\|last5\\=Knauer \\|first5\\=R. S. \\|date\\=1980\\-12\\-12 \\|title\\=Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase \\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7434029/ \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=210 \\|issue\\=4475 \\|pages\\=1264–1267 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.7434029 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8075 \\|pmid\\=7434029}} Czeisler's research interests encompass many areas, including the effects of light on human circadian rhythms, the role of sleep and circadian rhythms in metabolism, the impact of [shift work](/wiki/Shift_work \"Shift work\") on health and productivity, and the effects of [melatonin](/wiki/Melatonin \"Melatonin\") and [melatonin receptor agonists](/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_agonist \"Melatonin receptor agonist\") on humans.", "Czeisler investigates how the physiological system works to reset the human central circadian pacemaker, located in the [hypothalamus](/wiki/Hypothalamus \"Hypothalamus\") and called the [suprachiasmatic nucleus](/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus \"Suprachiasmatic nucleus\") (SCN).Joseph S. Takahashi, Hee\\-Kyung Hong, Caroline H. Ko \\& Erin L. McDearmon \"The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease\" *Nature Reviews Genetics* 9, 764\\-775 (October 2008\\)[http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v9/n10/full/nrg2430\\.html](http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v9/n10/full/nrg2430.html) Among his most salient contributions to this research area are a pair of seminal *Science* original research articles published in 1986{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Czeisler \\|first1\\=C. A. \\|last2\\=Allan \\|first2\\=J. S. \\|last3\\=Strogatz \\|first3\\=S. H. \\|last4\\=Ronda \\|first4\\=J. M. \\|last5\\=Sánchez \\|first5\\=R. \\|last6\\=Ríos \\|first6\\=C. D. \\|last7\\=Freitag \\|first7\\=W. O. \\|last8\\=Richardson \\|first8\\=G. S. \\|last9\\=Kronauer \\|first9\\=R. E. \\|date\\=1986\\-08\\-08 \\|title\\=Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep\\-wake cycle \\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3726555/ \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=233 \\|issue\\=4764 \\|pages\\=667–671 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.3726555 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8075 \\|pmid\\=3726555}} and 1989\\.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Czeisler \\|first1\\=C. A. \\|last2\\=Kronauer \\|first2\\=R. E. \\|last3\\=Allan \\|first3\\=J. S. \\|last4\\=Duffy \\|first4\\=J. F. \\|last5\\=Jewett \\|first5\\=M. E. \\|last6\\=Brown \\|first6\\=E. N. \\|last7\\=Ronda \\|first7\\=J. M. \\|date\\=1989\\-06\\-16 \\|title\\=Bright light induction of strong (type 0\\) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker \\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2734611/ \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=244 \\|issue\\=4910 \\|pages\\=1328–1333 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.2734611 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8075 \\|pmid\\=2734611}} The first, entitled \"Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep\\-wake cycle,\" provided convincing evidence that light influences the human circadian pacemaker, contributing to control of daily variations in physiologic, behavioral, and cognitive function. This finding challenged the then\\-common idea that synchronization to the 24\\-hour day accomplished either through social contacts or the sleep\\-wake schedule. This scientific breakthrough was featured on the [front page](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/16/us/recent-findings-on-light-could-be-a-boon-to-sleep.html) of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* in June 1989\\.", "Czeisler then led the discovery that light transduced by non\\-visual input (melanopsin activation) could reset the circadian clock in patients without sight.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Klein \\|first1\\=Torsten \\|last2\\=Martens \\|first2\\=Heinz \\|last3\\=Dijk \\|first3\\=Derk\\-Jan \\|last4\\=Kronauer \\|first4\\=Richard E. \\|last5\\=Seely \\|first5\\=Ellen W. \\|last6\\=Czeisler \\|first6\\=Charles A. \\|date\\=June 1993 \\|title\\=Circadian Sleep Regulation in the Absence of Light Perception: Chronic Non\\-24\\-Hour Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder in a Blind Man With a Regular 24\\-Hour Sleep—Wake Schedule \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1093/sleep/16\\.4\\.333 \\|journal\\=Sleep \\|volume\\=16 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=333–343 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/sleep/16\\.4\\.333 \\|pmid\\=8341894 \\|issn\\=1550\\-9109}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Czeisler \\|first1\\=Charles A. \\|last2\\=Shanahan \\|first2\\=Theresa L. \\|last3\\=Klerman \\|first3\\=Elizabeth B. \\|last4\\=Martens \\|first4\\=Heinz \\|last5\\=Brotman \\|first5\\=Daniel J. \\|last6\\=Emens \\|first6\\=Jonathan S. \\|last7\\=Klein \\|first7\\=Torsten \\|last8\\=Rizzo \\|first8\\=Joseph F. \\|date\\=1995\\-01\\-05 \\|title\\=Suppression of Melatonin Secretion in Some Blind Patients by Exposure to Bright Light \\|journal\\=New England Journal of Medicine \\|volume\\=332 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=6–11 \\|doi\\=10\\.1056/nejm199501053320102 \\|pmid\\=7990870 \\|issn\\=0028\\-4793\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} This indicated that some blind humans can [entrain](/wiki/Entrainment_%28chronobiology%29 \"Entrainment (chronobiology)\") to light through non\\-visual photoreceptors. Czeisler found that [intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)](/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell \"Photosensitive ganglion cell\") influence both the circadian clock and visual perception, indicating that ipRGCs contribute to \"visual\" light perception even in the absence of rod and cone photoreceptors.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Yamazaki S, Goto M, Menaker M \\|year\\=1999 \\|title\\=No Evidence for Extraocular Photoreceptors in the Circadian System of the Syrian Hamster \\|journal\\=Journal of Biological Rhythms \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\= 3\\|pages\\=197–201 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/074873099129000605\\|pmid\\=10452331 \\|s2cid\\=2102758 }} Significantly, this challenged the misconception that rod and cone photoreceptors were the sole receptors for photo\\-entrainment in humans.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Münch M, Bromundt V \\|date\\=Dec 2012 \\|title\\=Light and chronobiology: implications for health and disease \\|journal\\=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=448–53 \\|doi\\=10\\.31887/DCNS.2012\\.14\\.4/mmuench \\|pmc\\=3553574 \\|pmid\\=23393421}}{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Higuchi S, Hida A, Tsujimura S, Mishima K, Yasukouchi A, Lee SI, Kinjyo Y, Miyahira M\\|year\\=2013 \\|title\\=Melanopsin Gene Polymorphism I394T Is Associated with Pupillary Light Responses in a Dose\\-Dependent Manner \\|journal\\=PLOS ONE \\|volume\\=8 \\|issue\\=3 \\|page\\=e60310 \\|doi\\=10\\.1371/journal.pone.0060310 \\|pmid\\=23555953 \\|pmc\\=3610661\\|bibcode\\=2013PLoSO...860310H \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} In 2002, Czeisler published a study that defended the long\\-held notion that mammals do not have extra\\-occular photoreceptors.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Wright \\|first1\\=Kenneth P. \\|last2\\=Czeisler \\|first2\\=Charles A. \\|date\\=2002\\-07\\-26 \\|title\\=Absence of Circadian Phase Resetting in Response to Bright Light Behind the Knees \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1126/science.1071697 \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=297 \\|issue\\=5581 \\|pages\\=571 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.1071697 \\|pmid\\=12142528 \\|s2cid\\=12121143 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8075}} The findings of his study definitively refuted those of the famous 1998 *Science* publication, \"Extraocular Circadian Phototransduction in Humans,\" which had reported that bright light behind the knees can help regulated human circadian photoentrainment. Czeisler's study debunked the 1998 publication.", "Czeisler has examined the effects of [sleep deprivation](/wiki/Sleep_deprivation \"Sleep deprivation\") on the sleep\\-wake cycle and circadian rhythms, and how this impacts attention performance.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Möller\\-Levet CS, Archer SN, Bucca G, Laing EE, Slak A, Kabiljo R, Lo JC, Santhi N, von Schantz M, Smith CP, Dijk DJ\\|date\\=Mar 2013 \\|title\\=Effects of insufficient sleep on circadian rhythmicity and expression amplitude of the human blood transcriptome \\|journal\\=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \\|volume\\=110 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=E1132–41 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1217154110 \\|pmid\\=23440187 \\|pmc\\=3607048\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} He found that bright light duration impacts the circadian pacemaker, [melatonin](/wiki/Melatonin \"Melatonin\") suppression, and sleepiness.\"Annual Sleep in American Poll Exploring Connections with Communications Technology Use and Sleep\". National Sleep Foundation. March 7, 2011\\.[http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/press\\-release/annual\\-sleep\\-america\\-poll\\-exploring\\-connections\\-communications\\-technology\\-use\\-](http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/press-release/annual-sleep-america-poll-exploring-connections-communications-technology-use-) He has also discovered that even room lighting can suppress melatonin production and its duration.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Chang \\|first1\\=Anne\\-Marie \\|last2\\=Aeschbach \\|first2\\=Daniel \\|last3\\=Duffy \\|first3\\=Jeanne F. \\|last4\\=Czeisler \\|first4\\=Charles A. \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-27 \\|title\\=Evening use of light\\-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next\\-morning alertness \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=112 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=1232–1237 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1418490112 \\|issn\\=0027\\-8424 \\|pmc\\=4313820 \\|pmid\\=25535358 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Czeisler has also dedicated a portion of his career to examining the effects of light timing, duration, intensity, and wavelength on resetting the pacemaker through ipRGCs, which contain the photopigment [melanopsin](/wiki/Melanopsin \"Melanopsin\").", "Czeisler's work has many important applications. He showed that sleep deprivation could have adverse consequences affecting obesity and diabetes, among other health problems.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Li MD, Li CM, Wang Z\\|date\\=Sep 2012 \\|title\\=The role of circadian clocks in metabolic disease \\|journal\\=Yale J Biol Med \\|volume\\=85 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=387–401 \\|pmc\\=3447202 \\|pmid\\=23012586}} He has also investigated the effects of chronic sleep deprivation and restriction, night shifts, and circadian disruption, on neurobehavioral performance and metabolism.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Kavarana MN, Sade RM\\|date\\=May 2012 \\|title\\=Ethical issues in cardiac surgery \\|journal\\=Future Cardiology \\|volume\\=8 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=451–65 \\|doi\\=10\\.2217/fca.11\\.91 \\|pmc\\=3374583 \\|pmid\\=22642634}} Furthermore, Czeisler studied how sleep deprivation impairs the psychomotor performance of night shift workers (2009\\-2014\\), specifically surgeons (2009\\-2013\\) and residents (2010\\), police officers (2004\\-2008\\),\"Sleep disorders linked to poor health and reduced occupational performance in police officers\". National Sleep Foundation. Jan 3, 2012 [http://www.sleepfoundation.org/alert/sleep\\-disorders\\-linked\\-poor\\-health\\-and\\-reduced\\-occupational\\-performance\\-police\\-officers](http://www.sleepfoundation.org/alert/sleep-disorders-linked-poor-health-and-reduced-occupational-performance-police-officers) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112021134/http://www.sleepfoundation.org/alert/sleep\\-disorders\\-linked\\-poor\\-health\\-and\\-reduced\\-occupational\\-performance\\-police\\-officers\\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-12}} and truck drivers (2012\\). Other research interests of his include studying wakefulness, sleep deprivation and how it can be prevented, and such influences on the clock as exercise and age. Czeisler's research has been applied to medicine, [space travel](/wiki/Effects_of_sleep_deprivation_in_space \"Effects of sleep deprivation in space\"), and night occupations including shift\\-work.", "As of August 2023, Czeisler has published more than 300 scientific articles, which have accumulated more than 80,000 citations, leading to an [h\\-index](/wiki/H-index \"H-index\") of 138\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Charles A. Czeisler \\|url\\=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user\\=BwXjdhAAAAAJ\\&hl\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-08 \\|website\\=scholar.google.com}}", "### Summary of selected contributions", "* 1980 – Demonstrated that human sleep duration and organization depend on its circadian phase.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Czeisler \\|first1\\=Charles A. \\|last2\\=Weitzman \\|first2\\=Elliot D. \\|last3\\=Moore\\-Ede \\|first3\\=Martin C. \\|last4\\=Zimmerman \\|first4\\=Janet C. \\|last5\\=Knauer \\|first5\\=Richard S. \\|date\\=1980\\-12\\-12 \\|title\\=Human Sleep: Its Duration and Organization Depend on Its Circadian Phase \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1126/science.7434029 \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=210 \\|issue\\=4475 \\|pages\\=1264–1267 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.7434029 \\|pmid\\=7434029 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8075}}\n* 1981 – Characterized and named [Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome](/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder \"Delayed sleep phase disorder\") (aka [Delayed Sleep\\-Wake Phase Disorder](/wiki/Delayed_sleep-wake_phase_disorder \"Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder\")){{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Weitzman \\|first1\\=Elliot D. \\|last2\\=Czeisler \\|first2\\=Charles A. \\|last3\\=Coleman \\|first3\\=Richard M. \\|last4\\=Spielman \\|first4\\=Arthur J. \\|last5\\=Zimmerman \\|first5\\=Janet C. \\|last6\\=Dement \\|first6\\=William \\|last7\\=Pollak \\|first7\\=Charles P. \\|date\\=1981\\-07\\-01 \\|title\\=Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome: A Chronobiological Disorder With Sleep\\-Onset Insomnia \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1001/archpsyc.1981\\.01780320017001 \\|journal\\=Archives of General Psychiatry \\|volume\\=38 \\|issue\\=7 \\|pages\\=737–746 \\|doi\\=10\\.1001/archpsyc.1981\\.01780320017001 \\|pmid\\=7247637 \\|issn\\=0003\\-990X}}\n* 1986 – Discovered that light resets the human circadian pacemaker, not social cues or sleep\\-wake cycles as previously thought.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Czeisler \\|first1\\=Charles A. \\|last2\\=Allan \\|first2\\=James S. \\|last3\\=Strogatz \\|first3\\=Steven H. \\|last4\\=Ronda \\|first4\\=Joseph M. \\|last5\\=Sánchez \\|first5\\=Ramiro \\|last6\\=Ríos \\|first6\\=C. David \\|last7\\=Freitag \\|first7\\=Walter O. \\|last8\\=Richardson \\|first8\\=Gary S. \\|last9\\=Kronauer \\|first9\\=Richard E. \\|date\\=1986\\-08\\-08 \\|title\\=Bright Light Resets the Human Circadian Pacemaker Independent of the Timing of the Sleep\\-Wake Cycle \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1126/science.3726555 \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=233 \\|issue\\=4764 \\|pages\\=667–671 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.3726555 \\|pmid\\=3726555 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8075}}\n* 1989 – Characterized the profound sensitivity of the human circadian clock to light.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Czeisler \\|first1\\=Charles A. \\|last2\\=Kronauer \\|first2\\=Richard E. \\|last3\\=Allan \\|first3\\=James S. \\|last4\\=Duffy \\|first4\\=Jeanne F. \\|last5\\=Jewett \\|first5\\=Megan E. \\|last6\\=Brown \\|first6\\=Emery N. \\|last7\\=Ronda \\|first7\\=Joseph M. \\|date\\=1989\\-06\\-16 \\|title\\=Bright Light Induction of Strong (Type 0\\) Resetting of the Human Circadian Pacemaker \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1126/science.2734611 \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=244 \\|issue\\=4910 \\|pages\\=1328–1333 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.2734611 \\|pmid\\=2734611 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8075}}\n* 1995 – Discovered that blind people can still retain sleep rhythms if their eyes remain intact.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Ca \\|first1\\=Czeisler \\|last2\\=Tl \\|first2\\=Shanahan \\|last3\\=Eb \\|first3\\=Klerman \\|last4\\=H \\|first4\\=Martens \\|last5\\=Dj \\|first5\\=Brotman \\|last6\\=Js \\|first6\\=Emens \\|last7\\=T \\|first7\\=Klein \\|last8\\=Jf \\|first8\\=Rizzo \\|date\\=1995\\-01\\-05 \\|title\\=Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light \\|journal\\=The New England Journal of Medicine \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=332 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=6–11 \\|doi\\=10\\.1056/NEJM199501053320102 \\|issn\\=0028\\-4793 \\|pmid\\=7990870\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}\n* 1996 – Characterization of the dose\\-response relationship between light and circadian phase{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Boivin \\|first1\\=D. B. \\|last2\\=Duffy \\|first2\\=J. F. \\|last3\\=Kronauer \\|first3\\=R. E. \\|last4\\=Czeisler \\|first4\\=C. A. \\|date\\=1996\\-02\\-08 \\|title\\=Dose\\-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light \\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8596632/ \\|journal\\=Nature \\|volume\\=379 \\|issue\\=6565 \\|pages\\=540–542 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/379540a0 \\|issn\\=0028\\-0836 \\|pmid\\=8596632\\|s2cid\\=4307825 }}\n* 1999 – Determined that the average intrinsic circadian period in humans is 24\\.18 hours, not over 25 hours as previously thought.{{cite journal \\|pmid\\=10381883 \\|volume\\=284 \\|issue\\=5423 \\|title\\=Stability, precision, and near\\-24\\-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. \\|date\\=June 1999 \\|journal\\=Science \\|pages\\=2177–81 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.284\\.5423\\.2177 \\|vauthors\\=Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, Brown EN, Mitchell JF, Rimmer DW, Ronda JM, Silva EJ, Allan JS, Emens JS, Dijk DJ, Kronauer RE\\|s2cid\\=8516106 }}\n* 2002 – Invalidated reported findings of a study claiming bright light behind the knees impacted human circadian rhythms.Post, Sarah. \"Bright Light behind the Knees Is Just Bright Light behind the Knees.\" Genome News Network. Craig Venter Institute, 16 Aug. 2002\\. Web. 22 Apr. 2013\\.<http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/08_02/bright_knees.shtml>Campbell, Scott S., and Patricia S. Murphy. \"Extraocular Circadian Phototransduction in Humans.\" Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 16 Jan. 1998\\. Web. 23 Apr. 2013\\.[https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10\\.1126/science.279\\.5349\\.396](https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.279.5349.396)\n* 2004 and 2005 – Demonstrated the risks of extended\\-duration shifts by medical residents, and health and performance benefits of reduced work hours.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Lockley \\|first1\\=Steven W. \\|last2\\=Cronin \\|first2\\=John W. \\|last3\\=Evans \\|first3\\=Erin E. \\|last4\\=Cade \\|first4\\=Brian E. \\|last5\\=Lee \\|first5\\=Clark J. \\|last6\\=Landrigan \\|first6\\=Christopher P. \\|last7\\=Rothschild \\|first7\\=Jeffrey M. \\|last8\\=Katz \\|first8\\=Joel T. \\|last9\\=Lilly \\|first9\\=Craig M. \\|last10\\=Stone \\|first10\\=Peter H. \\|last11\\=Aeschbach \\|first11\\=Daniel \\|last12\\=Czeisler \\|first12\\=Charles A. \\|last13\\=Harvard Work Hours, Health and Safety Group \\|date\\=2004\\-10\\-28 \\|title\\=Effect of reducing interns' weekly work hours on sleep and attentional failures \\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15509816/ \\|journal\\=The New England Journal of Medicine \\|volume\\=351 \\|issue\\=18 \\|pages\\=1829–1837 \\|doi\\=10\\.1056/NEJMoa041404 \\|issn\\=1533\\-4406 \\|pmid\\=15509816\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Landrigan \\|first1\\=Christopher P. \\|last2\\=Rothschild \\|first2\\=Jeffrey M. \\|last3\\=Cronin \\|first3\\=John W. \\|last4\\=Kaushal \\|first4\\=Rainu \\|last5\\=Burdick \\|first5\\=Elisabeth \\|last6\\=Katz \\|first6\\=Joel T. \\|last7\\=Lilly \\|first7\\=Craig M. \\|last8\\=Stone \\|first8\\=Peter H. \\|last9\\=Lockley \\|first9\\=Steven W. \\|last10\\=Bates \\|first10\\=David W. \\|last11\\=Czeisler \\|first11\\=Charles A. \\|date\\=2004\\-10\\-28 \\|title\\=Effect of reducing interns' work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units \\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15509817/ \\|journal\\=The New England Journal of Medicine \\|volume\\=351 \\|issue\\=18 \\|pages\\=1838–1848 \\|doi\\=10\\.1056/NEJMoa041406 \\|issn\\=1533\\-4406 \\|pmid\\=15509817\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Barger \\|first1\\=Laura K. \\|last2\\=Cade \\|first2\\=Brian E. \\|last3\\=Ayas \\|first3\\=Najib T. \\|last4\\=Cronin \\|first4\\=John W. \\|last5\\=Rosner \\|first5\\=Bernard \\|last6\\=Speizer \\|first6\\=Frank E. \\|last7\\=Czeisler \\|first7\\=Charles A. \\|last8\\=Harvard Work Hours, Health, and Safety Group \\|date\\=2005\\-01\\-13 \\|title\\=Extended work shifts and the risk of motor vehicle crashes among interns \\|journal\\=The New England Journal of Medicine \\|volume\\=352 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=125–134 \\|doi\\=10\\.1056/NEJMoa041401 \\|issn\\=1533\\-4406 \\|pmid\\=15647575\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}\n* 2006 – Published on the benefit of modafinil for excessive sleepiness in people with shift work disorder.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Czeisler \\|first1\\=Charles A. \\|last2\\=Walsh \\|first2\\=James K. \\|last3\\=Roth \\|first3\\=Thomas \\|last4\\=Hughes \\|first4\\=Rod J. \\|last5\\=Wright \\|first5\\=Kenneth P. \\|last6\\=Kingsbury \\|first6\\=Lilliam \\|last7\\=Arora \\|first7\\=Sanjay \\|last8\\=Schwartz \\|first8\\=Jonathan R. L. \\|last9\\=Niebler \\|first9\\=Gwendolyn E. \\|last10\\=Dinges \\|first10\\=David F. \\|last11\\=U.S. Modafinil in Shift Work Sleep Disorder Study Group \\|date\\=2005\\-08\\-04 \\|title\\=Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift\\-work sleep disorder \\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16079371/ \\|journal\\=The New England Journal of Medicine \\|volume\\=353 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=476–486 \\|doi\\=10\\.1056/NEJMoa041292 \\|issn\\=1533\\-4406 \\|pmid\\=16079371\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}\n* 2011 – Discovered that women have, on average, shorter intrinsic circadian periods than men{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Duffy \\|first1\\=Jeanne F. \\|last2\\=Cain \\|first2\\=Sean W. \\|last3\\=Chang \\|first3\\=Anne\\-Marie \\|last4\\=Phillips \\|first4\\=Andrew J. K. \\|last5\\=Münch \\|first5\\=Mirjam Y. \\|last6\\=Gronfier \\|first6\\=Claude \\|last7\\=Wyatt \\|first7\\=James K. \\|last8\\=Dijk \\|first8\\=Derk\\-Jan \\|last9\\=Wright \\|first9\\=Kenneth P. \\|last10\\=Czeisler \\|first10\\=Charles A. \\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-13 \\|title\\=Sex difference in the near\\-24\\-hour intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\|volume\\=108 \\|issue\\=Suppl 3 \\|pages\\=15602–15608 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1010666108 \\|issn\\=1091\\-6490 \\|pmc\\=3176605 \\|pmid\\=21536890 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}\n* 2012 – Demonstrated that prolonged sleep restriction with concurrent circadian disruption impairs glucose regulation and metabolism{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Buxton \\|first1\\=Orfeu M. \\|last2\\=Cain \\|first2\\=Sean W. \\|last3\\=O’Connor \\|first3\\=Shawn P. \\|last4\\=Porter \\|first4\\=James H. \\|last5\\=Duffy \\|first5\\=Jeanne F. \\|last6\\=Wang \\|first6\\=Wei \\|last7\\=Czeisler \\|first7\\=Charles A. \\|last8\\=Shea \\|first8\\=Steven A. \\|date\\=2012\\-04\\-11 \\|title\\=Adverse Metabolic Consequences in Humans of Prolonged Sleep Restriction Combined with Circadian Disruption \\|journal\\=Science Translational Medicine \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=129 \\|pages\\=129ra43 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/scitranslmed.3003200 \\|issn\\=1946\\-6234 \\|pmc\\=3678519 \\|pmid\\=22496545}}\n* 2015 – Revealed that evening use of light\\-emitting devices negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next\\-morning alertness{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Chang \\|first1\\=Anne\\-Marie \\|last2\\=Aeschbach \\|first2\\=Daniel \\|last3\\=Duffy \\|first3\\=Jeanne F. \\|last4\\=Czeisler \\|first4\\=Charles A. \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-27 \\|title\\=Evening use of light\\-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next\\-morning alertness \\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \\|volume\\=112 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=1232–1237 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1418490112 \\|issn\\=1091\\-6490 \\|pmc\\=4313820 \\|pmid\\=25535358 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}" ]
Advocacy in sleep health and occupational safety ------------------------------------------------ In a 1999 interview with the Harvard Gazette regarding his team's characterization of a near\-24\-hour human circadian period, Czeisler noted that "accepting the near\-24\-hour period means that all the ideas about daily human rhythms that we take for granted must be rethought.""Human Biological Clock Set Back an Hour." Human Biological Clock Set Back an Hour. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013\. Understanding the internal circadian period makes problems dealing with jet\-lag, night shifts, and sleep schedules in orbit more approachable Guided by the significant real\-life implications of his research, Czeisler is a strong advocate for healthy sleep habits. In consulting with the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics"), [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers "Portland Trail Blazers"), and [Minnesota Timberwolves](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves "Minnesota Timberwolves") for the [National Basketball Association](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") (NBA) and [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns") for the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") (NFL), he emphasized sleep as the "third pillar of health" alongside nutrition and exercise.Ortiz, Maria B. "To Sleep, Perchance to Win." ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures, 4 December 2009\. Web. 23 April 2013\. He instituted structural changes to the teams' schedules to allow for healthier sleep habits, including pushing morning practices into the afternoon and the '2 a.m. rule' which prevents players from traveling if they are going to arrive at their hotel later than 2:00 am.Flannery, Paul. "Person of Interest: Charles Czeisler." *Boston Magazine*. Metrocorp Inc., May 2011\. Web. 22 Apr. 2013\. According to Czeisler, sleep deficiency poses a significant individual and public health hazard as demonstrated by the significant contribution of drowsiness to workplace accidents and motor vehicle accidents. In an interview with the Harvard Business Review, he explains that companies should seek to address this problem by setting behavioral expectations and scheduling policies for employees to avoid accruing sleep deficit.Czeisler, Charles. "Sleep Deficit: The Performance Killer A Conversation with Charles A. Czeisler by Bronwyn Fryer." Harvard Business Review. Bronwyn Fryer. Boston: Harvard Business Review, October 2006\. In order to implement improved occupational sleep scheduling and sleep health standards as effective public policy, Czeisler has served on and consulted to numerous national and international health advisory agencies. As President of the [National Sleep Foundation](/wiki/National_Sleep_Foundation "National Sleep Foundation") from 2005–2006, he chaired the Presidential Task Force on Sleep and Public Policy in order to develop model legislation regarding physician\-in\-training work hours."Past Presidents." Past Sleep Research Society Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2013\. <http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/pastpresidents.aspx>"Resident Work Hours." \- Past SRS Government Relations Initiative. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2013\. <http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/residentworkhours.aspx> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203064239/http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/residentworkhours.aspx\|date\=2013\-12\-03}} As a Team Leader of the Human Performance Factors, Sleep and Chronobiology Team at the [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA") [National Space Biomedical Research Institute](/wiki/National_Space_Biomedical_Research_Institute "National Space Biomedical Research Institute"), Czeisler has been responsible for developing sleep\-wake schedule guidelines for NASA astronauts and mission control personnel. Czeisler is also a member of the [Brigham Health Sleep Matters Initiative](https://www.brighamandwomens.org/initiatives/sleep-matters/sleep-research),(SMI) which was created "to implement evidence\-based clinical treatments for sleep and circadian disorders, and to change the culture of sleep." In 2018, the [National Safety Council](https://www.nsc.org/safety-training) recognized the SMI for its outstanding commitment to safety, for which it was awarded the prestigious Green Cross for Safety Award.{{Cite web\|last\=Chadra\|first\=Karen\|title\=NSC Announces Winners of its Prestigious Green Cross for Safety Awards\|url\=https://www.nsc.org/in\-the\-newsroom/nsc\-announces\-winners\-of\-its\-prestigious\-green\-cross\-for\-safety\-awards\-1\|access\-date\=2020\-06\-19\|website\=National Safety Council\|language\=en\-US}} In 2018, Czeisler penned a powerful Perspective in *[The New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine "The New England Journal of Medicine")* entitled "Housing Immigrant Children \- The Inhumanity of Constant Illumination"{{Cite journal \|last\=Czeisler \|first\=Charles A. \|date\=2018\-07\-12 \|title\=Housing Immigrant Children \- The Inhumanity of Constant Illumination \|url\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29932841/ \|journal\=The New England Journal of Medicine \|volume\=379 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=e3 \|doi\=10\.1056/NEJMp1808450 \|issn\=1533\-4406 \|pmid\=29932841\|s2cid\=49384225 }} in which he harshly criticized the constant light exposure to which children were being subjected in detention centers while awaiting immigration processing, as this did not allow for exposure to light\-dark cycles central to circadian regulation. In 2023, together with [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School") Professor Elizabeth Klerman, Czeisler organized a seminar at the [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute "Harvard Radcliffe Institute") to discuss whether daylight saving time should be eliminated or made permanent—a debate they call “another clash between scientific evidence and politics.” The seminar brought together researchers, policymakers, and members of the general public for a discussion. A more complete listing of agencies to which Czeisler has consulted can be found at his Harvard Faculty Profile.[Charles Czeisler Profile](https://sleep.med.harvard.edu/people/faculty/210/)
[ "Advocacy in sleep health and occupational safety\n------------------------------------------------", "In a 1999 interview with the Harvard Gazette regarding his team's characterization of a near\\-24\\-hour human circadian period, Czeisler noted that \"accepting the near\\-24\\-hour period means that all the ideas about daily human rhythms that we take for granted must be rethought.\"\"Human Biological Clock Set Back an Hour.\" Human Biological Clock Set Back an Hour. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013\\. Understanding the internal circadian period makes problems dealing with jet\\-lag, night shifts, and sleep schedules in orbit more approachable", "Guided by the significant real\\-life implications of his research, Czeisler is a strong advocate for healthy sleep habits. In consulting with the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\"), [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers \"Portland Trail Blazers\"), and [Minnesota Timberwolves](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves \"Minnesota Timberwolves\") for the [National Basketball Association](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association \"National Basketball Association\") (NBA) and [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns \"Cleveland Browns\") for the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") (NFL), he emphasized sleep as the \"third pillar of health\" alongside nutrition and exercise.Ortiz, Maria B. \"To Sleep, Perchance to Win.\" ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures, 4 December 2009\\. Web. 23 April 2013\\. He instituted structural changes to the teams' schedules to allow for healthier sleep habits, including pushing morning practices into the afternoon and the '2 a.m. rule' which prevents players from traveling if they are going to arrive at their hotel later than 2:00 am.Flannery, Paul. \"Person of Interest: Charles Czeisler.\" *Boston Magazine*. Metrocorp Inc., May 2011\\. Web. 22 Apr. 2013\\.", "According to Czeisler, sleep deficiency poses a significant individual and public health hazard as demonstrated by the significant contribution of drowsiness to workplace accidents and motor vehicle accidents. In an interview with the Harvard Business Review, he explains that companies should seek to address this problem by setting behavioral expectations and scheduling policies for employees to avoid accruing sleep deficit.Czeisler, Charles. \"Sleep Deficit: The Performance Killer A Conversation with Charles A. Czeisler by Bronwyn Fryer.\" Harvard Business Review. Bronwyn Fryer. Boston: Harvard Business Review, October 2006\\.", "In order to implement improved occupational sleep scheduling and sleep health standards as effective public policy, Czeisler has served on and consulted to numerous national and international health advisory agencies. As President of the [National Sleep Foundation](/wiki/National_Sleep_Foundation \"National Sleep Foundation\") from 2005–2006, he chaired the Presidential Task Force on Sleep and Public Policy in order to develop model legislation regarding physician\\-in\\-training work hours.\"Past Presidents.\" Past Sleep Research Society Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2013\\. <http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/pastpresidents.aspx>\"Resident Work Hours.\" \\- Past SRS Government Relations Initiative. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2013\\. <http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/residentworkhours.aspx> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203064239/http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/residentworkhours.aspx\\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-03}} As a Team Leader of the Human Performance Factors, Sleep and Chronobiology Team at the [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\") [National Space Biomedical Research Institute](/wiki/National_Space_Biomedical_Research_Institute \"National Space Biomedical Research Institute\"), Czeisler has been responsible for developing sleep\\-wake schedule guidelines for NASA astronauts and mission control personnel.", "Czeisler is also a member of the [Brigham Health Sleep Matters Initiative](https://www.brighamandwomens.org/initiatives/sleep-matters/sleep-research),(SMI) which was created \"to implement evidence\\-based clinical treatments for sleep and circadian disorders, and to change the culture of sleep.\" In 2018, the [National Safety Council](https://www.nsc.org/safety-training) recognized the SMI for its outstanding commitment to safety, for which it was awarded the prestigious Green Cross for Safety Award.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Chadra\\|first\\=Karen\\|title\\=NSC Announces Winners of its Prestigious Green Cross for Safety Awards\\|url\\=https://www.nsc.org/in\\-the\\-newsroom/nsc\\-announces\\-winners\\-of\\-its\\-prestigious\\-green\\-cross\\-for\\-safety\\-awards\\-1\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-06\\-19\\|website\\=National Safety Council\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In 2018, Czeisler penned a powerful Perspective in *[The New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine \"The New England Journal of Medicine\")* entitled \"Housing Immigrant Children \\- The Inhumanity of Constant Illumination\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Czeisler \\|first\\=Charles A. \\|date\\=2018\\-07\\-12 \\|title\\=Housing Immigrant Children \\- The Inhumanity of Constant Illumination \\|url\\=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29932841/ \\|journal\\=The New England Journal of Medicine \\|volume\\=379 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=e3 \\|doi\\=10\\.1056/NEJMp1808450 \\|issn\\=1533\\-4406 \\|pmid\\=29932841\\|s2cid\\=49384225 }} in which he harshly criticized the constant light exposure to which children were being subjected in detention centers while awaiting immigration processing, as this did not allow for exposure to light\\-dark cycles central to circadian regulation.", "In 2023, together with [Harvard Medical School](/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School \"Harvard Medical School\") Professor Elizabeth Klerman, Czeisler organized a seminar at the [Harvard Radcliffe Institute](/wiki/Harvard_Radcliffe_Institute \"Harvard Radcliffe Institute\") to discuss whether daylight saving time should be eliminated or made permanent—a debate they call “another clash between scientific evidence and politics.” The seminar brought together researchers, policymakers, and members of the general public for a discussion.", "A more complete listing of agencies to which Czeisler has consulted can be found at his Harvard Faculty Profile.[Charles Czeisler Profile](https://sleep.med.harvard.edu/people/faculty/210/)", "" ]
Film career ----------- His good looks were soon noticed, and he was groomed for a movie career by both his agent [Henry Willson](/wiki/Henry_Willson "Henry Willson") (who gave him the temporary stage name of **Dare Harris**) and [David O. Selznick](/wiki/David_O._Selznick "David O. Selznick") with small roles in the Selznick pictures *[Since You Went Away](/wiki/Since_You_Went_Away "Since You Went Away")* (1944\) and *[I'll Be Seeing You](/wiki/I%27ll_Be_Seeing_You_%281944_film%29 "I'll Be Seeing You (1944 film)")* (1944\).{{Cite book \|last\=Capua \|first\=Michelangelo \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lunaDwAAQBAJ \|title\=John Derek: Actor, Director, Photographer \|date\=2020\-04\-03 \|publisher\=McFarland \|isbn\=978\-1\-4766\-7588\-6 \|language\=en}}{{Rp\|page\=10}} He was drafted in 1944 into the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") and saw service in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") during the last days of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").[JOHN DEREK, BIOGRAPHY](https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/48951%7C85525/John-Derek/#biography) [Turner Classic Movies](/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies "Turner Classic Movies"). Retrieved November 1, 2023\. ### Columbia Pictures [thumb\|John Derek by [Phil Stern](/wiki/Phil_Stern "Phil Stern") in 1955](/wiki/File:John_Derek_by_Phil_Stern%2C_1955.jpg "John Derek by Phil Stern, 1955.jpg") After the war, Derek had a small role in *[A Double Life](/wiki/A_Double_Life_%281947_film%29 "A Double Life (1947 film)")* (1947\) when he was approached by [Humphrey Bogart](/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart "Humphrey Bogart"), who renamed him John Derek and cast him as Nick "Pretty Boy" Romano, an unrepentant killer, in *[Knock on Any Door](/wiki/Knock_on_Any_Door "Knock on Any Door")* (1949\), a socially conscious melodrama directed by [Nicholas Ray](/wiki/Nicholas_Ray "Nicholas Ray").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/nyregion/john\-derek\-71\-actor\-known\-as\-wife\-s\-svengali\-is\-dead.html\|title\=John Derek, 71, Actor Known As Wife's Svengali, Is Dead\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=May 24, 1998\|access\-date\=August 12, 2015}} Derek was recognized as a talented newcomer, "plainly an idol for the girls", as [Bosley Crowther](/wiki/Bosley_Crowther "Bosley Crowther") wrote in a review for *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*.Maltin 1994, p. 224\. The *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")* called him "a handsome hot\-eyed newcomer who makes the case for this product of the city's slums—'live fast, die young and have a good looking corpse'—all too fascinating for everybody's comfort."{{cite news\|last\=Scheuer\|first\=P.K.\|date\=March 9, 1949\|title\=Bogart yields spotlight to 'find,' John Derek\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|id\={{ProQuest\|165922225}}}} The film was made for Bogart's Santana company and released through [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures "Columbia Pictures"), who signed Derek to a seven\-year contract in April 1948\.{{cite news\|last\=Brady\|first\=Thomas\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=April 2, 1948\|title\=Wallis to Do Film of 'Maurice Guest\|id\={{ProQuest\|108402723}}}} Derek followed it with a supporting role as the son of [Broderick Crawford](/wiki/Broderick_Crawford "Broderick Crawford") in *[All the King's Men](/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men_%281949_film%29 "All the King's Men (1949 film)")* (1949\), the Best Picture Oscar winner for its year.{{cite news\|last\=Brady\|first\=Thomas\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=November 11, 1948\|title\=Lynn, Scott Stars of New RKO Drama\|id\={{ProQuest\|108216849}}}} In September 1950, he had his name formally changed to John Derek.{{cite news\|title\=John Derek Asks Court Approve Name Change\|date\=September 15, 1950\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|id\={{ProQuest\|166169609}}}} Columbia promoted him to lead roles, as the son of the deceased [Robin Hood](/wiki/Robin_Hood "Robin Hood") in *[Rogues of Sherwood Forest](/wiki/Rogues_of_Sherwood_Forest "Rogues of Sherwood Forest")* (1950\) with [Alan Hale Sr.](/wiki/Alan_Hale_Sr. "Alan Hale Sr."); the *Los Angeles Times* called him a "slim and beautiful youth".{{cite news\|last\=Scheuer\|first\=P.K.\|date\=July 14, 1950\|title\=Robin Hood's Mantle Falls on John Derek\|work\= Los Angeles Times\|id\={{ProQuest\|166101154}}}} He was meant to follow it with *The Gainesville Circus*,{{cite news\|last\=Brady\|first\=Thomas\|title\=Columbia to Film 'Big Top' Feature\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=August 23, 1949\|id\={{ProQuest\|105668552}}}} but it was never made. Instead, Columbia put him in another swashbuckler, *[Mask of the Avenger](/wiki/Mask_of_the_Avenger "Mask of the Avenger")* (1951\), then gave him a good dramatic role in a prestige film, *[Saturday's Hero](/wiki/Saturday%27s_Hero "Saturday's Hero")* (1951\), as a college football player.{{cite news\|last\=Daugherty\|first\=Frank\|work\=The Christian Science Monitor\|date\=August 4, 1950\|title\=John Derek and Donna Reed to star in football story\|id\={{ProQuest\|508255370}}}} The novel was bought specifically as a vehicle for Derek.{{cite news\|last\=Schallert\|first\=E\|date\=November 23, 1948\|title\=Adler to\-produce 'hero' with Derek starred; Ross to rival Lassie\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|id\={{ProQuest\|165902550}}}} He was in a crime noir, *[The Family Secret](/wiki/The_Family_Secret_%281951_film%29 "The Family Secret (1951 film)")* (1951\), then reunited with Crawford in *[Scandal Sheet](/wiki/Scandal_Sheet_%281952_film%29 "Scandal Sheet (1952 film)")* (1952\). Derek was borrowed by [Republic Pictures](/wiki/Republic_Pictures "Republic Pictures") for a war film, *[Thunderbirds](/wiki/Thunderbirds_%281952_film%29 "Thunderbirds (1952 film)")* (1952\). He went back to Columbia for *[Prince of Pirates](/wiki/Prince_of_Pirates "Prince of Pirates")* (1953\), a swashbuckler for [Sam Katzman](/wiki/Sam_Katzman "Sam Katzman"); two Westerns, *[Ambush at Tomahawk Gap](/wiki/Ambush_at_Tomahawk_Gap "Ambush at Tomahawk Gap")* (1953\), with [John Hodiak](/wiki/John_Hodiak "John Hodiak") and *[The Last Posse](/wiki/The_Last_Posse "The Last Posse")* (1953\) with Crawford. He was back with Hodiak for *[Mission Over Korea](/wiki/Mission_Over_Korea "Mission Over Korea")* (1953\), a [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") film, then was again borrowed by Republic for *[Sea of Lost Ships](/wiki/Sea_of_Lost_Ships "Sea of Lost Ships")* (1953\). He left Columbia in July 1953\.{{cite news\|title\=Actor John Derek Leaves Columbia\|date\=July 8, 1953\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|id\={{ProQuest\|166524189}}}} ### Freelance actor Derek made another film for Republic, *[The Outcast](/wiki/The_Outcast_%281954_film%29 "The Outcast (1954 film)")* (1954\), a Western. [Walter Wanger](/wiki/Walter_Wanger "Walter Wanger") used him for *[The Adventures of Hajji Baba](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Hajji_Baba "The Adventures of Hajji Baba")* (1954\) released by [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox "20th Century Fox"), a surprise hit.{{cite news\|author\=R.N.\|date\=October 21, 1954\|title\=John Derek in title role of 'Hajji Baba' at Keith's\|work\=The Christian Science Monitor\|id\={{ProQuest\|509064072}}}} He had a showy role as [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth "John Wilkes Booth") in *[Prince of Players](/wiki/Prince_of_Players "Prince of Players")* (1955\) at Fox, then was in the drama *[An Annapolis Story](/wiki/An_Annapolis_Story "An Annapolis Story")* (1955\) at Allied Artists.{{cite news\|author\=R.N.\|date\=June 17, 1955\|title\=John Derek and Diana Lynn Star in Color Production\|work\=The Christian Science Monitor\|id\={{ProQuest\|509274278}}}} ### Paramount In March 1954, Derek signed a long\-term contract with [Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures "Paramount Pictures").{{cite news\|last\=Hopper\|first\=H.\|date\=March 6, 1954\|title\=Looking at Hollywood\|work\=Chicago Daily Tribune\|id\={{ProQuest\|178659475}}}} His first films for the studio were *[Run for Cover](/wiki/Run_for_Cover_%28film%29 "Run for Cover (film)")* (1955\), a Western with [James Cagney](/wiki/James_Cagney "James Cagney") and [Nicholas Ray](/wiki/Nicholas_Ray "Nicholas Ray"); and *[The Leather Saint](/wiki/The_Leather_Saint "The Leather Saint")* (1956\), a boxing film. He also appeared as [Joshua](/wiki/Joshua "Joshua") in *[The Ten Commandments](/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_%281956_film%29 "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)")* (1956\). He wanted to make a film about [Joaquin Murrieta](/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta "Joaquin Murrieta") but it was never made.{{cite news\|last\=Schallert\|first\=E.\|date\=August 5, 1955\|title\=John Derek Planning Murrieta Role; Carey Develops British Deal\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|id\={{ProQuest\|166832130}}}} Derek travelled to Italy to appear in *[Pirate of the Half Moon](/wiki/Pirate_of_the_Half_Moon "Pirate of the Half Moon")* (1957\). He made a Western, *[Fury at Showdown](/wiki/Fury_at_Showdown "Fury at Showdown")* (1957\), and a movie in Britain, *[The Flesh Is Weak](/wiki/The_Flesh_Is_Weak "The Flesh Is Weak")* (1957\). He supported [Cornel Wilde](/wiki/Cornel_Wilde "Cornel Wilde") in *[Omar Khayyam](/wiki/Omar_Khayyam_%281957_film%29 "Omar Khayyam (1957 film)")* (1957\), and starred in *[High Hell](/wiki/High_Hell "High Hell")* (1958\). In Europe he was in *[Prisoner of the Volga](/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_Volga "Prisoner of the Volga")* (1959\) and he played an Arab in *[Exodus](/wiki/Exodus_%281960_film%29 "Exodus (1960 film)")* (1960\). He was in a TV series, *[Frontier Circus](/wiki/Frontier_Circus "Frontier Circus")*.{{cite news\|last\=Tritten\|first\=L.\|date\=March 16, 1980\|title\=The Flip Side of Bo Derek\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|id\={{ProQuest\|162675243}}}} ### Director Derek disliked acting. He later said he "was never into it. If they'd given me the greatest role in the world it wouldn't have helped. I used to go to the directors of my films and say: 'I'm not an actor but I'll turn up on time and know my words.' In the 13 films I made I only ever did one take per scene. Directors never went for a second because they knew it'd be no different from the first. I never liked acting. Or my films. Maybe one, a cheap little Western called *The Outcast*. I liked that because I love horses. One of the troubles was I had a monotone voice which went even flatter when I tried to act. When I saw my first film *Knock On Any Door* in Italy I only liked it because my voice was dubbed by an Italian actor who had a lot of fire in his voice."{{cite news\|last\=Mann\|first\=R.\|date\=November 5, 1978\|title\=Comeback for John Derek? 'Thanks But No Thanks'\|work\=Los Angeles Times\|id\={{ProQuest\|158746457}}}} Derek appeared with his second wife, [Ursula Andress](/wiki/Ursula_Andress "Ursula Andress"), in *[Nightmare in the Sun](/wiki/Nightmare_in_the_Sun "Nightmare in the Sun")* (1965\), which he co\-produced. He turned to directing with a war film, *[Once Before I Die](/wiki/Once_Before_I_Die "Once Before I Die")* (1966\), also with Andress. He eventually quit acting. "In this town people think you must be nuts to do something like that. They can't believe you just didn't enjoy it." He directed *[A Boy... a Girl](/wiki/A_Boy..._a_Girl "A Boy... a Girl")* (1969\) with [Dean Paul Martin](/wiki/Dean_Paul_Martin "Dean Paul Martin"), and *[Childish Things](/wiki/Childish_Things_%28film%29 "Childish Things (film)")* (1969\) with his third wife, [Linda Evans](/wiki/Linda_Evans "Linda Evans"). In 1973 he directed [Bo Derek](/wiki/Bo_Derek "Bo Derek") in *[Fantasies](/wiki/Fantasies_%28film%29 "Fantasies (film)")*, which was not released until 1981\. He made *[Love You](/wiki/Love_You_%28film%29 "Love You (film)")* (1979\), a hardcore pornographic film which Bo produced. When the feature film *[10](/wiki/10_%281979_film%29 "10 (1979 film)")* (1979\) made Bo a star, Derek was able to find backing for *[Tarzan, the Ape Man](/wiki/Tarzan%2C_the_Ape_Man_%281981_film%29 "Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)")* (1981\), which received mostly negative reviews; [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert "Roger Ebert") called it "completely ridiculous" but added that it had a "certain disarming charm."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/tarzan\-the\-ape\-man\-1981\|title\=Tarzan, The Ape Man\|work\=\[\[RogerEbert.com]]\|access\-date\=October 3, 2018}} The Dereks intended to follow it with *Eve and That Damned Apple*; but when [Universal](/wiki/Universal_Pictures "Universal Pictures") delayed financing, they decided to make *[Bolero](/wiki/Bolero_%281984_film%29 "Bolero (1984 film)")* (1984\) for [Cannon](/wiki/The_Cannon_Group%2C_Inc. "The Cannon Group, Inc."), which was an unhappy experience for the Dereks.{{cite news\|last\=Silverman\|first\=J.\|date\=August 26, 1984\|title\=Movies\|work\=Chicago Tribune\|id\={{ProQuest\|176110629}}}} John's last film as director was *[Ghosts Can't Do It](/wiki/Ghosts_Can%27t_Do_It "Ghosts Can't Do It")* (1990\).{{Rp\|page\=120}} An accomplished photographer, Derek photographed the last three of his four wives (at different times) for nude spreads in *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy "Playboy")* magazine.{{Rp\|pages\=94, 106, 183}} Derek directed the music videos for [Shania Twain](/wiki/Shania_Twain "Shania Twain")'s "[Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?](/wiki/Whose_Bed_Have_Your_Boots_Been_Under%3F "Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?")" and "[Any Man of Mine](/wiki/Any_Man_of_Mine "Any Man of Mine")".{{Rp\|page\=173}}
[ "Film career\n-----------", "His good looks were soon noticed, and he was groomed for a movie career by both his agent [Henry Willson](/wiki/Henry_Willson \"Henry Willson\") (who gave him the temporary stage name of **Dare Harris**) and [David O. Selznick](/wiki/David_O._Selznick \"David O. Selznick\") with small roles in the Selznick pictures *[Since You Went Away](/wiki/Since_You_Went_Away \"Since You Went Away\")* (1944\\) and *[I'll Be Seeing You](/wiki/I%27ll_Be_Seeing_You_%281944_film%29 \"I'll Be Seeing You (1944 film)\")* (1944\\).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Capua \\|first\\=Michelangelo \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lunaDwAAQBAJ \\|title\\=John Derek: Actor, Director, Photographer \\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-03 \\|publisher\\=McFarland \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4766\\-7588\\-6 \\|language\\=en}}{{Rp\\|page\\=10}}", "He was drafted in 1944 into the [U.S. Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") and saw service in the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\") during the last days of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").[JOHN DEREK, BIOGRAPHY](https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/48951%7C85525/John-Derek/#biography) [Turner Classic Movies](/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies \"Turner Classic Movies\"). Retrieved November 1, 2023\\.", "### Columbia Pictures", "[thumb\\|John Derek by [Phil Stern](/wiki/Phil_Stern \"Phil Stern\") in 1955](/wiki/File:John_Derek_by_Phil_Stern%2C_1955.jpg \"John Derek by Phil Stern, 1955.jpg\")\nAfter the war, Derek had a small role in *[A Double Life](/wiki/A_Double_Life_%281947_film%29 \"A Double Life (1947 film)\")* (1947\\) when he was approached by [Humphrey Bogart](/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart \"Humphrey Bogart\"), who renamed him John Derek and cast him as Nick \"Pretty Boy\" Romano, an unrepentant killer, in *[Knock on Any Door](/wiki/Knock_on_Any_Door \"Knock on Any Door\")* (1949\\), a socially conscious melodrama directed by [Nicholas Ray](/wiki/Nicholas_Ray \"Nicholas Ray\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/nyregion/john\\-derek\\-71\\-actor\\-known\\-as\\-wife\\-s\\-svengali\\-is\\-dead.html\\|title\\=John Derek, 71, Actor Known As Wife's Svengali, Is Dead\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=May 24, 1998\\|access\\-date\\=August 12, 2015}} Derek was recognized as a talented newcomer, \"plainly an idol for the girls\", as [Bosley Crowther](/wiki/Bosley_Crowther \"Bosley Crowther\") wrote in a review for *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*.Maltin 1994, p. 224\\. The *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* called him \"a handsome hot\\-eyed newcomer who makes the case for this product of the city's slums—'live fast, die young and have a good looking corpse'—all too fascinating for everybody's comfort.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Scheuer\\|first\\=P.K.\\|date\\=March 9, 1949\\|title\\=Bogart yields spotlight to 'find,' John Derek\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|165922225}}}}", "The film was made for Bogart's Santana company and released through [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures \"Columbia Pictures\"), who signed Derek to a seven\\-year contract in April 1948\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Brady\\|first\\=Thomas\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=April 2, 1948\\|title\\=Wallis to Do Film of 'Maurice Guest\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|108402723}}}} Derek followed it with a supporting role as the son of [Broderick Crawford](/wiki/Broderick_Crawford \"Broderick Crawford\") in *[All the King's Men](/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men_%281949_film%29 \"All the King's Men (1949 film)\")* (1949\\), the Best Picture Oscar winner for its year.{{cite news\\|last\\=Brady\\|first\\=Thomas\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=November 11, 1948\\|title\\=Lynn, Scott Stars of New RKO Drama\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|108216849}}}} In September 1950, he had his name formally changed to John Derek.{{cite news\\|title\\=John Derek Asks Court Approve Name Change\\|date\\=September 15, 1950\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|166169609}}}}", "Columbia promoted him to lead roles, as the son of the deceased [Robin Hood](/wiki/Robin_Hood \"Robin Hood\") in *[Rogues of Sherwood Forest](/wiki/Rogues_of_Sherwood_Forest \"Rogues of Sherwood Forest\")* (1950\\) with [Alan Hale Sr.](/wiki/Alan_Hale_Sr. \"Alan Hale Sr.\"); the *Los Angeles Times* called him a \"slim and beautiful youth\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Scheuer\\|first\\=P.K.\\|date\\=July 14, 1950\\|title\\=Robin Hood's Mantle Falls on John Derek\\|work\\= Los Angeles Times\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|166101154}}}} He was meant to follow it with *The Gainesville Circus*,{{cite news\\|last\\=Brady\\|first\\=Thomas\\|title\\=Columbia to Film 'Big Top' Feature\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=August 23, 1949\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|105668552}}}} but it was never made.", "Instead, Columbia put him in another swashbuckler, *[Mask of the Avenger](/wiki/Mask_of_the_Avenger \"Mask of the Avenger\")* (1951\\), then gave him a good dramatic role in a prestige film, *[Saturday's Hero](/wiki/Saturday%27s_Hero \"Saturday's Hero\")* (1951\\), as a college football player.{{cite news\\|last\\=Daugherty\\|first\\=Frank\\|work\\=The Christian Science Monitor\\|date\\=August 4, 1950\\|title\\=John Derek and Donna Reed to star in football story\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|508255370}}}} The novel was bought specifically as a vehicle for Derek.{{cite news\\|last\\=Schallert\\|first\\=E\\|date\\=November 23, 1948\\|title\\=Adler to\\-produce 'hero' with Derek starred; Ross to rival Lassie\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|165902550}}}} He was in a crime noir, *[The Family Secret](/wiki/The_Family_Secret_%281951_film%29 \"The Family Secret (1951 film)\")* (1951\\), then reunited with Crawford in *[Scandal Sheet](/wiki/Scandal_Sheet_%281952_film%29 \"Scandal Sheet (1952 film)\")* (1952\\).", "Derek was borrowed by [Republic Pictures](/wiki/Republic_Pictures \"Republic Pictures\") for a war film, *[Thunderbirds](/wiki/Thunderbirds_%281952_film%29 \"Thunderbirds (1952 film)\")* (1952\\). He went back to Columbia for *[Prince of Pirates](/wiki/Prince_of_Pirates \"Prince of Pirates\")* (1953\\), a swashbuckler for [Sam Katzman](/wiki/Sam_Katzman \"Sam Katzman\"); two Westerns, *[Ambush at Tomahawk Gap](/wiki/Ambush_at_Tomahawk_Gap \"Ambush at Tomahawk Gap\")* (1953\\), with [John Hodiak](/wiki/John_Hodiak \"John Hodiak\") and *[The Last Posse](/wiki/The_Last_Posse \"The Last Posse\")* (1953\\) with Crawford. He was back with Hodiak for *[Mission Over Korea](/wiki/Mission_Over_Korea \"Mission Over Korea\")* (1953\\), a [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\") film, then was again borrowed by Republic for *[Sea of Lost Ships](/wiki/Sea_of_Lost_Ships \"Sea of Lost Ships\")* (1953\\). He left Columbia in July 1953\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Actor John Derek Leaves Columbia\\|date\\=July 8, 1953\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|166524189}}}}", "### Freelance actor", "Derek made another film for Republic, *[The Outcast](/wiki/The_Outcast_%281954_film%29 \"The Outcast (1954 film)\")* (1954\\), a Western. [Walter Wanger](/wiki/Walter_Wanger \"Walter Wanger\") used him for *[The Adventures of Hajji Baba](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Hajji_Baba \"The Adventures of Hajji Baba\")* (1954\\) released by [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox \"20th Century Fox\"), a surprise hit.{{cite news\\|author\\=R.N.\\|date\\=October 21, 1954\\|title\\=John Derek in title role of 'Hajji Baba' at Keith's\\|work\\=The Christian Science Monitor\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|509064072}}}}", "He had a showy role as [John Wilkes Booth](/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth \"John Wilkes Booth\") in *[Prince of Players](/wiki/Prince_of_Players \"Prince of Players\")* (1955\\) at Fox, then was in the drama *[An Annapolis Story](/wiki/An_Annapolis_Story \"An Annapolis Story\")* (1955\\) at Allied Artists.{{cite news\\|author\\=R.N.\\|date\\=June 17, 1955\\|title\\=John Derek and Diana Lynn Star in Color Production\\|work\\=The Christian Science Monitor\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|509274278}}}}", "### Paramount", "In March 1954, Derek signed a long\\-term contract with [Paramount](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures \"Paramount Pictures\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Hopper\\|first\\=H.\\|date\\=March 6, 1954\\|title\\=Looking at Hollywood\\|work\\=Chicago Daily Tribune\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|178659475}}}} His first films for the studio were *[Run for Cover](/wiki/Run_for_Cover_%28film%29 \"Run for Cover (film)\")* (1955\\), a Western with [James Cagney](/wiki/James_Cagney \"James Cagney\") and [Nicholas Ray](/wiki/Nicholas_Ray \"Nicholas Ray\"); and *[The Leather Saint](/wiki/The_Leather_Saint \"The Leather Saint\")* (1956\\), a boxing film. He also appeared as [Joshua](/wiki/Joshua \"Joshua\") in *[The Ten Commandments](/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_%281956_film%29 \"The Ten Commandments (1956 film)\")* (1956\\). He wanted to make a film about [Joaquin Murrieta](/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta \"Joaquin Murrieta\") but it was never made.{{cite news\\|last\\=Schallert\\|first\\=E.\\|date\\=August 5, 1955\\|title\\=John Derek Planning Murrieta Role; Carey Develops British Deal\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|166832130}}}}", "Derek travelled to Italy to appear in *[Pirate of the Half Moon](/wiki/Pirate_of_the_Half_Moon \"Pirate of the Half Moon\")* (1957\\). He made a Western, *[Fury at Showdown](/wiki/Fury_at_Showdown \"Fury at Showdown\")* (1957\\), and a movie in Britain, *[The Flesh Is Weak](/wiki/The_Flesh_Is_Weak \"The Flesh Is Weak\")* (1957\\). He supported [Cornel Wilde](/wiki/Cornel_Wilde \"Cornel Wilde\") in *[Omar Khayyam](/wiki/Omar_Khayyam_%281957_film%29 \"Omar Khayyam (1957 film)\")* (1957\\), and starred in *[High Hell](/wiki/High_Hell \"High Hell\")* (1958\\). In Europe he was in *[Prisoner of the Volga](/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_Volga \"Prisoner of the Volga\")* (1959\\) and he played an Arab in *[Exodus](/wiki/Exodus_%281960_film%29 \"Exodus (1960 film)\")* (1960\\). He was in a TV series, *[Frontier Circus](/wiki/Frontier_Circus \"Frontier Circus\")*.{{cite news\\|last\\=Tritten\\|first\\=L.\\|date\\=March 16, 1980\\|title\\=The Flip Side of Bo Derek\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|162675243}}}}", "### Director", "Derek disliked acting. He later said he \"was never into it. If they'd given me the greatest role in the world it wouldn't have helped. I used to go to the directors of my films and say: 'I'm not an actor but I'll turn up on time and know my words.' In the 13 films I made I only ever did one take per scene. Directors never went for a second because they knew it'd be no different from the first. I never liked acting. Or my films. Maybe one, a cheap little Western called *The Outcast*. I liked that because I love horses. One of the troubles was I had a monotone voice which went even flatter when I tried to act. When I saw my first film *Knock On Any Door* in Italy I only liked it because my voice was dubbed by an Italian actor who had a lot of fire in his voice.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Mann\\|first\\=R.\\|date\\=November 5, 1978\\|title\\=Comeback for John Derek? 'Thanks But No Thanks'\\|work\\=Los Angeles Times\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|158746457}}}}", "Derek appeared with his second wife, [Ursula Andress](/wiki/Ursula_Andress \"Ursula Andress\"), in *[Nightmare in the Sun](/wiki/Nightmare_in_the_Sun \"Nightmare in the Sun\")* (1965\\), which he co\\-produced. He turned to directing with a war film, *[Once Before I Die](/wiki/Once_Before_I_Die \"Once Before I Die\")* (1966\\), also with Andress.", "He eventually quit acting. \"In this town people think you must be nuts to do something like that. They can't believe you just didn't enjoy it.\"", "He directed *[A Boy... a Girl](/wiki/A_Boy..._a_Girl \"A Boy... a Girl\")* (1969\\) with [Dean Paul Martin](/wiki/Dean_Paul_Martin \"Dean Paul Martin\"), and *[Childish Things](/wiki/Childish_Things_%28film%29 \"Childish Things (film)\")* (1969\\) with his third wife, [Linda Evans](/wiki/Linda_Evans \"Linda Evans\").", "In 1973 he directed [Bo Derek](/wiki/Bo_Derek \"Bo Derek\") in *[Fantasies](/wiki/Fantasies_%28film%29 \"Fantasies (film)\")*, which was not released until 1981\\. He made *[Love You](/wiki/Love_You_%28film%29 \"Love You (film)\")* (1979\\), a hardcore pornographic film which Bo produced. When the feature film *[10](/wiki/10_%281979_film%29 \"10 (1979 film)\")* (1979\\) made Bo a star, Derek was able to find backing for *[Tarzan, the Ape Man](/wiki/Tarzan%2C_the_Ape_Man_%281981_film%29 \"Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)\")* (1981\\), which received mostly negative reviews; [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert \"Roger Ebert\") called it \"completely ridiculous\" but added that it had a \"certain disarming charm.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/tarzan\\-the\\-ape\\-man\\-1981\\|title\\=Tarzan, The Ape Man\\|work\\=\\[\\[RogerEbert.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 3, 2018}}", "The Dereks intended to follow it with *Eve and That Damned Apple*; but when [Universal](/wiki/Universal_Pictures \"Universal Pictures\") delayed financing, they decided to make *[Bolero](/wiki/Bolero_%281984_film%29 \"Bolero (1984 film)\")* (1984\\) for [Cannon](/wiki/The_Cannon_Group%2C_Inc. \"The Cannon Group, Inc.\"), which was an unhappy experience for the Dereks.{{cite news\\|last\\=Silverman\\|first\\=J.\\|date\\=August 26, 1984\\|title\\=Movies\\|work\\=Chicago Tribune\\|id\\={{ProQuest\\|176110629}}}} John's last film as director was *[Ghosts Can't Do It](/wiki/Ghosts_Can%27t_Do_It \"Ghosts Can't Do It\")* (1990\\).{{Rp\\|page\\=120}}", "An accomplished photographer, Derek photographed the last three of his four wives (at different times) for nude spreads in *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")* magazine.{{Rp\\|pages\\=94, 106, 183}}", "Derek directed the music videos for [Shania Twain](/wiki/Shania_Twain \"Shania Twain\")'s \"[Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?](/wiki/Whose_Bed_Have_Your_Boots_Been_Under%3F \"Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?\")\" and \"[Any Man of Mine](/wiki/Any_Man_of_Mine \"Any Man of Mine\")\".{{Rp\\|page\\=173}}", "" ]
Career ------ After graduating in language, theology and health studies, Forst started his career teaching [German](/wiki/German_language "German language"). He then worked as director of social healthcare institutions in the field of childcare, the elderly and those in extreme poverty.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.acatfrance.fr/public/c327\-40ans\-10\-michel\_forst.pdf\|title\=Entretien avec Michel Forst \- De l'ACAT à la découverte des atrocités au Zaïre avec Amnesty\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} He became the executive director of [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") Frances in 1989, serving for ten years. During this period, Forst was involved in many human rights projects, including the organisation of the first summit on human rights defenders in Paris in 1998\.{{cite web\|title\=Information on Human Rights Defenders' Summit, Paris, December 1998: Summary\|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/documents/act30/015/1998/en/\|website\=Amnesty International\|date\=31 May 1998 \|accessdate\=3 July 2015}} This event was held as the world celebrated the 50th anniversary of the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights "Universal Declaration of Human Rights"),{{cite web\|title\=Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders\|url\=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/SRHRDefenders/Pages/MichelForst.aspx\|website\=UNHR\|accessdate\=24 July 2020}} with more than 350 human rights defenders attending the summit. The presence of [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan "Kofi Annan"), then Secretary General of the United Nations, drew significant attention to the event. [Jacques Chirac](/wiki/Jacques_Chirac "Jacques Chirac") and [Lionel Jospin](/wiki/Lionel_Jospin "Lionel Jospin"), then French President and Prime Minister respectively, intervened during the closing session, reaffirming France's commitment to the protection of human rights defenders. On 9 December 1998, in New York, the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly") adopted the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, now commonly known as the Declaration on human rights defenders.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/rightandresponsibility.aspx\|title\=OHCHR \- Declaration on the Right and Responsibility\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=www.ohchr.org\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-27}} That same year, human rights defenders were to receive the [United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights](/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights "United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights"). Forst continued his career in nonprofit organizations. In 1999, he became the executive director of La Ligue contre le cancer. He remained in this position until 2001, when he joined the [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") in the Office of Social and Human Sciences.{{cite web\|title\=Michel Forst bio\|url\=https://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/annualconfs/61/bio\_michel\_forst.shtml\|website\=Universal Declaration at 60\|publisher\=UN\|accessdate\=3 July 2015}} In 2003, he became Secretary General of [La Cimade](/wiki/Cimade "Cimade"), a French organisation which brings legal aid to migrants and [asylum seekers](/wiki/Asylum_seeker "Asylum seeker"). He left in 2005, when he was appointed Secretary General of the French [national human rights institution](/wiki/National_human_rights_institution "National human rights institution"), the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme.{{cite web\|last1\=Djian\|first1\=Stéphanie\|title\=European group of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Newsletter \#1\|url\=http://www.nhri.net/pdf/EGnews1\_E.pdf\|website\=NHRI\|accessdate\=3 July 2015}} Forst is also a founding member of [Front Line Defenders](/wiki/Front_Line_Defenders "Front Line Defenders"), an Irish non governmental organisation based in Dublin and a former board member of the [International Service for Human Rights](/wiki/International_Service_for_Human_Rights "International Service for Human Rights") (ISHR). In 2015, Forst was appointed [Knight of the Legion of Honour](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030008403) by the French government. ### United Nations In 2008, Forst was appointed Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"), taking over from Louis Joinet. He resigned from this position in 2013, before the end of his mandate.{{cite web\|last1\=Britell\|first1\=Alexander\|title\=Michel Forst, UN Human Rights Expert in Haiti, Tenders Resignation\|url\=http://caribjournal.com/2013/03/24/michel\-forst\-un\-human\-rights\-expert\-in\-haiti\-tenders\-resignation/\#\|website\=Caribbean Journal\|date\=24 March 2013 \|accessdate\=3 July 2015}} From 2012 to 2013, he acted as Chair of the Coordination Committee of Special Procedures of the [Human Rights Council](/wiki/Human_Rights_Council "Human Rights Council").{{cite web\|last1\=Forst\|first1\=Michel\|title\=Statement by the Chair of the Coordination Committee of Special Procedures, Mr. Michel Forst, on behalf of all Special Procedures mandate holders at the High\-level panel on human rights mainstreaming at the twenty\-second session of the Human Rights Council\|url\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\=13061\&LangID\=E\|website\=UNHR\|accessdate\=3 July 2015}} In June 2014, Forst became United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders.{{cite web\|title\=Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in Haiti\|url\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/CountriesMandates/HT/Pages/IEHaiti.aspx\|website\=UNHR\|accessdate\=3 July 2015}} This [mandate](/wiki/Mandate_%28international_law%29 "Mandate (international law)") was created by the then [United Nations Commission on Human Rights](/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights "United Nations Commission on Human Rights") in 2000 to support the enforcement of the 1998 Declaration on human rights defenders.{{cite web\|title\=Ten years on, human rights defenders continue to pay a high price\|url\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\=8877\&LangID\=E\|website\=UNHR\|accessdate\=3 July 2015}} His main mission in this independent expert role was to identify and highlight the risks and threats faced by human rights defenders on the ground.{{cite web\|title\=Mandate\|url\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/SRHRDefenders/Pages/Mandate.aspx\|website\=UNHR\|accessdate\=3 July 2015}} He also made recommendations regarding better protection for human rights defenders. He undertook country visits and regularly reported to the [Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council "United Nations Human Rights Council") and to the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly"). He could also take up individual cases of concern. For example, in October 2015, he presented an allegation letter to the government of the United States concerning the criminal complaint filed against [Edward Snowden](/wiki/Edward_Snowden "Edward Snowden"), the revocation of his passport and the interference with his attempts to seek political asylum.{{Cite web\|url\=https://spdb.ohchr.org/hrdb/31st/public\_\-\_AL\_USA\_14\.10\.15\_(19\.2015\).pdf\|title\=Letter dated 14 October 2015, from UN Special Rapporteur Michel Forst to the Government of the United States\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|website\=\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=}} The role involves cooperation with states, international structures and civil society organizations.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.protecting\-defenders.org/en/content/methods\-work\|title\=Methods of work\|date\=2015\-10\-13\|website\=www.protecting\-defenders.org\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-15}} During his mandate on the situation of human rights defenders, Forst presented a number of thematic reports, highlighting the situation suffered by specific groups of defenders. He presented reports on the situation of [environmental and land rights defenders](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/environmentaldefenders.pdf), of [defenders working in the field of business and human rights](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/N1722075.pdf), on the situation of defenders [working for the rights of people on the move](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1800851.pdf). He also presented a report on [good practices in the protection of human rights defenders](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/A%20HRC%2031%2055_E.pdf). Forst also presented a number of country reports after he officially visited those countries, including Australia, [Azerbaijan](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1703812.pdf), [Burundi](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1529394.pdf), [Hungary](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1703812.pdf) and [Mexico](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1803794.pdf). During his visit to Mexico, [Forst met with Carmen Aristegui](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_F4kC5NWUU) a journalist he supported for her [work against impunity](/wiki/Anti-impunity "Anti-impunity") and corruption. In October 2015, Forst launched the website [protecting\-defenders.org](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/en), in order to share information about human rights defenders and his actions as Special Rapporteur, and to facilitate individual communication. This website complements the official website of the [Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights](/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights"). Forst sought to make his mandate more accessible to human rights defenders and to the general public. He notably undertook academic visits to many countries (Cambodia, Colombia, Costa Rica, DRC, Germany, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Italy, Israel and the OPT, Lebanon, Madagascar, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Peru, Russia, Spain, El Salvador and Venezuela, among others). He also developed his presence on social media \- with a [Twitter](https://twitter.com/forstmichel?lang=fr) and a [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/SRhumanrightsdefenders/) account and he published user\-friendly versions of his official reports to the United Nations.
[ "Career\n------", "After graduating in language, theology and health studies, Forst started his career teaching [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\"). He then worked as director of social healthcare institutions in the field of childcare, the elderly and those in extreme poverty.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.acatfrance.fr/public/c327\\-40ans\\-10\\-michel\\_forst.pdf\\|title\\=Entretien avec Michel Forst \\- De l'ACAT à la découverte des atrocités au Zaïre avec Amnesty\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}}", "He became the executive director of [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") Frances in 1989, serving for ten years.", "During this period, Forst was involved in many human rights projects, including the organisation of the first summit on human rights defenders in Paris in 1998\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Information on Human Rights Defenders' Summit, Paris, December 1998: Summary\\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/documents/act30/015/1998/en/\\|website\\=Amnesty International\\|date\\=31 May 1998 \\|accessdate\\=3 July 2015}} This event was held as the world celebrated the 50th anniversary of the [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights \"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"),{{cite web\\|title\\=Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders\\|url\\=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/SRHRDefenders/Pages/MichelForst.aspx\\|website\\=UNHR\\|accessdate\\=24 July 2020}} with more than 350 human rights defenders attending the summit. The presence of [Kofi Annan](/wiki/Kofi_Annan \"Kofi Annan\"), then Secretary General of the United Nations, drew significant attention to the event. [Jacques Chirac](/wiki/Jacques_Chirac \"Jacques Chirac\") and [Lionel Jospin](/wiki/Lionel_Jospin \"Lionel Jospin\"), then French President and Prime Minister respectively, intervened during the closing session, reaffirming France's commitment to the protection of human rights defenders. On 9 December 1998, in New York, the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\") adopted the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, now commonly known as the Declaration on human rights defenders.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/rightandresponsibility.aspx\\|title\\=OHCHR \\- Declaration on the Right and Responsibility\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=www.ohchr.org\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-27}} That same year, human rights defenders were to receive the [United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights](/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights \"United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights\").", "Forst continued his career in nonprofit organizations. In 1999, he became the executive director of La Ligue contre le cancer. He remained in this position until 2001, when he joined the [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") in the Office of Social and Human Sciences.{{cite web\\|title\\=Michel Forst bio\\|url\\=https://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/annualconfs/61/bio\\_michel\\_forst.shtml\\|website\\=Universal Declaration at 60\\|publisher\\=UN\\|accessdate\\=3 July 2015}} In 2003, he became Secretary General of [La Cimade](/wiki/Cimade \"Cimade\"), a French organisation which brings legal aid to migrants and [asylum seekers](/wiki/Asylum_seeker \"Asylum seeker\"). He left in 2005, when he was appointed Secretary General of the French [national human rights institution](/wiki/National_human_rights_institution \"National human rights institution\"), the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Djian\\|first1\\=Stéphanie\\|title\\=European group of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Newsletter \\#1\\|url\\=http://www.nhri.net/pdf/EGnews1\\_E.pdf\\|website\\=NHRI\\|accessdate\\=3 July 2015}} Forst is also a founding member of [Front Line Defenders](/wiki/Front_Line_Defenders \"Front Line Defenders\"), an Irish non governmental organisation based in Dublin and a former board member of the [International Service for Human Rights](/wiki/International_Service_for_Human_Rights \"International Service for Human Rights\") (ISHR).", "In 2015, Forst was appointed [Knight of the Legion of Honour](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030008403) by the French government.", "### United Nations", "In 2008, Forst was appointed Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\"), taking over from Louis Joinet. He resigned from this position in 2013, before the end of his mandate.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Britell\\|first1\\=Alexander\\|title\\=Michel Forst, UN Human Rights Expert in Haiti, Tenders Resignation\\|url\\=http://caribjournal.com/2013/03/24/michel\\-forst\\-un\\-human\\-rights\\-expert\\-in\\-haiti\\-tenders\\-resignation/\\#\\|website\\=Caribbean Journal\\|date\\=24 March 2013 \\|accessdate\\=3 July 2015}}", "From 2012 to 2013, he acted as Chair of the Coordination Committee of Special Procedures of the [Human Rights Council](/wiki/Human_Rights_Council \"Human Rights Council\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Forst\\|first1\\=Michel\\|title\\=Statement by the Chair of the Coordination Committee of Special Procedures, Mr. Michel Forst, on behalf of all Special Procedures mandate holders at the High\\-level panel on human rights mainstreaming at the twenty\\-second session of the Human Rights Council\\|url\\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\\=13061\\&LangID\\=E\\|website\\=UNHR\\|accessdate\\=3 July 2015}}", "In June 2014, Forst became United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders.{{cite web\\|title\\=Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in Haiti\\|url\\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/CountriesMandates/HT/Pages/IEHaiti.aspx\\|website\\=UNHR\\|accessdate\\=3 July 2015}} This [mandate](/wiki/Mandate_%28international_law%29 \"Mandate (international law)\") was created by the then [United Nations Commission on Human Rights](/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights \"United Nations Commission on Human Rights\") in 2000 to support the enforcement of the 1998 Declaration on human rights defenders.{{cite web\\|title\\=Ten years on, human rights defenders continue to pay a high price\\|url\\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID\\=8877\\&LangID\\=E\\|website\\=UNHR\\|accessdate\\=3 July 2015}} His main mission in this independent expert role was to identify and highlight the risks and threats faced by human rights defenders on the ground.{{cite web\\|title\\=Mandate\\|url\\=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/SRHRDefenders/Pages/Mandate.aspx\\|website\\=UNHR\\|accessdate\\=3 July 2015}} He also made recommendations regarding better protection for human rights defenders. He undertook country visits and regularly reported to the [Human Rights Council](/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council \"United Nations Human Rights Council\") and to the [United Nations General Assembly](/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly \"United Nations General Assembly\"). He could also take up individual cases of concern. For example, in October 2015, he presented an allegation letter to the government of the United States concerning the criminal complaint filed against [Edward Snowden](/wiki/Edward_Snowden \"Edward Snowden\"), the revocation of his passport and the interference with his attempts to seek political asylum.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://spdb.ohchr.org/hrdb/31st/public\\_\\-\\_AL\\_USA\\_14\\.10\\.15\\_(19\\.2015\\).pdf\\|title\\=Letter dated 14 October 2015, from UN Special Rapporteur Michel Forst to the Government of the United States\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|website\\=\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=}} The role involves cooperation with states, international structures and civil society organizations.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.protecting\\-defenders.org/en/content/methods\\-work\\|title\\=Methods of work\\|date\\=2015\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=www.protecting\\-defenders.org\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-15}}", "During his mandate on the situation of human rights defenders, Forst presented a number of thematic reports, highlighting the situation suffered by specific groups of defenders. He presented reports on the situation of [environmental and land rights defenders](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/environmentaldefenders.pdf), of [defenders working in the field of business and human rights](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/N1722075.pdf), on the situation of defenders [working for the rights of people on the move](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1800851.pdf). He also presented a report on [good practices in the protection of human rights defenders](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/A%20HRC%2031%2055_E.pdf).", "Forst also presented a number of country reports after he officially visited those countries, including Australia, [Azerbaijan](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1703812.pdf), [Burundi](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1529394.pdf), [Hungary](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1703812.pdf) and [Mexico](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/sites/protecting-defenders.org/files/G1803794.pdf). During his visit to Mexico, [Forst met with Carmen Aristegui](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_F4kC5NWUU) a journalist he supported for her [work against impunity](/wiki/Anti-impunity \"Anti-impunity\") and corruption.", "In October 2015, Forst launched the website [protecting\\-defenders.org](https://www.protecting-defenders.org/en), in order to share information about human rights defenders and his actions as Special Rapporteur, and to facilitate individual communication. This website complements the official website of the [Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights](/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights \"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights\").", "Forst sought to make his mandate more accessible to human rights defenders and to the general public. He notably undertook academic visits to many countries (Cambodia, Colombia, Costa Rica, DRC, Germany, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Italy, Israel and the OPT, Lebanon, Madagascar, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Peru, Russia, Spain, El Salvador and Venezuela, among others). He also developed his presence on social media \\- with a [Twitter](https://twitter.com/forstmichel?lang=fr) and a [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/SRhumanrightsdefenders/) account and he published user\\-friendly versions of his official reports to the United Nations.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early work His older brother [Ryoo Seung\-wan](/wiki/Ryoo_Seung-wan "Ryoo Seung-wan") was an aspiring filmmaker, and from 1996 to 1999, the elder Ryoo shot four low\-budget [short films](/wiki/Short_film "Short film") starring himself, his younger brother Seung\-bum, and several friends. In strikingly diverse styles but with a common narrative, these shorts were re\-edited, combined and released in 2000 as Ryoo Seung\-wan's feature directorial debut *[Die Bad](/wiki/Die_Bad "Die Bad")*. Critically acclaimed as powerfully visceral, gut\-wrenching, and searingly angry, the film became an instant [cult hit](/wiki/Cult_hit "Cult hit"), earning attention for the Ryoo brothers.{{cite web\|title\=Ryoo Seung Wan: Korea's Action Kid\|url\=http://www.yesasia.com/us/yumcha/ryoo\-seung\-wan\-koreas\-action\-kid/0\-0\-0\-arid.90\-en/featured\-article.html\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|work\=\[\[YesAsia]]\|date\=5 October 2006}} One review described Ryoo Seung\-bum's acting debut as "a startling, naturalistic turn,"{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=Die Bad\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm00\.html\#diebad\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} and he won Best New Actor at the [Grand Bell Awards](/wiki/Grand_Bell_Awards "Grand Bell Awards"). Their success continued with Ryoo Seung\-wan's follow\-up *Dachimawa Lee*, a 35\-minute [short film](/wiki/Short_film "Short film") [parodying](/wiki/Parody "Parody") Korean action films of the 60s and 70s, [Bruce Lee](/wiki/Bruce_Lee "Bruce Lee"), [Shaw Brothers](/wiki/Shaw_Brothers "Shaw Brothers") and [Jackie Chan](/wiki/Jackie_Chan "Jackie Chan") flicks, and the [machismo](/wiki/Machismo "Machismo") [kitsch](/wiki/Kitsch "Kitsch") of old Korean melodramas, coupled with over\-the\-top [voice dubbing](/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29 "Dubbing (filmmaking)") and deliberately mistimed action. Ryoo played Washington, a young thug with a heart of gold and a huge [afro](/wiki/Afro "Afro"). The short, streamed on the now\-defunct Cine4M website, was enormously popular online.{{cite web\|title\=K\-FILM REVIEWS: 다찌마와 리 (Dajjimawa Lee)\|url\=http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2006/03/memories\-of\-midnight\-ch\-1\-ryu\-seung\-wans\-dajjimawa\-lee.php\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|work\=\[\[Twitch Film]]\|date\=7 March 2006}} Ryoo next starred in [Yim Soon\-rye](/wiki/Yim_Soon-rye "Yim Soon-rye")'s *[Waikiki Brothers](/wiki/Waikiki_Brothers "Waikiki Brothers")*, a 2001 film chronicling the fate of a shoddy nightclub band, with its bittersweet mixture of boyhood aspirations and the love of music, and the despair and reality of adulthood. Ryoo had a supporting role as a young waiter eager to learn how to play the drums and perform onstage.{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=Waikiki Brothers\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm01\.html\#waikiki\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} Later that year, he ventured into television, as part of the main cast of 50\-episode family drama *Wonderful Days*, along with [Ji Sung](/wiki/Ji_Sung "Ji Sung"), [Park Sun\-young](/wiki/Park_Sun-young_%28actress%29 "Park Sun-young (actress)"), and [Gong Hyo\-jin](/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin "Gong Hyo-jin"). Ryoo received Best New Actor for TV from the [Baeksang Arts Awards](/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards "Baeksang Arts Awards"). In 2002, he appeared in Ryoo Seung\-wan's sophomore effort, the gangster/[heist film](/wiki/Heist_film "Heist film") *[No Blood No Tears](/wiki/No_Blood_No_Tears "No Blood No Tears")* starring [Jeon Do\-yeon](/wiki/Jeon_Do-yeon "Jeon Do-yeon") and [Jung Jae\-young](/wiki/Jung_Jae-young "Jung Jae-young"). The film was a critical and box office disappointment. But he was starting to make a name for himself in the industry independent of his older brother. Ryoo joined Jung, [Shin Ha\-kyun](/wiki/Shin_Ha-kyun "Shin Ha-kyun") and an ensemble cast of [Jang Jin](/wiki/Jang_Jin "Jang Jin") regulars in *No Comment* (also known as *Mudjima Family*), an [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film "Anthology film") made of three short films. His performance as a harassed [concierge](/wiki/Concierge "Concierge") was one of the highlights of the first short *Enemies in Four Directions*.{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=No Comment\|url\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm02\.html\#nocomment\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} He also had a small role in [Park Chan\-wook](/wiki/Park_Chan-wook "Park Chan-wook")'s *[Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance](/wiki/Sympathy_for_Mr._Vengeance "Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance")*. He then reunited with [Noh Hee\-kyung](/wiki/Noh_Hee-kyung "Noh Hee-kyung"), the writer of *Wonderful Days*, in the [TV drama](/wiki/Korean_drama "Korean drama") *Solitude*, a May–December romance between a man in his early twenties and a much older [single mother](/wiki/Single_mother "Single mother") who is also terminally ill (played by [Lee Mi\-sook](/wiki/Lee_Mi-sook "Lee Mi-sook")). *[Conduct Zero](/wiki/Conduct_Zero "Conduct Zero")* capped Ryoo's year, in his first big screen leading role as the tough, fists\-over\-brains "king" of his high school who unexpectedly and awkwardly falls for a nerdy girl (played by [Lim Eun\-kyung](/wiki/Lim_Eun-kyung "Lim Eun-kyung")). The 1980s\-set comedy was a minor hit, selling nearly 1\.7 million tickets and solidifying Ryoo's star status.{{cite web\|last\=Paquet\|first\=Darcy\|title\=Conduct Zero\|url\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm02\.html\#conduct\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}}{{cite web\|last\=Pearce\|first\=Joel\|title\=Conduct Zero\|url\=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/conductzero.php\|work\=DVD Verdict\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=7 October 2004\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217135136/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/conductzero.php\|archive\-date\=17 December 2012}} Ryoo made his theater debut in Lee Sang\-woo's stage play *Bieonso* ({{korean\|비언소}}; "Toilet"{{cite web\|last\=Yu\|first\=In\-hwa\|title\=Remaining Ink: Blacklist II\|url\=http://english.khan.co.kr/khan\_art\_view.html?artid\=201301071530107\|work\=\[\[Kyunghyang Shinmun]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=7 January 2013}}{{cite web\|title\=Movie about civilian killings at Nogeun\-ri to debut\|url\=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english\_edition/e\_entertainment/167577\.html\|work\=\[\[The Hankyoreh]]\|access\-date\=2013\-02\-23\|date\=26 October 2006}}). Directed by stage/TV actor Park Kwang\-jung, *Bieonso* ran at the Dongsoong Art Center from November 4 to December 28, 2003\.{{cite web\|script\-title\=ko:연극 '비언소' 연출가\-배우로 한무대 박광정\&유승범\|url\=http://news.donga.com/Culture/Play/3/0708/20031021/7993577/1\|work\=\[\[The Dong\-a Ilbo]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=21 October 2003}}{{cite web\|last\=Jeong\|first\=Sang\-young\|script\-title\=ko:연극 \<비언소\>의 연출가 박광정씨와 배우 류승범씨\|url\=http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section\-009100004/2003/10/009100004200310211926107\.html\|website\=\[\[The Hankyoreh]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-11\|date\=21 October 2003}}{{cite web\|last\=Oh\|first\=Ji\-hye\|script\-title\=ko:류승범: 올드보이를 탐내는 청년\|url\=http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section\-021093000/2003/12/021093000200312040487002\.html\|website\=\[\[The Hankyoreh]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-11\|date\=4 December 2003}}{{cite web\|script\-title\=ko:生 연극 시리즈 6\. 비언소\|url\=http://www.dsartcenter.co.kr/info/perform\_detail.asp?seq\=1013\&sel\_year\=2003\|work\=Dongsoong Art Center\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} For the TV program *Nursery Story*, Ryoo and [Yoon Jin\-seo](/wiki/Yoon_Jin-seo "Yoon Jin-seo") appeared in *Christmas Lovers*, which aired in four five\-minute daily installments on [MBC](/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation "Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation") in December 22 to December 25, 2003\. In [Min Kyu\-dong](/wiki/Min_Kyu-dong "Min Kyu-dong")'s short *Secrets and Lies* (released by the Korean Academy of Film Arts in the 2003 [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film "Anthology film") *Twentidentity*), Ryoo's character finds himself in a dilemma when his fiancee's mother hits on him.{{cite web\|title\=Twentidentity 2\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.co.uk/twentidentity\-2\|work\=The London Korean Film Festival\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=23 June 2011}} Ryoo began 2004 in the TV series *[Sunlight Pours Down](/wiki/Sunlight_Pours_Down "Sunlight Pours Down")* co\-starring [Song Hye\-kyo](/wiki/Song_Hye-kyo "Song Hye-kyo") and [Jo Hyun\-jae](/wiki/Jo_Hyun-jae "Jo Hyun-jae"), but it proved unmemorable to audiences. Thereafter Ryoo would concentrate solely on film. In Ryoo Seung\-wan's *[Arahan](/wiki/Arahan "Arahan")*, he played a hapless traffic policeman who discovers he has untapped martial arts potential, as he's trained by masters played by [Ahn Sung\-ki](/wiki/Ahn_Sung-ki "Ahn Sung-ki") and [Yoon So\-yi](/wiki/Yoon_So-yi "Yoon So-yi"). Part modern\-day [wuxia](/wiki/Wuxia "Wuxia"), part [superhero film](/wiki/Superhero_film "Superhero film") and part local comedy, it was Ryoo Seung\-wan's first foray into commercial cinema, and the film was a relative box office success at around 2 million tickets sold. It also established Ryoo's star charisma and his natural affinity for comedy.{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=Arahan\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm04\.html\#arahan\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} Ryoo then starred in [Kim Sung\-su](/wiki/Kim_Sung-su_%28director%29 "Kim Sung-su (director)")'s online short *Back* (streamed on [Daum](/wiki/Daum_%28web_portal%29 "Daum (web portal)") in October 2004\). Set in a [dystopia](/wiki/Dystopia "Dystopia") where everyone literally moves backward, his character sparks a revolution and becomes hunted by the authorities by daring to move forward.{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Jong\-do\|script\-title\=ko:다음검색이 공짜 영화를 쏜다! ‘다음검색 필름페스티벌’\|url\=http://www.cine21\.com/news/view/mag\_id/26626\|work\=\[\[Cine21]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=13 October 2004}}{{cite web\|title\=빽 (Back)\|url\=http://movie.daum.net/moviedetail/moviedetailPhotoList.do?movieId\=40513\|work\=\[\[Daum (web portal)\|Daum]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} ### Critical success Though Ryoo had been steadily impressing critics and audiences since his debut, it was *[Crying Fist](/wiki/Crying_Fist "Crying Fist")* in 2005 that would change his career.{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Seung\-jae\|title\=Ryu Seung\-bum: A Boxer from a Reformatory in ''Crying Fist''\|url\=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid\=2005032590758\|work\=\[\[The Dong\-a Ilbo]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=24 March 2005}} Considered a showcase for the talents of the Ryoo brothers, the movie is a real\-life\-inspired story of two boxers, showing their journeys in a parallel [narrative structure](/wiki/Narrative_structure "Narrative structure"): one is a hardened teenage criminal who takes up boxing in [reform school](/wiki/Reform_school "Reform school"), the other a retired boxer in his forties earning his keep as a "human punching bag" who returns to the ring partly to redeem himself in the eyes of his son and wife. Only at the climax would the two protagonists meet as opponents in the final match, two men from different backgrounds and social positions, but united in their status as total losers, struggling to regain self\-respect and purpose in their lives.{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=Crying Fist\|url\=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article\_view.asp?menu\=c10400\&no\=272780\&rel\_no\=1\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-18\|work\=\[\[OhmyNews International]]\|date\=7 February 2006}}{{cite web\|last\=Noh\|first\=James\|title\=''Crying Fist'' to Premiere in April: Two Ordinary Men on the Brink Fight for Their Lives\|url\=http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url\=/ST/db/read.php?idx\=1499\|work\=The Seoul Times\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=19 February 2005}} Ryoo and co\-star [Choi Min\-sik](/wiki/Choi_Min-sik "Choi Min-sik") underwent boxing training like they were preparing for a real match; they didn't use [body doubles](/wiki/Body_double "Body double") in the scene and exchanged real blows.{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Tae\-jong\|title\='Crying Fist' Depicts Fight for Hope\|url\=http://www.hancinema.net/\-crying\-fist\-depicts\-fight\-for\-hope\-\-2420\.html\|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]] via \[\[Hancinema]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=17 March 2005}} Director Ryoo Seung\-wan discussed on the film's DVD how his brother had to access his real personality and real\-life memories for his onscreen breakdown, and critics praised Ryoo's range, caged fury and passion in the role, calling the performance amazing and mesmerizing, such that he overshadowed his older, more prestigious colleague Choi.{{cite web\|last\=Paquet\|first\=Darcy\|title\=Crying Fist\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm05\.html\#cryingfist\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} *Crying Fist* opened against *[A Bittersweet Life](/wiki/A_Bittersweet_Life "A Bittersweet Life")*, and despite excellent reviews for both films, they ended up canceling each other out at the box office, selling a little over a million tickets each. This performance cemented Ryoo's reputation as one of the top actors of his generation, and one of the country's leading acting figures.{{cite web\|title\=K\-FILM REVIEWS: 주먹이 운다 (Crying Fist)\|url\=http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2005/08/crying\-fist\-dvd\-review.php\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-18\|work\=\[\[Twitch Film]]\|date\=22 August 2005\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209235553/http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2005/08/crying\-fist\-dvd\-review.php\|archive\-date\=9 December 2011}} For a change of pace, Ryoo next starred in the [romantic comedy](/wiki/Romantic_comedy "Romantic comedy") *The Beast and the Beauty*, playing a [voice actor](/wiki/Voice_actor "Voice actor") who lies about his looks to his blind pianist girlfriend (played by [Shin Min\-ah](/wiki/Shin_Min-ah "Shin Min-ah")). In 2006, his real\-life ex\-girlfriend [Gong Hyo\-jin](/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin "Gong Hyo-jin") asked him to make a [cameo appearance](/wiki/Cameo_appearance "Cameo appearance") in [Kim Tae\-yong](/wiki/Kim_Tae-yong "Kim Tae-yong")'s critically acclaimed drama *[Family Ties](/wiki/Family_Ties_%282006_film%29 "Family Ties (2006 film)")*. He played her character's ex\-boyfriend, lending a [meta](/wiki/Meta_%28prefix%29 "Meta (prefix)") aspect and [irony](/wiki/Irony "Irony") to their few scenes together.{{cite web\|last\=Paquet\|first\=Darcy\|title\=Family Ties\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm06\.html\#familyties\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}}{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Yong\-sung\|title\=Film sees love, not blood ties, key for family\|url\=http://www.hancinema.net/film\-sees\-love\-not\-blood\-ties\-key\-for\-family\-6107\.html\|work\=\[\[The Korea Herald]] via \[\[Hancinema]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=22 May 2006}}{{cite web\|last\=Beck\|first\=Una\|title\=INTERVIEW: Actress Kong Hyo\-jin \- Part 2\|url\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\=2011070816343130848\|website\=Asiae\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=8 July 2011}} He then returned to [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir "Film noir") with *[Bloody Tie](/wiki/Bloody_Tie "Bloody Tie")* opposite [Hwang Jung\-min](/wiki/Hwang_Jung-min "Hwang Jung-min") (they had previously worked together in *Waikiki Brothers*{{cite web\|title\=2006 KOREAN CINEMA PREVIEWS: Choi Ho's 사생결단 (Bloody Tie)\|url\=http://twitchfilm.com/2006/02/2006\-korean\-cinema\-previews\-choi\-hos\-bloody\-tie.html\|work\=\[\[Twitch Film]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=16 February 2006}}). Set amidst the [meth](/wiki/Methamphetamine "Methamphetamine") drug trade in [Busan](/wiki/Busan "Busan") after the [IMF crisis](/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis%23South_Korea "1997 Asian financial crisis#South Korea"), the film drew unanimously positive reviews.{{cite web\|title\=사생결단 (Bloody Tie) Press Screening Report\|url\=http://twitchfilm.com/2006/04/bloody\-tie\-press\-screening\-report.html\|work\=\[\[Twitch Film]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=18 April 2006}} Critics praised Ryoo's portrayal of a small\-time drug dealer,{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=Bloody Tie\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm06\.html\#bloodytie\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} and he won Best Actor at the Golden Cinematography Awards and the [Baeksang Arts Awards](/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards "Baeksang Arts Awards"). Ryoo and [Im Chang\-jung](/wiki/Im_Chang-jung "Im Chang-jung") lent their [voices](/wiki/Voice_actor "Voice actor") to the adult animated comedy *[Aachi \& Ssipak](/wiki/Aachi_%26_Ssipak "Aachi & Ssipak")*, set in a futuristic world fueled by human feces where the government implants a microchip into each of its citizens' anuses to check their bowel movements for stable energy supply, rewarding good performance with addictive popsicles. As the title characters, Ryoo and Im play street gangsters who steal popsicles and sell them in the [black market](/wiki/Black_market "Black market"). Ryoo reprised his role as Aachi; he had previously voiced the character in a [Flash](/wiki/Adobe_Flash "Adobe Flash") animated [demo](/wiki/Tech_demo "Tech demo") clip introduced as an internet sneak preview in 2001 (Ssipak was originally voiced by [Im Won\-hee](/wiki/Im_Won-hee "Im Won-hee")),{{cite web\|script\-title\=ko:플래시애니메이션 \<아치와 씨팍\>\|url\=http://www.cine21\.com/news/view/mag\_id/2397\|work\=\[\[Cine21]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=7 June 2001}} However, due to investor problems, it would take a total of eight years for the feature\-length film to be finished.{{cite web\|title\=Scatological Animation to Hit Screens After Eight Years\|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2006/06/25/2006062561008\.html\|work\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=25 June 2006}}{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Tae\-jong\|title\=Adult Animation Has Arrived\|url\=http://www.hancinema.net/adult\-animation\-has\-arrived\-6432\.html\|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]] via \[\[Hancinema]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=2 July 2006}}{{cite web\|last\=Hartzell\|first\=Adam\|title\=Aachi \& Ssipak\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm06\.html\#aachi\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} Like its predecessors in homegrown animation *[My Beautiful Girl, Mari](/wiki/My_Beautiful_Girl%2C_Mari "My Beautiful Girl, Mari")* and *[Wonderful Days](/wiki/Wonderful_Days_%28film%29 "Wonderful Days (film)")*, *Aachi \& Ssipak* was well\-reviewed, but a box office flop. In 2007, Ryoo had a small role in Im Chang\-jung's comedy *Underground Rendezvous*. He played a teacher assigned to a mountainous village, but who gets trapped in the middle of nowhere for three months, unable to move his right foot after stepping on a [land mine](/wiki/Land_mine "Land mine"); reviews called his [cameo appearance](/wiki/Cameo_appearance "Cameo appearance") "hilarious."{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Hyo\-won\|title\=Family, History Surface in ''Underground''\|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2007/08/135\_8026\.html\|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=9 August 2007}}{{cite web\|last\=Yang\|first\=Sung\-jin\|title\=Unification theme mixed with small town comedy\|url\=http://www.hancinema.net/movie\-review\-unification\-theme\-mixed\-with\-small\-town\-comedy\-10377\.html\|work\=\[\[The Korea Herald]] via \[\[Hancinema]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=9 August 2007}}{{cite web\|last\=Yoon\|first\=Susan\|title\=Sappy fails to mix with slapstick\|url\=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2008/06/12/artsDesign/DVD\-reviewSappy\-fails\-to\-mix\-with\-slapstick/2891033\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004234112/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid%3D2891033\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=October 4, 2022\|website\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=12 June 2008}} ### 2008 to 2010 *Radio Dayz* marked Ryoo's next leading role in 2008\. He played Lloyd, a fast\-thinking producer of an underfunded and understaffed radio program during [Japanese colonial rule](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule "Korea under Japanese rule") in 1930\. To gain listeners, he creates a [radio drama](/wiki/Radio_drama "Radio drama"), the first of its kind in Korea, using formulaic tropes such as love triangles, amnesia, long\-lost siblings, etc. The show's success also attracts the attention of the Japanese colonial government, and one of his voice actors is secretly working for the [Korean Independence Army](/wiki/Korean_independence_movement "Korean independence movement"). Ryoo was praised for his versatility and nuanced take on the role, but the film did not do well at the box office.{{cite web\|last\=Hartzell\|first\=Adam\|title\=Radio Dayz\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm08\.html\#radiodayz\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}}{{cite web\|last\=Giammarco\|first\=Tom\|title\=Radio Dayz (2008\)\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/tom/?p\=106\|work\=Seen in Jeonju\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=14 October 2009}} Ryoo Seung\-wan's next film *[Dachimawa Lee](/wiki/Dachimawa_Lee "Dachimawa Lee")* returned to the beloved character from his 2000 short (played by [Im Won\-hee](/wiki/Im_Won-hee "Im Won-hee")). The spy action film/parody is set during the 1940s in the last years of Japanese colonial rule, as Dachimawa Lee, his allies and enemies search for the whereabouts of a stolen national treasure, a golden [Buddha](/wiki/Buddha "Buddha") statue that also contains a list of Korean freedom fighters wanted by imperial authorities. Ryoo played one of the minor villains, making quirky vagabond Border Lynx into a likeable rogue.{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Hyo\-won\|title\=Dachimawa Lee Straddles Homage, Mockery\|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/08/135\_28932\.html\|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=7 August 2008}}{{cite web\|last\=Yang\|first\=Sung\-jin\|title\=''Dachimawa Lee'' breaks new ground in comedy\|url\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=200808140029\|work\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=14 August 2008}} In 2009, Ryoo, [Park Hae\-il](/wiki/Park_Hae-il "Park Hae-il"), [Moon So\-ri](/wiki/Moon_So-ri "Moon So-ri"), and [Uhm Ji\-won](/wiki/Uhm_Ji-won "Uhm Ji-won") starred in Baik Hyun\-jhin's 33\-minute short film *The End*, in which four episodes with different stories all end with the [close\-up](/wiki/Close-up "Close-up") shot of the actor's facial expressions for more than 1 minute, then superimposed is the text, "The End."{{cite web\|title\=The End\|url\=http://www.siff.or.kr/eng/program/invitation\_view.html?mov\_idx\=860\|work\=Seoul Independent Film Festival\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}}{{cite web\|title\=The End: The Linear Version\|url\=http://www.pkmgallery.com/exhibitions/2010\-03\-25\_hyunjhin\-baik/video/\|work\=PKM Gallery\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} Ryoo said he chose his next film, *[No Mercy](/wiki/No_Mercy_%282010_film%29 "No Mercy (2010 film)")*, simply because he wanted to work with actor [Sol Kyung\-gu](/wiki/Sol_Kyung-gu "Sol Kyung-gu").{{cite web\|title\=Yoo Seong\-bum: 'Every Work is a Process'\|url\=http://english.kbs.co.kr/hallyu/entertainment\_news\_view2\.html?No\=7244\|work\=KBS Global\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=30 December 2009}}{{cite web\|last\=Wee\|first\=Geun\-woo\|title\=Ryu Seung\-beom says acting is not like ping pong\|url\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\=2009122321440606147\|website\=Asiae\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=23 December 2009}}{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Ji\-hye\|title\=Ryu Seung\-beom's Movie Picks\|url\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\=2009102217413131915\|website\=Asiae\|access\-date\=2013\-04\-28\|date\=22 October 2009}} Ryoo played an environmental activist who confesses to a series of murders, then forces a renowned [autopsy](/wiki/Autopsy "Autopsy") specialist (played by Sol) to compromise all his professional ethics by tampering with autopsy results in order to save his kidnapped daughter from being killed.{{cite web\|last\=Park\|first\=Sun\-young\|title\=''No Mercy'' marked by dramatic plot twists\|url\=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=2914995\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130411050010/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=2914995\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=April 11, 2013\|website\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=7 January 2010}} The film was criticized for its lack of visual style and convoluted plot, but reviews said the film's highlight was the dramatic intensity between the two lead actors in their confrontation scenes in the police interrogation room, with Ryoo playing his role with a subtle eeriness.{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Hyo\-won\|title\=Actors Show No Mercy for Vengeance\|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/12/141\_57866\.html\|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=24 December 2009}}{{cite web\|last\=Elley\|first\=Derek\|title\=No Mercy\|url\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/no\-mercy\|work\=\[\[Film Business Asia]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=15 May 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015045122/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/no\-mercy\|archive\-date\=15 October 2014}} Kim Dae\-woo's *[The Servant](/wiki/The_Servant_%282010_film%29 "The Servant (2010 film)")* subverted the classic folktale *[Chunhyangjeon](/wiki/Chunhyangjeon "Chunhyangjeon")* with the premise that the heroine Chunhyang is ambitious instead of virtuous, and that she falls in love with Bang\-ja, the servant of Lee Mong\-ryong (while Lee, played by Ryoo, is far from heroic).{{cite web\|last\=Ki\|first\=Sun\-min\|title\=Director twists classic tale\|url\=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2010/06/24/artsDesign/Director\-twists\-classic\-tale/2922274\.html\|website\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=24 June 2010\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120711141224/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=2922274\|archive\-date\=11 July 2012}} Co\-starring [Kim Joo\-hyuk](/wiki/Kim_Joo-hyuk "Kim Joo-hyuk") and [Jo Yeo\-jeong](/wiki/Jo_Yeo-jeong "Jo Yeo-jeong"), the [costume drama](/wiki/Costume_drama "Costume drama") depicted the [Joseon](/wiki/Joseon "Joseon") era's sexual mores and class system with sly humor and cynicism.{{cite web\|last\=Mitchel\|first\=Duncan\|title\=The Servant\|url\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm10\.html\#bangja\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}}{{cite web\|last\=Leydon\|first\=Joe\|title\=The Servant\|url\=https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/the\-servant\-1117943201/\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=20 July 2010}}{{cite web\|last\=Elley\|first\=Derek\|title\=The Servant\|url\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/the\-servant\|work\=\[\[Film Business Asia]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=1 July 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101183239/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/the\-servant\|archive\-date\=1 November 2013}} Ensemble comedy *[Foxy Festival](/wiki/Foxy_Festival "Foxy Festival")* explored unconventional sexual preferences in a light\-hearted and non\-judgmental manner, and in it Ryoo played a fish sausage ("[odeng](/wiki/Kamaboko%23South_Korea "Kamaboko#South Korea")") hawker with a [RealDoll](/wiki/RealDoll "RealDoll") [fetish](/wiki/Sexual_fetishism "Sexual fetishism").{{cite web\|last\=Han\|first\=Sun\-hee\|title\=FOXY FESTIVAL, A light, fun story on sex\|url\=http://cinematoday.korea.com/2010/08/a\-light\-fun\-story\-on\-sex/\|work\=Korean Cinema Today\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=10 August 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130127065105/http://cinematoday.korea.com/2010/08/a\-light\-fun\-story\-on\-sex/\|archive\-date\=27 January 2013}}{{cite web\|last\=Elley\|first\=Derek\|title\=Foxy Festival\|url\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/foxy\-festival\|work\=\[\[Film Business Asia]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=1 September 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227074754/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/foxy\-festival\|archive\-date\=27 December 2013}} His most significant film in 2010 was *[The Unjust](/wiki/The_Unjust "The Unjust")*. When a [fall guy](/wiki/Fall_guy "Fall guy") is chosen for a highly publicized serial killer case, a homicide detective (played by Hwang Jung\-min), a prosecutor (played by Ryoo), and a shady real\-estate tycoon (played by [Yoo Hae\-jin](/wiki/Yoo_Hae-jin "Yoo Hae-jin")) all become involved in a complex web of power struggle. The crime thriller was a hard\-hitting indictment of corruption at every level of Korea's justice infrastructure.{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Hyo\-won\|title\=Dirty deals sell well in Unjust conspiracy\|url\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/10/135\_74964\.html\|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=21 October 2010}}{{cite web\|last\=Debruge\|first\=Peter\|title\=The Unjust\|url\=https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/the\-unjust\-1117944695/\|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=22 February 2011}} This was his fifth collaboration with Ryoo Seung\-wan, who said, "My decision to cast him isn't just because he's my younger brother. It has mostly to do with the fact he’s a great actor and it's comfortable for me to work with him."{{cite web\|last\=Song\|first\=Woong\-ki\|title\=Ryu's new film tells tale of corruption\|url\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\=20101005000964\|work\=\[\[The Korea Herald]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=5 October 2010}} For Ryoo's stunningly accurate portrayal of the arrogance, rudeness and weariness of stereotypical Korean middle\-aged men in positions of power,{{cite web\|last\=Hong\|first\=Jiro\|title\=The Unjust\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm10\.html\#unjust\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} he won Best Actor at the [Buil Film Awards](/wiki/Buil_Film_Awards "Buil Film Awards") and the [Fantasia Festival](/wiki/Fantasia_Festival "Fantasia Festival") in Canada. ### 2011 to 2013 In the 2011 comedy *[The Suicide Forecast](/wiki/The_Suicide_Forecast "The Suicide Forecast")*, Ryoo played a baseball player\-turned\-top insurance salesman whose promotion is jeopardized when the police suspect him of [aiding and abetting](/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting "Aiding and abetting") a client's suicide, so he goes on a quest to get in touch with his "suspicious" [life insurance](/wiki/Life_insurance "Life insurance") clients and turn their lives around for the better. Ryoo was criticized for giving curt answers to the press at the movie premiere; his agency apologized on his behalf, saying it was his first time to see the film in its entirety so he needed time to organize his thoughts.{{cite web\|title\=Ryu Seung Bum, "I Needed Time to Organize My Answers After Watching the Movie for the First Time"\|url\=http://www.askactor.com/article/Ryu\-Seung\_Bum\-\_\-I\_Needed\_Time\_to\_Organize\_My\_Answers\_After\_Watching\_the\_Movie\_for\_the\_First\_Time\-/\|work\=Ask K\-pop\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=10 April 2011}} Ryoo later called human comedy "an extremely cruel genre" to "people who are actually living that reality by making people laugh and cry over someone's pain." But he said he liked the film for trying "to draw a hopeful message from out of it and offer cheerful consolation rather than handle it in a depressing way."{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Ji\-hye\|title\=INTERVIEW: Actor Ryoo Seung\-bum \- Part 1\|url\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\=2011041817281337120\|website\=Asiae\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=18 April 2011}}{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Ji\-hye\|title\=INTERVIEW: Actor Ryoo Seung\-bum \- Part 2\|url\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\=2011041818131434164\|website\=Asiae\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=18 April 2011}} Ryoo played a [zombie](/wiki/Zombie "Zombie") in [Yim Pil\-sung](/wiki/Yim_Pil-sung "Yim Pil-sung")'s short film *A Brave New World*, part of the [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction_film "Science fiction film") [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film "Anthology film") *[Doomsday Book](/wiki/Doomsday_Book_%28film%29 "Doomsday Book (film)")*. His zombie make\-up took six hours daily to put on.{{cite web\|last\=Ho\|first\=Stewart\|title\=Ryu Seung Bum in Korea's First\-Ever Zombie Movie\|url\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\=4619\|work\=enewsWorld\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=22 March 2012}} Ryoo shot the film in 2006, but because of financing problems, it was only released in 2012\.{{cite web\|last\=Elley\|first\=Derek\|title\=Doomsday Book\|url\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/doomsday\-book\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028175122/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/doomsday\-book\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=28 October 2012\|work\=\[\[Film Business Asia]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=24 October 2012}} In 2012, he joined the cast of [black comedy](/wiki/Black_comedy "Black comedy") *[Over My Dead Body](/wiki/Over_My_Dead_Body_%282012_South_Korean_film%29 "Over My Dead Body (2012 South Korean film)")*, along with [Lee Beom\-soo](/wiki/Lee_Beom-soo "Lee Beom-soo") and [Kim Ok\-bin](/wiki/Kim_Ok-bin "Kim Ok-bin"). Ryoo was a [scene stealer](/wiki/Scene_stealer "Scene stealer") in the role of a daft character who fakes his own death in order to hide from loan sharks and collect his insurance money, but stumbles into two researchers attempting to steal a corpse with an embedded computer chip containing stolen technology.{{cite web\|last\=Oh\|first\=Mi\-jung\|title\=Ryu Seung Bum's Dorky Side Shines Through in ''Comeback''\|url\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\=4540\|work\=enewsWorld\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=20 March 2012}}{{cite web\|last\=Oh\|first\=Mi\-jung\|title\=Preview: If You Want to Laugh, Watch ''Comeback''\|url\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\=4565\|work\=enewsWorld\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=22 March 2012}}{{cite web\|last\=Mudge\|first\=James\|title\=Over My Dead Body (2012\) Movie Review\|url\=http://www.beyondhollywood.com/over\-my\-dead\-body\-2012\-movie\-review/\|work\=Beyond Hollywood\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=20 August 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505081112/http://www.beyondhollywood.com/over\-my\-dead\-body\-2012\-movie\-review/\|archive\-date\=5 May 2013}} Later that year, he starred in *[Perfect Number](/wiki/Perfect_Number_%28film%29 "Perfect Number (film)")*, a film adaptation of popular Japanese [mystery novel](/wiki/Mystery_novel "Mystery novel") *[The Devotion of Suspect X](/wiki/The_Devotion_of_Suspect_X "The Devotion of Suspect X")* by [Keigo Higashino](/wiki/Keigo_Higashino "Keigo Higashino"). Ryoo played a [genius](/wiki/Genius "Genius") mathematics professor who plans the perfect [alibi](/wiki/Alibi "Alibi") for the woman he secretly loves (played by [Lee Yo\-won](/wiki/Lee_Yo-won "Lee Yo-won")) when she unexpectedly murders her abusive ex\-husband. He said it was his first time to portray self\-sacrificing love,{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Hye\-ji\|title\=Ryu Seung\-bum says "Math is the subject still I need to learn"\|url\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\=2012091910220401043\|access\-date\=2012\-11\-18\|website\=Asiae\|date\=19 September 2012}} and director [Bang Eun\-jin](/wiki/Bang_Eun-jin "Bang Eun-jin") commended the maturity in his acting when she instructed him "to cry with your heart, not with the face."{{cite web\|last\=Jang\|first\=Sung\-ran\|title\=I carved out every single scene rather than filming: PANG Eun\-jin, director of Perfect Number\|url\=http://koreanfilm.or.kr/webzine/sub/interview.jsp?mode\=A\_VIEW\&wbSeq\=24\|work\=Korean Cinema Today\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-07\|date\=12 October 2012}} He was cast in a supporting role in *[The Berlin File](/wiki/The_Berlin_File "The Berlin File")*, Ryoo Seung\-wan's 2013 spy thriller also starring [Ha Jung\-woo](/wiki/Ha_Jung-woo "Ha Jung-woo"), [Han Suk\-kyu](/wiki/Han_Suk-kyu "Han Suk-kyu"), and [Jun Ji\-hyun](/wiki/Jun_Ji-hyun "Jun Ji-hyun"). Playing a ruthless assassin and the son of a high ranking [North Korean](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") official, Ryoo spoke [German](/wiki/German_language "German language"), [English](/wiki/English_language "English language"), and [North Korean dialect](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language "North–South differences in the Korean language") in the film.{{cite web\|last\=Oh\|first\=Mi\-jung\|title\=Interview Part II: Ryu Seung Bum Says He Opened the Renaissance of Hope and Dreams \|url\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\=28761\|work\=enewsWorld\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=9 February 2013}}{{cite web\|last\=Oh\|first\=Mi\-jung\|title\=The Stars of ''The Berlin File'' Say They Had a Hard Time Speaking in German and English\|url\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\=27150\|work\=enewsWorld\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=23 January 2013}}{{cite web\|last\=Oh\|first\=Mi\-jung\|title\=Interview Part I: Ryu Seung Bum Returns as a North Korean Bully in ''The Berlin File''\|url\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\=28757\|work\=enewsWorld\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=9 February 2013}} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* praised his portrayal for its "electrifying viciousness,"{{cite web\|last\=Rapold\|first\=Nicolas\|title\=Threatened by Foe and Friend\|url\=https://movies.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/movies/the\-berlin\-file\-directed\-by\-ryoo\-seung\-wan.html\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=2013\-02\-24\|date\=14 February 2013}} and *[The Korea Times](/wiki/The_Korea_Times "The Korea Times")* called him "brilliant."{{cite web\|last\=Yun\|first\=Suh\-young\|title\=Best ever? Not so fast.\|url\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/02/141\_130445\.html\|work\=\[\[The Korea Times]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=13 February 2013}} *The Berlin File* sold more than 7 million tickets, making it Korea's top all\-time action movie.{{cite web\|title\=''The Berlin File'' Becomes Korea's Top Action Movie\|url\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\_dir/2013/03/05/2013030500782\.html\|work\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=5 March 2013}} It is also the biggest hit of Ryoo's career thus far.{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=In\-kyung\|title\=Ryu Seung Bum and Ryu Seung Wan Hold Stage Events for ''The Berlin File''\|url\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\=29959\|work\=enewsWorld\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=25 February 2013}} ### 2015 to present Following *The Berlin File*, Ryoo went on a hiatus from show business because he said he no longer wanted to be an "overly commercialized product." He traveled all over Europe, then lived in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") for three years where he worked as a [model](/wiki/Model_%28people%29 "Model (people)"). Ryoo returned to acting in 2015 with a leading role in [Im Sang\-soo](/wiki/Im_Sang-soo "Im Sang-soo")'s *[Intimate Enemies](/wiki/Intimate_Enemies_%282015_film%29 "Intimate Enemies (2015 film)")*, a [thriller](/wiki/Thriller_%28genre%29 "Thriller (genre)") about four people who find bags of money at a car crash site and decide to use it to mete out revenge against corrupt corporations.{{cite web\|last\=Jung\|first\=Hyun\-mok\|title\=Ryoo returns with new real\-life role\|url\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\=3005849\|website\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\|access\-date\=2015\-06\-26\|date\=26 June 2015}} In 2017, Ryoo was cast in [Kim Ki\-duk](/wiki/Kim_Ki-duk "Kim Ki-duk")'s drama film *[Human, Space, Time and Human](/wiki/Human%2C_Space%2C_Time_and_Human "Human, Space, Time and Human")*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd\=601006\&seq\=4314\&mode\=VIEW\|title\=JANG Keun\-suk, RYOO Seung\-bum and Joe Odagiri in THE TIME OF HUMANS\|date\=30 May 2017\|website\=Korean Film Biz Zone}} In 2019, Ryoo starred in the third installment of the *Tazza* film series, *[Tazza: One Eyed Jack](/wiki/Tazza:One_Eyed_Jack "One Eyed Jack")*.{{cite web\|url\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\=3049883\&cloc\=joongangdaily\|title\=Ryoo Seung\-bum cast in 'Tazza' film\|date\=28 June 2018\|website\=\[\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]}} In March 2023, Ryoo signed with Y One Entertainment.{{Cite web \|author\=Cho Ji\-young \|date\=March 7, 2023 \|title\=\[공식] '복귀' 류승범, 와이원엔터와 전속 계약 "채널X장르 구분 없이 차기작 물색" \|trans\-title\=\[Official] 'Return' Ryu Seung\-beom, exclusive contract with Y One Entertainment "Searching for the next work regardless of genre in Channel X" \|url\=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid\=076\&aid\=0003978566 \|access\-date\=March 7, 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Sports Chosun]] \|language\=ko}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Early work", "His older brother [Ryoo Seung\\-wan](/wiki/Ryoo_Seung-wan \"Ryoo Seung-wan\") was an aspiring filmmaker, and from 1996 to 1999, the elder Ryoo shot four low\\-budget [short films](/wiki/Short_film \"Short film\") starring himself, his younger brother Seung\\-bum, and several friends. In strikingly diverse styles but with a common narrative, these shorts were re\\-edited, combined and released in 2000 as Ryoo Seung\\-wan's feature directorial debut *[Die Bad](/wiki/Die_Bad \"Die Bad\")*. Critically acclaimed as powerfully visceral, gut\\-wrenching, and searingly angry, the film became an instant [cult hit](/wiki/Cult_hit \"Cult hit\"), earning attention for the Ryoo brothers.{{cite web\\|title\\=Ryoo Seung Wan: Korea's Action Kid\\|url\\=http://www.yesasia.com/us/yumcha/ryoo\\-seung\\-wan\\-koreas\\-action\\-kid/0\\-0\\-0\\-arid.90\\-en/featured\\-article.html\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|work\\=\\[\\[YesAsia]]\\|date\\=5 October 2006}} One review described Ryoo Seung\\-bum's acting debut as \"a startling, naturalistic turn,\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=Die Bad\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm00\\.html\\#diebad\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}} and he won Best New Actor at the [Grand Bell Awards](/wiki/Grand_Bell_Awards \"Grand Bell Awards\").", "Their success continued with Ryoo Seung\\-wan's follow\\-up *Dachimawa Lee*, a 35\\-minute [short film](/wiki/Short_film \"Short film\") [parodying](/wiki/Parody \"Parody\") Korean action films of the 60s and 70s, [Bruce Lee](/wiki/Bruce_Lee \"Bruce Lee\"), [Shaw Brothers](/wiki/Shaw_Brothers \"Shaw Brothers\") and [Jackie Chan](/wiki/Jackie_Chan \"Jackie Chan\") flicks, and the [machismo](/wiki/Machismo \"Machismo\") [kitsch](/wiki/Kitsch \"Kitsch\") of old Korean melodramas, coupled with over\\-the\\-top [voice dubbing](/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29 \"Dubbing (filmmaking)\") and deliberately mistimed action. Ryoo played Washington, a young thug with a heart of gold and a huge [afro](/wiki/Afro \"Afro\"). The short, streamed on the now\\-defunct Cine4M website, was enormously popular online.{{cite web\\|title\\=K\\-FILM REVIEWS: 다찌마와 리 (Dajjimawa Lee)\\|url\\=http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2006/03/memories\\-of\\-midnight\\-ch\\-1\\-ryu\\-seung\\-wans\\-dajjimawa\\-lee.php\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|work\\=\\[\\[Twitch Film]]\\|date\\=7 March 2006}}", "Ryoo next starred in [Yim Soon\\-rye](/wiki/Yim_Soon-rye \"Yim Soon-rye\")'s *[Waikiki Brothers](/wiki/Waikiki_Brothers \"Waikiki Brothers\")*, a 2001 film chronicling the fate of a shoddy nightclub band, with its bittersweet mixture of boyhood aspirations and the love of music, and the despair and reality of adulthood. Ryoo had a supporting role as a young waiter eager to learn how to play the drums and perform onstage.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=Waikiki Brothers\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm01\\.html\\#waikiki\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}", "Later that year, he ventured into television, as part of the main cast of 50\\-episode family drama *Wonderful Days*, along with [Ji Sung](/wiki/Ji_Sung \"Ji Sung\"), [Park Sun\\-young](/wiki/Park_Sun-young_%28actress%29 \"Park Sun-young (actress)\"), and [Gong Hyo\\-jin](/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin \"Gong Hyo-jin\"). Ryoo received Best New Actor for TV from the [Baeksang Arts Awards](/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards \"Baeksang Arts Awards\").", "In 2002, he appeared in Ryoo Seung\\-wan's sophomore effort, the gangster/[heist film](/wiki/Heist_film \"Heist film\") *[No Blood No Tears](/wiki/No_Blood_No_Tears \"No Blood No Tears\")* starring [Jeon Do\\-yeon](/wiki/Jeon_Do-yeon \"Jeon Do-yeon\") and [Jung Jae\\-young](/wiki/Jung_Jae-young \"Jung Jae-young\"). The film was a critical and box office disappointment. But he was starting to make a name for himself in the industry independent of his older brother. Ryoo joined Jung, [Shin Ha\\-kyun](/wiki/Shin_Ha-kyun \"Shin Ha-kyun\") and an ensemble cast of [Jang Jin](/wiki/Jang_Jin \"Jang Jin\") regulars in *No Comment* (also known as *Mudjima Family*), an [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film \"Anthology film\") made of three short films. His performance as a harassed [concierge](/wiki/Concierge \"Concierge\") was one of the highlights of the first short *Enemies in Four Directions*.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=No Comment\\|url\\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm02\\.html\\#nocomment\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}} He also had a small role in [Park Chan\\-wook](/wiki/Park_Chan-wook \"Park Chan-wook\")'s *[Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance](/wiki/Sympathy_for_Mr._Vengeance \"Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance\")*.", "He then reunited with [Noh Hee\\-kyung](/wiki/Noh_Hee-kyung \"Noh Hee-kyung\"), the writer of *Wonderful Days*, in the [TV drama](/wiki/Korean_drama \"Korean drama\") *Solitude*, a May–December romance between a man in his early twenties and a much older [single mother](/wiki/Single_mother \"Single mother\") who is also terminally ill (played by [Lee Mi\\-sook](/wiki/Lee_Mi-sook \"Lee Mi-sook\")).", "*[Conduct Zero](/wiki/Conduct_Zero \"Conduct Zero\")* capped Ryoo's year, in his first big screen leading role as the tough, fists\\-over\\-brains \"king\" of his high school who unexpectedly and awkwardly falls for a nerdy girl (played by [Lim Eun\\-kyung](/wiki/Lim_Eun-kyung \"Lim Eun-kyung\")). The 1980s\\-set comedy was a minor hit, selling nearly 1\\.7 million tickets and solidifying Ryoo's star status.{{cite web\\|last\\=Paquet\\|first\\=Darcy\\|title\\=Conduct Zero\\|url\\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm02\\.html\\#conduct\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Pearce\\|first\\=Joel\\|title\\=Conduct Zero\\|url\\=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/conductzero.php\\|work\\=DVD Verdict\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=7 October 2004\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217135136/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/conductzero.php\\|archive\\-date\\=17 December 2012}}", "Ryoo made his theater debut in Lee Sang\\-woo's stage play *Bieonso* ({{korean\\|비언소}}; \"Toilet\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Yu\\|first\\=In\\-hwa\\|title\\=Remaining Ink: Blacklist II\\|url\\=http://english.khan.co.kr/khan\\_art\\_view.html?artid\\=201301071530107\\|work\\=\\[\\[Kyunghyang Shinmun]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=7 January 2013}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Movie about civilian killings at Nogeun\\-ri to debut\\|url\\=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english\\_edition/e\\_entertainment/167577\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hankyoreh]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-23\\|date\\=26 October 2006}}). Directed by stage/TV actor Park Kwang\\-jung, *Bieonso* ran at the Dongsoong Art Center from November 4 to December 28, 2003\\.{{cite web\\|script\\-title\\=ko:연극 '비언소' 연출가\\-배우로 한무대 박광정\\&유승범\\|url\\=http://news.donga.com/Culture/Play/3/0708/20031021/7993577/1\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Dong\\-a Ilbo]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=21 October 2003}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Jeong\\|first\\=Sang\\-young\\|script\\-title\\=ko:연극 \\<비언소\\>의 연출가 박광정씨와 배우 류승범씨\\|url\\=http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section\\-009100004/2003/10/009100004200310211926107\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hankyoreh]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-11\\|date\\=21 October 2003}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Oh\\|first\\=Ji\\-hye\\|script\\-title\\=ko:류승범: 올드보이를 탐내는 청년\\|url\\=http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section\\-021093000/2003/12/021093000200312040487002\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hankyoreh]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-11\\|date\\=4 December 2003}}{{cite web\\|script\\-title\\=ko:生 연극 시리즈 6\\. 비언소\\|url\\=http://www.dsartcenter.co.kr/info/perform\\_detail.asp?seq\\=1013\\&sel\\_year\\=2003\\|work\\=Dongsoong Art Center\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}", "For the TV program *Nursery Story*, Ryoo and [Yoon Jin\\-seo](/wiki/Yoon_Jin-seo \"Yoon Jin-seo\") appeared in *Christmas Lovers*, which aired in four five\\-minute daily installments on [MBC](/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation\") in December 22 to December 25, 2003\\. In [Min Kyu\\-dong](/wiki/Min_Kyu-dong \"Min Kyu-dong\")'s short *Secrets and Lies* (released by the Korean Academy of Film Arts in the 2003 [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film \"Anthology film\") *Twentidentity*), Ryoo's character finds himself in a dilemma when his fiancee's mother hits on him.{{cite web\\|title\\=Twentidentity 2\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.co.uk/twentidentity\\-2\\|work\\=The London Korean Film Festival\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=23 June 2011}}", "Ryoo began 2004 in the TV series *[Sunlight Pours Down](/wiki/Sunlight_Pours_Down \"Sunlight Pours Down\")* co\\-starring [Song Hye\\-kyo](/wiki/Song_Hye-kyo \"Song Hye-kyo\") and [Jo Hyun\\-jae](/wiki/Jo_Hyun-jae \"Jo Hyun-jae\"), but it proved unmemorable to audiences. Thereafter Ryoo would concentrate solely on film.", "In Ryoo Seung\\-wan's *[Arahan](/wiki/Arahan \"Arahan\")*, he played a hapless traffic policeman who discovers he has untapped martial arts potential, as he's trained by masters played by [Ahn Sung\\-ki](/wiki/Ahn_Sung-ki \"Ahn Sung-ki\") and [Yoon So\\-yi](/wiki/Yoon_So-yi \"Yoon So-yi\"). Part modern\\-day [wuxia](/wiki/Wuxia \"Wuxia\"), part [superhero film](/wiki/Superhero_film \"Superhero film\") and part local comedy, it was Ryoo Seung\\-wan's first foray into commercial cinema, and the film was a relative box office success at around 2 million tickets sold. It also established Ryoo's star charisma and his natural affinity for comedy.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=Arahan\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm04\\.html\\#arahan\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}", "Ryoo then starred in [Kim Sung\\-su](/wiki/Kim_Sung-su_%28director%29 \"Kim Sung-su (director)\")'s online short *Back* (streamed on [Daum](/wiki/Daum_%28web_portal%29 \"Daum (web portal)\") in October 2004\\). Set in a [dystopia](/wiki/Dystopia \"Dystopia\") where everyone literally moves backward, his character sparks a revolution and becomes hunted by the authorities by daring to move forward.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Jong\\-do\\|script\\-title\\=ko:다음검색이 공짜 영화를 쏜다! ‘다음검색 필름페스티벌’\\|url\\=http://www.cine21\\.com/news/view/mag\\_id/26626\\|work\\=\\[\\[Cine21]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=13 October 2004}}{{cite web\\|title\\=빽 (Back)\\|url\\=http://movie.daum.net/moviedetail/moviedetailPhotoList.do?movieId\\=40513\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daum (web portal)\\|Daum]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}", "### Critical success", "Though Ryoo had been steadily impressing critics and audiences since his debut, it was *[Crying Fist](/wiki/Crying_Fist \"Crying Fist\")* in 2005 that would change his career.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Seung\\-jae\\|title\\=Ryu Seung\\-bum: A Boxer from a Reformatory in ''Crying Fist''\\|url\\=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid\\=2005032590758\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Dong\\-a Ilbo]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=24 March 2005}} Considered a showcase for the talents of the Ryoo brothers, the movie is a real\\-life\\-inspired story of two boxers, showing their journeys in a parallel [narrative structure](/wiki/Narrative_structure \"Narrative structure\"): one is a hardened teenage criminal who takes up boxing in [reform school](/wiki/Reform_school \"Reform school\"), the other a retired boxer in his forties earning his keep as a \"human punching bag\" who returns to the ring partly to redeem himself in the eyes of his son and wife. Only at the climax would the two protagonists meet as opponents in the final match, two men from different backgrounds and social positions, but united in their status as total losers, struggling to regain self\\-respect and purpose in their lives.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=Crying Fist\\|url\\=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article\\_view.asp?menu\\=c10400\\&no\\=272780\\&rel\\_no\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18\\|work\\=\\[\\[OhmyNews International]]\\|date\\=7 February 2006}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Noh\\|first\\=James\\|title\\=''Crying Fist'' to Premiere in April: Two Ordinary Men on the Brink Fight for Their Lives\\|url\\=http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url\\=/ST/db/read.php?idx\\=1499\\|work\\=The Seoul Times\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=19 February 2005}} Ryoo and co\\-star [Choi Min\\-sik](/wiki/Choi_Min-sik \"Choi Min-sik\") underwent boxing training like they were preparing for a real match; they didn't use [body doubles](/wiki/Body_double \"Body double\") in the scene and exchanged real blows.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Tae\\-jong\\|title\\='Crying Fist' Depicts Fight for Hope\\|url\\=http://www.hancinema.net/\\-crying\\-fist\\-depicts\\-fight\\-for\\-hope\\-\\-2420\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]] via \\[\\[Hancinema]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=17 March 2005}} Director Ryoo Seung\\-wan discussed on the film's DVD how his brother had to access his real personality and real\\-life memories for his onscreen breakdown, and critics praised Ryoo's range, caged fury and passion in the role, calling the performance amazing and mesmerizing, such that he overshadowed his older, more prestigious colleague Choi.{{cite web\\|last\\=Paquet\\|first\\=Darcy\\|title\\=Crying Fist\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm05\\.html\\#cryingfist\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}} *Crying Fist* opened against *[A Bittersweet Life](/wiki/A_Bittersweet_Life \"A Bittersweet Life\")*, and despite excellent reviews for both films, they ended up canceling each other out at the box office, selling a little over a million tickets each. This performance cemented Ryoo's reputation as one of the top actors of his generation, and one of the country's leading acting figures.{{cite web\\|title\\=K\\-FILM REVIEWS: 주먹이 운다 (Crying Fist)\\|url\\=http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2005/08/crying\\-fist\\-dvd\\-review.php\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18\\|work\\=\\[\\[Twitch Film]]\\|date\\=22 August 2005\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209235553/http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2005/08/crying\\-fist\\-dvd\\-review.php\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2011}}", "For a change of pace, Ryoo next starred in the [romantic comedy](/wiki/Romantic_comedy \"Romantic comedy\") *The Beast and the Beauty*, playing a [voice actor](/wiki/Voice_actor \"Voice actor\") who lies about his looks to his blind pianist girlfriend (played by [Shin Min\\-ah](/wiki/Shin_Min-ah \"Shin Min-ah\")).", "In 2006, his real\\-life ex\\-girlfriend [Gong Hyo\\-jin](/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin \"Gong Hyo-jin\") asked him to make a [cameo appearance](/wiki/Cameo_appearance \"Cameo appearance\") in [Kim Tae\\-yong](/wiki/Kim_Tae-yong \"Kim Tae-yong\")'s critically acclaimed drama *[Family Ties](/wiki/Family_Ties_%282006_film%29 \"Family Ties (2006 film)\")*. He played her character's ex\\-boyfriend, lending a [meta](/wiki/Meta_%28prefix%29 \"Meta (prefix)\") aspect and [irony](/wiki/Irony \"Irony\") to their few scenes together.{{cite web\\|last\\=Paquet\\|first\\=Darcy\\|title\\=Family Ties\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm06\\.html\\#familyties\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Yong\\-sung\\|title\\=Film sees love, not blood ties, key for family\\|url\\=http://www.hancinema.net/film\\-sees\\-love\\-not\\-blood\\-ties\\-key\\-for\\-family\\-6107\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]] via \\[\\[Hancinema]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=22 May 2006}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Beck\\|first\\=Una\\|title\\=INTERVIEW: Actress Kong Hyo\\-jin \\- Part 2\\|url\\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\\=2011070816343130848\\|website\\=Asiae\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=8 July 2011}}", "He then returned to [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir \"Film noir\") with *[Bloody Tie](/wiki/Bloody_Tie \"Bloody Tie\")* opposite [Hwang Jung\\-min](/wiki/Hwang_Jung-min \"Hwang Jung-min\") (they had previously worked together in *Waikiki Brothers*{{cite web\\|title\\=2006 KOREAN CINEMA PREVIEWS: Choi Ho's 사생결단 (Bloody Tie)\\|url\\=http://twitchfilm.com/2006/02/2006\\-korean\\-cinema\\-previews\\-choi\\-hos\\-bloody\\-tie.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Twitch Film]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=16 February 2006}}). Set amidst the [meth](/wiki/Methamphetamine \"Methamphetamine\") drug trade in [Busan](/wiki/Busan \"Busan\") after the [IMF crisis](/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis%23South_Korea \"1997 Asian financial crisis#South Korea\"), the film drew unanimously positive reviews.{{cite web\\|title\\=사생결단 (Bloody Tie) Press Screening Report\\|url\\=http://twitchfilm.com/2006/04/bloody\\-tie\\-press\\-screening\\-report.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[Twitch Film]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=18 April 2006}} Critics praised Ryoo's portrayal of a small\\-time drug dealer,{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=Bloody Tie\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm06\\.html\\#bloodytie\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}} and he won Best Actor at the Golden Cinematography Awards and the [Baeksang Arts Awards](/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards \"Baeksang Arts Awards\").", "Ryoo and [Im Chang\\-jung](/wiki/Im_Chang-jung \"Im Chang-jung\") lent their [voices](/wiki/Voice_actor \"Voice actor\") to the adult animated comedy *[Aachi \\& Ssipak](/wiki/Aachi_%26_Ssipak \"Aachi & Ssipak\")*, set in a futuristic world fueled by human feces where the government implants a microchip into each of its citizens' anuses to check their bowel movements for stable energy supply, rewarding good performance with addictive popsicles. As the title characters, Ryoo and Im play street gangsters who steal popsicles and sell them in the [black market](/wiki/Black_market \"Black market\"). Ryoo reprised his role as Aachi; he had previously voiced the character in a [Flash](/wiki/Adobe_Flash \"Adobe Flash\") animated [demo](/wiki/Tech_demo \"Tech demo\") clip introduced as an internet sneak preview in 2001 (Ssipak was originally voiced by [Im Won\\-hee](/wiki/Im_Won-hee \"Im Won-hee\")),{{cite web\\|script\\-title\\=ko:플래시애니메이션 \\<아치와 씨팍\\>\\|url\\=http://www.cine21\\.com/news/view/mag\\_id/2397\\|work\\=\\[\\[Cine21]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=7 June 2001}} However, due to investor problems, it would take a total of eight years for the feature\\-length film to be finished.{{cite web\\|title\\=Scatological Animation to Hit Screens After Eight Years\\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2006/06/25/2006062561008\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=25 June 2006}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Tae\\-jong\\|title\\=Adult Animation Has Arrived\\|url\\=http://www.hancinema.net/adult\\-animation\\-has\\-arrived\\-6432\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]] via \\[\\[Hancinema]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=2 July 2006}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Hartzell\\|first\\=Adam\\|title\\=Aachi \\& Ssipak\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm06\\.html\\#aachi\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}} Like its predecessors in homegrown animation *[My Beautiful Girl, Mari](/wiki/My_Beautiful_Girl%2C_Mari \"My Beautiful Girl, Mari\")* and *[Wonderful Days](/wiki/Wonderful_Days_%28film%29 \"Wonderful Days (film)\")*, *Aachi \\& Ssipak* was well\\-reviewed, but a box office flop.", "In 2007, Ryoo had a small role in Im Chang\\-jung's comedy *Underground Rendezvous*. He played a teacher assigned to a mountainous village, but who gets trapped in the middle of nowhere for three months, unable to move his right foot after stepping on a [land mine](/wiki/Land_mine \"Land mine\"); reviews called his [cameo appearance](/wiki/Cameo_appearance \"Cameo appearance\") \"hilarious.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Hyo\\-won\\|title\\=Family, History Surface in ''Underground''\\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2007/08/135\\_8026\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=9 August 2007}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Yang\\|first\\=Sung\\-jin\\|title\\=Unification theme mixed with small town comedy\\|url\\=http://www.hancinema.net/movie\\-review\\-unification\\-theme\\-mixed\\-with\\-small\\-town\\-comedy\\-10377\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]] via \\[\\[Hancinema]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=9 August 2007}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Yoon\\|first\\=Susan\\|title\\=Sappy fails to mix with slapstick\\|url\\=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2008/06/12/artsDesign/DVD\\-reviewSappy\\-fails\\-to\\-mix\\-with\\-slapstick/2891033\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004234112/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid%3D2891033\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=October 4, 2022\\|website\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=12 June 2008}}", "### 2008 to 2010", "*Radio Dayz* marked Ryoo's next leading role in 2008\\. He played Lloyd, a fast\\-thinking producer of an underfunded and understaffed radio program during [Japanese colonial rule](/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule \"Korea under Japanese rule\") in 1930\\. To gain listeners, he creates a [radio drama](/wiki/Radio_drama \"Radio drama\"), the first of its kind in Korea, using formulaic tropes such as love triangles, amnesia, long\\-lost siblings, etc. The show's success also attracts the attention of the Japanese colonial government, and one of his voice actors is secretly working for the [Korean Independence Army](/wiki/Korean_independence_movement \"Korean independence movement\"). Ryoo was praised for his versatility and nuanced take on the role, but the film did not do well at the box office.{{cite web\\|last\\=Hartzell\\|first\\=Adam\\|title\\=Radio Dayz\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm08\\.html\\#radiodayz\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Giammarco\\|first\\=Tom\\|title\\=Radio Dayz (2008\\)\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/tom/?p\\=106\\|work\\=Seen in Jeonju\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=14 October 2009}}", "Ryoo Seung\\-wan's next film *[Dachimawa Lee](/wiki/Dachimawa_Lee \"Dachimawa Lee\")* returned to the beloved character from his 2000 short (played by [Im Won\\-hee](/wiki/Im_Won-hee \"Im Won-hee\")). The spy action film/parody is set during the 1940s in the last years of Japanese colonial rule, as Dachimawa Lee, his allies and enemies search for the whereabouts of a stolen national treasure, a golden [Buddha](/wiki/Buddha \"Buddha\") statue that also contains a list of Korean freedom fighters wanted by imperial authorities. Ryoo played one of the minor villains, making quirky vagabond Border Lynx into a likeable rogue.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Hyo\\-won\\|title\\=Dachimawa Lee Straddles Homage, Mockery\\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/08/135\\_28932\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=7 August 2008}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Yang\\|first\\=Sung\\-jin\\|title\\=''Dachimawa Lee'' breaks new ground in comedy\\|url\\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=200808140029\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=14 August 2008}}", "In 2009, Ryoo, [Park Hae\\-il](/wiki/Park_Hae-il \"Park Hae-il\"), [Moon So\\-ri](/wiki/Moon_So-ri \"Moon So-ri\"), and [Uhm Ji\\-won](/wiki/Uhm_Ji-won \"Uhm Ji-won\") starred in Baik Hyun\\-jhin's 33\\-minute short film *The End*, in which four episodes with different stories all end with the [close\\-up](/wiki/Close-up \"Close-up\") shot of the actor's facial expressions for more than 1 minute, then superimposed is the text, \"The End.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=The End\\|url\\=http://www.siff.or.kr/eng/program/invitation\\_view.html?mov\\_idx\\=860\\|work\\=Seoul Independent Film Festival\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The End: The Linear Version\\|url\\=http://www.pkmgallery.com/exhibitions/2010\\-03\\-25\\_hyunjhin\\-baik/video/\\|work\\=PKM Gallery\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}", "Ryoo said he chose his next film, *[No Mercy](/wiki/No_Mercy_%282010_film%29 \"No Mercy (2010 film)\")*, simply because he wanted to work with actor [Sol Kyung\\-gu](/wiki/Sol_Kyung-gu \"Sol Kyung-gu\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Yoo Seong\\-bum: 'Every Work is a Process'\\|url\\=http://english.kbs.co.kr/hallyu/entertainment\\_news\\_view2\\.html?No\\=7244\\|work\\=KBS Global\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=30 December 2009}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Wee\\|first\\=Geun\\-woo\\|title\\=Ryu Seung\\-beom says acting is not like ping pong\\|url\\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\\=2009122321440606147\\|website\\=Asiae\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=23 December 2009}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Ji\\-hye\\|title\\=Ryu Seung\\-beom's Movie Picks\\|url\\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\\=2009102217413131915\\|website\\=Asiae\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-04\\-28\\|date\\=22 October 2009}} Ryoo played an environmental activist who confesses to a series of murders, then forces a renowned [autopsy](/wiki/Autopsy \"Autopsy\") specialist (played by Sol) to compromise all his professional ethics by tampering with autopsy results in order to save his kidnapped daughter from being killed.{{cite web\\|last\\=Park\\|first\\=Sun\\-young\\|title\\=''No Mercy'' marked by dramatic plot twists\\|url\\=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=2914995\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130411050010/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=2914995\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2013\\|website\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=7 January 2010}} The film was criticized for its lack of visual style and convoluted plot, but reviews said the film's highlight was the dramatic intensity between the two lead actors in their confrontation scenes in the police interrogation room, with Ryoo playing his role with a subtle eeriness.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Hyo\\-won\\|title\\=Actors Show No Mercy for Vengeance\\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/12/141\\_57866\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=24 December 2009}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Elley\\|first\\=Derek\\|title\\=No Mercy\\|url\\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/no\\-mercy\\|work\\=\\[\\[Film Business Asia]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=15 May 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015045122/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/no\\-mercy\\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2014}}", "Kim Dae\\-woo's *[The Servant](/wiki/The_Servant_%282010_film%29 \"The Servant (2010 film)\")* subverted the classic folktale *[Chunhyangjeon](/wiki/Chunhyangjeon \"Chunhyangjeon\")* with the premise that the heroine Chunhyang is ambitious instead of virtuous, and that she falls in love with Bang\\-ja, the servant of Lee Mong\\-ryong (while Lee, played by Ryoo, is far from heroic).{{cite web\\|last\\=Ki\\|first\\=Sun\\-min\\|title\\=Director twists classic tale\\|url\\=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2010/06/24/artsDesign/Director\\-twists\\-classic\\-tale/2922274\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=24 June 2010\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120711141224/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=2922274\\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2012}} Co\\-starring [Kim Joo\\-hyuk](/wiki/Kim_Joo-hyuk \"Kim Joo-hyuk\") and [Jo Yeo\\-jeong](/wiki/Jo_Yeo-jeong \"Jo Yeo-jeong\"), the [costume drama](/wiki/Costume_drama \"Costume drama\") depicted the [Joseon](/wiki/Joseon \"Joseon\") era's sexual mores and class system with sly humor and cynicism.{{cite web\\|last\\=Mitchel\\|first\\=Duncan\\|title\\=The Servant\\|url\\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm10\\.html\\#bangja\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Leydon\\|first\\=Joe\\|title\\=The Servant\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/the\\-servant\\-1117943201/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=20 July 2010}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Elley\\|first\\=Derek\\|title\\=The Servant\\|url\\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/the\\-servant\\|work\\=\\[\\[Film Business Asia]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=1 July 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101183239/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/the\\-servant\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2013}}", "Ensemble comedy *[Foxy Festival](/wiki/Foxy_Festival \"Foxy Festival\")* explored unconventional sexual preferences in a light\\-hearted and non\\-judgmental manner, and in it Ryoo played a fish sausage (\"[odeng](/wiki/Kamaboko%23South_Korea \"Kamaboko#South Korea\")\") hawker with a [RealDoll](/wiki/RealDoll \"RealDoll\") [fetish](/wiki/Sexual_fetishism \"Sexual fetishism\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Han\\|first\\=Sun\\-hee\\|title\\=FOXY FESTIVAL, A light, fun story on sex\\|url\\=http://cinematoday.korea.com/2010/08/a\\-light\\-fun\\-story\\-on\\-sex/\\|work\\=Korean Cinema Today\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=10 August 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130127065105/http://cinematoday.korea.com/2010/08/a\\-light\\-fun\\-story\\-on\\-sex/\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2013}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Elley\\|first\\=Derek\\|title\\=Foxy Festival\\|url\\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/foxy\\-festival\\|work\\=\\[\\[Film Business Asia]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=1 September 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227074754/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/foxy\\-festival\\|archive\\-date\\=27 December 2013}}", "His most significant film in 2010 was *[The Unjust](/wiki/The_Unjust \"The Unjust\")*. When a [fall guy](/wiki/Fall_guy \"Fall guy\") is chosen for a highly publicized serial killer case, a homicide detective (played by Hwang Jung\\-min), a prosecutor (played by Ryoo), and a shady real\\-estate tycoon (played by [Yoo Hae\\-jin](/wiki/Yoo_Hae-jin \"Yoo Hae-jin\")) all become involved in a complex web of power struggle. The crime thriller was a hard\\-hitting indictment of corruption at every level of Korea's justice infrastructure.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Hyo\\-won\\|title\\=Dirty deals sell well in Unjust conspiracy\\|url\\=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/10/135\\_74964\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=21 October 2010}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Debruge\\|first\\=Peter\\|title\\=The Unjust\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/the\\-unjust\\-1117944695/\\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=22 February 2011}} This was his fifth collaboration with Ryoo Seung\\-wan, who said, \"My decision to cast him isn't just because he's my younger brother. It has mostly to do with the fact he’s a great actor and it's comfortable for me to work with him.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Song\\|first\\=Woong\\-ki\\|title\\=Ryu's new film tells tale of corruption\\|url\\=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud\\=20101005000964\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Herald]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=5 October 2010}} For Ryoo's stunningly accurate portrayal of the arrogance, rudeness and weariness of stereotypical Korean middle\\-aged men in positions of power,{{cite web\\|last\\=Hong\\|first\\=Jiro\\|title\\=The Unjust\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm10\\.html\\#unjust\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}} he won Best Actor at the [Buil Film Awards](/wiki/Buil_Film_Awards \"Buil Film Awards\") and the [Fantasia Festival](/wiki/Fantasia_Festival \"Fantasia Festival\") in Canada.", "### 2011 to 2013", "In the 2011 comedy *[The Suicide Forecast](/wiki/The_Suicide_Forecast \"The Suicide Forecast\")*, Ryoo played a baseball player\\-turned\\-top insurance salesman whose promotion is jeopardized when the police suspect him of [aiding and abetting](/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting \"Aiding and abetting\") a client's suicide, so he goes on a quest to get in touch with his \"suspicious\" [life insurance](/wiki/Life_insurance \"Life insurance\") clients and turn their lives around for the better. Ryoo was criticized for giving curt answers to the press at the movie premiere; his agency apologized on his behalf, saying it was his first time to see the film in its entirety so he needed time to organize his thoughts.{{cite web\\|title\\=Ryu Seung Bum, \"I Needed Time to Organize My Answers After Watching the Movie for the First Time\"\\|url\\=http://www.askactor.com/article/Ryu\\-Seung\\_Bum\\-\\_\\-I\\_Needed\\_Time\\_to\\_Organize\\_My\\_Answers\\_After\\_Watching\\_the\\_Movie\\_for\\_the\\_First\\_Time\\-/\\|work\\=Ask K\\-pop\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=10 April 2011}} Ryoo later called human comedy \"an extremely cruel genre\" to \"people who are actually living that reality by making people laugh and cry over someone's pain.\" But he said he liked the film for trying \"to draw a hopeful message from out of it and offer cheerful consolation rather than handle it in a depressing way.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Ji\\-hye\\|title\\=INTERVIEW: Actor Ryoo Seung\\-bum \\- Part 1\\|url\\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\\=2011041817281337120\\|website\\=Asiae\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=18 April 2011}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Ji\\-hye\\|title\\=INTERVIEW: Actor Ryoo Seung\\-bum \\- Part 2\\|url\\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\\=2011041818131434164\\|website\\=Asiae\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=18 April 2011}}", "Ryoo played a [zombie](/wiki/Zombie \"Zombie\") in [Yim Pil\\-sung](/wiki/Yim_Pil-sung \"Yim Pil-sung\")'s short film *A Brave New World*, part of the [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction_film \"Science fiction film\") [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film \"Anthology film\") *[Doomsday Book](/wiki/Doomsday_Book_%28film%29 \"Doomsday Book (film)\")*. His zombie make\\-up took six hours daily to put on.{{cite web\\|last\\=Ho\\|first\\=Stewart\\|title\\=Ryu Seung Bum in Korea's First\\-Ever Zombie Movie\\|url\\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=4619\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=22 March 2012}} Ryoo shot the film in 2006, but because of financing problems, it was only released in 2012\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Elley\\|first\\=Derek\\|title\\=Doomsday Book\\|url\\=http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/doomsday\\-book\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028175122/http://www.filmbiz.asia/reviews/doomsday\\-book\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[Film Business Asia]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=24 October 2012}}", "In 2012, he joined the cast of [black comedy](/wiki/Black_comedy \"Black comedy\") *[Over My Dead Body](/wiki/Over_My_Dead_Body_%282012_South_Korean_film%29 \"Over My Dead Body (2012 South Korean film)\")*, along with [Lee Beom\\-soo](/wiki/Lee_Beom-soo \"Lee Beom-soo\") and [Kim Ok\\-bin](/wiki/Kim_Ok-bin \"Kim Ok-bin\"). Ryoo was a [scene stealer](/wiki/Scene_stealer \"Scene stealer\") in the role of a daft character who fakes his own death in order to hide from loan sharks and collect his insurance money, but stumbles into two researchers attempting to steal a corpse with an embedded computer chip containing stolen technology.{{cite web\\|last\\=Oh\\|first\\=Mi\\-jung\\|title\\=Ryu Seung Bum's Dorky Side Shines Through in ''Comeback''\\|url\\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=4540\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=20 March 2012}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Oh\\|first\\=Mi\\-jung\\|title\\=Preview: If You Want to Laugh, Watch ''Comeback''\\|url\\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=4565\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=22 March 2012}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Mudge\\|first\\=James\\|title\\=Over My Dead Body (2012\\) Movie Review\\|url\\=http://www.beyondhollywood.com/over\\-my\\-dead\\-body\\-2012\\-movie\\-review/\\|work\\=Beyond Hollywood\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=20 August 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505081112/http://www.beyondhollywood.com/over\\-my\\-dead\\-body\\-2012\\-movie\\-review/\\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2013}}", "Later that year, he starred in *[Perfect Number](/wiki/Perfect_Number_%28film%29 \"Perfect Number (film)\")*, a film adaptation of popular Japanese [mystery novel](/wiki/Mystery_novel \"Mystery novel\") *[The Devotion of Suspect X](/wiki/The_Devotion_of_Suspect_X \"The Devotion of Suspect X\")* by [Keigo Higashino](/wiki/Keigo_Higashino \"Keigo Higashino\"). Ryoo played a [genius](/wiki/Genius \"Genius\") mathematics professor who plans the perfect [alibi](/wiki/Alibi \"Alibi\") for the woman he secretly loves (played by [Lee Yo\\-won](/wiki/Lee_Yo-won \"Lee Yo-won\")) when she unexpectedly murders her abusive ex\\-husband. He said it was his first time to portray self\\-sacrificing love,{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Hye\\-ji\\|title\\=Ryu Seung\\-bum says \"Math is the subject still I need to learn\"\\|url\\=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno\\=2012091910220401043\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-18\\|website\\=Asiae\\|date\\=19 September 2012}} and director [Bang Eun\\-jin](/wiki/Bang_Eun-jin \"Bang Eun-jin\") commended the maturity in his acting when she instructed him \"to cry with your heart, not with the face.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Jang\\|first\\=Sung\\-ran\\|title\\=I carved out every single scene rather than filming: PANG Eun\\-jin, director of Perfect Number\\|url\\=http://koreanfilm.or.kr/webzine/sub/interview.jsp?mode\\=A\\_VIEW\\&wbSeq\\=24\\|work\\=Korean Cinema Today\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-07\\|date\\=12 October 2012}}", "He was cast in a supporting role in *[The Berlin File](/wiki/The_Berlin_File \"The Berlin File\")*, Ryoo Seung\\-wan's 2013 spy thriller also starring [Ha Jung\\-woo](/wiki/Ha_Jung-woo \"Ha Jung-woo\"), [Han Suk\\-kyu](/wiki/Han_Suk-kyu \"Han Suk-kyu\"), and [Jun Ji\\-hyun](/wiki/Jun_Ji-hyun \"Jun Ji-hyun\"). Playing a ruthless assassin and the son of a high ranking [North Korean](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\") official, Ryoo spoke [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\"), [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"), and [North Korean dialect](/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language \"North–South differences in the Korean language\") in the film.{{cite web\\|last\\=Oh\\|first\\=Mi\\-jung\\|title\\=Interview Part II: Ryu Seung Bum Says He Opened the Renaissance of Hope and Dreams \\|url\\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=28761\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=9 February 2013}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Oh\\|first\\=Mi\\-jung\\|title\\=The Stars of ''The Berlin File'' Say They Had a Hard Time Speaking in German and English\\|url\\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=27150\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=23 January 2013}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Oh\\|first\\=Mi\\-jung\\|title\\=Interview Part I: Ryu Seung Bum Returns as a North Korean Bully in ''The Berlin File''\\|url\\=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=28757\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=9 February 2013}} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* praised his portrayal for its \"electrifying viciousness,\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Rapold\\|first\\=Nicolas\\|title\\=Threatened by Foe and Friend\\|url\\=https://movies.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/movies/the\\-berlin\\-file\\-directed\\-by\\-ryoo\\-seung\\-wan.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-24\\|date\\=14 February 2013}} and *[The Korea Times](/wiki/The_Korea_Times \"The Korea Times\")* called him \"brilliant.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Yun\\|first\\=Suh\\-young\\|title\\=Best ever? Not so fast.\\|url\\=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/02/141\\_130445\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Korea Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=13 February 2013}} *The Berlin File* sold more than 7 million tickets, making it Korea's top all\\-time action movie.{{cite web\\|title\\=''The Berlin File'' Becomes Korea's Top Action Movie\\|url\\=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html\\_dir/2013/03/05/2013030500782\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=5 March 2013}} It is also the biggest hit of Ryoo's career thus far.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=In\\-kyung\\|title\\=Ryu Seung Bum and Ryu Seung Wan Hold Stage Events for ''The Berlin File''\\|url\\=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx\\=29959\\|work\\=enewsWorld\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=25 February 2013}}", "### 2015 to present", "Following *The Berlin File*, Ryoo went on a hiatus from show business because he said he no longer wanted to be an \"overly commercialized product.\" He traveled all over Europe, then lived in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") for three years where he worked as a [model](/wiki/Model_%28people%29 \"Model (people)\"). Ryoo returned to acting in 2015 with a leading role in [Im Sang\\-soo](/wiki/Im_Sang-soo \"Im Sang-soo\")'s *[Intimate Enemies](/wiki/Intimate_Enemies_%282015_film%29 \"Intimate Enemies (2015 film)\")*, a [thriller](/wiki/Thriller_%28genre%29 \"Thriller (genre)\") about four people who find bags of money at a car crash site and decide to use it to mete out revenge against corrupt corporations.{{cite web\\|last\\=Jung\\|first\\=Hyun\\-mok\\|title\\=Ryoo returns with new real\\-life role\\|url\\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid\\=3005849\\|website\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-26\\|date\\=26 June 2015}}", "In 2017, Ryoo was cast in [Kim Ki\\-duk](/wiki/Kim_Ki-duk \"Kim Ki-duk\")'s drama film *[Human, Space, Time and Human](/wiki/Human%2C_Space%2C_Time_and_Human \"Human, Space, Time and Human\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd\\=601006\\&seq\\=4314\\&mode\\=VIEW\\|title\\=JANG Keun\\-suk, RYOO Seung\\-bum and Joe Odagiri in THE TIME OF HUMANS\\|date\\=30 May 2017\\|website\\=Korean Film Biz Zone}}", "In 2019, Ryoo starred in the third installment of the *Tazza* film series, *[Tazza: One Eyed Jack](/wiki/Tazza:One_Eyed_Jack \"One Eyed Jack\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid\\=3049883\\&cloc\\=joongangdaily\\|title\\=Ryoo Seung\\-bum cast in 'Tazza' film\\|date\\=28 June 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[Korea JoongAng Daily]]}}", "In March 2023, Ryoo signed with Y One Entertainment.{{Cite web \\|author\\=Cho Ji\\-young \\|date\\=March 7, 2023 \\|title\\=\\[공식] '복귀' 류승범, 와이원엔터와 전속 계약 \"채널X장르 구분 없이 차기작 물색\" \\|trans\\-title\\=\\[Official] 'Return' Ryu Seung\\-beom, exclusive contract with Y One Entertainment \"Searching for the next work regardless of genre in Channel X\" \\|url\\=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid\\=076\\&aid\\=0003978566 \\|access\\-date\\=March 7, 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sports Chosun]] \\|language\\=ko}}", "" ]
### Early work His older brother [Ryoo Seung\-wan](/wiki/Ryoo_Seung-wan "Ryoo Seung-wan") was an aspiring filmmaker, and from 1996 to 1999, the elder Ryoo shot four low\-budget [short films](/wiki/Short_film "Short film") starring himself, his younger brother Seung\-bum, and several friends. In strikingly diverse styles but with a common narrative, these shorts were re\-edited, combined and released in 2000 as Ryoo Seung\-wan's feature directorial debut *[Die Bad](/wiki/Die_Bad "Die Bad")*. Critically acclaimed as powerfully visceral, gut\-wrenching, and searingly angry, the film became an instant [cult hit](/wiki/Cult_hit "Cult hit"), earning attention for the Ryoo brothers.{{cite web\|title\=Ryoo Seung Wan: Korea's Action Kid\|url\=http://www.yesasia.com/us/yumcha/ryoo\-seung\-wan\-koreas\-action\-kid/0\-0\-0\-arid.90\-en/featured\-article.html\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|work\=\[\[YesAsia]]\|date\=5 October 2006}} One review described Ryoo Seung\-bum's acting debut as "a startling, naturalistic turn,"{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=Die Bad\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm00\.html\#diebad\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} and he won Best New Actor at the [Grand Bell Awards](/wiki/Grand_Bell_Awards "Grand Bell Awards"). Their success continued with Ryoo Seung\-wan's follow\-up *Dachimawa Lee*, a 35\-minute [short film](/wiki/Short_film "Short film") [parodying](/wiki/Parody "Parody") Korean action films of the 60s and 70s, [Bruce Lee](/wiki/Bruce_Lee "Bruce Lee"), [Shaw Brothers](/wiki/Shaw_Brothers "Shaw Brothers") and [Jackie Chan](/wiki/Jackie_Chan "Jackie Chan") flicks, and the [machismo](/wiki/Machismo "Machismo") [kitsch](/wiki/Kitsch "Kitsch") of old Korean melodramas, coupled with over\-the\-top [voice dubbing](/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29 "Dubbing (filmmaking)") and deliberately mistimed action. Ryoo played Washington, a young thug with a heart of gold and a huge [afro](/wiki/Afro "Afro"). The short, streamed on the now\-defunct Cine4M website, was enormously popular online.{{cite web\|title\=K\-FILM REVIEWS: 다찌마와 리 (Dajjimawa Lee)\|url\=http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2006/03/memories\-of\-midnight\-ch\-1\-ryu\-seung\-wans\-dajjimawa\-lee.php\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|work\=\[\[Twitch Film]]\|date\=7 March 2006}} Ryoo next starred in [Yim Soon\-rye](/wiki/Yim_Soon-rye "Yim Soon-rye")'s *[Waikiki Brothers](/wiki/Waikiki_Brothers "Waikiki Brothers")*, a 2001 film chronicling the fate of a shoddy nightclub band, with its bittersweet mixture of boyhood aspirations and the love of music, and the despair and reality of adulthood. Ryoo had a supporting role as a young waiter eager to learn how to play the drums and perform onstage.{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=Waikiki Brothers\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm01\.html\#waikiki\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} Later that year, he ventured into television, as part of the main cast of 50\-episode family drama *Wonderful Days*, along with [Ji Sung](/wiki/Ji_Sung "Ji Sung"), [Park Sun\-young](/wiki/Park_Sun-young_%28actress%29 "Park Sun-young (actress)"), and [Gong Hyo\-jin](/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin "Gong Hyo-jin"). Ryoo received Best New Actor for TV from the [Baeksang Arts Awards](/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards "Baeksang Arts Awards"). In 2002, he appeared in Ryoo Seung\-wan's sophomore effort, the gangster/[heist film](/wiki/Heist_film "Heist film") *[No Blood No Tears](/wiki/No_Blood_No_Tears "No Blood No Tears")* starring [Jeon Do\-yeon](/wiki/Jeon_Do-yeon "Jeon Do-yeon") and [Jung Jae\-young](/wiki/Jung_Jae-young "Jung Jae-young"). The film was a critical and box office disappointment. But he was starting to make a name for himself in the industry independent of his older brother. Ryoo joined Jung, [Shin Ha\-kyun](/wiki/Shin_Ha-kyun "Shin Ha-kyun") and an ensemble cast of [Jang Jin](/wiki/Jang_Jin "Jang Jin") regulars in *No Comment* (also known as *Mudjima Family*), an [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film "Anthology film") made of three short films. His performance as a harassed [concierge](/wiki/Concierge "Concierge") was one of the highlights of the first short *Enemies in Four Directions*.{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=No Comment\|url\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm02\.html\#nocomment\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} He also had a small role in [Park Chan\-wook](/wiki/Park_Chan-wook "Park Chan-wook")'s *[Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance](/wiki/Sympathy_for_Mr._Vengeance "Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance")*. He then reunited with [Noh Hee\-kyung](/wiki/Noh_Hee-kyung "Noh Hee-kyung"), the writer of *Wonderful Days*, in the [TV drama](/wiki/Korean_drama "Korean drama") *Solitude*, a May–December romance between a man in his early twenties and a much older [single mother](/wiki/Single_mother "Single mother") who is also terminally ill (played by [Lee Mi\-sook](/wiki/Lee_Mi-sook "Lee Mi-sook")). *[Conduct Zero](/wiki/Conduct_Zero "Conduct Zero")* capped Ryoo's year, in his first big screen leading role as the tough, fists\-over\-brains "king" of his high school who unexpectedly and awkwardly falls for a nerdy girl (played by [Lim Eun\-kyung](/wiki/Lim_Eun-kyung "Lim Eun-kyung")). The 1980s\-set comedy was a minor hit, selling nearly 1\.7 million tickets and solidifying Ryoo's star status.{{cite web\|last\=Paquet\|first\=Darcy\|title\=Conduct Zero\|url\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm02\.html\#conduct\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}}{{cite web\|last\=Pearce\|first\=Joel\|title\=Conduct Zero\|url\=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/conductzero.php\|work\=DVD Verdict\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=7 October 2004\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217135136/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/conductzero.php\|archive\-date\=17 December 2012}} Ryoo made his theater debut in Lee Sang\-woo's stage play *Bieonso* ({{korean\|비언소}}; "Toilet"{{cite web\|last\=Yu\|first\=In\-hwa\|title\=Remaining Ink: Blacklist II\|url\=http://english.khan.co.kr/khan\_art\_view.html?artid\=201301071530107\|work\=\[\[Kyunghyang Shinmun]]\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=7 January 2013}}{{cite web\|title\=Movie about civilian killings at Nogeun\-ri to debut\|url\=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english\_edition/e\_entertainment/167577\.html\|work\=\[\[The Hankyoreh]]\|access\-date\=2013\-02\-23\|date\=26 October 2006}}). Directed by stage/TV actor Park Kwang\-jung, *Bieonso* ran at the Dongsoong Art Center from November 4 to December 28, 2003\.{{cite web\|script\-title\=ko:연극 '비언소' 연출가\-배우로 한무대 박광정\&유승범\|url\=http://news.donga.com/Culture/Play/3/0708/20031021/7993577/1\|work\=\[\[The Dong\-a Ilbo]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=21 October 2003}}{{cite web\|last\=Jeong\|first\=Sang\-young\|script\-title\=ko:연극 \<비언소\>의 연출가 박광정씨와 배우 류승범씨\|url\=http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section\-009100004/2003/10/009100004200310211926107\.html\|website\=\[\[The Hankyoreh]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-11\|date\=21 October 2003}}{{cite web\|last\=Oh\|first\=Ji\-hye\|script\-title\=ko:류승범: 올드보이를 탐내는 청년\|url\=http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section\-021093000/2003/12/021093000200312040487002\.html\|website\=\[\[The Hankyoreh]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-11\|date\=4 December 2003}}{{cite web\|script\-title\=ko:生 연극 시리즈 6\. 비언소\|url\=http://www.dsartcenter.co.kr/info/perform\_detail.asp?seq\=1013\&sel\_year\=2003\|work\=Dongsoong Art Center\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} For the TV program *Nursery Story*, Ryoo and [Yoon Jin\-seo](/wiki/Yoon_Jin-seo "Yoon Jin-seo") appeared in *Christmas Lovers*, which aired in four five\-minute daily installments on [MBC](/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation "Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation") in December 22 to December 25, 2003\. In [Min Kyu\-dong](/wiki/Min_Kyu-dong "Min Kyu-dong")'s short *Secrets and Lies* (released by the Korean Academy of Film Arts in the 2003 [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film "Anthology film") *Twentidentity*), Ryoo's character finds himself in a dilemma when his fiancee's mother hits on him.{{cite web\|title\=Twentidentity 2\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.co.uk/twentidentity\-2\|work\=The London Korean Film Festival\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=23 June 2011}} Ryoo began 2004 in the TV series *[Sunlight Pours Down](/wiki/Sunlight_Pours_Down "Sunlight Pours Down")* co\-starring [Song Hye\-kyo](/wiki/Song_Hye-kyo "Song Hye-kyo") and [Jo Hyun\-jae](/wiki/Jo_Hyun-jae "Jo Hyun-jae"), but it proved unmemorable to audiences. Thereafter Ryoo would concentrate solely on film. In Ryoo Seung\-wan's *[Arahan](/wiki/Arahan "Arahan")*, he played a hapless traffic policeman who discovers he has untapped martial arts potential, as he's trained by masters played by [Ahn Sung\-ki](/wiki/Ahn_Sung-ki "Ahn Sung-ki") and [Yoon So\-yi](/wiki/Yoon_So-yi "Yoon So-yi"). Part modern\-day [wuxia](/wiki/Wuxia "Wuxia"), part [superhero film](/wiki/Superhero_film "Superhero film") and part local comedy, it was Ryoo Seung\-wan's first foray into commercial cinema, and the film was a relative box office success at around 2 million tickets sold. It also established Ryoo's star charisma and his natural affinity for comedy.{{cite web\|last\=Kim\|first\=Kyu Hyun\|title\=Arahan\|url\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm04\.html\#arahan\|work\=Koreanfilm.org\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}} Ryoo then starred in [Kim Sung\-su](/wiki/Kim_Sung-su_%28director%29 "Kim Sung-su (director)")'s online short *Back* (streamed on [Daum](/wiki/Daum_%28web_portal%29 "Daum (web portal)") in October 2004\). Set in a [dystopia](/wiki/Dystopia "Dystopia") where everyone literally moves backward, his character sparks a revolution and becomes hunted by the authorities by daring to move forward.{{cite web\|last\=Lee\|first\=Jong\-do\|script\-title\=ko:다음검색이 공짜 영화를 쏜다! ‘다음검색 필름페스티벌’\|url\=http://www.cine21\.com/news/view/mag\_id/26626\|work\=\[\[Cine21]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23\|date\=13 October 2004}}{{cite web\|title\=빽 (Back)\|url\=http://movie.daum.net/moviedetail/moviedetailPhotoList.do?movieId\=40513\|work\=\[\[Daum (web portal)\|Daum]]\|language\=ko\|access\-date\=2013\-03\-23}}
[ "### Early work", "His older brother [Ryoo Seung\\-wan](/wiki/Ryoo_Seung-wan \"Ryoo Seung-wan\") was an aspiring filmmaker, and from 1996 to 1999, the elder Ryoo shot four low\\-budget [short films](/wiki/Short_film \"Short film\") starring himself, his younger brother Seung\\-bum, and several friends. In strikingly diverse styles but with a common narrative, these shorts were re\\-edited, combined and released in 2000 as Ryoo Seung\\-wan's feature directorial debut *[Die Bad](/wiki/Die_Bad \"Die Bad\")*. Critically acclaimed as powerfully visceral, gut\\-wrenching, and searingly angry, the film became an instant [cult hit](/wiki/Cult_hit \"Cult hit\"), earning attention for the Ryoo brothers.{{cite web\\|title\\=Ryoo Seung Wan: Korea's Action Kid\\|url\\=http://www.yesasia.com/us/yumcha/ryoo\\-seung\\-wan\\-koreas\\-action\\-kid/0\\-0\\-0\\-arid.90\\-en/featured\\-article.html\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|work\\=\\[\\[YesAsia]]\\|date\\=5 October 2006}} One review described Ryoo Seung\\-bum's acting debut as \"a startling, naturalistic turn,\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=Die Bad\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm00\\.html\\#diebad\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}} and he won Best New Actor at the [Grand Bell Awards](/wiki/Grand_Bell_Awards \"Grand Bell Awards\").", "Their success continued with Ryoo Seung\\-wan's follow\\-up *Dachimawa Lee*, a 35\\-minute [short film](/wiki/Short_film \"Short film\") [parodying](/wiki/Parody \"Parody\") Korean action films of the 60s and 70s, [Bruce Lee](/wiki/Bruce_Lee \"Bruce Lee\"), [Shaw Brothers](/wiki/Shaw_Brothers \"Shaw Brothers\") and [Jackie Chan](/wiki/Jackie_Chan \"Jackie Chan\") flicks, and the [machismo](/wiki/Machismo \"Machismo\") [kitsch](/wiki/Kitsch \"Kitsch\") of old Korean melodramas, coupled with over\\-the\\-top [voice dubbing](/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29 \"Dubbing (filmmaking)\") and deliberately mistimed action. Ryoo played Washington, a young thug with a heart of gold and a huge [afro](/wiki/Afro \"Afro\"). The short, streamed on the now\\-defunct Cine4M website, was enormously popular online.{{cite web\\|title\\=K\\-FILM REVIEWS: 다찌마와 리 (Dajjimawa Lee)\\|url\\=http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2006/03/memories\\-of\\-midnight\\-ch\\-1\\-ryu\\-seung\\-wans\\-dajjimawa\\-lee.php\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|work\\=\\[\\[Twitch Film]]\\|date\\=7 March 2006}}", "Ryoo next starred in [Yim Soon\\-rye](/wiki/Yim_Soon-rye \"Yim Soon-rye\")'s *[Waikiki Brothers](/wiki/Waikiki_Brothers \"Waikiki Brothers\")*, a 2001 film chronicling the fate of a shoddy nightclub band, with its bittersweet mixture of boyhood aspirations and the love of music, and the despair and reality of adulthood. Ryoo had a supporting role as a young waiter eager to learn how to play the drums and perform onstage.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=Waikiki Brothers\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm01\\.html\\#waikiki\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}", "Later that year, he ventured into television, as part of the main cast of 50\\-episode family drama *Wonderful Days*, along with [Ji Sung](/wiki/Ji_Sung \"Ji Sung\"), [Park Sun\\-young](/wiki/Park_Sun-young_%28actress%29 \"Park Sun-young (actress)\"), and [Gong Hyo\\-jin](/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin \"Gong Hyo-jin\"). Ryoo received Best New Actor for TV from the [Baeksang Arts Awards](/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards \"Baeksang Arts Awards\").", "In 2002, he appeared in Ryoo Seung\\-wan's sophomore effort, the gangster/[heist film](/wiki/Heist_film \"Heist film\") *[No Blood No Tears](/wiki/No_Blood_No_Tears \"No Blood No Tears\")* starring [Jeon Do\\-yeon](/wiki/Jeon_Do-yeon \"Jeon Do-yeon\") and [Jung Jae\\-young](/wiki/Jung_Jae-young \"Jung Jae-young\"). The film was a critical and box office disappointment. But he was starting to make a name for himself in the industry independent of his older brother. Ryoo joined Jung, [Shin Ha\\-kyun](/wiki/Shin_Ha-kyun \"Shin Ha-kyun\") and an ensemble cast of [Jang Jin](/wiki/Jang_Jin \"Jang Jin\") regulars in *No Comment* (also known as *Mudjima Family*), an [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film \"Anthology film\") made of three short films. His performance as a harassed [concierge](/wiki/Concierge \"Concierge\") was one of the highlights of the first short *Enemies in Four Directions*.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=No Comment\\|url\\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm02\\.html\\#nocomment\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}} He also had a small role in [Park Chan\\-wook](/wiki/Park_Chan-wook \"Park Chan-wook\")'s *[Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance](/wiki/Sympathy_for_Mr._Vengeance \"Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance\")*.", "He then reunited with [Noh Hee\\-kyung](/wiki/Noh_Hee-kyung \"Noh Hee-kyung\"), the writer of *Wonderful Days*, in the [TV drama](/wiki/Korean_drama \"Korean drama\") *Solitude*, a May–December romance between a man in his early twenties and a much older [single mother](/wiki/Single_mother \"Single mother\") who is also terminally ill (played by [Lee Mi\\-sook](/wiki/Lee_Mi-sook \"Lee Mi-sook\")).", "*[Conduct Zero](/wiki/Conduct_Zero \"Conduct Zero\")* capped Ryoo's year, in his first big screen leading role as the tough, fists\\-over\\-brains \"king\" of his high school who unexpectedly and awkwardly falls for a nerdy girl (played by [Lim Eun\\-kyung](/wiki/Lim_Eun-kyung \"Lim Eun-kyung\")). The 1980s\\-set comedy was a minor hit, selling nearly 1\\.7 million tickets and solidifying Ryoo's star status.{{cite web\\|last\\=Paquet\\|first\\=Darcy\\|title\\=Conduct Zero\\|url\\=http://koreanfilm.org/kfilm02\\.html\\#conduct\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Pearce\\|first\\=Joel\\|title\\=Conduct Zero\\|url\\=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/conductzero.php\\|work\\=DVD Verdict\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=7 October 2004\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217135136/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/conductzero.php\\|archive\\-date\\=17 December 2012}}", "Ryoo made his theater debut in Lee Sang\\-woo's stage play *Bieonso* ({{korean\\|비언소}}; \"Toilet\"{{cite web\\|last\\=Yu\\|first\\=In\\-hwa\\|title\\=Remaining Ink: Blacklist II\\|url\\=http://english.khan.co.kr/khan\\_art\\_view.html?artid\\=201301071530107\\|work\\=\\[\\[Kyunghyang Shinmun]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=7 January 2013}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Movie about civilian killings at Nogeun\\-ri to debut\\|url\\=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english\\_edition/e\\_entertainment/167577\\.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hankyoreh]]\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-23\\|date\\=26 October 2006}}). Directed by stage/TV actor Park Kwang\\-jung, *Bieonso* ran at the Dongsoong Art Center from November 4 to December 28, 2003\\.{{cite web\\|script\\-title\\=ko:연극 '비언소' 연출가\\-배우로 한무대 박광정\\&유승범\\|url\\=http://news.donga.com/Culture/Play/3/0708/20031021/7993577/1\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Dong\\-a Ilbo]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=21 October 2003}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Jeong\\|first\\=Sang\\-young\\|script\\-title\\=ko:연극 \\<비언소\\>의 연출가 박광정씨와 배우 류승범씨\\|url\\=http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section\\-009100004/2003/10/009100004200310211926107\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hankyoreh]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-11\\|date\\=21 October 2003}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Oh\\|first\\=Ji\\-hye\\|script\\-title\\=ko:류승범: 올드보이를 탐내는 청년\\|url\\=http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section\\-021093000/2003/12/021093000200312040487002\\.html\\|website\\=\\[\\[The Hankyoreh]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-11\\|date\\=4 December 2003}}{{cite web\\|script\\-title\\=ko:生 연극 시리즈 6\\. 비언소\\|url\\=http://www.dsartcenter.co.kr/info/perform\\_detail.asp?seq\\=1013\\&sel\\_year\\=2003\\|work\\=Dongsoong Art Center\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}", "For the TV program *Nursery Story*, Ryoo and [Yoon Jin\\-seo](/wiki/Yoon_Jin-seo \"Yoon Jin-seo\") appeared in *Christmas Lovers*, which aired in four five\\-minute daily installments on [MBC](/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation\") in December 22 to December 25, 2003\\. In [Min Kyu\\-dong](/wiki/Min_Kyu-dong \"Min Kyu-dong\")'s short *Secrets and Lies* (released by the Korean Academy of Film Arts in the 2003 [omnibus](/wiki/Anthology_film \"Anthology film\") *Twentidentity*), Ryoo's character finds himself in a dilemma when his fiancee's mother hits on him.{{cite web\\|title\\=Twentidentity 2\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.co.uk/twentidentity\\-2\\|work\\=The London Korean Film Festival\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=23 June 2011}}", "Ryoo began 2004 in the TV series *[Sunlight Pours Down](/wiki/Sunlight_Pours_Down \"Sunlight Pours Down\")* co\\-starring [Song Hye\\-kyo](/wiki/Song_Hye-kyo \"Song Hye-kyo\") and [Jo Hyun\\-jae](/wiki/Jo_Hyun-jae \"Jo Hyun-jae\"), but it proved unmemorable to audiences. Thereafter Ryoo would concentrate solely on film.", "In Ryoo Seung\\-wan's *[Arahan](/wiki/Arahan \"Arahan\")*, he played a hapless traffic policeman who discovers he has untapped martial arts potential, as he's trained by masters played by [Ahn Sung\\-ki](/wiki/Ahn_Sung-ki \"Ahn Sung-ki\") and [Yoon So\\-yi](/wiki/Yoon_So-yi \"Yoon So-yi\"). Part modern\\-day [wuxia](/wiki/Wuxia \"Wuxia\"), part [superhero film](/wiki/Superhero_film \"Superhero film\") and part local comedy, it was Ryoo Seung\\-wan's first foray into commercial cinema, and the film was a relative box office success at around 2 million tickets sold. It also established Ryoo's star charisma and his natural affinity for comedy.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kim\\|first\\=Kyu Hyun\\|title\\=Arahan\\|url\\=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm04\\.html\\#arahan\\|work\\=Koreanfilm.org\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}", "Ryoo then starred in [Kim Sung\\-su](/wiki/Kim_Sung-su_%28director%29 \"Kim Sung-su (director)\")'s online short *Back* (streamed on [Daum](/wiki/Daum_%28web_portal%29 \"Daum (web portal)\") in October 2004\\). Set in a [dystopia](/wiki/Dystopia \"Dystopia\") where everyone literally moves backward, his character sparks a revolution and becomes hunted by the authorities by daring to move forward.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Jong\\-do\\|script\\-title\\=ko:다음검색이 공짜 영화를 쏜다! ‘다음검색 필름페스티벌’\\|url\\=http://www.cine21\\.com/news/view/mag\\_id/26626\\|work\\=\\[\\[Cine21]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23\\|date\\=13 October 2004}}{{cite web\\|title\\=빽 (Back)\\|url\\=http://movie.daum.net/moviedetail/moviedetailPhotoList.do?movieId\\=40513\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daum (web portal)\\|Daum]]\\|language\\=ko\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-03\\-23}}", "" ]
Writing career -------------- As a graduate of The Citadel's Corps of Cadets, his experiences at The Citadel provided the basis for two of his best\-known works, the novel *[The Lords of Discipline](/wiki/The_Lords_of_Discipline "The Lords of Discipline")* and the memoir *[My Losing Season](/wiki/My_Losing_Season "My Losing Season")*.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/books/pat\-conroy\-who\-wove\-his\-family\-strife\-into\-novels\-of\-carolina\-dies\-at\-70\.html\|title\=Pat Conroy, Author of 'The Prince of Tides' and 'The Great Santini,' Dies at 70\|last\=Grimes\|first\=William\|date\=March 5, 2016\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630000450/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/books/pat\-conroy\-who\-wove\-his\-family\-strife\-into\-novels\-of\-carolina\-dies\-at\-70\.html\|archive\-date\=June 30, 2018\|author\-link\=William Grimes (journalist)}} The latter details his [senior year](/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_basketball_team "1966–67 The Citadel Bulldogs basketball team") on the school's underdog basketball team, which won the longest game in the history of [Southern Conference](/wiki/Southern_Conference "Southern Conference") basketball against rival [Virginia Military Institute](/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute "Virginia Military Institute") in quadruple overtime in 1967\. His first book, *[The Boo](/wiki/The_Boo_%28book%29 "The Boo (book)")*, is a collection of anecdotes about cadet life centering on Lt. Colonel [Thomas Nugent Courvousie](/wiki/Thomas_Nugent_Courvousie "Thomas Nugent Courvousie"), who had served as Assistant Commandant of Cadets at The Citadel from 1961 to 1968;{{cite web\|url\=http://pao.citadel.edu/courvoisie\|title\=Lt. Col. Thomas Nugent Courvoisie \- The Boo \- passes away\|access\-date\=July 7, 2007}} Courvoisie was the inspiration for the fictional character Colonel Thomas Berrineau, a.k.a. "The Bear", in *The Lords Of Discipline*. Conroy began the book in 1968, after learning that Lt. Colonel Courvoisie had been removed from his position as assistant commandant and given a job in the warehouse; he paid to self\-publish the book, borrowing the money from a bank.Robertson, Brewster Milton (March 4, 2016\). "[*From the Archives:* Pat Conroy's books capture his personal pain, and 'Beach Music' is no exception](http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-ca-jc-conroy-books-capture-his-personal-pain-20160304-htmlstory.html)." *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved March 5, 2016\. Review of *Beach Music*, originally published in *The Times* on June 27, 1995\.Conroy, Pat (May 3, 2006\). "[Pat Conroy's eulogy to Lt. Col. Thomas Nugent Courvoisie](http://www.citadel.edu/root/conroy_booeulogy)." *The Citadel Newsroom*. The Citadel. Retrieved March 5, 2016\. After graduating from The Citadel, Conroy taught [English](/wiki/English_studies "English studies") in [Beaufort, South Carolina](/wiki/Beaufort%2C_South_Carolina "Beaufort, South Carolina"); while there he met and married Barbara Jones, a young widow of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War") who was pregnant with her second child.Hoefer, Anthony D., Jr. (2008\). "[Conroy, Pat](https://books.google.com/books?id=VymaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228)." *The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Volume 9: Literature*. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 228\-229\. He then accepted a job teaching children in a one\-room schoolhouse on remote [Daufuskie Island](/wiki/Daufuskie_Island%2C_South_Carolina "Daufuskie Island, South Carolina"), [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina"). Conroy was fired at the conclusion of his first year on the island for his unconventional teaching practices, including his refusal to use [corporal punishment](/wiki/Corporal_punishment "Corporal punishment") on students, and for his lack of respect for the school's administration. He later wrote *[The Water Is Wide](/wiki/The_Water_Is_Wide_%28book%29 "The Water Is Wide (book)")* based on his experiences as a teacher. The book won Conroy a humanitarian award from the [National Education Association](/wiki/National_Education_Association "National Education Association") and an Anisfield\-Wolf Book Award.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.anisfield\-wolf.org/\|title\=Home\|website\=Anisfield\-Wolf Book Awards}} It was also made into a feature film, *[Conrack](/wiki/Conrack_%281974_film%29 "Conrack (1974 film)")*, starring [Jon Voight](/wiki/Jon_Voight "Jon Voight") in 1974\. [Hallmark](/wiki/Hallmark_Cards "Hallmark Cards") produced a television version of the book in 2006\. In 1976, Conroy published his novel, *[The Great Santini](/wiki/The_Great_Santini_%28novel%29 "The Great Santini (novel)")*. The main character of the novel is [Marine](/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps "U.S. Marine Corps") fighter pilot Colonel "Bull" Meecham, who dominates and terrorizes his family. Bull Meecham also psychologically abuses his teenage son Ben. The character is based on Conroy's father Donald. (According to *My Losing Season*, Donald Conroy was even worse than the character depicted in *Santini*.Newsom, Jim. "Winter Reading", *Port Folio Weekly*, December 17, 2002\.O'Neill, Molly. "Pat Conroy's Tale: Of Time and 'Tides'", *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, December 22, 1991\.) *The Great Santini* caused friction within the Conroy family, who felt that he had betrayed family secrets by writing about his father. According to Conroy, members of his mother's family would picket his book signings, passing out pamphlets asking people not to buy the novel.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1986\-12\-12\-vw\-2560\-story.html\|title\=Novelist Turns Adversity Into Profit : Pat Conroy's Family Is the Stuff of Fiction\|date\=1986\-12\-12\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|access\-date\=2019\-12\-12}} The friction contributed to the failure of his first marriage.[Barnes and Noble author biography page](http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid=586909) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408223413/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid\=586909 \|date\=2009\-04\-08 }}. Accessed 22 October 2009\. However, the book also eventually helped repair Conroy's relationship with his father, and they became very close. His father, looking to prove that he was not like the character in the book, changed his behavior drastically.[Pat Conroy interview](https://lcweekly.com/arts/books/pat-conroy-qnothings-off-the-recordq/), lcweekly.com; accessed July 13, 2023\. According to Conroy, his father would often sign copies of his son's novels, "I hope you enjoy my son's latest work of fiction." He would underline the word "fiction" five or six times. "That boy of mine sure has a vivid imagination. Ol' lovable, likable Col. Don Conroy, USMC (Ret.), the Great Santini."Conroy, Pat (2010\). \- *My Reading Life* (Chapter 6\), Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group; {{ISBN\|9780385533843}}. The novel was made into a [film of the same name](/wiki/The_Great_Santini "The Great Santini") in 1979, starring [Robert Duvall](/wiki/Robert_Duvall "Robert Duvall"). Publication of *[The Lords of Discipline](/wiki/The_Lords_of_Discipline "The Lords of Discipline")* in 1980 upset many of his fellow graduates of [The Citadel](/wiki/The_Citadel_%28military_college%29 "The Citadel (military college)"), who felt that his portrayal of campus life was highly unflattering. The novel was adapted for the screenplay of a [1983 film](/wiki/The_Lords_of_Discipline_%28film%29 "The Lords of Discipline (film)") of the same name, starring [David Keith](/wiki/David_L._Keith "David L. Keith") as Will McLean and [Robert Prosky](/wiki/Robert_Prosky "Robert Prosky") as Colonel "Bear" Berrineau. The rift was not healed until 2000, when Conroy was awarded an honorary degree and asked to deliver the commencement address the following year. In 1986, Conroy published *[The Prince of Tides](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Tides_%28novel%29 "The Prince of Tides (novel)")* about Tom Wingo, an unemployed South Carolina teacher who goes to New York City to help his sister, Savannah, a poet who has attempted [suicide](/wiki/Suicide "Suicide"), to come to terms with their past. The novel was made into a [film of the same name](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Tides "The Prince of Tides") in 1991\. Directed by [Barbra Streisand](/wiki/Barbra_Streisand "Barbra Streisand"), the film was nominated for seven [Academy Awards](/wiki/Academy_Awards "Academy Awards"), including [Best Picture](/wiki/Best_Picture "Best Picture"). In 1995, Conroy published *[Beach Music](/wiki/Beach_Music_%28novel%29 "Beach Music (novel)")*, a novel about an American [expatriate](/wiki/Expatriate "Expatriate") living in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome") who returns to South Carolina upon news of his mother's [terminal illness](/wiki/Terminal_illness "Terminal illness"). The story reveals his attempt to confront personal demons, including the suicide of his wife, the subsequent custody battle with his in\-laws over their daughter, and the attempt by a film\-making friend to rekindle old friendships which were compromised during the days of the Vietnam War. In 2002, Pat Conroy published *[My Losing Season](/wiki/My_Losing_Season "My Losing Season")* where he takes the reader through his last year playing basketball, as point guard and captain of the Citadel Bulldogs. *The Pat Conroy Cookbook*, published in 2004, is a collection of favorite recipes accompanied by stories about his life, including many stories of growing up in South Carolina. In 2009, Conroy published *[South of Broad](/wiki/South_of_Broad "South of Broad")*, which again uses the familiar backdrop of [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina") following the suicide of newspaperman Leo King's brother, and alternates narratives of a diverse group of friends between 1969 and 1989\. In May 2013, Conroy was named [editor](/wiki/Editor "Editor")\-at\-large of Story River Books, a newly created fiction division of the [University of South Carolina Press](/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press "University of South Carolina Press").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\-topic/industry\-news/publisher\-news/article/57213\-pat\-conroy\-named\-editor\-at\-large\-for\-usc\-press.html\|title\=Pat Conroy Named Editor\-at\-Large for USC Press\|last\=Crutcher\|first\=Paige\|date\=May 13, 2013\|publisher\=\[\[Publishers Weekly]]\|access\-date\=May 31, 2013}} In October 2013, four years after being first publicized,{{cite web\|url\=http://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2009\-08\-10\-pat\-conroy\-profile\_N.htm\|title\=Pat Conroy returns to familiar turf with 'South of Broad'\|last\=Minzesheimer\|first\=Bob\|date\=August 10, 2009\|publisher\=\[\[USA Today]]\|access\-date\=October 28, 2013}} Conroy published a memoir called *[The Death of Santini](/wiki/The_Death_of_Santini "The Death of Santini")*, which recounts the volatile relationship he shared with his father up until his father's death in 1998\.{{cite web \|url\=https://apnews.com/7012d8c176864e46ad0199ddde4c1b4f\|title\=Conroy Memoir About His Father Coming In October\|website\=\[\[Associated Press News]] \|access\-date\=October 20, 2013}} Conroy was inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame on March 18, 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theofficialschalloffame.com/inductees\_a\-g.html\|title\=South Carolina Hall Of Fame: Pat Conroy\|access\-date\=May 31, 2013\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507021741/http://www.theofficialschalloffame.com/inductees\_a\-g.html\|archive\-date\=May 7, 2013}}
[ "Writing career\n--------------", "As a graduate of The Citadel's Corps of Cadets, his experiences at The Citadel provided the basis for two of his best\\-known works, the novel *[The Lords of Discipline](/wiki/The_Lords_of_Discipline \"The Lords of Discipline\")* and the memoir *[My Losing Season](/wiki/My_Losing_Season \"My Losing Season\")*.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/books/pat\\-conroy\\-who\\-wove\\-his\\-family\\-strife\\-into\\-novels\\-of\\-carolina\\-dies\\-at\\-70\\.html\\|title\\=Pat Conroy, Author of 'The Prince of Tides' and 'The Great Santini,' Dies at 70\\|last\\=Grimes\\|first\\=William\\|date\\=March 5, 2016\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630000450/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/books/pat\\-conroy\\-who\\-wove\\-his\\-family\\-strife\\-into\\-novels\\-of\\-carolina\\-dies\\-at\\-70\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=June 30, 2018\\|author\\-link\\=William Grimes (journalist)}} The latter details his [senior year](/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_The_Citadel_Bulldogs_basketball_team \"1966–67 The Citadel Bulldogs basketball team\") on the school's underdog basketball team, which won the longest game in the history of [Southern Conference](/wiki/Southern_Conference \"Southern Conference\") basketball against rival [Virginia Military Institute](/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute \"Virginia Military Institute\") in quadruple overtime in 1967\\.", "His first book, *[The Boo](/wiki/The_Boo_%28book%29 \"The Boo (book)\")*, is a collection of anecdotes about cadet life centering on Lt. Colonel [Thomas Nugent Courvousie](/wiki/Thomas_Nugent_Courvousie \"Thomas Nugent Courvousie\"), who had served as Assistant Commandant of Cadets at The Citadel from 1961 to 1968;{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pao.citadel.edu/courvoisie\\|title\\=Lt. Col. Thomas Nugent Courvoisie \\- The Boo \\- passes away\\|access\\-date\\=July 7, 2007}} Courvoisie was the inspiration for the fictional character Colonel Thomas Berrineau, a.k.a. \"The Bear\", in *The Lords Of Discipline*. Conroy began the book in 1968, after learning that Lt. Colonel Courvoisie had been removed from his position as assistant commandant and given a job in the warehouse; he paid to self\\-publish the book, borrowing the money from a bank.Robertson, Brewster Milton (March 4, 2016\\). \"[*From the Archives:* Pat Conroy's books capture his personal pain, and 'Beach Music' is no exception](http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-ca-jc-conroy-books-capture-his-personal-pain-20160304-htmlstory.html).\" *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved March 5, 2016\\. Review of *Beach Music*, originally published in *The Times* on June 27, 1995\\.Conroy, Pat (May 3, 2006\\). \"[Pat Conroy's eulogy to Lt. Col. Thomas Nugent Courvoisie](http://www.citadel.edu/root/conroy_booeulogy).\" *The Citadel Newsroom*. The Citadel. Retrieved March 5, 2016\\.", "After graduating from The Citadel, Conroy taught [English](/wiki/English_studies \"English studies\") in [Beaufort, South Carolina](/wiki/Beaufort%2C_South_Carolina \"Beaufort, South Carolina\"); while there he met and married Barbara Jones, a young widow of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\") who was pregnant with her second child.Hoefer, Anthony D., Jr. (2008\\). \"[Conroy, Pat](https://books.google.com/books?id=VymaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228).\" *The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Volume 9: Literature*. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 228\\-229\\. He then accepted a job teaching children in a one\\-room schoolhouse on remote [Daufuskie Island](/wiki/Daufuskie_Island%2C_South_Carolina \"Daufuskie Island, South Carolina\"), [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\").", "Conroy was fired at the conclusion of his first year on the island for his unconventional teaching practices, including his refusal to use [corporal punishment](/wiki/Corporal_punishment \"Corporal punishment\") on students, and for his lack of respect for the school's administration. He later wrote *[The Water Is Wide](/wiki/The_Water_Is_Wide_%28book%29 \"The Water Is Wide (book)\")* based on his experiences as a teacher. The book won Conroy a humanitarian award from the [National Education Association](/wiki/National_Education_Association \"National Education Association\") and an Anisfield\\-Wolf Book Award.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.anisfield\\-wolf.org/\\|title\\=Home\\|website\\=Anisfield\\-Wolf Book Awards}} It was also made into a feature film, *[Conrack](/wiki/Conrack_%281974_film%29 \"Conrack (1974 film)\")*, starring [Jon Voight](/wiki/Jon_Voight \"Jon Voight\") in 1974\\. [Hallmark](/wiki/Hallmark_Cards \"Hallmark Cards\") produced a television version of the book in 2006\\.", "In 1976, Conroy published his novel, *[The Great Santini](/wiki/The_Great_Santini_%28novel%29 \"The Great Santini (novel)\")*. The main character of the novel is [Marine](/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps \"U.S. Marine Corps\") fighter pilot Colonel \"Bull\" Meecham, who dominates and terrorizes his family. Bull Meecham also psychologically abuses his teenage son Ben. The character is based on Conroy's father Donald. (According to *My Losing Season*, Donald Conroy was even worse than the character depicted in *Santini*.Newsom, Jim. \"Winter Reading\", *Port Folio Weekly*, December 17, 2002\\.O'Neill, Molly. \"Pat Conroy's Tale: Of Time and 'Tides'\", *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, December 22, 1991\\.)", "*The Great Santini* caused friction within the Conroy family, who felt that he had betrayed family secrets by writing about his father. According to Conroy, members of his mother's family would picket his book signings, passing out pamphlets asking people not to buy the novel.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1986\\-12\\-12\\-vw\\-2560\\-story.html\\|title\\=Novelist Turns Adversity Into Profit : Pat Conroy's Family Is the Stuff of Fiction\\|date\\=1986\\-12\\-12\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-12\\-12}} The friction contributed to the failure of his first marriage.[Barnes and Noble author biography page](http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid=586909) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408223413/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid\\=586909 \\|date\\=2009\\-04\\-08 }}. Accessed 22 October 2009\\. However, the book also eventually helped repair Conroy's relationship with his father, and they became very close. His father, looking to prove that he was not like the character in the book, changed his behavior drastically.[Pat Conroy interview](https://lcweekly.com/arts/books/pat-conroy-qnothings-off-the-recordq/), lcweekly.com; accessed July 13, 2023\\.", "According to Conroy, his father would often sign copies of his son's novels, \"I hope you enjoy my son's latest work of fiction.\" He would underline the word \"fiction\" five or six times. \"That boy of mine sure has a vivid imagination. Ol' lovable, likable Col. Don Conroy, USMC (Ret.), the Great Santini.\"Conroy, Pat (2010\\). \\- *My Reading Life* (Chapter 6\\), Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group; {{ISBN\\|9780385533843}}. The novel was made into a [film of the same name](/wiki/The_Great_Santini \"The Great Santini\") in 1979, starring [Robert Duvall](/wiki/Robert_Duvall \"Robert Duvall\").", "Publication of *[The Lords of Discipline](/wiki/The_Lords_of_Discipline \"The Lords of Discipline\")* in 1980 upset many of his fellow graduates of [The Citadel](/wiki/The_Citadel_%28military_college%29 \"The Citadel (military college)\"), who felt that his portrayal of campus life was highly unflattering. The novel was adapted for the screenplay of a [1983 film](/wiki/The_Lords_of_Discipline_%28film%29 \"The Lords of Discipline (film)\") of the same name, starring [David Keith](/wiki/David_L._Keith \"David L. Keith\") as Will McLean and [Robert Prosky](/wiki/Robert_Prosky \"Robert Prosky\") as Colonel \"Bear\" Berrineau. The rift was not healed until 2000, when Conroy was awarded an honorary degree and asked to deliver the commencement address the following year.", "In 1986, Conroy published *[The Prince of Tides](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Tides_%28novel%29 \"The Prince of Tides (novel)\")* about Tom Wingo, an unemployed South Carolina teacher who goes to New York City to help his sister, Savannah, a poet who has attempted [suicide](/wiki/Suicide \"Suicide\"), to come to terms with their past. The novel was made into a [film of the same name](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Tides \"The Prince of Tides\") in 1991\\. Directed by [Barbra Streisand](/wiki/Barbra_Streisand \"Barbra Streisand\"), the film was nominated for seven [Academy Awards](/wiki/Academy_Awards \"Academy Awards\"), including [Best Picture](/wiki/Best_Picture \"Best Picture\").", "In 1995, Conroy published *[Beach Music](/wiki/Beach_Music_%28novel%29 \"Beach Music (novel)\")*, a novel about an American [expatriate](/wiki/Expatriate \"Expatriate\") living in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") who returns to South Carolina upon news of his mother's [terminal illness](/wiki/Terminal_illness \"Terminal illness\"). The story reveals his attempt to confront personal demons, including the suicide of his wife, the subsequent custody battle with his in\\-laws over their daughter, and the attempt by a film\\-making friend to rekindle old friendships which were compromised during the days of the Vietnam War.", "In 2002, Pat Conroy published *[My Losing Season](/wiki/My_Losing_Season \"My Losing Season\")* where he takes the reader through his last year playing basketball, as point guard and captain of the Citadel Bulldogs. *The Pat Conroy Cookbook*, published in 2004, is a collection of favorite recipes accompanied by stories about his life, including many stories of growing up in South Carolina. In 2009, Conroy published *[South of Broad](/wiki/South_of_Broad \"South of Broad\")*, which again uses the familiar backdrop of [Charleston](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\") following the suicide of newspaperman Leo King's brother, and alternates narratives of a diverse group of friends between 1969 and 1989\\.", "In May 2013, Conroy was named [editor](/wiki/Editor \"Editor\")\\-at\\-large of Story River Books, a newly created fiction division of the [University of South Carolina Press](/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press \"University of South Carolina Press\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by\\-topic/industry\\-news/publisher\\-news/article/57213\\-pat\\-conroy\\-named\\-editor\\-at\\-large\\-for\\-usc\\-press.html\\|title\\=Pat Conroy Named Editor\\-at\\-Large for USC Press\\|last\\=Crutcher\\|first\\=Paige\\|date\\=May 13, 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Publishers Weekly]]\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2013}} In October 2013, four years after being first publicized,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2009\\-08\\-10\\-pat\\-conroy\\-profile\\_N.htm\\|title\\=Pat Conroy returns to familiar turf with 'South of Broad'\\|last\\=Minzesheimer\\|first\\=Bob\\|date\\=August 10, 2009\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 28, 2013}} Conroy published a memoir called *[The Death of Santini](/wiki/The_Death_of_Santini \"The Death of Santini\")*, which recounts the volatile relationship he shared with his father up until his father's death in 1998\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/7012d8c176864e46ad0199ddde4c1b4f\\|title\\=Conroy Memoir About His Father Coming In October\\|website\\=\\[\\[Associated Press News]] \\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2013}}", "Conroy was inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame on March 18, 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theofficialschalloffame.com/inductees\\_a\\-g.html\\|title\\=South Carolina Hall Of Fame: Pat Conroy\\|access\\-date\\=May 31, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507021741/http://www.theofficialschalloffame.com/inductees\\_a\\-g.html\\|archive\\-date\\=May 7, 2013}}", "" ]
Restaurants ----------- Eskimo Joe's is part of a chain of themed restaurants, all owned by Clark, that used to be called the "Three Amigos." In 1984, Stillwater Bay Oyster Company, a more upscale seafood and steak restaurant, opened; and in 1987, Mexico Joe's rounded out the trio. In 2000, Joseppi's, an Italian\-themed restaurant, opened down the street from the relocated Mexico Joe's. The two buildings share the same antique\-looking architecture and intricate interior design, and the restaurants share the same price bracket; slightly higher than the burgers and fries of Eskimo Joe's. For a brief time, the four Stan Clark restaurants were referred to as the "Fab Four" but Stillwater Bay (as its name had been shortened to by then) closed in 2005, returning the chain to the "Three Amigos" once more. Joseppi's closed on May 24, 2014\. The website now informs patrons that a new restaurant, called Mojo’s, would be opening in Fall 2014 that would serve American fare and also contain a bowling alley. It closed in January 2018\. Joseppis.com <http://www.joseppis.com/> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425161048/http://www.joseppis.com/\|date\=2006\-04\-25}}, Retrieved on 30 October 2014\. The other restaurants feature mascots – Mexico Joe's is a [sombrero](/wiki/Sombrero "Sombrero") and [poncho](/wiki/Poncho "Poncho") wearing Joe with a donkey (Bucky); Joseppi's is Joe with a twirly [Sicilian](/wiki/Sicily%23People "Sicily#People") mustache and chef outfit accompanied by a monkey (Peppino). However, neither version is as popular as Eskimo Joe and Buffy. The restaurant was mentioned by [Jimmy Fallon](/wiki/Jimmy_Fallon "Jimmy Fallon") on October 6, 2009 after visiting the establishment for Orange Peel 2009\. It was mentioned again on The Late Show With Stephen Colbert in 2018 in a segment done with native Stillwater actor [James Marsden](/wiki/James_Marsden "James Marsden").
[ "Restaurants\n-----------", "Eskimo Joe's is part of a chain of themed restaurants, all owned by Clark, that used to be called the \"Three Amigos.\" In 1984, Stillwater Bay Oyster Company, a more upscale seafood and steak restaurant, opened; and in 1987, Mexico Joe's rounded out the trio. In 2000, Joseppi's, an Italian\\-themed restaurant, opened down the street from the relocated Mexico Joe's. The two buildings share the same antique\\-looking architecture and intricate interior design, and the restaurants share the same price bracket; slightly higher than the burgers and fries of Eskimo Joe's. For a brief time, the four Stan Clark restaurants were referred to as the \"Fab Four\" but Stillwater Bay (as its name had been shortened to by then) closed in 2005, returning the chain to the \"Three Amigos\" once more.", "Joseppi's closed on May 24, 2014\\. The website now informs patrons that a new restaurant, called Mojo’s, would be opening in Fall 2014 that would serve American fare and also contain a bowling alley. It closed in January 2018\\. Joseppis.com <http://www.joseppis.com/> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425161048/http://www.joseppis.com/\\|date\\=2006\\-04\\-25}}, Retrieved on 30 October 2014\\.", "The other restaurants feature mascots – Mexico Joe's is a [sombrero](/wiki/Sombrero \"Sombrero\") and [poncho](/wiki/Poncho \"Poncho\") wearing Joe with a donkey (Bucky); Joseppi's is Joe with a twirly [Sicilian](/wiki/Sicily%23People \"Sicily#People\") mustache and chef outfit accompanied by a monkey (Peppino). However, neither version is as popular as Eskimo Joe and Buffy.", "The restaurant was mentioned by [Jimmy Fallon](/wiki/Jimmy_Fallon \"Jimmy Fallon\") on October 6, 2009 after visiting the establishment for Orange Peel 2009\\.", "It was mentioned again on The Late Show With Stephen Colbert in 2018 in a segment done with native Stillwater actor [James Marsden](/wiki/James_Marsden \"James Marsden\").", "" ]
Format ------ The top five teams from both the Western Conference and the Eastern Conference qualified and are seeded in the MLS Playoffs to determine conference champions. The two conference champions will face off in the MLS Cup. ### Knockout round The fourth and fifth seeds in each conference play a single match hosted by the fourth seed, with the winner advancing to the conference semifinals.{{cite web \|url\=http://pressbox.mlssoccer.com/content/competition\-rules\-and\-regulations \|title\=Competition Rules and Regulations \|publisher\=Major League Soccer \|access\-date\=October 13, 2014 \|archive\-date\=September 20, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920111700/http://pressbox.mlssoccer.com/content/competition\-rules\-and\-regulations \|url\-status\=dead }} ### Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals In the conference semifinals, the team with the best record in each conference plays the winner of their conference knockout round match while the second and third\-seeded teams in each conference play one another. The teams winning the conference semifinal matches advance to their respective conference finals. In these two rounds, all matches are played in a home\-and\-away [aggregate\-goal](/wiki/Two-legged_match "Two-legged match") format, with the higher\-seeded team hosting the second leg. The first leg lasts the usual 90 minutes and can end in a tie. In the second leg, if the two teams are tied after 90 minutes (180 minutes total) then the team that scored more goals away from home advances to the next round. If there is still a tie after the away goals rule is applied, a 30\-minute [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28soccer%29 "Overtime (soccer)") period (divided into two 15\-minute periods) is played followed by a [penalty kick shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)"), if necessary. The away goals rule does not apply to goals scored in the overtime period. ### MLS Cup The two conference champions face each other in the MLS Cup, a single match hosted by the team with the better regular season record.
[ "Format\n------", "The top five teams from both the Western Conference and the Eastern Conference qualified and are seeded in the MLS Playoffs to determine conference champions. The two conference champions will face off in the MLS Cup.", "### Knockout round", "The fourth and fifth seeds in each conference play a single match hosted by the fourth seed, with the winner advancing to the conference semifinals.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://pressbox.mlssoccer.com/content/competition\\-rules\\-and\\-regulations \\|title\\=Competition Rules and Regulations \\|publisher\\=Major League Soccer \\|access\\-date\\=October 13, 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920111700/http://pressbox.mlssoccer.com/content/competition\\-rules\\-and\\-regulations \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals", "In the conference semifinals, the team with the best record in each conference plays the winner of their conference knockout round match while the second and third\\-seeded teams in each conference play one another. The teams winning the conference semifinal matches advance to their respective conference finals.", "In these two rounds, all matches are played in a home\\-and\\-away [aggregate\\-goal](/wiki/Two-legged_match \"Two-legged match\") format, with the higher\\-seeded team hosting the second leg. The first leg lasts the usual 90 minutes and can end in a tie. In the second leg, if the two teams are tied after 90 minutes (180 minutes total) then the team that scored more goals away from home advances to the next round.", "If there is still a tie after the away goals rule is applied, a 30\\-minute [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28soccer%29 \"Overtime (soccer)\") period (divided into two 15\\-minute periods) is played followed by a [penalty kick shootout](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\"), if necessary. The away goals rule does not apply to goals scored in the overtime period.", "### MLS Cup", "The two conference champions face each other in the MLS Cup, a single match hosted by the team with the better regular season record.", "" ]
Geographic distribution ----------------------- [600x600px\|center](/wiki/File:Average_test_score_in_mathematics_and_science_vs._GDP_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg "Average test score in mathematics and science vs. GDP per capita, OWID.svg") [center](/wiki/File:PISA_Science_Scores_%282018%29.png "PISA Science Scores (2018).png") ### Australia The Australian Curriculum, Assessment, and Reporting Authority 2015 report entitled, *National STEM School Education Strategy*, stated that "A renewed national focus on STEM in school education is critical to ensuring that all young Australians are equipped with the necessary STEM skills and knowledge that they must need to succeed."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/add\-coding\-to\-basic\-skills\-taught\-in\-schools\|title\=Add coding to basic skills taught in schools\|last\=Irene\|first\=Tham\|date\=11 May 2017\|website\=Add coding to basic skills taught in schools\|publisher\=The Straits Times\|access\-date\=3 August 2019\|archive\-date\=2 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202094207/https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/add\-coding\-to\-basic\-skills\-taught\-in\-schools\|url\-status\=live}} Its goals were to: * "Ensure all students finish school with strong foundational knowledge in STEM and related skills" * "Ensure that students are inspired to take on more challenging STEM subjects" Events and programs meant to help develop STEM in Australian schools include the [Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge](/wiki/Victorian_Model_Solar_Vehicle_Challenge "Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge"), the Maths Challenge (Australian Mathematics Trust),{{cite web\|url\=https://microbit.org/global\-challenge/\|title\=micro:bit Global Challenge\|date\=6 May 2019\|website\=micro:bit Global Challenge\|publisher\=micro:bit\|access\-date\=3 August 2019\|archive\-date\=5 August 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805074432/https://microbit.org/global\-challenge/\|url\-status\=dead}} Go Girl Go Global and the Australian Informatics Olympiad. ### Canada Canada ranks 12th out of 16 peer countries in the percentage of its graduates who studied in STEM programs, with 21\.2%, a number higher than the United States, but lower than [France](/wiki/France "France"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), and [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"). The peer country with the greatest proportion of STEM graduates, [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), has over 30% of its university graduates coming from science, mathematics, computer science, and engineering programs.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/education/graduates\-science\-math\-computer\-science\-engineerin.aspx\|title\=Graduates in science, math, computer science, and engineering\|website\=Conferenceboard.ca\|access\-date\=20 August 2017\|archive\-date\=8 May 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508013804/https://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/Details/education/graduates\-science\-math\-computer\-science\-engineerin.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} SHAD is an annual Canadian summer enrichment program for high\-achieving [high school](/wiki/High_school "High school") students in July. The program focuses on academic learning, particularly in [STEAM fields](/wiki/STEAM_fields "STEAM fields").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.shad.ca/userContent/documents/SHAD\_BROCHURE\_EN.pdf\|title\=SHAD Brochure\|access\-date\=2018\-08\-03\|archive\-date\=2018\-08\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804045715/https://www.shad.ca/userContent/documents/SHAD\_BROCHURE\_EN.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} [Scouts Canada](/wiki/Scouts_Canada "Scouts Canada") has taken similar measures to their American counterpart to promote STEM fields to youth. Their STEM program began in 2015\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.scouts.ca/stem/activities.html \|title\=Scouts Canada \- STEM Activities \|access\-date\=2014\-06\-30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811173225/http://www.scouts.ca/stem/activities.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-08\-11 }} In 2011 Canadian entrepreneur and philanthropist [Seymour Schulich](/wiki/Seymour_Schulich "Seymour Schulich") established the [Schulich Leader Scholarships](/wiki/Schulich_Leader_Scholarships "Schulich Leader Scholarships"), $100 million in $60,000 scholarships for students beginning their university education in a STEM program at 20 institutions across Canada. Each year 40 Canadian students would be selected to receive the award, two at each institution, with the goal of attracting gifted youth into the STEM fields.{{cite news\|title\=Toronto philanthropist Schulich unveils $100\-million scholarship\|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/toronto\-philanthropist\-schulich\-unveils\-100\-million\-scholarship/article2201382/\|website\=Theglobeandmail.com\|access\-date\=30 June 2014\|archive\-date\=27 January 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127175623/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/toronto\-philanthropist\-schulich\-unveils\-100\-million\-scholarship/article2201382/\|url\-status\=dead}} The program also supplies STEM scholarships to five participating universities in [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel").{{cite web\|title\=Philanthropist Makes $100 Million Investment In Nation's Future\|url\=http://www.shalomlife.com/news/16038/philanthropist\-makes\-100\-million\-investment\-in\-nations\-future/\|website\=Shalomlife.com\|access\-date\=30 June 2014\|archive\-date\=24 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101254/http://www.shalomlife.com/news/16038/philanthropist\-makes\-100\-million\-investment\-in\-nations\-future/\|url\-status\=live}} {{Further\|Science Expo}} ### China [thumb\|Middle school chemistry on a blackboard in Beijing, China, 2011](/wiki/File:Chemistry-related_rear_blackboard_art_at_a_classroom_of_Beijing_101_Middle_School_%2820111201165624%29.jpg "Chemistry-related rear blackboard art at a classroom of Beijing 101 Middle School (20111201165624).jpg") To promote STEM in China, the Chinese government issued a guideline in 2016 on national innovation\-driven development strategy, "instructing that by 2020, China should become an innovative country; by 2030, it should be at the forefront of innovative countries; and by 2050, it should become a technology innovation power."{{Cite web \|last\=李齐 \|title\=Experts say STEM education is the key to nurturing necessary talent \|url\=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201901/14/WS5c3bf77aa3106c65c34e43f6\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-28 \|website\=www.chinadaily.com.cn}} "\[I]n May 2018, the launching ceremony and press conference for the 2029 Action Plan for China's STEM Education was held in Beijing, China. This plan aims to allow as many students to benefit from STEM education as possible and equip all students with scientific thinking and the ability to innovate." "In response to encouraging policies by the government, schools in both public and private sectors around the country have begun to carry out STEM education programs."{{Cite web \|last\=Insights \|first\=GETChina \|date\=2019\-05\-28 \|title\=China's STEM Education in Action: Observations, Initiatives and Reflections \|url\=https://edtechchina.medium.com/chinas\-stem\-education\-in\-action\-observations\-initiatives\-and\-reflections\-a20d6cd43a0c \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-28 \|website\=Medium \|language\=en}} "However, to effectively implement STEM curricula, full\-time teachers specializing in STEM education and relevant content to be taught are needed." Currently, "China lacks qualified STEM teachers and a training system is yet to be established." Several Chinese cities have taken bold measures to add programming as a compulsory course for elementary and middle school students. This is the case of the city of Chongqing.{{Cite web \|last\=Wei \|first\=Jiang \|date\=September 9, 2018 \|title\=Chongqing adds programming to school curriculum \|url\=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/26/WS5baaf912a310c4cc775e823d.html \|access\-date\=May 28, 2024 \|website\=ChinaDaily.com}} However, most students from small and medium\-sized cities have not been exposed to the concept of STEM until they enter college.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Li \|first1\=Yan \|last2\=Li \|first2\=Jessica \|last3\=Sun \|first3\=Ye \|title\=Young faculty job perceptions in the midst of Chinese higher education reform: the case of Zhejiang University \|journal\=Asia Pacific Journal of Education}} ### Europe {{See also\|STEMNET\|label 1\=STEMNET (an educational charity in the UK)}} Several European projects have promoted STEM education and careers in Europe. For instance, Scientix{{cite web\|title\=Scientix Project\|url\=http://www.scientix.eu/\|access\-date\=4 March 2018\|archive\-date\=5 January 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105013621/http://www.scientix.eu/\|url\-status\=live}} is a European cooperation of STEM teachers, education scientists, and policymakers. The SciChallenge{{cite journal\|last1\=Achilleos\|first1\=Achilleas\|last2\=Mettouris\|first2\=Christos\|last3\=Yeratziotis\|first3\=Alexandros\|last4\=Papadopoulos\|first4\=George\|last5\=Pllana\|first5\=Sabri\|last6\=Huber\|first6\=Florian\|last7\=Jaeger\|first7\=Bernhard\|last8\=Leitner\|first8\=Peter\|last9\=Ocsovszky\|first9\=Zsofia\|last10\=Dinnyes\|first10\=Andras\|title\=SciChallenge: A Social Media Aware Platform for Contest\-Based STEM Education and Motivation of Young Students\|journal\=IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies\|volume\=12\|pages\=98–111\|doi\=10\.1109/TLT.2018\.2810879\|year\=2019\|s2cid\=65050107}} project used a social media contest and student\-generated content to increase the motivation of pre\-university students for STEM education and careers. The [Erasmus programme](/wiki/Erasmus_programme "Erasmus programme") project AutoSTEM{{cite web\|title\=AutoSTEM\|url\=https://www.autostem.info/\|access\-date\=30 August 2021\|archive\-date\=27 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727094132/https://www.autostem.info/\|url\-status\=live}} used automata to introduce STEM subjects to very young children. #### Finland The LUMA Center is the leading advocate for STEM\-oriented education. Its aim is to promote the instruction and research of natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, and technology across all educational levels in the country. In the native tongue *luma* stands for "luonnontieteellis\-matemaattinen" (lit. adj. "scientific\-mathematical").{{Cite journal \|last1\=Tirri \|first1\=Kirsi \|last2\=Kuusisto \|first2\=Elina \|date\=2013 \|title\=How Finland serves gifted and talented pupils \|url\=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid\=rep1\&type\=pdf\&doi\=1a23377bf9cfe3473b292f8bc0ef2136d4e1a0ff \|journal\=Journal for the Education of the Gifted \|volume\=36 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=91 \|via\=Penn State}} The short is more or less a direct translation of *STEM*, with engineering fields included by association. However, unlike STEM, the term is also a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") from *lu* and *ma*. To address the decline in interest in learning the areas of science, the Finnish National Board of Education launched the LUMA scientific education development program. The project's main goal was to raise the level of Finnish education and to enhance students' competencies, improve educational practices, and foster interest in science. The initiative led to the establishment of 13 LUMA centers at universities across Finland supervised by LUMA Center. #### France The name of STEM in France is industrial engineering sciences (sciences industrielles or sciences de l'ingénieur). The STEM organization in France is the association UPSTI.{{clarify\|date\=November 2020}} ### Hong Kong STEM education has not been promoted among the local schools in Hong Kong until recent years. In November 2015, the Education Bureau of Hong Kong released a document titled *Promotion of STEM Education*,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum\-development/renewal/Brief%20on%20STEM%20(Overview)\_eng\_20151105\.pdf\|title\=Promotion of STEM Education\|website\=Edb.gov.hk\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-21\|archive\-date\=2018\-10\-09\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013446/https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum\-development/renewal/Brief%20on%20STEM%20(Overview)\_eng\_20151105\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} which proposes strategies and recommendations for promoting STEM education. ### India [thumb\|Medalists from Team India at the 2019 [International Physics Olympiad](/wiki/International_Physics_Olympiad "International Physics Olympiad")](/wiki/File:IPhO-2019_07-14_team_India_medals.jpg "IPhO-2019 07-14 team India medals.jpg") India is next only to China with STEM graduates per population of 1 to 52\. The total number of fresh STEM graduates was 2\.6 million in 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/stem\-education\-crisis\-future\-work/\|title\=How the STEM Crisis is Threatening the Future of Work\|date\=6 January 2020\|access\-date\=19 January 2020\|archive\-date\=26 January 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126154103/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/stem\-education\-crisis\-future\-work/\|url\-status\=live}} STEM graduates have been contributing to the Indian economy with well\-paid salaries locally and abroad for the past two decades. The turnaround of the Indian economy with comfortable foreign exchange reserves is mainly attributed to the skills of its STEM graduates. In India, women make up an impressive 43% of STEM graduates, the highest percentage worldwide. However, they hold only 14% of STEM\-related jobs. Additionally, among the 280,000 scientists and engineers working in research and development institutes in the country, women represent a mere 14%{{Cite web \|last\=101Reporters \|date\=2021\-10\-11 \|title\=Addressing Gender Disparities In STEM \|url\=https://feminisminindia.com/2021/10/12/addressing\-gender\-disparities\-in\-stem/ \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-21 \|website\=Feminism in India \|language\=en\-GB}} ### Nigeria In Nigeria, the Association of Professional Women Engineers Of Nigeria (APWEN) has involved girls between the ages of 12 and 19 in science\-based courses in order for them to pursue science\-based courses in higher institutions of learning. The National Science Foundation (NSF) In Nigeria has made conscious efforts to encourage girls to innovate, invent, and build through the "invent it, build it" program sponsored by NNPC.{{Cite web \|last\=kingsley\-omoyibo \|first\=Queeneth \|title\=APWEN \|url\=https://apwen.org.ng/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-18 \|website\=APWEN}} ### Pakistan STEM subjects are taught in Pakistan as part of electives taken in the 9th and 10th grades, culminating in [Matriculation](/wiki/Matriculation "Matriculation") exams. These electives are pure sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology), mathematics (Physics, Chemistry, Maths), and computer science (Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science). STEM subjects are also offered as electives taken in the 11th and 12th grades, more commonly referred to as first and second year, culminating in [Intermediate](/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate "Higher Secondary School Certificate") exams. These electives are FSc pre\-[medical](/wiki/Medicine "Medicine") (Physics, Chemistry, Biology), FSc pre\-[engineering](/wiki/Engineering "Engineering") (Physics, Chemistry, Maths), and ICS (Physics/Statistics, Computer Science, Maths). These electives are intended to aid students in pursuing STEM\-related careers in the future by preparing them for the study of these courses at university. A STEM education project has been approved by the government{{cite web\|date\=2020\-08\-21\|title\=PM approves STEM education project {{!}} The Express Tribune\|url\=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2260608/pm\-approves\-stem\-education\-project\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-29\|website\=tribune.com.pk\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=2020\-08\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823062356/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2260608/pm\-approves\-stem\-education\-project\|url\-status\=live}} to establish STEM labs in public schools. The [Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication](/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_Technology_and_Telecommunication "Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication") has collaborated with Google to launch Pakistan's first grassroots\-level Coding Skills Development Program,{{cite web\|title\=MINISTRY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY \& TELECOMMUNICATION\|url\=https://moitt.gov.pk/NewsDetail/YTQyNzBhMzMtYThjMi00YTc4LTgwZTQtNGE2NzUwM2Q0ZDQz\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-29\|website\=moitt.gov.pk\|archive\-date\=2020\-11\-01\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101012411/https://moitt.gov.pk/NewsDetail/YTQyNzBhMzMtYThjMi00YTc4LTgwZTQtNGE2NzUwM2Q0ZDQz\|url\-status\=live}} based on Google's CS First Program, a global initiative aimed at developing coding skills in children. The program aims to develop applied coding skills using gamification techniques for children between the ages of 9 and 14\. The KPITBs Early Age Programming initiative,{{cite web\|last\=Early Programming\|first\=KPITB\|url\=https://www.kpitb.gov.pk/projects/early\-age\-programming\|title\=Early Age Programming \| KPITB \| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Information Technology Board\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-29\|archive\-date\=2020\-10\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023234453/https://www.kpitb.gov.pk/projects/early\-age\-programming\|url\-status\=live}} established in the province of [Khyber Pakhtunkhwa](/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"), has been successfully introduced in 225 Elementary and Secondary Schools. Many private organizations are working in Pakistan to introduce STEM education in schools. ### Philippines In the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines"), STEM is a two\-year program and strand that is used for Senior High School (Grades 11 and 12\), assigned by the [Department of Education](/wiki/Department_of_Education "Department of Education") or DepEd. The STEM strand is under the Academic Track, which also includes other strands like ABM, HUMSS, and GAS.{{cite web\|title\=Academic Track {{!}} Department of Education\|url\=https://www.deped.gov.ph/k\-to\-12/about/k\-to\-12\-basic\-education\-curriculum/academic\-track/\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-09\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=2020\-07\-11\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711142908/https://www.deped.gov.ph/k\-to\-12/about/k\-to\-12\-basic\-education\-curriculum/academic\-track/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|date\=2018\-02\-06\|title\=A Guide to Choosing the Right Senior High School Strand\|url\=https://www.teacherph.com/right\-senior\-high\-school\-track/\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-09\|website\=TeacherPH\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=2020\-07\-10\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710061219/https://www.teacherph.com/right\-senior\-high\-school\-track/\|url\-status\=live}} The purpose of the STEM strand is to educate students in the field of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, in an interdisciplinary and applied approach, and to give students advanced knowledge and application in the field. After completing the program, the students will earn a Diploma in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. In some colleges and universities, they require students applying for STEM degrees (like medicine, engineering, computer studies, etc.) to be a graduate of STEM, if not, they will need to enter a bridging program. ### Qatar In [Qatar](/wiki/Qatar "Qatar"), [AL\-Bairaq](/wiki/AL-Bairaq "AL-Bairaq") is an outreach program to high\-school students with a curriculum that focuses on STEM, run by the Center for Advanced Materials (CAM) at [Qatar University](/wiki/Qatar_University "Qatar University"). Each year around 946 students, from about 40 high schools, participate in AL\-Bairaq competitions.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php\|title\=AlBairaq World \- Welcome to Al\-Bairaq World\|date\=19 April 2014\|access\-date\=20 August 2017\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419220638/http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php\|archive\-date\=19 April 2014}} AL\-Bairaq makes use of project\-based learning, encourages students to solve authentic problems, and inquires them to work with each other as a team to build real solutions.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sec.gov.qa/En/Media/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID\=3405\|title\=Supreme Education Council\|website\=Sec.gov.qa\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-20\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630045928/http://www.sec.gov.qa/En/Media/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID\=3405\|archive\-date\=2017\-06\-30}}{{cite web\|url\=http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/qatar/283245/al\-bairaq\-holds\-workshop\-for\-high\-school\-students\|title\=The Peninsula Qatar \- Al Bairaq holds workshop for high school students\|website\=Thepeninsulaqatar.com\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-20\|archive\-date\=2016\-09\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922235430/http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/qatar/283245/al\-bairaq\-holds\-workshop\-for\-high\-school\-students\|url\-status\=live}} Research has so far shown positive results for the program.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ejes.eu/images/issue/vol.1/no.3/4\.pdf\|title\=Al\-Ghanim, K.A; Al\-Maadeed, M.A and Al\-Thani, N.J (Sept. 2014\) : IMPACT OF INNOVATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT BASED ON RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS RESEARCH AND THEIR SELF\-EFFICACY, EJES, 1(3\), 39\-57\|website\=Ejes.eu\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-20}} {{dead link\|date\=September 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} ### Singapore STEM is part of the Applied Learning Programme (ALP) that the Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE) has been promoting since 2013, and currently, all secondary schools have such a program. It is expected that by 2023, all primary schools in Singapore will have an ALP. There are no tests or exams for ALPs. The emphasis is for students to learn through experimentation – they try, fail, try, learn from it, and try again. The MOE actively supports schools with ALPs to further enhance and strengthen their capabilities and programs that nurture innovation and creativity. The Singapore Science Centre established a STEM unit in January 2014, dedicated to igniting students' passion for STEM. To further enrich students' learning experiences, their Industrial Partnership Programme (IPP) creates opportunities for students to get early exposure to real\-world STEM industries and careers. Curriculum specialists and STEM educators from the Science Centre will work hand\-in\-hand with teachers to co\-develop STEM lessons, provide training to teachers, and co\-teach such lessons to provide students with early exposure and develop their interest in STEM. ### Thailand In 2017, Thai Education Minister Teerakiat Jareonsettasin said after the 49th Southeast Asia Ministers of Education Organisation (SEAMEO) Council Conference in Jakarta that the meeting approved the establishment of two new SEAMEO regional centers in Thailand. One would be the STEM Education Centre, while the other would be a Sufficient Economy Learning Centre.{{Cite web \|date\=2017\-07\-25 \|title\=Thailand leads way with science education centre \|url\=https://www.nationthailand.com/in\-focus/30321788 \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-28 \|website\=nationthailand \|language\=en\-US}} Teerakiat said that the Thai government had already allocated Bt250 million over five years for the new STEM center. The center will be the regional institution responsible for STEM education promotion. It will not only set up policies to improve STEM education, but it will also be the center for information and experience sharing among the member countries and education experts. According to him, "This is the first SEAMEO regional center for STEM education, as the existing science education center in Malaysia only focuses on the academic perspective. Our STEM education center will also prioritize the implementation and adaptation of science and technology."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.seameo.org/Main\_about/90\|title\=SEAMEO Secretariat\|website\=www.seameo.org\|access\-date\=2019\-11\-18\|archive\-date\=2019\-10\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051451/http://www.seameo.org/Main\_about/90\|url\-status\=live}} The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology has initiated a STEM Education Network. Its goals are to promote [integrated learning](/wiki/Integrated_learning "Integrated learning") activities improve student creativity and application of knowledge, and establish a network of organations and personnel for the promotion of STEM education in the country.{{cite news \|last1\=Boonruang \|first1\=Sasiwimon \|title\=A Stem education \|url\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/tech/456725/a\-stem\-education \|access\-date\=2019\-11\-18 \|work\=\[\[Bangkok Post]] \|date\=14 January 2015 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-02 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202004545/https://www.bangkokpost.com/tech/456725/a\-stem\-education \|url\-status\=live }} ### Turkey Turkish STEM Education Task Force (or FeTeMM—Fen Bilimleri, Teknoloji, Mühendislik ve Matematik) is a coalition of academicians and teachers who show an effort to increase the quality of education in STEM fields rather than focussing on increasing the number of STEM graduates.{{cite web\|title\=FeTeMM Çalışma Grubu\|url\=http://fetemm.org/\|access\-date\=3 September 2014\|archive\-date\=16 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716104954/http://fetemm.org/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|title\=STEM Education Task Force\|url\=http://tstem.com/\|website\=Tstem.com\|access\-date\=3 September 2014\|archive\-date\=1 July 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701113000/https://www.tstem.com/\|url\-status\=live}} ### United States In the United States, the acronym began to be used in education and immigration debates in initiatives to begin to address the perceived lack of qualified candidates for high\-tech jobs. It also addresses concern that the subjects are often taught in isolation, instead of as an integrated curriculum.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.iu1stemcenter.org/files/CMU\_and\_IU\_STEM\_Survey.pdf \|title\=STEM Education in Southwestern Pennsylvania \|year\=2008 \|publisher\=The Intermediate Unit 1 Center for STEM Education \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2013\-05\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513114911/http://www.iu1stemcenter.org/files/CMU\_and\_IU\_STEM\_Survey.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} Maintaining a citizenry that is well\-versed in the STEM fields is a key portion of the [public education](/wiki/Public_education "Public education") agenda of the United States.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/stem\-education/2012/07/26/us\-news\-inducts\-five\-to\-stem\-leadership\-hall\-of\-fame \|title\=U.S. News Inducts Five to STEM Leadership Hall of Fame \|date\=July 26, 2012 \|author\=Morella, Michael \|publisher\=U.S. News \& World Report \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2019\-07\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721155627/https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/stem\-education/2012/07/26/us\-news\-inducts\-five\-to\-stem\-leadership\-hall\-of\-fame \|url\-status\=live }} The acronym has been widely used in the immigration debate regarding access to United States [work visas](/wiki/Work_visa "Work visa") for [immigrants](/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States "Immigration to the United States") who are skilled in these fields. It has also become commonplace in education discussions as a reference to the shortage of skilled workers and inadequate education in these areas.{{cite news \| last\= Kakutani \| first\= Michiko \| url\= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/books/back\-to\-work\-has\-bill\-clintons\-ideas\-for\-america\-review.html?pagewanted\=2\&\_r\=1 \| title\= Bill Clinton Lays Out His Prescription for America's Future \| work\= The New York Times \| date\= November 7, 2011 \| access\-date\= 2012\-12\-21 \| archive\-date\= 2018\-11\-15 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20181115203247/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/books/back\-to\-work\-has\-bill\-clintons\-ideas\-for\-america\-review.html?pagewanted\=2\&\_r\=1 \| url\-status\= live }} The term tends not to refer to the non\-professional and less visible sectors of the fields, such as electronics assembly line work. #### National Science Foundation Many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation") on what constitutes a STEM field. The NSF uses a broad definition of STEM subjects that includes subjects in the fields of [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry "Chemistry"), [computer](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science") and [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology") science, engineering, geoscience, life sciences, mathematical sciences, physics and astronomy, [social sciences](/wiki/Social_sciences "Social sciences") ([anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology "Anthropology"), [economics](/wiki/Economics "Economics"), [psychology](/wiki/Psychology "Psychology"), and [sociology](/wiki/Sociology "Sociology")), and STEM education and learning research.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12599/nsf12599\.htm\#appendix\|title\=Graduate Research Fellowship Program\|work\=nsf.gov\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-06\|archive\-date\=2019\-09\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906091750/https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12599/nsf12599\.htm\#appendix\|url\-status\=live}} The NSF is the only American federal agency whose mission includes support for all fields of fundamental science and engineering, except for medical sciences.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nsf.gov/about/what.jsp \|title\=What We Do \|publisher\=The National Science Foundation \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2019\-02\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203184422/https://www.nsf.gov/about/what.jsp \|url\-status\=live }} Its disciplinary program areas include scholarships, grants, and fellowships in fields such as biological sciences, computer and [information science](/wiki/Information_science "Information science") and engineering, education and human resources, engineering, environmental research and education, geoscience, international science and engineering, mathematical and physical sciences, social, behavioral and economic sciences, cyberinfrastructure, and polar programs. #### Immigration policy Although many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation") on what constitutes a STEM field, the [United States Department of Homeland Security](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security "United States Department of Homeland Security") (DHS) has its own functional definition used for immigration policy.{{cite web\|url\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42530\.pdf\|title\=Immigration of Foreign Nationals with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Degrees\|website\=Fas.org\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-21\|archive\-date\=2017\-11\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119063201/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42530\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} In 2012, DHS or ICE announced an expanded list of STEM\-designated degree programs that qualify eligible graduates on student visas for an optional practical training (OPT) extension. Under the OPT program, international students who graduate from colleges and universities in the United States can stay in the country and receive up to twelve months of training through work experience. Students who graduate from a designated STEM degree program can stay for an additional seventeen months on an OPT STEM extension.{{cite web \|title\=DHS Expands List of STEM designated\-degree programs \|url\=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs\-expands\-list\-stem\-designated\-degree\-programs \|publisher\=Fowler White Boggs P.A. \|author\=Jennifer G. Roeper \|date\=May 19, 2012 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-01 \|archive\-date\=2017\-06\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630000109/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs\-expands\-list\-stem\-designated\-degree\-programs \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem\-list.pdf\|title\=STEM\-Designated Degree Program List : 2012 Revised List\|website\=Ice.gov\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-21\|archive\-date\=2017\-12\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084952/https://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem\-list.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} As of 2023, the U.S. faces a shortage of high\-skilled workers in STEM, and foreign talents must navigate difficult hurdles to immigrate. Meanwhile, some other countries, such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, have introduced programs to attract talent at the expense of the United States.{{Cite news \|last\=Kim \|first\=Tae \|date\=July 20, 2023 \|title\=The Chip Act's Big Problem \|work\=Barron's \|url\=https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/chips\-act\-immigration\-reform\-ebf3144f \|access\-date\=July 21, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20230720142135/https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/chips\-act\-immigration\-reform\-ebf3144f \|archive\-date\=July 20, 2023}} In the case of China, the United States risks losing its edge over [a strategic rival](/wiki/Second_Cold_War "Second Cold War").{{Cite news \|last\=Das \|first\=Moumita \|date\=July 13, 2023 \|title\=Opinion: The World is Coming for US Science Talent \|work\=APS News \|url\=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202307/backpage.cfm \|access\-date\=July 26, 2023}} #### Education {{See also\|Mathematics education in the United States}} By cultivating an interest in the natural and social sciences in preschool or immediately following school entry, the chances of STEM success in high school can be greatly improved.{{Cite web \|last\=steamadmin \|date\=2024\-01\-24 \|title\=STEM Education for Preschoolers – Importance of Early STEM Education \|url\=https://steamacademies.org/stem\-education\-for\-preschoolers/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-28 \|website\=STEAM Academies \|language\=en\-US}} STEM supports broadening the study of [engineering](/wiki/Engineering "Engineering") within each of the other subjects and beginning engineering at younger grades, even elementary school. It also brings STEM education to all students rather than only the gifted programs. In his 2012 budget, President Barack Obama renamed and broadened the "*Mathematics and Science Partnership (MSP)*" to award block grants to states for improving teacher education in those subjects.{{cite web \|url\=http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas\-budget\-shuffles\-stem.html \|title\=Obama's Budget Shuffles STEM Education Deck \|date\=14 February 2012 \|author\=Jane J. Lee \|publisher\=American Association for the Advancement of Science \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829185052/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas\-budget\-shuffles\-stem.html \|archive\-date\=29 August 2012 }} [center\|thumb\|680x680px\|Healthcare and STEM, especially computer science, grew in popularity while the liberal arts and social studies, especially history, have declined due to market forces.{{Cite news \|last\=Dutt\-Ballerstadt \|first\=Reshmi \|date\=March 1, 2019 \|title\=Academic Prioritization or Killing the Liberal Arts? \|work\=Inside Higher Ed \|url\=https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2019/03/01/shrinking\-liberal\-arts\-programs\-raise\-alarm\-bells\-among\-faculty \|access\-date\=March 1, 2021}}{{Cite news \|date\=April 3, 2023 \|title\=Was your degree really worth it? \|newspaper\=The Economist \|url\=https://www.economist.com/international/2023/04/03/was\-your\-degree\-really\-worth\-it \|access\-date\=April 14, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20230408160109/https://www.economist.com/international/2023/04/03/was\-your\-degree\-really\-worth\-it \|archive\-date\=April 8, 2023}}](/wiki/File:U.S._college_major_change_between_2011_and_2018.png "U.S. college major change between 2011 and 2018.png") In the 2015 run of the international assessment test the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), American students came out 35th in mathematics, 24th in reading, and 25th in science, out of 109 countries. The United States also ranked 29th in the percentage of 24\-year\-olds with science or mathematics degrees.{{cite web\|url\=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/\|title\=Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) \- Overview\|website\=nces.ed.gov\|language\=EN\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2019\-09\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904112157/https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/\|url\-status\=live}} STEM education often uses new technologies such as [3D printers](/wiki/3D_printers "3D printers") to encourage interest in STEM fields.J.L. Irwin, D.E. Oppliger, J.M. Pearce, G. Anzalone, [Evaluation of RepRap 3D Printer Workshops in K\-12 STEM](http://www.asee.org/file_server/papers/attachment/file/0005/4988/asee_K-12_2015_finalpaper.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002232721/http://www.asee.org/file\_server/papers/attachment/file/0005/4988/asee\_K\-12\_2015\_finalpaper.pdf \|date\=2015\-10\-02 }}. *122nd ASEE 122nd ASEE Conf. Proceedings*, paper ID\#12036, 2015\. [open access](https://www.academia.edu/13378869/Evaluation_of_RepRap_3D_Printer_Workshops_in_K-12_STEM) STEM education can also leverage the combination of new technologies, such as [photovoltaics](/wiki/Photovoltaics "Photovoltaics") and [environmental sensors](/wiki/Environmental_sensor "Environmental sensor"), with old technologies such as [composting](/wiki/Compost "Compost") systems and [irrigation](/wiki/Irrigation "Irrigation") within [land lab](/wiki/Land_lab "Land lab") environments. In 2006 the [United States National Academies](/wiki/United_States_National_Academies "United States National Academies") expressed their concern about the declining state of STEM education in the United States. Its Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy developed a list of 10 actions. Their top three recommendations were to: * Increase America's talent pool by improving K–12 science and mathematics education * Strengthen the skills of teachers through additional training in science, mathematics, and technology * Enlarge the pipeline of students prepared to enter college and graduate with STEM degrees{{cite web\|url\=http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage\=493006\|title\=STEM Education\|website\=Slsd.org\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126095634/http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage\=493006\|archive\-date\=2017\-01\-26}} The [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration "National Aeronautics and Space Administration") also has implemented programs and curricula to advance STEM education to replenish the pool of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians who will lead space exploration in the 21st century. Individual states, such as [California](/wiki/California "California"), have run pilot after\-school STEM programs to learn what the most promising practices are and how to implement them to increase the chance of student success.{{cite web\|url\=http://powerofdiscovery.org/sites/default/files/cde\_report\_task\_10\_and\_11\.pdf\|title\=Final Report : California Department of Education : CDE Agreement\|website\=Powerofdiscovery.org\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-21\|archive\-date\=2016\-07\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702044501/http://powerofdiscovery.org/sites/default/files/cde\_report\_task\_10\_and\_11\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} Another state to invest in STEM education is Florida, where Florida Polytechnic University,{{cite web\|url\=https://floridapoly.edu/\|title\=Florida Polytechnic University\|website\=Florida Polytechnic University\|access\-date\=July 25, 2019\|archive\-date\=September 3, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903001047/https://floridapoly.edu/\|url\-status\=live}} Florida's first public university for engineering and technology dedicated to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), was established.{{cite web\|title \= About Florida Polytechnic University\|url \= https://floridapolytechnic.org/about/\|website \= Florida Polytechnic University\|access\-date \= 2015\-10\-26\|archive\-date \= 2019\-05\-05\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171657/https://floridapolytechnic.org/about/\|url\-status \= live}} During school, STEM programs have been established for many districts throughout the U.S. Some states include [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"), and [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.olentangy.k12\.oh.us/domain/1012\|title\=STEM Academy / Overview\|website\=OLENTANGY SCHOOLS\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-12\|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171656/https://www.olentangy.k12\.oh.us/domain/1012\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.usnews.com/education/best\-high\-schools/national\-rankings/stem\|title\=Best STEM High schools\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-12\|archive\-date\=2020\-05\-24\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524212721/https://www.usnews.com/education/best\-high\-schools/national\-rankings/stem\|url\-status\=live}} Continuing STEM education has expanded to the post\-secondary level through masters programs such as the University of Maryland's STEM Program{{cite web \|url\=http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP\_MCPSSTEM%20\.html \|title\=Center for Mathematics Education \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215842/http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP\_MCPSSTEM%20\.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-10 }} as well as the University of Cincinnati.{{cite web \|url\=http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters\-degree\-in\-education\-online\-programs/stem\-science\-technology\-engineering\-mathematics\-teacher\-degree/stem\-degree\-that\-inspires\-innovation/ \|title\=A STEM Degree that Inspires Innovation \| UC's Master of Education Online Program \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200320/http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters\-degree\-in\-education\-online\-programs/stem\-science\-technology\-engineering\-mathematics\-teacher\-degree/stem\-degree\-that\-inspires\-innovation/ \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-10 }} #### Racial gap in STEM fields {{main\|Racial minorities in STEM fields}} [thumb\|500x500px\|Significant race or sex differences exist in the completion of Algebra I.{{Cite web \|date\=November 2018 \|title\=A Leak in the STEM Pipeline: Taking Algebra Early \|url\=https://www2\.ed.gov/datastory/stem/algebra/index.html \|access\-date\=May 13, 2023 \|website\= \|publisher\=U.S. Department of Education \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png "Algebra I by Sex or Race (2015-16).png") In the United States, the National Science Foundation found that the average science score on the 2011 National Assessment of Educational Progress was lower for black and Hispanic students than for white, Asian, and Pacific Islanders."Science and Engineering Indicators 2014\." S\&E Indicators 2014 \- Figures \- US National Science Foundation (NSF). N.p., n.d. Web. In 2011, eleven percent of the U.S. workforce was black, while only six percent of STEM workers were black.Landivar, Liana C. Disparities in STEM Employment by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin . Rep. N.p.: n.p., 2013\. Though STEM in the U.S. has typically been dominated by white males, there have been considerable efforts to create initiatives to make STEM a more racially and gender\-diverse field."FACT SHEET: President Obama Announces Over $240 Million in New STEM Commitments at the 2015 White House Science Fair." National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. Some evidence suggests that all students, including black and Hispanic students, have a better chance of earning a STEM degree if they attend a college or university at which their entering academic credentials are at least as high as the average student's.Gail Heriot, [Want to Be a Doctor? A Scientist? An Engineer?: An Affirmative Action Leg Up May Hurt Your Chances](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3112683) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111022256/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\_id\=3112683 \|date\=2020\-01\-11 }}, Engage (2010\). #### Gender gaps in STEM Although women make up 47% of the workforce["Women in STEM: 2017 Update"](https://www.commerce.gov/news/reports/2017/11/women-stem-2017-update) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022181844/https://www.commerce.gov/news/reports/2017/11/women\-stem\-2017\-update \|date\=2020\-10\-22 }}, U.S. Department of Commerce. in the U.S., they hold only 24% of STEM jobs. Research suggests that exposing girls to female inventors at a young age has the potential to reduce the gender gap in technical STEM fields by half.["Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation"](http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/assets/documents/inventors_summary.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717224202/http://www.equality\-of\-opportunity.org/assets/documents/inventors\_summary.pdf \|date\=2021\-07\-17 }}, Opportunity Insights. Campaigns from organizations like the [National Inventors Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame "National Inventors Hall of Fame") aimed to achieve a 50/50 gender balance in their youth STEM programs by 2020\. The gender gap in Zimbabwe's [STEM fields](/wiki/STEAM_fields "STEAM fields") is also significant, with only 28\.79% of women holding STEM degrees compared to 71\.21% of men.{{Cite journal \|last\=Maisiri \|first\=James \|date\=2024\-02\-28 \|title\=Preparing Zimbabwean Women for the Future of Work: The Role of STEM Education in The So\-Called Fourth Industrial Revolution \|journal\=South African Review of Sociology \|volume\=54 \|language\=en \|pages\=5–22 \|doi\=10\.1080/21528586\.2024\.2311399 \|issn\=2152\-8586\|doi\-access\=free }} #### American Competitiveness Initiative In the [State of the Union Address](/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address "State of the Union Address") on January 31, 2006, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") announced the [American Competitiveness Initiative](/wiki/American_Competitiveness_Initiative "American Competitiveness Initiative"). Bush proposed the initiative to address shortfalls in federal government support of educational development and progress at all academic levels in the STEM fields. In detail, the initiative called for significant increases in federal funding for advanced [R\&D](/wiki/R%26D "R&D") programs (including a doubling of federal funding support for advanced research in the physical sciences through [DOE](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy")) and an increase in U.S. higher education graduates within STEM disciplines. The *NASA Means Business* competition, sponsored by the Texas Space Grant Consortium, furthers that goal. College students compete to develop promotional plans to encourage students in middle and high school to study STEM subjects and to inspire professors in STEM fields to involve their students in outreach activities that support STEM education. The [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation") has numerous programs in STEM education, including some for K–12 students such as the ITEST Program that supports The Global Challenge Award ITEST Program. STEM programs have been implemented in some [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona") schools. They implement higher cognitive skills for students and enable them to inquire and use techniques used by professionals in the STEM fields. [Project Lead The Way](/wiki/Project_Lead_The_Way "Project Lead The Way") (PLTW) is a provider of STEM education curricular programs to middle and high schools in the United States. Programs include a high school engineering curriculum called *Pathway To Engineering*, a high school biomedical sciences program, and a middle school engineering and technology program called *Gateway To Technology*. PLTW programs have been endorsed by President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") and [United States Secretary of Education](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education "United States Secretary of Education") [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan "Arne Duncan") as well as various state, national, and business leaders.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} #### STEM Education Coalition *The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education Coalition*{{Cite journal \| last1 \= Bybee \| first1 \= R. W. \| title \= What is STEM Education? \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.1194998 \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 329 \| issue \= 5995 \| page \= 996 \| year \= 2010 \| pmid \= 20798284 \|bibcode \= 2010Sci...329\..996B \| doi\-access \= free }} works to support STEM programs for teachers and students at the [U.S. Department of Education](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education "United States Department of Education"), the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation"), and other agencies that offer STEM\-related programs. Activity of the STEM Coalition seems to have slowed since September 2008\. #### Scouting In 2012, the [Boy Scouts of America](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America "Boy Scouts of America") began handing out awards, titled NOVA and SUPERNOVA, for completing specific requirements appropriate to the scouts' program level in each of the four main STEM areas. The [Girl Scouts of the USA](/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA "Girl Scouts of the USA") has similarly incorporated STEM into their program through the introduction of merit badges such as "Naturalist" and "Digital Art".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.girlscouts.org/en/about\-girl\-scouts/girl\-scouts\-and\-stem.html\|title\=STEM \- Girl Scouts\|website\=Girl Scouts of the USA\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-27\|archive\-date\=2019\-04\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422015751/https://www.girlscouts.org/en/about\-girl\-scouts/girl\-scouts\-and\-stem.html\|url\-status\=live}} [SAE](/wiki/SAE_International "SAE International") is an international organization, and provider specializing in supporting education, award, and scholarship programs for STEM matters, from pre\-K to college degrees.{{cite web\|url\= http://saefoundation.org/About\-Us\|title\= SAE \- about us.\|access\-date\= Jul 24, 2018\|language\= en\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20171208000853/http://saefoundation.org/About\-Us\|website\= saefoundation.org\|archive\-date\= December 8, 2017\|url\-status\= live}} It also promotes scientific and technological innovation. #### Department of Defense programs {{cite web\|url\=http://www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/stem.html\|title\=Research \& Engineering Enterprise: STEM\|website\=Osd.mil\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-21\|archive\-date\=2017\-10\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020162334/http://www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/stem.html\|url\-status\=live}} [eCybermission](/wiki/ECybermission "ECybermission") is a free, web\-based science, mathematics, and technology competition for students in grades six through nine sponsored by the U.S. Army. Each [webinar](/wiki/Webinar "Webinar") is focused on a different step of the scientific method and is presented by an experienced eCybermission CyberGuide. CyberGuides are military and civilian volunteers with a strong background in STEM and STEM education, who can provide insight into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to students and team advisers. [STARBASE](/wiki/STARBASE "STARBASE") is an educational program, sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. Students interact with military personnel to explore careers and make connections with the "real world". The program provides students with 20–25 hours of experience at [the National Guard](/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States "National Guard of the United States"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"), [Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"), [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve "Air Force Reserve"), and [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") bases across the nation. [SeaPerch](/wiki/SeaPerch "SeaPerch") is an underwater robotics program that trains teachers to teach their students how to build an underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in an in\-school or out\-of\-school setting. Students build the ROV from a kit composed of low\-cost, easily accessible parts, following a curriculum that teaches basic engineering and science concepts with a marine engineering theme. #### NASA [thumb\|STEM Girls' Night In at the NASA's [Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center "Goddard Space Flight Center"), Greenbelt, Maryland (2018\)](/wiki/File:NASA_Goddard_Hosts_Young_Women_for_STEM_Girls_Night_In_-_30830488027.jpg "NASA Goddard Hosts Young Women for STEM Girls Night In - 30830488027.jpg") NASAStem is a program of the U.S. [space agency](/wiki/Space_agency "Space agency") [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA") to increase diversity within its ranks, including age, disability, and gender as well as race/ethnicity.{{cite web\|url\=https://missionstem.nasa.gov/diversity\-inclusion\-leadrshp.html\|title\=NASA Office of Diversity and Equal Opportunity (ODEO)\|website\=missionstem.nasa.gov\|access\-date\=20 August 2017\|archive\-date\=18 January 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118030747/https://missionstem.nasa.gov/diversity\-inclusion\-leadrshp.html\|url\-status\=live}} #### Legislation The [America COMPETES Act](/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act "America COMPETES Act") (P.L. 110–69\) became law on August 9, 2007\. It is intended to increase the nation's investment in science and engineering research and in STEM education from kindergarten to graduate school and postdoctoral education. The act authorizes funding increases for the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation"), [National Institute of Standards and Technology](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology "National Institute of Standards and Technology") laboratories, and the [Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy") (DOE) Office of Science over FY2008–FY2010\. Robert Gabrys, Director of Education at NASA's [Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center "Goddard Space Flight Center"), articulated success as increased student achievement, early expression of student interest in STEM subjects, and student preparedness to enter the workforce. #### Jobs In November 2012 the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") announcement before the congressional vote on the STEM Jobs Act put President Obama in opposition to many of the Silicon Valley firms and executives who bankrolled his re\-election campaign.{{cite web \|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13578\_3\-57556074\-38/obama\-opposes\-silicon\-valley\-firms\-on\-immigration\-reform/ \|title\=Obama opposes Silicon Valley firms on immigration reform \|date\=November 28, 2012 \|author\=Declan McCullagh \|publisher\=CNET \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2014\-01\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105181223/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13578\_3\-57556074\-38/obama\-opposes\-silicon\-valley\-firms\-on\-immigration\-reform/ \|url\-status\=live }} The Department of Labor identified 14 sectors that are "projected to add substantial numbers of new jobs to [the economy](/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States "Economy of the United States") or affect the growth of other industries or are being transformed by technology and innovation requiring new sets of skills for workers."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.doleta.gov/Youth\_services/pdf/STEM\_Report\_4%2007\.pdf \|title\=The STEM Workforce Challenge: the Role of the Public Workforce System in a National Solution for a Competitive Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce \|date\=April 2007 \|publisher\=U.S. Department of Labor \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908183749/https://www.doleta.gov/youth\_services/pdf/STEM\_Report\_4%2007\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} The identified sectors were as follows: advanced manufacturing, [Automotive](/wiki/Automotive "Automotive"), [construction](/wiki/Construction_industry "Construction industry"), [financial services](/wiki/Financial_services "Financial services"), [geospatial technology](/wiki/Geospatial_technology "Geospatial technology"), [homeland security](/wiki/Homeland_security "Homeland security"), [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology"), [Transportation](/wiki/Transportation "Transportation"), [Aerospace](/wiki/Aerospace "Aerospace"), [Biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology "Biotechnology"), [energy](/wiki/Energy_industry "Energy industry"), [healthcare](/wiki/Health_care_industry "Health care industry"), [hospitality](/wiki/Hospitality_industry "Hospitality industry"), and [retail](/wiki/Retail_industry "Retail industry"). The [Department of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce") notes STEM fields careers are some of the best\-paying and have the greatest potential for job growth in the early 21st century. The report also notes that STEM workers play a key role in the sustained growth and stability of the U.S. economy, and training in STEM fields generally results in higher wages, whether or not they work in a STEM field.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/stem\-good\-jobs\-now\-and\-future\|title\=STEM: Good Jobs Now and For the Future\|work\=doc.gov\|access\-date\=2011\-11\-22\|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-28\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928054021/http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\-good\-jobs\-now\-and\-future\|url\-status\=live}} In 2015, there were around 9\.0 million STEM jobs in the United States, representing 6\.1% of American employment. STEM jobs were increasing by around 9% percent per year.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\-jobs\-2017\-update\|title\=STEM Jobs: 2017 Update {{!}} Economics \& Statistics Administration\|website\=esa.doc.gov\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-27\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927053129/http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\-jobs\-2017\-update\|url\-status\=dead}} Brookings Institution found that the demand for competent technology graduates will surpass the number of capable applicants by at least one million individuals. According to Pew Research Center, a typical STEM worker earns two\-thirds more than those employed in other fields.{{Cite web \|title\=The typical STEM worker now earns two\-thirds more than non\-STEM workers \|url\=https://www.pewresearch.org/social\-trends/2018/01/09/women\-and\-men\-in\-stem\-often\-at\-odds\-over\-workplace\-equity/ps\_2018\-01\-09\_stem\_1\-09/}} #### Recent progress According to the 2014 US census "74 percent of those who have a bachelor's degree in science, technology, engineering and math — commonly referred to as STEM — are not employed in STEM occupations."{{cite web \|title\=Census Bureau Reports Majority of STEM College Graduates Do Not Work in STEM Occupations \|url\=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\-releases/2014/cb14\-130\.html \|website\=United States Census Bureau \|date\=July 10, 2014 \|access\-date\=June 25, 2019 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101802/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\-releases/2014/cb14\-130\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Where do college graduates work? A Special Focus on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math \|url\=https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem\-html/ \|website\=United States Census Bureau \|date\=July 10, 2014 \|access\-date\=June 25, 2019 \|archive\-date\=August 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812223425/https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem\-html/ \|url\-status\=live }} In September 2017, several large American technology firms collectively pledged to donate $300 million for computer science education in the U.S.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/technology/computer\-science\-stem\-education.html\|title\=Tech Firms Add $300 Million to Trump Administration's Computer Science Push\|work\=The New York Times \|date\=26 September 2017 \|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=2019\-08\-15\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815003244/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/technology/computer\-science\-stem\-education.html\|url\-status\=live\|last1\=Kang \|first1\=Cecilia }} PEW findings revealed in 2018 that Americans identified several issues that hound STEM education which included unconcerned parents, disinterested students, obsolete curriculum materials, and too much focus on state parameters. 57 percent of survey respondents pointed out that one main problem of STEM is the lack of students' concentration in learning.{{cite web\|url\=https://thejournal.com/articles/2018/01/12/americans\-rate\-u.s.\-stem\-education\-as\-mediocre.aspx\|title\=Americans Rate U.S. K–12 STEM Education as Mediocre\|website\=THE Journal\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2018\-11\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106142645/https://thejournal.com/articles/2018/01/12/americans\-rate\-u.s.\-stem\-education\-as\-mediocre.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} The recent National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) report card{{cite web\|url\=https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tel/\|title\=NAEP TEL \- Technology and Engineering Literacy Assessment\|website\=nces.ed.gov\|language\=EN\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2019\-06\-26\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626023001/https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tel/\|url\-status\=live}} made public technology as well as engineering literacy scores which determines whether students can apply technology and engineering proficiency to real\-life scenarios. The report showed a gap of 28 points between low\-income students and their high\-income counterparts. The same report also indicated a 38\-point difference between white and black students.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer\-sheet/wp/2017/09/25/suddenly\-trump\-wants\-to\-spend\-millions\-of\-dollars\-on\-stem\-in\-public\-schools/\|title\=Analysis {{!}} Suddenly, Trump wants to spend millions of dollars on STEM in public schools\|newspaper\=Washington Post\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052808/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer\-sheet/wp/2017/09/25/suddenly\-trump\-wants\-to\-spend\-millions\-of\-dollars\-on\-stem\-in\-public\-schools/\|url\-status\=live}} The Smithsonian Science Education Center (SSEC) announced the release of a five\-year strategic plan by the Committee on STEM Education of the National Science and Technology Council on December 4, 2018\. The plan is entitled "Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education."{{cite web \|url\=https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions\-blog/charting\-course\-success\-americas\-strategy\-stem\-education \|title\=Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education \|author\=Carol O'Donnell \|website\=ssec.si.edu \|date\=December 10, 2018 \|access\-date\=December 28, 2018 \|archive\-date\=April 10, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410184748/https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions\-blog/charting\-course\-success\-americas\-strategy\-stem\-education \|url\-status\=live }} The objective is to propose a federal strategy anchored on a vision for the future so that all Americans are given permanent access to premium\-quality education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. In the end, the United States can emerge as a world leader in STEM mastery, employment, and innovation. The goals of this plan are building foundations for STEM literacy; enhancing diversity, equality, and inclusion in STEM; and preparing the STEM workforce for the future.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/12/19/envisioning\-stem\-education\-for\-all.html \|title\=Envisioning STEM education for all \|author\=Steve Zylstra \|date\=December 19, 2018 \|publisher\=\[\[Phoenix Business Journal]] \|access\-date\=December 28, 2018 \|archive\-date\=December 28, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228152901/https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/12/19/envisioning\-stem\-education\-for\-all.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{subscription required}} The 2019 fiscal budget proposal of the White House supported the funding plan in President Donald Trump's Memorandum on STEM Education which allocated around $200 million (grant funding) for STEM education every year. This budget also supports STEM through a grant program worth $20 million for career as well as technical education programs.{{cite web\|url\=https://edscoop.com/trump\-stands\-by\-stem\-education\-spending\-in\-fy19\-budget\|title\=Trump stands by STEM education spending in fiscal 2019 budget\|website\=EdScoop\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2018\-11\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118102002/https://edscoop.com/trump\-stands\-by\-stem\-education\-spending\-in\-fy19\-budget/\|url\-status\=live}} #### Events and programs to help develop STEM in US schools * [FIRST Tech Challenge](/wiki/FIRST_Tech_Challenge "FIRST Tech Challenge") * [VEX Robotics Competitions](/wiki/VEX_Robotics_Competition "VEX Robotics Competition") * [FIRST Robotics Competition](/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition "FIRST Robotics Competition") ### Vietnam In Vietnam, beginning in 2012 many private education organizations have STEM education initiatives. In 2015, the Ministry of Science and Technology and Liên minh STEM organized the first National STEM Day, followed by many similar events across the country. in 2015, the Ministry of Education and Training included STEM as an area that needed to be encouraged in the national school year program. In May 2017, the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam "Prime Minister of Vietnam") signed a Directive No. 16{{Cite web \|url\=http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?class\_id\=2\&mode\=detail\&document\_id\=189610 \|title\=Chỉ thị số 16/CT\-TTG của Thủ tướng Chính phủ: Về việc tăng cường năng lực tiếp cận cuộc Cách mạng công nghiệp lần thứ 4 \|access\-date\=2017\-07\-23 \|archive\-date\=2018\-01\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106175726/http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?class\_id\=2\&mode\=detail\&document\_id\=189610 \|url\-status\=live }} stating: "Dramatically change the policies, contents, education and vocational training methods to create a human resource capable of receiving new production technology trends, with a focus on promoting training in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), foreign languages, information technology in general education; " and asking "Ministry of Education and Training (to): Promote the deployment of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in general education program; Pilot organize in some high schools from 2017 to 2018\.
[ "Geographic distribution\n-----------------------", "[600x600px\\|center](/wiki/File:Average_test_score_in_mathematics_and_science_vs._GDP_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg \"Average test score in mathematics and science vs. GDP per capita, OWID.svg\")\n[center](/wiki/File:PISA_Science_Scores_%282018%29.png \"PISA Science Scores (2018).png\")", "### Australia", "The Australian Curriculum, Assessment, and Reporting Authority 2015 report entitled, *National STEM School Education Strategy*, stated that \"A renewed national focus on STEM in school education is critical to ensuring that all young Australians are equipped with the necessary STEM skills and knowledge that they must need to succeed.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/add\\-coding\\-to\\-basic\\-skills\\-taught\\-in\\-schools\\|title\\=Add coding to basic skills taught in schools\\|last\\=Irene\\|first\\=Tham\\|date\\=11 May 2017\\|website\\=Add coding to basic skills taught in schools\\|publisher\\=The Straits Times\\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202094207/https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/add\\-coding\\-to\\-basic\\-skills\\-taught\\-in\\-schools\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Its goals were to:", "* \"Ensure all students finish school with strong foundational knowledge in STEM and related skills\"\n* \"Ensure that students are inspired to take on more challenging STEM subjects\"", "Events and programs meant to help develop STEM in Australian schools include the [Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge](/wiki/Victorian_Model_Solar_Vehicle_Challenge \"Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge\"), the Maths Challenge (Australian Mathematics Trust),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://microbit.org/global\\-challenge/\\|title\\=micro:bit Global Challenge\\|date\\=6 May 2019\\|website\\=micro:bit Global Challenge\\|publisher\\=micro:bit\\|access\\-date\\=3 August 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=5 August 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805074432/https://microbit.org/global\\-challenge/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Go Girl Go Global and the Australian Informatics Olympiad.", "### Canada", "Canada ranks 12th out of 16 peer countries in the percentage of its graduates who studied in STEM programs, with 21\\.2%, a number higher than the United States, but lower than [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), and [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"). The peer country with the greatest proportion of STEM graduates, [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), has over 30% of its university graduates coming from science, mathematics, computer science, and engineering programs.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/education/graduates\\-science\\-math\\-computer\\-science\\-engineerin.aspx\\|title\\=Graduates in science, math, computer science, and engineering\\|website\\=Conferenceboard.ca\\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508013804/https://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/Details/education/graduates\\-science\\-math\\-computer\\-science\\-engineerin.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "SHAD is an annual Canadian summer enrichment program for high\\-achieving [high school](/wiki/High_school \"High school\") students in July. The program focuses on academic learning, particularly in [STEAM fields](/wiki/STEAM_fields \"STEAM fields\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.shad.ca/userContent/documents/SHAD\\_BROCHURE\\_EN.pdf\\|title\\=SHAD Brochure\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-03\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804045715/https://www.shad.ca/userContent/documents/SHAD\\_BROCHURE\\_EN.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "[Scouts Canada](/wiki/Scouts_Canada \"Scouts Canada\") has taken similar measures to their American counterpart to promote STEM fields to youth. Their STEM program began in 2015\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.scouts.ca/stem/activities.html \\|title\\=Scouts Canada \\- STEM Activities \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811173225/http://www.scouts.ca/stem/activities.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-11 }}", "In 2011 Canadian entrepreneur and philanthropist [Seymour Schulich](/wiki/Seymour_Schulich \"Seymour Schulich\") established the [Schulich Leader Scholarships](/wiki/Schulich_Leader_Scholarships \"Schulich Leader Scholarships\"), $100 million in $60,000 scholarships for students beginning their university education in a STEM program at 20 institutions across Canada. Each year 40 Canadian students would be selected to receive the award, two at each institution, with the goal of attracting gifted youth into the STEM fields.{{cite news\\|title\\=Toronto philanthropist Schulich unveils $100\\-million scholarship\\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/toronto\\-philanthropist\\-schulich\\-unveils\\-100\\-million\\-scholarship/article2201382/\\|website\\=Theglobeandmail.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127175623/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/toronto\\-philanthropist\\-schulich\\-unveils\\-100\\-million\\-scholarship/article2201382/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The program also supplies STEM scholarships to five participating universities in [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Philanthropist Makes $100 Million Investment In Nation's Future\\|url\\=http://www.shalomlife.com/news/16038/philanthropist\\-makes\\-100\\-million\\-investment\\-in\\-nations\\-future/\\|website\\=Shalomlife.com\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101254/http://www.shalomlife.com/news/16038/philanthropist\\-makes\\-100\\-million\\-investment\\-in\\-nations\\-future/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n{{Further\\|Science Expo}}", "### China", "[thumb\\|Middle school chemistry on a blackboard in Beijing, China, 2011](/wiki/File:Chemistry-related_rear_blackboard_art_at_a_classroom_of_Beijing_101_Middle_School_%2820111201165624%29.jpg \"Chemistry-related rear blackboard art at a classroom of Beijing 101 Middle School (20111201165624).jpg\")\nTo promote STEM in China, the Chinese government issued a guideline in 2016 on national innovation\\-driven development strategy, \"instructing that by 2020, China should become an innovative country; by 2030, it should be at the forefront of innovative countries; and by 2050, it should become a technology innovation power.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=李齐 \\|title\\=Experts say STEM education is the key to nurturing necessary talent \\|url\\=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201901/14/WS5c3bf77aa3106c65c34e43f6\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-28 \\|website\\=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}", "\"\\[I]n May 2018, the launching ceremony and press conference for the 2029 Action Plan for China's STEM Education was held in Beijing, China. This plan aims to allow as many students to benefit from STEM education as possible and equip all students with scientific thinking and the ability to innovate.\" \"In response to encouraging policies by the government, schools in both public and private sectors around the country have begun to carry out STEM education programs.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Insights \\|first\\=GETChina \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-28 \\|title\\=China's STEM Education in Action: Observations, Initiatives and Reflections \\|url\\=https://edtechchina.medium.com/chinas\\-stem\\-education\\-in\\-action\\-observations\\-initiatives\\-and\\-reflections\\-a20d6cd43a0c \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-28 \\|website\\=Medium \\|language\\=en}}", "\"However, to effectively implement STEM curricula, full\\-time teachers specializing in STEM education and relevant content to be taught are needed.\" Currently, \"China lacks qualified STEM teachers and a training system is yet to be established.\"", "Several Chinese cities have taken bold measures to add programming as a compulsory course for elementary and middle school students. This is the case of the city of Chongqing.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Wei \\|first\\=Jiang \\|date\\=September 9, 2018 \\|title\\=Chongqing adds programming to school curriculum \\|url\\=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/26/WS5baaf912a310c4cc775e823d.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 28, 2024 \\|website\\=ChinaDaily.com}} However, most students from small and medium\\-sized cities have not been exposed to the concept of STEM until they enter college.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Li \\|first1\\=Yan \\|last2\\=Li \\|first2\\=Jessica \\|last3\\=Sun \\|first3\\=Ye \\|title\\=Young faculty job perceptions in the midst of Chinese higher education reform: the case of Zhejiang University \\|journal\\=Asia Pacific Journal of Education}}", "### Europe", "{{See also\\|STEMNET\\|label 1\\=STEMNET (an educational charity in the UK)}}\nSeveral European projects have promoted STEM education and careers in Europe. For instance, Scientix{{cite web\\|title\\=Scientix Project\\|url\\=http://www.scientix.eu/\\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=5 January 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105013621/http://www.scientix.eu/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} is a European cooperation of STEM teachers, education scientists, and policymakers. The SciChallenge{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Achilleos\\|first1\\=Achilleas\\|last2\\=Mettouris\\|first2\\=Christos\\|last3\\=Yeratziotis\\|first3\\=Alexandros\\|last4\\=Papadopoulos\\|first4\\=George\\|last5\\=Pllana\\|first5\\=Sabri\\|last6\\=Huber\\|first6\\=Florian\\|last7\\=Jaeger\\|first7\\=Bernhard\\|last8\\=Leitner\\|first8\\=Peter\\|last9\\=Ocsovszky\\|first9\\=Zsofia\\|last10\\=Dinnyes\\|first10\\=Andras\\|title\\=SciChallenge: A Social Media Aware Platform for Contest\\-Based STEM Education and Motivation of Young Students\\|journal\\=IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies\\|volume\\=12\\|pages\\=98–111\\|doi\\=10\\.1109/TLT.2018\\.2810879\\|year\\=2019\\|s2cid\\=65050107}} project used a social media contest and student\\-generated content to increase the motivation of pre\\-university students for STEM education and careers. The [Erasmus programme](/wiki/Erasmus_programme \"Erasmus programme\") project AutoSTEM{{cite web\\|title\\=AutoSTEM\\|url\\=https://www.autostem.info/\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727094132/https://www.autostem.info/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} used automata to introduce STEM subjects to very young children.", "#### Finland", "The LUMA Center is the leading advocate for STEM\\-oriented education. Its aim is to promote the instruction and research of natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, and technology across all educational levels in the country. In the native tongue *luma* stands for \"luonnontieteellis\\-matemaattinen\" (lit. adj. \"scientific\\-mathematical\").{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Tirri \\|first1\\=Kirsi \\|last2\\=Kuusisto \\|first2\\=Elina \\|date\\=2013 \\|title\\=How Finland serves gifted and talented pupils \\|url\\=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid\\=rep1\\&type\\=pdf\\&doi\\=1a23377bf9cfe3473b292f8bc0ef2136d4e1a0ff \\|journal\\=Journal for the Education of the Gifted \\|volume\\=36 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=91 \\|via\\=Penn State}} The short is more or less a direct translation of *STEM*, with engineering fields included by association. However, unlike STEM, the term is also a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") from *lu* and *ma*. To address the decline in interest in learning the areas of science, the Finnish National Board of Education launched the LUMA scientific education development program. The project's main goal was to raise the level of Finnish education and to enhance students' competencies, improve educational practices, and foster interest in science. The initiative led to the establishment of 13 LUMA centers at universities across Finland supervised by LUMA Center.", "#### France", "The name of STEM in France is industrial engineering sciences (sciences industrielles or sciences de l'ingénieur). The STEM organization in France is the association UPSTI.{{clarify\\|date\\=November 2020}}", "### Hong Kong", "STEM education has not been promoted among the local schools in Hong Kong until recent years. In November 2015, the Education Bureau of Hong Kong released a document titled *Promotion of STEM Education*,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum\\-development/renewal/Brief%20on%20STEM%20(Overview)\\_eng\\_20151105\\.pdf\\|title\\=Promotion of STEM Education\\|website\\=Edb.gov.hk\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-09\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013446/https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum\\-development/renewal/Brief%20on%20STEM%20(Overview)\\_eng\\_20151105\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} which proposes strategies and recommendations for promoting STEM education.", "### India", "[thumb\\|Medalists from Team India at the 2019 [International Physics Olympiad](/wiki/International_Physics_Olympiad \"International Physics Olympiad\")](/wiki/File:IPhO-2019_07-14_team_India_medals.jpg \"IPhO-2019 07-14 team India medals.jpg\")\nIndia is next only to China with STEM graduates per population of 1 to 52\\. The total number of fresh STEM graduates was 2\\.6 million in 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/stem\\-education\\-crisis\\-future\\-work/\\|title\\=How the STEM Crisis is Threatening the Future of Work\\|date\\=6 January 2020\\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126154103/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/stem\\-education\\-crisis\\-future\\-work/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} STEM graduates have been contributing to the Indian economy with well\\-paid salaries locally and abroad for the past two decades. The turnaround of the Indian economy with comfortable foreign exchange reserves is mainly attributed to the skills of its STEM graduates. In India, women make up an impressive 43% of STEM graduates, the highest percentage worldwide. However, they hold only 14% of STEM\\-related jobs. Additionally, among the 280,000 scientists and engineers working in research and development institutes in the country, women represent a mere 14%{{Cite web \\|last\\=101Reporters \\|date\\=2021\\-10\\-11 \\|title\\=Addressing Gender Disparities In STEM \\|url\\=https://feminisminindia.com/2021/10/12/addressing\\-gender\\-disparities\\-in\\-stem/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-21 \\|website\\=Feminism in India \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}", "### Nigeria", "In Nigeria, the Association of Professional Women Engineers Of Nigeria (APWEN) has involved girls between the ages of 12 and 19 in science\\-based courses in order for them to pursue science\\-based courses in higher institutions of learning. The National Science Foundation (NSF) In Nigeria has made conscious efforts to encourage girls to innovate, invent, and build through the \"invent it, build it\" program sponsored by NNPC.{{Cite web \\|last\\=kingsley\\-omoyibo \\|first\\=Queeneth \\|title\\=APWEN \\|url\\=https://apwen.org.ng/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-18 \\|website\\=APWEN}}", "### Pakistan", "STEM subjects are taught in Pakistan as part of electives taken in the 9th and 10th grades, culminating in [Matriculation](/wiki/Matriculation \"Matriculation\") exams. These electives are pure sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology), mathematics (Physics, Chemistry, Maths), and computer science (Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science). STEM subjects are also offered as electives taken in the 11th and 12th grades, more commonly referred to as first and second year, culminating in [Intermediate](/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate \"Higher Secondary School Certificate\") exams. These electives are FSc pre\\-[medical](/wiki/Medicine \"Medicine\") (Physics, Chemistry, Biology), FSc pre\\-[engineering](/wiki/Engineering \"Engineering\") (Physics, Chemistry, Maths), and ICS (Physics/Statistics, Computer Science, Maths). These electives are intended to aid students in pursuing STEM\\-related careers in the future by preparing them for the study of these courses at university.", "A STEM education project has been approved by the government{{cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-21\\|title\\=PM approves STEM education project {{!}} The Express Tribune\\|url\\=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2260608/pm\\-approves\\-stem\\-education\\-project\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-29\\|website\\=tribune.com.pk\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823062356/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2260608/pm\\-approves\\-stem\\-education\\-project\\|url\\-status\\=live}} to establish STEM labs in public schools. The [Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication](/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_Technology_and_Telecommunication \"Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication\") has collaborated with Google to launch Pakistan's first grassroots\\-level Coding Skills Development Program,{{cite web\\|title\\=MINISTRY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY \\& TELECOMMUNICATION\\|url\\=https://moitt.gov.pk/NewsDetail/YTQyNzBhMzMtYThjMi00YTc4LTgwZTQtNGE2NzUwM2Q0ZDQz\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-29\\|website\\=moitt.gov.pk\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-01\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101012411/https://moitt.gov.pk/NewsDetail/YTQyNzBhMzMtYThjMi00YTc4LTgwZTQtNGE2NzUwM2Q0ZDQz\\|url\\-status\\=live}} based on Google's CS First Program, a global initiative aimed at developing coding skills in children. The program aims to develop applied coding skills using gamification techniques for children between the ages of 9 and 14\\.", "The KPITBs Early Age Programming initiative,{{cite web\\|last\\=Early Programming\\|first\\=KPITB\\|url\\=https://www.kpitb.gov.pk/projects/early\\-age\\-programming\\|title\\=Early Age Programming \\| KPITB \\| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Information Technology Board\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-29\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023234453/https://www.kpitb.gov.pk/projects/early\\-age\\-programming\\|url\\-status\\=live}} established in the province of [Khyber Pakhtunkhwa](/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa \"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa\"), has been successfully introduced in 225 Elementary and Secondary Schools. Many private organizations are working in Pakistan to introduce STEM education in schools.", "### Philippines", "In the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"), STEM is a two\\-year program and strand that is used for Senior High School (Grades 11 and 12\\), assigned by the [Department of Education](/wiki/Department_of_Education \"Department of Education\") or DepEd. The STEM strand is under the Academic Track, which also includes other strands like ABM, HUMSS, and GAS.{{cite web\\|title\\=Academic Track {{!}} Department of Education\\|url\\=https://www.deped.gov.ph/k\\-to\\-12/about/k\\-to\\-12\\-basic\\-education\\-curriculum/academic\\-track/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-09\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-11\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711142908/https://www.deped.gov.ph/k\\-to\\-12/about/k\\-to\\-12\\-basic\\-education\\-curriculum/academic\\-track/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|date\\=2018\\-02\\-06\\|title\\=A Guide to Choosing the Right Senior High School Strand\\|url\\=https://www.teacherph.com/right\\-senior\\-high\\-school\\-track/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-09\\|website\\=TeacherPH\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-10\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710061219/https://www.teacherph.com/right\\-senior\\-high\\-school\\-track/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The purpose of the STEM strand is to educate students in the field of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, in an interdisciplinary and applied approach, and to give students advanced knowledge and application in the field. After completing the program, the students will earn a Diploma in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. In some colleges and universities, they require students applying for STEM degrees (like medicine, engineering, computer studies, etc.) to be a graduate of STEM, if not, they will need to enter a bridging program.", "### Qatar", "In [Qatar](/wiki/Qatar \"Qatar\"), [AL\\-Bairaq](/wiki/AL-Bairaq \"AL-Bairaq\") is an outreach program to high\\-school students with a curriculum that focuses on STEM, run by the Center for Advanced Materials (CAM) at [Qatar University](/wiki/Qatar_University \"Qatar University\"). Each year around 946 students, from about 40 high schools, participate in AL\\-Bairaq competitions.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php\\|title\\=AlBairaq World \\- Welcome to Al\\-Bairaq World\\|date\\=19 April 2014\\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419220638/http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php\\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2014}} AL\\-Bairaq makes use of project\\-based learning, encourages students to solve authentic problems, and inquires them to work with each other as a team to build real solutions.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sec.gov.qa/En/Media/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID\\=3405\\|title\\=Supreme Education Council\\|website\\=Sec.gov.qa\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-20\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630045928/http://www.sec.gov.qa/En/Media/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID\\=3405\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-30}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/qatar/283245/al\\-bairaq\\-holds\\-workshop\\-for\\-high\\-school\\-students\\|title\\=The Peninsula Qatar \\- Al Bairaq holds workshop for high school students\\|website\\=Thepeninsulaqatar.com\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-20\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-09\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922235430/http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/qatar/283245/al\\-bairaq\\-holds\\-workshop\\-for\\-high\\-school\\-students\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Research has so far shown positive results for the program.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ejes.eu/images/issue/vol.1/no.3/4\\.pdf\\|title\\=Al\\-Ghanim, K.A; Al\\-Maadeed, M.A and Al\\-Thani, N.J (Sept. 2014\\) : IMPACT OF INNOVATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT BASED ON RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS RESEARCH AND THEIR SELF\\-EFFICACY, EJES, 1(3\\), 39\\-57\\|website\\=Ejes.eu\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-20}} {{dead link\\|date\\=September 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "### Singapore", "STEM is part of the Applied Learning Programme (ALP) that the Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE) has been promoting since 2013, and currently, all secondary schools have such a program. It is expected that by 2023, all primary schools in Singapore will have an ALP. There are no tests or exams for ALPs. The emphasis is for students to learn through experimentation – they try, fail, try, learn from it, and try again. The MOE actively supports schools with ALPs to further enhance and strengthen their capabilities and programs that nurture innovation and creativity.", "The Singapore Science Centre established a STEM unit in January 2014, dedicated to igniting students' passion for STEM. To further enrich students' learning experiences, their Industrial Partnership Programme (IPP) creates opportunities for students to get early exposure to real\\-world STEM industries and careers. Curriculum specialists and STEM educators from the Science Centre will work hand\\-in\\-hand with teachers to co\\-develop STEM lessons, provide training to teachers, and co\\-teach such lessons to provide students with early exposure and develop their interest in STEM.", "### Thailand", "In 2017, Thai Education Minister Teerakiat Jareonsettasin said after the 49th Southeast Asia Ministers of Education Organisation (SEAMEO) Council Conference in Jakarta that the meeting approved the establishment of two new SEAMEO regional centers in Thailand. One would be the STEM Education Centre, while the other would be a Sufficient Economy Learning Centre.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-25 \\|title\\=Thailand leads way with science education centre \\|url\\=https://www.nationthailand.com/in\\-focus/30321788 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-28 \\|website\\=nationthailand \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "Teerakiat said that the Thai government had already allocated Bt250 million over five years for the new STEM center. The center will be the regional institution responsible for STEM education promotion. It will not only set up policies to improve STEM education, but it will also be the center for information and experience sharing among the member countries and education experts. According to him, \"This is the first SEAMEO regional center for STEM education, as the existing science education center in Malaysia only focuses on the academic perspective. Our STEM education center will also prioritize the implementation and adaptation of science and technology.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.seameo.org/Main\\_about/90\\|title\\=SEAMEO Secretariat\\|website\\=www.seameo.org\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-18\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051451/http://www.seameo.org/Main\\_about/90\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology has initiated a STEM Education Network. Its goals are to promote [integrated learning](/wiki/Integrated_learning \"Integrated learning\") activities improve student creativity and application of knowledge, and establish a network of organations and personnel for the promotion of STEM education in the country.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Boonruang \\|first1\\=Sasiwimon \\|title\\=A Stem education \\|url\\=https://www.bangkokpost.com/tech/456725/a\\-stem\\-education \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-11\\-18 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Bangkok Post]] \\|date\\=14 January 2015 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-02 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202004545/https://www.bangkokpost.com/tech/456725/a\\-stem\\-education \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Turkey", "Turkish STEM Education Task Force (or FeTeMM—Fen Bilimleri, Teknoloji, Mühendislik ve Matematik) is a coalition of academicians and teachers who show an effort to increase the quality of education in STEM fields rather than focussing on increasing the number of STEM graduates.{{cite web\\|title\\=FeTeMM Çalışma Grubu\\|url\\=http://fetemm.org/\\|access\\-date\\=3 September 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=16 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716104954/http://fetemm.org/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|title\\=STEM Education Task Force\\|url\\=http://tstem.com/\\|website\\=Tstem.com\\|access\\-date\\=3 September 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701113000/https://www.tstem.com/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### United States", "In the United States, the acronym began to be used in education and immigration debates in initiatives to begin to address the perceived lack of qualified candidates for high\\-tech jobs. It also addresses concern that the subjects are often taught in isolation, instead of as an integrated curriculum.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.iu1stemcenter.org/files/CMU\\_and\\_IU\\_STEM\\_Survey.pdf \\|title\\=STEM Education in Southwestern Pennsylvania \\|year\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=The Intermediate Unit 1 Center for STEM Education \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513114911/http://www.iu1stemcenter.org/files/CMU\\_and\\_IU\\_STEM\\_Survey.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Maintaining a citizenry that is well\\-versed in the STEM fields is a key portion of the [public education](/wiki/Public_education \"Public education\") agenda of the United States.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/stem\\-education/2012/07/26/us\\-news\\-inducts\\-five\\-to\\-stem\\-leadership\\-hall\\-of\\-fame \\|title\\=U.S. News Inducts Five to STEM Leadership Hall of Fame \\|date\\=July 26, 2012 \\|author\\=Morella, Michael \\|publisher\\=U.S. News \\& World Report \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721155627/https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/stem\\-education/2012/07/26/us\\-news\\-inducts\\-five\\-to\\-stem\\-leadership\\-hall\\-of\\-fame \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The acronym has been widely used in the immigration debate regarding access to United States [work visas](/wiki/Work_visa \"Work visa\") for [immigrants](/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States \"Immigration to the United States\") who are skilled in these fields. It has also become commonplace in education discussions as a reference to the shortage of skilled workers and inadequate education in these areas.{{cite news\n\\| last\\= Kakutani\n\\| first\\= Michiko\n\\| url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/books/back\\-to\\-work\\-has\\-bill\\-clintons\\-ideas\\-for\\-america\\-review.html?pagewanted\\=2\\&\\_r\\=1\n\\| title\\= Bill Clinton Lays Out His Prescription for America's Future\n\\| work\\= The New York Times\n\\| date\\= November 7, 2011\n\\| access\\-date\\= 2012\\-12\\-21\n\\| archive\\-date\\= 2018\\-11\\-15\n\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20181115203247/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/books/back\\-to\\-work\\-has\\-bill\\-clintons\\-ideas\\-for\\-america\\-review.html?pagewanted\\=2\\&\\_r\\=1\n\\| url\\-status\\= live\n}} The term tends not to refer to the non\\-professional and less visible sectors of the fields, such as electronics assembly line work.", "#### National Science Foundation", "Many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\") on what constitutes a STEM field. The NSF uses a broad definition of STEM subjects that includes subjects in the fields of [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry \"Chemistry\"), [computer](/wiki/Computer_science \"Computer science\") and [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology \"Information technology\") science, engineering, geoscience, life sciences, mathematical sciences, physics and astronomy, [social sciences](/wiki/Social_sciences \"Social sciences\") ([anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology \"Anthropology\"), [economics](/wiki/Economics \"Economics\"), [psychology](/wiki/Psychology \"Psychology\"), and [sociology](/wiki/Sociology \"Sociology\")), and STEM education and learning research.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12599/nsf12599\\.htm\\#appendix\\|title\\=Graduate Research Fellowship Program\\|work\\=nsf.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-06\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906091750/https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12599/nsf12599\\.htm\\#appendix\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nThe NSF is the only American federal agency whose mission includes support for all fields of fundamental science and engineering, except for medical sciences.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nsf.gov/about/what.jsp \\|title\\=What We Do \\|publisher\\=The National Science Foundation \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203184422/https://www.nsf.gov/about/what.jsp \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Its disciplinary program areas include scholarships, grants, and fellowships in fields such as biological sciences, computer and [information science](/wiki/Information_science \"Information science\") and engineering, education and human resources, engineering, environmental research and education, geoscience, international science and engineering, mathematical and physical sciences, social, behavioral and economic sciences, cyberinfrastructure, and polar programs.", "#### Immigration policy", "Although many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\") on what constitutes a STEM field, the [United States Department of Homeland Security](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security \"United States Department of Homeland Security\") (DHS) has its own functional definition used for immigration policy.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42530\\.pdf\\|title\\=Immigration of Foreign Nationals with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Degrees\\|website\\=Fas.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119063201/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42530\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2012, DHS or ICE announced an expanded list of STEM\\-designated degree programs that qualify eligible graduates on student visas for an optional practical training (OPT) extension. Under the OPT program, international students who graduate from colleges and universities in the United States can stay in the country and receive up to twelve months of training through work experience. Students who graduate from a designated STEM degree program can stay for an additional seventeen months on an OPT STEM extension.{{cite web \\|title\\=DHS Expands List of STEM designated\\-degree programs \\|url\\=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs\\-expands\\-list\\-stem\\-designated\\-degree\\-programs \\|publisher\\=Fowler White Boggs P.A. \\|author\\=Jennifer G. Roeper \\|date\\=May 19, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-01 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630000109/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs\\-expands\\-list\\-stem\\-designated\\-degree\\-programs \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem\\-list.pdf\\|title\\=STEM\\-Designated Degree Program List : 2012 Revised List\\|website\\=Ice.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084952/https://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem\\-list.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "As of 2023, the U.S. faces a shortage of high\\-skilled workers in STEM, and foreign talents must navigate difficult hurdles to immigrate. Meanwhile, some other countries, such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, have introduced programs to attract talent at the expense of the United States.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Tae \\|date\\=July 20, 2023 \\|title\\=The Chip Act's Big Problem \\|work\\=Barron's \\|url\\=https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/chips\\-act\\-immigration\\-reform\\-ebf3144f \\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20230720142135/https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/chips\\-act\\-immigration\\-reform\\-ebf3144f \\|archive\\-date\\=July 20, 2023}} In the case of China, the United States risks losing its edge over [a strategic rival](/wiki/Second_Cold_War \"Second Cold War\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Das \\|first\\=Moumita \\|date\\=July 13, 2023 \\|title\\=Opinion: The World is Coming for US Science Talent \\|work\\=APS News \\|url\\=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202307/backpage.cfm \\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2023}}", "#### Education", "{{See also\\|Mathematics education in the United States}}\nBy cultivating an interest in the natural and social sciences in preschool or immediately following school entry, the chances of STEM success in high school can be greatly improved.{{Cite web \\|last\\=steamadmin \\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-24 \\|title\\=STEM Education for Preschoolers – Importance of Early STEM Education \\|url\\=https://steamacademies.org/stem\\-education\\-for\\-preschoolers/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-28 \\|website\\=STEAM Academies \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "STEM supports broadening the study of [engineering](/wiki/Engineering \"Engineering\") within each of the other subjects and beginning engineering at younger grades, even elementary school. It also brings STEM education to all students rather than only the gifted programs. In his 2012 budget, President Barack Obama renamed and broadened the \"*Mathematics and Science Partnership (MSP)*\" to award block grants to states for improving teacher education in those subjects.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas\\-budget\\-shuffles\\-stem.html \\|title\\=Obama's Budget Shuffles STEM Education Deck \\|date\\=14 February 2012 \\|author\\=Jane J. Lee \\|publisher\\=American Association for the Advancement of Science \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829185052/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas\\-budget\\-shuffles\\-stem.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2012 }}\n[center\\|thumb\\|680x680px\\|Healthcare and STEM, especially computer science, grew in popularity while the liberal arts and social studies, especially history, have declined due to market forces.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dutt\\-Ballerstadt \\|first\\=Reshmi \\|date\\=March 1, 2019 \\|title\\=Academic Prioritization or Killing the Liberal Arts? \\|work\\=Inside Higher Ed \\|url\\=https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2019/03/01/shrinking\\-liberal\\-arts\\-programs\\-raise\\-alarm\\-bells\\-among\\-faculty \\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2021}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 3, 2023 \\|title\\=Was your degree really worth it? \\|newspaper\\=The Economist \\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/international/2023/04/03/was\\-your\\-degree\\-really\\-worth\\-it \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20230408160109/https://www.economist.com/international/2023/04/03/was\\-your\\-degree\\-really\\-worth\\-it \\|archive\\-date\\=April 8, 2023}}](/wiki/File:U.S._college_major_change_between_2011_and_2018.png \"U.S. college major change between 2011 and 2018.png\")\nIn the 2015 run of the international assessment test the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), American students came out 35th in mathematics, 24th in reading, and 25th in science, out of 109 countries. The United States also ranked 29th in the percentage of 24\\-year\\-olds with science or mathematics degrees.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/\\|title\\=Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) \\- Overview\\|website\\=nces.ed.gov\\|language\\=EN\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904112157/https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "STEM education often uses new technologies such as [3D printers](/wiki/3D_printers \"3D printers\") to encourage interest in STEM fields.J.L. Irwin, D.E. Oppliger, J.M. Pearce, G. Anzalone, [Evaluation of RepRap 3D Printer Workshops in K\\-12 STEM](http://www.asee.org/file_server/papers/attachment/file/0005/4988/asee_K-12_2015_finalpaper.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002232721/http://www.asee.org/file\\_server/papers/attachment/file/0005/4988/asee\\_K\\-12\\_2015\\_finalpaper.pdf \\|date\\=2015\\-10\\-02 }}. *122nd ASEE 122nd ASEE Conf. Proceedings*, paper ID\\#12036, 2015\\. [open access](https://www.academia.edu/13378869/Evaluation_of_RepRap_3D_Printer_Workshops_in_K-12_STEM) STEM education can also leverage the combination of new technologies, such as [photovoltaics](/wiki/Photovoltaics \"Photovoltaics\") and [environmental sensors](/wiki/Environmental_sensor \"Environmental sensor\"), with old technologies such as [composting](/wiki/Compost \"Compost\") systems and [irrigation](/wiki/Irrigation \"Irrigation\") within [land lab](/wiki/Land_lab \"Land lab\") environments.", "In 2006 the [United States National Academies](/wiki/United_States_National_Academies \"United States National Academies\") expressed their concern about the declining state of STEM education in the United States. Its Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy developed a list of 10 actions. Their top three recommendations were to:\n* Increase America's talent pool by improving K–12 science and mathematics education\n* Strengthen the skills of teachers through additional training in science, mathematics, and technology\n* Enlarge the pipeline of students prepared to enter college and graduate with STEM degrees{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage\\=493006\\|title\\=STEM Education\\|website\\=Slsd.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126095634/http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage\\=493006\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-26}}", "The [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration \"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\") also has implemented programs and curricula to advance STEM education to replenish the pool of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians who will lead space exploration in the 21st century.", "Individual states, such as [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), have run pilot after\\-school STEM programs to learn what the most promising practices are and how to implement them to increase the chance of student success.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://powerofdiscovery.org/sites/default/files/cde\\_report\\_task\\_10\\_and\\_11\\.pdf\\|title\\=Final Report : California Department of Education : CDE Agreement\\|website\\=Powerofdiscovery.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702044501/http://powerofdiscovery.org/sites/default/files/cde\\_report\\_task\\_10\\_and\\_11\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Another state to invest in STEM education is Florida, where Florida Polytechnic University,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://floridapoly.edu/\\|title\\=Florida Polytechnic University\\|website\\=Florida Polytechnic University\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=September 3, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903001047/https://floridapoly.edu/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Florida's first public university for engineering and technology dedicated to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), was established.{{cite web\\|title \\= About Florida Polytechnic University\\|url \\= https://floridapolytechnic.org/about/\\|website \\= Florida Polytechnic University\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-10\\-26\\|archive\\-date \\= 2019\\-05\\-05\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171657/https://floridapolytechnic.org/about/\\|url\\-status \\= live}} During school, STEM programs have been established for many districts throughout the U.S. Some states include [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"), and [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.olentangy.k12\\.oh.us/domain/1012\\|title\\=STEM Academy / Overview\\|website\\=OLENTANGY SCHOOLS\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-12\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171656/https://www.olentangy.k12\\.oh.us/domain/1012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/education/best\\-high\\-schools/national\\-rankings/stem\\|title\\=Best STEM High schools\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-12\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-24\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524212721/https://www.usnews.com/education/best\\-high\\-schools/national\\-rankings/stem\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Continuing STEM education has expanded to the post\\-secondary level through masters programs such as the University of Maryland's STEM Program{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP\\_MCPSSTEM%20\\.html \\|title\\=Center for Mathematics Education \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215842/http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP\\_MCPSSTEM%20\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-10 }} as well as the University of Cincinnati.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters\\-degree\\-in\\-education\\-online\\-programs/stem\\-science\\-technology\\-engineering\\-mathematics\\-teacher\\-degree/stem\\-degree\\-that\\-inspires\\-innovation/ \\|title\\=A STEM Degree that Inspires Innovation \\| UC's Master of Education Online Program \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200320/http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters\\-degree\\-in\\-education\\-online\\-programs/stem\\-science\\-technology\\-engineering\\-mathematics\\-teacher\\-degree/stem\\-degree\\-that\\-inspires\\-innovation/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-10 }}", "#### Racial gap in STEM fields", "{{main\\|Racial minorities in STEM fields}}\n[thumb\\|500x500px\\|Significant race or sex differences exist in the completion of Algebra I.{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 2018 \\|title\\=A Leak in the STEM Pipeline: Taking Algebra Early \\|url\\=https://www2\\.ed.gov/datastory/stem/algebra/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 13, 2023 \\|website\\= \\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Education \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png \"Algebra I by Sex or Race (2015-16).png\")\nIn the United States, the National Science Foundation found that the average science score on the 2011 National Assessment of Educational Progress was lower for black and Hispanic students than for white, Asian, and Pacific Islanders.\"Science and Engineering Indicators 2014\\.\" S\\&E Indicators 2014 \\- Figures \\- US National Science Foundation (NSF). N.p., n.d. Web. In 2011, eleven percent of the U.S. workforce was black, while only six percent of STEM workers were black.Landivar, Liana C. Disparities in STEM Employment by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin . Rep. N.p.: n.p., 2013\\. Though STEM in the U.S. has typically been dominated by white males, there have been considerable efforts to create initiatives to make STEM a more racially and gender\\-diverse field.\"FACT SHEET: President Obama Announces Over $240 Million in New STEM Commitments at the 2015 White House Science Fair.\" National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. Some evidence suggests that all students, including black and Hispanic students, have a better chance of earning a STEM degree if they attend a college or university at which their entering academic credentials are at least as high as the average student's.Gail Heriot, [Want to Be a Doctor? A Scientist? An Engineer?: An Affirmative Action Leg Up May Hurt Your Chances](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3112683) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111022256/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\\_id\\=3112683 \\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-11 }}, Engage (2010\\).", "#### Gender gaps in STEM", "Although women make up 47% of the workforce[\"Women in STEM: 2017 Update\"](https://www.commerce.gov/news/reports/2017/11/women-stem-2017-update) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022181844/https://www.commerce.gov/news/reports/2017/11/women\\-stem\\-2017\\-update \\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-22 }}, U.S. Department of Commerce. in the U.S., they hold only 24% of STEM jobs. Research suggests that exposing girls to female inventors at a young age has the potential to reduce the gender gap in technical STEM fields by half.[\"Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation\"](http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/assets/documents/inventors_summary.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717224202/http://www.equality\\-of\\-opportunity.org/assets/documents/inventors\\_summary.pdf \\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-17 }}, Opportunity Insights. Campaigns from organizations like the [National Inventors Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame \"National Inventors Hall of Fame\") aimed to achieve a 50/50 gender balance in their youth STEM programs by 2020\\. The gender gap in Zimbabwe's [STEM fields](/wiki/STEAM_fields \"STEAM fields\") is also significant, with only 28\\.79% of women holding STEM degrees compared to 71\\.21% of men.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Maisiri \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-28 \\|title\\=Preparing Zimbabwean Women for the Future of Work: The Role of STEM Education in The So\\-Called Fourth Industrial Revolution \\|journal\\=South African Review of Sociology \\|volume\\=54 \\|language\\=en \\|pages\\=5–22 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/21528586\\.2024\\.2311399 \\|issn\\=2152\\-8586\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}", "#### American Competitiveness Initiative", "In the [State of the Union Address](/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address \"State of the Union Address\") on January 31, 2006, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") announced the [American Competitiveness Initiative](/wiki/American_Competitiveness_Initiative \"American Competitiveness Initiative\"). Bush proposed the initiative to address shortfalls in federal government support of educational development and progress at all academic levels in the STEM fields. In detail, the initiative called for significant increases in federal funding for advanced [R\\&D](/wiki/R%26D \"R&D\") programs (including a doubling of federal funding support for advanced research in the physical sciences through [DOE](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy \"United States Department of Energy\")) and an increase in U.S. higher education graduates within STEM disciplines.", "The *NASA Means Business* competition, sponsored by the Texas Space Grant Consortium, furthers that goal. College students compete to develop promotional plans to encourage students in middle and high school to study STEM subjects and to inspire professors in STEM fields to involve their students in outreach activities that support STEM education.", "The [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\") has numerous programs in STEM education, including some for K–12 students such as the ITEST Program that supports The Global Challenge Award ITEST Program. STEM programs have been implemented in some [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\") schools. They implement higher cognitive skills for students and enable them to inquire and use techniques used by professionals in the STEM fields.", "[Project Lead The Way](/wiki/Project_Lead_The_Way \"Project Lead The Way\") (PLTW) is a provider of STEM education curricular programs to middle and high schools in the United States. Programs include a high school engineering curriculum called *Pathway To Engineering*, a high school biomedical sciences program, and a middle school engineering and technology program called *Gateway To Technology*. PLTW programs have been endorsed by President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") and [United States Secretary of Education](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education \"United States Secretary of Education\") [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan \"Arne Duncan\") as well as various state, national, and business leaders.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}", "#### STEM Education Coalition", "*The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education Coalition*{{Cite journal\n\\| last1 \\= Bybee \\| first1 \\= R. W.\n\\| title \\= What is STEM Education?\n\\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1194998\n\\| journal \\= Science\n\\| volume \\= 329\n\\| issue \\= 5995\n\\| page \\= 996\n\\| year \\= 2010\n\\| pmid \\= 20798284\n\\|bibcode \\= 2010Sci...329\\..996B \\| doi\\-access \\= free\n}} works to support STEM programs for teachers and students at the [U.S. Department of Education](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education \"United States Department of Education\"), the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\"), and other agencies that offer STEM\\-related programs. Activity of the STEM Coalition seems to have slowed since September 2008\\.", "#### Scouting", "In 2012, the [Boy Scouts of America](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America \"Boy Scouts of America\") began handing out awards, titled NOVA and SUPERNOVA, for completing specific requirements appropriate to the scouts' program level in each of the four main STEM areas. The [Girl Scouts of the USA](/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA \"Girl Scouts of the USA\") has similarly incorporated STEM into their program through the introduction of merit badges such as \"Naturalist\" and \"Digital Art\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.girlscouts.org/en/about\\-girl\\-scouts/girl\\-scouts\\-and\\-stem.html\\|title\\=STEM \\- Girl Scouts\\|website\\=Girl Scouts of the USA\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422015751/https://www.girlscouts.org/en/about\\-girl\\-scouts/girl\\-scouts\\-and\\-stem.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[SAE](/wiki/SAE_International \"SAE International\") is an international organization, and provider specializing in supporting education, award, and scholarship programs for STEM matters, from pre\\-K to college degrees.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://saefoundation.org/About\\-Us\\|title\\= SAE \\- about us.\\|access\\-date\\= Jul 24, 2018\\|language\\= en\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20171208000853/http://saefoundation.org/About\\-Us\\|website\\= saefoundation.org\\|archive\\-date\\= December 8, 2017\\|url\\-status\\= live}} It also promotes scientific and technological innovation.", "#### Department of Defense programs", "{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/stem.html\\|title\\=Research \\& Engineering Enterprise: STEM\\|website\\=Osd.mil\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020162334/http://www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/stem.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[eCybermission](/wiki/ECybermission \"ECybermission\") is a free, web\\-based science, mathematics, and technology competition for students in grades six through nine sponsored by the U.S. Army. Each [webinar](/wiki/Webinar \"Webinar\") is focused on a different step of the scientific method and is presented by an experienced eCybermission CyberGuide. CyberGuides are military and civilian volunteers with a strong background in STEM and STEM education, who can provide insight into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to students and team advisers.", "[STARBASE](/wiki/STARBASE \"STARBASE\") is an educational program, sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. Students interact with military personnel to explore careers and make connections with the \"real world\". The program provides students with 20–25 hours of experience at [the National Guard](/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States \"National Guard of the United States\"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"), [Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\"), [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve \"Air Force Reserve\"), and [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\") bases across the nation.", "[SeaPerch](/wiki/SeaPerch \"SeaPerch\") is an underwater robotics program that trains teachers to teach their students how to build an underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in an in\\-school or out\\-of\\-school setting. Students build the ROV from a kit composed of low\\-cost, easily accessible parts, following a curriculum that teaches basic engineering and science concepts with a marine engineering theme.", "#### NASA", "[thumb\\|STEM Girls' Night In at the NASA's [Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center \"Goddard Space Flight Center\"), Greenbelt, Maryland (2018\\)](/wiki/File:NASA_Goddard_Hosts_Young_Women_for_STEM_Girls_Night_In_-_30830488027.jpg \"NASA Goddard Hosts Young Women for STEM Girls Night In - 30830488027.jpg\")\nNASAStem is a program of the U.S. [space agency](/wiki/Space_agency \"Space agency\") [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\") to increase diversity within its ranks, including age, disability, and gender as well as race/ethnicity.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://missionstem.nasa.gov/diversity\\-inclusion\\-leadrshp.html\\|title\\=NASA Office of Diversity and Equal Opportunity (ODEO)\\|website\\=missionstem.nasa.gov\\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118030747/https://missionstem.nasa.gov/diversity\\-inclusion\\-leadrshp.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "#### Legislation", "The [America COMPETES Act](/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act \"America COMPETES Act\") (P.L. 110–69\\) became law on August 9, 2007\\. It is intended to increase the nation's investment in science and engineering research and in STEM education from kindergarten to graduate school and postdoctoral education. The act authorizes funding increases for the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\"), [National Institute of Standards and Technology](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology \"National Institute of Standards and Technology\") laboratories, and the [Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy \"United States Department of Energy\") (DOE) Office of Science over FY2008–FY2010\\. Robert Gabrys, Director of Education at NASA's [Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center \"Goddard Space Flight Center\"), articulated success as increased student achievement, early expression of student interest in STEM subjects, and student preparedness to enter the workforce.", "#### Jobs", "In November 2012 the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") announcement before the congressional vote on the STEM Jobs Act put President Obama in opposition to many of the Silicon Valley firms and executives who bankrolled his re\\-election campaign.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13578\\_3\\-57556074\\-38/obama\\-opposes\\-silicon\\-valley\\-firms\\-on\\-immigration\\-reform/ \\|title\\=Obama opposes Silicon Valley firms on immigration reform \\|date\\=November 28, 2012 \\|author\\=Declan McCullagh \\|publisher\\=CNET \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105181223/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13578\\_3\\-57556074\\-38/obama\\-opposes\\-silicon\\-valley\\-firms\\-on\\-immigration\\-reform/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Department of Labor identified 14 sectors that are \"projected to add substantial numbers of new jobs to [the economy](/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States \"Economy of the United States\") or affect the growth of other industries or are being transformed by technology and innovation requiring new sets of skills for workers.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.doleta.gov/Youth\\_services/pdf/STEM\\_Report\\_4%2007\\.pdf \\|title\\=The STEM Workforce Challenge: the Role of the Public Workforce System in a National Solution for a Competitive Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce \\|date\\=April 2007 \\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Labor \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908183749/https://www.doleta.gov/youth\\_services/pdf/STEM\\_Report\\_4%2007\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The identified sectors were as follows: advanced manufacturing, [Automotive](/wiki/Automotive \"Automotive\"), [construction](/wiki/Construction_industry \"Construction industry\"), [financial services](/wiki/Financial_services \"Financial services\"), [geospatial technology](/wiki/Geospatial_technology \"Geospatial technology\"), [homeland security](/wiki/Homeland_security \"Homeland security\"), [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology \"Information technology\"), [Transportation](/wiki/Transportation \"Transportation\"), [Aerospace](/wiki/Aerospace \"Aerospace\"), [Biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\"), [energy](/wiki/Energy_industry \"Energy industry\"), [healthcare](/wiki/Health_care_industry \"Health care industry\"), [hospitality](/wiki/Hospitality_industry \"Hospitality industry\"), and [retail](/wiki/Retail_industry \"Retail industry\").", "The [Department of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce \"United States Department of Commerce\") notes STEM fields careers are some of the best\\-paying and have the greatest potential for job growth in the early 21st century. The report also notes that STEM workers play a key role in the sustained growth and stability of the U.S. economy, and training in STEM fields generally results in higher wages, whether or not they work in a STEM field.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/stem\\-good\\-jobs\\-now\\-and\\-future\\|title\\=STEM: Good Jobs Now and For the Future\\|work\\=doc.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-22\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-28\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928054021/http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\\-good\\-jobs\\-now\\-and\\-future\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2015, there were around 9\\.0 million STEM jobs in the United States, representing 6\\.1% of American employment. STEM jobs were increasing by around 9% percent per year.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\\-jobs\\-2017\\-update\\|title\\=STEM Jobs: 2017 Update {{!}} Economics \\& Statistics Administration\\|website\\=esa.doc.gov\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-27\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927053129/http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\\-jobs\\-2017\\-update\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Brookings Institution found that the demand for competent technology graduates will surpass the number of capable applicants by at least one million individuals.", "According to Pew Research Center, a typical STEM worker earns two\\-thirds more than those employed in other fields.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The typical STEM worker now earns two\\-thirds more than non\\-STEM workers \\|url\\=https://www.pewresearch.org/social\\-trends/2018/01/09/women\\-and\\-men\\-in\\-stem\\-often\\-at\\-odds\\-over\\-workplace\\-equity/ps\\_2018\\-01\\-09\\_stem\\_1\\-09/}}", "#### Recent progress", "According to the 2014 US census \"74 percent of those who have a bachelor's degree in science, technology, engineering and math — commonly referred to as STEM — are not employed in STEM occupations.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Census Bureau Reports Majority of STEM College Graduates Do Not Work in STEM Occupations \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\\-releases/2014/cb14\\-130\\.html \\|website\\=United States Census Bureau \\|date\\=July 10, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101802/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\\-releases/2014/cb14\\-130\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Where do college graduates work? A Special Focus on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem\\-html/ \\|website\\=United States Census Bureau \\|date\\=July 10, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812223425/https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem\\-html/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In September 2017, several large American technology firms collectively pledged to donate $300 million for computer science education in the U.S.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/technology/computer\\-science\\-stem\\-education.html\\|title\\=Tech Firms Add $300 Million to Trump Administration's Computer Science Push\\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=26 September 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-15\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815003244/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/technology/computer\\-science\\-stem\\-education.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|last1\\=Kang \\|first1\\=Cecilia }}", "PEW findings revealed in 2018 that Americans identified several issues that hound STEM education which included unconcerned parents, disinterested students, obsolete curriculum materials, and too much focus on state parameters. 57 percent of survey respondents pointed out that one main problem of STEM is the lack of students' concentration in learning.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thejournal.com/articles/2018/01/12/americans\\-rate\\-u.s.\\-stem\\-education\\-as\\-mediocre.aspx\\|title\\=Americans Rate U.S. K–12 STEM Education as Mediocre\\|website\\=THE Journal\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106142645/https://thejournal.com/articles/2018/01/12/americans\\-rate\\-u.s.\\-stem\\-education\\-as\\-mediocre.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The recent National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) report card{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tel/\\|title\\=NAEP TEL \\- Technology and Engineering Literacy Assessment\\|website\\=nces.ed.gov\\|language\\=EN\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-26\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626023001/https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tel/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} made public technology as well as engineering literacy scores which determines whether students can apply technology and engineering proficiency to real\\-life scenarios. The report showed a gap of 28 points between low\\-income students and their high\\-income counterparts. The same report also indicated a 38\\-point difference between white and black students.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer\\-sheet/wp/2017/09/25/suddenly\\-trump\\-wants\\-to\\-spend\\-millions\\-of\\-dollars\\-on\\-stem\\-in\\-public\\-schools/\\|title\\=Analysis {{!}} Suddenly, Trump wants to spend millions of dollars on STEM in public schools\\|newspaper\\=Washington Post\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052808/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer\\-sheet/wp/2017/09/25/suddenly\\-trump\\-wants\\-to\\-spend\\-millions\\-of\\-dollars\\-on\\-stem\\-in\\-public\\-schools/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The Smithsonian Science Education Center (SSEC) announced the release of a five\\-year strategic plan by the Committee on STEM Education of the National Science and Technology Council on December 4, 2018\\. The plan is entitled \"Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions\\-blog/charting\\-course\\-success\\-americas\\-strategy\\-stem\\-education \\|title\\=Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education \\|author\\=Carol O'Donnell \\|website\\=ssec.si.edu \\|date\\=December 10, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=December 28, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410184748/https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions\\-blog/charting\\-course\\-success\\-americas\\-strategy\\-stem\\-education \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The objective is to propose a federal strategy anchored on a vision for the future so that all Americans are given permanent access to premium\\-quality education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. In the end, the United States can emerge as a world leader in STEM mastery, employment, and innovation. The goals of this plan are building foundations for STEM literacy; enhancing diversity, equality, and inclusion in STEM; and preparing the STEM workforce for the future.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/12/19/envisioning\\-stem\\-education\\-for\\-all.html \\|title\\=Envisioning STEM education for all \\|author\\=Steve Zylstra \\|date\\=December 19, 2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Phoenix Business Journal]] \\|access\\-date\\=December 28, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 28, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228152901/https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/12/19/envisioning\\-stem\\-education\\-for\\-all.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{subscription required}}", "The 2019 fiscal budget proposal of the White House supported the funding plan in President Donald Trump's Memorandum on STEM Education which allocated around $200 million (grant funding) for STEM education every year. This budget also supports STEM through a grant program worth $20 million for career as well as technical education programs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://edscoop.com/trump\\-stands\\-by\\-stem\\-education\\-spending\\-in\\-fy19\\-budget\\|title\\=Trump stands by STEM education spending in fiscal 2019 budget\\|website\\=EdScoop\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118102002/https://edscoop.com/trump\\-stands\\-by\\-stem\\-education\\-spending\\-in\\-fy19\\-budget/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "#### Events and programs to help develop STEM in US schools", "* [FIRST Tech Challenge](/wiki/FIRST_Tech_Challenge \"FIRST Tech Challenge\")\n* [VEX Robotics Competitions](/wiki/VEX_Robotics_Competition \"VEX Robotics Competition\")\n* [FIRST Robotics Competition](/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition \"FIRST Robotics Competition\")", "### Vietnam", "In Vietnam, beginning in 2012 many private education organizations have STEM education initiatives.", "In 2015, the Ministry of Science and Technology and Liên minh STEM organized the first National STEM Day, followed by many similar events across the country.", "in 2015, the Ministry of Education and Training included STEM as an area that needed to be encouraged in the national school year program.", "In May 2017, the [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam \"Prime Minister of Vietnam\") signed a Directive No. 16{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?class\\_id\\=2\\&mode\\=detail\\&document\\_id\\=189610 \\|title\\=Chỉ thị số 16/CT\\-TTG của Thủ tướng Chính phủ: Về việc tăng cường năng lực tiếp cận cuộc Cách mạng công nghiệp lần thứ 4 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-23 \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-01\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106175726/http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?class\\_id\\=2\\&mode\\=detail\\&document\\_id\\=189610 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} stating: \"Dramatically change the policies, contents, education and vocational training methods to create a human resource capable of receiving new production technology trends, with a focus on promoting training in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), foreign languages, information technology in general education; \" and asking \"Ministry of Education and Training (to): Promote the deployment of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in general education program; Pilot organize in some high schools from 2017 to 2018\\.", "" ]
### United States In the United States, the acronym began to be used in education and immigration debates in initiatives to begin to address the perceived lack of qualified candidates for high\-tech jobs. It also addresses concern that the subjects are often taught in isolation, instead of as an integrated curriculum.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.iu1stemcenter.org/files/CMU\_and\_IU\_STEM\_Survey.pdf \|title\=STEM Education in Southwestern Pennsylvania \|year\=2008 \|publisher\=The Intermediate Unit 1 Center for STEM Education \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2013\-05\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513114911/http://www.iu1stemcenter.org/files/CMU\_and\_IU\_STEM\_Survey.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} Maintaining a citizenry that is well\-versed in the STEM fields is a key portion of the [public education](/wiki/Public_education "Public education") agenda of the United States.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/stem\-education/2012/07/26/us\-news\-inducts\-five\-to\-stem\-leadership\-hall\-of\-fame \|title\=U.S. News Inducts Five to STEM Leadership Hall of Fame \|date\=July 26, 2012 \|author\=Morella, Michael \|publisher\=U.S. News \& World Report \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2019\-07\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721155627/https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/stem\-education/2012/07/26/us\-news\-inducts\-five\-to\-stem\-leadership\-hall\-of\-fame \|url\-status\=live }} The acronym has been widely used in the immigration debate regarding access to United States [work visas](/wiki/Work_visa "Work visa") for [immigrants](/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States "Immigration to the United States") who are skilled in these fields. It has also become commonplace in education discussions as a reference to the shortage of skilled workers and inadequate education in these areas.{{cite news \| last\= Kakutani \| first\= Michiko \| url\= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/books/back\-to\-work\-has\-bill\-clintons\-ideas\-for\-america\-review.html?pagewanted\=2\&\_r\=1 \| title\= Bill Clinton Lays Out His Prescription for America's Future \| work\= The New York Times \| date\= November 7, 2011 \| access\-date\= 2012\-12\-21 \| archive\-date\= 2018\-11\-15 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20181115203247/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/books/back\-to\-work\-has\-bill\-clintons\-ideas\-for\-america\-review.html?pagewanted\=2\&\_r\=1 \| url\-status\= live }} The term tends not to refer to the non\-professional and less visible sectors of the fields, such as electronics assembly line work. #### National Science Foundation Many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation") on what constitutes a STEM field. The NSF uses a broad definition of STEM subjects that includes subjects in the fields of [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry "Chemistry"), [computer](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science") and [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology") science, engineering, geoscience, life sciences, mathematical sciences, physics and astronomy, [social sciences](/wiki/Social_sciences "Social sciences") ([anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology "Anthropology"), [economics](/wiki/Economics "Economics"), [psychology](/wiki/Psychology "Psychology"), and [sociology](/wiki/Sociology "Sociology")), and STEM education and learning research.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12599/nsf12599\.htm\#appendix\|title\=Graduate Research Fellowship Program\|work\=nsf.gov\|access\-date\=2018\-04\-06\|archive\-date\=2019\-09\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906091750/https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12599/nsf12599\.htm\#appendix\|url\-status\=live}} The NSF is the only American federal agency whose mission includes support for all fields of fundamental science and engineering, except for medical sciences.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.nsf.gov/about/what.jsp \|title\=What We Do \|publisher\=The National Science Foundation \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2019\-02\-03 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203184422/https://www.nsf.gov/about/what.jsp \|url\-status\=live }} Its disciplinary program areas include scholarships, grants, and fellowships in fields such as biological sciences, computer and [information science](/wiki/Information_science "Information science") and engineering, education and human resources, engineering, environmental research and education, geoscience, international science and engineering, mathematical and physical sciences, social, behavioral and economic sciences, cyberinfrastructure, and polar programs. #### Immigration policy Although many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation") on what constitutes a STEM field, the [United States Department of Homeland Security](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security "United States Department of Homeland Security") (DHS) has its own functional definition used for immigration policy.{{cite web\|url\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42530\.pdf\|title\=Immigration of Foreign Nationals with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Degrees\|website\=Fas.org\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-21\|archive\-date\=2017\-11\-19\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119063201/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42530\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} In 2012, DHS or ICE announced an expanded list of STEM\-designated degree programs that qualify eligible graduates on student visas for an optional practical training (OPT) extension. Under the OPT program, international students who graduate from colleges and universities in the United States can stay in the country and receive up to twelve months of training through work experience. Students who graduate from a designated STEM degree program can stay for an additional seventeen months on an OPT STEM extension.{{cite web \|title\=DHS Expands List of STEM designated\-degree programs \|url\=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs\-expands\-list\-stem\-designated\-degree\-programs \|publisher\=Fowler White Boggs P.A. \|author\=Jennifer G. Roeper \|date\=May 19, 2012 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-01 \|archive\-date\=2017\-06\-30 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630000109/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs\-expands\-list\-stem\-designated\-degree\-programs \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem\-list.pdf\|title\=STEM\-Designated Degree Program List : 2012 Revised List\|website\=Ice.gov\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-21\|archive\-date\=2017\-12\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084952/https://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem\-list.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} As of 2023, the U.S. faces a shortage of high\-skilled workers in STEM, and foreign talents must navigate difficult hurdles to immigrate. Meanwhile, some other countries, such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, have introduced programs to attract talent at the expense of the United States.{{Cite news \|last\=Kim \|first\=Tae \|date\=July 20, 2023 \|title\=The Chip Act's Big Problem \|work\=Barron's \|url\=https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/chips\-act\-immigration\-reform\-ebf3144f \|access\-date\=July 21, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20230720142135/https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/chips\-act\-immigration\-reform\-ebf3144f \|archive\-date\=July 20, 2023}} In the case of China, the United States risks losing its edge over [a strategic rival](/wiki/Second_Cold_War "Second Cold War").{{Cite news \|last\=Das \|first\=Moumita \|date\=July 13, 2023 \|title\=Opinion: The World is Coming for US Science Talent \|work\=APS News \|url\=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202307/backpage.cfm \|access\-date\=July 26, 2023}} #### Education {{See also\|Mathematics education in the United States}} By cultivating an interest in the natural and social sciences in preschool or immediately following school entry, the chances of STEM success in high school can be greatly improved.{{Cite web \|last\=steamadmin \|date\=2024\-01\-24 \|title\=STEM Education for Preschoolers – Importance of Early STEM Education \|url\=https://steamacademies.org/stem\-education\-for\-preschoolers/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-28 \|website\=STEAM Academies \|language\=en\-US}} STEM supports broadening the study of [engineering](/wiki/Engineering "Engineering") within each of the other subjects and beginning engineering at younger grades, even elementary school. It also brings STEM education to all students rather than only the gifted programs. In his 2012 budget, President Barack Obama renamed and broadened the "*Mathematics and Science Partnership (MSP)*" to award block grants to states for improving teacher education in those subjects.{{cite web \|url\=http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas\-budget\-shuffles\-stem.html \|title\=Obama's Budget Shuffles STEM Education Deck \|date\=14 February 2012 \|author\=Jane J. Lee \|publisher\=American Association for the Advancement of Science \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829185052/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas\-budget\-shuffles\-stem.html \|archive\-date\=29 August 2012 }} [center\|thumb\|680x680px\|Healthcare and STEM, especially computer science, grew in popularity while the liberal arts and social studies, especially history, have declined due to market forces.{{Cite news \|last\=Dutt\-Ballerstadt \|first\=Reshmi \|date\=March 1, 2019 \|title\=Academic Prioritization or Killing the Liberal Arts? \|work\=Inside Higher Ed \|url\=https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2019/03/01/shrinking\-liberal\-arts\-programs\-raise\-alarm\-bells\-among\-faculty \|access\-date\=March 1, 2021}}{{Cite news \|date\=April 3, 2023 \|title\=Was your degree really worth it? \|newspaper\=The Economist \|url\=https://www.economist.com/international/2023/04/03/was\-your\-degree\-really\-worth\-it \|access\-date\=April 14, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20230408160109/https://www.economist.com/international/2023/04/03/was\-your\-degree\-really\-worth\-it \|archive\-date\=April 8, 2023}}](/wiki/File:U.S._college_major_change_between_2011_and_2018.png "U.S. college major change between 2011 and 2018.png") In the 2015 run of the international assessment test the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), American students came out 35th in mathematics, 24th in reading, and 25th in science, out of 109 countries. The United States also ranked 29th in the percentage of 24\-year\-olds with science or mathematics degrees.{{cite web\|url\=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/\|title\=Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) \- Overview\|website\=nces.ed.gov\|language\=EN\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2019\-09\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904112157/https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/\|url\-status\=live}} STEM education often uses new technologies such as [3D printers](/wiki/3D_printers "3D printers") to encourage interest in STEM fields.J.L. Irwin, D.E. Oppliger, J.M. Pearce, G. Anzalone, [Evaluation of RepRap 3D Printer Workshops in K\-12 STEM](http://www.asee.org/file_server/papers/attachment/file/0005/4988/asee_K-12_2015_finalpaper.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002232721/http://www.asee.org/file\_server/papers/attachment/file/0005/4988/asee\_K\-12\_2015\_finalpaper.pdf \|date\=2015\-10\-02 }}. *122nd ASEE 122nd ASEE Conf. Proceedings*, paper ID\#12036, 2015\. [open access](https://www.academia.edu/13378869/Evaluation_of_RepRap_3D_Printer_Workshops_in_K-12_STEM) STEM education can also leverage the combination of new technologies, such as [photovoltaics](/wiki/Photovoltaics "Photovoltaics") and [environmental sensors](/wiki/Environmental_sensor "Environmental sensor"), with old technologies such as [composting](/wiki/Compost "Compost") systems and [irrigation](/wiki/Irrigation "Irrigation") within [land lab](/wiki/Land_lab "Land lab") environments. In 2006 the [United States National Academies](/wiki/United_States_National_Academies "United States National Academies") expressed their concern about the declining state of STEM education in the United States. Its Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy developed a list of 10 actions. Their top three recommendations were to: * Increase America's talent pool by improving K–12 science and mathematics education * Strengthen the skills of teachers through additional training in science, mathematics, and technology * Enlarge the pipeline of students prepared to enter college and graduate with STEM degrees{{cite web\|url\=http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage\=493006\|title\=STEM Education\|website\=Slsd.org\|access\-date\=2016\-06\-09\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126095634/http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage\=493006\|archive\-date\=2017\-01\-26}} The [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration "National Aeronautics and Space Administration") also has implemented programs and curricula to advance STEM education to replenish the pool of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians who will lead space exploration in the 21st century. Individual states, such as [California](/wiki/California "California"), have run pilot after\-school STEM programs to learn what the most promising practices are and how to implement them to increase the chance of student success.{{cite web\|url\=http://powerofdiscovery.org/sites/default/files/cde\_report\_task\_10\_and\_11\.pdf\|title\=Final Report : California Department of Education : CDE Agreement\|website\=Powerofdiscovery.org\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-21\|archive\-date\=2016\-07\-02\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702044501/http://powerofdiscovery.org/sites/default/files/cde\_report\_task\_10\_and\_11\.pdf\|url\-status\=live}} Another state to invest in STEM education is Florida, where Florida Polytechnic University,{{cite web\|url\=https://floridapoly.edu/\|title\=Florida Polytechnic University\|website\=Florida Polytechnic University\|access\-date\=July 25, 2019\|archive\-date\=September 3, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903001047/https://floridapoly.edu/\|url\-status\=live}} Florida's first public university for engineering and technology dedicated to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), was established.{{cite web\|title \= About Florida Polytechnic University\|url \= https://floridapolytechnic.org/about/\|website \= Florida Polytechnic University\|access\-date \= 2015\-10\-26\|archive\-date \= 2019\-05\-05\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171657/https://floridapolytechnic.org/about/\|url\-status \= live}} During school, STEM programs have been established for many districts throughout the U.S. Some states include [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas"), and [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio "Ohio").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.olentangy.k12\.oh.us/domain/1012\|title\=STEM Academy / Overview\|website\=OLENTANGY SCHOOLS\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-12\|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171656/https://www.olentangy.k12\.oh.us/domain/1012\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.usnews.com/education/best\-high\-schools/national\-rankings/stem\|title\=Best STEM High schools\|access\-date\=2018\-10\-12\|archive\-date\=2020\-05\-24\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524212721/https://www.usnews.com/education/best\-high\-schools/national\-rankings/stem\|url\-status\=live}} Continuing STEM education has expanded to the post\-secondary level through masters programs such as the University of Maryland's STEM Program{{cite web \|url\=http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP\_MCPSSTEM%20\.html \|title\=Center for Mathematics Education \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215842/http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP\_MCPSSTEM%20\.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-10 }} as well as the University of Cincinnati.{{cite web \|url\=http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters\-degree\-in\-education\-online\-programs/stem\-science\-technology\-engineering\-mathematics\-teacher\-degree/stem\-degree\-that\-inspires\-innovation/ \|title\=A STEM Degree that Inspires Innovation \| UC's Master of Education Online Program \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200320/http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters\-degree\-in\-education\-online\-programs/stem\-science\-technology\-engineering\-mathematics\-teacher\-degree/stem\-degree\-that\-inspires\-innovation/ \|archive\-date\=2014\-09\-10 }} #### Racial gap in STEM fields {{main\|Racial minorities in STEM fields}} [thumb\|500x500px\|Significant race or sex differences exist in the completion of Algebra I.{{Cite web \|date\=November 2018 \|title\=A Leak in the STEM Pipeline: Taking Algebra Early \|url\=https://www2\.ed.gov/datastory/stem/algebra/index.html \|access\-date\=May 13, 2023 \|website\= \|publisher\=U.S. Department of Education \|language\=en}}](/wiki/File:Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png "Algebra I by Sex or Race (2015-16).png") In the United States, the National Science Foundation found that the average science score on the 2011 National Assessment of Educational Progress was lower for black and Hispanic students than for white, Asian, and Pacific Islanders."Science and Engineering Indicators 2014\." S\&E Indicators 2014 \- Figures \- US National Science Foundation (NSF). N.p., n.d. Web. In 2011, eleven percent of the U.S. workforce was black, while only six percent of STEM workers were black.Landivar, Liana C. Disparities in STEM Employment by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin . Rep. N.p.: n.p., 2013\. Though STEM in the U.S. has typically been dominated by white males, there have been considerable efforts to create initiatives to make STEM a more racially and gender\-diverse field."FACT SHEET: President Obama Announces Over $240 Million in New STEM Commitments at the 2015 White House Science Fair." National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. Some evidence suggests that all students, including black and Hispanic students, have a better chance of earning a STEM degree if they attend a college or university at which their entering academic credentials are at least as high as the average student's.Gail Heriot, [Want to Be a Doctor? A Scientist? An Engineer?: An Affirmative Action Leg Up May Hurt Your Chances](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3112683) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111022256/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\_id\=3112683 \|date\=2020\-01\-11 }}, Engage (2010\). #### Gender gaps in STEM Although women make up 47% of the workforce["Women in STEM: 2017 Update"](https://www.commerce.gov/news/reports/2017/11/women-stem-2017-update) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022181844/https://www.commerce.gov/news/reports/2017/11/women\-stem\-2017\-update \|date\=2020\-10\-22 }}, U.S. Department of Commerce. in the U.S., they hold only 24% of STEM jobs. Research suggests that exposing girls to female inventors at a young age has the potential to reduce the gender gap in technical STEM fields by half.["Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation"](http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/assets/documents/inventors_summary.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717224202/http://www.equality\-of\-opportunity.org/assets/documents/inventors\_summary.pdf \|date\=2021\-07\-17 }}, Opportunity Insights. Campaigns from organizations like the [National Inventors Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame "National Inventors Hall of Fame") aimed to achieve a 50/50 gender balance in their youth STEM programs by 2020\. The gender gap in Zimbabwe's [STEM fields](/wiki/STEAM_fields "STEAM fields") is also significant, with only 28\.79% of women holding STEM degrees compared to 71\.21% of men.{{Cite journal \|last\=Maisiri \|first\=James \|date\=2024\-02\-28 \|title\=Preparing Zimbabwean Women for the Future of Work: The Role of STEM Education in The So\-Called Fourth Industrial Revolution \|journal\=South African Review of Sociology \|volume\=54 \|language\=en \|pages\=5–22 \|doi\=10\.1080/21528586\.2024\.2311399 \|issn\=2152\-8586\|doi\-access\=free }} #### American Competitiveness Initiative In the [State of the Union Address](/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address "State of the Union Address") on January 31, 2006, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") announced the [American Competitiveness Initiative](/wiki/American_Competitiveness_Initiative "American Competitiveness Initiative"). Bush proposed the initiative to address shortfalls in federal government support of educational development and progress at all academic levels in the STEM fields. In detail, the initiative called for significant increases in federal funding for advanced [R\&D](/wiki/R%26D "R&D") programs (including a doubling of federal funding support for advanced research in the physical sciences through [DOE](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy")) and an increase in U.S. higher education graduates within STEM disciplines. The *NASA Means Business* competition, sponsored by the Texas Space Grant Consortium, furthers that goal. College students compete to develop promotional plans to encourage students in middle and high school to study STEM subjects and to inspire professors in STEM fields to involve their students in outreach activities that support STEM education. The [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation") has numerous programs in STEM education, including some for K–12 students such as the ITEST Program that supports The Global Challenge Award ITEST Program. STEM programs have been implemented in some [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona") schools. They implement higher cognitive skills for students and enable them to inquire and use techniques used by professionals in the STEM fields. [Project Lead The Way](/wiki/Project_Lead_The_Way "Project Lead The Way") (PLTW) is a provider of STEM education curricular programs to middle and high schools in the United States. Programs include a high school engineering curriculum called *Pathway To Engineering*, a high school biomedical sciences program, and a middle school engineering and technology program called *Gateway To Technology*. PLTW programs have been endorsed by President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") and [United States Secretary of Education](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education "United States Secretary of Education") [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan "Arne Duncan") as well as various state, national, and business leaders.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2019}} #### STEM Education Coalition *The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education Coalition*{{Cite journal \| last1 \= Bybee \| first1 \= R. W. \| title \= What is STEM Education? \| doi \= 10\.1126/science.1194998 \| journal \= Science \| volume \= 329 \| issue \= 5995 \| page \= 996 \| year \= 2010 \| pmid \= 20798284 \|bibcode \= 2010Sci...329\..996B \| doi\-access \= free }} works to support STEM programs for teachers and students at the [U.S. Department of Education](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education "United States Department of Education"), the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation"), and other agencies that offer STEM\-related programs. Activity of the STEM Coalition seems to have slowed since September 2008\. #### Scouting In 2012, the [Boy Scouts of America](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America "Boy Scouts of America") began handing out awards, titled NOVA and SUPERNOVA, for completing specific requirements appropriate to the scouts' program level in each of the four main STEM areas. The [Girl Scouts of the USA](/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA "Girl Scouts of the USA") has similarly incorporated STEM into their program through the introduction of merit badges such as "Naturalist" and "Digital Art".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.girlscouts.org/en/about\-girl\-scouts/girl\-scouts\-and\-stem.html\|title\=STEM \- Girl Scouts\|website\=Girl Scouts of the USA\|access\-date\=2017\-09\-27\|archive\-date\=2019\-04\-22\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422015751/https://www.girlscouts.org/en/about\-girl\-scouts/girl\-scouts\-and\-stem.html\|url\-status\=live}} [SAE](/wiki/SAE_International "SAE International") is an international organization, and provider specializing in supporting education, award, and scholarship programs for STEM matters, from pre\-K to college degrees.{{cite web\|url\= http://saefoundation.org/About\-Us\|title\= SAE \- about us.\|access\-date\= Jul 24, 2018\|language\= en\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20171208000853/http://saefoundation.org/About\-Us\|website\= saefoundation.org\|archive\-date\= December 8, 2017\|url\-status\= live}} It also promotes scientific and technological innovation. #### Department of Defense programs {{cite web\|url\=http://www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/stem.html\|title\=Research \& Engineering Enterprise: STEM\|website\=Osd.mil\|access\-date\=2017\-08\-21\|archive\-date\=2017\-10\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020162334/http://www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/stem.html\|url\-status\=live}} [eCybermission](/wiki/ECybermission "ECybermission") is a free, web\-based science, mathematics, and technology competition for students in grades six through nine sponsored by the U.S. Army. Each [webinar](/wiki/Webinar "Webinar") is focused on a different step of the scientific method and is presented by an experienced eCybermission CyberGuide. CyberGuides are military and civilian volunteers with a strong background in STEM and STEM education, who can provide insight into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to students and team advisers. [STARBASE](/wiki/STARBASE "STARBASE") is an educational program, sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. Students interact with military personnel to explore careers and make connections with the "real world". The program provides students with 20–25 hours of experience at [the National Guard](/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States "National Guard of the United States"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"), [Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps"), [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve "Air Force Reserve"), and [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") bases across the nation. [SeaPerch](/wiki/SeaPerch "SeaPerch") is an underwater robotics program that trains teachers to teach their students how to build an underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in an in\-school or out\-of\-school setting. Students build the ROV from a kit composed of low\-cost, easily accessible parts, following a curriculum that teaches basic engineering and science concepts with a marine engineering theme. #### NASA [thumb\|STEM Girls' Night In at the NASA's [Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center "Goddard Space Flight Center"), Greenbelt, Maryland (2018\)](/wiki/File:NASA_Goddard_Hosts_Young_Women_for_STEM_Girls_Night_In_-_30830488027.jpg "NASA Goddard Hosts Young Women for STEM Girls Night In - 30830488027.jpg") NASAStem is a program of the U.S. [space agency](/wiki/Space_agency "Space agency") [NASA](/wiki/NASA "NASA") to increase diversity within its ranks, including age, disability, and gender as well as race/ethnicity.{{cite web\|url\=https://missionstem.nasa.gov/diversity\-inclusion\-leadrshp.html\|title\=NASA Office of Diversity and Equal Opportunity (ODEO)\|website\=missionstem.nasa.gov\|access\-date\=20 August 2017\|archive\-date\=18 January 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118030747/https://missionstem.nasa.gov/diversity\-inclusion\-leadrshp.html\|url\-status\=live}} #### Legislation The [America COMPETES Act](/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act "America COMPETES Act") (P.L. 110–69\) became law on August 9, 2007\. It is intended to increase the nation's investment in science and engineering research and in STEM education from kindergarten to graduate school and postdoctoral education. The act authorizes funding increases for the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation "National Science Foundation"), [National Institute of Standards and Technology](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology "National Institute of Standards and Technology") laboratories, and the [Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy "United States Department of Energy") (DOE) Office of Science over FY2008–FY2010\. Robert Gabrys, Director of Education at NASA's [Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center "Goddard Space Flight Center"), articulated success as increased student achievement, early expression of student interest in STEM subjects, and student preparedness to enter the workforce. #### Jobs In November 2012 the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") announcement before the congressional vote on the STEM Jobs Act put President Obama in opposition to many of the Silicon Valley firms and executives who bankrolled his re\-election campaign.{{cite web \|url\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13578\_3\-57556074\-38/obama\-opposes\-silicon\-valley\-firms\-on\-immigration\-reform/ \|title\=Obama opposes Silicon Valley firms on immigration reform \|date\=November 28, 2012 \|author\=Declan McCullagh \|publisher\=CNET \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2014\-01\-05 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105181223/http://news.cnet.com/8301\-13578\_3\-57556074\-38/obama\-opposes\-silicon\-valley\-firms\-on\-immigration\-reform/ \|url\-status\=live }} The Department of Labor identified 14 sectors that are "projected to add substantial numbers of new jobs to [the economy](/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States "Economy of the United States") or affect the growth of other industries or are being transformed by technology and innovation requiring new sets of skills for workers."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.doleta.gov/Youth\_services/pdf/STEM\_Report\_4%2007\.pdf \|title\=The STEM Workforce Challenge: the Role of the Public Workforce System in a National Solution for a Competitive Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce \|date\=April 2007 \|publisher\=U.S. Department of Labor \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21 \|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908183749/https://www.doleta.gov/youth\_services/pdf/STEM\_Report\_4%2007\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} The identified sectors were as follows: advanced manufacturing, [Automotive](/wiki/Automotive "Automotive"), [construction](/wiki/Construction_industry "Construction industry"), [financial services](/wiki/Financial_services "Financial services"), [geospatial technology](/wiki/Geospatial_technology "Geospatial technology"), [homeland security](/wiki/Homeland_security "Homeland security"), [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology"), [Transportation](/wiki/Transportation "Transportation"), [Aerospace](/wiki/Aerospace "Aerospace"), [Biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology "Biotechnology"), [energy](/wiki/Energy_industry "Energy industry"), [healthcare](/wiki/Health_care_industry "Health care industry"), [hospitality](/wiki/Hospitality_industry "Hospitality industry"), and [retail](/wiki/Retail_industry "Retail industry"). The [Department of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce "United States Department of Commerce") notes STEM fields careers are some of the best\-paying and have the greatest potential for job growth in the early 21st century. The report also notes that STEM workers play a key role in the sustained growth and stability of the U.S. economy, and training in STEM fields generally results in higher wages, whether or not they work in a STEM field.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/stem\-good\-jobs\-now\-and\-future\|title\=STEM: Good Jobs Now and For the Future\|work\=doc.gov\|access\-date\=2011\-11\-22\|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-28\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928054021/http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\-good\-jobs\-now\-and\-future\|url\-status\=live}} In 2015, there were around 9\.0 million STEM jobs in the United States, representing 6\.1% of American employment. STEM jobs were increasing by around 9% percent per year.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\-jobs\-2017\-update\|title\=STEM Jobs: 2017 Update {{!}} Economics \& Statistics Administration\|website\=esa.doc.gov\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-27\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927053129/http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\-jobs\-2017\-update\|url\-status\=dead}} Brookings Institution found that the demand for competent technology graduates will surpass the number of capable applicants by at least one million individuals. According to Pew Research Center, a typical STEM worker earns two\-thirds more than those employed in other fields.{{Cite web \|title\=The typical STEM worker now earns two\-thirds more than non\-STEM workers \|url\=https://www.pewresearch.org/social\-trends/2018/01/09/women\-and\-men\-in\-stem\-often\-at\-odds\-over\-workplace\-equity/ps\_2018\-01\-09\_stem\_1\-09/}} #### Recent progress According to the 2014 US census "74 percent of those who have a bachelor's degree in science, technology, engineering and math — commonly referred to as STEM — are not employed in STEM occupations."{{cite web \|title\=Census Bureau Reports Majority of STEM College Graduates Do Not Work in STEM Occupations \|url\=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\-releases/2014/cb14\-130\.html \|website\=United States Census Bureau \|date\=July 10, 2014 \|access\-date\=June 25, 2019 \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101802/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\-releases/2014/cb14\-130\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Where do college graduates work? A Special Focus on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math \|url\=https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem\-html/ \|website\=United States Census Bureau \|date\=July 10, 2014 \|access\-date\=June 25, 2019 \|archive\-date\=August 12, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812223425/https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem\-html/ \|url\-status\=live }} In September 2017, several large American technology firms collectively pledged to donate $300 million for computer science education in the U.S.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/technology/computer\-science\-stem\-education.html\|title\=Tech Firms Add $300 Million to Trump Administration's Computer Science Push\|work\=The New York Times \|date\=26 September 2017 \|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=2019\-08\-15\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815003244/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/technology/computer\-science\-stem\-education.html\|url\-status\=live\|last1\=Kang \|first1\=Cecilia }} PEW findings revealed in 2018 that Americans identified several issues that hound STEM education which included unconcerned parents, disinterested students, obsolete curriculum materials, and too much focus on state parameters. 57 percent of survey respondents pointed out that one main problem of STEM is the lack of students' concentration in learning.{{cite web\|url\=https://thejournal.com/articles/2018/01/12/americans\-rate\-u.s.\-stem\-education\-as\-mediocre.aspx\|title\=Americans Rate U.S. K–12 STEM Education as Mediocre\|website\=THE Journal\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2018\-11\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106142645/https://thejournal.com/articles/2018/01/12/americans\-rate\-u.s.\-stem\-education\-as\-mediocre.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} The recent National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) report card{{cite web\|url\=https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tel/\|title\=NAEP TEL \- Technology and Engineering Literacy Assessment\|website\=nces.ed.gov\|language\=EN\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2019\-06\-26\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626023001/https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tel/\|url\-status\=live}} made public technology as well as engineering literacy scores which determines whether students can apply technology and engineering proficiency to real\-life scenarios. The report showed a gap of 28 points between low\-income students and their high\-income counterparts. The same report also indicated a 38\-point difference between white and black students.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer\-sheet/wp/2017/09/25/suddenly\-trump\-wants\-to\-spend\-millions\-of\-dollars\-on\-stem\-in\-public\-schools/\|title\=Analysis {{!}} Suddenly, Trump wants to spend millions of dollars on STEM in public schools\|newspaper\=Washington Post\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052808/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer\-sheet/wp/2017/09/25/suddenly\-trump\-wants\-to\-spend\-millions\-of\-dollars\-on\-stem\-in\-public\-schools/\|url\-status\=live}} The Smithsonian Science Education Center (SSEC) announced the release of a five\-year strategic plan by the Committee on STEM Education of the National Science and Technology Council on December 4, 2018\. The plan is entitled "Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education."{{cite web \|url\=https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions\-blog/charting\-course\-success\-americas\-strategy\-stem\-education \|title\=Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education \|author\=Carol O'Donnell \|website\=ssec.si.edu \|date\=December 10, 2018 \|access\-date\=December 28, 2018 \|archive\-date\=April 10, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410184748/https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions\-blog/charting\-course\-success\-americas\-strategy\-stem\-education \|url\-status\=live }} The objective is to propose a federal strategy anchored on a vision for the future so that all Americans are given permanent access to premium\-quality education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. In the end, the United States can emerge as a world leader in STEM mastery, employment, and innovation. The goals of this plan are building foundations for STEM literacy; enhancing diversity, equality, and inclusion in STEM; and preparing the STEM workforce for the future.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/12/19/envisioning\-stem\-education\-for\-all.html \|title\=Envisioning STEM education for all \|author\=Steve Zylstra \|date\=December 19, 2018 \|publisher\=\[\[Phoenix Business Journal]] \|access\-date\=December 28, 2018 \|archive\-date\=December 28, 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228152901/https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/12/19/envisioning\-stem\-education\-for\-all.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{subscription required}} The 2019 fiscal budget proposal of the White House supported the funding plan in President Donald Trump's Memorandum on STEM Education which allocated around $200 million (grant funding) for STEM education every year. This budget also supports STEM through a grant program worth $20 million for career as well as technical education programs.{{cite web\|url\=https://edscoop.com/trump\-stands\-by\-stem\-education\-spending\-in\-fy19\-budget\|title\=Trump stands by STEM education spending in fiscal 2019 budget\|website\=EdScoop\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2018\-09\-04\|archive\-date\=2018\-11\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118102002/https://edscoop.com/trump\-stands\-by\-stem\-education\-spending\-in\-fy19\-budget/\|url\-status\=live}} #### Events and programs to help develop STEM in US schools * [FIRST Tech Challenge](/wiki/FIRST_Tech_Challenge "FIRST Tech Challenge") * [VEX Robotics Competitions](/wiki/VEX_Robotics_Competition "VEX Robotics Competition") * [FIRST Robotics Competition](/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition "FIRST Robotics Competition")
[ "### United States", "In the United States, the acronym began to be used in education and immigration debates in initiatives to begin to address the perceived lack of qualified candidates for high\\-tech jobs. It also addresses concern that the subjects are often taught in isolation, instead of as an integrated curriculum.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.iu1stemcenter.org/files/CMU\\_and\\_IU\\_STEM\\_Survey.pdf \\|title\\=STEM Education in Southwestern Pennsylvania \\|year\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=The Intermediate Unit 1 Center for STEM Education \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-05\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513114911/http://www.iu1stemcenter.org/files/CMU\\_and\\_IU\\_STEM\\_Survey.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Maintaining a citizenry that is well\\-versed in the STEM fields is a key portion of the [public education](/wiki/Public_education \"Public education\") agenda of the United States.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/stem\\-education/2012/07/26/us\\-news\\-inducts\\-five\\-to\\-stem\\-leadership\\-hall\\-of\\-fame \\|title\\=U.S. News Inducts Five to STEM Leadership Hall of Fame \\|date\\=July 26, 2012 \\|author\\=Morella, Michael \\|publisher\\=U.S. News \\& World Report \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721155627/https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/stem\\-education/2012/07/26/us\\-news\\-inducts\\-five\\-to\\-stem\\-leadership\\-hall\\-of\\-fame \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The acronym has been widely used in the immigration debate regarding access to United States [work visas](/wiki/Work_visa \"Work visa\") for [immigrants](/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States \"Immigration to the United States\") who are skilled in these fields. It has also become commonplace in education discussions as a reference to the shortage of skilled workers and inadequate education in these areas.{{cite news\n\\| last\\= Kakutani\n\\| first\\= Michiko\n\\| url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/books/back\\-to\\-work\\-has\\-bill\\-clintons\\-ideas\\-for\\-america\\-review.html?pagewanted\\=2\\&\\_r\\=1\n\\| title\\= Bill Clinton Lays Out His Prescription for America's Future\n\\| work\\= The New York Times\n\\| date\\= November 7, 2011\n\\| access\\-date\\= 2012\\-12\\-21\n\\| archive\\-date\\= 2018\\-11\\-15\n\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20181115203247/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/books/back\\-to\\-work\\-has\\-bill\\-clintons\\-ideas\\-for\\-america\\-review.html?pagewanted\\=2\\&\\_r\\=1\n\\| url\\-status\\= live\n}} The term tends not to refer to the non\\-professional and less visible sectors of the fields, such as electronics assembly line work.", "#### National Science Foundation", "Many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\") on what constitutes a STEM field. The NSF uses a broad definition of STEM subjects that includes subjects in the fields of [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry \"Chemistry\"), [computer](/wiki/Computer_science \"Computer science\") and [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology \"Information technology\") science, engineering, geoscience, life sciences, mathematical sciences, physics and astronomy, [social sciences](/wiki/Social_sciences \"Social sciences\") ([anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology \"Anthropology\"), [economics](/wiki/Economics \"Economics\"), [psychology](/wiki/Psychology \"Psychology\"), and [sociology](/wiki/Sociology \"Sociology\")), and STEM education and learning research.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12599/nsf12599\\.htm\\#appendix\\|title\\=Graduate Research Fellowship Program\\|work\\=nsf.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-04\\-06\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906091750/https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/nsf12599/nsf12599\\.htm\\#appendix\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nThe NSF is the only American federal agency whose mission includes support for all fields of fundamental science and engineering, except for medical sciences.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.nsf.gov/about/what.jsp \\|title\\=What We Do \\|publisher\\=The National Science Foundation \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-03 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203184422/https://www.nsf.gov/about/what.jsp \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Its disciplinary program areas include scholarships, grants, and fellowships in fields such as biological sciences, computer and [information science](/wiki/Information_science \"Information science\") and engineering, education and human resources, engineering, environmental research and education, geoscience, international science and engineering, mathematical and physical sciences, social, behavioral and economic sciences, cyberinfrastructure, and polar programs.", "#### Immigration policy", "Although many organizations in the United States follow the guidelines of the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\") on what constitutes a STEM field, the [United States Department of Homeland Security](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security \"United States Department of Homeland Security\") (DHS) has its own functional definition used for immigration policy.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42530\\.pdf\\|title\\=Immigration of Foreign Nationals with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Degrees\\|website\\=Fas.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-19\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119063201/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42530\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2012, DHS or ICE announced an expanded list of STEM\\-designated degree programs that qualify eligible graduates on student visas for an optional practical training (OPT) extension. Under the OPT program, international students who graduate from colleges and universities in the United States can stay in the country and receive up to twelve months of training through work experience. Students who graduate from a designated STEM degree program can stay for an additional seventeen months on an OPT STEM extension.{{cite web \\|title\\=DHS Expands List of STEM designated\\-degree programs \\|url\\=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs\\-expands\\-list\\-stem\\-designated\\-degree\\-programs \\|publisher\\=Fowler White Boggs P.A. \\|author\\=Jennifer G. Roeper \\|date\\=May 19, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-01 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-30 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630000109/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/dhs\\-expands\\-list\\-stem\\-designated\\-degree\\-programs \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem\\-list.pdf\\|title\\=STEM\\-Designated Degree Program List : 2012 Revised List\\|website\\=Ice.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-12\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084952/https://www.ice.gov/doclib/sevis/pdf/stem\\-list.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "As of 2023, the U.S. faces a shortage of high\\-skilled workers in STEM, and foreign talents must navigate difficult hurdles to immigrate. Meanwhile, some other countries, such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, have introduced programs to attract talent at the expense of the United States.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Tae \\|date\\=July 20, 2023 \\|title\\=The Chip Act's Big Problem \\|work\\=Barron's \\|url\\=https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/chips\\-act\\-immigration\\-reform\\-ebf3144f \\|access\\-date\\=July 21, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20230720142135/https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/chips\\-act\\-immigration\\-reform\\-ebf3144f \\|archive\\-date\\=July 20, 2023}} In the case of China, the United States risks losing its edge over [a strategic rival](/wiki/Second_Cold_War \"Second Cold War\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Das \\|first\\=Moumita \\|date\\=July 13, 2023 \\|title\\=Opinion: The World is Coming for US Science Talent \\|work\\=APS News \\|url\\=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202307/backpage.cfm \\|access\\-date\\=July 26, 2023}}", "#### Education", "{{See also\\|Mathematics education in the United States}}\nBy cultivating an interest in the natural and social sciences in preschool or immediately following school entry, the chances of STEM success in high school can be greatly improved.{{Cite web \\|last\\=steamadmin \\|date\\=2024\\-01\\-24 \\|title\\=STEM Education for Preschoolers – Importance of Early STEM Education \\|url\\=https://steamacademies.org/stem\\-education\\-for\\-preschoolers/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-28 \\|website\\=STEAM Academies \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "STEM supports broadening the study of [engineering](/wiki/Engineering \"Engineering\") within each of the other subjects and beginning engineering at younger grades, even elementary school. It also brings STEM education to all students rather than only the gifted programs. In his 2012 budget, President Barack Obama renamed and broadened the \"*Mathematics and Science Partnership (MSP)*\" to award block grants to states for improving teacher education in those subjects.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas\\-budget\\-shuffles\\-stem.html \\|title\\=Obama's Budget Shuffles STEM Education Deck \\|date\\=14 February 2012 \\|author\\=Jane J. Lee \\|publisher\\=American Association for the Advancement of Science \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829185052/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/02/obamas\\-budget\\-shuffles\\-stem.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 August 2012 }}\n[center\\|thumb\\|680x680px\\|Healthcare and STEM, especially computer science, grew in popularity while the liberal arts and social studies, especially history, have declined due to market forces.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Dutt\\-Ballerstadt \\|first\\=Reshmi \\|date\\=March 1, 2019 \\|title\\=Academic Prioritization or Killing the Liberal Arts? \\|work\\=Inside Higher Ed \\|url\\=https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2019/03/01/shrinking\\-liberal\\-arts\\-programs\\-raise\\-alarm\\-bells\\-among\\-faculty \\|access\\-date\\=March 1, 2021}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 3, 2023 \\|title\\=Was your degree really worth it? \\|newspaper\\=The Economist \\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/international/2023/04/03/was\\-your\\-degree\\-really\\-worth\\-it \\|access\\-date\\=April 14, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20230408160109/https://www.economist.com/international/2023/04/03/was\\-your\\-degree\\-really\\-worth\\-it \\|archive\\-date\\=April 8, 2023}}](/wiki/File:U.S._college_major_change_between_2011_and_2018.png \"U.S. college major change between 2011 and 2018.png\")\nIn the 2015 run of the international assessment test the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), American students came out 35th in mathematics, 24th in reading, and 25th in science, out of 109 countries. The United States also ranked 29th in the percentage of 24\\-year\\-olds with science or mathematics degrees.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/\\|title\\=Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) \\- Overview\\|website\\=nces.ed.gov\\|language\\=EN\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904112157/https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "STEM education often uses new technologies such as [3D printers](/wiki/3D_printers \"3D printers\") to encourage interest in STEM fields.J.L. Irwin, D.E. Oppliger, J.M. Pearce, G. Anzalone, [Evaluation of RepRap 3D Printer Workshops in K\\-12 STEM](http://www.asee.org/file_server/papers/attachment/file/0005/4988/asee_K-12_2015_finalpaper.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002232721/http://www.asee.org/file\\_server/papers/attachment/file/0005/4988/asee\\_K\\-12\\_2015\\_finalpaper.pdf \\|date\\=2015\\-10\\-02 }}. *122nd ASEE 122nd ASEE Conf. Proceedings*, paper ID\\#12036, 2015\\. [open access](https://www.academia.edu/13378869/Evaluation_of_RepRap_3D_Printer_Workshops_in_K-12_STEM) STEM education can also leverage the combination of new technologies, such as [photovoltaics](/wiki/Photovoltaics \"Photovoltaics\") and [environmental sensors](/wiki/Environmental_sensor \"Environmental sensor\"), with old technologies such as [composting](/wiki/Compost \"Compost\") systems and [irrigation](/wiki/Irrigation \"Irrigation\") within [land lab](/wiki/Land_lab \"Land lab\") environments.", "In 2006 the [United States National Academies](/wiki/United_States_National_Academies \"United States National Academies\") expressed their concern about the declining state of STEM education in the United States. Its Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy developed a list of 10 actions. Their top three recommendations were to:\n* Increase America's talent pool by improving K–12 science and mathematics education\n* Strengthen the skills of teachers through additional training in science, mathematics, and technology\n* Enlarge the pipeline of students prepared to enter college and graduate with STEM degrees{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage\\=493006\\|title\\=STEM Education\\|website\\=Slsd.org\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-06\\-09\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126095634/http://www.slsd.org/webpages/rcolelli/resources.cfm?subpage\\=493006\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-26}}", "The [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration \"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\") also has implemented programs and curricula to advance STEM education to replenish the pool of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians who will lead space exploration in the 21st century.", "Individual states, such as [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), have run pilot after\\-school STEM programs to learn what the most promising practices are and how to implement them to increase the chance of student success.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://powerofdiscovery.org/sites/default/files/cde\\_report\\_task\\_10\\_and\\_11\\.pdf\\|title\\=Final Report : California Department of Education : CDE Agreement\\|website\\=Powerofdiscovery.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-02\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702044501/http://powerofdiscovery.org/sites/default/files/cde\\_report\\_task\\_10\\_and\\_11\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Another state to invest in STEM education is Florida, where Florida Polytechnic University,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://floridapoly.edu/\\|title\\=Florida Polytechnic University\\|website\\=Florida Polytechnic University\\|access\\-date\\=July 25, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=September 3, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903001047/https://floridapoly.edu/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Florida's first public university for engineering and technology dedicated to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), was established.{{cite web\\|title \\= About Florida Polytechnic University\\|url \\= https://floridapolytechnic.org/about/\\|website \\= Florida Polytechnic University\\|access\\-date \\= 2015\\-10\\-26\\|archive\\-date \\= 2019\\-05\\-05\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171657/https://floridapolytechnic.org/about/\\|url\\-status \\= live}} During school, STEM programs have been established for many districts throughout the U.S. Some states include [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"), and [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.olentangy.k12\\.oh.us/domain/1012\\|title\\=STEM Academy / Overview\\|website\\=OLENTANGY SCHOOLS\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-12\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171656/https://www.olentangy.k12\\.oh.us/domain/1012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.usnews.com/education/best\\-high\\-schools/national\\-rankings/stem\\|title\\=Best STEM High schools\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-10\\-12\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-24\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524212721/https://www.usnews.com/education/best\\-high\\-schools/national\\-rankings/stem\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Continuing STEM education has expanded to the post\\-secondary level through masters programs such as the University of Maryland's STEM Program{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP\\_MCPSSTEM%20\\.html \\|title\\=Center for Mathematics Education \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215842/http://www.education.umd.edu/MathEd/Outreach/DDP\\_MCPSSTEM%20\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-10 }} as well as the University of Cincinnati.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters\\-degree\\-in\\-education\\-online\\-programs/stem\\-science\\-technology\\-engineering\\-mathematics\\-teacher\\-degree/stem\\-degree\\-that\\-inspires\\-innovation/ \\|title\\=A STEM Degree that Inspires Innovation \\| UC's Master of Education Online Program \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200320/http://mastersed.uc.edu/masters\\-degree\\-in\\-education\\-online\\-programs/stem\\-science\\-technology\\-engineering\\-mathematics\\-teacher\\-degree/stem\\-degree\\-that\\-inspires\\-innovation/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-09\\-10 }}", "#### Racial gap in STEM fields", "{{main\\|Racial minorities in STEM fields}}\n[thumb\\|500x500px\\|Significant race or sex differences exist in the completion of Algebra I.{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 2018 \\|title\\=A Leak in the STEM Pipeline: Taking Algebra Early \\|url\\=https://www2\\.ed.gov/datastory/stem/algebra/index.html \\|access\\-date\\=May 13, 2023 \\|website\\= \\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Education \\|language\\=en}}](/wiki/File:Algebra_I_by_Sex_or_Race_%282015-16%29.png \"Algebra I by Sex or Race (2015-16).png\")\nIn the United States, the National Science Foundation found that the average science score on the 2011 National Assessment of Educational Progress was lower for black and Hispanic students than for white, Asian, and Pacific Islanders.\"Science and Engineering Indicators 2014\\.\" S\\&E Indicators 2014 \\- Figures \\- US National Science Foundation (NSF). N.p., n.d. Web. In 2011, eleven percent of the U.S. workforce was black, while only six percent of STEM workers were black.Landivar, Liana C. Disparities in STEM Employment by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin . Rep. N.p.: n.p., 2013\\. Though STEM in the U.S. has typically been dominated by white males, there have been considerable efforts to create initiatives to make STEM a more racially and gender\\-diverse field.\"FACT SHEET: President Obama Announces Over $240 Million in New STEM Commitments at the 2015 White House Science Fair.\" National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. Some evidence suggests that all students, including black and Hispanic students, have a better chance of earning a STEM degree if they attend a college or university at which their entering academic credentials are at least as high as the average student's.Gail Heriot, [Want to Be a Doctor? A Scientist? An Engineer?: An Affirmative Action Leg Up May Hurt Your Chances](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3112683) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111022256/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\\_id\\=3112683 \\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-11 }}, Engage (2010\\).", "#### Gender gaps in STEM", "Although women make up 47% of the workforce[\"Women in STEM: 2017 Update\"](https://www.commerce.gov/news/reports/2017/11/women-stem-2017-update) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022181844/https://www.commerce.gov/news/reports/2017/11/women\\-stem\\-2017\\-update \\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-22 }}, U.S. Department of Commerce. in the U.S., they hold only 24% of STEM jobs. Research suggests that exposing girls to female inventors at a young age has the potential to reduce the gender gap in technical STEM fields by half.[\"Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation\"](http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/assets/documents/inventors_summary.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717224202/http://www.equality\\-of\\-opportunity.org/assets/documents/inventors\\_summary.pdf \\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-17 }}, Opportunity Insights. Campaigns from organizations like the [National Inventors Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame \"National Inventors Hall of Fame\") aimed to achieve a 50/50 gender balance in their youth STEM programs by 2020\\. The gender gap in Zimbabwe's [STEM fields](/wiki/STEAM_fields \"STEAM fields\") is also significant, with only 28\\.79% of women holding STEM degrees compared to 71\\.21% of men.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Maisiri \\|first\\=James \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-28 \\|title\\=Preparing Zimbabwean Women for the Future of Work: The Role of STEM Education in The So\\-Called Fourth Industrial Revolution \\|journal\\=South African Review of Sociology \\|volume\\=54 \\|language\\=en \\|pages\\=5–22 \\|doi\\=10\\.1080/21528586\\.2024\\.2311399 \\|issn\\=2152\\-8586\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}", "#### American Competitiveness Initiative", "In the [State of the Union Address](/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address \"State of the Union Address\") on January 31, 2006, President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") announced the [American Competitiveness Initiative](/wiki/American_Competitiveness_Initiative \"American Competitiveness Initiative\"). Bush proposed the initiative to address shortfalls in federal government support of educational development and progress at all academic levels in the STEM fields. In detail, the initiative called for significant increases in federal funding for advanced [R\\&D](/wiki/R%26D \"R&D\") programs (including a doubling of federal funding support for advanced research in the physical sciences through [DOE](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy \"United States Department of Energy\")) and an increase in U.S. higher education graduates within STEM disciplines.", "The *NASA Means Business* competition, sponsored by the Texas Space Grant Consortium, furthers that goal. College students compete to develop promotional plans to encourage students in middle and high school to study STEM subjects and to inspire professors in STEM fields to involve their students in outreach activities that support STEM education.", "The [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\") has numerous programs in STEM education, including some for K–12 students such as the ITEST Program that supports The Global Challenge Award ITEST Program. STEM programs have been implemented in some [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\") schools. They implement higher cognitive skills for students and enable them to inquire and use techniques used by professionals in the STEM fields.", "[Project Lead The Way](/wiki/Project_Lead_The_Way \"Project Lead The Way\") (PLTW) is a provider of STEM education curricular programs to middle and high schools in the United States. Programs include a high school engineering curriculum called *Pathway To Engineering*, a high school biomedical sciences program, and a middle school engineering and technology program called *Gateway To Technology*. PLTW programs have been endorsed by President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") and [United States Secretary of Education](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education \"United States Secretary of Education\") [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan \"Arne Duncan\") as well as various state, national, and business leaders.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2019}}", "#### STEM Education Coalition", "*The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education Coalition*{{Cite journal\n\\| last1 \\= Bybee \\| first1 \\= R. W.\n\\| title \\= What is STEM Education?\n\\| doi \\= 10\\.1126/science.1194998\n\\| journal \\= Science\n\\| volume \\= 329\n\\| issue \\= 5995\n\\| page \\= 996\n\\| year \\= 2010\n\\| pmid \\= 20798284\n\\|bibcode \\= 2010Sci...329\\..996B \\| doi\\-access \\= free\n}} works to support STEM programs for teachers and students at the [U.S. Department of Education](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education \"United States Department of Education\"), the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\"), and other agencies that offer STEM\\-related programs. Activity of the STEM Coalition seems to have slowed since September 2008\\.", "#### Scouting", "In 2012, the [Boy Scouts of America](/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America \"Boy Scouts of America\") began handing out awards, titled NOVA and SUPERNOVA, for completing specific requirements appropriate to the scouts' program level in each of the four main STEM areas. The [Girl Scouts of the USA](/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA \"Girl Scouts of the USA\") has similarly incorporated STEM into their program through the introduction of merit badges such as \"Naturalist\" and \"Digital Art\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.girlscouts.org/en/about\\-girl\\-scouts/girl\\-scouts\\-and\\-stem.html\\|title\\=STEM \\- Girl Scouts\\|website\\=Girl Scouts of the USA\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-27\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-22\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422015751/https://www.girlscouts.org/en/about\\-girl\\-scouts/girl\\-scouts\\-and\\-stem.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[SAE](/wiki/SAE_International \"SAE International\") is an international organization, and provider specializing in supporting education, award, and scholarship programs for STEM matters, from pre\\-K to college degrees.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://saefoundation.org/About\\-Us\\|title\\= SAE \\- about us.\\|access\\-date\\= Jul 24, 2018\\|language\\= en\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20171208000853/http://saefoundation.org/About\\-Us\\|website\\= saefoundation.org\\|archive\\-date\\= December 8, 2017\\|url\\-status\\= live}} It also promotes scientific and technological innovation.", "#### Department of Defense programs", "{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/stem.html\\|title\\=Research \\& Engineering Enterprise: STEM\\|website\\=Osd.mil\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-08\\-21\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020162334/http://www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/stem.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[eCybermission](/wiki/ECybermission \"ECybermission\") is a free, web\\-based science, mathematics, and technology competition for students in grades six through nine sponsored by the U.S. Army. Each [webinar](/wiki/Webinar \"Webinar\") is focused on a different step of the scientific method and is presented by an experienced eCybermission CyberGuide. CyberGuides are military and civilian volunteers with a strong background in STEM and STEM education, who can provide insight into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to students and team advisers.", "[STARBASE](/wiki/STARBASE \"STARBASE\") is an educational program, sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs. Students interact with military personnel to explore careers and make connections with the \"real world\". The program provides students with 20–25 hours of experience at [the National Guard](/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States \"National Guard of the United States\"), [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"), [Marines](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\"), [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve \"Air Force Reserve\"), and [Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\") bases across the nation.", "[SeaPerch](/wiki/SeaPerch \"SeaPerch\") is an underwater robotics program that trains teachers to teach their students how to build an underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in an in\\-school or out\\-of\\-school setting. Students build the ROV from a kit composed of low\\-cost, easily accessible parts, following a curriculum that teaches basic engineering and science concepts with a marine engineering theme.", "#### NASA", "[thumb\\|STEM Girls' Night In at the NASA's [Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center \"Goddard Space Flight Center\"), Greenbelt, Maryland (2018\\)](/wiki/File:NASA_Goddard_Hosts_Young_Women_for_STEM_Girls_Night_In_-_30830488027.jpg \"NASA Goddard Hosts Young Women for STEM Girls Night In - 30830488027.jpg\")\nNASAStem is a program of the U.S. [space agency](/wiki/Space_agency \"Space agency\") [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\") to increase diversity within its ranks, including age, disability, and gender as well as race/ethnicity.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://missionstem.nasa.gov/diversity\\-inclusion\\-leadrshp.html\\|title\\=NASA Office of Diversity and Equal Opportunity (ODEO)\\|website\\=missionstem.nasa.gov\\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118030747/https://missionstem.nasa.gov/diversity\\-inclusion\\-leadrshp.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "#### Legislation", "The [America COMPETES Act](/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act \"America COMPETES Act\") (P.L. 110–69\\) became law on August 9, 2007\\. It is intended to increase the nation's investment in science and engineering research and in STEM education from kindergarten to graduate school and postdoctoral education. The act authorizes funding increases for the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\"), [National Institute of Standards and Technology](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology \"National Institute of Standards and Technology\") laboratories, and the [Department of Energy](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy \"United States Department of Energy\") (DOE) Office of Science over FY2008–FY2010\\. Robert Gabrys, Director of Education at NASA's [Goddard Space Flight Center](/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center \"Goddard Space Flight Center\"), articulated success as increased student achievement, early expression of student interest in STEM subjects, and student preparedness to enter the workforce.", "#### Jobs", "In November 2012 the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") announcement before the congressional vote on the STEM Jobs Act put President Obama in opposition to many of the Silicon Valley firms and executives who bankrolled his re\\-election campaign.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13578\\_3\\-57556074\\-38/obama\\-opposes\\-silicon\\-valley\\-firms\\-on\\-immigration\\-reform/ \\|title\\=Obama opposes Silicon Valley firms on immigration reform \\|date\\=November 28, 2012 \\|author\\=Declan McCullagh \\|publisher\\=CNET \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-05 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105181223/http://news.cnet.com/8301\\-13578\\_3\\-57556074\\-38/obama\\-opposes\\-silicon\\-valley\\-firms\\-on\\-immigration\\-reform/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Department of Labor identified 14 sectors that are \"projected to add substantial numbers of new jobs to [the economy](/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States \"Economy of the United States\") or affect the growth of other industries or are being transformed by technology and innovation requiring new sets of skills for workers.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.doleta.gov/Youth\\_services/pdf/STEM\\_Report\\_4%2007\\.pdf \\|title\\=The STEM Workforce Challenge: the Role of the Public Workforce System in a National Solution for a Competitive Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce \\|date\\=April 2007 \\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Labor \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908183749/https://www.doleta.gov/youth\\_services/pdf/STEM\\_Report\\_4%2007\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The identified sectors were as follows: advanced manufacturing, [Automotive](/wiki/Automotive \"Automotive\"), [construction](/wiki/Construction_industry \"Construction industry\"), [financial services](/wiki/Financial_services \"Financial services\"), [geospatial technology](/wiki/Geospatial_technology \"Geospatial technology\"), [homeland security](/wiki/Homeland_security \"Homeland security\"), [information technology](/wiki/Information_technology \"Information technology\"), [Transportation](/wiki/Transportation \"Transportation\"), [Aerospace](/wiki/Aerospace \"Aerospace\"), [Biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\"), [energy](/wiki/Energy_industry \"Energy industry\"), [healthcare](/wiki/Health_care_industry \"Health care industry\"), [hospitality](/wiki/Hospitality_industry \"Hospitality industry\"), and [retail](/wiki/Retail_industry \"Retail industry\").", "The [Department of Commerce](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce \"United States Department of Commerce\") notes STEM fields careers are some of the best\\-paying and have the greatest potential for job growth in the early 21st century. The report also notes that STEM workers play a key role in the sustained growth and stability of the U.S. economy, and training in STEM fields generally results in higher wages, whether or not they work in a STEM field.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/stem\\-good\\-jobs\\-now\\-and\\-future\\|title\\=STEM: Good Jobs Now and For the Future\\|work\\=doc.gov\\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-22\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-28\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928054021/http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\\-good\\-jobs\\-now\\-and\\-future\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 2015, there were around 9\\.0 million STEM jobs in the United States, representing 6\\.1% of American employment. STEM jobs were increasing by around 9% percent per year.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\\-jobs\\-2017\\-update\\|title\\=STEM Jobs: 2017 Update {{!}} Economics \\& Statistics Administration\\|website\\=esa.doc.gov\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-27\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927053129/http://www.esa.doc.gov/reports/stem\\-jobs\\-2017\\-update\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Brookings Institution found that the demand for competent technology graduates will surpass the number of capable applicants by at least one million individuals.", "According to Pew Research Center, a typical STEM worker earns two\\-thirds more than those employed in other fields.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The typical STEM worker now earns two\\-thirds more than non\\-STEM workers \\|url\\=https://www.pewresearch.org/social\\-trends/2018/01/09/women\\-and\\-men\\-in\\-stem\\-often\\-at\\-odds\\-over\\-workplace\\-equity/ps\\_2018\\-01\\-09\\_stem\\_1\\-09/}}", "#### Recent progress", "According to the 2014 US census \"74 percent of those who have a bachelor's degree in science, technology, engineering and math — commonly referred to as STEM — are not employed in STEM occupations.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Census Bureau Reports Majority of STEM College Graduates Do Not Work in STEM Occupations \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\\-releases/2014/cb14\\-130\\.html \\|website\\=United States Census Bureau \\|date\\=July 10, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825101802/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press\\-releases/2014/cb14\\-130\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Where do college graduates work? A Special Focus on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem\\-html/ \\|website\\=United States Census Bureau \\|date\\=July 10, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2019 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812223425/https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem\\-html/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In September 2017, several large American technology firms collectively pledged to donate $300 million for computer science education in the U.S.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/technology/computer\\-science\\-stem\\-education.html\\|title\\=Tech Firms Add $300 Million to Trump Administration's Computer Science Push\\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=26 September 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-15\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815003244/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/technology/computer\\-science\\-stem\\-education.html\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|last1\\=Kang \\|first1\\=Cecilia }}", "PEW findings revealed in 2018 that Americans identified several issues that hound STEM education which included unconcerned parents, disinterested students, obsolete curriculum materials, and too much focus on state parameters. 57 percent of survey respondents pointed out that one main problem of STEM is the lack of students' concentration in learning.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thejournal.com/articles/2018/01/12/americans\\-rate\\-u.s.\\-stem\\-education\\-as\\-mediocre.aspx\\|title\\=Americans Rate U.S. K–12 STEM Education as Mediocre\\|website\\=THE Journal\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106142645/https://thejournal.com/articles/2018/01/12/americans\\-rate\\-u.s.\\-stem\\-education\\-as\\-mediocre.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The recent National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) report card{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tel/\\|title\\=NAEP TEL \\- Technology and Engineering Literacy Assessment\\|website\\=nces.ed.gov\\|language\\=EN\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-26\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626023001/https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/tel/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} made public technology as well as engineering literacy scores which determines whether students can apply technology and engineering proficiency to real\\-life scenarios. The report showed a gap of 28 points between low\\-income students and their high\\-income counterparts. The same report also indicated a 38\\-point difference between white and black students.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer\\-sheet/wp/2017/09/25/suddenly\\-trump\\-wants\\-to\\-spend\\-millions\\-of\\-dollars\\-on\\-stem\\-in\\-public\\-schools/\\|title\\=Analysis {{!}} Suddenly, Trump wants to spend millions of dollars on STEM in public schools\\|newspaper\\=Washington Post\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052808/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer\\-sheet/wp/2017/09/25/suddenly\\-trump\\-wants\\-to\\-spend\\-millions\\-of\\-dollars\\-on\\-stem\\-in\\-public\\-schools/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The Smithsonian Science Education Center (SSEC) announced the release of a five\\-year strategic plan by the Committee on STEM Education of the National Science and Technology Council on December 4, 2018\\. The plan is entitled \"Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions\\-blog/charting\\-course\\-success\\-americas\\-strategy\\-stem\\-education \\|title\\=Charting a Course for Success: America's Strategy for STEM Education \\|author\\=Carol O'Donnell \\|website\\=ssec.si.edu \\|date\\=December 10, 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=December 28, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410184748/https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions\\-blog/charting\\-course\\-success\\-americas\\-strategy\\-stem\\-education \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The objective is to propose a federal strategy anchored on a vision for the future so that all Americans are given permanent access to premium\\-quality education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. In the end, the United States can emerge as a world leader in STEM mastery, employment, and innovation. The goals of this plan are building foundations for STEM literacy; enhancing diversity, equality, and inclusion in STEM; and preparing the STEM workforce for the future.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/12/19/envisioning\\-stem\\-education\\-for\\-all.html \\|title\\=Envisioning STEM education for all \\|author\\=Steve Zylstra \\|date\\=December 19, 2018 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Phoenix Business Journal]] \\|access\\-date\\=December 28, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 28, 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228152901/https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/12/19/envisioning\\-stem\\-education\\-for\\-all.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{subscription required}}", "The 2019 fiscal budget proposal of the White House supported the funding plan in President Donald Trump's Memorandum on STEM Education which allocated around $200 million (grant funding) for STEM education every year. This budget also supports STEM through a grant program worth $20 million for career as well as technical education programs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://edscoop.com/trump\\-stands\\-by\\-stem\\-education\\-spending\\-in\\-fy19\\-budget\\|title\\=Trump stands by STEM education spending in fiscal 2019 budget\\|website\\=EdScoop\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-09\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-11\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118102002/https://edscoop.com/trump\\-stands\\-by\\-stem\\-education\\-spending\\-in\\-fy19\\-budget/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "#### Events and programs to help develop STEM in US schools", "* [FIRST Tech Challenge](/wiki/FIRST_Tech_Challenge \"FIRST Tech Challenge\")\n* [VEX Robotics Competitions](/wiki/VEX_Robotics_Competition \"VEX Robotics Competition\")\n* [FIRST Robotics Competition](/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition \"FIRST Robotics Competition\")" ]
History ------- ### Battle of Ashingdon Ashingdon, or, more correctly, the land to the east of the village, is the presumed site of the [Battle of Ashingdon](/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun "Battle of Assandun") on 18 October 1016\. Ashingdon Hill is the likely location of King [Edmund Ironside](/wiki/Edmund_Ironside "Edmund Ironside")'s camp, and it faces the field of battle between Ashingdon and [Canewdon](/wiki/Canewdon "Canewdon"). Canewdon Church sits atop another hill, and beside Canewdon village was probably the site of King [Canute](/wiki/Canute "Canute")'s camp. Early chronicles report of fierce fighting at "Hyde Wood", nearly halfway between the two villages. The parish church which lies on Ashingdon Hill, one of the parish's three hills, was built in 1020, 4 years after the battle, by the order of the king, [Canute the Great](/wiki/Cnut "Cnut") of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"). The [grade II](/wiki/Grade_II "Grade II") listed {{cite web \|title\=Church of St Andrew, Ashingdon \|publisher\=BritishListedBuildings.co.uk \|accessdate\= 24 April 2013\|url\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\-123053\-church\-of\-st\-andrew\-ashingdon\-essex}} parish church of Saint Andrew's is also called "Ashingdon Minster". The first priest at Ashingdon was one of King Canute's personal priests, a young man named [Stigand](/wiki/Stigand "Stigand"), who 46 years later was the [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury "Archbishop of Canterbury") who crowned King [Harold](/wiki/Harold_II_of_England "Harold II of England") and officiated at the coronation of [William The Conqueror (William I)](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror "William the Conqueror"), both in 1066\. The priest appears on the [Bayeux Tapestry](/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry "Bayeux Tapestry") with the caption "STIGANT ARChIEPS." The church is now dedicated to Saint Andrew, but it is believed that it was dedicated earlier to Saint Michael, who was considered to be a military saint, and churches dedicated to him are frequently located on a hill.{{cite book \|title\=The History of Rochford Hundred \|last\=Benton \|first\=Philip \|year\=1867 \|publisher\=A. Harrington \|location\=Rochford \|accessdate\=29 May 2012\|url\=https://archive.org/details/historyrochford00bentgoog}} In 2006 Southend author, poet and historian, [Ian Yearsley](/wiki/Ian_Yearsley "Ian Yearsley"), wrote and published a commemorative epic poem about the battle, called *The Battle of Ashingdon (1016\)*.[3th A thousand years later, villagers will come together to remember battle which led to Danish conquest of England](http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/14488146.A_thousand_years_later__villagers_will_come_together_to_remember_battle_which_led_to_Danish_conquest_of_England/) May 2016 *www.echo\-news.co.uk*, accessed 19 October 2020 ### Aviation {{Unreferenced section\|date\=December 2019}} Ashingdon Parish was a centre of early aviation research from 1908\. Britain's first [aerodrome](/wiki/Aerodrome "Aerodrome") was officially opened in February 1909 and it was used for developing and flying early fixed wing aeroplanes. A few years later, early seaplanes were made there. The First World War stopped all of the aviation work until flying resumed in Ashingdon in 1919, possibly at Fambridge but also the aerodrome did move to Canewdon Road in Ashingdon, 2 miles away. The new company mainly used [Avro 504](/wiki/Avro_504 "Avro 504") [biplanes](/wiki/Biplane "Biplane"). In the early 1920s, [Frank Neale](/wiki/Frank_Neale "Frank Neale") started an aviation company there with a larger Avro 504 3 seater. Then in 1923, W.G. Pudney started The Essex Aviation Company flying several types of aircraft. All three firms used the Avro 504, a popular, easy and cheap to fly aircraft. In the 1930s, the aerodrome may have moved further along Canewdon Road in Ashingdon. Some people say that it was moved by expanding into the larger adjacent field. Others say that it may have been at two separate locations in that road and others deny both suggestions and say that it was only ever at one place in Canewdon Road. The aerodrome was called Canute Aero Park, after King Canute the Great, as well as being called Ashingdon Aerodrome. Ashingdon was the home of an aero club called "Aero 8", also home to the Essex Aviation Company, Premier Aviation and the Southend Flying Club. Many types of aircraft were designed, developed, built, flight tested and modified there, but many other types simply flew in and out of Ashingdon as a home base, way point or destination. [Henri Mignet](/wiki/Henri_Mignet "Henri Mignet"), the French designer of the [Mignet HM.14](/wiki/Mignet_HM.14 "Mignet HM.14") *Pou du Ciel* ("Flying Flea") used to visit Ashingdon for business with Aero 8 at Canute Aero Park, because they were one of the largest producers and developers of the *Pou du Ciel*. Aero 8's higher\-powered and modified version was called "Super Pou".Ellis\&Jones (1990\) Several air shows took place in Ashingdon at the Canute Aero Park aerodrome. They were attended by thousands of visitors and scores of flying enthusiasts who flew in their aircraft. Later, the aerodrome moved to Ashingdon Road, then to Dalys Road, Rochford, where it was still called "Ashingdon Aerodrome". One Aero 8 *Pou du Ciel* ("Flying Flea") was called "Fleeing Fly". On 20 June 1936, a DeHavilland biplane \- a DH60X Moth, G\-EBRT took off from Ashingdon Aerodrome in Canewdon Road and failed to gain sufficient altitude to fly over Ashingdon Minster on Ashingdon Hill. It crashed into the tall dense trees surrounding the churchyard and it came stuck intact in the branches at a height of about 10 metres (30 feet) above ground. The pilot was not injured and he climbed down the tree to firm ground. Some people in the village say that a "Flying Flea" also crashed into the churchyard trees. Eventually, Southend Municipal Airport opened on the old [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps "Royal Flying Corps")/[RAF](/wiki/RAF "RAF") base and all flying moved to the new airport by the late 1930s. Soon it reverted to military use as RAF Rochford and it became a Battle of Britain RAF base as well as a pilot training airfield. After the Second World War, RAF Rochford became a civil airport again, now called [London Southend Airport](/wiki/London_Southend_Airport "London Southend Airport"). So, early aviation has taken place at five successive locations in and around Ashingdon. Early aviation pioneers and their aircraft that were developed at South Fambridge were: Eardley Billing, Gordon England, Green's Motor Patents, Handley Page, Lascelles Engines, Gerald Leake, Robert Macfie, W.O. Manning, Pemberton Billing, De Pischoff \& Koechlin, Seaton Kerr, Talbot Quick, Howard Wright, Jose Weiss. Then in the 1930s: W.G. Pudney, Henri Mignet, Frank Neale, Mervyn Chadwick, Lascelles Motors, Raymond Gordon and many others. Aircraft flying from Ashingdon Aerodrome were: Aeronca 100 and C2, Airspeed AS.4, Mignet HM.14 "Flying Flea", Aero 8 HM.14 Super Pou, HM.18, Avro 504K, Avro 594, Avro 616, Avro 638 "Club Cadet", Avro 642, BAC Drone, Blackburn Bluebird II, Bristol Bulldog, DH60 Moth, DH80A Puss Moth, Gloster Gauntlet, Handley Page W10, Handley Page "Dragon Rapide", Premier Gordon Dove, Simmonds Spartan, Short Scion I and II and many others. During the Second World War, a lot of flying activity took place over Ashingdon because it was so near the coast, it was 3 miles from RAF Rochford and it was under the route from Nazi\-occupied Europe to London. At least two RAF fighters crashed near the River Crouch, a German landmine landed in the River Crouch, several V1 flying bombs passed over the village, one exploded at Moons Farm and one failed to explode when it struck the sea\-wall at Fambridge, and a USAAF B26 marauder bomber crashed near Moons Farm killing all on board.
[ "History\n-------", "### Battle of Ashingdon", "Ashingdon, or, more correctly, the land to the east of the village, is the presumed site of the [Battle of Ashingdon](/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun \"Battle of Assandun\") on 18 October 1016\\. Ashingdon Hill is the likely location of King [Edmund Ironside](/wiki/Edmund_Ironside \"Edmund Ironside\")'s camp, and it faces the field of battle between Ashingdon and [Canewdon](/wiki/Canewdon \"Canewdon\"). Canewdon Church sits atop another hill, and beside Canewdon village was probably the site of King [Canute](/wiki/Canute \"Canute\")'s camp. Early chronicles report of fierce fighting at \"Hyde Wood\", nearly halfway between the two villages. The parish church which lies on Ashingdon Hill, one of the parish's three hills, was built in 1020, 4 years after the battle, by the order of the king, [Canute the Great](/wiki/Cnut \"Cnut\") of [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"). The [grade II](/wiki/Grade_II \"Grade II\") listed {{cite web \\|title\\=Church of St Andrew, Ashingdon \\|publisher\\=BritishListedBuildings.co.uk \\|accessdate\\= 24 April 2013\\|url\\=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en\\-123053\\-church\\-of\\-st\\-andrew\\-ashingdon\\-essex}} parish church of Saint Andrew's is also called \"Ashingdon Minster\". The first priest at Ashingdon was one of King Canute's personal priests, a young man named [Stigand](/wiki/Stigand \"Stigand\"), who 46 years later was the [Archbishop of Canterbury](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury \"Archbishop of Canterbury\") who crowned King [Harold](/wiki/Harold_II_of_England \"Harold II of England\") and officiated at the coronation of [William The Conqueror (William I)](/wiki/William_the_Conqueror \"William the Conqueror\"), both in 1066\\. The priest appears on the [Bayeux Tapestry](/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry \"Bayeux Tapestry\") with the caption \"STIGANT ARChIEPS.\"\nThe church is now dedicated to Saint Andrew, but it is believed that it was dedicated earlier to Saint Michael, who was considered to be a military saint, and churches dedicated to him are frequently located on a hill.{{cite book \\|title\\=The History of Rochford Hundred \\|last\\=Benton \\|first\\=Philip \\|year\\=1867 \\|publisher\\=A. Harrington \\|location\\=Rochford \\|accessdate\\=29 May 2012\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/historyrochford00bentgoog}}\nIn 2006 Southend author, poet and historian, [Ian Yearsley](/wiki/Ian_Yearsley \"Ian Yearsley\"), wrote and published a commemorative epic poem about the battle, called *The Battle of Ashingdon (1016\\)*.[3th A thousand years later, villagers will come together to remember battle which led to Danish conquest of England](http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/14488146.A_thousand_years_later__villagers_will_come_together_to_remember_battle_which_led_to_Danish_conquest_of_England/) May 2016 *www.echo\\-news.co.uk*, accessed 19 October 2020", "", "### Aviation", "{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=December 2019}}", "Ashingdon Parish was a centre of early aviation research from 1908\\. Britain's first [aerodrome](/wiki/Aerodrome \"Aerodrome\") was officially opened in February 1909 and it was used for developing and flying early fixed wing aeroplanes. A few years later, early seaplanes were made there. The First World War stopped all of the aviation work until flying resumed in Ashingdon in 1919, possibly at Fambridge but also the aerodrome did move to Canewdon Road in Ashingdon, 2 miles away. The new company mainly used [Avro 504](/wiki/Avro_504 \"Avro 504\") [biplanes](/wiki/Biplane \"Biplane\"). In the early 1920s, [Frank Neale](/wiki/Frank_Neale \"Frank Neale\") started an aviation company there with a larger Avro 504 3 seater. Then in 1923, W.G. Pudney started The Essex Aviation Company flying several types of aircraft. All three firms used the Avro 504, a popular, easy and cheap to fly aircraft.", "In the 1930s, the aerodrome may have moved further along Canewdon Road in Ashingdon. Some people say that it was moved by expanding into the larger adjacent field. Others say that it may have been at two separate locations in that road and others deny both suggestions and say that it was only ever at one place in Canewdon Road. The aerodrome was called Canute Aero Park, after King Canute the Great, as well as being called Ashingdon Aerodrome.", "Ashingdon was the home of an aero club called \"Aero 8\", also home to the Essex Aviation Company, Premier Aviation and the Southend Flying Club. Many types of aircraft were designed, developed, built, flight tested and modified there, but many other types simply flew in and out of Ashingdon as a home base, way point or destination. [Henri Mignet](/wiki/Henri_Mignet \"Henri Mignet\"), the French designer of the [Mignet HM.14](/wiki/Mignet_HM.14 \"Mignet HM.14\") *Pou du Ciel* (\"Flying Flea\") used to visit Ashingdon for business with Aero 8 at Canute Aero Park, because they were one of the largest producers and developers of the *Pou du Ciel*. Aero 8's higher\\-powered and modified version was called \"Super Pou\".Ellis\\&Jones (1990\\) Several air shows took place in Ashingdon at the Canute Aero Park aerodrome. They were attended by thousands of visitors and scores of flying enthusiasts who flew in their aircraft. Later, the aerodrome moved to Ashingdon Road, then to Dalys Road, Rochford, where it was still called \"Ashingdon Aerodrome\". One Aero 8 *Pou du Ciel* (\"Flying Flea\") was called \"Fleeing Fly\".", "On 20 June 1936, a DeHavilland biplane \\- a DH60X Moth, G\\-EBRT took off from Ashingdon Aerodrome in Canewdon Road and failed to gain sufficient altitude to fly over Ashingdon Minster on Ashingdon Hill. It crashed into the tall dense trees surrounding the churchyard and it came stuck intact in the branches at a height of about 10 metres (30 feet) above ground. The pilot was not injured and he climbed down the tree to firm ground.\nSome people in the village say that a \"Flying Flea\" also crashed into the churchyard trees.", "Eventually, Southend Municipal Airport opened on the old [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps \"Royal Flying Corps\")/[RAF](/wiki/RAF \"RAF\") base and all flying moved to the new airport by the late 1930s. Soon it reverted to military use as RAF Rochford and it became a Battle of Britain RAF base as well as a pilot training airfield.\nAfter the Second World War, RAF Rochford became a civil airport again, now called [London Southend Airport](/wiki/London_Southend_Airport \"London Southend Airport\"). So, early aviation has taken place at five successive locations in and around Ashingdon.", "Early aviation pioneers and their aircraft that were developed at South Fambridge were: Eardley Billing, Gordon England, Green's Motor Patents, Handley Page, Lascelles Engines, Gerald Leake, Robert Macfie, W.O. Manning, Pemberton Billing, De Pischoff \\& Koechlin, Seaton Kerr, Talbot Quick, Howard Wright, Jose Weiss. Then in the 1930s: W.G. Pudney, Henri Mignet, Frank Neale, Mervyn Chadwick, Lascelles Motors, Raymond Gordon and many others.", "Aircraft flying from Ashingdon Aerodrome were: Aeronca 100 and C2, Airspeed AS.4, Mignet HM.14 \"Flying Flea\", Aero 8 HM.14 Super Pou, HM.18, Avro 504K, Avro 594, Avro 616, Avro 638 \"Club Cadet\", Avro 642, BAC Drone, Blackburn Bluebird II, Bristol Bulldog, DH60 Moth, DH80A Puss Moth, Gloster Gauntlet, Handley Page W10, Handley Page \"Dragon Rapide\", Premier Gordon Dove, Simmonds Spartan, Short Scion I and II and many others.", "During the Second World War, a lot of flying activity took place over Ashingdon because it was so near the coast, it was 3 miles from RAF Rochford and it was under the route from Nazi\\-occupied Europe to London.\nAt least two RAF fighters crashed near the River Crouch, a German landmine landed in the River Crouch, several V1 flying bombs passed over the village, one exploded at Moons Farm and one failed to explode when it struck the sea\\-wall at Fambridge, and a USAAF B26 marauder bomber crashed near Moons Farm killing all on board.", "" ]
### Aviation {{Unreferenced section\|date\=December 2019}} Ashingdon Parish was a centre of early aviation research from 1908\. Britain's first [aerodrome](/wiki/Aerodrome "Aerodrome") was officially opened in February 1909 and it was used for developing and flying early fixed wing aeroplanes. A few years later, early seaplanes were made there. The First World War stopped all of the aviation work until flying resumed in Ashingdon in 1919, possibly at Fambridge but also the aerodrome did move to Canewdon Road in Ashingdon, 2 miles away. The new company mainly used [Avro 504](/wiki/Avro_504 "Avro 504") [biplanes](/wiki/Biplane "Biplane"). In the early 1920s, [Frank Neale](/wiki/Frank_Neale "Frank Neale") started an aviation company there with a larger Avro 504 3 seater. Then in 1923, W.G. Pudney started The Essex Aviation Company flying several types of aircraft. All three firms used the Avro 504, a popular, easy and cheap to fly aircraft. In the 1930s, the aerodrome may have moved further along Canewdon Road in Ashingdon. Some people say that it was moved by expanding into the larger adjacent field. Others say that it may have been at two separate locations in that road and others deny both suggestions and say that it was only ever at one place in Canewdon Road. The aerodrome was called Canute Aero Park, after King Canute the Great, as well as being called Ashingdon Aerodrome. Ashingdon was the home of an aero club called "Aero 8", also home to the Essex Aviation Company, Premier Aviation and the Southend Flying Club. Many types of aircraft were designed, developed, built, flight tested and modified there, but many other types simply flew in and out of Ashingdon as a home base, way point or destination. [Henri Mignet](/wiki/Henri_Mignet "Henri Mignet"), the French designer of the [Mignet HM.14](/wiki/Mignet_HM.14 "Mignet HM.14") *Pou du Ciel* ("Flying Flea") used to visit Ashingdon for business with Aero 8 at Canute Aero Park, because they were one of the largest producers and developers of the *Pou du Ciel*. Aero 8's higher\-powered and modified version was called "Super Pou".Ellis\&Jones (1990\) Several air shows took place in Ashingdon at the Canute Aero Park aerodrome. They were attended by thousands of visitors and scores of flying enthusiasts who flew in their aircraft. Later, the aerodrome moved to Ashingdon Road, then to Dalys Road, Rochford, where it was still called "Ashingdon Aerodrome". One Aero 8 *Pou du Ciel* ("Flying Flea") was called "Fleeing Fly". On 20 June 1936, a DeHavilland biplane \- a DH60X Moth, G\-EBRT took off from Ashingdon Aerodrome in Canewdon Road and failed to gain sufficient altitude to fly over Ashingdon Minster on Ashingdon Hill. It crashed into the tall dense trees surrounding the churchyard and it came stuck intact in the branches at a height of about 10 metres (30 feet) above ground. The pilot was not injured and he climbed down the tree to firm ground. Some people in the village say that a "Flying Flea" also crashed into the churchyard trees. Eventually, Southend Municipal Airport opened on the old [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps "Royal Flying Corps")/[RAF](/wiki/RAF "RAF") base and all flying moved to the new airport by the late 1930s. Soon it reverted to military use as RAF Rochford and it became a Battle of Britain RAF base as well as a pilot training airfield. After the Second World War, RAF Rochford became a civil airport again, now called [London Southend Airport](/wiki/London_Southend_Airport "London Southend Airport"). So, early aviation has taken place at five successive locations in and around Ashingdon. Early aviation pioneers and their aircraft that were developed at South Fambridge were: Eardley Billing, Gordon England, Green's Motor Patents, Handley Page, Lascelles Engines, Gerald Leake, Robert Macfie, W.O. Manning, Pemberton Billing, De Pischoff \& Koechlin, Seaton Kerr, Talbot Quick, Howard Wright, Jose Weiss. Then in the 1930s: W.G. Pudney, Henri Mignet, Frank Neale, Mervyn Chadwick, Lascelles Motors, Raymond Gordon and many others. Aircraft flying from Ashingdon Aerodrome were: Aeronca 100 and C2, Airspeed AS.4, Mignet HM.14 "Flying Flea", Aero 8 HM.14 Super Pou, HM.18, Avro 504K, Avro 594, Avro 616, Avro 638 "Club Cadet", Avro 642, BAC Drone, Blackburn Bluebird II, Bristol Bulldog, DH60 Moth, DH80A Puss Moth, Gloster Gauntlet, Handley Page W10, Handley Page "Dragon Rapide", Premier Gordon Dove, Simmonds Spartan, Short Scion I and II and many others. During the Second World War, a lot of flying activity took place over Ashingdon because it was so near the coast, it was 3 miles from RAF Rochford and it was under the route from Nazi\-occupied Europe to London. At least two RAF fighters crashed near the River Crouch, a German landmine landed in the River Crouch, several V1 flying bombs passed over the village, one exploded at Moons Farm and one failed to explode when it struck the sea\-wall at Fambridge, and a USAAF B26 marauder bomber crashed near Moons Farm killing all on board.
[ "### Aviation", "{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=December 2019}}", "Ashingdon Parish was a centre of early aviation research from 1908\\. Britain's first [aerodrome](/wiki/Aerodrome \"Aerodrome\") was officially opened in February 1909 and it was used for developing and flying early fixed wing aeroplanes. A few years later, early seaplanes were made there. The First World War stopped all of the aviation work until flying resumed in Ashingdon in 1919, possibly at Fambridge but also the aerodrome did move to Canewdon Road in Ashingdon, 2 miles away. The new company mainly used [Avro 504](/wiki/Avro_504 \"Avro 504\") [biplanes](/wiki/Biplane \"Biplane\"). In the early 1920s, [Frank Neale](/wiki/Frank_Neale \"Frank Neale\") started an aviation company there with a larger Avro 504 3 seater. Then in 1923, W.G. Pudney started The Essex Aviation Company flying several types of aircraft. All three firms used the Avro 504, a popular, easy and cheap to fly aircraft.", "In the 1930s, the aerodrome may have moved further along Canewdon Road in Ashingdon. Some people say that it was moved by expanding into the larger adjacent field. Others say that it may have been at two separate locations in that road and others deny both suggestions and say that it was only ever at one place in Canewdon Road. The aerodrome was called Canute Aero Park, after King Canute the Great, as well as being called Ashingdon Aerodrome.", "Ashingdon was the home of an aero club called \"Aero 8\", also home to the Essex Aviation Company, Premier Aviation and the Southend Flying Club. Many types of aircraft were designed, developed, built, flight tested and modified there, but many other types simply flew in and out of Ashingdon as a home base, way point or destination. [Henri Mignet](/wiki/Henri_Mignet \"Henri Mignet\"), the French designer of the [Mignet HM.14](/wiki/Mignet_HM.14 \"Mignet HM.14\") *Pou du Ciel* (\"Flying Flea\") used to visit Ashingdon for business with Aero 8 at Canute Aero Park, because they were one of the largest producers and developers of the *Pou du Ciel*. Aero 8's higher\\-powered and modified version was called \"Super Pou\".Ellis\\&Jones (1990\\) Several air shows took place in Ashingdon at the Canute Aero Park aerodrome. They were attended by thousands of visitors and scores of flying enthusiasts who flew in their aircraft. Later, the aerodrome moved to Ashingdon Road, then to Dalys Road, Rochford, where it was still called \"Ashingdon Aerodrome\". One Aero 8 *Pou du Ciel* (\"Flying Flea\") was called \"Fleeing Fly\".", "On 20 June 1936, a DeHavilland biplane \\- a DH60X Moth, G\\-EBRT took off from Ashingdon Aerodrome in Canewdon Road and failed to gain sufficient altitude to fly over Ashingdon Minster on Ashingdon Hill. It crashed into the tall dense trees surrounding the churchyard and it came stuck intact in the branches at a height of about 10 metres (30 feet) above ground. The pilot was not injured and he climbed down the tree to firm ground.\nSome people in the village say that a \"Flying Flea\" also crashed into the churchyard trees.", "Eventually, Southend Municipal Airport opened on the old [Royal Flying Corps](/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps \"Royal Flying Corps\")/[RAF](/wiki/RAF \"RAF\") base and all flying moved to the new airport by the late 1930s. Soon it reverted to military use as RAF Rochford and it became a Battle of Britain RAF base as well as a pilot training airfield.\nAfter the Second World War, RAF Rochford became a civil airport again, now called [London Southend Airport](/wiki/London_Southend_Airport \"London Southend Airport\"). So, early aviation has taken place at five successive locations in and around Ashingdon.", "Early aviation pioneers and their aircraft that were developed at South Fambridge were: Eardley Billing, Gordon England, Green's Motor Patents, Handley Page, Lascelles Engines, Gerald Leake, Robert Macfie, W.O. Manning, Pemberton Billing, De Pischoff \\& Koechlin, Seaton Kerr, Talbot Quick, Howard Wright, Jose Weiss. Then in the 1930s: W.G. Pudney, Henri Mignet, Frank Neale, Mervyn Chadwick, Lascelles Motors, Raymond Gordon and many others.", "Aircraft flying from Ashingdon Aerodrome were: Aeronca 100 and C2, Airspeed AS.4, Mignet HM.14 \"Flying Flea\", Aero 8 HM.14 Super Pou, HM.18, Avro 504K, Avro 594, Avro 616, Avro 638 \"Club Cadet\", Avro 642, BAC Drone, Blackburn Bluebird II, Bristol Bulldog, DH60 Moth, DH80A Puss Moth, Gloster Gauntlet, Handley Page W10, Handley Page \"Dragon Rapide\", Premier Gordon Dove, Simmonds Spartan, Short Scion I and II and many others.", "During the Second World War, a lot of flying activity took place over Ashingdon because it was so near the coast, it was 3 miles from RAF Rochford and it was under the route from Nazi\\-occupied Europe to London.\nAt least two RAF fighters crashed near the River Crouch, a German landmine landed in the River Crouch, several V1 flying bombs passed over the village, one exploded at Moons Farm and one failed to explode when it struck the sea\\-wall at Fambridge, and a USAAF B26 marauder bomber crashed near Moons Farm killing all on board.", "" ]
Projects, research and development ---------------------------------- ### European Severe Weather Database The **European Severe Weather Database** (**ESWD**) collects and verifies reports on [dust](/wiki/Dust_devil "Dust devil"), sand\- or [steam devils](/wiki/Steam_devil "Steam devil"), [tornadoes](/wiki/Tornado "Tornado"), [gustnadoes](/wiki/Gustnado "Gustnado"), large [hail](/wiki/Hail "Hail"), heavy [rain](/wiki/Rain "Rain") and [snowfall](/wiki/Snow "Snow"), severe [wind gusts](/wiki/Wind_gust "Wind gust"), damaging [lightning](/wiki/Lightning "Lightning") strikes and avalanches all over Europe and around the Mediterranean. The ESWD is the most important database for such events in Europe.{{cite web \|title\=Data Sources for Significant Weather Events \|publisher\=German Meteorological Service (\[\[DWD]]) \|url\=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop;jsessionid\=spzHTsTQ1Cgp12LylWMbvGn204Nbc8XQXLJswRcXkfJnCBbGhHZH!465964500!28410323?\_nfpb\=true\&\_windowLabel\=dwdwww\_main\_book\&T173400175921273147929285gsbDocumentPath\=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima\_\_Umwelt%2FKlimaueberwachung%2FEuropa%2Frcc\-cm%2Fproducts%2FSWE%2Fhome\_\_node.html%3F\_\_nnn%3Dtrue\&switchLang\=en\&\_pageLabel\=\_dwdwww\_klima\_umwelt\_ueberwachung\_europa}} Everyone is welcome to report extreme weather observations. Each report undergoes a quality control and each event is flagged either *as received* (QC0\), *plausibility checked* (QC0\+), *report confirmed* by reliable source (QC1\) or as *scientific case study* (QC2\). QC0\+ Are events that are very likely to have occurred, but some details, such as their exact time, precise location, or report characteristics are unknown or uncertain. QC1 means that the events and reported contents have been confirmed. QC2 means that the events and reported contents are confirmed and have been subject of a scientific case study. Extraordinary work has been performed to verify the validity of all pieces of information given in a certain report based on detailed case studies on a scientific level. Therefore QC2 is relatively rare compared to QC1\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/european\-severe\-weather\-database/eswd\-quality\-control/ \| title\=ESWD Quality Control \| European Severe Storms Laboratory }}[Advice on using the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD)](https://www.essl.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/ESWD-USER-GUIDE-DOC.pdf) ### European Weather Observer The **European Weather Observer** (**EWOB**) is a project similar to NSSL's **Mping** project. It's a database with real time reports of weather, severe weather and its impacts. The database is filled by reports replayed to ESSL by its partners as well as the EWOB app. Scientists will use the data to find out how they can best use data from meteorological satellites and radars to best predict severe weather. Weather observations by human beings are indispensable to develop relationships between what satellites and radars see and what kind of weather is actually happening on the ground.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/european\-severe\-weather\-database/ewob/ \| title\=EWOB – European Weather OBserver \| European Severe Storms Laboratory }} EWOB was released on December 15, 2015\.[https://www.essl.org/cms/wp\-content/uploads/20151221\-ESSL\_History.pdf](https://www.essl.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/20151221-ESSL_History.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=August 2024}}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/category/news/page/7/ \| title\=News \| European Severe Storms Laboratory \| Page 7 \| date\=4 January 2017 }} Weather forecasters have to deal with the problem that satellites cannot see what happens under a storm cloud, radars do not scan close to the Earth’s surface and that measurements from their observation stations are far apart. EWOB allows them to be aware that, e.g., a thunderstorm started to produce wind damage, or that the rain suddenly started to freeze on the road, which is crucial information for issuing timely weather warnings. ### European Conference on Severe Storms The **European Conference on Severe Storms** (**ECSS**) is a conference series organized by the ESSL since 2002 and taking place biannually.{{cite web\|website \=European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) \|url \= https://www.essl.org/cms/european\-conferences\-on\-severe\-storms/ \|title \= European Conferences on Severe Storms (ECSS)}} During the ECSS two prices are offered: * The *Heino\-Tooming\-Award* is named after the [meteorologist](/wiki/Meteorologist "Meteorologist") Heino Tooming († 2004\) and awards excellent scientific work on severe storms in European collaborations. * The *Nikolai Dotzek Award* is named after meteorologist Nikolai Dotzek and honors distinguished scientific individual performance or lifetime achievement.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/\|title\=European Severe Storms Laboratory \| Severe Weather research in Europe}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/european\-conferences\-on\-severe\-storms/awards/\|title\=Awards \| European Severe Storms Laboratory}} ### ESSL Testbed The ESSL Testbed is an annually returning event with the aim to enhance severe weather forecasting across Europe.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/essl\-testbed/ \| title\=ESSL Testbed \| European Severe Storms Laboratory }} A growing range of tools is steadily becoming available for weather forecasters as a basis for their forecasts and warnings. These are, however, not always used optimally, because of a lack of interaction between their developers and the forecasters. Additionally, there is a lack of international exchange of “best practices” on forecasting extreme weather events. Therefore, the ESSL Testbed, as a permanent facility, will bring together forecasters and developers from across the world: In a quasi\-operational setting with a focus on severe weather, developers will present and explain their tools, forecasters give feedback, and the tools are put to the test. The core activity of the Testbed is the preparation of experimental severe weather forecasts. The ESSL Testbed was inspired by the HWT and its yearly “Spring Program”, organized by the [Storm Prediction Center](/wiki/Storm_Prediction_Center "Storm Prediction Center") \& [NSSL](/wiki/National_Severe_Storms_Laboratory "National Severe Storms Laboratory").{{Cite web \|title\=Testbed Concept {{!}} European Severe Storms Laboratory \|url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/essl\-testbed/testbed\-concept/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-24 \|language\=en\-US}} ### Convective Hazard Evolution under Climate Change (CHECC) ESSL is part of the ClimXtreme research network, funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research and carries out the project CHECC, part of ClimXtreme Module B. Convective hazards such as large hail, severe wind gusts, tornadoes and heavy rainfall are responsible for high economic damages, fatalities and injuries across the world, in Europe, and in Germany. There are insufficient observations to determine whether trends in such local phenomena exist, but recent studies suggest that conditions associated with such hazards have become more frequent across large parts of Europe in recent decades. These conclusions are in part based on work with Additive Regression Convective Hazard Models (AR\-CHaMo) that have been developed using state\-of\-the\-art reanalysis data and observations collected in the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD). The CHECC project improves AR\-CHaMo by using newer reanalysis datasets with higher spatial and temporal resolutions, such as ERA5, COSMO\-REA6 and MERRA2\. The added resolution is expected to better resolve the conditions that give rise to the convective storms and hence to improved statistical models. More improvement is expected from additional observational data that is retrieved from media archives and thus enhances the severe weather database used for training the models. The robustness of the models will be investigated by applying them to different regions, e.g. Europe and a part of North America. CHECC uses the models to investigate if significant trends in modelled hazard occurrence can be detected both in the past and in future climate projections. Furthermore, CHECC studies which part of these trends can be attributable to changes in tropospheric flow patterns, by assessing the impacts of any detected changes on the underlying physical drivers of convective events. Finally, CHECC will explore the use of convection\-permitting reanalysis data, such as COSMO\-REA2\. This is of particular interest as climate projections are gradually becoming available at convection\-permitting module resolutions. As part of this section of the study, predictor parameters will need to be modified owing to the higher spatial resolution which requires proxies that describe the convective storms themselves rather than their respective mesoscale environment.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/checc/ \| title\=Convective Hazard Evolution under Climate Change – CHECC \| European Severe Storms Laboratory }} ### International Fujita scale {{main\|International Fujita scale}} The International Fujita scale (IF scale) rates the [intensity of tornadoes](/wiki/Intensity_of_tornadoes "Intensity of tornadoes") and other wind events based on the severity of the damage they cause.{{cite web \|title\=The International Fujita (IF) Scale Tornado and Wind Damage Assessment Guide \|url\=https://www.essl.org/media/publications/IF\-scale\_v0\.10\.pdf \|website\=ESSL.org \|publisher\=\[\[European Severe Storms Laboratory]] \|access\-date\=26 June 2022}} It is used by the European Severe Storms Laboratory and various other organizations including {{Lang\|de\|\[\[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]\|italic\=no}} (DWD) and [State Meteorological Agency (AEMET)](/wiki/State_Meteorological_Agency "State Meteorological Agency"). The scale is intended to be analogous to the [Fujita](/wiki/Fujita_scale "Fujita scale") and [Enhanced Fujita](/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale "Enhanced Fujita scale") scales, while being more applicable internationally by accounting for factors such as differences in building codes. In 2018, the first draft version of the IF\-scale, version 0\.10 was published. This version was based on a 12\-step rating scale. Over the next few years, [dozens of tornadoes would be rated](/wiki/List_of_tornadoes_rated_on_the_2018_International_Fujita_scale "List of tornadoes rated on the 2018 International Fujita scale") on this version of the scale. Most notably, the [2021 South Moravia tornado](/wiki/2021_South_Moravia_tornado "2021 South Moravia tornado") received a rating (IF4\) and full damage survey on the IF\-scale conducted by ESSL, the [Czech Hydrometeorological Institute](/wiki/Czech_Hydrometeorological_Institute "Czech Hydrometeorological Institute") and four other organizations.{{cite web \|author1\=Tomás Púcik \|author2\=David Rúva \|author3\=Miroslav Singer \|author4\=Miloslav Stanëk \|author5\=Pieter Groenemeijer \|title\=Damage Survey of the Violent Tornado in Southeast Czechia on 24 June 2021 \|url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/wp\-content/uploads/24\-June\-2021\-violent\-tornado\-damage\-assessment\-.pdf \|publisher\=European Severe Storms Laboratory \|access\-date\=16 May 2023 \|pages\=1–31 \|date\=23 June 2022}} On May 6th, 2023, version 0\.99\.9d was published, which changed it to a 9\-step rating scale.{{cite web \|title\=The International Fujita (IF) Scale \|url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/wp\-content/uploads/20230506\_IF\-scale\_v0\.99\.9d.pdf \|publisher\=European Severe Storms Laboratory \|access\-date\=8 May 2023}} In late July 2023, the first official version of the IF scale was published.{{cite web \|author1\=Pieter Groenemeijer (ESSL) \|author2\=Lothar Bock (DWD) \|author3\=Juan de Dios Soriano (AEMet) \|author4\=Maciej Dutkiewicz (Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology) \|author5\=Delia Gutiérrez\-Rubio (AEMet) \|author6\=Alois M. Holzer (ESSL) \|author7\=Martin Hubrig \|author8\=Rainer Kaltenberger \|author9\=Thilo Kühne (ESSL) \|author10\=Mortimer Müller (Universität für Bodenkultur) \|author11\=Bas van der Ploeg \|author12\=Tomáš Púčik (ESSL) \|author13\=Thomas Schreiner (ESSL) \|author14\=Miroslav Šinger (SHMI) \|author15\=Gabriel Strommer (ESSL) \|author16\=Andi Xhelaj (University of Genova) \|title\=The International Fujita (IF) Scale \|url\=https://www.essl.org/cms/wp\-content/uploads/IF\-scale\_v1\.0\.pdf \|publisher\=European Severe Storms Laboratory \|access\-date\=30 July 2023 \|date\=30 July 2023}} ### Automatic Severe Weather Prediction (AR\-CHARMO) On July 27, 2022, ESSL launched a site with experimental forecasts of lightning and hail for Europe based on post\-processed weather model data.{{Cite web \|date\=2022\-07\-27 \|title\=ESSL on Twitter \|url\=https://twitter.com/essl\_ecss/status/1552348810722115587?s\=46\&t\=2Bx7JX7Iwsph41uHX5rTnQ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=X \|quote\=We have launched the website stormforecast.eu with experimental forecasts of lightning and hail for Europe based on post\-processed weather model data. We plan to gradually expand this site with more products. Here is a forecast for tomorrow:}}{{Cite web \|title\=Automated Severe Weather Guidance \|url\=https://stormforecast.eu/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-24 \|website\=stormforecast.eu}}
[ "Projects, research and development\n----------------------------------", "### European Severe Weather Database", "The **European Severe Weather Database** (**ESWD**) collects and verifies reports on [dust](/wiki/Dust_devil \"Dust devil\"), sand\\- or [steam devils](/wiki/Steam_devil \"Steam devil\"), [tornadoes](/wiki/Tornado \"Tornado\"), [gustnadoes](/wiki/Gustnado \"Gustnado\"), large [hail](/wiki/Hail \"Hail\"), heavy [rain](/wiki/Rain \"Rain\") and [snowfall](/wiki/Snow \"Snow\"), severe [wind gusts](/wiki/Wind_gust \"Wind gust\"), damaging [lightning](/wiki/Lightning \"Lightning\") strikes and avalanches all over Europe and around the Mediterranean. The ESWD is the most important database for such events in Europe.{{cite web \\|title\\=Data Sources for Significant Weather Events \\|publisher\\=German Meteorological Service (\\[\\[DWD]]) \\|url\\=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop;jsessionid\\=spzHTsTQ1Cgp12LylWMbvGn204Nbc8XQXLJswRcXkfJnCBbGhHZH!465964500!28410323?\\_nfpb\\=true\\&\\_windowLabel\\=dwdwww\\_main\\_book\\&T173400175921273147929285gsbDocumentPath\\=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima\\_\\_Umwelt%2FKlimaueberwachung%2FEuropa%2Frcc\\-cm%2Fproducts%2FSWE%2Fhome\\_\\_node.html%3F\\_\\_nnn%3Dtrue\\&switchLang\\=en\\&\\_pageLabel\\=\\_dwdwww\\_klima\\_umwelt\\_ueberwachung\\_europa}} Everyone is welcome to report extreme weather observations. Each report undergoes a quality control and each event is flagged either *as received* (QC0\\), *plausibility checked* (QC0\\+), *report confirmed* by reliable source (QC1\\) or as *scientific case study* (QC2\\). QC0\\+ Are events that are very likely to have occurred, but some details, such as their exact time, precise location, or report characteristics are unknown or uncertain. QC1 means that the events and reported contents have been confirmed. QC2 means that the events and reported contents are confirmed and have been subject of a scientific case study. Extraordinary work has been performed to verify the validity of all pieces of information given in a certain report based on detailed case studies on a scientific level. Therefore QC2 is relatively rare compared to QC1\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/european\\-severe\\-weather\\-database/eswd\\-quality\\-control/ \\| title\\=ESWD Quality Control \\| European Severe Storms Laboratory }}[Advice on using the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD)](https://www.essl.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/ESWD-USER-GUIDE-DOC.pdf)", "### European Weather Observer", "The **European Weather Observer** (**EWOB**) is a project similar to NSSL's **Mping** project. It's a database with real time reports of weather, severe weather and its impacts. The database is filled by reports replayed to ESSL by its partners as well as the EWOB app. Scientists will use the data to find out how they can best use data from meteorological satellites and radars to best predict severe weather. Weather observations by human beings are indispensable to develop relationships between what satellites and radars see and what kind of weather is actually happening on the ground.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/european\\-severe\\-weather\\-database/ewob/ \\| title\\=EWOB – European Weather OBserver \\| European Severe Storms Laboratory }} EWOB was released on December 15, 2015\\.[https://www.essl.org/cms/wp\\-content/uploads/20151221\\-ESSL\\_History.pdf](https://www.essl.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/20151221-ESSL_History.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=August 2024}}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/category/news/page/7/ \\| title\\=News \\| European Severe Storms Laboratory \\| Page 7 \\| date\\=4 January 2017 }} Weather forecasters have to deal with the problem that satellites cannot see what happens under a storm cloud, radars do not scan close to the Earth’s surface and that measurements from their observation stations are far apart. EWOB allows them to be aware that, e.g., a thunderstorm started to produce wind damage, or that the rain suddenly started to freeze on the road, which is crucial information for issuing timely weather warnings.", "### European Conference on Severe Storms", "The **European Conference on Severe Storms** (**ECSS**) is a conference series organized by the ESSL since 2002 and taking place biannually.{{cite web\\|website \\=European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) \\|url \\= https://www.essl.org/cms/european\\-conferences\\-on\\-severe\\-storms/ \\|title \\= European Conferences on Severe Storms (ECSS)}} During the ECSS two prices are offered:\n* The *Heino\\-Tooming\\-Award* is named after the [meteorologist](/wiki/Meteorologist \"Meteorologist\") Heino Tooming († 2004\\) and awards excellent scientific work on severe storms in European collaborations.\n* The *Nikolai Dotzek Award* is named after meteorologist Nikolai Dotzek and honors distinguished scientific individual performance or lifetime achievement.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/\\|title\\=European Severe Storms Laboratory \\| Severe Weather research in Europe}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/european\\-conferences\\-on\\-severe\\-storms/awards/\\|title\\=Awards \\| European Severe Storms Laboratory}}", "### ESSL Testbed", "The ESSL Testbed is an annually returning event with the aim to enhance severe weather forecasting across Europe.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/essl\\-testbed/ \\| title\\=ESSL Testbed \\| European Severe Storms Laboratory }} A growing range of tools is steadily becoming available for weather forecasters as a basis for their forecasts and warnings. These are, however, not always used optimally, because of a lack of interaction between their developers and the forecasters. Additionally, there is a lack of international exchange of “best practices” on forecasting extreme weather events. Therefore, the ESSL Testbed, as a permanent facility, will bring together forecasters and developers from across the world: In a quasi\\-operational setting with a focus on severe weather, developers will present and explain their tools, forecasters give feedback, and the tools are put to the test. The core activity of the Testbed is the preparation of experimental severe weather forecasts. The ESSL Testbed was inspired by the HWT and its yearly “Spring Program”, organized by the [Storm Prediction Center](/wiki/Storm_Prediction_Center \"Storm Prediction Center\") \\& [NSSL](/wiki/National_Severe_Storms_Laboratory \"National Severe Storms Laboratory\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Testbed Concept {{!}} European Severe Storms Laboratory \\|url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/essl\\-testbed/testbed\\-concept/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-24 \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "### Convective Hazard Evolution under Climate Change (CHECC)", "ESSL is part of the ClimXtreme research network, funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research and carries out the project CHECC, part of ClimXtreme Module B.", "Convective hazards such as large hail, severe wind gusts, tornadoes and heavy rainfall are responsible for high economic damages, fatalities and injuries across the world, in Europe, and in Germany. There are insufficient observations to determine whether trends in such local phenomena exist, but recent studies suggest that conditions associated with such hazards have become more frequent across large parts of Europe in recent decades. These conclusions are in part based on work with Additive Regression Convective Hazard Models (AR\\-CHaMo) that have been developed using state\\-of\\-the\\-art reanalysis data and observations collected in the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD).", "The CHECC project improves AR\\-CHaMo by using newer reanalysis datasets with higher spatial and temporal resolutions, such as ERA5, COSMO\\-REA6 and MERRA2\\. The added resolution is expected to better resolve the conditions that give rise to the convective storms and hence to improved statistical models. More improvement is expected from additional observational data that is retrieved from media archives and thus enhances the severe weather database used for training the models. The robustness of the models will be investigated by applying them to different regions, e.g. Europe and a part of North America.", "CHECC uses the models to investigate if significant trends in modelled hazard occurrence can be detected both in the past and in future climate projections. Furthermore, CHECC studies which part of these trends can be attributable to changes in tropospheric flow patterns, by assessing the impacts of any detected changes on the underlying physical drivers of convective events.", "Finally, CHECC will explore the use of convection\\-permitting reanalysis data, such as COSMO\\-REA2\\. This is of particular interest as climate projections are gradually becoming available at convection\\-permitting module resolutions. As part of this section of the study, predictor parameters will need to be modified owing to the higher spatial resolution which requires proxies that describe the convective storms themselves rather than their respective mesoscale environment.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/checc/ \\| title\\=Convective Hazard Evolution under Climate Change – CHECC \\| European Severe Storms Laboratory }}", "### International Fujita scale", "{{main\\|International Fujita scale}}\nThe International Fujita scale (IF scale) rates the [intensity of tornadoes](/wiki/Intensity_of_tornadoes \"Intensity of tornadoes\") and other wind events based on the severity of the damage they cause.{{cite web \\|title\\=The International Fujita (IF) Scale Tornado and Wind Damage Assessment Guide \\|url\\=https://www.essl.org/media/publications/IF\\-scale\\_v0\\.10\\.pdf \\|website\\=ESSL.org \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[European Severe Storms Laboratory]] \\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2022}} It is used by the European Severe Storms Laboratory and various other organizations including {{Lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]\\|italic\\=no}} (DWD) and [State Meteorological Agency (AEMET)](/wiki/State_Meteorological_Agency \"State Meteorological Agency\"). The scale is intended to be analogous to the [Fujita](/wiki/Fujita_scale \"Fujita scale\") and [Enhanced Fujita](/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale \"Enhanced Fujita scale\") scales, while being more applicable internationally by accounting for factors such as differences in building codes.", "In 2018, the first draft version of the IF\\-scale, version 0\\.10 was published. This version was based on a 12\\-step rating scale. Over the next few years, [dozens of tornadoes would be rated](/wiki/List_of_tornadoes_rated_on_the_2018_International_Fujita_scale \"List of tornadoes rated on the 2018 International Fujita scale\") on this version of the scale. Most notably, the [2021 South Moravia tornado](/wiki/2021_South_Moravia_tornado \"2021 South Moravia tornado\") received a rating (IF4\\) and full damage survey on the IF\\-scale conducted by ESSL, the [Czech Hydrometeorological Institute](/wiki/Czech_Hydrometeorological_Institute \"Czech Hydrometeorological Institute\") and four other organizations.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Tomás Púcik \\|author2\\=David Rúva \\|author3\\=Miroslav Singer \\|author4\\=Miloslav Stanëk \\|author5\\=Pieter Groenemeijer \\|title\\=Damage Survey of the Violent Tornado in Southeast Czechia on 24 June 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/wp\\-content/uploads/24\\-June\\-2021\\-violent\\-tornado\\-damage\\-assessment\\-.pdf \\|publisher\\=European Severe Storms Laboratory \\|access\\-date\\=16 May 2023 \\|pages\\=1–31 \\|date\\=23 June 2022}} On May 6th, 2023, version 0\\.99\\.9d was published, which changed it to a 9\\-step rating scale.{{cite web \\|title\\=The International Fujita (IF) Scale \\|url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/wp\\-content/uploads/20230506\\_IF\\-scale\\_v0\\.99\\.9d.pdf \\|publisher\\=European Severe Storms Laboratory \\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2023}} In late July 2023, the first official version of the IF scale was published.{{cite web \\|author1\\=Pieter Groenemeijer (ESSL) \\|author2\\=Lothar Bock (DWD) \\|author3\\=Juan de Dios Soriano (AEMet) \\|author4\\=Maciej Dutkiewicz (Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology) \\|author5\\=Delia Gutiérrez\\-Rubio (AEMet) \\|author6\\=Alois M. Holzer (ESSL) \\|author7\\=Martin Hubrig \\|author8\\=Rainer Kaltenberger \\|author9\\=Thilo Kühne (ESSL) \\|author10\\=Mortimer Müller (Universität für Bodenkultur) \\|author11\\=Bas van der Ploeg \\|author12\\=Tomáš Púčik (ESSL) \\|author13\\=Thomas Schreiner (ESSL) \\|author14\\=Miroslav Šinger (SHMI) \\|author15\\=Gabriel Strommer (ESSL) \\|author16\\=Andi Xhelaj (University of Genova) \\|title\\=The International Fujita (IF) Scale \\|url\\=https://www.essl.org/cms/wp\\-content/uploads/IF\\-scale\\_v1\\.0\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=European Severe Storms Laboratory \\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2023 \\|date\\=30 July 2023}}", "### Automatic Severe Weather Prediction (AR\\-CHARMO)", "On July 27, 2022, ESSL launched a site with experimental forecasts of lightning and hail for Europe based on post\\-processed weather model data.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-27 \\|title\\=ESSL on Twitter \\|url\\=https://twitter.com/essl\\_ecss/status/1552348810722115587?s\\=46\\&t\\=2Bx7JX7Iwsph41uHX5rTnQ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=X \\|quote\\=We have launched the website stormforecast.eu with experimental forecasts of lightning and hail for Europe based on post\\-processed weather model data. We plan to gradually expand this site with more products. Here is a forecast for tomorrow:}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Automated Severe Weather Guidance \\|url\\=https://stormforecast.eu/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-24 \\|website\\=stormforecast.eu}}", "" ]
Background ---------- Soon after the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), ethnic [Czechs](/wiki/Czechs "Czechs") and [Slovaks](/wiki/Slovaks "Slovaks") living in the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") petitioned [Tsar Nicholas II](/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II "Tsar Nicholas II") to create a force, in the service of the Russian Empire, to fight against [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary"). Motivations were mixed. Austria\-Hungary, a [multi\-ethnic empire](/wiki/Multinational_state%23Austria-Hungary "Multinational state#Austria-Hungary"), included the homelands of the Czechs and Slovaks, but petitioners regarded it as suppressing the [nationalism](/wiki/Nationalism "Nationalism") and aspirations of the Czech and Slovak peoples and preferred to fight Austria\-Hungary for [independence](/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia "Origins of Czechoslovakia"). As enemy aliens in a hostile empire, they risked losing property and being interned, regardless of their opinion of their empire of origin.{{sfn\|Smele\|2016\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=3KaKCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA67 2\. 1918\-19: The Triumphal March of Reaction]\|p\=67\-71}} Initially, a force of four companies was raised. Russian victories over Austria\-Hungary, particularly early in the war, soon yielded a pool of prisoners of war ([POW](/wiki/POW "POW")), and in 1916, Russian authorities began to recruit from Austro\-Hungarian POW to grow the Czechoslovak Legion, adding two regiments.{{sfn\|Fic\|1978\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=hKTMy1Qrb8gC\&pg\=PR1 Chapter 1: Departure from Russia]\|p\=1}} The Czechoslovak National Committee in Paris promoted these efforts with official French endorsement. As war continued, loyalty to Austria\-Hungary by its various minority nationalities weakened. By the end of 1917, the Legion in Russia had more than 60,000 soldiers. After the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution "February Revolution") in 1917, the Russian Republic replaced the Russian Empire. After the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution") in 1917, which brought the Bolsheviks to power and signaled an imminent end to Russian belligerency, the situation of the Legion became complex. In January 1918, United States [President Wilson](/wiki/President_Wilson "President Wilson") issued the [Fourteen Points](/wiki/Fourteen_Points "Fourteen Points"), explicitly articulating in the tenth point American support for the [dissolution](/wiki/Austria-Hungary%23Dissolution "Austria-Hungary#Dissolution") of Austria\-Hungary with self\-determination by ethnicity. In February, Bolshevik authorities in Ukraine granted the Legion permission to withdraw from Russia, by means of a lengthy rail journey to Vladivostok{{sfn\|Pearce\|1987\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-kGvCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA41 7\. The Czechoslovak Revolt and its Consequences]\|p\=41}} after lengthy negotiations.{{cite journal \|title\=Relations between the Czech Legion's Representatives and the Opposing Political Forces in the Volga Region: from Negotiations to War \|volume\=23 \|issue\=2 \|date\=1 April 2018 \|access\-date\=22 January 2022 \|url\=https://hfrir.jvolsu.com/index.php/en/component/attachments/download/1651 \|format\=PDF \|doi\=10\.15688/jvolsu4\.2018\.2\.10 \|first\=Berik K. \|last\=Dulatov \|publication\-place\=\[\[Volgograd]], Russian Federation \|issn\=1998\-9938 \|publisher\=Volgograd State University \|journal\=Science Journal of VolSU \|pages\=127–139 \|doi\-access\=free }} On 18 February, before the Czechoslovaks had left Ukraine, the Central Powers launched [Operation Faustschlag](/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag "Operation Faustschlag") on the Eastern Front to force the Bolsheviks to accept its terms for peace. In early March, the Legion defeated a numerically superior German force attempting to destroy it in the [Battle of Bakhmach](/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmach "Battle of Bakhmach"), fought northeast of Kiev.{{sfn\|Pearce\|1987\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-kGvCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA41 7\. The Czechoslovak Revolt and its Consequences]\|p\=41}} Defeat likely would have implied [summary execution](/wiki/Summary_execution "Summary execution") for the soldiers of the Legion, as traitors to Austria\-Hungary. After the Legion succeeded in leaving Ukraine eastbound, executing a fighting withdrawal, representatives of the Czechoslovak National Council continued to negotiate with Bolshevik authorities in Moscow and Penza to facilitate evacuation.{{cite journal \|title\=The Czechoslovak Legion: II \|first\=George F. \|last\=Kennan \|journal\=\[\[The Russian Review]] \|publisher\=\[\[Wiley\-Blackwell]]/Contact Center for Russian, East European \& Eurasian Studies (\[\[University of Kansas]]) \|issn\=0036\-0341 \|lccn\=43016148 \|oclc\=473067959 \|volume\=17 \|issue\=1 \|date\=1 January 1958 \|pages\=11–28 \|doi\=10\.2307/125722 \|jstor\=125722 \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/125722 }} On 25 March, the two sides signed the Penza Agreement, in which the Legion was to surrender all but personal guard weapons in exchange for rail passage to Vladivostok. The Legion and the Bolsheviks distrusted each other.{{sfn\|Smele\|2016\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=3KaKCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA68 2\. 1918\-19: The Triumphal March of Reaction]\|p\=68}}{{sfn\|Pearce\|1987\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-kGvCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA41 7\. The Czechoslovak Revolt and its Consequences]\|p\=41}} Leaders of the Legion suspected the Bolsheviks of seeking favor with the Central Powers, while the Bolsheviks viewed the Legion as a threat, a potential tool for anti\-Bolshevik intervention by the Allies,{{cite journal \|title\=The Allies and the Czech Revolt against the Bolsheviks in 1918 \|first\=J.F.N. \|last\=Bradley \|journal\=\[\[The Slavonic and East European Review]] \|lccn\=sn94096267 \|publication\-place\=\[\[London]], \[\[England]], United Kingdom \|volume\=43 \|issue\=101 \|date\=1 June 1965 \|pages\=275–292 \|publisher\=Modern Humanities Research Association/University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies \|issn\=0037\-6795 \|oclc\=1099125967 \|jstor\=4205653 \|via\=\[\[JSTOR]] \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4205653 }} while simultaneously seeking to use the Legion to manifest just enough support for the Allies to prevent them from intervening on the pretext that the Bolsheviks were too pro\-German. At the same time, the Bolsheviks, in desperate need of professional troops, tried to convince the Legion to incorporate itself to the Red Army.{{sfn\|Pearce\|1987\|loc\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=\-kGvCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA42 7\. The Czechoslovak Revolt and its Consequences]\|p\=42}} The slow evacuation by [Trans\-Siberian Railway](/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway "Trans-Siberian Railway") was exacerbated by transportation shortages: as agreed in the Treaty of Brest\-Litovsk, the Bolsheviks prioritized the westbound repatriation of German, Austrian, and Hungarian POWs.
[ "Background\n----------", "Soon after the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), ethnic [Czechs](/wiki/Czechs \"Czechs\") and [Slovaks](/wiki/Slovaks \"Slovaks\") living in the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") petitioned [Tsar Nicholas II](/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II \"Tsar Nicholas II\") to create a force, in the service of the Russian Empire, to fight against [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\"). Motivations were mixed. Austria\\-Hungary, a [multi\\-ethnic empire](/wiki/Multinational_state%23Austria-Hungary \"Multinational state#Austria-Hungary\"), included the homelands of the Czechs and Slovaks, but petitioners regarded it as suppressing the [nationalism](/wiki/Nationalism \"Nationalism\") and aspirations of the Czech and Slovak peoples and preferred to fight Austria\\-Hungary for [independence](/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia \"Origins of Czechoslovakia\"). As enemy aliens in a hostile empire, they risked losing property and being interned, regardless of their opinion of their empire of origin.{{sfn\\|Smele\\|2016\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3KaKCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA67 2\\. 1918\\-19: The Triumphal March of Reaction]\\|p\\=67\\-71}}", "Initially, a force of four companies was raised. Russian victories over Austria\\-Hungary, particularly early in the war, soon yielded a pool of prisoners of war ([POW](/wiki/POW \"POW\")), and in 1916, Russian authorities began to recruit from Austro\\-Hungarian POW to grow the Czechoslovak Legion, adding two regiments.{{sfn\\|Fic\\|1978\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=hKTMy1Qrb8gC\\&pg\\=PR1 Chapter 1: Departure from Russia]\\|p\\=1}} The Czechoslovak National Committee in Paris promoted these efforts with official French endorsement. As war continued, loyalty to Austria\\-Hungary by its various minority nationalities weakened. By the end of 1917, the Legion in Russia had more than 60,000 soldiers.", "After the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution \"February Revolution\") in 1917, the Russian Republic replaced the Russian Empire. After the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\") in 1917, which brought the Bolsheviks to power and signaled an imminent end to Russian belligerency, the situation of the Legion became complex. In January 1918, United States [President Wilson](/wiki/President_Wilson \"President Wilson\") issued the [Fourteen Points](/wiki/Fourteen_Points \"Fourteen Points\"), explicitly articulating in the tenth point American support for the [dissolution](/wiki/Austria-Hungary%23Dissolution \"Austria-Hungary#Dissolution\") of Austria\\-Hungary with self\\-determination by ethnicity.", "In February, Bolshevik authorities in Ukraine granted the Legion permission to withdraw from Russia, by means of a lengthy rail journey to Vladivostok{{sfn\\|Pearce\\|1987\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-kGvCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA41 7\\. The Czechoslovak Revolt and its Consequences]\\|p\\=41}} after lengthy negotiations.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Relations between the Czech Legion's Representatives and the Opposing Political Forces in the Volga Region: from Negotiations to War \\|volume\\=23 \\|issue\\=2 \\|date\\=1 April 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2022 \\|url\\=https://hfrir.jvolsu.com/index.php/en/component/attachments/download/1651 \\|format\\=PDF \\|doi\\=10\\.15688/jvolsu4\\.2018\\.2\\.10 \\|first\\=Berik K. \\|last\\=Dulatov \\|publication\\-place\\=\\[\\[Volgograd]], Russian Federation \\|issn\\=1998\\-9938 \\|publisher\\=Volgograd State University \\|journal\\=Science Journal of VolSU \\|pages\\=127–139 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} On 18 February, before the Czechoslovaks had left Ukraine, the Central Powers launched [Operation Faustschlag](/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag \"Operation Faustschlag\") on the Eastern Front to force the Bolsheviks to accept its terms for peace. In early March, the Legion defeated a numerically superior German force attempting to destroy it in the [Battle of Bakhmach](/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmach \"Battle of Bakhmach\"), fought northeast of Kiev.{{sfn\\|Pearce\\|1987\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-kGvCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA41 7\\. The Czechoslovak Revolt and its Consequences]\\|p\\=41}} Defeat likely would have implied [summary execution](/wiki/Summary_execution \"Summary execution\") for the soldiers of the Legion, as traitors to Austria\\-Hungary.", "After the Legion succeeded in leaving Ukraine eastbound, executing a fighting withdrawal, representatives of the Czechoslovak National Council continued to negotiate with Bolshevik authorities in Moscow and Penza to facilitate evacuation.{{cite journal \\|title\\=The Czechoslovak Legion: II \\|first\\=George F. \\|last\\=Kennan \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Russian Review]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Wiley\\-Blackwell]]/Contact Center for Russian, East European \\& Eurasian Studies (\\[\\[University of Kansas]]) \\|issn\\=0036\\-0341 \\|lccn\\=43016148 \\|oclc\\=473067959 \\|volume\\=17 \\|issue\\=1 \\|date\\=1 January 1958 \\|pages\\=11–28 \\|doi\\=10\\.2307/125722 \\|jstor\\=125722 \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/125722 }} On 25 March, the two sides signed the Penza Agreement, in which the Legion was to surrender all but personal guard weapons in exchange for rail passage to Vladivostok.", "The Legion and the Bolsheviks distrusted each other.{{sfn\\|Smele\\|2016\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3KaKCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA68 2\\. 1918\\-19: The Triumphal March of Reaction]\\|p\\=68}}{{sfn\\|Pearce\\|1987\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-kGvCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA41 7\\. The Czechoslovak Revolt and its Consequences]\\|p\\=41}} Leaders of the Legion suspected the Bolsheviks of seeking favor with the Central Powers, while the Bolsheviks viewed the Legion as a threat, a potential tool for anti\\-Bolshevik intervention by the Allies,{{cite journal \\|title\\=The Allies and the Czech Revolt against the Bolsheviks in 1918 \\|first\\=J.F.N. \\|last\\=Bradley \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Slavonic and East European Review]] \\|lccn\\=sn94096267 \\|publication\\-place\\=\\[\\[London]], \\[\\[England]], United Kingdom \\|volume\\=43 \\|issue\\=101 \\|date\\=1 June 1965 \\|pages\\=275–292 \\|publisher\\=Modern Humanities Research Association/University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies \\|issn\\=0037\\-6795 \\|oclc\\=1099125967 \\|jstor\\=4205653 \\|via\\=\\[\\[JSTOR]] \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4205653 }} while simultaneously seeking to use the Legion to manifest just enough support for the Allies to prevent them from intervening on the pretext that the Bolsheviks were too pro\\-German. At the same time, the Bolsheviks, in desperate need of professional troops, tried to convince the Legion to incorporate itself to the Red Army.{{sfn\\|Pearce\\|1987\\|loc\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\-kGvCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA42 7\\. The Czechoslovak Revolt and its Consequences]\\|p\\=42}} The slow evacuation by [Trans\\-Siberian Railway](/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway \"Trans-Siberian Railway\") was exacerbated by transportation shortages: as agreed in the Treaty of Brest\\-Litovsk, the Bolsheviks prioritized the westbound repatriation of German, Austrian, and Hungarian POWs.", "" ]
History ------- On 2 October 1866, [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") annexed of the [Kingdom of Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover "Kingdom of Hanover") as a result of the [Austro\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War "Austro-Prussian War"), which [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire") and its ally Hanover lost. The King of Hanover, [George V](/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover "George V of Hanover") (1819–1878\), became a landless refugee due to these events, relying on the hospitality of his relatives and friendly princes. He and his son, the crown prince, initially went to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") to his wartime ally, Emperor [Franz Joseph I](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria "Franz Joseph I of Austria"). Here they lived at the Cumberland palace in the Penzinger Strasse. ### The Hanoverian royal family (the Guelphs) comes to Gmunden [thumb\|300px\|right\|The Queen's villa in Gmunden](/wiki/Image:Gmunden_K%C3%B6niginvilla.JPG "Gmunden Königinvilla.JPG") In the spring of 1868, the imperial court in Vienna came to [Salzkammergut](/wiki/Salzkammergut "Salzkammergut") for a spa retreat in Gmunden. The former [Hanoverian royal family](/wiki/House_of_Hanover "House of Hanover") joined as well. They stayed in "Villa Redtenbacher", which was soon purchased and became their main seat in Austria. It was a [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") villa constructed in 1838 (then named Villa Thun). The Tuscany branch of the [Habsburg family](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg "House of Habsburg") also settled in Gmunden in 1870, in "Villa Toscana". The blind King George V died in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") in 1878 and was buried in the crypt of [St. George's Chapel](/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel%2C_Windsor_Castle "St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle") at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle "Windsor Castle"). His widow, [Marie](/wiki/Marie_of_Saxe-Altenburg "Marie of Saxe-Altenburg"), lived in the Gmunden Villa until her death in 1907\. The villa has since been named the Queen's Villa ({{lang\-de\|Königinvilla }}). It remains property of the royal family up to this day. ### Crown prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale [thumb\|200px\|left\|Ernst Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and crown prince of Hanover](/wiki/Image:ERNSTAUGUSTofHannover1.jpg "ERNSTAUGUSTofHannover1.jpg") [thumb\|300px\|right\|Schloss Cumberland seen from the air](/wiki/Image:Aerial_image_of_the_Schloss_Cumberland_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg "Aerial image of the Schloss Cumberland (view from the south).jpg") [thumb\|300px\|right\|The Prinzenstöckl](/wiki/Image:Gmunden_-_Schloss_Cumberland%2C_Prinzenst%C3%B6ckl.JPG "Gmunden - Schloss Cumberland, Prinzenstöckl.JPG") [thumb\|300px\|right\|Cumberland Castle from the park](/wiki/Image:Schlo%C3%9F_Cumberland.jpg "Schloß Cumberland.jpg") In 1882, George V's son, [Ernest Augustus](/wiki/Ernest_Augustus%2C_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover "Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover") (1845–1923\), Crown Prince of Hanover, and 3rd [Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale](/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Teviotdale "Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale"), decided to build his own castle.{{burgen\-austria \|id\=558 \|titel\=Schloss Cumberland \|abruf\=2024\-07\-24}} He acquired land near the Queen's Villa on a hill north of the centre of Gmunden above the Krottensee. He commissioned the Hanoverian architect Ferdinand Schorbach to design a castle in [gothic revival style](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture "Gothic Revival architecture").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.gmundens\-schaetze.at/schloss\-cumberland.html \|title\=Schloss cumberland \|website\=www.gmundens\-schaetze.at \|language\=de \| access\-date\=24 July 2024}} Construction started on 15 June 1882, and by 15 September 1886, the [Guelph](/wiki/House_of_Welf "House of Welf") family moved into the extensive and lavishly furnished castle complex. The palace was more intended for representation than to live in due to its size. It is the largest castle in Upper Austria built in [historicism](/wiki/Historicism_%28art%29 "Historicism (art)") style. Materials used included red marble from [Ebensee am Traunsee](/wiki/Ebensee_am_Traunsee "Ebensee am Traunsee"), granite from [Schärding](/wiki/Sch%C3%A4rding "Schärding"), and sandstone from [Regensburg](/wiki/Regensburg "Regensburg").Schießer, *Welfen am Traunsee*, S. 38\. Great emphasis was placed on artistic decoration, and a series of splendidly appointed rooms were created. At that time, the world\-famous treasures of the Guelph family were stored in the castle, the [Guelph Treasure](/wiki/Guelph_Treasure "Guelph Treasure") ({{Lang\-de\|die Welfenschatz}}), including the so\-called [Guelph Bible](/wiki/Gospels_of_Henry_the_Lion "Gospels of Henry the Lion") ({{Lang\-de\|die Welfenbibel}}) as its centrepiece. The chapel was constructed a few years later just like the "Prinzenstöckl". The chapel contained notable altar paintings from the school of [Lucas Cranach](/wiki/Lucas_Cranach "Lucas Cranach"). The Prinzenstöckl became a library building. From 1886 until his death in 1923, the castle was the residence of the exiled Crown Prince. Ernest Augustus, his mother, and several other family members are buried in the mausoleum next to the castle. ### Gmunden and the Guelphs The Hanoverians were an important economic factor for Gmunden. Cumberland Castle was a popular meeting place for European high nobility. The court included over 200 people. The ducal family was very engaged in the city's cultural and social affairs and significantly supported the construction of the Protestant church in Gmunden (1871–75\). They were extremely generous patrons of the city, providing notable donations for canal and road construction, the Esplanade, the soup kitchen for the needy, and financial support for students and retired soldiers.Schießer, *Welfen am Traunsee*, S. 92\. The naming of Georgstraße after King George V was one of the signs of gratitude and connection of the city with the ducal family.Piringer, *Gmundner Chronik*, S. 156\. ### The Guelphs move to Blankenburg As the castle was too big to reside in and too expensive to maintain, the Crown prince's son, [Ernest Augustus](/wiki/Ernest_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Brunswick "Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick") (1887–1953\), [Duke of Brunswick](/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick "Duchy of Brunswick"), and his wife [Victoria Louise of Prussia](/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Louise_of_Prussia "Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia") (1892–1980\) decide to move to [Blankenburg castle](/wiki/Blankenburg_Castle_%28Harz%29 "Blankenburg Castle (Harz)") in the [Harz](/wiki/Harz "Harz"). Cumberland Castle itself was converted into a museum dedicated to the Guelph family. In 1938, the [National Socialists](/wiki/National_Socialists "National Socialists") took possession of the castle and changed it into a training centre, a so\-called *Gauschulungsburg*. From 1940 to 1945, it served as a military hospital. ### Cumberland Castle post 1945 After the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), the [Republic of Austria](/wiki/Republic_of_Austria "Republic of Austria") took over Cumberland Castle. From 1947 to 1972, the castle served as a tuberculosis hospital. After thoroughly disinfecting the building, it was converted into a state nursing home, and the nursing service officially started on 8 January 1973\. After the duke of Brunswick passed away, ownership of the castle passed to his only daughter, [Frederica of Hanover](/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover "Frederica of Hanover") (1917–1981\), [Queen of Greece](/wiki/Queen_of_Greece "Queen of Greece"). On 1 January 1979, Cumberland castle was purchased by the state of [Upper Austria](/wiki/Upper_Austria "Upper Austria") and is now named the "Landespflege\- und Betreuungszentrum Schloss Cumberland" (State Care and Support Center Castle Cumberland). The associated estate including forests and hunting areas near [Grünau im Almtal](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnau_im_Almtal "Grünau im Almtal"), the Cumberland Wildlife Park, with the hunting lodge [Hubertihaus](/wiki/Hubertihaus "Hubertihaus"), are still owned by a [Liechtenstein](/wiki/Liechtenstein "Liechtenstein") based family foundation of the House of Hanover, the *Duke of Cumberland Foundation*. ### Cumberland Castle Today The castle was last renovated in 2000 and is frequently used as a filming location. Modifications were made to meet the needs of residents and staff, such as installing an elevator and sealing the numerous chimneys. Since 1 November 2002, patients in a vegetative state have been cared for in a coma unit here. The castle's fixed interior furnishings are largely preserved and testify to the castle's once magnificent original interior. The castle and, in particular, the state rooms are occasionally open for public viewing on special occasions.
[ "History\n-------", "On 2 October 1866, [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") annexed of the [Kingdom of Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover \"Kingdom of Hanover\") as a result of the [Austro\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War \"Austro-Prussian War\"), which [Austria](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\") and its ally Hanover lost. The King of Hanover, [George V](/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover \"George V of Hanover\") (1819–1878\\), became a landless refugee due to these events, relying on the hospitality of his relatives and friendly princes. He and his son, the crown prince, initially went to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") to his wartime ally, Emperor [Franz Joseph I](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria \"Franz Joseph I of Austria\"). Here they lived at the Cumberland palace in the Penzinger Strasse.", "### The Hanoverian royal family (the Guelphs) comes to Gmunden", "[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|The Queen's villa in Gmunden](/wiki/Image:Gmunden_K%C3%B6niginvilla.JPG \"Gmunden Königinvilla.JPG\")\nIn the spring of 1868, the imperial court in Vienna came to [Salzkammergut](/wiki/Salzkammergut \"Salzkammergut\") for a spa retreat in Gmunden. The former [Hanoverian royal family](/wiki/House_of_Hanover \"House of Hanover\") joined as well. They stayed in \"Villa Redtenbacher\", which was soon purchased and became their main seat in Austria. It was a [neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") villa constructed in 1838 (then named Villa Thun). The Tuscany branch of the [Habsburg family](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg \"House of Habsburg\") also settled in Gmunden in 1870, in \"Villa Toscana\".", "The blind King George V died in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") in 1878 and was buried in the crypt of [St. George's Chapel](/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel%2C_Windsor_Castle \"St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle\") at [Windsor Castle](/wiki/Windsor_Castle \"Windsor Castle\"). His widow, [Marie](/wiki/Marie_of_Saxe-Altenburg \"Marie of Saxe-Altenburg\"), lived in the Gmunden Villa until her death in 1907\\. The villa has since been named the Queen's Villa ({{lang\\-de\\|Königinvilla }}). It remains property of the royal family up to this day.", "### Crown prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale", "[thumb\\|200px\\|left\\|Ernst Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and crown prince of Hanover](/wiki/Image:ERNSTAUGUSTofHannover1.jpg \"ERNSTAUGUSTofHannover1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Schloss Cumberland seen from the air](/wiki/Image:Aerial_image_of_the_Schloss_Cumberland_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg \"Aerial image of the Schloss Cumberland (view from the south).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|The Prinzenstöckl](/wiki/Image:Gmunden_-_Schloss_Cumberland%2C_Prinzenst%C3%B6ckl.JPG \"Gmunden - Schloss Cumberland, Prinzenstöckl.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Cumberland Castle from the park](/wiki/Image:Schlo%C3%9F_Cumberland.jpg \"Schloß Cumberland.jpg\")", "In 1882, George V's son, [Ernest Augustus](/wiki/Ernest_Augustus%2C_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover \"Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover\") (1845–1923\\), Crown Prince of Hanover, and 3rd [Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale](/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Teviotdale \"Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale\"), decided to build his own castle.{{burgen\\-austria \\|id\\=558 \\|titel\\=Schloss Cumberland \\|abruf\\=2024\\-07\\-24}} He acquired land near the Queen's Villa on a hill north of the centre of Gmunden above the Krottensee. He commissioned the Hanoverian architect Ferdinand Schorbach to design a castle in [gothic revival style](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture \"Gothic Revival architecture\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.gmundens\\-schaetze.at/schloss\\-cumberland.html \\|title\\=Schloss cumberland \\|website\\=www.gmundens\\-schaetze.at \\|language\\=de \\| access\\-date\\=24 July 2024}}", "Construction started on 15 June 1882, and by 15 September 1886, the [Guelph](/wiki/House_of_Welf \"House of Welf\") family moved into the extensive and lavishly furnished castle complex. The palace was more intended for representation than to live in due to its size. It is the largest castle in Upper Austria built in [historicism](/wiki/Historicism_%28art%29 \"Historicism (art)\") style. Materials used included red marble from [Ebensee am Traunsee](/wiki/Ebensee_am_Traunsee \"Ebensee am Traunsee\"), granite from [Schärding](/wiki/Sch%C3%A4rding \"Schärding\"), and sandstone from [Regensburg](/wiki/Regensburg \"Regensburg\").Schießer, *Welfen am Traunsee*, S. 38\\. Great emphasis was placed on artistic decoration, and a series of splendidly appointed rooms were created.", "At that time, the world\\-famous treasures of the Guelph family were stored in the castle, the [Guelph Treasure](/wiki/Guelph_Treasure \"Guelph Treasure\") ({{Lang\\-de\\|die Welfenschatz}}), including the so\\-called [Guelph Bible](/wiki/Gospels_of_Henry_the_Lion \"Gospels of Henry the Lion\") ({{Lang\\-de\\|die Welfenbibel}}) as its centrepiece.", "The chapel was constructed a few years later just like the \"Prinzenstöckl\". The chapel contained notable altar paintings from the school of [Lucas Cranach](/wiki/Lucas_Cranach \"Lucas Cranach\"). The Prinzenstöckl became a library building.", "From 1886 until his death in 1923, the castle was the residence of the exiled Crown Prince. Ernest Augustus, his mother, and several other family members are buried in the mausoleum next to the castle.", "### Gmunden and the Guelphs", "The Hanoverians were an important economic factor for Gmunden. Cumberland Castle was a popular meeting place for European high nobility. The court included over 200 people. The ducal family was very engaged in the city's cultural and social affairs and significantly supported the construction of the Protestant church in Gmunden (1871–75\\). They were extremely generous patrons of the city, providing notable donations for canal and road construction, the Esplanade, the soup kitchen for the needy, and financial support for students and retired soldiers.Schießer, *Welfen am Traunsee*, S. 92\\. The naming of Georgstraße after King George V was one of the signs of gratitude and connection of the city with the ducal family.Piringer, *Gmundner Chronik*, S. 156\\.", "### The Guelphs move to Blankenburg", "As the castle was too big to reside in and too expensive to maintain, the Crown prince's son, [Ernest Augustus](/wiki/Ernest_Augustus%2C_Duke_of_Brunswick \"Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick\") (1887–1953\\), [Duke of Brunswick](/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick \"Duchy of Brunswick\"), and his wife [Victoria Louise of Prussia](/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Louise_of_Prussia \"Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia\") (1892–1980\\) decide to move to [Blankenburg castle](/wiki/Blankenburg_Castle_%28Harz%29 \"Blankenburg Castle (Harz)\") in the [Harz](/wiki/Harz \"Harz\"). Cumberland Castle itself was converted into a museum dedicated to the Guelph family.", "In 1938, the [National Socialists](/wiki/National_Socialists \"National Socialists\") took possession of the castle and changed it into a training centre, a so\\-called *Gauschulungsburg*. From 1940 to 1945, it served as a military hospital.", "### Cumberland Castle post 1945", "After the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), the [Republic of Austria](/wiki/Republic_of_Austria \"Republic of Austria\") took over Cumberland Castle. From 1947 to 1972, the castle served as a tuberculosis hospital. After thoroughly disinfecting the building, it was converted into a state nursing home, and the nursing service officially started on 8 January 1973\\. After the duke of Brunswick passed away, ownership of the castle passed to his only daughter, [Frederica of Hanover](/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover \"Frederica of Hanover\") (1917–1981\\), [Queen of Greece](/wiki/Queen_of_Greece \"Queen of Greece\").", "On 1 January 1979, Cumberland castle was purchased by the state of [Upper Austria](/wiki/Upper_Austria \"Upper Austria\") and is now named the \"Landespflege\\- und Betreuungszentrum Schloss Cumberland\" (State Care and Support Center Castle Cumberland).", "The associated estate including forests and hunting areas near [Grünau im Almtal](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnau_im_Almtal \"Grünau im Almtal\"), the Cumberland Wildlife Park, with the hunting lodge [Hubertihaus](/wiki/Hubertihaus \"Hubertihaus\"), are still owned by a [Liechtenstein](/wiki/Liechtenstein \"Liechtenstein\") based family foundation of the House of Hanover, the *Duke of Cumberland Foundation*.", "### Cumberland Castle Today", "The castle was last renovated in 2000 and is frequently used as a filming location. Modifications were made to meet the needs of residents and staff, such as installing an elevator and sealing the numerous chimneys. Since 1 November 2002, patients in a vegetative state have been cared for in a coma unit here.", "The castle's fixed interior furnishings are largely preserved and testify to the castle's once magnificent original interior. The castle and, in particular, the state rooms are occasionally open for public viewing on special occasions.", "" ]
Plot ---- The Naked Brothers Band begin filming a motion picture called *The Top Secret Naked Brothers Band Musical Mystery Movie*. 13\-year\-old Nat Wolff tries to grapple why Rosalina ([Allie DiMeco](/wiki/Allie_DiMeco "Allie DiMeco")), aged 15, is trying to get herself written out of the script. To Nat's dismay, he later discovers that Rosalina is going to leave for a 6\-month boat cruise around the world for winning a violin competition and he subsequently becomes mad at her. Meanwhile, 10\-year\-old Alex Wolff panics when he finds out that he has to kiss his skateboarding buddy, Juanita (Teala Dunn), aged 11, for a scene in the film. Much to their relief, it turns out that Juanita did not have to kiss Alex—as it was just a typo by the screenwriter; instead, Juanita only has to kick him. Christophe (Andrew Keenan\-Bolger) is the stubborn movie director. He gets overthrown and replaced by [Cooper Pillot](/wiki/Cooper_Pillot "Cooper Pillot"), the 13\-year\-old producer of film. During the time Nat is moping around, he develops feelings for his costar, the renowned actress Miranda Cosgrove, aged 15, and he feels confused after kissing her for a scene in the movie. After that, Miranda suggests that Nat do something very special for Rosalina before she leaves for the cruise. Nat finally accepts that Rosalina is leaving and decides to perform a serenade with the band for her, by singing his self\-written composition, "Your Smile", outside of her apartment.
[ "Plot\n----", "The Naked Brothers Band begin filming a motion picture called *The Top Secret Naked Brothers Band Musical Mystery Movie*.", "13\\-year\\-old Nat Wolff tries to grapple why Rosalina ([Allie DiMeco](/wiki/Allie_DiMeco \"Allie DiMeco\")), aged 15, is trying to get herself written out of the script. To Nat's dismay, he later discovers that Rosalina is going to leave for a 6\\-month boat cruise around the world for winning a violin competition and he subsequently becomes mad at her.", "Meanwhile, 10\\-year\\-old Alex Wolff panics when he finds out that he has to kiss his skateboarding buddy, Juanita (Teala Dunn), aged 11, for a scene in the film. Much to their relief, it turns out that Juanita did not have to kiss Alex—as it was just a typo by the screenwriter; instead, Juanita only has to kick him.", "Christophe (Andrew Keenan\\-Bolger) is the stubborn movie director. He gets overthrown and replaced by [Cooper Pillot](/wiki/Cooper_Pillot \"Cooper Pillot\"), the 13\\-year\\-old producer of film.", "During the time Nat is moping around, he develops feelings for his costar, the renowned actress Miranda Cosgrove, aged 15, and he feels confused after kissing her for a scene in the movie. After that, Miranda suggests that Nat do something very special for Rosalina before she leaves for the cruise.", "Nat finally accepts that Rosalina is leaving and decides to perform a serenade with the band for her, by singing his self\\-written composition, \"Your Smile\", outside of her apartment.", "" ]
History ------- The origin of the NYSBA was embodied in the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") during the 1930s and 1940s. State finances were in short supply and an originally proposed plan for the state to build the Rip Van Winkle Bridge was vetoed by then Governor [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt"). A possible precursor to the [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal "New Deal"), Roosevelt supported the creation of an Authority, separate from state finances. On March 31, 1932, Roosevelt signed into law a bill sponsored by [Greene County](/wiki/Greene_County%2C_New_York "Greene County, New York") Assemblyman Ellis Bentley that created the Bridge Authority as an entity that would issue toll revenue bonds to pay for what would become the Rip Van Winkle Bridge. In 1933, during the construction of the Rip Van Winkle Bridge, the Authority acquired the Mid\-Hudson Bridge, originally built by the State Department of Public Works in 1930\. Of note, the toll for a round trip across the Mid\-Hudson Bridge for a car with 3 passengers in 1933 was $2\.20, more than the $1\.75 charged today. The 1933 $1 toll for a one horse wagon is no longer charged. The Rip Van Winkle Bridge was dedicated in 1935\. The Bear Mountain Bridge, originally built by a private venture in 1924, was sold to the Authority in 1940\. The Authority dedicated the Kingston\-Rhinecliff Bridge in 1957, the first span of the Newburgh\-Beacon Bridge in 1963 and the second span in 1980\. The Bridge Authority charges an auto cash toll of $1\.75 for eastbound traffic on all five bridges. E\-ZPass customers pay $1\.35\. The last rate increase was May 1, 2020, a 25 cent increase from the prior rate of $1\.50\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nysba.state.ny.us/Index%20Page/NYSWeb\_tolls\_NoLogo.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403035917/http://www.nysba.state.ny.us/Index%20Page/NYSWeb\_tolls\_NoLogo.htm \|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-03 \|title\=New York State Bridge Authority Tolls}} Commercial tolls are based on axle count. NYSBA is a member of the [E\-ZPass](/wiki/E-ZPass "E-ZPass") [electronic toll collection](/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection "Electronic toll collection") system. In 2020 Governor [Andrew Cuomo](/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo "Andrew Cuomo") proposed to merge NYSBA with the [New York State Thruway Authority](/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway_Authority "New York State Thruway Authority") but withdrew the plan after opposition from the [Hudson Valley](/wiki/Hudson_Valley "Hudson Valley") delegation to the [state legislature](/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature "New York State Legislature"), who feared it would be detrimental to the bridges and lead to higher tolls{{cite news\|last\=Rife\|first\=Judy\|title\=Cuomo's plan to merge Bridge Authority, Thruway defeated\|url\=https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2020/04/01/cuomos\-plan\-merge\-bridge\-authority\-thruway\-defeated/5108769002/\|newspaper\=\[\[Times Herald Record]]\|via\=\[\[Poughkeepsie Journal]]\|date\=April 1, 2020\|access\-date\=August 18, 2020}} They believed Cuomo's real goal was to use NYSBA's budget surpluses to offset the Thruway Authority's deficits and subsidize its construction projects. The year's state budget did give Cuomo the authority to replace the Bridge Authority's entire board even if they had not finished their terms, and he did. Legislators accused Cuomo of trying to install a board that would be more amenable to the governor's merger plans;{{cite news\|last\=Kemble\|first\=William J.\|title\=Cuomo replaces entire Bridge Authority board\|url\=https://www.dailyfreeman.com/news/local\-news/cuomo\-replaces\-entire\-bridge\-authority\-board/article\_a13ee01a\-cdde\-11ea\-83bb\-07066de75a03\.html\|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Freeman]]\|location\=\[\[Kingston, New York]]\|date\=July 24, 2020\|access\-date\=August 18, 2020}} [state senator](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate "New York State Senate") [Sue Serino](/wiki/Sue_Serino "Sue Serino") of [Hyde Park](/wiki/Hyde_Park%2C_New_York "Hyde Park, New York") voted against confirming all of the replacements, and some of her colleagues from the region opposed some. One, [Jen Metzger](/wiki/Jen_Metzger "Jen Metzger") of [Rosendale](/wiki/Rosendale%2C_New_York "Rosendale, New York"), said the Hudson Valley legislators would be watching the new appointees closely to make sure they were "independent thinkers".{{cite news\|last\=Randall\|first\=Michael\|title\=State senators blast Cuomo for replacing commissioners on state Bridge Authority\|url\=https://www.recordonline.com/story/news/2020/07/31/some\-senators\-not\-happy\-governors\-picks\-bridge\-authority/5539627002/\|newspaper\=\[\[Times Herald Record]]\|date\=July 31, 2020\|access\-date\=August 18, 2020}} ### Statutory authority The law creating the New York State Bridge Authority is found in the Bridge Authority Act, currently Sections 525 to 542 of the New York Public Authorities Law and defines the Bridge Authority's mission as “to maintain and operate the safe vehicle crossings over the Hudson River entrusted to its jurisdiction for the economic and social benefit of the people of the State of New York.”{{cite web \| url \= http://law.justia.com/newyork/codes/public\-authorities/idx\_pba0a3t2\.html \| title \= New York Laws: Public Authorities : (525 \- 542\) New York State Bridge Authority}} The crossings listed in the statute are: the Rip Van Winkle Bridge between Hudson and Catskill; the Kingston\-Rhinecliff Bridge; the Mid\-Hudson Bridge between Poughkeepsie and Highland; the parallel Newburgh\-Beacon spans; and the Bear Mountain Bridge. The Authority believes its mandate imposes a responsibility to provide reliable, safe and convenient access across the river to all lawful traffic and to achieve that goal within the framework of a sound long\-term financial policy. The elements of that policy are: An unqualified commitment to meet all obligations to the bondholders in the full letter and spirit of the Authority's General Revenue Bond Resolution and the covenants made therein; A vigorous, integrated program of inspection, maintenance, repair and rehabilitation to insure the structural integrity of its facilities and the safety of its patrons; Control of expenditures to the extent consistent with prudent stewardship and responsible administration; and The lowest possible toll rates which at the same time enable the Authority to meet its obligations and responsibilities as well as provide for adequate financial reserves.
[ "History\n-------", "The origin of the NYSBA was embodied in the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") during the 1930s and 1940s. State finances were in short supply and an originally proposed plan for the state to build the Rip Van Winkle Bridge was vetoed by then Governor [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\"). A possible precursor to the [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\"), Roosevelt supported the creation of an Authority, separate from state finances.", "On March 31, 1932, Roosevelt signed into law a bill sponsored by [Greene County](/wiki/Greene_County%2C_New_York \"Greene County, New York\") Assemblyman Ellis Bentley that created the Bridge Authority as an entity that would issue toll revenue bonds to pay for what would become the Rip Van Winkle Bridge.", "In 1933, during the construction of the Rip Van Winkle Bridge, the Authority acquired the Mid\\-Hudson Bridge, originally built by the State Department of Public Works in 1930\\.", "Of note, the toll for a round trip across the Mid\\-Hudson Bridge for a car with 3 passengers in 1933 was $2\\.20, more than the $1\\.75 charged today. The 1933 $1 toll for a one horse wagon is no longer charged.", "The Rip Van Winkle Bridge was dedicated in 1935\\.", "The Bear Mountain Bridge, originally built by a private venture in 1924, was sold to the Authority in 1940\\.", "The Authority dedicated the Kingston\\-Rhinecliff Bridge in 1957, the first span of the Newburgh\\-Beacon Bridge in 1963 and the second span in 1980\\.", "The Bridge Authority charges an auto cash toll of $1\\.75 for eastbound traffic on all five bridges. E\\-ZPass customers pay $1\\.35\\. The last rate increase was May 1, 2020, a 25 cent increase from the prior rate of $1\\.50\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nysba.state.ny.us/Index%20Page/NYSWeb\\_tolls\\_NoLogo.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403035917/http://www.nysba.state.ny.us/Index%20Page/NYSWeb\\_tolls\\_NoLogo.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-03 \\|title\\=New York State Bridge Authority Tolls}} Commercial tolls are based on axle count. NYSBA is a member of the [E\\-ZPass](/wiki/E-ZPass \"E-ZPass\") [electronic toll collection](/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection \"Electronic toll collection\") system.", "In 2020 Governor [Andrew Cuomo](/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo \"Andrew Cuomo\") proposed to merge NYSBA with the [New York State Thruway Authority](/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway_Authority \"New York State Thruway Authority\") but withdrew the plan after opposition from the [Hudson Valley](/wiki/Hudson_Valley \"Hudson Valley\") delegation to the [state legislature](/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature \"New York State Legislature\"), who feared it would be detrimental to the bridges and lead to higher tolls{{cite news\\|last\\=Rife\\|first\\=Judy\\|title\\=Cuomo's plan to merge Bridge Authority, Thruway defeated\\|url\\=https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2020/04/01/cuomos\\-plan\\-merge\\-bridge\\-authority\\-thruway\\-defeated/5108769002/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Times Herald Record]]\\|via\\=\\[\\[Poughkeepsie Journal]]\\|date\\=April 1, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2020}} They believed Cuomo's real goal was to use NYSBA's budget surpluses to offset the Thruway Authority's deficits and subsidize its construction projects. The year's state budget did give Cuomo the authority to replace the Bridge Authority's entire board even if they had not finished their terms, and he did. Legislators accused Cuomo of trying to install a board that would be more amenable to the governor's merger plans;{{cite news\\|last\\=Kemble\\|first\\=William J.\\|title\\=Cuomo replaces entire Bridge Authority board\\|url\\=https://www.dailyfreeman.com/news/local\\-news/cuomo\\-replaces\\-entire\\-bridge\\-authority\\-board/article\\_a13ee01a\\-cdde\\-11ea\\-83bb\\-07066de75a03\\.html\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Freeman]]\\|location\\=\\[\\[Kingston, New York]]\\|date\\=July 24, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2020}} [state senator](/wiki/New_York_State_Senate \"New York State Senate\") [Sue Serino](/wiki/Sue_Serino \"Sue Serino\") of [Hyde Park](/wiki/Hyde_Park%2C_New_York \"Hyde Park, New York\") voted against confirming all of the replacements, and some of her colleagues from the region opposed some. One, [Jen Metzger](/wiki/Jen_Metzger \"Jen Metzger\") of [Rosendale](/wiki/Rosendale%2C_New_York \"Rosendale, New York\"), said the Hudson Valley legislators would be watching the new appointees closely to make sure they were \"independent thinkers\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Randall\\|first\\=Michael\\|title\\=State senators blast Cuomo for replacing commissioners on state Bridge Authority\\|url\\=https://www.recordonline.com/story/news/2020/07/31/some\\-senators\\-not\\-happy\\-governors\\-picks\\-bridge\\-authority/5539627002/\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Times Herald Record]]\\|date\\=July 31, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=August 18, 2020}}", "### Statutory authority", "The law creating the New York State Bridge Authority is found in the Bridge Authority Act, currently Sections 525 to 542 of the New York Public Authorities Law and defines the Bridge Authority's mission as “to maintain and operate the safe vehicle crossings over the Hudson River entrusted to its jurisdiction for the economic and social benefit of the people of the State of New York.”{{cite web \\| url \\= http://law.justia.com/newyork/codes/public\\-authorities/idx\\_pba0a3t2\\.html \\| title \\= New York Laws: Public Authorities : (525 \\- 542\\) New York State Bridge Authority}}", "The crossings listed in the statute are: the Rip Van Winkle Bridge between Hudson and Catskill; the Kingston\\-Rhinecliff Bridge; the Mid\\-Hudson Bridge between Poughkeepsie and Highland; the parallel Newburgh\\-Beacon spans; and the Bear Mountain Bridge.", "The Authority believes its mandate imposes a responsibility to provide reliable, safe and convenient access across the river to all lawful traffic and to achieve that goal within the framework of a sound long\\-term financial policy. The elements of that policy are:", "An unqualified commitment to meet all obligations to the bondholders in the full letter and spirit of the Authority's General Revenue Bond Resolution and the covenants made therein; \nA vigorous, integrated program of inspection, maintenance, repair and rehabilitation to insure the structural integrity of its facilities and the safety of its patrons; \nControl of expenditures to the extent consistent with prudent stewardship and responsible administration; and \nThe lowest possible toll rates which at the same time enable the Authority to meet its obligations and responsibilities as well as provide for adequate financial reserves.", "" ]
Timeline -------- ### Ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012\) [left\|thumb\|[Syrian Army](/wiki/Syrian_Army "Syrian Army") tanks during the [clashes](/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_%282011%E2%80%9313%29 "Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–13)") in [Daraa Governorate](/wiki/Daraa_Governorate "Daraa Governorate") in April 2012\.](/wiki/File:SyrianTanks_US_SatelliteImagery.jpg "SyrianTanks US SatelliteImagery.jpg") {{Main\|Kofi Annan peace plan for Syria\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2012\)\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2012\)}} On 14 April 2012, the [UN Security Council meeting adopting Resolution 2042](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2042 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 2042") stated that the Envoy (\= mr. Annan) assessed that “as of 12 April, the parties appeared to be observing a cessation of fire”.[Security Council unanimously adopts Resolution 2042 (2012\), authorizing Advance Team to monitor ceasefire in Syria](https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10609.doc.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031073549/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10609\.doc.htm \|date\=2013\-10\-31 }}, press release Security Council 14 April 2012\. Retrieved 27 October 2013\. The UN\-mediated cease fire attempt had eventually turned into a failure, with infractions of the ceasefire by both sides resulting in several dozen casualties. Acknowledging its failure, Annan called for Iran to be "part of the solution", though the country has been excluded from the Friends of Syria initiative.{{cite web \|title\=Iran reaffirms full support for Annan's Syria peace plan \|url\=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/10/225485\.html \|publisher\=Al Arabiya \|date\=10 July 2012 \|access\-date\=10 July 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013905/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/10/225485\.html \|archive\-date\=11 July 2012 \|url\-status\=dead}} Following the [Houla massacre](/wiki/Houla_massacre "Houla massacre") of 25 May 2012, in which 108 people were summarily executed, and the subsequent FSA ultimatum to the Syrian Ba'athist government, the ceasefire practically collapsed, as the FSA began nationwide offensives against government troops. The peace plan practically collapsed by early June and the UN mission was withdrawn from Syria. Annan resigned in frustration on 2 August 2012\.{{cite news\|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle\-east/Kofi\-Annan\-resigns\-as\-UN\-Syria\-envoy/articleshow/15329904\.cms\|title\=Kofi Annan resigns as UN Syria envoy\|access\-date\=2 August 2012\|work\=The Times of India\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803140147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle\-east/Kofi\-Annan\-resigns\-as\-UN\-Syria\-envoy/articleshow/15329904\.cms\|archive\-date\=3 August 2012\|url\-status\=live}} ### Renewed fighting (June–October 2012\) #### June {{Main\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2012\)\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2012\)}} {{further\|Battle of Damascus (2012\)\|Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016\)\|Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012\)}} [thumb\|left\|Areas in western Syria under control of the [Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army "Free Syrian Army") and other rebel groups in June 2012 (dark red).\|536x536px](/wiki/File:Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area.jpg "Free Syrian Army Occupied Area.jpg") On 1 June 2012, President Assad vowed to crush the anti\-government uprising. On 5 June 2012, [fighting broke out in Haffa](/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah "Battle of al-Haffah") and nearby villages in the coastal governorate of [Latakia Governorate](/wiki/Latakia_Governorate "Latakia Governorate"). Government forces were backed by [helicopter gunships](/wiki/Helicopter_gunship "Helicopter gunship") in the heaviest clashes in the governorate since the revolt began. Syrian forces seized the territory following days of fighting and shelling.{{cite news \|agency\=Reuters \|url\=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/assad\-names\-new\-syrian\-pm\-army\-battles\-rebels/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224031049/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/assad\-names\-new\-syrian\-pm\-army\-battles\-rebels/ \|archive\-date\=24 February 2013 \|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Assad names new Syrian PM, army battles rebels \|publisher\=Trust \|date\=6 June 2012 \|access\-date\=6 July 2012}} On 6 June, 78 civilians were killed in the [Al\-Qubeir massacre](/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre "Al-Qubeir massacre"). According to activist sources, government forces started by shelling the village before the [Shabiha](/wiki/Shabiha "Shabiha") militia moved in.{{cite news\|title\=New 'massacre' reported in Syria's Hama province\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-18348201\|work\=BBC News\|date\=7 June 2012\|access\-date\=31 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607005653/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-18348201\|archive\-date\=7 June 2012\|url\-status\=live}} UN observers headed to Al\-Qubeir in the hope of investigating the massacre, but they were met with a roadblock and small arms fire and were forced to retreat.{{cite news\|title\=Syria UN team 'shot at' near Qubair 'massacre site'\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-18352281\|work\=BBC News\|date\=7 June 2012\|access\-date\=31 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925105039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-18352281\|archive\-date\=25 September 2019\|url\-status\=live}} On 12 June 2012, the UN for the first time officially proclaimed Syria to be in a state of civil war. The conflict began moving into the two largest cities, Damascus and Aleppo. In both cities, peaceful protests – including a general strike by Damascus shopkeepers and a small strike in Aleppo were interpreted as indicating that the historical alliance between the government and the business establishment in the large cities had become weak.Ivan Watson (12 June 2012\). ["Syria: Battle for the cities"](http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/meast/syria-battle-for-cities/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614074404/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/meast/syria\-battle\-for\-cities/index.html \|date\=2012\-06\-14 }}. CNN. Retrieved 7 February 2013\. On 22 June, a Turkish [F\-4 fighter jet](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II "McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II") was [shot down by Syrian government forces](/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war%23F-4_fighter_jet_incident "Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war#F-4 fighter jet incident"), killing both pilots. Syria and Turkey disputed whether the jet had been flying in Syrian or international [airspace](/wiki/Airspace "Airspace") when it was shot down. Bashar al\-Assad publicly apologised for the incident. #### July By 10 July 2012, rebel forces had captured most of the city of [Al\-Qusayr](/wiki/Al-Qusayr%2C_Syria "Al-Qusayr, Syria"), in [Homs Governorate](/wiki/Homs_Governorate "Homs Governorate"), after weeks of fighting.{{cite news\|url\=http://beta.dawn.com/news/733230/syrias\-qusayr\-prepares\-for\-ramadan\-under\-siege\|title\=Syria's Qusayr prepares for Ramadan under siege\|date\=10 July 2012\|access\-date\=20 July 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021083014/http://beta.dawn.com/news/733230/syrias\-qusayr\-prepares\-for\-ramadan\-under\-siege\|archive\-date\=21 October 2013\|url\-status\=live}} By mid\-July, rebels had captured the town of [Saraqib](/wiki/Saraqib "Saraqib"), in Idlib Governorate.{{cite news\|author\=Abouzeid, Rania\|title\=In Rebel Syria: Celebrating Assad's Departure–Even Though He's Still Staying\|url\=http://world.time.com/2012/07/20/in\-rebel\-syria\-celebrating\-assads\-departure\-even\-though\-hes\-still\-staying/\|newspaper\=Time\|date\=20 July 2012\|access\-date\=10 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528204923/http://world.time.com/2012/07/20/in\-rebel\-syria\-celebrating\-assads\-departure\-even\-though\-hes\-still\-staying/\|archive\-date\=28 May 2013\|url\-status\=live}} By 15 July 2012, with fighting spread across the country and 16,000 people killed, the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross "International Committee of the Red Cross") declared the conflict a civil war.{{cite news\|publisher\=BBC\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-18849362\|title\=Syria in civil war, Red Cross says\|date\=15 July 2012\|access\-date\=27 May 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515071912/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-18849362\|archive\-date\=15 May 2019\|url\-status\=live}} Fighting in Damascus intensified, with a [major rebel push](/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_%282012%29 "Battle of Damascus (2012)") to take the city.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9407153/Syrian\-rebels\-launch\-campaign\-to\-liberate\-Damascus.html\|title\=Syrian rebels launch campaign to 'liberate' Damascus\|author1\=Ruth Sherlock\|author2\=Adrian Blomfield\|date\=17 July 2012\|access\-date\=18 July 2012\|work\=The Daily Telegraph\|location\=London\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718034537/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9407153/Syrian\-rebels\-launch\-campaign\-to\-liberate\-Damascus.html\|archive\-date\=18 July 2012\|url\-status\=live}} On 18 July, [Syrian Defense Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Syria%29 "Ministry of Defense (Syria)") [Dawoud Rajiha](/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha "Dawoud Rajiha"), former defense minister [Hasan Turkmani](/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani "Hasan Turkmani"), and the president's brother\-in\-law General [Assef Shawkat](/wiki/Assef_Shawkat "Assef Shawkat") were killed by a [suicide bomb attack](/wiki/July_2012_Damascus_bombing "July 2012 Damascus bombing") in Damascus.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9408321/Assads\-brother\-in\-law\-and\-top\-Syrian\-officials\-killed\-in\-Damascus\-suicide\-bomb.html\|title\=Assad's brother\-in\-law and top Syrian officials killed in Damascus suicide bomb\|author\=Damien McElroy\|date\=18 July 2012\|access\-date\=18 July 2012\|work\=The Daily Telegraph\|location\=London\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719162441/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9408321/Assads\-brother\-in\-law\-and\-top\-Syrian\-officials\-killed\-in\-Damascus\-suicide\-bomb.html\|archive\-date\=19 July 2012\|url\-status\=live}} The [Syrian intelligence](/wiki/Syrian_intelligence "Syrian intelligence") chief [Hisham Ikhtiyar](/wiki/Hisham_Ikhtiyar "Hisham Ikhtiyar"), who was injured in the same explosion, later succumbed to his wounds.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-18920733\|title\=Syria blast: Security chief Ikhtiar dies from wounds\|work\=BBC News\|date\=20 July 2012\|access\-date\=20 July 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720115207/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-18920733\|archive\-date\=20 July 2012\|url\-status\=live}} Both the FSA and Liwa al\-Islam claimed responsibility for the assassination.{{cite news\|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-syria\-crisis\-bombing\-claim\-idUKBRE86H0FO20120718\|title\=Two Syrian rebel groups claim Damascus attack\|date\=18 July 2012\|access\-date\=18 July 2012\|work\=Reuters\|first\=Erika\|last\=Solomon\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719000456/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/18/uk\-syria\-crisis\-bombing\-claim\-idUKBRE86H0FO20120718\|archive\-date\=19 July 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} [thumb\|Situation in Syria, mid\-August 2012](/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28August_15_2012%29.svg "Syrian Civil War map (August 15 2012).svg") In mid\-July, rebel forces [attacked Damascus](/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_%282012%29 "Battle of Damascus (2012)") and were repelled over two weeks, although [fighting still continued in the outskirts](/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_%28August%E2%80%93October_2012%29 "Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)"). After this, the focus shifted to the [battle for control of Aleppo](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%E2%80%932013%29 "Battle of Aleppo (2012–2013)").{{cite news\| url\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3693349\.ece\| title\=A decisive battle being waged over Aleppo\| date\=28 July 2012\| location\=Chennai, India\| work\=The Hindu\| first\=Atul\| last\=Aneja\| access\-date\=24 May 2017\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201135117/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3693349\.ece\| archive\-date\=1 February 2016\| url\-status\=live}} On 25 July, multiple sources reported that the Assad government was using fighter jets to attack rebel positions in Aleppo and Damascus,{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\-east\-live/2012/jul/25/syria\-assad\-strikes\-back\-aleppo\-live\|title\=Syria crisis: Assad strikes back with jets in Aleppo and Damascus – live updates\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=25 July 2012\|access\-date\=25 July 2012\|location\=London\|first1\=Matthew\|last1\=Weaver\|first2\=Brian\|last2\=Whitaker\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828040042/http://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\-east\-live/2012/jul/25/syria\-assad\-strikes\-back\-aleppo\-live\|archive\-date\=28 August 2013\|url\-status\=live}} and on 1 August, UN observers in Syria witnessed government fighter jets firing on rebels in Aleppo.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3711815\.ece\|title\=Syria using fighter jets against rebels: UN\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=1 August 2012\|location\=Chennai, India\|work\=The Hindu\|access\-date\=24 May 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201135116/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3711815\.ece\|archive\-date\=1 February 2016\|url\-status\=live}} In early August, the Syrian Army recaptured Salaheddin district, an important rebel stronghold in Aleppo. In August, the government began using fixed\-wing warplanes against the rebels.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/Boxx20130301\-AirSpace.pdf \|title\=Observations on the Air War in Syria \|work\=Air \& Space Power Journal \|date\=March–April 2013 \|access\-date\=2017\-05\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010115630/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/Boxx20130301\-AirSpace.pdf \|archive\-date\=2017\-10\-10 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.understandingwar.org/press\-media/graphsandstat/syrian\-air\-force\-air\-defense\-overview \|title\=Syrian Air Force \& Air Defense Overview \|publisher\=Institute for the Study of War \|date\=25 October 2012 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505061127/http://www.understandingwar.org/press\-media/graphsandstat/syrian\-air\-force\-air\-defense\-overview \|archive\-date\=5 May 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 19 July, Iraqi officials reported that the FSA had gained control of all four border checkpoints between Syria and Iraq, increasing concerns for the safety of Iraqis trying to escape the violence in Syria.{{cite news\|last\=Arango\|first\=Tim\|title\=Iraq Says Rebels in Syria Control Border Posts\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/world/middleeast/syria\-border\-with\-iraq.html\|access\-date\=19 July 2012\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=19 July 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720013736/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/world/middleeast/syria\-border\-with\-iraq.html\|archive\-date\=20 July 2012\|url\-status\=live}} #### September On 6 September 2012 Kurdish activists reported that 21 civilians were killed in the Kurdish neighborhood of Sheikh Maqsud in [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo "Aleppo"), when the Syrian Army shelled the local mosque and its surroundings. Despite the district being neutral during the [Battle of Aleppo](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%29 "Battle of Aleppo (2012)") and free of government and FSA clashes, local residents believed that the district was shelled as retaliation for sheltering anti\-government civilians from other parts of the city. In a statement released shortly after the deaths, the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) vowed to retaliate.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5175\.html \|title\=Deadly Attack Claims Many Lives in Aleppo's Kurdish Sector \|last\=Abdulmajid \|first\=Adib \|date\=8 September 2012 \|publisher\=Rudaw \|access\-date\=10 February 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406225022/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5175\.html \|archive\-date\=6 April 2013 }} A few days later, Kurdish forces killed 3 soldiers in [Afrin](/wiki/Afrin%2C_Syria "Afrin, Syria") ({{lang\-ku\|Efrîn}}) and captured a number of other government soldiers in [Ayn al\-Arab](/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab "Ayn al-Arab") ({{lang\-ku\|Kobanî}}) and [Al\-Malikiyah](/wiki/Al-Malikiyah "Al-Malikiyah") ({{lang\-ku\|Dêrika Hemko}}) from where they drove the remaining government security forces. It was also reported that the government had begun to arm Arab tribes around [Qamishli](/wiki/Qamishli "Qamishli") in preparation for a possible confrontation with Kurdish forces, who still did not completely control the city.{{cite news\|title\=PYD Kills Syrian Soldiers in Revenge Attack\|url\=http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5180\.html\|access\-date\=10 September 2012\|newspaper\=Rudaw\|date\=10 September 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122062634/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5180\.html\|archive\-date\=22 November 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} On 19 September 2012, rebel forces seized a border crossing between Syria and Turkey in [Raqqa Governorate](/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate "Raqqa Governorate"). It was speculated that this crossing could provide opposition forces with strategic and logistical advantages due to Turkish support of the rebels, whose headquarters subsequently relocated from southern Turkey into northern Syria.{{cite news \|title\=Syrian rebels seize control of border crossing on frontier with Turkey \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrian\-rebels\-seize\-control\-of\-border\-crossing\-on\-frontier\-with\-turkey/ \|work\=CBS News \|date\=19 September 2012 \|access\-date\=5 October 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923041232/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301\-202\_162\-57515876/syrian\-rebels\-seize\-control\-of\-border\-crossing\-on\-frontier\-with\-turkey/ \|archive\-date\=23 September 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} {{cite news\|title\=Rebel Group Says It Is Now Based in Syria, a Major Step\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/world/middleeast/rebels\-move\-command\-from\-turkey\-to\-syria.html\|access\-date\=23 September 2012\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=23 September 2012\|first1\=Anne\|last1\=Barnard\|first2\=Hania\|last2\=Mourtada\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923024527/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/world/middleeast/rebels\-move\-command\-from\-turkey\-to\-syria.html\|archive\-date\=23 September 2012\|url\-status\=live}} At least 8 government soldiers were killed and 15 wounded by a car bomb in the al\-Gharibi district of Qamishli on 30 September 2012\. The explosion targeted the Political Security branch.{{cite news\|url\=http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/assad\-forces\-killed\-northeast\-car\-bomb \|title\=Assad forces killed in northeast car bomb \|date\=30 September 2012 \|work\=Syria Live Blog \|publisher\=Al Jazeera English \|access\-date\=10 February 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010125050/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/assad\-forces\-killed\-northeast\-car\-bomb \|archive\-date\=10 October 2012 }} #### October In October 2012, rebel forces [seized control of Maarat al\-Numan](/wiki/Battle_of_Maarat_al-Numan_%282012%29 "Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2012)"), a town in Idlib Governorate on the highway linking Damascus with Aleppo{{cite news\|last\=Naeem \|first\=Asad \|title\=Syria rebels cut highway to northern battlefields \|url\=http://www.brecorder.com/top\-news/1\-front\-top\-news/85378\-syria\-rebels\-cut\-highway\-to\-northern\-battlefields\-.html \|newspaper\=Business Recorder \|date\=11 October 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025174021/http://www.brecorder.com/top\-news/1\-front\-top\-news/85378\-syria\-rebels\-cut\-highway\-to\-northern\-battlefields\-.html \|archive\-date\=25 October 2014 }} and captured [Douma](/wiki/Douma%2C_Syria "Douma, Syria"), marking increased influence in [Rif Dimashq](/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate "Rif Dimashq Governorate").{{cite news\|last\=Di Giovanni\|first\=Janine\|title\=Denial Is Slipping Away as War Arrives in Damascus\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/world/middleeast/syrian\-war\-reaches\-damascus.html\|access\-date\=20 October 2012\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=18 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019162719/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/world/middleeast/syrian\-war\-reaches\-damascus.html\|archive\-date\=19 October 2012\|url\-status\=live}} Lakhdar Brahimi arranged for a ceasefire during [Eid al\-Adha](/wiki/Eid_al-Adha "Eid al-Adha") in late October 2012, but it quickly collapsed.{{cite news\|last\=Weaver\|first\=Matthew\|title\=Syria conflict: what next after failed ceasefire?\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\-east\-live/2012/oct/30/syria\-conflict\-after\-failed\-ceasefire\-live\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=30 October 2012\|location\=London\|access\-date\=24 May 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227233150/https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\-east\-live/2012/oct/30/syria\-conflict\-after\-failed\-ceasefire\-live\|archive\-date\=27 February 2017\|url\-status\=live}} ### Rebel offensives (November 2012 – April 2013\) {{Main\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2012\)\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2013\)}} {{further\|Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016\)\|Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013\)\|2012 Hama offensive\|Damascus offensive (2013\)\|Battle of Shadadeh\|Battle of Raqqa (2013\)}} [left\|thumb\|[Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army "Free Syrian Army") fighters clean their weapons during the [Battle of Aleppo](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%E2%80%932016%29 "Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)").](/wiki/File:FSA_rebels_cleaning_their_AK47s.jpg "FSA rebels cleaning their AK47s.jpg") After Brahimi's ceasefire agreement ended on 30 October 2012, the Syrian military expanded its bombing campaign in Damascus. The district of Jobar suffered the first bomb hit from a [fighter jet](/wiki/Fighter_jet "Fighter jet") in Damascus. The following day, Syrian Air Force commander Gen. Abdullah Mahmud al\-Khalidi was assassinated by opposition gunmen in the Damascus district of Rukn al\-Din.{{cite news\|last\=Gladstone\|first\=Rick\|title\=Syrian Air Force Commander Is Reported Killed\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/world/middleeast/syrian\-air\-force\-commander\-is\-reported\-killed.html\|access\-date\=31 October 2012\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=31 October 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031122222/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/world/middleeast/syrian\-air\-force\-commander\-is\-reported\-killed.html\|archive\-date\=31 October 2012\|url\-status\=live}} In early November 2012, rebels made significant gains in northern Syria. The rebel capture of [Saraqib](/wiki/Saraqib "Saraqib") in Idlib Governorate, which lies on the M5 highway, further isolated Aleppo.{{cite news\|title\=Syria army quits base on strategic Aleppo road\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE88J0X720121102\|access\-date\=6 November 2012\|work\=Reuters\|date\=2 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106064826/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/02/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE88J0X720121102\|archive\-date\=6 November 2012\|url\-status\=live}} Due to insufficient anti\-aircraft weapons, rebel units attempted to nullify the government's air power by destroying landed helicopters and aircraft on air bases.{{cite news\|title\=Syrian rebels struggle to keep regime Air Force on the ground (\+video)\|url\=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle\-East/2012/1126/Syrian\-rebels\-struggle\-to\-keep\-regime\-Air\-Force\-on\-the\-ground\-video\|access\-date\=26 November 2012\|newspaper\=The Christian Science Monitor\|date\=26 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801050356/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle\-East/2012/1126/Syrian\-rebels\-struggle\-to\-keep\-regime\-Air\-Force\-on\-the\-ground\-video\|archive\-date\=1 August 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On 3 November, rebels launched an attack on the [Taftanaz air base](/wiki/Taftanaz_air_base "Taftanaz air base").{{cite news \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/03/world/meast/syria\-civil\-war/ \|title\=Rebels target air base in battle against aerial bombardment in Syria \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=4 November 2012 \|access\-date\=6 November 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105211414/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/03/world/meast/syria\-civil\-war/ \|archive\-date\=5 November 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} On 18 November 2012, rebels [took control of](/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46 "Siege of Base 46") Base 46 in the [Aleppo Governorate](/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate "Aleppo Governorate"), one of the Syrian Army's largest bases in northern Syria, after weeks of intense fighting. Defected General Mohammed Ahmed al\-Faj, who commanded the assault, stated nearly 300 Syrian troops had been killed and 60 had been captured, with rebels seizing large amounts of heavy weapons, including tanks.{{cite news\|url\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap\-exclusive\-syrian\-rebels\-seize\-base\-arms\-trove \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713012653/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap\-exclusive\-syrian\-rebels\-seize\-base\-arms\-trove \|archive\-date\=13 July 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|title\=Base Seizure Sharp Blow to Syria's Efforts to Roll Back Rebel Gains\|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]]\|first\=Ben\|last\=Hubbard\|date\=20 November 2012\|access\-date\=19 March 2013}} On 22 November, rebels captured the [Mayadin](/wiki/Mayadin "Mayadin") military base in the country's eastern [Deir ez\-Zor Governorate](/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate "Deir ez-Zor Governorate"). Activists said this gave the rebels control of much territory east of the base, stretching to the Iraqi border.{{cite news\|last\=Yeranian\|first\=Edward\|title\=Analysts Weigh in on Longevity of Syria's Assad\|url\=http://www.voanews.com/content/analysts\_weight\_in\_on\_longevity\_of\_syrias\_assad/1551388\.html\|access\-date\=24 November 2012\|publisher\=Voice of America\|date\=22 November 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127191022/http://www.voanews.com/content/analysts\_weight\_in\_on\_longevity\_of\_syrias\_assad/1551388\.html\|archive\-date\=27 November 2012\|url\-status\=live}} On 29 November, at approximately 10:26 [UTC](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time"), the Syrian Internet and phone service was shut off for two days.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/28/world/meast/syria\-civil\-war/index.html\|title\=Virtually all Internet service in Syria shut down, group says\|publisher\=CNN\|date\=29 November 2012\|access\-date\=6 December 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205084139/http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/28/world/meast/syria\-civil\-war/index.html\|archive\-date\=5 December 2012\|url\-status\=live}} Syrian officials blamed the blackout on terrorists having cut "a main fiber optic cable connecting Damascus to the rest of the world";{{cite news \|last1\=McEvers \|first1\=Kelly \|title\=Flights Into Syria Cancelled As Rebels Make Gains \|url\=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/29/166186759/flights\-into\-syria\-cancelled\-as\-rebels\-make\-gains \|access\-date\=28 October 2020 \|work\=NPR \|date\=29 November 2012}} [Edward Snowden](/wiki/Edward_Snowden "Edward Snowden") in August 2014 claimed that this Internet breakdown had been caused, though unintendedly, by hackers of the [NSA](/wiki/National_Security_Agency "National Security Agency") during an operation to intercept Internet communication in Syria.*[NRC Handelsblad](/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad "NRC Handelsblad")* (Dutch), 14 August 2014\. In mid\-December 2012, American officials said that the Syrian military had fired [Scud](/wiki/Scud "Scud") ballistic missiles at rebel fighters inside Syria. Reportedly, six Scud missiles were fired at the Sheikh Suleiman base north of Aleppo, occupied by rebel forces. It is unclear whether the Scuds hit the intended target. The government denied this claim{{which\|date\=December 2016}}.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012\-12/13/c\_132039471\.htm \|title\=Syria denies using Scud missiles in fighting armed militia \|agency\=Xinhua News Agency \|date\=13 December 2012 \|access\-date\=17 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219140300/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012\-12/13/c\_132039471\.htm \|archive\-date\=19 December 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} Later that month, a further Scud attack took place near Marea, a town north of Aleppo near the Turkish border, apparently missing its target,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/21/world/middleeast/syrian\-forces\-lobbing\-more\-scud\-missiles\-at\-rebels\-us\-says.html \|title\=Syria Fires More Scud Missiles at Rebels, U.S. Says \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=20 December 2012 \|access\-date\=27 December 2012 \|first1\=Michael R. \|last1\=Gordon \|first2\=Eric \|last2\=Schmitt \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226223118/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/21/world/middleeast/syrian\-forces\-lobbing\-more\-scud\-missiles\-at\-rebels\-us\-says.html \|archive\-date\=26 December 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} and the FSA penetrated into Latakia Governorate's coast through Turkey.{{cite news\|title\=Syrian rebels cut off Bashar al\-Assad's escape route\|author\=Ruth Sherlock\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9751531/Syrian\-rebels\-cut\-off\-Bashar\-al\-Assads\-escape\-route.html\|work\=The Daily Telegraph\|date\=17 December 2012\|access\-date\=17 December 2012\|location\=London\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218143550/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9751531/Syrian\-rebels\-cut\-off\-Bashar\-al\-Assads\-escape\-route.html\|archive\-date\=18 December 2012\|url\-status\=live}} In late December, rebel forces pushed further into Damascus, taking control of the adjoining [Yarmouk](/wiki/Yarmouk%2C_Damascus "Yarmouk, Damascus") and Palestine refugee camps, pushing out pro\-government [Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine\-General Command](/wiki/PFLP-GC "PFLP-GC") fighters with the help of other factions.["Syria rebels make further gains"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20766628) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211730/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-20766628 \|date\=2018\-09\-17 }}. BBC. 18 December 2012\. Retrieved 6 February 2013\. Rebel forces launched [an offensive](/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive "2012 Hama offensive") in Hama Governorate, later claiming to have forced army regulars to evacuate several towns and bases,{{cite news\|title\=Syrian rebels launch major assault on army across Hama\|url\=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays\-News\-1\-148994\-Syrian\-rebels\-launch\-major\-assault\-on\-army\-across\-Hama \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713014647/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays\-News\-1\-148994\-Syrian\-rebels\-launch\-major\-assault\-on\-army\-across\-Hama \|archive\-date\=13 July 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=18 December 2012\|newspaper\=The News International\|date\=18 December 2012}} and stating that "three\-quarters of western rural Hama is under our control."{{cite news \|title\=Rebels seize towns in central Syria \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE8AJ1FK20121219 \|access\-date\=20 December 2012 \|work\=Reuters \|date\=19 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219142936/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/19/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE8AJ1FK20121219 \|archive\-date\=19 December 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} Rebels also captured the town of Harem near the Turkish border in Idlib Governorate, after weeks of heavy fighting.{{cite news\|title\=Syrian rebels fully capture town near Turkish border after weeks of siege\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/12/25/syrian\-rebels\-fully\-capture\-town\-near\-turkish\-border\-after\-weeks\-siege/\|access\-date\=22 July 2013\|publisher\=Fox News Channel\|date\=24 December 2012\|agency\=Associated Press\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115104456/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/12/25/syrian\-rebels\-fully\-capture\-town\-near\-turkish\-border\-after\-weeks\-siege/\|archive\-date\=15 November 2013\|url\-status\=live}} [thumb\|right\|Situation in Syria, mid\-March 2013](/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg "Syrian Civil War map (March 15 2013).svg") On 11 January 2013, Islamist groups, including al\-Nusra Front, took full control of the [Taftanaz](/wiki/Taftanaz "Taftanaz") air base in the Idlib Governorate, after weeks of fighting. The base had been used by the Syrian military to carry out helicopter raids and deliver supplies. The rebels claimed to have seized helicopters, tanks and rocket launchers, before being forced to withdraw by a government counter\-attack. The leader of the al\-Nusra Front said the amount of weapons they took was a "game changer".{{cite news\|title\=Syrian rebels seize key air base, activists say\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/11/syrian\-rebels\-seize\-key\-air\-base\-activists\-say/1826117/\|access\-date\=11 January 2013\|agency\=Associated Press\|work\=USA Today\|date\=11 January 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112051935/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/11/syrian\-rebels\-seize\-key\-air\-base\-activists\-say/1826117/\|archive\-date\=12 January 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On 11 February, Islamist rebels captured the town of [Al\-Thawrah](/wiki/Al-Thawrah "Al-Thawrah") in [Raqqa Governorate](/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate "Raqqa Governorate") and the nearby [Tabqa Dam](/wiki/Tabqa_Dam "Tabqa Dam"), Syria's largest dam and a key source of [hydroelectricity](/wiki/Hydroelectricity "Hydroelectricity").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/middleeast/syrian\-insurgents\-claim\-to\-control\-large\-hydropower\-dam.html\|title\=Syrian Insurgents Claim to Control Large Hydropower Dam\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=11 February 2013\|access\-date\=12 February 2013\|first1\=Hwaida\|last1\=Saad\|author\-link\=Hwaida Saad \|first2\=Rick\|last2\=Gladstone\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625014943/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/middleeast/syrian\-insurgents\-claim\-to\-control\-large\-hydropower\-dam.html\|archive\-date\=25 June 2019\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|url\=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/rebels\-take\-control\-of\-military\-airport\-in\-north\-syria\-ngo\-says \|title\=Rebels take control of military airport in North Syria, NGO says \|publisher\=NOW News \|date\=12 February 2013 \|access\-date\=12 February 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725184105/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/rebels\-take\-control\-of\-military\-airport\-in\-north\-syria\-ngo\-says \|archive\-date\=25 July 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} The next day, rebel forces took control of Jarrah air base, located {{convert\|60\|km\|mi}} east of Aleppo.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE91A0MU20130212 \|title\=Syrian air base falls, Assad forces under pressure \|work\=Reuters \|date\=12 February 2013 \|access\-date\=12 February 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212084145/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE91A0MU20130212 \|archive\-date\=12 February 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} On 14 February, al\-Nusra Front fighters took control of Shadadeh, a town in [Al\-Hasakah Governorate](/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate "Al-Hasakah Governorate") near the Iraqi border.{{cite news \|url\=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/jihadists\-seize\-syria\-town\-on\-iraq\-border \|title\=Jihadists seize Syria town on Iraq border \|publisher\=NOW News \|date\=14 February 2013 \|access\-date\=16 February 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513184134/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/jihadists\-seize\-syria\-town\-on\-iraq\-border \|archive\-date\=13 May 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} On 20 February 2013, a [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb "Car bomb") exploded in Damascus near the Ba'ath Syrian Regional Branch headquarters, killing at least 53 people and injuring more than 235\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-21529634\|title\=Syria conflict: Many dead in huge Damascus bombing\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=21 February 2013\|access\-date\=21 February 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221145429/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-21529634\|archive\-date\=21 February 2013\|url\-status\=live}} No group claimed responsibility.{{cite news\|last\=Barnard\|first\=Anne\|title\=Car Bomb in Damascus Kills Dozens, Opposition Says\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/world/middleeast/car\-bomb\-in\-damascus\-kills\-dozens\-opposition\-says.html\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=21 February 2013\|author2\=Hwaida Saad\|author3\=Hania Mourtada\|date\=21 February 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221145028/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/world/middleeast/car\-bomb\-in\-damascus\-kills\-dozens\-opposition\-says.html\|archive\-date\=21 February 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On 21 February, the FSA in Quasar began shelling Hezbollah positions in Lebanon. Prior to this, Hezbollah had been shelling villages near Quasar from within Lebanon. A 48\-hour ultimatum was issued by a FSA commander on 20 February, warning the militant group to stop the attacks.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian\-rebels\-attack\-hezbollahs\-positions\-in\-lebanon\-fsa\-commander.aspx?pageID\=238\&nID\=41647\&NewsCatID\=352 \|title\=Syrian rebels attack Hezbollah's positions in Lebanon: FSA commander \|work\=Hürriyet Daily News \|date\=22 February 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620031003/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian\-rebels\-attack\-hezbollahs\-positions\-in\-lebanon\-fsa\-commander.aspx?pageID\=238\&nID\=41647\&NewsCatID\=352 \|archive\-date\=20 June 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 2 March 2013, intense clashes between rebels and the Syrian Army erupted in the city of Raqqa, with many deaths reported on both sides.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-21641113\|title\=Syria: Fierce clashes in provincial capital Raqqa\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=2 March 2013\|access\-date\=6 March 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305182723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-21641113\|archive\-date\=5 March 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On the same day, Syrian troops regained several villages near Aleppo.{{cite news \|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/syria\-iran\-us\-aid\-rebels\-extend\-war\-155957995\.html \|title\=Syria, Iran say US aid to rebels will extend war \|work\=Yahoo News \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=3 March 2013 \|access\-date\=22 July 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106023532/http://news.yahoo.com/syria\-iran\-us\-aid\-rebels\-extend\-war\-155957995\.html \|archive\-date\=6 November 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} By 3 March, rebels had overrun Raqqa's central prison and freed hundreds of prisoners, according to the SOHR.{{cite web\|url\=http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/syria\-153\|title\=Syria Live Blog\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|access\-date\=6 March 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071334/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/Syria\-153\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|url\-status\=live}} The SOHR also stated that rebel fighters had taken control of most of an [Aleppo police academy](/wiki/Khan_al-Asal_Police_Academy "Khan al-Asal Police Academy") in [Khan al\-Asal](/wiki/Khan_al-Asal "Khan al-Asal"), and that over 200 rebels and government troops had been killed fighting for control of it.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-21647196\|title\=Rebels 'seize most of Syria police academy'\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=3 March 2013\|access\-date\=6 March 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306015341/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-21647196\|archive\-date\=6 March 2013\|url\-status\=live}} By 6 March 2013, the rebels had captured the city of Raqqa, effectively making it the first provincial capital to be lost by the Assad government. Residents of Raqqa toppled a bronze statue of his late father Hafez al\-Assad in the centre of the city. The rebels also seized two top government officials.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/05/syria\-iraq\-ambush/1963987/\|title\=Syrian Rebels Battle Regime Holdouts in Raqqa\|author\=Zeina Karam\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=5 March 2013\|access\-date\=27 August 2014\|work\=USA Today\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111214405/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/05/syria\-iraq\-ambush/1963987/\|archive\-date\=11 November 2014\|url\-status\=live}} On 18 March, the Syrian Air Force attacked rebel positions in Lebanon for the first time, at the Wadi al\-Khayl Valley area, near the town of Arsal.{{cite news\|author\=Barnard, Anne\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/world/middleeast/syria\-warplanes\-hit\-lebanon\-for\-first\-time.html\|title\=Syria Warplanes Hit Lebanon for First Time\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=18 March 2013\|access\-date\=8 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328051935/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/world/middleeast/syria\-warplanes\-hit\-lebanon\-for\-first\-time.html\|archive\-date\=28 March 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On 21 March, a suspected suicide bombing in the Iman Mosque in Mazraa district killed as many as 41 people, including the pro\-Assad Sunni cleric, Sheikh [Mohammed al\-Buti](/wiki/Mohammed_al-Buti "Mohammed al-Buti").{{cite news \|author\=Jim Muir \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-21887877 \|title\=Syria mosque blast: Pro\-Assad cleric among dozens dead \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=21 March 2013 \|access\-date\=31 December 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330184146/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-21887877 \|archive\-date\=30 March 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} On 23 March, several rebel groups seized the 38th division air defense base in southern Daraa Governorate near a highway linking Damascus to Jordan.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE92M03K20130323 \|title\=Syria rebels seize southern base, border area \|work\=Reuters \|date\=23 March 2013 \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126064830/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/23/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE92M03K20130323 \|archive\-date\=26 November 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} On the next day, rebels captured a {{convert\|25\|km\|mi\|adj\=on\|abbr\=off}} strip of land near the Jordanian border, which included the towns of [Muzrib](/wiki/Muzayrib "Muzayrib"), Abdin, and the al\-Rai military checkpoint.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Mar\-24/211277\-activists\-clashes\-in\-syria\-near\-jordan\-border.ashx\#axzz2OSgwmleH \|title\=Rebels seize Jordan\-Syria border area: activists \|work\=The Daily Star \|date\=24 March 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135353/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Middle\-East/2013/Mar\-24/211277\-activists\-clashes\-in\-syria\-near\-jordan\-border.ashx\#axzz2OSgwmleH \|archive\-date\=10 October 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 25 March, rebels launched one of their heaviest bombardments of Central Damascus since the revolt began. Mortars reached Umayyad Square, where the Ba'ath Party headquarters, Air Force Intelligence and state television are located.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-damascus\-idUSBRE92O07320130325 \|title\=Syrian rebels bombard central Damascus, army artillery hits back \|work\=Reuters \|date\=25 March 2013 \|first\=Oliver \|last\=Holmes \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104221617/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/25/us\-syria\-crisis\-damascus\-idUSBRE92O07320130325 \|archive\-date\=4 November 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} [left\|thumb\|Fighters of the [al\-Tawhid Brigade](/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade "Al-Tawhid Brigade") deface an image of President [Bashar al\-Assad](/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad "Bashar al-Assad") on the road between [Hama](/wiki/Hama "Hama") and [Raqqa](/wiki/Raqqa "Raqqa") on 27 March 2013\.](/wiki/File:Al-Tawhid_Brigade_deface_image_of_Bashar_al-Assad_on_the_Hama-Raqqa_road.png "Al-Tawhid Brigade deface image of Bashar al-Assad on the Hama-Raqqa road.png") On 26 March 2013, near the Syrian town of al\-Qusayr, rebel commander Khaled al Hamad, who commanded the Al Farooq al\-Mustakilla Brigade and is also known by his nom de guerre Abu Sakkar, ate the heart and liver of a dead soldier and said "I swear to God, you soldiers of Bashar, you dogs, we will eat from your hearts and livers! O heroes of Bab Amr, you slaughter the Alawites and take out their hearts to eat them!" in an apparent attempt to increase sectarianism.{{cite magazine \|last\=Baker \|first\=Aryn \|url\=http://world.time.com/2013/05/12/atrocities\-will\-be\-televised\-they\-syrian\-war\-takes\-a\-turn\-for\-the\-worse/ \|title\=Savage Online Videos Fuel Syria's Descent into Madness \|magazine\=Time \|date\=12 May 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511204936/http://world.time.com/2013/05/12/atrocities\-will\-be\-televised\-they\-syrian\-war\-takes\-a\-turn\-for\-the\-worse/ \|archive\-date\=11 May 2017 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/13/most\_disgusting\_atrocity\_syrian\_civil\_war\_rebel\_eat\_heart \|title\=Is This the Most Disgusting Atrocity Filmed in the Syrian Civil War? \|work\=Foreign Policy \|date\=13 May 2013 \|access\-date\=14 May 2013 \|last\=Bouckaert \|first\=Peter \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517103317/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/13/most\_disgusting\_atrocity\_syrian\_civil\_war\_rebel\_eat\_heart \|archive\-date\=17 May 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} Video of the event emerged two months later and resulted in considerable outrage, especially from Human Rights Watch which classified the incident as a war crime. According to the BBC, it was one of the most gruesome videos to emerge from the conflict to\-date.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-22519770 \|title\=Outrage at Syrian rebel shown 'eating soldier's heart' \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=14 May 2013 \|access\-date\=31 December 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515020850/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-22519770 \|archive\-date\=15 May 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} On 29 March, rebels captured the town of [Da'el](/wiki/Da%27el "Da'el") after fierce fighting. The town is located in [Daraa Governorate](/wiki/Daraa_Governorate "Daraa Governorate"), along the highway connecting Damascus to Jordan.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\_east/rebels\-claim\-to\-take\-key\-city\-in\-southern\-syria/2013/03/29/e53b75e8\-987c\-11e2\-814b\-063623d80a60\_story.html \|title\=Rebels claim to take key city in southern Syria \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=29 March 2013 \|first\=Babak \|last\=Dehghanpisheh \|access\-date\=23 August 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014043505/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\_east/rebels\-claim\-to\-take\-key\-city\-in\-southern\-syria/2013/03/29/e53b75e8\-987c\-11e2\-814b\-063623d80a60\_story.html \|archive\-date\=14 October 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 3 April, rebels captured a military base near the city of [Daraa](/wiki/Daraa "Daraa").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/world/middleeast/Syria\-rebels.html \|title\=New Rebel Gains Reported in Southern Syria With Seizure of Military Base \|work\=The New York Times \|date\=3 April 2013 \|first1\=Rick \|last1\=Gladstone \|first2\=Hala \|last2\=Droubi \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425212833/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/world/middleeast/Syria\-rebels.html \|archive\-date\=25 April 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} In mid\-January 2013, as clashes re\-erupted between rebels and Kurdish forces in Ras al\-Ayn, YPG forces moved to expel government forces from oil\-rich areas in Hassakeh Province. Clashes broke out from 14 to 19 January{{cite news\|url\=http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid\=2741\&z\=en\&cure\=1009\|title\=Al Maʿbada: Fighting between YPG and Syrian military\|date\=24 January 2013\|access\-date\=5 February 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090423/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid\=2741\&z\=en\&cure\=1009\|archive\-date\=28 July 2013\|url\-status\=live}} between the army and YPG fighters in the Kurdish village of Gir Zîro (Tall Adas), near [al\-Maabadah](/wiki/Al-Maabadah "Al-Maabadah") ({{lang\-ku\|Girkê Legê}}), where an army battalion of around 200 soldiers had been blockaded since 9 January. YPG forces claimed to have expelled government after the clashes. One soldier was reportedly killed and another eight injured, while seven were captured (later released) and 27 defected.{{cite web\|url\=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/clashes\-getting\-heavier\-in\-serekaniye\-update.htm \|title\=Clashes getting heavier in Serêkaniyê\-UPDATE \|last\=ANF \|date\=20 January 2013 \|publisher\=Firat News \|access\-date\=4 February 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207024708/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/clashes\-getting\-heavier\-in\-serekaniye\-update.htm \|archive\-date\=7 February 2013 }} Fighting at the oil field near Gir Zîro ended on 21 January, when government forces withdrew after receiving no assistance from Damascus.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid\=2748\&z\=en\&cure\=1009\|title\=Al\-Maʿbada: YPG gains control of oil field\|date\=3 February 2013\|publisher\=KurdWatch\|access\-date\=5 February 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728085238/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid\=2748\&z\=en\&cure\=1009\|archive\-date\=28 July 2013\|url\-status\=live}} In Rumeilan, directly west of al\-Maabadah, another 200 soldiers had been surrounded by YPG forces, and 10 soldiers were reported to have defected. [right\|thumb\|[YPG](/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units "People's Protection Units") fighters in 2013](/wiki/File:YPG_fighters_in_2013.jpg "YPG fighters in 2013.jpg") From 8 to 11 February 2013,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid\=2763\&z\=en\&cure\=1009\|title\=Aleppo: Heavy fighting between YPG and Syrian Army\|date\=24 February 2013\|publisher\=KurdWatch\|access\-date\=27 February 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090031/http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid\=2763\&z\=en\&cure\=1009\|archive\-date\=28 July 2013\|url\-status\=live}} heavy clashes broke out between the YPG and government troops in the PYD/YPG\-held district Ashrafiyah where, according to SOHR, at least 3 soldiers and 5 pro\-government militiamen were killed. The fighting followed deadly shelling on 31 January on Ashrafiyah, in which 23 civilians were killed after FSA units moved into the Kurdish sector of Aleppo.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/5726\.html \|title\=Kurdish Fighters Kill 8 on Aleppo Clashes \|last\=van Wilgenburg \|first\=Wladimir \|date\=10 February 2013 \|publisher\=Rudaw \|access\-date\=10 February 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215053434/http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/5726\.html \|archive\-date\=15 February 2013 }} According to its own reports, the YPG lost 7 of its members in the fighting, while also claiming that 48 soldiers were killed and 22 captured,{{cite news\|url\=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/five\-killed\-in\-syrian\-attack\-in\-aleppo.htm \|title\=Five killed in Syrian attack in Aleppo \|date\=27 February 2013 \|publisher\=Firat News \|access\-date\=27 February 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728084853/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/five\-killed\-in\-syrian\-attack\-in\-aleppo.htm \|archive\-date\=28 July 2013 }} and a further 70{{cite news\|url\=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/fierce\-fighting\-in\-aleppo\-video.htm \|title\=Fierce fighting in Aleppo – VIDEO \|date\=11 February 2013 \|publisher\=Firat News \|access\-date\=16 February 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090553/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/fierce\-fighting\-in\-aleppo\-video.htm \|archive\-date\=28 July 2013 }} injured. In early March, YPG forces established full control of oil fields and installations in north\-east Syria after government forces posted there surrendered. Also, YPG assaulted government forces and took control of the towns of [Tall ʿAdas](/wiki/Tall_%CA%BFAdas "Tall ʿAdas"), which is adjacent to Rumeilan oil fields, and [Al\-Qahtaniya](/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah%2C_Al-Hasakah_Governorate "Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate") ({{lang\-ku\|Tirbespî}}).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.al\-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/power\-vacuum\-oil\-fields\-syria\-kurdish\-militia\-pyd.html\|title\=Syrian Kurdish Militia Takes Over Oil Fields\|work\=Al\-Monitor\|date\=7 March 2013 \|access\-date\=24 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024140428/http://www.al\-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/power\-vacuum\-oil\-fields\-syria\-kurdish\-militia\-pyd.html\|archive\-date\=24 October 2014\|url\-status\=live}} In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group *what group?" adopted the name* {{transliteration\|ar\|ad\-Dawlah al\-Islāmiyah fī 'l\-ʿIrāq wa\-sh\-Shām}} *({{lang\|ar\|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام}}). As* [al\-Shām](/wiki/wikt:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85 "الشام") *is a region often compared with the [Levant](/wiki/Levant "Levant") or the [region of Syria](/wiki/Syria_%28region%29 "Syria (region)"), the group's name has been variously translated as "Islamic State of Iraq and [al\-Sham](/wiki/Al-Sham "Al-Sham")", "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" (both abbreviated as* ISIS*), or "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (abbreviated as* ISIL''). ### Government offensives (April–June 2013\) {{Main\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2013\)\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (from May 2013\)}} {{further\|Al\-Qusayr offensive\|Battle of al\-Qusayr (2013\)}} On 17 April 2013, Ba'athist government forces breached a six\-month rebel blockade in Wadi al\-Deif, near Idlib. Heavy fighting was reported around the town of Babuleen after government troops attempt to secure control of a main highway leading to Aleppo. The break in the siege also allowed government forces to resupply two major military bases in the region which had been relying on sporadic airdrops. On 18 April, the FSA took control of Al\-Dab'a Air Base near the city of al\-Qusayr.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.news.com.au/breaking\-news/world/syria\-rebels\-claim\-strategic\-airbase/story\-e6frfkui\-1226623878591 \|title\=Syria rebels claim strategic airbase \|publisher\=News.com.au \|date\=18 April 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731095637/http://www.news.com.au/breaking\-news/world/syria\-rebels\-claim\-strategic\-airbase/story\-e6frfkui\-1226623878591 \|archive\-date\=31 July 2013 \|url\-status\=live}} The base was being used primarily to garrison ground troops. Meanwhile, the Syrian Army re\-captured the town of Abel. The SOHR said the loss of the town would hamper rebel movements between al\-Qusayr and Homs city. The capture of the airport would have relieved the pressure on the rebels in the area, but their loss of [Abel](/wiki/Abil "Abil") made the situation more complicated.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130418/syria\-troops\-seize\-strategic\-homs\-village \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507060016/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130418/syria\-troops\-seize\-strategic\-homs\-village \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=7 May 2013 \|title\=Syria troops seize strategic Homs village \|work\=Global Post \|date\=18 April 2013 }} The same day, rebels reportedly assassinated Ali Ballan, who was a government employee, in the Mazzeh district of Damascus.{{cite web \|last\=Lebovic \|first\=Matt \|url\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/fierce\-battles\-in\-syria\-us\-to\-raise\-aid\-to\-rebels/ \|title\=Fierce Battles in Syria; US To Raise Aid To Rebels \|work\=The Times of Israel \|date\=19 April 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717193401/http://www.timesofisrael.com/fierce\-battles\-in\-syria\-us\-to\-raise\-aid\-to\-rebels/ \|archive\-date\=17 July 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 21 April, government forces [captured the town of Jdaidet al\-Fadl](/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl "Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl"), near Damascus.{{cite news\|author\=Sebastian Usher\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-22240540\|title\=Syria army seizes Jdaidet al\-Fadl 'killing dozens'\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=22 April 2013\|access\-date\=31 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329084415/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-22240540\|archive\-date\=29 March 2014\|url\-status\=live}} [right\|thumb\|The Syrian government and allied [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah "Hezbollah") forces won a major strategic victory during the [Al\-Qusayr offensive](/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive "Al-Qusayr offensive").](/wiki/File:2013_al_Qusayr_Offensive.svg "2013 al Qusayr Offensive.svg") In April 2013, government and [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah "Hezbollah") forces launched [an offensive](/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive "Al-Qusayr offensive") to capture areas near al\-Qusayr. On 21 April, pro\-Assad forces captured the towns of Burhaniya, Saqraja and al\-Radwaniya near the Lebanese border. By this point, eight villages had fallen to the government offensive in the area.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson\-reuters/130421/lebanon\-border\-area\-mired\-syrian\-conflict \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510082727/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson\-reuters/130421/lebanon\-border\-area\-mired\-syrian\-conflict \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=10 May 2013 \|title\=Lebanon border area mired in Syrian conflict \|work\=Global Post \|date\=21 April 2013 }} On 24 April, after five weeks of fighting, government troops re\-took control of the town of Otaiba, east of Damascus, which had been serving as the main arms supply route from Jordan.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/assad\-might\-be\-winning\-the\-syrian\-war\-2013\-4\|title\=Assad Thinks He's Winning The Syrian War – And He May Be Right\|website\=\[\[Business Insider]] \|date\=25 April 2013\|access\-date\=24 May 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522130442/http://www.businessinsider.com/assad\-might\-be\-winning\-the\-syrian\-war\-2013\-4\|archive\-date\=22 May 2017\|url\-status\=live}} Meanwhile, in the north of the country, rebels took control of a position on the edge of the strategic Mennagh Military airbase, on the outskirts of Aleppo. This allowed them to enter the airbase after months of besieging it.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-22283746 \|title\=Syria clashes destroy ancient Aleppo minaret \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=24 April 2013 \|access\-date\=31 December 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231143354/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-22283746 \|archive\-date\=31 December 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} On 2 May 2013, government forces captured the town of [Qaysa](/wiki/Al-Qisa "Al-Qisa") in a push north from the city's airport. Troops also retook the Wadi al\-Sayeh central district of Homs, driving a wedge between two rebel strongholds.{{cite news\|author\=Solomon, Erika\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE9410VP20130502\|title\=Dozens dead as Assad's forces storm coastal village\|work\=Reuters\|date\=2 May 2013\|access\-date\=10 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815053539/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/02/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE9410VP20130502\|archive\-date\=15 August 2013\|url\-status\=live}} SOHR reported [a massacre](/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres "Bayda and Baniyas massacres") of over 100 people by the Syrian Army in the coastal town of Al Bayda, Baniyas. However, this could not be independently verified due to movement restrictions on the ground.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/May\-02/215831\-up\-to\-100\-feared\-dead\-in\-syrian\-massacre\-monitoring\-group.ashx\#axzz2SAjabaj0 \|title\=Dozens killed in Syria's Banias: watchdog \|work\=The Daily Star \|date\=2 May 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706100826/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/May\-02/215831\-up\-to\-100\-feared\-dead\-in\-syrian\-massacre\-monitoring\-group.ashx\#axzz2SAjabaj0 \|archive\-date\=6 July 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} Yet the multiple video images that residents said they had recorded – particularly of small children, were so shocking that even some government supporters rejected Syrian television's official version of events, that the army had simply "crushed a number of terrorists."{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/world/middleeast/grisly\-killings\-in\-syrian\-towns\-dim\-hopes\-for\-peace\-talks.html\|title\=New York Times, 15 May 2013\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=15 May 2013 \|access\-date\=21 October 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929134355/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/world/middleeast/grisly\-killings\-in\-syrian\-towns\-dim\-hopes\-for\-peace\-talks.html\|archive\-date\=29 September 2015\|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Barnard \|first1\=Anne \|last2\=Mourtada \|first2\=Hania }} On 15 June, the Syrian Army captured the Damascus suburb of Ahmadiyeh near the city's airport.{{cite news\|title\=Syrian troops capture Damascus suburb near airport\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/syrian\-troops\-capture\-damascus\-suburb\-near\-airport\-135233418\.html\|date\=15 June 2013\|access\-date\=24 May 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065108/http://news.yahoo.com/syrian\-troops\-capture\-damascus\-suburb\-near\-airport\-135233418\.html\|archive\-date\=4 March 2016\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|url\=http://www.startribune.com/syrian\-troops\-capture\-damascus\-suburb\-near\-airport/211673011/ \|title\=Syrian troops capture Damascus suburb near airport, days after attack on the facility \|work\=StarTribune \|date\=15 June 2013 \|access\-date\=7 June 2015 \|location\=Beirut \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617221356/http://www.startribune.com/syrian\-troops\-capture\-damascus\-suburb\-near\-airport/211673011/ \|archive\-date\=17 June 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} On 22 June, the Syrian Army captured the rebel stronghold town of [Talkalakh](/wiki/Talkalakh "Talkalakh").{{cite news\|title\=Tal Kalakh: The Syrian town that lost the will to fight – The once rebel stronghold is back in the hands of the Syrian army \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/tal\-kalakh\-the\-syrian\-town\-that\-lost\-the\-will\-to\-fight\-8673695\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\-east/tal\-kalakh\-the\-syrian\-town\-that\-lost\-the\-will\-to\-fight\-8673695\.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-05\-01 \|url\-access\=subscription\|date\=25 June 2013 \|location\=London\|work\=The Independent\|first\=Patrick\|last\=Cockburn}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.news24\.com/World/News/Syria\-rebels\-lose\-border\-town\-20130626 \|title\=Syria rebels lose border town \|publisher\=News24\.com \|date\=26 June 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703174538/http://www.news24\.com/World/News/Syria\-rebels\-lose\-border\-town\-20130626 \|archive\-date\=3 July 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} ### Continued fighting (July–October 2013\) {{Main\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–December 2013\)}} {{further\|2013 Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict\|Ghouta chemical attack}} [left\|thumb\|[YPG](/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units "People's Protection Units") fighters [battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn "Battle of Ras al-Ayn") [mujahideen](/wiki/Mujahideen "Mujahideen") and the [Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army "Free Syrian Army") at [Ras al\-Ayn](/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn "Ras al-Ayn").](/wiki/File:People%27s_Defense_Units_defending_Ras_al-Ayn_against_al-Nusra_Front_terrorists_%282%29.jpg "People's Defense Units defending Ras al-Ayn against al-Nusra Front terrorists (2).jpg") On 28 June 2013, rebel forces captured a major military checkpoint in the city of Daraa. On 12 July FSA reported that one of its commanders, Kamal Hamami, had been killed by Islamists a day before. The rebels declared that the assassination by the [Islamic State of Iraq and Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant"), was tantamount to a declaration of war.{{cite news\|author1\=Karouny, Mariam\|author2\=Holmes, Oliver\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE96B08A20130712\|title\=New front opens in Syria as rebels say al Qaeda attack means war\|work\=Reuters\|date\=12 July 2013\|access\-date\=12 July 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712160904/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/12/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE96B08A20130712\|archive\-date\=12 July 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On 17 July, FSA forces took control of most of the southern city of [Nawa](/wiki/Nawa%2C_Syria "Nawa, Syria") after seizing up to 40 army posts stationed in the city.[Syria rebels seize parts of Deraa's Nawa city (Blog)](http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syria-rebels-seize-parts-deraas-nawa-city) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054944/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syria\-rebels\-seize\-parts\-deraas\-nawa\-city \|date\=2016\-03\-04 }}. Al Jazeera (17 July 2013\). On 18 July, Kurdish YPG forces [secured control](/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn "Battle of Ras al-Ayn") of the northern town of [Ras al\-Ayn](/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn "Ras al-Ayn"), after days of fighting with the al\-Nusra Front.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-turkey\-idUSBRE96H0EQ20130718 \|title\=Kurds seize town on Syria\-Turkey border, Ankara concerned \|work\=Reuters \|date\=18 July 2013 \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002135524/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/18/us\-syria\-crisis\-turkey\-idUSBRE96H0EQ20130718 \|archive\-date\=2 October 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} In the following three months, continued fighting between Kurdish and mainly jihadist rebel forces led to the capture of two dozen towns and villages in [Hasakah Governorate](/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate "Al-Hasakah Governorate") by Kurdish fighters,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/833671/syrie\-les\-kurdes\-chassent\-des\-jihadistes\-dun\-village\-du\-nord\-est.html \|title\=Syrie: les Kurdes chassent des jihadistes d'un village du nord\-est \|publisher\=Lorientlejour.com \|date\=18 September 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016233341/http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/833671/syrie\-les\-kurdes\-chassent\-des\-jihadistes\-dun\-village\-du\-nord\-est.html \|archive\-date\=16 October 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} while the Jihadists made limited gains in Aleppo and Raqqa governorates after they turned on the Kurdish rebel group [Jabhat al\-Akrad](/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad "Jabhat al-Akrad") over its relationship with the YPG. In Aleppo Governorate, Islamists massacred the Kurds leading to a mass migration of civilians to the town of Afrin.{{cite web \|url\=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/28/the\_civil\_war\_within\_syria\_s\_civil\_war\_kurdish\_fighters \|title\=The Civil War Within Syria's Civil War \|work\=Foreign Policy \|date\=28 August 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161638/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/28/the\_civil\_war\_within\_syria\_s\_civil\_war\_kurdish\_fighters \|archive\-date\=12 October 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} On 22 July 2013, FSA fighters seized control of the western Aleppo suburb of [Khan al\-Asal](/wiki/Khan_al-Asal "Khan al-Asal"). The town was the last government stronghold in the western portion of Aleppo Governorate.{{cite news \|url\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/77092/World/Region/Syria\-rebels\-seize\-key\-northern\-town\-NGO.aspx \|title\=Syria rebels seize key northern town: NGO \|work\=Ahram Online \|date\=22 July 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701185454/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/77092/World/Region/Syria\-rebels\-seize\-key\-northern\-town\-NGO.aspx \|archive\-date\=1 July 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 25 July, the Syrian Army secured the town of [al\-Sukhnah](/wiki/Al-Sukhnah%2C_Syria "Al-Sukhnah, Syria"), after expelling the al\-Nusra Front.[Homs province: Activists in the town of... – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights](https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/398131266961884) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203924/https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/398131266961884 \|date\=2016\-02\-24 }}. Facebook. On 27 July, after weeks of fighting and bombardment in Homs, the Syrian Army captured the historic [Khalid ibn al\-Walid Mosque](/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque "Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque"),{{cite news\|title\=Syrian troops capture historic mosque in Homs\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/27/syrian\-troops\-capture\-historic\-mosque\-in\-homs/2592611/\|newspaper\=USA Today\|date\=27 July 2013\|access\-date\=23 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711224739/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/27/syrian\-troops\-capture\-historic\-mosque\-in\-homs/2592611/\|archive\-date\=11 July 2017\|url\-status\=live}} and two days later, captured the district of Khaldiyeh.{{cite news\|title\=Syria: Government forces take control of strategic Homs neighbourhood\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/29/syria\_government\_forces\_take\_control\_of\_strategic\_homs\_neighbourhood.html\|newspaper\=Toronto Star\|date\=30 July 2013\|access\-date\=23 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820153620/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/29/syria\_government\_forces\_take\_control\_of\_strategic\_homs\_neighbourhood.html\|archive\-date\=20 August 2017\|url\-status\=live}} On 4 August, around 10 rebel brigades, launched [a large\-scale offensive](/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive "2013 Latakia offensive") on the government stronghold of [Latakia Governorate](/wiki/Latakia_Governorate "Latakia Governorate"). Initial attacks by 2,000 opposition members seized as many as 12 villages in the mountainous area. Between 4 and 5 August 20 rebels and 32 government soldiers and militiamen had been killed in the clashes. Hundreds of Alawite villagers fled to Latakia. By 5 August, rebel fighters advanced to a position {{convert\|20\|km\|abbr\=off}} from Qardaha, the home town of the Assad family.{{cite news\|author\=Isabel Nassief\|title\=Regime Regains Ground on the Coast\|url\=http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/regime\-regains\-ground\|date\=22 August 2013\|agency\=Reuters\|access\-date\=5 September 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328094623/http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/regime\-regains\-ground\|archive\-date\=28 March 2014\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news \|author\=Mroue, Bassam \|title\=hrw\-syrian\-missiles\-kill\-hundreds\-civilians \|url\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hrw\-syrian\-missiles\-kill\-hundreds\-civilians \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713014126/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hrw\-syrian\-missiles\-kill\-hundreds\-civilians \|archive\-date\=13 July 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|date\=5 August 2013 \|agency\=Associated Press \|access\-date\=12 September 2013}} However, in mid\-August, the military counter\-attacked and recaptured all of the territory previously lost to the rebels in the coastal region during the offensive.{{cite news \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/11/world/meast/syria\-civil\-war/index.html \|title\=Syrian rebel fighters guilty of serious abuses, says Human Rights Watch \|publisher\=CNN \|date\=11 October 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619233032/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/11/world/meast/syria\-civil\-war/index.html \|archive\-date\=19 June 2017 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|last\=Evans \|first\=Dominic \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE97I0HW20130819 \|title\=Assad's forces push back rebels in Syria's Alawite mountains \|work\=Reuters \|date\=19 August 2013 \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924183924/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/19/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE97I0HW20130819 \|archive\-date\=24 September 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} A Syrian security force source "told AFP the army still had to recapture the Salma region, a strategic area along the border with Turkey."{{cite news\|title\=Syria army recaptures all rebel positions in Latakia'\|url\=http://www.france24\.com/en/20130819\-syria\-army\-recaptures\-all\-rebel\-positions\-latakia\|agency\=Agence France\-Presse\|date\=19 August 2013\|access\-date\=24 May 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601104644/http://www.france24\.com/en/20130819\-syria\-army\-recaptures\-all\-rebel\-positions\-latakia\|archive\-date\=1 June 2017\|url\-status\=live}} According to a [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") report 190 civilians were killed by rebel forces during the offensive, including at least 67 being executed. Another 200 civilians, primarily women and children, were taken hostage.HRW: [Executions, Unlawful Killings, and Hostage Taking by Opposition Forces in Latakia Countryside](https://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature=e2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2&suid=6) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062324/http://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature\=e2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2\&suid\=6 \|date\=16 October 2013 }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/middleeast/syrian\-civilians\-bore\-brunt\-of\-rebels\-fury\-report\-says.html \|work\=The New York Times \|title\=Syrian Civilians Bore Brunt of Rebels' Fury, Report Says \|date\=11 October 2013 \|access\-date\=21 October 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928215256/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/middleeast/syrian\-civilians\-bore\-brunt\-of\-rebels\-fury\-report\-says.html \|archive\-date\=28 September 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} [right\|thumb\|Victims of the [Ghouta chemical attack](/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack "Ghouta chemical attack"), which killed hundreds and wounded over three thousand.{{cite web \|title\=Syria: Thousands suffering neurotoxic symptoms treated in hospitals supported by MSF \|publisher\=\[\[Médecins Sans Frontières]] \|date\=24 August 2013 \|url\=http://www.msf.org/article/syria\-thousands\-suffering\-neurotoxic\-symptoms\-treated\-hospitals\-supported\-msf \|access\-date\=24 August 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826214418/http://www.msf.org/article/syria\-thousands\-suffering\-neurotoxic\-symptoms\-treated\-hospitals\-supported\-msf \|archive\-date\=26 August 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}}](/wiki/File:Ghouta_massacre1.JPG "Ghouta massacre1.JPG") On 6 August 2013, rebels captured [Menagh Military Airbase](/wiki/Menagh_Military_Airbase "Menagh Military Airbase") after a 10\-month siege. The strategic airbase is located on the road between Aleppo city and the Turkish border.{{cite news\|title\=Syrian rebels capture military airport near Turkey\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-airport\-idUSBRE97411J20130805\|work\=Reuters\|date\=5 August 2013\|access\-date\=30 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924183618/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/05/us\-syria\-crisis\-airport\-idUSBRE97411J20130805\|archive\-date\=24 September 2015\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle\-east/2013/08/06/FSA\-takes\-control\-of\-Menagh\-air\-base\-near\-Aleppo.html\|title\=FSA takes control of Menagh air base near Aleppo\|publisher\=Al Arabiya\|date\=6 August 2013\|access\-date\=8 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807213418/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle\-east/2013/08/06/FSA\-takes\-control\-of\-Menagh\-air\-base\-near\-Aleppo.html\|archive\-date\=7 August 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On 21 August [a chemical attack](/wiki/2013_Ghouta_attacks "2013 Ghouta attacks") took place in the Ghouta region of the Damascus countryside, leading to thousands of casualties and several hundred dead in the opposition\-held stronghold. The attack was followed by a military offensive by government forces into the area, which had been hotbeds of the opposition. On 24 August, rebels captured the town of [Ariha](/wiki/Ariha%2C_Syria "Ariha, Syria"). However, government forces recaptured Ariha on 3 September.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/96651\-army\-retakes\-strategic\-town\-in\-northwest\-syria \|title\=Army Retakes Strategic Town in Northwest Syria \|publisher\=Naharnet.com \|date\=3 September 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010034109/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/96651\-army\-retakes\-strategic\-town\-in\-northwest\-syria \|archive\-date\=10 October 2017 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.news24\.com/World/News/Assad\-forces\-capture\-strategic\-Syria\-northern\-town\-20130903 \|title\=Assad forces capture strategic Syria northern town \|publisher\=News24\.com \|date\=3 September 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627205204/http://www.news24\.com/World/News/Assad\-forces\-capture\-strategic\-Syria\-northern\-town\-20130903 \|archive\-date\=27 June 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 26 August, rebel forces took over the town of [Khanasir](/wiki/Khanasir "Khanasir") in Aleppo Governorate which was the government's last supply route for the city of Aleppo.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013826124946176888\.html \|title\=Syria rebels take control of strategic town \|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|date\=26 August 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605144554/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013826124946176888\.html \|archive\-date\=5 June 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 8 September 2013, rebels led by the al\-Nusra Front [captured the Christian town of Maaloula](/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula "Battle of Maaloula"), {{convert\|43\|km\|abbr\=off}} north of Damascus,{{cite news \|url\=http://www.seattletimes.com/nation\-world/activists\-syrian\-rebels\-take\-christian\-village/ \|title\=Activists: Syrian rebels take Christian village \|work\=The Seattle Times \|date\=8 September 2013 \|access\-date\=7 June 2015 \|author\=Jamal Halaby \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115310/http://www.seattletimes.com/nation\-world/activists\-syrian\-rebels\-take\-christian\-village/ \|archive\-date\=24 September 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} The Syrian Army launched a counterattack a few days later, recapturing the town.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10309239/Maaloulas\-cathedral\-and\-churches\-empty\-of\-Christians\-as\-Syrias\-latest\-front\-line\-fight\-takes\-its\-toll.html\|title\=Maaloula's cathedral and churches empty of Christians as Syria's latest front\-line fight takes its toll\|author\=Bill Neely\|work\=The Telegraph\|date\=14 September 2013\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|location\=London\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009203443/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10309239/Maaloulas\-cathedral\-and\-churches\-empty\-of\-Christians\-as\-Syrias\-latest\-front\-line\-fight\-takes\-its\-toll.html\|archive\-date\=9 October 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On 18 September, the [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant") (ISIS) overran the FSA\-held town of Azaz in the north. The fighting was the most severe since tensions rose between militant factions in Syria earlier in the year.{{cite news \|last\=Morris \|first\=Loveday \|url\=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013\-09\-18/world/42179489\_1\_rebel\-group\-islamic\-state\-rebel\-supply\-lines \|title\=Al\-Qaeda\-linked fighters seize Syrian town of Azaz from more moderate rebels \|newspaper\=The Washington Post \|date\=18 September 2013 \|access\-date\=23 August 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214331/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013\-09\-18/world/42179489\_1\_rebel\-group\-islamic\-state\-rebel\-supply\-lines \|archive\-date\=10 November 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} Soon after ISIS captured Azaz, a ceasefire was announced between the rival rebel groups. However, in early October, more fighting erupted in the town.{{cite news \|last\=Dziadosz \|first\=Alexander \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-azaz\-idUSBRE9920FV20131003 \|title\=Syria rebels try to end infighting near Turkish border \|work\=Reuters \|date\=3 October 2013 \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007065408/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/03/us\-syria\-crisis\-azaz\-idUSBRE9920FV20131003 \|archive\-date\=7 October 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} On 20 September 2013, Alawite militias including the NDF killed 15 civilians in the Sunni village of [Sheik Hadid](/wiki/Shaykh_Hadid "Shaykh Hadid") in Hama Governorate. The massacre occurred in retaliation for a rebel capture of the village of Jalma, in Hama, which killed five soldiers, along with the seizure of a military checkpoint which killed 16 soldiers and 10 NDF militiamen.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/21/activists\-syrian\-troops\-and\-pro\-government\-militiamen\-storm\-sunni\-village\|title\=Activists: Syrian troops and pro\-government militiamen storm Sunni village, killing 15\|agency\=Associated Press\|date\=21 September 2013\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|work\=Fox News\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014211203/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/21/activists\-syrian\-troops\-and\-pro\-government\-militiamen\-storm\-sunni\-village/\|archive\-date\=14 October 2013\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE98K08H20130921\|title\=Syria meets deadline for chemical weapons disclosure\|author\=Thomas Escritt\|work\=Reuters\|date\=21 September 2013\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061343/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/21/us\-syria\-crisis\-idUSBRE98K08H20130921\|archive\-date\=16 October 2013\|url\-status\=live}} In mid\-September, the military captured the towns of Deir Salman and Shebaa on the outskirts of Damascus. The Army also captured six villages in eastern Homs.{{cite news\|url\=http://english.al\-akhbar.com/content/syrian\-army\-makes\-headway\-damascus\-and\-homs\|title\=Syrian Army Makes Headway in Damascus and Homs\|author\=Marah Mashi\|newspaper\=Al\-Akhbar\|date\=19 September 2013\|access\-date\=24 May 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702083842/http://english.al\-akhbar.com/content/syrian\-army\-makes\-headway\-damascus\-and\-homs\|archive\-date\=2 July 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} Fighting broke out in those towns again in October.{{cite web\|url\=http://supportkurds.org/news/thursday\-3\-october\-2013/\|title\=Events: Thursday 3 October 2013\|publisher\=Support Kurds in Syria\|date\=3 October 2013\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012101113/http://supportkurds.org/news/thursday\-3\-october\-2013/\|archive\-date\=12 October 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On 28 September, rebels seized the Ramtha border post in [Daraa Governorate](/wiki/Daraa_Governorate "Daraa Governorate") on the Syria Jordan crossing after fighting which left 26 soldiers dead along with 7 foreign rebel fighters.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/09/student\-deaths\-reported\-syria\-air\-raids\-201392914391313718\.html\|title\=Students reported killed in Syria air attack\|publisher\=Al Jazeera\|date\=29 September 2013\|access\-date\=23 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019180041/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/09/student\-deaths\-reported\-syria\-air\-raids\-201392914391313718\.html\|archive\-date\=19 October 2017\|url\-status\=live}} On 3 October, AFP reported that Syria's army re\-took the town of [Khanasir](/wiki/Khanasir "Khanasir"), which is located on a supply route linking central Syria to the city of Aleppo.{{cite news\|title\=Syria army retakes northern strategic town\|url\=http://gulfnews.com/in\-focus/syria/syria\-army\-retakes\-northern\-strategic\-town\-1\.1238911\|newspaper\=Gulf News\|date\=3 October 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004064006/http://gulfnews.com/in\-focus/syria/syria\-army\-retakes\-northern\-strategic\-town\-1\.1238911\|archive\-date\=4 October 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} On 7 October, the Syrian Army managed to reopen the supply route between Aleppo and Khanasir.{{cite web \|url\=http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Syria\_Live\_Blog/92310948 \|title\=Syria Live Blog – Live Blogs – Al Jazeera English \|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|date\=5 February 2011 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512020612/http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Syria\_Live\_Blog/92310948 \|archive\-date\=12 May 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 9 October 2013, rebels seized the Hajanar guard post on the Jordanian border after a month of fierce fighting. Rebels were now in control of a swath of territory along the border from outside of Daraa to the edge of Golan Heights.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131009/syria\-rebels\-seize\-guard\-post\-jordan\-border\-0 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210064929/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131009/syria\-rebels\-seize\-guard\-post\-jordan\-border\-0 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=10 December 2013 \|title\=Syria rebels seize guard post on Jordan border \|publisher\=Globalpost.com \|date\=9 October 2013}} The same day, Hezbollah and Iraqi Shiite fighters, backed up by artillery, air\-strikes and tanks, captured the town of Sheikh Omar, on the southern outskirts of Damascus. Two days later, they also captured the towns of al\-Thiabiya and Husseiniya on the southern approaches to Damascus. The capture of the three towns strengthened the government hold on major supply lines and put more pressure on rebels under siege in the Eastern Ghouta area.{{cite web \|author\=Khaled Yacoub Oweis \|url\=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/World/2013/10/11/Syrian\-army\-retakes\-two\-Damascus\-suburbs\-from\-rebels.aspx \|title\=Syrian army retakes two Damascus suburbs from rebels – activists \|work\=The Star \|location\=Malaysia \|date\=11 October 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128152333/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/World/2013/10/11/Syrian\-army\-retakes\-two\-Damascus\-suburbs\-from\-rebels.aspx/ \|archive\-date\=28 January 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.jpost.com/Middle\-East/Syrian\-opposition\-Hezbollah\-Iraqi\-militia\-capture\-Damascus\-suburb\-328304 \|title\=Syrian opposition: Hezbollah, Iraqi militia capture Damascus suburb \|work\=The Jerusalem Post \|date\=21 November 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509220531/http://www.jpost.com/Middle\-East/Syrian\-opposition\-Hezbollah\-Iraqi\-militia\-capture\-Damascus\-suburb\-328304 \|archive\-date\=9 May 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} On 14 October, SOHR reported that rebels captured the Resefa and Sinaa districts of [Deir ez\-Zor](/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor "Deir ez-Zor") city, as well as Deir ez\-Zor's military hospital.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/433712646737079 \|title\=Deir Ezzour province: A fighter from... – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights \|publisher\=Facebook \|access\-date\=2017\-05\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224204106/https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/433712646737079 \|archive\-date\=2016\-02\-24 \|url\-status\=live }} ### Government offensives (October–December 2013\) {{further\|Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013\)\|Battle of Qalamoun}} [250px\|left\|thumb\|In a [large\-scale offensive](/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_%28October%E2%80%93December_2013%29 "Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)") in late 2013, Syrian government forces made major advances in [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo "Aleppo").](/wiki/File:Aleppo_offensive_%28October_2013%29.svg "Aleppo offensive (October 2013).svg") The Syrian Arab Army along with its allies, Hezbollah and the [al\-Abas brigade](/wiki/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas "Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas"), launched an offensive on Damascus and Aleppo. On 16 October, AFP reported that Syrian troops recaptured the town of Bweida, south of Damascus. On 17 October, the Syrian government's head of Military Intelligence in [Deir ez\-Zor Governorate](/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate "Deir ez-Zor Governorate"), Jameh Jameh, was assassinated by rebels in Deir ez\-Zor city. SOHR reported that he had been shot by a rebel sniper during a battle with rebel brigades.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/10/top\-syrian\-army\-general\-killed\-battle\-20131017182611866437\.html \|title\=Syrian military spy chief killed in battle – Middle East \|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|access\-date\=2017\-05\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801060818/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/10/top\-syrian\-army\-general\-killed\-battle\-20131017182611866437\.html \|archive\-date\=2018\-08\-01 \|url\-status\=live }} On 24 October, the Syrian Army retook control of the town of Hatetat al\-Turkman, located southeast of Damascus, along the Damascus International Airport road.{{cite news \|last\=Dziadosz \|first\=Alexander \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-suburb\-idUSBRE99N0NU20131024 \|title\=Syrian army seizes Damascus suburb from rebels: state TV \|work\=Reuters \|date\=24 October 2013 \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190219/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/24/us\-syria\-crisis\-suburb\-idUSBRE99N0NU20131024 \|archive\-date\=24 September 2015 \|url\-status\=live}} On 26 October 2013, Kurdish rebel fighters seized control of the strategic Yarubiya border crossing between Syria and Iraq from al\-Nusra in Al Hasakah Governorate.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-24689025 \|title\=Syria Kurdish fighters seize border post from Islamists \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=26 October 2013 \|access\-date\=31 December 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918043526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-middle\-east\-24689025 \|archive\-date\=18 September 2018 \|url\-status\=live }} Elsewhere, in Daraa Governorate, rebel fighters captured the town of [Tafas](/wiki/Tafas "Tafas") from government forces after weeks of clashes which left scores dead.{{cite news \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id\=20686002\&sid\=76 \|title\=Syrian Kurds Capture Border Crossing With Iraq \|author\=Bassem Mroue \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=25 October 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021718/https://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id\=20686002\&sid\=76 \|archive\-date\=29 November 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} On 1 November, the Syrian Army retook control of the key city of [Al\-Safira](/wiki/Al-Safira "Al-Safira"){{cite web \|url\=http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Nov\-01/236495\-syrian\-forces\-capture\-town\-near\-chemical\-weapons\-site\-activists.ashx\#axzz2hs2ziHUm \|title\=Syrian forces capture town near chemical weapons site: Activists \|work\=The Daily Star \|date\=1 November 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702172403/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Nov\-01/236495\-syrian\-forces\-capture\-town\-near\-chemical\-weapons\-site\-activists.ashx\#axzz2hs2ziHUm \|archive\-date\=2 July 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} and the next day, the Syrian Army and its allies recaptured the village of Aziziyeh on the northern outskirts of Al\-Safira.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEyztI8NQHagOrUBEQdrKXTc1rag?docId\=fe3e3476\-346a\-4d68\-bbf8\-6dd59c8fb67b\&hl\=en \|title\=AFP: Air raids on rebel areas near Damascus, Kurds advance: NGO \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209114326/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEyztI8NQHagOrUBEQdrKXTc1rag?docId\=fe3e3476\-346a\-4d68\-bbf8\-6dd59c8fb67b\&hl\=en\|archive\-date\=9 December 2013 }} From early to mid\-November, Syrian Army forces captured several towns south of Damascus, including Hejeira and Sbeineh. Government forces also recaptured the town of Tel Aran, southeast of Aleppo, and a military base near Aleppo's international airport.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/11/16/syrian\-government\-gaining\-ground\-in\-war\-strengthening\-hand\-ahead\-proposed\-peace/ \|title\=Syrian government gaining ground in war, strengthening hand ahead of proposed peace talks \|publisher\=Fox News \|date\=16 November 2013 \|access\-date\=7 June 2015 \|location\=Beirut \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619151326/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/11/16/syrian\-government\-gaining\-ground\-in\-war\-strengthening\-hand\-ahead\-proposed\-peace/ \|archive\-date\=19 June 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} On 10 November 2013, the Syrian Army had taken full control of "Base 80", near Aleppo's airport.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/11/10/syria\-activists\-say\-rebels\-reach\-deal\-with\-government\-to\-ease\-blockade\-rebel/ \|title\=Syria activists say rebels reach deal with government to ease blockade of rebel\-held town \|publisher\=Fox News \|date\=10 November 2013 \|access\-date\=16 January 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126061623/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/11/10/syria\-activists\-say\-rebels\-reach\-deal\-with\-government\-to\-ease\-blockade\-rebel/ \|archive\-date\=26 January 2014 \|url\-status\=live }} According to the SOHR, 63 rebels, and 32 soldiers were killed during the battle. One other report put the number of rebels killed between 60 and 80\.{{cite web \|url\=http://cphpost.dk/news14/international\-news14/two\-danes\-allegedly\-die\-fighting\-in\-syria.html \|title\=Two Danes allegedly die fighting in Syria \|work\=The Copenhagen Post \|access\-date\=2017\-05\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617144659/http://cphpost.dk/news14/international\-news14/two\-danes\-allegedly\-die\-fighting\-in\-syria.html \|archive\-date\=2015\-06\-17 \|url\-status\=dead }} Army units were backed\-up by Hezbollah fighters and pro\-government militias during the assault.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gz6wr66r6Oa38fRV4RQH7uwZd2pA?docId\=7ab4cb0a\-40ef\-49b8\-b757\-5b337a3ee3a0\&hl\=en \|title\=Syria army retakes key base near Aleppo: state TV \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209114330/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gz6wr66r6Oa38fRV4RQH7uwZd2pA?docId\=7ab4cb0a\-40ef\-49b8\-b757\-5b337a3ee3a0\&hl\=en\|archive\-date\=9 December 2013}} The following day, government forces secured most of the area around the airport.{{cite web \|author\=Diaa Hadid \|url\=http://www.nwherald.com/2013/11/11/syria\-based\-groups\-say\-talks\-may\-be\-last\-chance/a8ppwjk/ \|title\=Syria\-based groups say talks may be 'last chance' \|publisher\=Nwherald.com \|date\=11 November 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630024410/http://www.nwherald.com/2013/11/11/syria\-based\-groups\-say\-talks\-may\-be\-last\-chance/a8ppwjk/ \|archive\-date\=30 June 2017 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Nov\-11/237517\-syria\-army\-seeks\-to\-reopen\-aleppo\-airport\-military.ashx\#axzz2kLOt6xon \|title\=Syria army seeks to reopen Aleppo airport: military \|work\=The Daily Star \|location\=Lebanon \|access\-date\=2017\-05\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705222031/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Nov\-11/237517\-syria\-army\-seeks\-to\-reopen\-aleppo\-airport\-military.ashx\#axzz2kLOt6xon \|archive\-date\=2017\-07\-05 \|url\-status\=live }} On 13 November, government forces captured most of Hejeira.{{cite web \|author\=N Lucas \|url\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/nov/13/syrian\-media\-troops\-capture\-south\-damascus\-suburb/ \|title\=Syrian media: Troops capture south Damascus suburb \|work\=U\-T San Diego \|date\=13 November 2013 \|access\-date\=24 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626134540/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/nov/13/syrian\-media\-troops\-capture\-south\-damascus\-suburb/ \|archive\-date\=26 June 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} Rebels retreated from Hejeira to [Al\-Hajar al\-Aswad](/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad "Al-Hajar al-Aswad"). However, their defenses in besieged districts closer to the heart of Damascus were still reportedly solid.{{cite news \|last\=Yacoub \|first\=Khaled \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-damascus\-idUSBRE9AC0IC20131113 \|title\=Assad's forces make further gains around Damascus \|work\=Reuters \|date\=13 November 2013 \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005181102/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/13/us\-syria\-crisis\-damascus\-idUSBRE9AC0IC20131113 \|archive\-date\=5 October 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} On 15 November 2013, the Syrian Army retook control of the city of Tell Hassel near Aleppo.{{cite news \|last\=Evans \|first\=Dominic \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-aleppo\-idUSBRE9AE11X20131115 \|title\=Assad's forces advance in northern Syria towards Aleppo \|work\=Reuters \|date\=15 November 2013 \|access\-date\=30 June 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190848/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/15/us\-syria\-crisis\-aleppo\-idUSBRE9AE11X20131115 \|archive\-date\=24 September 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} On 18 November, the Syrian troops stormed the town of Babbila.{{cite news \|title\=Syrian troops besiege strategic town amid fierce fights \|url\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013\-11/18/c\_125716083\.htm \|agency\=Xinhua News Agency \|date\=18 November 2013 \|access\-date\=18 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119234639/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013\-11/18/c\_125716083\.htm \|archive\-date\=19 November 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} On 19 November, government forces took full control of Qara.{{cite news\|title\=Syria troops seize Qara village near Lebanon border\|url\=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/521429\-syria\-troops\-seize\-qara\-village\-near\-lebanon\-border\|work\=NOW\|date\=19 November 2013\|access\-date\=19 November 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119131433/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/521429\-syria\-troops\-seize\-qara\-village\-near\-lebanon\-border\|archive\-date\=2013\-11\-19\|url\-status\=dead}} The same day, the Syrian Army captured al\-Duwayrinah.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.trust.org/item/20131119145959\-vur9p\|title\=Forces loyal to Syria's President Capture Raqqa\|publisher\=Reuters\|date\=19 November 2013\|access\-date\=4 December 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209170814/http://www.trust.org/item/20131119145959\-vur9p\|archive\-date\=9 December 2013\|url\-status\=live}} On 23 November, al\-Nusra Front and other Islamist rebels captured the [al\-Omar oil field](/wiki/Al-Omar_Field "Al-Omar Field"), Syria's largest oil field, in Deir al\-Zor Governorate causing the government to rely almost entirely on imported oil.{{cite news\|title\=Islamist rebels capture Syria's largest oilfield: activists\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-syria\-crisis\-oil\-idUSBRE9AM03K20131123\|newspaper\=Reuters\|date\=23 November 2013\|access\-date\=30 June 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115063204/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/23/us\-syria\-crisis\-oil\-idUSBRE9AM03K20131123\|archive\-date\=15 November 2015\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|first\=Conal \|last\=Urquhart \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/23/syrian\-islamist\-rebels\-oilfield\-assad \|title\=Syrian Islamist rebels claim capture of key oilfield \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=23 November 2013 \|access\-date\=23 November 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123133811/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/23/syrian\-islamist\-rebels\-oilfield\-assad \|archive\-date\=23 November 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} On 24 November, rebels captured the towns of Bahariya, Qasimiya, Abbadah, and Deir Salman in Damascus's countryside.{{cite news \|last\=Solomon \|first\=Erika \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-syria\-crisis\-damascus\-siege\-idUKBRE9AN09320131124 \|title\=Scores killed as rebels battle to break siege of Damascus suburbs \|publisher\=Reuters \|date\=24 November 2013 \|access\-date\=20 March 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305053031/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/11/24/uk\-syria\-crisis\-damascus\-siege\-idUKBRE9AN09320131124 \|archive\-date\=5 March 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }} On 28 November, the Syrian Army recaptured Deir Attiyeh.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle\-east/1\.560767 \|title\=Syrian troops capture town near Lebanon border \|work\=Haaretz \|date\=28 November 2013 \|agency\=The Associated Press \|access\-date\=7 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617164356/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle\-east/1\.560767 \|archive\-date\=17 June 2015 \|url\-status\=live }} On 2 December 2013, rebels led by the Free Syrian Army recaptured the historic Christian town of [Ma'loula](/wiki/Ma%27loula "Ma'loula"). After the fighting, reports emerged that 12 nuns had been abducted by the rebels. However, the FSA disputes this and said that the nuns had been evacuated to the nearby rebel held town of [Yabrud](/wiki/Syria "Syria") due to the Army shelling.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Dec\-03/239723\-rebels\-retake\-christian\-town\-of\-maaloula.ashx\#axzz2mSZNeOZP\|title\=Rebels retake Christian town of Maaloula\|work\=The Daily Star\|date\=3 December 2013\|access\-date\=4 December 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203231452/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Dec\-03/239723\-rebels\-retake\-christian\-town\-of\-maaloula.ashx\#axzz2mSZNeOZP\|archive\-date\=3 December 2013\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/108284\-suicide\-bomber\-kills\-four\-in\-central\-damascus\|title\=Suicide Bomber Kills Four in Central Damascus, Abducted Nuns Taken to Yabrud\|publisher\=Naharnet\|date\=3 December 2013\|access\-date\=4 December 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209113132/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/108284\-suicide\-bomber\-kills\-four\-in\-central\-damascus\|archive\-date\=9 December 2013\|url\-status\=live}} In early December, the Islamic Front seized control of Bab al\-Hawa border crossing with Turkey, which had been in hands of FSA.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Dec\-10/240625\-syria\-islamists\-seize\-turkey\-border\-crossing\-monitor.ashx\|title\=Syria Islamists seize Turkey border crossing\|work\=The Daily Star\|date\=10 December 2013\|access\-date\=28 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515141347/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\-East/2013/Dec\-10/240625\-syria\-islamists\-seize\-turkey\-border\-crossing\-monitor.ashx\|archive\-date\=15 May 2015\|url\-status\=live}} The groups also captured warehouses containing equipment delivered by the U.S. In response, the U.S. and Britain said they halted all non\-lethal aid to the FSA, fearing that further supplies could fall in hands of [al\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda "Al-Qaeda") militants.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/11/us\-britain\-to\-halt\-non\-lethal\-aid\-to\-syria/\|title\=U.S., Britain to halt non\-lethal aid to Syrian opposition\|author\=Dave Boyer\|work\=Washington Times\|date\=11 December 2014\|access\-date\=6 January 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107060749/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/11/us\-britain\-to\-halt\-non\-lethal\-aid\-to\-syria/\|archive\-date\=7 January 2014\|url\-status\=live}} On 9 December, the Army took full control of Nabek,{{cite news \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la\-fg\-wn\-syrian\-army\-seizes\-town\-20131209\-story.html \|title\=Syrian army reportedly seizes third town along key north\-south highway \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|date\=9 December 2013 \|access\-date\=19 September 2015 \|author1\=Patrick J. McDonnell \|author2\=Nabih Bulos \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|location\=Beirut, Libanon \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005050859/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/09/world/la\-fg\-wn\-syrian\-army\-seizes\-town\-20131209 \|archive\-date\=5 October 2015 \|url\-status\=live}} with fighting continuing in its outskirts.
[ "Timeline\n--------", "### Ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012\\)", "[left\\|thumb\\|[Syrian Army](/wiki/Syrian_Army \"Syrian Army\") tanks during the [clashes](/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_%282011%E2%80%9313%29 \"Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–13)\") in [Daraa Governorate](/wiki/Daraa_Governorate \"Daraa Governorate\") in April 2012\\.](/wiki/File:SyrianTanks_US_SatelliteImagery.jpg \"SyrianTanks US SatelliteImagery.jpg\")", "{{Main\\|Kofi Annan peace plan for Syria\\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2012\\)\\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2012\\)}}\nOn 14 April 2012, the [UN Security Council meeting adopting Resolution 2042](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2042 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2042\") stated that the Envoy (\\= mr. Annan) assessed that “as of 12 April, the parties appeared to be observing a cessation of fire”.[Security Council unanimously adopts Resolution 2042 (2012\\), authorizing Advance Team to monitor ceasefire in Syria](https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10609.doc.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031073549/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sc10609\\.doc.htm \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-31 }}, press release Security Council 14 April 2012\\. Retrieved 27 October 2013\\.", "The UN\\-mediated cease fire attempt had eventually turned into a failure, with infractions of the ceasefire by both sides resulting in several dozen casualties. Acknowledging its failure, Annan called for Iran to be \"part of the solution\", though the country has been excluded from the Friends of Syria initiative.{{cite web \\|title\\=Iran reaffirms full support for Annan's Syria peace plan \\|url\\=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/10/225485\\.html \\|publisher\\=Al Arabiya \\|date\\=10 July 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013905/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/10/225485\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Following the [Houla massacre](/wiki/Houla_massacre \"Houla massacre\") of 25 May 2012, in which 108 people were summarily executed, and the subsequent FSA ultimatum to the Syrian Ba'athist government, the ceasefire practically collapsed, as the FSA began nationwide offensives against government troops. The peace plan practically collapsed by early June and the UN mission was withdrawn from Syria. Annan resigned in frustration on 2 August 2012\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle\\-east/Kofi\\-Annan\\-resigns\\-as\\-UN\\-Syria\\-envoy/articleshow/15329904\\.cms\\|title\\=Kofi Annan resigns as UN Syria envoy\\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2012\\|work\\=The Times of India\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803140147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle\\-east/Kofi\\-Annan\\-resigns\\-as\\-UN\\-Syria\\-envoy/articleshow/15329904\\.cms\\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Renewed fighting (June–October 2012\\)", "#### June", "{{Main\\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2012\\)\\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2012\\)}}\n{{further\\|Battle of Damascus (2012\\)\\|Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016\\)\\|Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012\\)}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|Areas in western Syria under control of the [Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army \"Free Syrian Army\") and other rebel groups in June 2012 (dark red).\\|536x536px](/wiki/File:Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area.jpg \"Free Syrian Army Occupied Area.jpg\")", "On 1 June 2012, President Assad vowed to crush the anti\\-government uprising. On 5 June 2012, [fighting broke out in Haffa](/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah \"Battle of al-Haffah\") and nearby villages in the coastal governorate of [Latakia Governorate](/wiki/Latakia_Governorate \"Latakia Governorate\"). Government forces were backed by [helicopter gunships](/wiki/Helicopter_gunship \"Helicopter gunship\") in the heaviest clashes in the governorate since the revolt began. Syrian forces seized the territory following days of fighting and shelling.{{cite news \\|agency\\=Reuters \\|url\\=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/assad\\-names\\-new\\-syrian\\-pm\\-army\\-battles\\-rebels/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224031049/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/assad\\-names\\-new\\-syrian\\-pm\\-army\\-battles\\-rebels/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Assad names new Syrian PM, army battles rebels \\|publisher\\=Trust \\|date\\=6 June 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2012}} On 6 June, 78 civilians were killed in the [Al\\-Qubeir massacre](/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre \"Al-Qubeir massacre\"). According to activist sources, government forces started by shelling the village before the [Shabiha](/wiki/Shabiha \"Shabiha\") militia moved in.{{cite news\\|title\\=New 'massacre' reported in Syria's Hama province\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-18348201\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=7 June 2012\\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607005653/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-18348201\\|archive\\-date\\=7 June 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} UN observers headed to Al\\-Qubeir in the hope of investigating the massacre, but they were met with a roadblock and small arms fire and were forced to retreat.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syria UN team 'shot at' near Qubair 'massacre site'\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-18352281\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=7 June 2012\\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925105039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-18352281\\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 12 June 2012, the UN for the first time officially proclaimed Syria to be in a state of civil war. The conflict began moving into the two largest cities, Damascus and Aleppo. In both cities, peaceful protests – including a general strike by Damascus shopkeepers and a small strike in Aleppo were interpreted as indicating that the historical alliance between the government and the business establishment in the large cities had become weak.Ivan Watson (12 June 2012\\). [\"Syria: Battle for the cities\"](http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/meast/syria-battle-for-cities/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614074404/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/meast/syria\\-battle\\-for\\-cities/index.html \\|date\\=2012\\-06\\-14 }}. CNN. Retrieved 7 February 2013\\. On 22 June, a Turkish [F\\-4 fighter jet](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II \"McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II\") was [shot down by Syrian government forces](/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war%23F-4_fighter_jet_incident \"Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war#F-4 fighter jet incident\"), killing both pilots. Syria and Turkey disputed whether the jet had been flying in Syrian or international [airspace](/wiki/Airspace \"Airspace\") when it was shot down. Bashar al\\-Assad publicly apologised for the incident.", "#### July", "By 10 July 2012, rebel forces had captured most of the city of [Al\\-Qusayr](/wiki/Al-Qusayr%2C_Syria \"Al-Qusayr, Syria\"), in [Homs Governorate](/wiki/Homs_Governorate \"Homs Governorate\"), after weeks of fighting.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://beta.dawn.com/news/733230/syrias\\-qusayr\\-prepares\\-for\\-ramadan\\-under\\-siege\\|title\\=Syria's Qusayr prepares for Ramadan under siege\\|date\\=10 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021083014/http://beta.dawn.com/news/733230/syrias\\-qusayr\\-prepares\\-for\\-ramadan\\-under\\-siege\\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} By mid\\-July, rebels had captured the town of [Saraqib](/wiki/Saraqib \"Saraqib\"), in Idlib Governorate.{{cite news\\|author\\=Abouzeid, Rania\\|title\\=In Rebel Syria: Celebrating Assad's Departure–Even Though He's Still Staying\\|url\\=http://world.time.com/2012/07/20/in\\-rebel\\-syria\\-celebrating\\-assads\\-departure\\-even\\-though\\-hes\\-still\\-staying/\\|newspaper\\=Time\\|date\\=20 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528204923/http://world.time.com/2012/07/20/in\\-rebel\\-syria\\-celebrating\\-assads\\-departure\\-even\\-though\\-hes\\-still\\-staying/\\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} By 15 July 2012, with fighting spread across the country and 16,000 people killed, the [International Committee of the Red Cross](/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross \"International Committee of the Red Cross\") declared the conflict a civil war.{{cite news\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-18849362\\|title\\=Syria in civil war, Red Cross says\\|date\\=15 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=27 May 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515071912/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-18849362\\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Fighting in Damascus intensified, with a [major rebel push](/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_%282012%29 \"Battle of Damascus (2012)\") to take the city.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9407153/Syrian\\-rebels\\-launch\\-campaign\\-to\\-liberate\\-Damascus.html\\|title\\=Syrian rebels launch campaign to 'liberate' Damascus\\|author1\\=Ruth Sherlock\\|author2\\=Adrian Blomfield\\|date\\=17 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2012\\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718034537/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9407153/Syrian\\-rebels\\-launch\\-campaign\\-to\\-liberate\\-Damascus.html\\|archive\\-date\\=18 July 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 18 July, [Syrian Defense Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Syria%29 \"Ministry of Defense (Syria)\") [Dawoud Rajiha](/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha \"Dawoud Rajiha\"), former defense minister [Hasan Turkmani](/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani \"Hasan Turkmani\"), and the president's brother\\-in\\-law General [Assef Shawkat](/wiki/Assef_Shawkat \"Assef Shawkat\") were killed by a [suicide bomb attack](/wiki/July_2012_Damascus_bombing \"July 2012 Damascus bombing\") in Damascus.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9408321/Assads\\-brother\\-in\\-law\\-and\\-top\\-Syrian\\-officials\\-killed\\-in\\-Damascus\\-suicide\\-bomb.html\\|title\\=Assad's brother\\-in\\-law and top Syrian officials killed in Damascus suicide bomb\\|author\\=Damien McElroy\\|date\\=18 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2012\\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719162441/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9408321/Assads\\-brother\\-in\\-law\\-and\\-top\\-Syrian\\-officials\\-killed\\-in\\-Damascus\\-suicide\\-bomb.html\\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The [Syrian intelligence](/wiki/Syrian_intelligence \"Syrian intelligence\") chief [Hisham Ikhtiyar](/wiki/Hisham_Ikhtiyar \"Hisham Ikhtiyar\"), who was injured in the same explosion, later succumbed to his wounds.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-18920733\\|title\\=Syria blast: Security chief Ikhtiar dies from wounds\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=20 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720115207/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-18920733\\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Both the FSA and Liwa al\\-Islam claimed responsibility for the assassination.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-syria\\-crisis\\-bombing\\-claim\\-idUKBRE86H0FO20120718\\|title\\=Two Syrian rebel groups claim Damascus attack\\|date\\=18 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=18 July 2012\\|work\\=Reuters\\|first\\=Erika\\|last\\=Solomon\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719000456/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/18/uk\\-syria\\-crisis\\-bombing\\-claim\\-idUKBRE86H0FO20120718\\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n[thumb\\|Situation in Syria, mid\\-August 2012](/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28August_15_2012%29.svg \"Syrian Civil War map (August 15 2012).svg\")\nIn mid\\-July, rebel forces [attacked Damascus](/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_%282012%29 \"Battle of Damascus (2012)\") and were repelled over two weeks, although [fighting still continued in the outskirts](/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_%28August%E2%80%93October_2012%29 \"Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)\"). After this, the focus shifted to the [battle for control of Aleppo](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%E2%80%932013%29 \"Battle of Aleppo (2012–2013)\").{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3693349\\.ece\\| title\\=A decisive battle being waged over Aleppo\\| date\\=28 July 2012\\| location\\=Chennai, India\\| work\\=The Hindu\\| first\\=Atul\\| last\\=Aneja\\| access\\-date\\=24 May 2017\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201135117/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3693349\\.ece\\| archive\\-date\\=1 February 2016\\| url\\-status\\=live}} On 25 July, multiple sources reported that the Assad government was using fighter jets to attack rebel positions in Aleppo and Damascus,{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\\-east\\-live/2012/jul/25/syria\\-assad\\-strikes\\-back\\-aleppo\\-live\\|title\\=Syria crisis: Assad strikes back with jets in Aleppo and Damascus – live updates\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=25 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2012\\|location\\=London\\|first1\\=Matthew\\|last1\\=Weaver\\|first2\\=Brian\\|last2\\=Whitaker\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828040042/http://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\\-east\\-live/2012/jul/25/syria\\-assad\\-strikes\\-back\\-aleppo\\-live\\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and on 1 August, UN observers in Syria witnessed government fighter jets firing on rebels in Aleppo.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3711815\\.ece\\|title\\=Syria using fighter jets against rebels: UN\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=1 August 2012\\|location\\=Chennai, India\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201135116/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3711815\\.ece\\|archive\\-date\\=1 February 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In early August, the Syrian Army recaptured Salaheddin district, an important rebel stronghold in Aleppo. In August, the government began using fixed\\-wing warplanes against the rebels.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/Boxx20130301\\-AirSpace.pdf \\|title\\=Observations on the Air War in Syria \\|work\\=Air \\& Space Power Journal \\|date\\=March–April 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010115630/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/opeds/Boxx20130301\\-AirSpace.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-10\\-10 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.understandingwar.org/press\\-media/graphsandstat/syrian\\-air\\-force\\-air\\-defense\\-overview \\|title\\=Syrian Air Force \\& Air Defense Overview \\|publisher\\=Institute for the Study of War \\|date\\=25 October 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505061127/http://www.understandingwar.org/press\\-media/graphsandstat/syrian\\-air\\-force\\-air\\-defense\\-overview \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 19 July, Iraqi officials reported that the FSA had gained control of all four border checkpoints between Syria and Iraq, increasing concerns for the safety of Iraqis trying to escape the violence in Syria.{{cite news\\|last\\=Arango\\|first\\=Tim\\|title\\=Iraq Says Rebels in Syria Control Border Posts\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/world/middleeast/syria\\-border\\-with\\-iraq.html\\|access\\-date\\=19 July 2012\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=19 July 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720013736/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/world/middleeast/syria\\-border\\-with\\-iraq.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "#### September", "On 6 September 2012 Kurdish activists reported that 21 civilians were killed in the Kurdish neighborhood of Sheikh Maqsud in [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo \"Aleppo\"), when the Syrian Army shelled the local mosque and its surroundings. Despite the district being neutral during the [Battle of Aleppo](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%29 \"Battle of Aleppo (2012)\") and free of government and FSA clashes, local residents believed that the district was shelled as retaliation for sheltering anti\\-government civilians from other parts of the city. In a statement released shortly after the deaths, the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) vowed to retaliate.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5175\\.html \\|title\\=Deadly Attack Claims Many Lives in Aleppo's Kurdish Sector \\|last\\=Abdulmajid \\|first\\=Adib \\|date\\=8 September 2012 \\|publisher\\=Rudaw \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406225022/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5175\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2013 }} A few days later, Kurdish forces killed 3 soldiers in [Afrin](/wiki/Afrin%2C_Syria \"Afrin, Syria\") ({{lang\\-ku\\|Efrîn}}) and captured a number of other government soldiers in [Ayn al\\-Arab](/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab \"Ayn al-Arab\") ({{lang\\-ku\\|Kobanî}}) and [Al\\-Malikiyah](/wiki/Al-Malikiyah \"Al-Malikiyah\") ({{lang\\-ku\\|Dêrika Hemko}}) from where they drove the remaining government security forces. It was also reported that the government had begun to arm Arab tribes around [Qamishli](/wiki/Qamishli \"Qamishli\") in preparation for a possible confrontation with Kurdish forces, who still did not completely control the city.{{cite news\\|title\\=PYD Kills Syrian Soldiers in Revenge Attack\\|url\\=http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5180\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2012\\|newspaper\\=Rudaw\\|date\\=10 September 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122062634/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5180\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=22 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On 19 September 2012, rebel forces seized a border crossing between Syria and Turkey in [Raqqa Governorate](/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate \"Raqqa Governorate\"). It was speculated that this crossing could provide opposition forces with strategic and logistical advantages due to Turkish support of the rebels, whose headquarters subsequently relocated from southern Turkey into northern Syria.{{cite news \\|title\\=Syrian rebels seize control of border crossing on frontier with Turkey \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrian\\-rebels\\-seize\\-control\\-of\\-border\\-crossing\\-on\\-frontier\\-with\\-turkey/ \\|work\\=CBS News \\|date\\=19 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923041232/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301\\-202\\_162\\-57515876/syrian\\-rebels\\-seize\\-control\\-of\\-border\\-crossing\\-on\\-frontier\\-with\\-turkey/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} \n{{cite news\\|title\\=Rebel Group Says It Is Now Based in Syria, a Major Step\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/world/middleeast/rebels\\-move\\-command\\-from\\-turkey\\-to\\-syria.html\\|access\\-date\\=23 September 2012\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=23 September 2012\\|first1\\=Anne\\|last1\\=Barnard\\|first2\\=Hania\\|last2\\=Mourtada\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923024527/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/world/middleeast/rebels\\-move\\-command\\-from\\-turkey\\-to\\-syria.html\\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At least 8 government soldiers were killed and 15 wounded by a car bomb in the al\\-Gharibi district of Qamishli on 30 September 2012\\. The explosion targeted the Political Security branch.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/assad\\-forces\\-killed\\-northeast\\-car\\-bomb \\|title\\=Assad forces killed in northeast car bomb \\|date\\=30 September 2012 \\|work\\=Syria Live Blog \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010125050/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/assad\\-forces\\-killed\\-northeast\\-car\\-bomb \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2012 }}", "#### October", "In October 2012, rebel forces [seized control of Maarat al\\-Numan](/wiki/Battle_of_Maarat_al-Numan_%282012%29 \"Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2012)\"), a town in Idlib Governorate on the highway linking Damascus with Aleppo{{cite news\\|last\\=Naeem \\|first\\=Asad \\|title\\=Syria rebels cut highway to northern battlefields \\|url\\=http://www.brecorder.com/top\\-news/1\\-front\\-top\\-news/85378\\-syria\\-rebels\\-cut\\-highway\\-to\\-northern\\-battlefields\\-.html \\|newspaper\\=Business Recorder \\|date\\=11 October 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025174021/http://www.brecorder.com/top\\-news/1\\-front\\-top\\-news/85378\\-syria\\-rebels\\-cut\\-highway\\-to\\-northern\\-battlefields\\-.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 October 2014 }} and captured [Douma](/wiki/Douma%2C_Syria \"Douma, Syria\"), marking increased influence in [Rif Dimashq](/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate \"Rif Dimashq Governorate\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Di Giovanni\\|first\\=Janine\\|title\\=Denial Is Slipping Away as War Arrives in Damascus\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/world/middleeast/syrian\\-war\\-reaches\\-damascus.html\\|access\\-date\\=20 October 2012\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=18 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019162719/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/world/middleeast/syrian\\-war\\-reaches\\-damascus.html\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Lakhdar Brahimi arranged for a ceasefire during [Eid al\\-Adha](/wiki/Eid_al-Adha \"Eid al-Adha\") in late October 2012, but it quickly collapsed.{{cite news\\|last\\=Weaver\\|first\\=Matthew\\|title\\=Syria conflict: what next after failed ceasefire?\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\\-east\\-live/2012/oct/30/syria\\-conflict\\-after\\-failed\\-ceasefire\\-live\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=30 October 2012\\|location\\=London\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227233150/https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle\\-east\\-live/2012/oct/30/syria\\-conflict\\-after\\-failed\\-ceasefire\\-live\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Rebel offensives (November 2012 – April 2013\\)", "{{Main\\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2012\\)\\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2013\\)}}\n{{further\\|Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016\\)\\|Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013\\)\\|2012 Hama offensive\\|Damascus offensive (2013\\)\\|Battle of Shadadeh\\|Battle of Raqqa (2013\\)}}", "[left\\|thumb\\|[Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army \"Free Syrian Army\") fighters clean their weapons during the [Battle of Aleppo](/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_%282012%E2%80%932016%29 \"Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)\").](/wiki/File:FSA_rebels_cleaning_their_AK47s.jpg \"FSA rebels cleaning their AK47s.jpg\")", "After Brahimi's ceasefire agreement ended on 30 October 2012, the Syrian military expanded its bombing campaign in Damascus. The district of Jobar suffered the first bomb hit from a [fighter jet](/wiki/Fighter_jet \"Fighter jet\") in Damascus. The following day, Syrian Air Force commander Gen. Abdullah Mahmud al\\-Khalidi was assassinated by opposition gunmen in the Damascus district of Rukn al\\-Din.{{cite news\\|last\\=Gladstone\\|first\\=Rick\\|title\\=Syrian Air Force Commander Is Reported Killed\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/world/middleeast/syrian\\-air\\-force\\-commander\\-is\\-reported\\-killed.html\\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2012\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=31 October 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031122222/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/world/middleeast/syrian\\-air\\-force\\-commander\\-is\\-reported\\-killed.html\\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In early November 2012, rebels made significant gains in northern Syria. The rebel capture of [Saraqib](/wiki/Saraqib \"Saraqib\") in Idlib Governorate, which lies on the M5 highway, further isolated Aleppo.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syria army quits base on strategic Aleppo road\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE88J0X720121102\\|access\\-date\\=6 November 2012\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=2 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106064826/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/02/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE88J0X720121102\\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Due to insufficient anti\\-aircraft weapons, rebel units attempted to nullify the government's air power by destroying landed helicopters and aircraft on air bases.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syrian rebels struggle to keep regime Air Force on the ground (\\+video)\\|url\\=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle\\-East/2012/1126/Syrian\\-rebels\\-struggle\\-to\\-keep\\-regime\\-Air\\-Force\\-on\\-the\\-ground\\-video\\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2012\\|newspaper\\=The Christian Science Monitor\\|date\\=26 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801050356/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle\\-East/2012/1126/Syrian\\-rebels\\-struggle\\-to\\-keep\\-regime\\-Air\\-Force\\-on\\-the\\-ground\\-video\\|archive\\-date\\=1 August 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 3 November, rebels launched an attack on the [Taftanaz air base](/wiki/Taftanaz_air_base \"Taftanaz air base\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/03/world/meast/syria\\-civil\\-war/ \\|title\\=Rebels target air base in battle against aerial bombardment in Syria \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=4 November 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=6 November 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105211414/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/03/world/meast/syria\\-civil\\-war/ \\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 18 November 2012, rebels [took control of](/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46 \"Siege of Base 46\") Base 46 in the [Aleppo Governorate](/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate \"Aleppo Governorate\"), one of the Syrian Army's largest bases in northern Syria, after weeks of intense fighting. Defected General Mohammed Ahmed al\\-Faj, who commanded the assault, stated nearly 300 Syrian troops had been killed and 60 had been captured, with rebels seizing large amounts of heavy weapons, including tanks.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap\\-exclusive\\-syrian\\-rebels\\-seize\\-base\\-arms\\-trove \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713012653/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap\\-exclusive\\-syrian\\-rebels\\-seize\\-base\\-arms\\-trove \\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|title\\=Base Seizure Sharp Blow to Syria's Efforts to Roll Back Rebel Gains\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]]\\|first\\=Ben\\|last\\=Hubbard\\|date\\=20 November 2012\\|access\\-date\\=19 March 2013}} On 22 November, rebels captured the [Mayadin](/wiki/Mayadin \"Mayadin\") military base in the country's eastern [Deir ez\\-Zor Governorate](/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate \"Deir ez-Zor Governorate\"). Activists said this gave the rebels control of much territory east of the base, stretching to the Iraqi border.{{cite news\\|last\\=Yeranian\\|first\\=Edward\\|title\\=Analysts Weigh in on Longevity of Syria's Assad\\|url\\=http://www.voanews.com/content/analysts\\_weight\\_in\\_on\\_longevity\\_of\\_syrias\\_assad/1551388\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=24 November 2012\\|publisher\\=Voice of America\\|date\\=22 November 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127191022/http://www.voanews.com/content/analysts\\_weight\\_in\\_on\\_longevity\\_of\\_syrias\\_assad/1551388\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=27 November 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 29 November, at approximately 10:26 [UTC](/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time \"Coordinated Universal Time\"), the Syrian Internet and phone service was shut off for two days.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/28/world/meast/syria\\-civil\\-war/index.html\\|title\\=Virtually all Internet service in Syria shut down, group says\\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=29 November 2012\\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205084139/http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/28/world/meast/syria\\-civil\\-war/index.html\\|archive\\-date\\=5 December 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Syrian officials blamed the blackout on terrorists having cut \"a main fiber optic cable connecting Damascus to the rest of the world\";{{cite news \\|last1\\=McEvers \\|first1\\=Kelly \\|title\\=Flights Into Syria Cancelled As Rebels Make Gains \\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/29/166186759/flights\\-into\\-syria\\-cancelled\\-as\\-rebels\\-make\\-gains \\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2020 \\|work\\=NPR \\|date\\=29 November 2012}} [Edward Snowden](/wiki/Edward_Snowden \"Edward Snowden\") in August 2014 claimed that this Internet breakdown had been caused, though unintendedly, by hackers of the [NSA](/wiki/National_Security_Agency \"National Security Agency\") during an operation to intercept Internet communication in Syria.*[NRC Handelsblad](/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad \"NRC Handelsblad\")* (Dutch), 14 August 2014\\.", "In mid\\-December 2012, American officials said that the Syrian military had fired [Scud](/wiki/Scud \"Scud\") ballistic missiles at rebel fighters inside Syria. Reportedly, six Scud missiles were fired at the Sheikh Suleiman base north of Aleppo, occupied by rebel forces. It is unclear whether the Scuds hit the intended target. The government denied this claim{{which\\|date\\=December 2016}}.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012\\-12/13/c\\_132039471\\.htm \\|title\\=Syria denies using Scud missiles in fighting armed militia \\|agency\\=Xinhua News Agency \\|date\\=13 December 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219140300/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012\\-12/13/c\\_132039471\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=19 December 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Later that month, a further Scud attack took place near Marea, a town north of Aleppo near the Turkish border, apparently missing its target,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/21/world/middleeast/syrian\\-forces\\-lobbing\\-more\\-scud\\-missiles\\-at\\-rebels\\-us\\-says.html \\|title\\=Syria Fires More Scud Missiles at Rebels, U.S. Says \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=20 December 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=27 December 2012 \\|first1\\=Michael R. \\|last1\\=Gordon \\|first2\\=Eric \\|last2\\=Schmitt \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226223118/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/21/world/middleeast/syrian\\-forces\\-lobbing\\-more\\-scud\\-missiles\\-at\\-rebels\\-us\\-says.html \\|archive\\-date\\=26 December 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and the FSA penetrated into Latakia Governorate's coast through Turkey.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syrian rebels cut off Bashar al\\-Assad's escape route\\|author\\=Ruth Sherlock\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9751531/Syrian\\-rebels\\-cut\\-off\\-Bashar\\-al\\-Assads\\-escape\\-route.html\\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph\\|date\\=17 December 2012\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2012\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218143550/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9751531/Syrian\\-rebels\\-cut\\-off\\-Bashar\\-al\\-Assads\\-escape\\-route.html\\|archive\\-date\\=18 December 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In late December, rebel forces pushed further into Damascus, taking control of the adjoining [Yarmouk](/wiki/Yarmouk%2C_Damascus \"Yarmouk, Damascus\") and Palestine refugee camps, pushing out pro\\-government [Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine\\-General Command](/wiki/PFLP-GC \"PFLP-GC\") fighters with the help of other factions.[\"Syria rebels make further gains\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20766628) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211730/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-20766628 \\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-17 }}. BBC. 18 December 2012\\. Retrieved 6 February 2013\\. Rebel forces launched [an offensive](/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive \"2012 Hama offensive\") in Hama Governorate, later claiming to have forced army regulars to evacuate several towns and bases,{{cite news\\|title\\=Syrian rebels launch major assault on army across Hama\\|url\\=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays\\-News\\-1\\-148994\\-Syrian\\-rebels\\-launch\\-major\\-assault\\-on\\-army\\-across\\-Hama \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713014647/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays\\-News\\-1\\-148994\\-Syrian\\-rebels\\-launch\\-major\\-assault\\-on\\-army\\-across\\-Hama \\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2012\\|newspaper\\=The News International\\|date\\=18 December 2012}} and stating that \"three\\-quarters of western rural Hama is under our control.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Rebels seize towns in central Syria \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE8AJ1FK20121219 \\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2012 \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=19 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219142936/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/19/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE8AJ1FK20121219 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 December 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Rebels also captured the town of Harem near the Turkish border in Idlib Governorate, after weeks of heavy fighting.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syrian rebels fully capture town near Turkish border after weeks of siege\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/12/25/syrian\\-rebels\\-fully\\-capture\\-town\\-near\\-turkish\\-border\\-after\\-weeks\\-siege/\\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2013\\|publisher\\=Fox News Channel\\|date\\=24 December 2012\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115104456/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/12/25/syrian\\-rebels\\-fully\\-capture\\-town\\-near\\-turkish\\-border\\-after\\-weeks\\-siege/\\|archive\\-date\\=15 November 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|Situation in Syria, mid\\-March 2013](/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg \"Syrian Civil War map (March 15 2013).svg\")\nOn 11 January 2013, Islamist groups, including al\\-Nusra Front, took full control of the [Taftanaz](/wiki/Taftanaz \"Taftanaz\") air base in the Idlib Governorate, after weeks of fighting. The base had been used by the Syrian military to carry out helicopter raids and deliver supplies. The rebels claimed to have seized helicopters, tanks and rocket launchers, before being forced to withdraw by a government counter\\-attack. The leader of the al\\-Nusra Front said the amount of weapons they took was a \"game changer\".{{cite news\\|title\\=Syrian rebels seize key air base, activists say\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/11/syrian\\-rebels\\-seize\\-key\\-air\\-base\\-activists\\-say/1826117/\\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2013\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|work\\=USA Today\\|date\\=11 January 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112051935/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/11/syrian\\-rebels\\-seize\\-key\\-air\\-base\\-activists\\-say/1826117/\\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 11 February, Islamist rebels captured the town of [Al\\-Thawrah](/wiki/Al-Thawrah \"Al-Thawrah\") in [Raqqa Governorate](/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate \"Raqqa Governorate\") and the nearby [Tabqa Dam](/wiki/Tabqa_Dam \"Tabqa Dam\"), Syria's largest dam and a key source of [hydroelectricity](/wiki/Hydroelectricity \"Hydroelectricity\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/middleeast/syrian\\-insurgents\\-claim\\-to\\-control\\-large\\-hydropower\\-dam.html\\|title\\=Syrian Insurgents Claim to Control Large Hydropower Dam\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=11 February 2013\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2013\\|first1\\=Hwaida\\|last1\\=Saad\\|author\\-link\\=Hwaida Saad \\|first2\\=Rick\\|last2\\=Gladstone\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625014943/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/world/middleeast/syrian\\-insurgents\\-claim\\-to\\-control\\-large\\-hydropower\\-dam.html\\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/rebels\\-take\\-control\\-of\\-military\\-airport\\-in\\-north\\-syria\\-ngo\\-says \\|title\\=Rebels take control of military airport in North Syria, NGO says \\|publisher\\=NOW News \\|date\\=12 February 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725184105/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/rebels\\-take\\-control\\-of\\-military\\-airport\\-in\\-north\\-syria\\-ngo\\-says \\|archive\\-date\\=25 July 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The next day, rebel forces took control of Jarrah air base, located {{convert\\|60\\|km\\|mi}} east of Aleppo.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE91A0MU20130212 \\|title\\=Syrian air base falls, Assad forces under pressure \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=12 February 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212084145/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE91A0MU20130212 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 14 February, al\\-Nusra Front fighters took control of Shadadeh, a town in [Al\\-Hasakah Governorate](/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate \"Al-Hasakah Governorate\") near the Iraqi border.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/jihadists\\-seize\\-syria\\-town\\-on\\-iraq\\-border \\|title\\=Jihadists seize Syria town on Iraq border \\|publisher\\=NOW News \\|date\\=14 February 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513184134/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/jihadists\\-seize\\-syria\\-town\\-on\\-iraq\\-border \\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 20 February 2013, a [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb \"Car bomb\") exploded in Damascus near the Ba'ath Syrian Regional Branch headquarters, killing at least 53 people and injuring more than 235\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-21529634\\|title\\=Syria conflict: Many dead in huge Damascus bombing\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=21 February 2013\\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221145429/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-21529634\\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} No group claimed responsibility.{{cite news\\|last\\=Barnard\\|first\\=Anne\\|title\\=Car Bomb in Damascus Kills Dozens, Opposition Says\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/world/middleeast/car\\-bomb\\-in\\-damascus\\-kills\\-dozens\\-opposition\\-says.html\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2013\\|author2\\=Hwaida Saad\\|author3\\=Hania Mourtada\\|date\\=21 February 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221145028/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/22/world/middleeast/car\\-bomb\\-in\\-damascus\\-kills\\-dozens\\-opposition\\-says.html\\|archive\\-date\\=21 February 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 21 February, the FSA in Quasar began shelling Hezbollah positions in Lebanon. Prior to this, Hezbollah had been shelling villages near Quasar from within Lebanon. A 48\\-hour ultimatum was issued by a FSA commander on 20 February, warning the militant group to stop the attacks.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian\\-rebels\\-attack\\-hezbollahs\\-positions\\-in\\-lebanon\\-fsa\\-commander.aspx?pageID\\=238\\&nID\\=41647\\&NewsCatID\\=352 \\|title\\=Syrian rebels attack Hezbollah's positions in Lebanon: FSA commander \\|work\\=Hürriyet Daily News \\|date\\=22 February 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620031003/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian\\-rebels\\-attack\\-hezbollahs\\-positions\\-in\\-lebanon\\-fsa\\-commander.aspx?pageID\\=238\\&nID\\=41647\\&NewsCatID\\=352 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 2 March 2013, intense clashes between rebels and the Syrian Army erupted in the city of Raqqa, with many deaths reported on both sides.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-21641113\\|title\\=Syria: Fierce clashes in provincial capital Raqqa\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=2 March 2013\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305182723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-21641113\\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On the same day, Syrian troops regained several villages near Aleppo.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/syria\\-iran\\-us\\-aid\\-rebels\\-extend\\-war\\-155957995\\.html \\|title\\=Syria, Iran say US aid to rebels will extend war \\|work\\=Yahoo News \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=3 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=22 July 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106023532/http://news.yahoo.com/syria\\-iran\\-us\\-aid\\-rebels\\-extend\\-war\\-155957995\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} By 3 March, rebels had overrun Raqqa's central prison and freed hundreds of prisoners, according to the SOHR.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/syria\\-153\\|title\\=Syria Live Blog\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071334/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/liveblog/topic/Syria\\-153\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The SOHR also stated that rebel fighters had taken control of most of an [Aleppo police academy](/wiki/Khan_al-Asal_Police_Academy \"Khan al-Asal Police Academy\") in [Khan al\\-Asal](/wiki/Khan_al-Asal \"Khan al-Asal\"), and that over 200 rebels and government troops had been killed fighting for control of it.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-21647196\\|title\\=Rebels 'seize most of Syria police academy'\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=3 March 2013\\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306015341/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-21647196\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "By 6 March 2013, the rebels had captured the city of Raqqa, effectively making it the first provincial capital to be lost by the Assad government. Residents of Raqqa toppled a bronze statue of his late father Hafez al\\-Assad in the centre of the city. The rebels also seized two top government officials.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/05/syria\\-iraq\\-ambush/1963987/\\|title\\=Syrian Rebels Battle Regime Holdouts in Raqqa\\|author\\=Zeina Karam\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=5 March 2013\\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2014\\|work\\=USA Today\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111214405/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/05/syria\\-iraq\\-ambush/1963987/\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 18 March, the Syrian Air Force attacked rebel positions in Lebanon for the first time, at the Wadi al\\-Khayl Valley area, near the town of Arsal.{{cite news\\|author\\=Barnard, Anne\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/world/middleeast/syria\\-warplanes\\-hit\\-lebanon\\-for\\-first\\-time.html\\|title\\=Syria Warplanes Hit Lebanon for First Time\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=18 March 2013\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328051935/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/world/middleeast/syria\\-warplanes\\-hit\\-lebanon\\-for\\-first\\-time.html\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 21 March, a suspected suicide bombing in the Iman Mosque in Mazraa district killed as many as 41 people, including the pro\\-Assad Sunni cleric, Sheikh [Mohammed al\\-Buti](/wiki/Mohammed_al-Buti \"Mohammed al-Buti\").{{cite news \\|author\\=Jim Muir \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-21887877 \\|title\\=Syria mosque blast: Pro\\-Assad cleric among dozens dead \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=21 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330184146/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-21887877 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 March 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 23 March, several rebel groups seized the 38th division air defense base in southern Daraa Governorate near a highway linking Damascus to Jordan.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE92M03K20130323 \\|title\\=Syria rebels seize southern base, border area \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=23 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126064830/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/23/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE92M03K20130323 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 November 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On the next day, rebels captured a {{convert\\|25\\|km\\|mi\\|adj\\=on\\|abbr\\=off}} strip of land near the Jordanian border, which included the towns of [Muzrib](/wiki/Muzayrib \"Muzayrib\"), Abdin, and the al\\-Rai military checkpoint.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Mar\\-24/211277\\-activists\\-clashes\\-in\\-syria\\-near\\-jordan\\-border.ashx\\#axzz2OSgwmleH \\|title\\=Rebels seize Jordan\\-Syria border area: activists \\|work\\=The Daily Star \\|date\\=24 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135353/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Middle\\-East/2013/Mar\\-24/211277\\-activists\\-clashes\\-in\\-syria\\-near\\-jordan\\-border.ashx\\#axzz2OSgwmleH \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 25 March, rebels launched one of their heaviest bombardments of Central Damascus since the revolt began. Mortars reached Umayyad Square, where the Ba'ath Party headquarters, Air Force Intelligence and state television are located.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-damascus\\-idUSBRE92O07320130325 \\|title\\=Syrian rebels bombard central Damascus, army artillery hits back \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=25 March 2013 \\|first\\=Oliver \\|last\\=Holmes \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104221617/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/25/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-damascus\\-idUSBRE92O07320130325 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[left\\|thumb\\|Fighters of the [al\\-Tawhid Brigade](/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade \"Al-Tawhid Brigade\") deface an image of President [Bashar al\\-Assad](/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad \"Bashar al-Assad\") on the road between [Hama](/wiki/Hama \"Hama\") and [Raqqa](/wiki/Raqqa \"Raqqa\") on 27 March 2013\\.](/wiki/File:Al-Tawhid_Brigade_deface_image_of_Bashar_al-Assad_on_the_Hama-Raqqa_road.png \"Al-Tawhid Brigade deface image of Bashar al-Assad on the Hama-Raqqa road.png\")", "On 26 March 2013, near the Syrian town of al\\-Qusayr, rebel commander Khaled al Hamad, who commanded the Al Farooq al\\-Mustakilla Brigade and is also known by his nom de guerre Abu Sakkar, ate the heart and liver of a dead soldier and said \"I swear to God, you soldiers of Bashar, you dogs, we will eat from your hearts and livers! O heroes of Bab Amr, you slaughter the Alawites and take out their hearts to eat them!\" in an apparent attempt to increase sectarianism.{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Baker \\|first\\=Aryn \\|url\\=http://world.time.com/2013/05/12/atrocities\\-will\\-be\\-televised\\-they\\-syrian\\-war\\-takes\\-a\\-turn\\-for\\-the\\-worse/ \\|title\\=Savage Online Videos Fuel Syria's Descent into Madness \\|magazine\\=Time \\|date\\=12 May 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511204936/http://world.time.com/2013/05/12/atrocities\\-will\\-be\\-televised\\-they\\-syrian\\-war\\-takes\\-a\\-turn\\-for\\-the\\-worse/ \\|archive\\-date\\=11 May 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/13/most\\_disgusting\\_atrocity\\_syrian\\_civil\\_war\\_rebel\\_eat\\_heart \\|title\\=Is This the Most Disgusting Atrocity Filmed in the Syrian Civil War? \\|work\\=Foreign Policy \\|date\\=13 May 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2013 \\|last\\=Bouckaert \\|first\\=Peter \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517103317/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/13/most\\_disgusting\\_atrocity\\_syrian\\_civil\\_war\\_rebel\\_eat\\_heart \\|archive\\-date\\=17 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Video of the event emerged two months later and resulted in considerable outrage, especially from Human Rights Watch which classified the incident as a war crime. According to the BBC, it was one of the most gruesome videos to emerge from the conflict to\\-date.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-22519770 \\|title\\=Outrage at Syrian rebel shown 'eating soldier's heart' \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=14 May 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515020850/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-22519770 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 29 March, rebels captured the town of [Da'el](/wiki/Da%27el \"Da'el\") after fierce fighting. The town is located in [Daraa Governorate](/wiki/Daraa_Governorate \"Daraa Governorate\"), along the highway connecting Damascus to Jordan.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\\_east/rebels\\-claim\\-to\\-take\\-key\\-city\\-in\\-southern\\-syria/2013/03/29/e53b75e8\\-987c\\-11e2\\-814b\\-063623d80a60\\_story.html \\|title\\=Rebels claim to take key city in southern Syria \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=29 March 2013 \\|first\\=Babak \\|last\\=Dehghanpisheh \\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014043505/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle\\_east/rebels\\-claim\\-to\\-take\\-key\\-city\\-in\\-southern\\-syria/2013/03/29/e53b75e8\\-987c\\-11e2\\-814b\\-063623d80a60\\_story.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 October 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 3 April, rebels captured a military base near the city of [Daraa](/wiki/Daraa \"Daraa\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/world/middleeast/Syria\\-rebels.html \\|title\\=New Rebel Gains Reported in Southern Syria With Seizure of Military Base \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=3 April 2013 \\|first1\\=Rick \\|last1\\=Gladstone \\|first2\\=Hala \\|last2\\=Droubi \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425212833/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/04/world/middleeast/Syria\\-rebels.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 April 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In mid\\-January 2013, as clashes re\\-erupted between rebels and Kurdish forces in Ras al\\-Ayn, YPG forces moved to expel government forces from oil\\-rich areas in Hassakeh Province. Clashes broke out from 14 to 19 January{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid\\=2741\\&z\\=en\\&cure\\=1009\\|title\\=Al Maʿbada: Fighting between YPG and Syrian military\\|date\\=24 January 2013\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090423/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid\\=2741\\&z\\=en\\&cure\\=1009\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} between the army and YPG fighters in the Kurdish village of Gir Zîro (Tall Adas), near [al\\-Maabadah](/wiki/Al-Maabadah \"Al-Maabadah\") ({{lang\\-ku\\|Girkê Legê}}), where an army battalion of around 200 soldiers had been blockaded since 9 January. YPG forces claimed to have expelled government after the clashes. One soldier was reportedly killed and another eight injured, while seven were captured (later released) and 27 defected.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/clashes\\-getting\\-heavier\\-in\\-serekaniye\\-update.htm \\|title\\=Clashes getting heavier in Serêkaniyê\\-UPDATE \\|last\\=ANF \\|date\\=20 January 2013 \\|publisher\\=Firat News \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207024708/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/clashes\\-getting\\-heavier\\-in\\-serekaniye\\-update.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=7 February 2013 }} Fighting at the oil field near Gir Zîro ended on 21 January, when government forces withdrew after receiving no assistance from Damascus.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid\\=2748\\&z\\=en\\&cure\\=1009\\|title\\=Al\\-Maʿbada: YPG gains control of oil field\\|date\\=3 February 2013\\|publisher\\=KurdWatch\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728085238/http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid\\=2748\\&z\\=en\\&cure\\=1009\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In Rumeilan, directly west of al\\-Maabadah, another 200 soldiers had been surrounded by YPG forces, and 10 soldiers were reported to have defected.", "[right\\|thumb\\|[YPG](/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units \"People's Protection Units\") fighters in 2013](/wiki/File:YPG_fighters_in_2013.jpg \"YPG fighters in 2013.jpg\")", "From 8 to 11 February 2013,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid\\=2763\\&z\\=en\\&cure\\=1009\\|title\\=Aleppo: Heavy fighting between YPG and Syrian Army\\|date\\=24 February 2013\\|publisher\\=KurdWatch\\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090031/http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid\\=2763\\&z\\=en\\&cure\\=1009\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} heavy clashes broke out between the YPG and government troops in the PYD/YPG\\-held district Ashrafiyah where, according to SOHR, at least 3 soldiers and 5 pro\\-government militiamen were killed. The fighting followed deadly shelling on 31 January on Ashrafiyah, in which 23 civilians were killed after FSA units moved into the Kurdish sector of Aleppo.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/5726\\.html \\|title\\=Kurdish Fighters Kill 8 on Aleppo Clashes \\|last\\=van Wilgenburg \\|first\\=Wladimir \\|date\\=10 February 2013 \\|publisher\\=Rudaw \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215053434/http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/5726\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2013 }} According to its own reports, the YPG lost 7 of its members in the fighting, while also claiming that 48 soldiers were killed and 22 captured,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/five\\-killed\\-in\\-syrian\\-attack\\-in\\-aleppo.htm \\|title\\=Five killed in Syrian attack in Aleppo \\|date\\=27 February 2013 \\|publisher\\=Firat News \\|access\\-date\\=27 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728084853/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/five\\-killed\\-in\\-syrian\\-attack\\-in\\-aleppo.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2013 }} and a further 70{{cite news\\|url\\=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/fierce\\-fighting\\-in\\-aleppo\\-video.htm \\|title\\=Fierce fighting in Aleppo – VIDEO \\|date\\=11 February 2013 \\|publisher\\=Firat News \\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728090553/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/fierce\\-fighting\\-in\\-aleppo\\-video.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2013 }} injured. In early March, YPG forces established full control of oil fields and installations in north\\-east Syria after government forces posted there surrendered. Also, YPG assaulted government forces and took control of the towns of [Tall ʿAdas](/wiki/Tall_%CA%BFAdas \"Tall ʿAdas\"), which is adjacent to Rumeilan oil fields, and [Al\\-Qahtaniya](/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah%2C_Al-Hasakah_Governorate \"Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate\") ({{lang\\-ku\\|Tirbespî}}).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.al\\-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/power\\-vacuum\\-oil\\-fields\\-syria\\-kurdish\\-militia\\-pyd.html\\|title\\=Syrian Kurdish Militia Takes Over Oil Fields\\|work\\=Al\\-Monitor\\|date\\=7 March 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024140428/http://www.al\\-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/power\\-vacuum\\-oil\\-fields\\-syria\\-kurdish\\-militia\\-pyd.html\\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group *what group?\" adopted the name* {{transliteration\\|ar\\|ad\\-Dawlah al\\-Islāmiyah fī 'l\\-ʿIrāq wa\\-sh\\-Shām}} *({{lang\\|ar\\|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام}}). As* [al\\-Shām](/wiki/wikt:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85 \"الشام\") *is a region often compared with the [Levant](/wiki/Levant \"Levant\") or the [region of Syria](/wiki/Syria_%28region%29 \"Syria (region)\"), the group's name has been variously translated as \"Islamic State of Iraq and [al\\-Sham](/wiki/Al-Sham \"Al-Sham\")\", \"Islamic State of Iraq and Syria\" (both abbreviated as* ISIS*), or \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\" (abbreviated as* ISIL'').", "### Government offensives (April–June 2013\\)", "{{Main\\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2013\\)\\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (from May 2013\\)}}\n{{further\\|Al\\-Qusayr offensive\\|Battle of al\\-Qusayr (2013\\)}}", "On 17 April 2013, Ba'athist government forces breached a six\\-month rebel blockade in Wadi al\\-Deif, near Idlib. Heavy fighting was reported around the town of Babuleen after government troops attempt to secure control of a main highway leading to Aleppo. The break in the siege also allowed government forces to resupply two major military bases in the region which had been relying on sporadic airdrops. On 18 April, the FSA took control of Al\\-Dab'a Air Base near the city of al\\-Qusayr.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.news.com.au/breaking\\-news/world/syria\\-rebels\\-claim\\-strategic\\-airbase/story\\-e6frfkui\\-1226623878591 \\|title\\=Syria rebels claim strategic airbase \\|publisher\\=News.com.au \\|date\\=18 April 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731095637/http://www.news.com.au/breaking\\-news/world/syria\\-rebels\\-claim\\-strategic\\-airbase/story\\-e6frfkui\\-1226623878591 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 July 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The base was being used primarily to garrison ground troops. Meanwhile, the Syrian Army re\\-captured the town of Abel. The SOHR said the loss of the town would hamper rebel movements between al\\-Qusayr and Homs city. The capture of the airport would have relieved the pressure on the rebels in the area, but their loss of [Abel](/wiki/Abil \"Abil\") made the situation more complicated.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130418/syria\\-troops\\-seize\\-strategic\\-homs\\-village \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507060016/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130418/syria\\-troops\\-seize\\-strategic\\-homs\\-village \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2013 \\|title\\=Syria troops seize strategic Homs village \\|work\\=Global Post \\|date\\=18 April 2013 }} The same day, rebels reportedly assassinated Ali Ballan, who was a government employee, in the Mazzeh district of Damascus.{{cite web \\|last\\=Lebovic \\|first\\=Matt \\|url\\=http://www.timesofisrael.com/fierce\\-battles\\-in\\-syria\\-us\\-to\\-raise\\-aid\\-to\\-rebels/ \\|title\\=Fierce Battles in Syria; US To Raise Aid To Rebels \\|work\\=The Times of Israel \\|date\\=19 April 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717193401/http://www.timesofisrael.com/fierce\\-battles\\-in\\-syria\\-us\\-to\\-raise\\-aid\\-to\\-rebels/ \\|archive\\-date\\=17 July 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 21 April, government forces [captured the town of Jdaidet al\\-Fadl](/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl \"Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl\"), near Damascus.{{cite news\\|author\\=Sebastian Usher\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-22240540\\|title\\=Syria army seizes Jdaidet al\\-Fadl 'killing dozens'\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=22 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329084415/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-22240540\\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[right\\|thumb\\|The Syrian government and allied [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah \"Hezbollah\") forces won a major strategic victory during the [Al\\-Qusayr offensive](/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive \"Al-Qusayr offensive\").](/wiki/File:2013_al_Qusayr_Offensive.svg \"2013 al Qusayr Offensive.svg\")", "In April 2013, government and [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah \"Hezbollah\") forces launched [an offensive](/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive \"Al-Qusayr offensive\") to capture areas near al\\-Qusayr. On 21 April, pro\\-Assad forces captured the towns of Burhaniya, Saqraja and al\\-Radwaniya near the Lebanese border. By this point, eight villages had fallen to the government offensive in the area.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson\\-reuters/130421/lebanon\\-border\\-area\\-mired\\-syrian\\-conflict \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510082727/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson\\-reuters/130421/lebanon\\-border\\-area\\-mired\\-syrian\\-conflict \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2013 \\|title\\=Lebanon border area mired in Syrian conflict \\|work\\=Global Post \\|date\\=21 April 2013 }} On 24 April, after five weeks of fighting, government troops re\\-took control of the town of Otaiba, east of Damascus, which had been serving as the main arms supply route from Jordan.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/assad\\-might\\-be\\-winning\\-the\\-syrian\\-war\\-2013\\-4\\|title\\=Assad Thinks He's Winning The Syrian War – And He May Be Right\\|website\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]] \\|date\\=25 April 2013\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522130442/http://www.businessinsider.com/assad\\-might\\-be\\-winning\\-the\\-syrian\\-war\\-2013\\-4\\|archive\\-date\\=22 May 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Meanwhile, in the north of the country, rebels took control of a position on the edge of the strategic Mennagh Military airbase, on the outskirts of Aleppo. This allowed them to enter the airbase after months of besieging it.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-22283746 \\|title\\=Syria clashes destroy ancient Aleppo minaret \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=24 April 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231143354/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-22283746 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 December 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 2 May 2013, government forces captured the town of [Qaysa](/wiki/Al-Qisa \"Al-Qisa\") in a push north from the city's airport. Troops also retook the Wadi al\\-Sayeh central district of Homs, driving a wedge between two rebel strongholds.{{cite news\\|author\\=Solomon, Erika\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE9410VP20130502\\|title\\=Dozens dead as Assad's forces storm coastal village\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=2 May 2013\\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815053539/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/02/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE9410VP20130502\\|archive\\-date\\=15 August 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} SOHR reported [a massacre](/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres \"Bayda and Baniyas massacres\") of over 100 people by the Syrian Army in the coastal town of Al Bayda, Baniyas. However, this could not be independently verified due to movement restrictions on the ground.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/May\\-02/215831\\-up\\-to\\-100\\-feared\\-dead\\-in\\-syrian\\-massacre\\-monitoring\\-group.ashx\\#axzz2SAjabaj0 \\|title\\=Dozens killed in Syria's Banias: watchdog \\|work\\=The Daily Star \\|date\\=2 May 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706100826/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/May\\-02/215831\\-up\\-to\\-100\\-feared\\-dead\\-in\\-syrian\\-massacre\\-monitoring\\-group.ashx\\#axzz2SAjabaj0 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 July 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Yet the multiple video images that residents said they had recorded – particularly of small children, were so shocking that even some government supporters rejected Syrian television's official version of events, that the army had simply \"crushed a number of terrorists.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/world/middleeast/grisly\\-killings\\-in\\-syrian\\-towns\\-dim\\-hopes\\-for\\-peace\\-talks.html\\|title\\=New York Times, 15 May 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=15 May 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929134355/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/world/middleeast/grisly\\-killings\\-in\\-syrian\\-towns\\-dim\\-hopes\\-for\\-peace\\-talks.html\\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Barnard \\|first1\\=Anne \\|last2\\=Mourtada \\|first2\\=Hania }} On 15 June, the Syrian Army captured the Damascus suburb of Ahmadiyeh near the city's airport.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syrian troops capture Damascus suburb near airport\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/syrian\\-troops\\-capture\\-damascus\\-suburb\\-near\\-airport\\-135233418\\.html\\|date\\=15 June 2013\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065108/http://news.yahoo.com/syrian\\-troops\\-capture\\-damascus\\-suburb\\-near\\-airport\\-135233418\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.startribune.com/syrian\\-troops\\-capture\\-damascus\\-suburb\\-near\\-airport/211673011/ \\|title\\=Syrian troops capture Damascus suburb near airport, days after attack on the facility \\|work\\=StarTribune \\|date\\=15 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2015 \\|location\\=Beirut \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617221356/http://www.startribune.com/syrian\\-troops\\-capture\\-damascus\\-suburb\\-near\\-airport/211673011/ \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 22 June, the Syrian Army captured the rebel stronghold town of [Talkalakh](/wiki/Talkalakh \"Talkalakh\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Tal Kalakh: The Syrian town that lost the will to fight – The once rebel stronghold is back in the hands of the Syrian army \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/tal\\-kalakh\\-the\\-syrian\\-town\\-that\\-lost\\-the\\-will\\-to\\-fight\\-8673695\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle\\-east/tal\\-kalakh\\-the\\-syrian\\-town\\-that\\-lost\\-the\\-will\\-to\\-fight\\-8673695\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-01 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription\\|date\\=25 June 2013 \\|location\\=London\\|work\\=The Independent\\|first\\=Patrick\\|last\\=Cockburn}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.news24\\.com/World/News/Syria\\-rebels\\-lose\\-border\\-town\\-20130626 \\|title\\=Syria rebels lose border town \\|publisher\\=News24\\.com \\|date\\=26 June 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703174538/http://www.news24\\.com/World/News/Syria\\-rebels\\-lose\\-border\\-town\\-20130626 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Continued fighting (July–October 2013\\)", "{{Main\\|Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–December 2013\\)}}\n{{further\\|2013 Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict\\|Ghouta chemical attack}}", "[left\\|thumb\\|[YPG](/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units \"People's Protection Units\") fighters [battle](/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn \"Battle of Ras al-Ayn\") [mujahideen](/wiki/Mujahideen \"Mujahideen\") and the [Free Syrian Army](/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army \"Free Syrian Army\") at [Ras al\\-Ayn](/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn \"Ras al-Ayn\").](/wiki/File:People%27s_Defense_Units_defending_Ras_al-Ayn_against_al-Nusra_Front_terrorists_%282%29.jpg \"People's Defense Units defending Ras al-Ayn against al-Nusra Front terrorists (2).jpg\")", "On 28 June 2013, rebel forces captured a major military checkpoint in the city of Daraa. On 12 July FSA reported that one of its commanders, Kamal Hamami, had been killed by Islamists a day before. The rebels declared that the assassination by the [Islamic State of Iraq and Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and Levant\"), was tantamount to a declaration of war.{{cite news\\|author1\\=Karouny, Mariam\\|author2\\=Holmes, Oliver\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE96B08A20130712\\|title\\=New front opens in Syria as rebels say al Qaeda attack means war\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=12 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712160904/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/12/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE96B08A20130712\\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 17 July, FSA forces took control of most of the southern city of [Nawa](/wiki/Nawa%2C_Syria \"Nawa, Syria\") after seizing up to 40 army posts stationed in the city.[Syria rebels seize parts of Deraa's Nawa city (Blog)](http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syria-rebels-seize-parts-deraas-nawa-city) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054944/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syria\\-rebels\\-seize\\-parts\\-deraas\\-nawa\\-city \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }}. Al Jazeera (17 July 2013\\). On 18 July, Kurdish YPG forces [secured control](/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn \"Battle of Ras al-Ayn\") of the northern town of [Ras al\\-Ayn](/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn \"Ras al-Ayn\"), after days of fighting with the al\\-Nusra Front.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-turkey\\-idUSBRE96H0EQ20130718 \\|title\\=Kurds seize town on Syria\\-Turkey border, Ankara concerned \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=18 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002135524/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/18/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-turkey\\-idUSBRE96H0EQ20130718 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 October 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In the following three months, continued fighting between Kurdish and mainly jihadist rebel forces led to the capture of two dozen towns and villages in [Hasakah Governorate](/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate \"Al-Hasakah Governorate\") by Kurdish fighters,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/833671/syrie\\-les\\-kurdes\\-chassent\\-des\\-jihadistes\\-dun\\-village\\-du\\-nord\\-est.html \\|title\\=Syrie: les Kurdes chassent des jihadistes d'un village du nord\\-est \\|publisher\\=Lorientlejour.com \\|date\\=18 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016233341/http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/833671/syrie\\-les\\-kurdes\\-chassent\\-des\\-jihadistes\\-dun\\-village\\-du\\-nord\\-est.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while the Jihadists made limited gains in Aleppo and Raqqa governorates after they turned on the Kurdish rebel group [Jabhat al\\-Akrad](/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad \"Jabhat al-Akrad\") over its relationship with the YPG. In Aleppo Governorate, Islamists massacred the Kurds leading to a mass migration of civilians to the town of Afrin.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/28/the\\_civil\\_war\\_within\\_syria\\_s\\_civil\\_war\\_kurdish\\_fighters \\|title\\=The Civil War Within Syria's Civil War \\|work\\=Foreign Policy \\|date\\=28 August 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161638/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/28/the\\_civil\\_war\\_within\\_syria\\_s\\_civil\\_war\\_kurdish\\_fighters \\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 22 July 2013, FSA fighters seized control of the western Aleppo suburb of [Khan al\\-Asal](/wiki/Khan_al-Asal \"Khan al-Asal\"). The town was the last government stronghold in the western portion of Aleppo Governorate.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/77092/World/Region/Syria\\-rebels\\-seize\\-key\\-northern\\-town\\-NGO.aspx \\|title\\=Syria rebels seize key northern town: NGO \\|work\\=Ahram Online \\|date\\=22 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701185454/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/77092/World/Region/Syria\\-rebels\\-seize\\-key\\-northern\\-town\\-NGO.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=1 July 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 25 July, the Syrian Army secured the town of [al\\-Sukhnah](/wiki/Al-Sukhnah%2C_Syria \"Al-Sukhnah, Syria\"), after expelling the al\\-Nusra Front.[Homs province: Activists in the town of... – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights](https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/398131266961884) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203924/https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/398131266961884 \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-24 }}. Facebook. On 27 July, after weeks of fighting and bombardment in Homs, the Syrian Army captured the historic [Khalid ibn al\\-Walid Mosque](/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque \"Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque\"),{{cite news\\|title\\=Syrian troops capture historic mosque in Homs\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/27/syrian\\-troops\\-capture\\-historic\\-mosque\\-in\\-homs/2592611/\\|newspaper\\=USA Today\\|date\\=27 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711224739/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/27/syrian\\-troops\\-capture\\-historic\\-mosque\\-in\\-homs/2592611/\\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and two days later, captured the district of Khaldiyeh.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syria: Government forces take control of strategic Homs neighbourhood\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/29/syria\\_government\\_forces\\_take\\_control\\_of\\_strategic\\_homs\\_neighbourhood.html\\|newspaper\\=Toronto Star\\|date\\=30 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820153620/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/29/syria\\_government\\_forces\\_take\\_control\\_of\\_strategic\\_homs\\_neighbourhood.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 4 August, around 10 rebel brigades, launched [a large\\-scale offensive](/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive \"2013 Latakia offensive\") on the government stronghold of [Latakia Governorate](/wiki/Latakia_Governorate \"Latakia Governorate\"). Initial attacks by 2,000 opposition members seized as many as 12 villages in the mountainous area. Between 4 and 5 August 20 rebels and 32 government soldiers and militiamen had been killed in the clashes. Hundreds of Alawite villagers fled to Latakia. By 5 August, rebel fighters advanced to a position {{convert\\|20\\|km\\|abbr\\=off}} from Qardaha, the home town of the Assad family.{{cite news\\|author\\=Isabel Nassief\\|title\\=Regime Regains Ground on the Coast\\|url\\=http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/regime\\-regains\\-ground\\|date\\=22 August 2013\\|agency\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328094623/http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/regime\\-regains\\-ground\\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news \\|author\\=Mroue, Bassam \\|title\\=hrw\\-syrian\\-missiles\\-kill\\-hundreds\\-civilians \\|url\\=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hrw\\-syrian\\-missiles\\-kill\\-hundreds\\-civilians \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713014126/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hrw\\-syrian\\-missiles\\-kill\\-hundreds\\-civilians \\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|date\\=5 August 2013 \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2013}} However, in mid\\-August, the military counter\\-attacked and recaptured all of the territory previously lost to the rebels in the coastal region during the offensive.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/11/world/meast/syria\\-civil\\-war/index.html \\|title\\=Syrian rebel fighters guilty of serious abuses, says Human Rights Watch \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|date\\=11 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619233032/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/11/world/meast/syria\\-civil\\-war/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 June 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|last\\=Evans \\|first\\=Dominic \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE97I0HW20130819 \\|title\\=Assad's forces push back rebels in Syria's Alawite mountains \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=19 August 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924183924/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/19/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE97I0HW20130819 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} A Syrian security force source \"told AFP the army still had to recapture the Salma region, a strategic area along the border with Turkey.\"{{cite news\\|title\\=Syria army recaptures all rebel positions in Latakia'\\|url\\=http://www.france24\\.com/en/20130819\\-syria\\-army\\-recaptures\\-all\\-rebel\\-positions\\-latakia\\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse\\|date\\=19 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601104644/http://www.france24\\.com/en/20130819\\-syria\\-army\\-recaptures\\-all\\-rebel\\-positions\\-latakia\\|archive\\-date\\=1 June 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} According to a [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") report 190 civilians were killed by rebel forces during the offensive, including at least 67 being executed. Another 200 civilians, primarily women and children, were taken hostage.HRW: [Executions, Unlawful Killings, and Hostage Taking by Opposition Forces in Latakia Countryside](https://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature=e2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2&suid=6) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062324/http://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature\\=e2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2\\&suid\\=6 \\|date\\=16 October 2013 }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/middleeast/syrian\\-civilians\\-bore\\-brunt\\-of\\-rebels\\-fury\\-report\\-says.html \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|title\\=Syrian Civilians Bore Brunt of Rebels' Fury, Report Says \\|date\\=11 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928215256/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/middleeast/syrian\\-civilians\\-bore\\-brunt\\-of\\-rebels\\-fury\\-report\\-says.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[right\\|thumb\\|Victims of the [Ghouta chemical attack](/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack \"Ghouta chemical attack\"), which killed hundreds and wounded over three thousand.{{cite web \\|title\\=Syria: Thousands suffering neurotoxic symptoms treated in hospitals supported by MSF \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Médecins Sans Frontières]] \\|date\\=24 August 2013 \\|url\\=http://www.msf.org/article/syria\\-thousands\\-suffering\\-neurotoxic\\-symptoms\\-treated\\-hospitals\\-supported\\-msf \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826214418/http://www.msf.org/article/syria\\-thousands\\-suffering\\-neurotoxic\\-symptoms\\-treated\\-hospitals\\-supported\\-msf \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}](/wiki/File:Ghouta_massacre1.JPG \"Ghouta massacre1.JPG\")", "On 6 August 2013, rebels captured [Menagh Military Airbase](/wiki/Menagh_Military_Airbase \"Menagh Military Airbase\") after a 10\\-month siege. The strategic airbase is located on the road between Aleppo city and the Turkish border.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syrian rebels capture military airport near Turkey\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-airport\\-idUSBRE97411J20130805\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=5 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924183618/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/05/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-airport\\-idUSBRE97411J20130805\\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle\\-east/2013/08/06/FSA\\-takes\\-control\\-of\\-Menagh\\-air\\-base\\-near\\-Aleppo.html\\|title\\=FSA takes control of Menagh air base near Aleppo\\|publisher\\=Al Arabiya\\|date\\=6 August 2013\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807213418/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle\\-east/2013/08/06/FSA\\-takes\\-control\\-of\\-Menagh\\-air\\-base\\-near\\-Aleppo.html\\|archive\\-date\\=7 August 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 21 August [a chemical attack](/wiki/2013_Ghouta_attacks \"2013 Ghouta attacks\") took place in the Ghouta region of the Damascus countryside, leading to thousands of casualties and several hundred dead in the opposition\\-held stronghold. The attack was followed by a military offensive by government forces into the area, which had been hotbeds of the opposition. On 24 August, rebels captured the town of [Ariha](/wiki/Ariha%2C_Syria \"Ariha, Syria\"). However, government forces recaptured Ariha on 3 September.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/96651\\-army\\-retakes\\-strategic\\-town\\-in\\-northwest\\-syria \\|title\\=Army Retakes Strategic Town in Northwest Syria \\|publisher\\=Naharnet.com \\|date\\=3 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010034109/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/96651\\-army\\-retakes\\-strategic\\-town\\-in\\-northwest\\-syria \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.news24\\.com/World/News/Assad\\-forces\\-capture\\-strategic\\-Syria\\-northern\\-town\\-20130903 \\|title\\=Assad forces capture strategic Syria northern town \\|publisher\\=News24\\.com \\|date\\=3 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627205204/http://www.news24\\.com/World/News/Assad\\-forces\\-capture\\-strategic\\-Syria\\-northern\\-town\\-20130903 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 26 August, rebel forces took over the town of [Khanasir](/wiki/Khanasir \"Khanasir\") in Aleppo Governorate which was the government's last supply route for the city of Aleppo.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013826124946176888\\.html \\|title\\=Syria rebels take control of strategic town \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\=26 August 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605144554/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013826124946176888\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 8 September 2013, rebels led by the al\\-Nusra Front [captured the Christian town of Maaloula](/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula \"Battle of Maaloula\"), {{convert\\|43\\|km\\|abbr\\=off}} north of Damascus,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.seattletimes.com/nation\\-world/activists\\-syrian\\-rebels\\-take\\-christian\\-village/ \\|title\\=Activists: Syrian rebels take Christian village \\|work\\=The Seattle Times \\|date\\=8 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2015 \\|author\\=Jamal Halaby \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115310/http://www.seattletimes.com/nation\\-world/activists\\-syrian\\-rebels\\-take\\-christian\\-village/ \\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The Syrian Army launched a counterattack a few days later, recapturing the town.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10309239/Maaloulas\\-cathedral\\-and\\-churches\\-empty\\-of\\-Christians\\-as\\-Syrias\\-latest\\-front\\-line\\-fight\\-takes\\-its\\-toll.html\\|title\\=Maaloula's cathedral and churches empty of Christians as Syria's latest front\\-line fight takes its toll\\|author\\=Bill Neely\\|work\\=The Telegraph\\|date\\=14 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|location\\=London\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009203443/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10309239/Maaloulas\\-cathedral\\-and\\-churches\\-empty\\-of\\-Christians\\-as\\-Syrias\\-latest\\-front\\-line\\-fight\\-takes\\-its\\-toll.html\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 18 September, the [Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\") (ISIS) overran the FSA\\-held town of Azaz in the north. The fighting was the most severe since tensions rose between militant factions in Syria earlier in the year.{{cite news \\|last\\=Morris \\|first\\=Loveday \\|url\\=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013\\-09\\-18/world/42179489\\_1\\_rebel\\-group\\-islamic\\-state\\-rebel\\-supply\\-lines \\|title\\=Al\\-Qaeda\\-linked fighters seize Syrian town of Azaz from more moderate rebels \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\|date\\=18 September 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=23 August 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214331/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013\\-09\\-18/world/42179489\\_1\\_rebel\\-group\\-islamic\\-state\\-rebel\\-supply\\-lines \\|archive\\-date\\=10 November 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Soon after ISIS captured Azaz, a ceasefire was announced between the rival rebel groups. However, in early October, more fighting erupted in the town.{{cite news \\|last\\=Dziadosz \\|first\\=Alexander \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-azaz\\-idUSBRE9920FV20131003 \\|title\\=Syria rebels try to end infighting near Turkish border \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=3 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007065408/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/03/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-azaz\\-idUSBRE9920FV20131003 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 20 September 2013, Alawite militias including the NDF killed 15 civilians in the Sunni village of [Sheik Hadid](/wiki/Shaykh_Hadid \"Shaykh Hadid\") in Hama Governorate. The massacre occurred in retaliation for a rebel capture of the village of Jalma, in Hama, which killed five soldiers, along with the seizure of a military checkpoint which killed 16 soldiers and 10 NDF militiamen.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/21/activists\\-syrian\\-troops\\-and\\-pro\\-government\\-militiamen\\-storm\\-sunni\\-village\\|title\\=Activists: Syrian troops and pro\\-government militiamen storm Sunni village, killing 15\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\|date\\=21 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|work\\=Fox News\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014211203/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/21/activists\\-syrian\\-troops\\-and\\-pro\\-government\\-militiamen\\-storm\\-sunni\\-village/\\|archive\\-date\\=14 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE98K08H20130921\\|title\\=Syria meets deadline for chemical weapons disclosure\\|author\\=Thomas Escritt\\|work\\=Reuters\\|date\\=21 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061343/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/21/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-idUSBRE98K08H20130921\\|archive\\-date\\=16 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In mid\\-September, the military captured the towns of Deir Salman and Shebaa on the outskirts of Damascus. The Army also captured six villages in eastern Homs.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://english.al\\-akhbar.com/content/syrian\\-army\\-makes\\-headway\\-damascus\\-and\\-homs\\|title\\=Syrian Army Makes Headway in Damascus and Homs\\|author\\=Marah Mashi\\|newspaper\\=Al\\-Akhbar\\|date\\=19 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702083842/http://english.al\\-akhbar.com/content/syrian\\-army\\-makes\\-headway\\-damascus\\-and\\-homs\\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Fighting broke out in those towns again in October.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://supportkurds.org/news/thursday\\-3\\-october\\-2013/\\|title\\=Events: Thursday 3 October 2013\\|publisher\\=Support Kurds in Syria\\|date\\=3 October 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012101113/http://supportkurds.org/news/thursday\\-3\\-october\\-2013/\\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 28 September, rebels seized the Ramtha border post in [Daraa Governorate](/wiki/Daraa_Governorate \"Daraa Governorate\") on the Syria Jordan crossing after fighting which left 26 soldiers dead along with 7 foreign rebel fighters.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/09/student\\-deaths\\-reported\\-syria\\-air\\-raids\\-201392914391313718\\.html\\|title\\=Students reported killed in Syria air attack\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera\\|date\\=29 September 2013\\|access\\-date\\=23 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019180041/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/09/student\\-deaths\\-reported\\-syria\\-air\\-raids\\-201392914391313718\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 3 October, AFP reported that Syria's army re\\-took the town of [Khanasir](/wiki/Khanasir \"Khanasir\"), which is located on a supply route linking central Syria to the city of Aleppo.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syria army retakes northern strategic town\\|url\\=http://gulfnews.com/in\\-focus/syria/syria\\-army\\-retakes\\-northern\\-strategic\\-town\\-1\\.1238911\\|newspaper\\=Gulf News\\|date\\=3 October 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004064006/http://gulfnews.com/in\\-focus/syria/syria\\-army\\-retakes\\-northern\\-strategic\\-town\\-1\\.1238911\\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 7 October, the Syrian Army managed to reopen the supply route between Aleppo and Khanasir.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Syria\\_Live\\_Blog/92310948 \\|title\\=Syria Live Blog – Live Blogs – Al Jazeera English \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\=5 February 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512020612/http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Syria\\_Live\\_Blog/92310948 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 9 October 2013, rebels seized the Hajanar guard post on the Jordanian border after a month of fierce fighting. Rebels were now in control of a swath of territory along the border from outside of Daraa to the edge of Golan Heights.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131009/syria\\-rebels\\-seize\\-guard\\-post\\-jordan\\-border\\-0 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210064929/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131009/syria\\-rebels\\-seize\\-guard\\-post\\-jordan\\-border\\-0 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2013 \\|title\\=Syria rebels seize guard post on Jordan border \\|publisher\\=Globalpost.com \\|date\\=9 October 2013}} The same day, Hezbollah and Iraqi Shiite fighters, backed up by artillery, air\\-strikes and tanks, captured the town of Sheikh Omar, on the southern outskirts of Damascus. Two days later, they also captured the towns of al\\-Thiabiya and Husseiniya on the southern approaches to Damascus. The capture of the three towns strengthened the government hold on major supply lines and put more pressure on rebels under siege in the Eastern Ghouta area.{{cite web \\|author\\=Khaled Yacoub Oweis \\|url\\=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/World/2013/10/11/Syrian\\-army\\-retakes\\-two\\-Damascus\\-suburbs\\-from\\-rebels.aspx \\|title\\=Syrian army retakes two Damascus suburbs from rebels – activists \\|work\\=The Star \\|location\\=Malaysia \\|date\\=11 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128152333/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/World/2013/10/11/Syrian\\-army\\-retakes\\-two\\-Damascus\\-suburbs\\-from\\-rebels.aspx/ \\|archive\\-date\\=28 January 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jpost.com/Middle\\-East/Syrian\\-opposition\\-Hezbollah\\-Iraqi\\-militia\\-capture\\-Damascus\\-suburb\\-328304 \\|title\\=Syrian opposition: Hezbollah, Iraqi militia capture Damascus suburb \\|work\\=The Jerusalem Post \\|date\\=21 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509220531/http://www.jpost.com/Middle\\-East/Syrian\\-opposition\\-Hezbollah\\-Iraqi\\-militia\\-capture\\-Damascus\\-suburb\\-328304 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 14 October, SOHR reported that rebels captured the Resefa and Sinaa districts of [Deir ez\\-Zor](/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor \"Deir ez-Zor\") city, as well as Deir ez\\-Zor's military hospital.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/433712646737079 \\|title\\=Deir Ezzour province: A fighter from... – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights \\|publisher\\=Facebook \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224204106/https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/433712646737079 \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-02\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Government offensives (October–December 2013\\)", "{{further\\|Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013\\)\\|Battle of Qalamoun}}\n[250px\\|left\\|thumb\\|In a [large\\-scale offensive](/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_%28October%E2%80%93December_2013%29 \"Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)\") in late 2013, Syrian government forces made major advances in [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo \"Aleppo\").](/wiki/File:Aleppo_offensive_%28October_2013%29.svg \"Aleppo offensive (October 2013).svg\")\nThe Syrian Arab Army along with its allies, Hezbollah and the [al\\-Abas brigade](/wiki/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas \"Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas\"), launched an offensive on Damascus and Aleppo. On 16 October, AFP reported that Syrian troops recaptured the town of Bweida, south of Damascus. On 17 October, the Syrian government's head of Military Intelligence in [Deir ez\\-Zor Governorate](/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate \"Deir ez-Zor Governorate\"), Jameh Jameh, was assassinated by rebels in Deir ez\\-Zor city. SOHR reported that he had been shot by a rebel sniper during a battle with rebel brigades.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/10/top\\-syrian\\-army\\-general\\-killed\\-battle\\-20131017182611866437\\.html \\|title\\=Syrian military spy chief killed in battle – Middle East \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801060818/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/10/top\\-syrian\\-army\\-general\\-killed\\-battle\\-20131017182611866437\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-08\\-01 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 24 October, the Syrian Army retook control of the town of Hatetat al\\-Turkman, located southeast of Damascus, along the Damascus International Airport road.{{cite news \\|last\\=Dziadosz \\|first\\=Alexander \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-suburb\\-idUSBRE99N0NU20131024 \\|title\\=Syrian army seizes Damascus suburb from rebels: state TV \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=24 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190219/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/24/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-suburb\\-idUSBRE99N0NU20131024 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 26 October 2013, Kurdish rebel fighters seized control of the strategic Yarubiya border crossing between Syria and Iraq from al\\-Nusra in Al Hasakah Governorate.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-24689025 \\|title\\=Syria Kurdish fighters seize border post from Islamists \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=26 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=31 December 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918043526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-middle\\-east\\-24689025 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 September 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Elsewhere, in Daraa Governorate, rebel fighters captured the town of [Tafas](/wiki/Tafas \"Tafas\") from government forces after weeks of clashes which left scores dead.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id\\=20686002\\&sid\\=76 \\|title\\=Syrian Kurds Capture Border Crossing With Iraq \\|author\\=Bassem Mroue \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=25 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021718/https://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id\\=20686002\\&sid\\=76 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 1 November, the Syrian Army retook control of the key city of [Al\\-Safira](/wiki/Al-Safira \"Al-Safira\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Nov\\-01/236495\\-syrian\\-forces\\-capture\\-town\\-near\\-chemical\\-weapons\\-site\\-activists.ashx\\#axzz2hs2ziHUm \\|title\\=Syrian forces capture town near chemical weapons site: Activists \\|work\\=The Daily Star \\|date\\=1 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702172403/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Nov\\-01/236495\\-syrian\\-forces\\-capture\\-town\\-near\\-chemical\\-weapons\\-site\\-activists.ashx\\#axzz2hs2ziHUm \\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and the next day, the Syrian Army and its allies recaptured the village of Aziziyeh on the northern outskirts of Al\\-Safira.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEyztI8NQHagOrUBEQdrKXTc1rag?docId\\=fe3e3476\\-346a\\-4d68\\-bbf8\\-6dd59c8fb67b\\&hl\\=en \\|title\\=AFP: Air raids on rebel areas near Damascus, Kurds advance: NGO \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209114326/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEyztI8NQHagOrUBEQdrKXTc1rag?docId\\=fe3e3476\\-346a\\-4d68\\-bbf8\\-6dd59c8fb67b\\&hl\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2013 }} From early to mid\\-November, Syrian Army forces captured several towns south of Damascus, including Hejeira and Sbeineh. Government forces also recaptured the town of Tel Aran, southeast of Aleppo, and a military base near Aleppo's international airport.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/11/16/syrian\\-government\\-gaining\\-ground\\-in\\-war\\-strengthening\\-hand\\-ahead\\-proposed\\-peace/ \\|title\\=Syrian government gaining ground in war, strengthening hand ahead of proposed peace talks \\|publisher\\=Fox News \\|date\\=16 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2015 \\|location\\=Beirut \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619151326/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/11/16/syrian\\-government\\-gaining\\-ground\\-in\\-war\\-strengthening\\-hand\\-ahead\\-proposed\\-peace/ \\|archive\\-date\\=19 June 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 10 November 2013, the Syrian Army had taken full control of \"Base 80\", near Aleppo's airport.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/11/10/syria\\-activists\\-say\\-rebels\\-reach\\-deal\\-with\\-government\\-to\\-ease\\-blockade\\-rebel/ \\|title\\=Syria activists say rebels reach deal with government to ease blockade of rebel\\-held town \\|publisher\\=Fox News \\|date\\=10 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126061623/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/11/10/syria\\-activists\\-say\\-rebels\\-reach\\-deal\\-with\\-government\\-to\\-ease\\-blockade\\-rebel/ \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} According to the SOHR, 63 rebels, and 32 soldiers were killed during the battle. One other report put the number of rebels killed between 60 and 80\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://cphpost.dk/news14/international\\-news14/two\\-danes\\-allegedly\\-die\\-fighting\\-in\\-syria.html \\|title\\=Two Danes allegedly die fighting in Syria \\|work\\=The Copenhagen Post \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617144659/http://cphpost.dk/news14/international\\-news14/two\\-danes\\-allegedly\\-die\\-fighting\\-in\\-syria.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-06\\-17 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Army units were backed\\-up by Hezbollah fighters and pro\\-government militias during the assault.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gz6wr66r6Oa38fRV4RQH7uwZd2pA?docId\\=7ab4cb0a\\-40ef\\-49b8\\-b757\\-5b337a3ee3a0\\&hl\\=en \\|title\\=Syria army retakes key base near Aleppo: state TV \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209114330/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gz6wr66r6Oa38fRV4RQH7uwZd2pA?docId\\=7ab4cb0a\\-40ef\\-49b8\\-b757\\-5b337a3ee3a0\\&hl\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2013}} The following day, government forces secured most of the area around the airport.{{cite web \\|author\\=Diaa Hadid \\|url\\=http://www.nwherald.com/2013/11/11/syria\\-based\\-groups\\-say\\-talks\\-may\\-be\\-last\\-chance/a8ppwjk/ \\|title\\=Syria\\-based groups say talks may be 'last chance' \\|publisher\\=Nwherald.com \\|date\\=11 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630024410/http://www.nwherald.com/2013/11/11/syria\\-based\\-groups\\-say\\-talks\\-may\\-be\\-last\\-chance/a8ppwjk/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Nov\\-11/237517\\-syria\\-army\\-seeks\\-to\\-reopen\\-aleppo\\-airport\\-military.ashx\\#axzz2kLOt6xon \\|title\\=Syria army seeks to reopen Aleppo airport: military \\|work\\=The Daily Star \\|location\\=Lebanon \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-05\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705222031/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Nov\\-11/237517\\-syria\\-army\\-seeks\\-to\\-reopen\\-aleppo\\-airport\\-military.ashx\\#axzz2kLOt6xon \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 13 November, government forces captured most of Hejeira.{{cite web \\|author\\=N Lucas \\|url\\=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/nov/13/syrian\\-media\\-troops\\-capture\\-south\\-damascus\\-suburb/ \\|title\\=Syrian media: Troops capture south Damascus suburb \\|work\\=U\\-T San Diego \\|date\\=13 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626134540/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/nov/13/syrian\\-media\\-troops\\-capture\\-south\\-damascus\\-suburb/ \\|archive\\-date\\=26 June 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Rebels retreated from Hejeira to [Al\\-Hajar al\\-Aswad](/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad \"Al-Hajar al-Aswad\"). However, their defenses in besieged districts closer to the heart of Damascus were still reportedly solid.{{cite news \\|last\\=Yacoub \\|first\\=Khaled \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-damascus\\-idUSBRE9AC0IC20131113 \\|title\\=Assad's forces make further gains around Damascus \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=13 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005181102/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/13/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-damascus\\-idUSBRE9AC0IC20131113 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 15 November 2013, the Syrian Army retook control of the city of Tell Hassel near Aleppo.{{cite news \\|last\\=Evans \\|first\\=Dominic \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-aleppo\\-idUSBRE9AE11X20131115 \\|title\\=Assad's forces advance in northern Syria towards Aleppo \\|work\\=Reuters \\|date\\=15 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190848/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/15/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-aleppo\\-idUSBRE9AE11X20131115 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 18 November, the Syrian troops stormed the town of Babbila.{{cite news \\|title\\=Syrian troops besiege strategic town amid fierce fights \\|url\\=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013\\-11/18/c\\_125716083\\.htm \\|agency\\=Xinhua News Agency \\|date\\=18 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=18 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119234639/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013\\-11/18/c\\_125716083\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=19 November 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On 19 November, government forces took full control of Qara.{{cite news\\|title\\=Syria troops seize Qara village near Lebanon border\\|url\\=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/521429\\-syria\\-troops\\-seize\\-qara\\-village\\-near\\-lebanon\\-border\\|work\\=NOW\\|date\\=19 November 2013\\|access\\-date\\=19 November 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119131433/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/521429\\-syria\\-troops\\-seize\\-qara\\-village\\-near\\-lebanon\\-border\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-11\\-19\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The same day, the Syrian Army captured al\\-Duwayrinah.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.trust.org/item/20131119145959\\-vur9p\\|title\\=Forces loyal to Syria's President Capture Raqqa\\|publisher\\=Reuters\\|date\\=19 November 2013\\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209170814/http://www.trust.org/item/20131119145959\\-vur9p\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 23 November, al\\-Nusra Front and other Islamist rebels captured the [al\\-Omar oil field](/wiki/Al-Omar_Field \"Al-Omar Field\"), Syria's largest oil field, in Deir al\\-Zor Governorate causing the government to rely almost entirely on imported oil.{{cite news\\|title\\=Islamist rebels capture Syria's largest oilfield: activists\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-oil\\-idUSBRE9AM03K20131123\\|newspaper\\=Reuters\\|date\\=23 November 2013\\|access\\-date\\=30 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115063204/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/23/us\\-syria\\-crisis\\-oil\\-idUSBRE9AM03K20131123\\|archive\\-date\\=15 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|first\\=Conal \\|last\\=Urquhart \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/23/syrian\\-islamist\\-rebels\\-oilfield\\-assad \\|title\\=Syrian Islamist rebels claim capture of key oilfield \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=23 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123133811/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/23/syrian\\-islamist\\-rebels\\-oilfield\\-assad \\|archive\\-date\\=23 November 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 24 November, rebels captured the towns of Bahariya, Qasimiya, Abbadah, and Deir Salman in Damascus's countryside.{{cite news \\|last\\=Solomon \\|first\\=Erika \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-syria\\-crisis\\-damascus\\-siege\\-idUKBRE9AN09320131124 \\|title\\=Scores killed as rebels battle to break siege of Damascus suburbs \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|date\\=24 November 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=20 March 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305053031/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/11/24/uk\\-syria\\-crisis\\-damascus\\-siege\\-idUKBRE9AN09320131124 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 March 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On 28 November, the Syrian Army recaptured Deir Attiyeh.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle\\-east/1\\.560767 \\|title\\=Syrian troops capture town near Lebanon border \\|work\\=Haaretz \\|date\\=28 November 2013 \\|agency\\=The Associated Press \\|access\\-date\\=7 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617164356/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle\\-east/1\\.560767 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 June 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 2 December 2013, rebels led by the Free Syrian Army recaptured the historic Christian town of [Ma'loula](/wiki/Ma%27loula \"Ma'loula\"). After the fighting, reports emerged that 12 nuns had been abducted by the rebels. However, the FSA disputes this and said that the nuns had been evacuated to the nearby rebel held town of [Yabrud](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\") due to the Army shelling.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Dec\\-03/239723\\-rebels\\-retake\\-christian\\-town\\-of\\-maaloula.ashx\\#axzz2mSZNeOZP\\|title\\=Rebels retake Christian town of Maaloula\\|work\\=The Daily Star\\|date\\=3 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203231452/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Dec\\-03/239723\\-rebels\\-retake\\-christian\\-town\\-of\\-maaloula.ashx\\#axzz2mSZNeOZP\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/108284\\-suicide\\-bomber\\-kills\\-four\\-in\\-central\\-damascus\\|title\\=Suicide Bomber Kills Four in Central Damascus, Abducted Nuns Taken to Yabrud\\|publisher\\=Naharnet\\|date\\=3 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209113132/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/108284\\-suicide\\-bomber\\-kills\\-four\\-in\\-central\\-damascus\\|archive\\-date\\=9 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In early December, the Islamic Front seized control of Bab al\\-Hawa border crossing with Turkey, which had been in hands of FSA.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Dec\\-10/240625\\-syria\\-islamists\\-seize\\-turkey\\-border\\-crossing\\-monitor.ashx\\|title\\=Syria Islamists seize Turkey border crossing\\|work\\=The Daily Star\\|date\\=10 December 2013\\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515141347/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle\\-East/2013/Dec\\-10/240625\\-syria\\-islamists\\-seize\\-turkey\\-border\\-crossing\\-monitor.ashx\\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The groups also captured warehouses containing equipment delivered by the U.S. In response, the U.S. and Britain said they halted all non\\-lethal aid to the FSA, fearing that further supplies could fall in hands of [al\\-Qaeda](/wiki/Al-Qaeda \"Al-Qaeda\") militants.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/11/us\\-britain\\-to\\-halt\\-non\\-lethal\\-aid\\-to\\-syria/\\|title\\=U.S., Britain to halt non\\-lethal aid to Syrian opposition\\|author\\=Dave Boyer\\|work\\=Washington Times\\|date\\=11 December 2014\\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107060749/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/11/us\\-britain\\-to\\-halt\\-non\\-lethal\\-aid\\-to\\-syria/\\|archive\\-date\\=7 January 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 9 December, the Army took full control of Nabek,{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la\\-fg\\-wn\\-syrian\\-army\\-seizes\\-town\\-20131209\\-story.html \\|title\\=Syrian army reportedly seizes third town along key north\\-south highway \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|date\\=9 December 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=19 September 2015 \\|author1\\=Patrick J. McDonnell \\|author2\\=Nabih Bulos \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|location\\=Beirut, Libanon \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005050859/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/09/world/la\\-fg\\-wn\\-syrian\\-army\\-seizes\\-town\\-20131209 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} with fighting continuing in its outskirts.", "" ]
Racing career ------------- He was trained throughout his career by [Tommy Smith](/wiki/Tommy_J._Smith "Tommy J. Smith") and ridden in 25 of his 30 wins by [Malcolm Johnston](/wiki/Malcolm_Johnston_%28jockey%29 "Malcolm Johnston (jockey)"). Kingston Town made his debut as a two\-year\-old, and, in his only start as a colt, ran last, but returned as a gelding in the final weeks of the season to win the Round Table Handicap at [Rosehill](/wiki/Rosehill_Racecourse "Rosehill Racecourse") at odds of 33/1\. This was the beginning of a six\-race winning run, which culminated in his first Group One win, the [Spring Champion Stakes](/wiki/Spring_Champion_Stakes "Spring Champion Stakes"). Sent to Melbourne, the 'Sydney Champion', as he was dubbed, could only finish third, fourth, and second, respectively, in the [Caulfield Guineas](/wiki/Caulfield_Guineas "Caulfield Guineas"), the [Caulfield Cup](/wiki/Caulfield_Cup "Caulfield Cup"), and the [Victoria Derby](/wiki/Victoria_Derby "Victoria Derby"). The pattern of consistent success in Sydney and mixed fortunes in Melbourne would be repeated throughout his career: Kingston Town won 21 races from as many starts in Sydney between June 1979 and August 1982, interspersed with four trips to Melbourne, where he won five of his 13 starts. In the autumn of his three\-year\-old season, Kingston Town won six races in a row, including the [Rosehill Guineas](/wiki/Rosehill_Guineas "Rosehill Guineas"), the [Tancred Stakes](/wiki/The_BMW_Stakes "The BMW Stakes"), the [AJC Derby](/wiki/Australian_Derby "Australian Derby"), and the [Sydney Cup](/wiki/Sydney_Cup "Sydney Cup"). At the Brisbane winter carnival, he extended his winning run to eight races by winning twice more, including the [Queensland Derby](/wiki/Queensland_Derby "Queensland Derby"). At season's end, his record stood at 14 wins from 18 starts, and he was named Australia's [champion](/wiki/Australian_Champion_Racehorse_of_the_Year "Australian Champion Racehorse of the Year") racehorse. The final 23 starts of Kingston Town's career, which produced a further 16 wins, were unusual in that he only raced at the spring carnivals of 1980, 1981, and 1982, and injury prevented him from campaigning at the 1981, 1982, or 1983 autumn carnivals. Each of the three preparations consisted of winning weight\-for\-age races in Sydney, such as the [Warwick Stakes](/wiki/Warwick_Stakes "Warwick Stakes") and the [George Main Stakes](/wiki/George_Main_Stakes "George Main Stakes"), often against small fields, before racing in Melbourne. In each of the three years, he won the [Cox Plate](/wiki/Cox_Plate "Cox Plate") at [Moonee Valley](/wiki/Moonee_Valley_Racecourse "Moonee Valley Racecourse"), and recorded back\-to\-back wins in the [Caulfield Stakes](/wiki/Caulfield_Stakes "Caulfield Stakes") in 1981 and 1982, but tried and failed to win the Caulfield and Melbourne Cups on multiple occasions. He was third in the 1980 [Caulfield Cup](/wiki/Caulfield_Cup "Caulfield Cup"), 20th in the [1981 Melbourne Cup](/wiki/1981_Melbourne_Cup "1981 Melbourne Cup"), and runner\-up in 1982 beaten a neck carrying 59 kg. Kingston Town won 21 successive stakes races in Sydney \- beaten by Winx who retired winning her last 24 starts in succession. Kingston Town's win in the 1982 Cox Plate was marked by [Bill Collins](/wiki/Bill_Collins_%28racecaller%29 "Bill Collins (racecaller)")'s famously incorrect prognostication that 'Kingston Town can't win', which was hastily revised to '... he might win yet the champ ... Kingston Town's swamping them ... Kingston Town...' According to The Age's Glenn Lester,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/10/25/1035504882931\.html\|title\=Five of the best \- theage.com.au\|website\=www.theage.com.au}} 'the call is so intricately woven into the "King's" history\-making third Cox Plate win that it's difficult to decide which was the most memorable element of the race: the broadcast or the victory itself'. Elsewhere, however, it is described as a 'gaffe',{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dinkumaussies.com/..%2FSPORTING%20Oz%20Horse%20Racing%2FKingston%20Town.htm\|title\=Dinkum Aussies \- Kingston Town}} and the replay supports this view in that Kingston Town was within a few lengths of the lead at the time. Greg Miles, however, a well\-respected racecaller of longstanding, who was also broadcasting the Cox Plate of 1982, states that he also made the same claim as Collins at almost the same time. After running his last race in Australia, in November 1982, Kingston Town was sent to America on 15 February 1984 in an attempt to overcome his leg problems, but he did not race in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). He was returned to Australia, and, in 1985, an attempt was made to resurrect his career, but he was scratched from his scheduled race and retired.
[ "Racing career\n-------------", "He was trained throughout his career by [Tommy Smith](/wiki/Tommy_J._Smith \"Tommy J. Smith\") and ridden in 25 of his 30 wins by [Malcolm Johnston](/wiki/Malcolm_Johnston_%28jockey%29 \"Malcolm Johnston (jockey)\"). Kingston Town made his debut as a two\\-year\\-old, and, in his only start as a colt, ran last, but returned as a gelding in the final weeks of the season to win the Round Table Handicap at [Rosehill](/wiki/Rosehill_Racecourse \"Rosehill Racecourse\") at odds of 33/1\\. This was the beginning of a six\\-race winning run, which culminated in his first Group One win, the [Spring Champion Stakes](/wiki/Spring_Champion_Stakes \"Spring Champion Stakes\"). Sent to Melbourne, the 'Sydney Champion', as he was dubbed, could only finish third, fourth, and second, respectively, in the [Caulfield Guineas](/wiki/Caulfield_Guineas \"Caulfield Guineas\"), the [Caulfield Cup](/wiki/Caulfield_Cup \"Caulfield Cup\"), and the [Victoria Derby](/wiki/Victoria_Derby \"Victoria Derby\"). The pattern of consistent success in Sydney and mixed fortunes in Melbourne would be repeated throughout his career: Kingston Town won 21 races from as many starts in Sydney between June 1979 and August 1982, interspersed with four trips to Melbourne, where he won five of his 13 starts.", "In the autumn of his three\\-year\\-old season, Kingston Town won six races in a row, including the [Rosehill Guineas](/wiki/Rosehill_Guineas \"Rosehill Guineas\"), the [Tancred Stakes](/wiki/The_BMW_Stakes \"The BMW Stakes\"), the [AJC Derby](/wiki/Australian_Derby \"Australian Derby\"), and the [Sydney Cup](/wiki/Sydney_Cup \"Sydney Cup\"). At the Brisbane winter carnival, he extended his winning run to eight races by winning twice more, including the [Queensland Derby](/wiki/Queensland_Derby \"Queensland Derby\"). At season's end, his record stood at 14 wins from 18 starts, and he was named Australia's [champion](/wiki/Australian_Champion_Racehorse_of_the_Year \"Australian Champion Racehorse of the Year\") racehorse.", "The final 23 starts of Kingston Town's career, which produced a further 16 wins, were unusual in that he only raced at the spring carnivals of 1980, 1981, and 1982, and injury prevented him from campaigning at the 1981, 1982, or 1983 autumn carnivals. Each of the three preparations consisted of winning weight\\-for\\-age races in Sydney, such as the [Warwick Stakes](/wiki/Warwick_Stakes \"Warwick Stakes\") and the [George Main Stakes](/wiki/George_Main_Stakes \"George Main Stakes\"), often against small fields, before racing in Melbourne. In each of the three years, he won the [Cox Plate](/wiki/Cox_Plate \"Cox Plate\") at [Moonee Valley](/wiki/Moonee_Valley_Racecourse \"Moonee Valley Racecourse\"), and recorded back\\-to\\-back wins in the [Caulfield Stakes](/wiki/Caulfield_Stakes \"Caulfield Stakes\") in 1981 and 1982, but tried and failed to win the Caulfield and Melbourne Cups on multiple occasions. He was third in the 1980 [Caulfield Cup](/wiki/Caulfield_Cup \"Caulfield Cup\"), 20th in the [1981 Melbourne Cup](/wiki/1981_Melbourne_Cup \"1981 Melbourne Cup\"), and runner\\-up in 1982 beaten a neck carrying 59 kg.", "Kingston Town won 21 successive stakes races in Sydney \\- beaten by Winx who retired winning her last 24 starts in succession.", "Kingston Town's win in the 1982 Cox Plate was marked by [Bill Collins](/wiki/Bill_Collins_%28racecaller%29 \"Bill Collins (racecaller)\")'s famously incorrect prognostication that 'Kingston Town can't win', which was hastily revised to '... he might win yet the champ ... Kingston Town's swamping them ... Kingston Town...' According to The Age's Glenn Lester,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/10/25/1035504882931\\.html\\|title\\=Five of the best \\- theage.com.au\\|website\\=www.theage.com.au}} 'the call is so intricately woven into the \"King's\" history\\-making third Cox Plate win that it's difficult to decide which was the most memorable element of the race: the broadcast or the victory itself'. Elsewhere, however, it is described as a 'gaffe',{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dinkumaussies.com/..%2FSPORTING%20Oz%20Horse%20Racing%2FKingston%20Town.htm\\|title\\=Dinkum Aussies \\- Kingston Town}} and the replay supports this view in that Kingston Town was within a few lengths of the lead at the time. Greg Miles, however, a well\\-respected racecaller of longstanding, who was also broadcasting the Cox Plate of 1982, states that he also made the same claim as Collins at almost the same time.", "After running his last race in Australia, in November 1982, Kingston Town was sent to America on 15 February 1984 in an attempt to overcome his leg problems, but he did not race in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). He was returned to Australia, and, in 1985, an attempt was made to resurrect his career, but he was scratched from his scheduled race and retired.", "" ]
Views and controversies ----------------------- ### Public views on denominational education In September 2002, Bishop Devine said, "Denominational education is an enabler of sectarianism", also "Roman Catholic schooling is divisive \- sometimes it's a price worth paying".[Bishop admits sectarian problem](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/2274383.stm), 22 September 2002, retrieved 3 July 2009 He justified the remarks by saying "The Catholic community believes that with denominational schooling comes the creation of a common set of values \- a coherent system that has the academic curriculum and moral and spiritual life in tandem". ### Public views on Parishes In February 2008, he called for an audit of police officers to combat sectarian discrimination against Catholics.[Scots police face sectarian audit](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article415988.ece){{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}, Jason Allardyce, [The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times"), 27 February 2008, retrieved 3 July 2009 The discrimination includes denying promotion to Catholics above a certain rank. Anti\-sectarianism charity [Nil by Mouth](/wiki/Nil_by_Mouth_%28charity%29 "Nil by Mouth (charity)") supported the call. ### Public views on homosexuality In March 2008, as part of a public lecture on [Sectarianism](/wiki/Sectarianism "Sectarianism") and [Secularism](/wiki/Secularism "Secularism"), Devine drew controversy when he denounced the "gay lobby" for attending [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust "Holocaust") memorials "to create for themselves the image of a group of people under persecution." He accused them of being part of a "giant conspiracy" to completely destroy Christianity. Bishop Devine explained, "Like [Mel Gibson](/wiki/Mel_Gibson "Mel Gibson"), who said, 'I'm going to pick a fight', so am I... The homosexual lobby has been extremely effective in aligning itself with minority groups. It is ever present at the service each year for the Holocaust memorial, as if to create for themselves the image of a group of people under persecution."[Catholic bishop hits out at 'gay conspiracy' to destroy Christianity](http://news.scotsman.com/scotland/Catholic-bishop--hits-out.3872740.jp), Tristran Stuart\-Robertson, [The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman "The Scotsman"), 13 March 2008, retrieved 3 July 2009[Bishop criticises gay community](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7294193.stm), [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"), 13 March 2008 Devine harshly criticised the decision to honour Sir [Ian McKellen](/wiki/Ian_McKellen "Ian McKellen") for his work for equality and, by way of illustrating the advances made by gays, pointed out that [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde "Oscar Wilde") had been incarcerated following conviction for violating the [gross indecency](/wiki/Gross_indecency "Gross indecency") statute. The Bishop also took the opportunity to advise the parents of gay children: "This must be a nightmare moment for any parent. I would try to handle it with a degree of compassion. But I would not tolerate that kind of behaviour. I would not condemn but I would not tolerate it." Critics of Bishop Devine replied that between 5,000 and 15,000 gay men were held in concentration camps by the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazis "Nazis") as members of an "anti\-social group." Historians estimate that 60% of them died while incarcerated. In 2007, Bishop Devine further stated that he would close the Roman Catholic adoption agencies rather than be legally coerced into helping same\-sex couples to adopt children, and earlier in the year suggested that homosexual men and women were not fit to teach in classrooms. ### Financial controversies In November 2008, Bishop Devine attracted controversy when he demolished his home in [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_South_Lanarkshire "Hamilton, South Lanarkshire"), [South Lanarkshire](/wiki/South_Lanarkshire "South Lanarkshire"), in order to build a new residence at an estimated cost of £650,000\.[Grand Devine's](http://www.sundaymail.co.uk/news/newsfeed/2008/11/23/grand-devine-s-78057-20917023/), Charles Lavery, [Sunday Mail](/wiki/Sunday_Mail_%28Scotland%29 "Sunday Mail (Scotland)"), 23 November 2008 This occasioned criticism from many among his flock in the diocese, and from beyond. His purchase of the now demolished house also caused controversy in the tabloid press, who claimed that he had considered the acquisition of a property with a swimming pool. This was denied by Bishop Devine. ### Sexual abuse scandal In April 2013, *[The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer")* alleged that as Bishop of Motherwell, Devine had protected priests who had sexually abused children and tried to silence or discredit their victims.{{cite news\|last\=Deveney\|first\=Catherine\|title\=Catholic priests unmasked: 'God doesn't like boys who cry'\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/07/catholic\-priests\-unmasked\-god\-boys\|accessdate\=7 April 2013\|newspaper\=The Observer\|date\=7 April 2013}} In 2016, Fr. John B. Farrell, a retired priest of the Diocese of Motherwell, the last headteacher at St Ninian's Orphanage, [Falkland](/wiki/Falkland%2C_Fife "Falkland, Fife"), [Fife](/wiki/Fife "Fife"), was sentenced to five years imprisonment. His colleague Paul Kelly, a retired teacher from [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth "Portsmouth"), was given ten years; both were convicted of the physical and sexual abuse of boys between the years 1979 and 1983\.{{Cite news \|title\=Christian Brothers abuse survivor wins five\-figure payout after 40\-year fight \|last\=Moncur \|first\=James \|newspaper\=Daily Record \|date\=23 August 2017 \|url\= https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\-news/abuse\-survivor\-wins\-five\-figure\-11042039}} More than 100 charges involving 35 boys were made. Farrell and Kelly were members of the [Irish Christian Brothers](/wiki/Irish_Christian_Brothers "Irish Christian Brothers") when the crimes were committed at the orphanage, which closed in 1983\. Although Farrell was not an ordained priest at the time when these specific offences were committed, an initial police investigation between 2000 and 2002 resulted in no charges. During this period, Farrell was in active ministry in the Diocese of Motherwell which at the time was led by Bishop Joseph Devine.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\-news/two\-men\-found\-guilty\-sexually\-8471640\|title\=Two men found guilty of sexually abusing and assaulting boys at St Ninian's\|first\=Grant\|last\=McCabe\|date\=22 July 2016\|publisher\=}}
[ "Views and controversies\n-----------------------", "### Public views on denominational education", "In September 2002, Bishop Devine said, \"Denominational education is an enabler of sectarianism\", also \"Roman Catholic schooling is divisive \\- sometimes it's a price worth paying\".[Bishop admits sectarian problem](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/2274383.stm), 22 September 2002, retrieved 3 July 2009 He justified the remarks by saying \"The Catholic community believes that with denominational schooling comes the creation of a common set of values \\- a coherent system that has the academic curriculum and moral and spiritual life in tandem\".", "### Public views on Parishes", "In February 2008, he called for an audit of police officers to combat sectarian discrimination against Catholics.[Scots police face sectarian audit](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article415988.ece){{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}, Jason Allardyce, [The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\"), 27 February 2008, retrieved 3 July 2009 The discrimination includes denying promotion to Catholics above a certain rank. Anti\\-sectarianism charity [Nil by Mouth](/wiki/Nil_by_Mouth_%28charity%29 \"Nil by Mouth (charity)\") supported the call.", "### Public views on homosexuality", "In March 2008, as part of a public lecture on [Sectarianism](/wiki/Sectarianism \"Sectarianism\") and [Secularism](/wiki/Secularism \"Secularism\"), Devine drew controversy when he denounced the \"gay lobby\" for attending [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust \"Holocaust\") memorials \"to create for themselves the image of a group of people under persecution.\" He accused them of being part of a \"giant conspiracy\" to completely destroy Christianity. Bishop Devine explained, \"Like [Mel Gibson](/wiki/Mel_Gibson \"Mel Gibson\"), who said, 'I'm going to pick a fight', so am I... The homosexual lobby has been extremely effective in aligning itself with minority groups. It is ever present at the service each year for the Holocaust memorial, as if to create for themselves the image of a group of people under persecution.\"[Catholic bishop hits out at 'gay conspiracy' to destroy Christianity](http://news.scotsman.com/scotland/Catholic-bishop--hits-out.3872740.jp), Tristran Stuart\\-Robertson, [The Scotsman](/wiki/The_Scotsman \"The Scotsman\"), 13 March 2008, retrieved 3 July 2009[Bishop criticises gay community](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7294193.stm), [BBC News](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\"), 13 March 2008", "Devine harshly criticised the decision to honour Sir [Ian McKellen](/wiki/Ian_McKellen \"Ian McKellen\") for his work for equality and, by way of illustrating the advances made by gays, pointed out that [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\") had been incarcerated following conviction for violating the [gross indecency](/wiki/Gross_indecency \"Gross indecency\") statute. The Bishop also took the opportunity to advise the parents of gay children: \"This must be a nightmare moment for any parent. I would try to handle it with a degree of compassion. But I would not tolerate that kind of behaviour. I would not condemn but I would not tolerate it.\"", "Critics of Bishop Devine replied that between 5,000 and 15,000 gay men were held in concentration camps by the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazis \"Nazis\") as members of an \"anti\\-social group.\" Historians estimate that 60% of them died while incarcerated.", "In 2007, Bishop Devine further stated that he would close the Roman Catholic adoption agencies rather than be legally coerced into helping same\\-sex couples to adopt children, and earlier in the year suggested that homosexual men and women were not fit to teach in classrooms.", "### Financial controversies", "In November 2008, Bishop Devine attracted controversy when he demolished his home in [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_South_Lanarkshire \"Hamilton, South Lanarkshire\"), [South Lanarkshire](/wiki/South_Lanarkshire \"South Lanarkshire\"), in order to build a new residence at an estimated cost of £650,000\\.[Grand Devine's](http://www.sundaymail.co.uk/news/newsfeed/2008/11/23/grand-devine-s-78057-20917023/), Charles Lavery, [Sunday Mail](/wiki/Sunday_Mail_%28Scotland%29 \"Sunday Mail (Scotland)\"), 23 November 2008 This occasioned criticism from many among his flock in the diocese, and from beyond. His purchase of the now demolished house also caused controversy in the tabloid press, who claimed that he had considered the acquisition of a property with a swimming pool. This was denied by Bishop Devine.", "### Sexual abuse scandal", "In April 2013, *[The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer \"The Observer\")* alleged that as Bishop of Motherwell, Devine had protected priests who had sexually abused children and tried to silence or discredit their victims.{{cite news\\|last\\=Deveney\\|first\\=Catherine\\|title\\=Catholic priests unmasked: 'God doesn't like boys who cry'\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/07/catholic\\-priests\\-unmasked\\-god\\-boys\\|accessdate\\=7 April 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Observer\\|date\\=7 April 2013}}", "In 2016, Fr. John B. Farrell, a retired priest of the Diocese of Motherwell, the last headteacher at St Ninian's Orphanage, [Falkland](/wiki/Falkland%2C_Fife \"Falkland, Fife\"), [Fife](/wiki/Fife \"Fife\"), was sentenced to five years imprisonment. His colleague Paul Kelly, a retired teacher from [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth \"Portsmouth\"), was given ten years; both were convicted of the physical and sexual abuse of boys between the years 1979 and 1983\\.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Christian Brothers abuse survivor wins five\\-figure payout after 40\\-year fight \\|last\\=Moncur \\|first\\=James \\|newspaper\\=Daily Record \\|date\\=23 August 2017 \\|url\\= https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\\-news/abuse\\-survivor\\-wins\\-five\\-figure\\-11042039}} More than 100 charges involving 35 boys were made. Farrell and Kelly were members of the [Irish Christian Brothers](/wiki/Irish_Christian_Brothers \"Irish Christian Brothers\") when the crimes were committed at the orphanage, which closed in 1983\\. Although Farrell was not an ordained priest at the time when these specific offences were committed, an initial police investigation between 2000 and 2002 resulted in no charges. During this period, Farrell was in active ministry in the Diocese of Motherwell which at the time was led by Bishop Joseph Devine.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish\\-news/two\\-men\\-found\\-guilty\\-sexually\\-8471640\\|title\\=Two men found guilty of sexually abusing and assaulting boys at St Ninian's\\|first\\=Grant\\|last\\=McCabe\\|date\\=22 July 2016\\|publisher\\=}}", "" ]
Episode summaries ----------------- ### Episode 1 In the first episode (that aired on 17 July 2012\), Saktyd's three judges are introduced – Izelle Venter, Wicus Pretorius en Haidee Muller. Viewers get to know them a bit, and all three name the qualities they are looking for in the perfect candidate. Izelle takes viewers on a tour of the Huisgenoot office, which occupies two full floors in the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers "Naspers") building in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"). Key members out of the 150\-member editorial team also introduce themselves to viewers, and explain what their roles at the magazine are. Then, the programme focuses on the audition phase of the competition. Although over 1000 entries were received, only a top\-100 were invited to auditions. Some auditionees sing, while one contestant tries to bribe the judges with sweets; some contestants fail to identify [Gill Marcus](/wiki/Gill_Marcus "Gill Marcus"), [Maria Ramos](/wiki/Maria_Ramos "Maria Ramos"), [Zahara](/wiki/Zahara_%28South_African_musician%29 "Zahara (South African musician)") and [Angie Motshekga](/wiki/Angie_Motshekga "Angie Motshekga"), while most struggle to spell the words 'onmiddellik' (Afrikaans word for 'immediately') and '[Franschhoek](/wiki/Franschhoek "Franschhoek")' in front of the judges. Finally, only 13 delegates are selected to take part in the programme. The top\-13 introduce themselves to the judges and the viewers. Izelle then announces that viewers will get to know the contestants more in\-depth in the next episode. • **Eliminated:** No contestant was eliminated in the first episode. ### Episode 2 The second episode (that aired on 24 July 2012\) opens with in\-depth profiles of the 13 finalists; the diverse group is introduced at their homes, on a golf course, in the gym and at the beach (to name a few settings). Thereafter, Izelle (head judge) announces that a cocktail party will be held in honour of the 13 finalists. The party, which was held on the roof of the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers "Naspers") building, is star\-studded with South African celebrities and influential people in the media. After a short introduction, the contestants get the chance to mingle with the guests. What the contestants do not know, however, is that they are already busy with a challenge — one that will send the weakest contestant home. It is only after the party that Izelle shares with the contestants that they would have to write a 350\-word article in 30 minutes by hand, using information they should have garnered as journalists from celebrity guests at the party. Izelle adds that the weakest contestant will leave the competition immediately. After 30 minutes, the articles are handed to the judges, who heavily criticise the contestants: Izelle notes that many of the finalists did not listen to the expectation of the assignment, while other contestants wrote about themselves when they were supposed to write about the celebrity guests. Wicus (judge) said that the articles make him nauseous. In front of the contestants, Jeannie is singled out for an outstanding article, while Christiaan \[Red Beard], Leilani and Jurie are described as disappointing. Eventually, Leveinia is eliminated from the competition, after Izelle comments that there wasn't one single sentence in her article that could be published. • **Eliminated:** Leveinia Botha. ### Episode 3 In the third episode (that aired on 31 July 2012\), the contestants were split into two teams: Lilian was appointed the captain of the Commas (Astrid, Christiaan \[Red Beard], Christian, Jeannie and Tercia), while Elridus was appointed the leader of the Full Stops (Jolene, Jurie, Laura, Leilani and Leon). The top\-12 were challenged to post 3 different posts on Huisgenoot's [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") page: a post with only text, a post with text and a picture, and a post with text and a video. The team who could generate the most "likes" would win the challenge. Each team could use the expertise of one South African celebrity comedian and singer: the Commas were assisted by Wicus van der Merwe, while the Full Stops were guided along the way by Emo Adams. During the challenge, two members of each team (Christian and Lilian on behalf of the Commas; Leilani and Leon on behalf of the Full Stops) visited the offices of [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town")\-based radio station 94\.5 Kfm, where they vied for listeners' votes on Elana Afrika's afternoon show. At the end of the challenge, Izelle (head judge) lauded the Full Stops' creativity, which eventually garnered them just under 5000 "likes" – a new record for a single post on Huisgenoot's Facebook page. Although the Commas only generated just over 3500 "likes", and the win would then go to the Full Stops, both Izelle and Wicus (judge) questioned the winners' integrity. On one post, the Full Stops promised readers that they would shave Emo Adams's hair, if they could get 3000 likes; by the end of the challenge, Huisgenoot's Facebook fans surprised the team with just under 5000 "likes". Not having Emo's permission to shave his hair, the team promised Huisgenoot's readers something they could not deliver. According to Izelle, she would give a Huisgenoot employee who made the same mistake a written warning. Because of the damage the Full Stops inflicted on the Huisgenoot brand (with many Facebook fans posting that they would "unlike" Huisgenoot's Facebook page), Izelle sent the actual winners to The Chamber. Introduced for the first time, The Chamber is a small room, where contestants get to motivate why they should stay in the show. In another twist, Izelle also announced that the contestants themselves would get the opportunity to eliminate one of their team members. The votes were split as follows: | Contestant | Voted For | | --- | --- | | Elridus | Jolene | | Jolene | Elridus | | Jurie | Leon | | Laura | Leon | | Leilani | Leon | | Leon | Elridus | On account of Leon's mistake at 94\.5 Kfm (where he accidentally confused Emo Adams with [Riaan Cruywagen](/wiki/Riaan_Cruywagen "Riaan Cruywagen")) and his performance in the challenge in general, he was voted out of the competition. • **Eliminated:** Leon Flemmer ### Episode 4 In the fourth episode (that aired on 7 August 2012\), both the Commas (Astrid, Christiaan \[Red Beard], Christian, Jeannie, Lilian and Tercia) and the Full Stops (Elridus, Jolene, Jurie, Laura and Leilani) met the judges at Paarl Media in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town") — the largest printing company in Africa and one of the largest in the [Southern Hemisphere](/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere "Southern Hemisphere"), where close to 400 000 Huisgenoot magazines are printed weekly. The teams were each given 300 Huisgenoot and [Die Burger](/wiki/Die_Burger "Die Burger") combo packs, and were tasked to sell them at traffic interchanges in [Durbanville](/wiki/Durbanville "Durbanville") for [R](/wiki/South_African_rand "South African rand")20\. At the onset, the Full Stops worked strategically by selling their magazines in bulk: Jolene sold 100 to the [University of Stellenbosch Business School](/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch_Business_School "University of Stellenbosch Business School"), while Elridus (comically) sold 50 to his mother. All the Commas, except Jeannie, concentrated on selling their magazines to drivers at traffic lights; Jeannie, in turn, spent most of the hour organising the combo packs and finances. At the end of the challenge, the Full Stops sold all 300 of their combo packs, while the Commas could only sell 110\. But in a twist, Wicus (judge) and Haidee (judge) announced that each team would receive an additional 500 Huisgenoot magazines, and were tasked to sell them at one of three malls: Cape Gate in [Kraaifontein](/wiki/Kraaifontein "Kraaifontein"), Eden on the Bay in [Bloubergstrand](/wiki/Bloubergstrand "Bloubergstrand") and the Liberty Promenade in [Mitchells Plain](/wiki/Mitchells_Plain "Mitchells Plain"). As the frontrunners, the Full Stops chose Cape Gate first, while the Commas settled on Eden on the Bay. Again the Full Stops focussed on bulk sales: Leilani sold 300 of the 500 Huisgenoot magazines to the centre's management, while her other team members sold magazines to shops in the mall. The Commas, on the other hand, struggled to sell magazines, as they realised most of the shoppers in the mall are largely English, and did not want to buy an Afrikaans magazine. Back at the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers "Naspers") building, Izelle (head judge) revealed that out of 800 magazines, the Full Stops sold 713 — a feat, Izelle admits, the judges themselves would probably not be able to achieve; the Commas, however, only sold 142\. The Commas clearly lost the challenge, and were immediately sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, both Christiaan \[Red Beard] and Astrid acknowledged that the team worked well together, but that their choice to go to a largely English mall was a mistake. Jeannie also stated that Lilian did a good job as a leader, but that she should be sent home because her leadership abilities were not strong enough. The contestants were not given the chance to vote each other out, and Izelle shocked the team by ousting Lilian from the show. Post\-elimination, Christiaan \[Red Beard] said that Lilian was a great leader because she listened to her team; he also said that Lilian took the punch for a team decision (to go to an English mall). Lilian, in turn, emotionally said in a post\-elimination interview that Jeannie had no respect for her authority, and that she (Jeannie) insisted on going to an English mall with rich consumers, rather than an Afrikaans mall with consumers that don't have money. Jeannie also stated that she loves her teammates, but that she's concentrating on herself in the competition; she also stated that she's glad to have another shot at proving herself to the judges. • **Eliminated:** Lilian Strauss ### Episode 5 In the fifth episode (that aired on 14 August 2012\), the 10 remaining contestants were grouped into new teams: the new Comma group consisted of Christian, Jeannie, Jolene, Laura and Tercia, while the Full Stops consisted of Astrid, Christiaan \[Red Beard], Elridus, Jurie and Leilani. The theme for the challenge dealt with [environmentally friendly](/wiki/Environmentally_friendly "Environmentally friendly"), "green", [sustainable living](/wiki/Sustainable_living "Sustainable living"). Each team had to develop an [information graphic](/wiki/Information_graphic "Information graphic") with the help of a Huisgenoot [illustrator](/wiki/Illustrator "Illustrator") and [layout artist](/wiki/Layout_artist "Layout artist"), and combine text with graphics to educate readers on the topic. Izelle (head judge) made it clear that each information graphic had to be [3\-D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics "3D computer graphics"), and that information on the final product had to be factually correct. To gather information for their information graphic, the Commas visited a house that was partially eco\-friendly. They were assisted by Dave Pepler — a South African television host and expert on all things "green" — who gave them tips on how to make the house even more "green". The Full Stops visited a house that was built with eco\-friendly materials, and were tasked to report on eco\-friendly house construction; they were assisted by architect Carl Morkel. After the outings, both teams started to compile their information graphics. Due to time constraints and the pressure of the challenge, tempers flared: Christian criticised Tercia's poor contribution to the task, who in turn admitted that due to her background as a house cleaner and [au pair](/wiki/Au_pair "Au pair"), she had never had the opportunity to do a [Google](/wiki/Google "Google") search; she also admitted that she thought a "green" house is a house that is painted green. At the Full Stops, Elridus was irritating all his team members. At judging, Izelle (head judge) lauded the Full Stops' information graphic, but criticised their dull copy. On the contrary, the Commas were criticised for not including a 3\-D graphic in their final product; Izelle also accused the team of [copyright infringement](/wiki/Copyright_infringement "Copyright infringement"), after they forgot to reference their sources. However, the copy they did deliver was of an outstanding quality, and she decided to handed the Commas the win. Therefore, the Full Stops were sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, the Full Stops were asked to vote out one of their teammates. The votes were cast as follows: | Contestant | Voted For | | --- | --- | | Astrid | Elridus | | Christiaan (Red Beard) | Elridus | | Elridus | Astrid | | Jurie | Elridus | | Leilani | Elridus | According to Leilani, Elridus only gives 50% in each challenge, while both Christiaan (Red Beard) and Astrid said that Elridus is really hard to work with. In turn, Elridus admitted that he struggles working in a team. With 4 votes against him, he was sent home. • **Eliminated**: Elridus Grobler ### Episode 6 In episode six (that aired on 21 August 2012\), the Commas (Christian, Jeannie, Jolene, Laura and Tercia) and Full Stops (Astrid, Christiaan \[Red Beard], Jurie and Leilani) were tasked with giving two special guests and Huisgenoot readers — Leza van Heerden and Riana Gebhardt — makeovers; Riana was paired with the Commas, while Leza was paired with the Full Stops. Fashion was the theme of the week, with each team being responsible for their guest's hair, makeup and clothing. In addition, both teams had to do interviews with their guests to find out what in their personal lives they would want to enrich. Once identified, both teams had to find sponsors to make those dreams come true. In the end, a double\-page spread documenting the whole transformation had to be compiled. First, Christian, Jeannie and Tercia from the Comma team, and Astrid and Jurie from the Full Stops went to [Woolworths](/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company "F. W. Woolworth Company") to find clothes for the guests. Although the Full Stops sailed through the task smoothly, things were rocky at the Comma team: Tercia continually irritated Christian by choosing the wrong clothing size for Riana 5 times in a row. According to Jeannie, Tercia could not focus on a simple task — especially when she could not grasp why a size\-22 woman cannot fit into a size\-10 dress. Next, Jolene and Laura from the Comma team, and Christiaan (Red Beard) and Leilani from the Full Stops accompanied their guests to a hair salon, where Christiaan (Red Beard) admitted he was completely out of his comfort zone. Laura, on the other hand, admitted that she would want to be a stylist for Huisgenoot's supplementary magazine Mooi \[Afrikaans word for 'beautiful'] — a supplement that focuses on beauty and style. All team members were present when the finishing touches of the makeovers — makeup — was being applied. Thereafter, Leilani (Full Stops) and Laura (Commas) revealed to Wicus (judge) and Haidee (judge) which sponsors they found to enrich the lives of their guests: According to Leilani, Leza's biggest dream is to go on a holiday with her family, which the Full Stops wanted to address. They found sponsors to invite Leza, her husband and her daughter to [Knysna](/wiki/Knysna "Knysna"), where Leza and her husband had their [honeymoon](/wiki/Honeymoon "Honeymoon"), and also on a four\-day [MSC Cruises](/wiki/MSC_Cruises "MSC Cruises") cruise. Laura, on the other hand, revealed that her guest, Riana, wanted to further her studies, which the Commas, in turn, also made possible: They convinced both [CityVarsity](/wiki/CityVarsity "CityVarsity") and the [Stellenbosch](/wiki/Stellenbosch "Stellenbosch") Institute of Photography \& Multimedia Studies to sponsor various short courses for her. At panel, Izelle (head judge) lauded both teams for a fantastic job, noting that for the first time in the competition, the teams had delivered work that could actually be published. Although the Comma team, according to Izelle, did a better makeover, their copy was sloppy — an indication that they did not keep the reader of their article in mind. The Full Stops, on the other hand, delivered copy that Izelle said had depth, which showed that they interviewed their guest, Leza, really well. In the end, the Full Stops were handed the win, while the Commas were sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, it surfaced that Christian had edited both Jeannie and Laura's copy. Jeannie said that Christian worsened their copy on numerous occasions, although she and Laura continually told him not to do so. Izelle instructed the team to vote one of their team members out of the show. The votes were split as follows: | Contestant | Voted For | | --- | --- | | Christian | Tercia | | Jeannie | Tercia | | Jolene | Tercia | | Laura | Christian | | Tercia | Christian | Although Laura cast a vote for Christian, Jeannie surprisingly did not, instead casting a vote against Tercia. Both Christian and Jolene said that Tercia just could not keep up with the pace of the team, and dragged them down. With 3 votes cast against her, Tercia was knocked out of the show, while Christian narrowly avoided an exit with 2 votes cast against him. In a post\-elimination interview, an emotional Tercia said that she felt betrayed. • **Eliminated**: Tercia Jacobs ### Episode 7 In episode seven (that aired on 28 August 2012\) the top 8 meet the judges at the Jan Kriel School in [Kuils River](/wiki/Kuils_River "Kuils River"). Izelle (head judge) tells the contestants that teachers and teaching will be the theme of this week's challenge, as education is extremely important to Huisgenoot. Both the Full Stop and Comma teams are dissolved, and the first individual challenge is announced, as the judges want to determine what the writing level of each member in the top 8 is. The contestants attend a class of one of the teachers at the school in pairs, and then get the chance to do a 15\-minute interview with the teacher. They are then tasked to write a 1000\-word article in two hours about the teacher, also incorporating a short piece on their favourite teachers when they were in school. At the end of the challenge, the articles are sent to Wicus (judge). At judging, Izelle criticises most of the articles, especially Jolene, who did not execute the challenge correctly, Jurie, who used no quotes in his work, Laura, who had spelling problems, and Leilani, who did not use paragraphs. Christiaan (Red Beard) and Christian, however, were both lauded for their work; Izelle comically said that Christiaan's (Red Beard's) article was so good that she wanted to kiss him. In a twist, Izelle announced that the bottom\-four would get another chance to prove themselves. They would have to interview one of four pupils from the Jan Kriel School at Butterfly World in [Stellenbosch](/wiki/Stellenbosch "Stellenbosch"), and compile an additional article. Izelle reminds them that the writer of the worst second\-round article would be sent home. The next day, the bottom\-four – Jolene, Jurie, Laura and Leilani – do their interviews and compile their articles. Thereafter, they meet the judges in The Chamber. According to Izelle all four listened to the criticism they received, writing articles that were much better than the first round. Laura was singled out as the most improved, who surprised herself after continually playing down her writing. After each contestant motivated why he/she has to stay in Saktyd, Izelle surprised everyone with a second chance. No contestant was eliminated. • **Eliminated:** No contestant was eliminated in the seventh episode. ### Episode 8 In the eighth episode (that aired on 4 September 2012\) the top 8 were divided into two groups. Each group had to do a short interview with two stars from the [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET "KykNET") drama series Vloeksteen: Erica Wessels (who was interviewed by Christiaan \[Red Beard], Christian, Jurie and Laura) and Albert Maritz (who was interviewed by Astrid, Jeannie, Jolene and Leilani). After each interview, every contestant had to direct a Huisgenoot photographer to take pictures for a 1250\-word article that sprouted from the interviews. According to the photographers, Christiaan (Red Beard), Jurie and Leilani's direction produced the best photographs. Thereafter, the contestants got two hours to write their articles, and then sent it to Wicus (judge) for the first round of judging. At judging, Wicus told all the contestants that their articles can be saved with a bit of tweaking, but heavily criticised Laura for spelling mistakes – a problem she was reprimanded for in a previous episode; Wicus told Laura that he would vote her out of the show, if he got the chance to do so. In addition, Leilani was described as a bad writer. On the other hand, Wicus warned all the contestants to keep an eye on Christiaan (Red Beard), who Wicus considered to be everyone's strongest competition. On the back of a successful article in the previous episode, Wicus again lauded Christiaan's (Red Beard's) work. Jurie was also congratulated for his article, but his drastic improvement was met with some suspicion: Wicus told Jurie to promise him that he did not [plagiarise](/wiki/Plagiarise "Plagiarise"). After judging, the contestants got more time to improve their articles, and then brought their text and photos together in layout, with the help of a layout artist. At the final judging, Christiaan's (Red Beard's) final product was lauded again, while Jeannie was criticised for wasting Wicus's time by ignoring the advice he gave her. Christian was criticised for pictures that were dull and could bore the reader; although Leilani produced the best pictures, her copy – again – fell flat. As a result of their poor performance, Christian, Jeannie and Leilani were sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, the bottom three each got a chance to motivate why they should stay in the show. Before any of the contestants had time to contemplate whether they could vote each other out, Izelle (head judge) immediately sent Leilani packing. • **Eliminated:** Leilani Snyman ### Episode 9 In episode nine (that aired on 11 September 2012\), Wicus (judge) shares with the top seven that they would have to gather stories and info for [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot "Huisgenoot")’s weekly music page, Tempo, on the set of a music video; the music video was filmed as part of Huisgenoot's song writing competition. Each contestant would have to fill their page with a music industry news story, [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") tweets, photos and a CD review. On set, all the contestants meet [Valiant Swart](/wiki/Valiant_Swart "Valiant Swart") and [Bok van Blerk](/wiki/Bok_van_Blerk "Bok van Blerk") – two of the [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans "Afrikaans") music industry's most prominent artists – who help them with quotes and info for their respective articles. But the atmosphere between the contestants is clearly tense, with Christian remarking that most of the contestants are secretive about each other's work; Laura goes as far as to ask the crew on set not to supply any information to the other contestants. Back at the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers "Naspers") building, the contestants start to compile their pages by reviewing a CD by [Ray Dylan](/wiki/Ray_Dylan "Ray Dylan"), and then work with a layout artist to finish their products. Christiaan (Red Beard), Jeannie and Jolene all comment that Christian is irritating most of the contestants, although Christiaan (Red Beard) admits that Christian will probably not get eliminated, as his work is of a high standard. However, Izelle (head judge) disagrees, noting that none of the contestants really wowed the judges, although most of the pages could be published. Although Jeannie and Jurie are lauded for interesting elements on their pages, Jurie was reprimanded for relaying untrue facts – facts he received first\-hand from both Valiant and Bok, who were jokingly supplying wrong information to him; all the contestants are again reminded to check their facts more accurately. But the limelight is solely on Jolene this week, who, according to Izelle, finally discarded her academic writing style and replaced it with the Huisgenoot writing style; she is rewarded with immunity. The other six contestants are all sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, Izelle wastes no time, and immediately addresses Laura, who – for a third week in a row – submitted spelling mistakes in her final product; this time, even spelling Valiant's name wrong. Because she showed all the judges that she does not care enough to even work on her main problem (spelling), Izelle eliminated Laura immediately. In a shocking twist, Izelle announces that she is not done yet. She explains to the contestants that the best journalists are excellent team players, and asks the contestants to vote for the person they think does not have this quality. The results of the votes are as follows: | Contestant | Voted For | | --- | --- | | Astrid | Christian | | Christiaan (Red Beard) | Christian | | Christian | Astrid | | Jeannie | Christian | | Jurie | Astrid | According to Astrid, Christiaan (Red Beard) and Jeannie, Christian only focusses on himself, and does not respect his teammates in team challenges, although Christiaan (Red Beard) includes in his reasoning that Christian is an excellent individual player. With three votes against him, Christian also gets eliminated. In a post\-elimination interview, Christian remarks that he – just like Lilian in Episode 4 – feels immensely betrayed by Jeannie, who stabbed him in the back, when he considered her his best friend in the game. • **Eliminated:** Laura Stopforth and Christian Lee ### Episode 10 In episode 10 (that aired on 18 September 2012\), the top 5 meet [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot "Huisgenoot")’s legendary food editor, Carmen Niehaus; according to Haidee (judge), Carmen has been the magazine’s food editor for 21 years. The contestants are tasked with a [food journalism](/wiki/Food_journalism "Food journalism") challenge: Each of them have to pick a recipe that says something about their [heritage](/wiki/Cultural_heritage "Cultural heritage"), and fill a single page in the magazine with that recipe, a 200\-word introduction and photographs. They would have to buy the ingredients for the recipe, and brief two chefs in Huisgenoot’s kitchen on how to prepare the dishes. Once prepared, they would have to style the dishes, and direct a photographer at a food photo shoot. In the end, the page would have to be laid out with the help of a layout artist. After each contestant phones a family member to get a recipe from them, they buy ingredients and props for their food photo shoots. Thereafter, each of them go into the kitchen one by one to prepare their dishes: Astrid’s green\-bean stew, Jeannie’s [malva pudding](/wiki/Malva_pudding "Malva pudding"), Jolene’s meat curry and Jurie’s [bobotie](/wiki/Bobotie "Bobotie") all turn out perfectly, according to Wicus (judge); but Christiaan’s (Red Beard’s) malva pudding flops completely. According to one of the chefs, the recipe was flawless, but the deep bowl it was baked in, kept the dish from cooking through. Nonetheless, Carmen tried to save one small bowl of the pudding, so that it could be photographed. During layout, everyone’s layout comes along nicely, although Christiaan (Red Beard) realises that, due to the recipe flopping, only one of his pictures are publishable. But at judging, all his worries are set aside by Carmen, who praises his educational and well\-written page. Jeannie is also lauded by Haidee for an outstanding page. Although Izelle (head judge) criticises Astrid for a good, but sloppy, page (especially since she misspelt words like "[pepper](/wiki/wikt:Pepper "Pepper")"), most of the criticism is directed at Jolene and Jurie: According to the judges, both over\-complicated their recipes with writing that did not fit the style of the magazine. At a time in the competition where none of the contestants can afford to make mistakes, both Jolene and Jurie are sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, both Jolene and Jurie get a chance to motivate why they should stay in the competition, but due to a motivation that fell flat, Jolene gets eliminated. In an unusual twist, Izelle gives Jurie four envelopes, and instructs him to take it to Astrid, Christiaan (Red Beard) and Jeannie. There, the top 4 discover that each of them received an aeroplane ticket to an unknown destination... • **Eliminated:** Jolene Fransman ### Episode 11 In episode 11 (that aired on 25 September 2012\) the top 4 arrive at the [Cape Town International Airport](/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport "Cape Town International Airport") at the crack of dawn, where they depart on a [commercial flight](/wiki/Commercial_flight "Commercial flight") to an unknown destination. Although all of the contestants speculate that they will be doing their next challenge in [Bloemfontein](/wiki/Bloemfontein "Bloemfontein") (even before the plane lands there for a [layover](/wiki/Layover "Layover")), they are told that the plane will continue to its final destination: [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg "Johannesburg"). There they meet Izelle (head judge) and Ernst Swart, a publicist, at Stark Studios, where the [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET "KykNET") [soapie](/wiki/Soap_opera "Soap opera") [Binneland](/wiki/Binneland "Binneland") is recorded. Each contestant gets two pages in [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot "Huisgenoot"), and is tasked to fill it with a story of their choice. Each story has to contain a scoop, which the contestants have to gather on the drama's set. Astrid decides to do a Local is Lekker story on Binneland's 1500th episode, while Jurie decides to do a profile on two upcoming actors on set. Christiaan (Red Beard) investigates a story on an [Isidingo](/wiki/Isidingo "Isidingo") actress who is leaving her soapie for Binneland, while Jeannie also decides on a Local is Lekker story about actors and their tattoos. Although Astrid and Jurie go about the set well, with Ernst who comments that Astrid is asking all the right questions, Jeannie struggles to find stories to fill her page. Even though Christiaan (Red Beard) has the biggest scoop, and he also has a really good story, according to Ernst, he struggles with ethical issues, after the actress asks him to keep all the information she gave him confidential, due to various contractual and legal issues. Back in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"), the top 4 are all criticised by the judges: Astrid filled most of her page with photos, and is criticised for treating her copy shabbily, while Christiaan (Red Beard) is criticised heavily for not breaking the news in his story well; additionally, Jurie is criticised for bad writing. Even though Jeannie was criticised for not asking the right questions, focusing her stories on irrelevant topics, she is lauded for a product that is of a much higher standard than her teammates. She gets rewarded with an automatic spot in the top 3, while the other contestants are all sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, each contestant motivates why he/she should stay in the show. After Izelle considers their reasons, noting that she wants to let two people stay who she knows could learn from their mistakes and not make them again, she eliminates Jurie, who made his sixth exit (in 11 episodes) from The Chamber. • **Eliminated**: Jurie Prins ### Episode 12 In the penultimate episode (that aired on 2 October 2012\), the top 3 are tasked to put themselves in the shoes of the homeless, and write a unique story about a night in the life of a homeless person. Each contestant gets R100, a [sleeping bag](/wiki/Sleeping_bag "Sleeping bag") and a [flash light](/wiki/Flash_light "Flash light"). They meet a group of homeless dwellers in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"), conduct interviews with them, and have to spend an entire night in the outdoors. Although Astrid describes the task as an adventure, and Christiaan (Red Beard) says that this task is closest to the type of journalism he is interested in, Jeannie admits that the challenge is not her thing. In the early hours of the morning, winter temperatures drop so low, that all the contestants struggle to sleep. After a rough night, the top 3 meet the judges for breakfast at the break of dawn; they are shocked to find that the judges also invited a family member of each contestant. They get to spend some time with them, and then get time to compile their articles. At judging, Izelle (head judge) announces that all three articles had high and low points, and she immediately dismisses everyone to The Chamber. There, Christiaan (Red Beard) is lauded for a phenomenal article, although his ending fell a bit flat. Similarly, Astrid is also lauded for a phenomenal article, although she forgot to write her own experience into the story, and therefore neglected to perform the challenge completely. But most of the criticism is directed at Jeannie, whose article fell flat after she couldn't transport the reader into the life of the homeless. She gets eliminated, leaving Astrid and Christiaan (Red Beard) to vie for the coveted prize at [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot "Huisgenoot"). • **Eliminated**: Jeannie Erasmus ### Episode 13 In episode 13 – the season finale (that aired on 9 October 2012\) – the top 2, Astrid and Christiaan (Red Beard), meet the judges in the assignment room. There, each judge comments on the 11 contestants who were eliminated during the season; the first third of the episode forms a tribute to them. Thereafter, the top 2 are given two assignments: first, they have to conduct an interview with each other, imagining that the other is the winner of the show; thereafter, each of them attend a formal job interview in front of the three judges and four senior staff members at [Media24](/wiki/Media24 "Media24"): Nadia Sadovsky (Huisgenoot's deputy editor and news editor), Lara Atson (journalist at Huisgenoot), Linda Pietersen (editor of YOU magazine) and Wilmer Muller (digital head of Huisgenoot, YOU and Drum magazines). Although both of the finalists complete their interviews with each other and the panel successfully, it is Christiaan (Red Beard) who impresses the panel the most: Linda Pietersen describes him as "delightful", while Nadia Sadovsky asks Izelle if she could hire him herself. However, all of the additional panel members agree that the decision is very difficult, and that they are glad they do not have to pick a winner. In The Chamber, Izelle tells Christiaan (Red Beard) that it is a disgrace that the media industry in South Africa overlooked him, while she tells Astrid that she is sensitive, connects well with her sources and is a journalist through and through. While the finalists are clearly tense just before the announcement, Izelle announces that both would have to wait a bit longer, as the winner would be announced at Skouspel – the magazine's annual music extravaganza – at [Sun City](/wiki/Sun_City%2C_North_West "Sun City, North West"). This meant, that both would have to wait until the entire show aired (c. four months) before the eventual winner is announced. Four months later, Astrid and Christiaan (Red Beard) are quite tense – and rightly so, after they walk out on stage in front of an audience of 6000, together with the judges and the head of [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET "KykNET"), Karen Meiring. There, an emotional Christiaan Boonzaier (Red Beard) is declared the winner. In a post\-win interview, Christiaan (Red Beard) admitted that his new job intimidates him but that it's a good thing, as he wants his new "magazine family" to challenge him every day. He also jokingly notes that he will be teased for a long time to come about the tears he shed on the Skouspel stage. * **Runner\-up**: Astrid Lippert\-Fisher * **Winner**: Christiaan Boonzaier The season ends here.
[ "Episode summaries\n-----------------", "### Episode 1", "In the first episode (that aired on 17 July 2012\\), Saktyd's three judges are introduced – Izelle Venter, Wicus Pretorius en Haidee Muller. Viewers get to know them a bit, and all three name the qualities they are looking for in the perfect candidate. Izelle takes viewers on a tour of the Huisgenoot office, which occupies two full floors in the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers \"Naspers\") building in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"). Key members out of the 150\\-member editorial team also introduce themselves to viewers, and explain what their roles at the magazine are.", "Then, the programme focuses on the audition phase of the competition. Although over 1000 entries were received, only a top\\-100 were invited to auditions. Some auditionees sing, while one contestant tries to bribe the judges with sweets; some contestants fail to identify [Gill Marcus](/wiki/Gill_Marcus \"Gill Marcus\"), [Maria Ramos](/wiki/Maria_Ramos \"Maria Ramos\"), [Zahara](/wiki/Zahara_%28South_African_musician%29 \"Zahara (South African musician)\") and [Angie Motshekga](/wiki/Angie_Motshekga \"Angie Motshekga\"), while most struggle to spell the words 'onmiddellik' (Afrikaans word for 'immediately') and '[Franschhoek](/wiki/Franschhoek \"Franschhoek\")' in front of the judges.", "Finally, only 13 delegates are selected to take part in the programme. The top\\-13 introduce themselves to the judges and the viewers. Izelle then announces that viewers will get to know the contestants more in\\-depth in the next episode.", "• **Eliminated:** No contestant was eliminated in the first episode.", "### Episode 2", "The second episode (that aired on 24 July 2012\\) opens with in\\-depth profiles of the 13 finalists; the diverse group is introduced at their homes, on a golf course, in the gym and at the beach (to name a few settings).", "Thereafter, Izelle (head judge) announces that a cocktail party will be held in honour of the 13 finalists. The party, which was held on the roof of the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers \"Naspers\") building, is star\\-studded with South African celebrities and influential people in the media. After a short introduction, the contestants get the chance to mingle with the guests. What the contestants do not know, however, is that they are already busy with a challenge — one that will send the weakest contestant home. It is only after the party that Izelle shares with the contestants that they would have to write a 350\\-word article in 30 minutes by hand, using information they should have garnered as journalists from celebrity guests at the party. Izelle adds that the weakest contestant will leave the competition immediately.", "After 30 minutes, the articles are handed to the judges, who heavily criticise the contestants: Izelle notes that many of the finalists did not listen to the expectation of the assignment, while other contestants wrote about themselves when they were supposed to write about the celebrity guests. Wicus (judge) said that the articles make him nauseous.", "In front of the contestants, Jeannie is singled out for an outstanding article, while Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Leilani and Jurie are described as disappointing. Eventually, Leveinia is eliminated from the competition, after Izelle comments that there wasn't one single sentence in her article that could be published.", "• **Eliminated:** Leveinia Botha.", "### Episode 3", "In the third episode (that aired on 31 July 2012\\), the contestants were split into two teams: Lilian was appointed the captain of the Commas (Astrid, Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Christian, Jeannie and Tercia), while Elridus was appointed the leader of the Full Stops (Jolene, Jurie, Laura, Leilani and Leon).", "The top\\-12 were challenged to post 3 different posts on Huisgenoot's [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") page: a post with only text, a post with text and a picture, and a post with text and a video. The team who could generate the most \"likes\" would win the challenge. Each team could use the expertise of one South African celebrity comedian and singer: the Commas were assisted by Wicus van der Merwe, while the Full Stops were guided along the way by Emo Adams. During the challenge, two members of each team (Christian and Lilian on behalf of the Commas; Leilani and Leon on behalf of the Full Stops) visited the offices of [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\")\\-based radio station 94\\.5 Kfm, where they vied for listeners' votes on Elana Afrika's afternoon show.", "At the end of the challenge, Izelle (head judge) lauded the Full Stops' creativity, which eventually garnered them just under 5000 \"likes\" – a new record for a single post on Huisgenoot's Facebook page. Although the Commas only generated just over 3500 \"likes\", and the win would then go to the Full Stops, both Izelle and Wicus (judge) questioned the winners' integrity. On one post, the Full Stops promised readers that they would shave Emo Adams's hair, if they could get 3000 likes; by the end of the challenge, Huisgenoot's Facebook fans surprised the team with just under 5000 \"likes\". Not having Emo's permission to shave his hair, the team promised Huisgenoot's readers something they could not deliver. According to Izelle, she would give a Huisgenoot employee who made the same mistake a written warning. Because of the damage the Full Stops inflicted on the Huisgenoot brand (with many Facebook fans posting that they would \"unlike\" Huisgenoot's Facebook page), Izelle sent the actual winners to The Chamber.", "Introduced for the first time, The Chamber is a small room, where contestants get to motivate why they should stay in the show. In another twist, Izelle also announced that the contestants themselves would get the opportunity to eliminate one of their team members. The votes were split as follows:", "", "| Contestant | Voted For |\n| --- | --- |\n| Elridus | Jolene |\n| Jolene | Elridus |\n| Jurie | Leon |\n| Laura | Leon |\n| Leilani | Leon |\n| Leon | Elridus |", "On account of Leon's mistake at 94\\.5 Kfm (where he accidentally confused Emo Adams with [Riaan Cruywagen](/wiki/Riaan_Cruywagen \"Riaan Cruywagen\")) and his performance in the challenge in general, he was voted out of the competition.", "• **Eliminated:** Leon Flemmer", "### Episode 4", "In the fourth episode (that aired on 7 August 2012\\), both the Commas (Astrid, Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Christian, Jeannie, Lilian and Tercia) and the Full Stops (Elridus, Jolene, Jurie, Laura and Leilani) met the judges at Paarl Media in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\") — the largest printing company in Africa and one of the largest in the [Southern Hemisphere](/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere \"Southern Hemisphere\"), where close to 400 000 Huisgenoot magazines are printed weekly. The teams were each given 300 Huisgenoot and [Die Burger](/wiki/Die_Burger \"Die Burger\") combo packs, and were tasked to sell them at traffic interchanges in [Durbanville](/wiki/Durbanville \"Durbanville\") for [R](/wiki/South_African_rand \"South African rand\")20\\.", "At the onset, the Full Stops worked strategically by selling their magazines in bulk: Jolene sold 100 to the [University of Stellenbosch Business School](/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch_Business_School \"University of Stellenbosch Business School\"), while Elridus (comically) sold 50 to his mother. All the Commas, except Jeannie, concentrated on selling their magazines to drivers at traffic lights; Jeannie, in turn, spent most of the hour organising the combo packs and finances.", "At the end of the challenge, the Full Stops sold all 300 of their combo packs, while the Commas could only sell 110\\. But in a twist, Wicus (judge) and Haidee (judge) announced that each team would receive an additional 500 Huisgenoot magazines, and were tasked to sell them at one of three malls: Cape Gate in [Kraaifontein](/wiki/Kraaifontein \"Kraaifontein\"), Eden on the Bay in [Bloubergstrand](/wiki/Bloubergstrand \"Bloubergstrand\") and the Liberty Promenade in [Mitchells Plain](/wiki/Mitchells_Plain \"Mitchells Plain\"). As the frontrunners, the Full Stops chose Cape Gate first, while the Commas settled on Eden on the Bay.", "Again the Full Stops focussed on bulk sales: Leilani sold 300 of the 500 Huisgenoot magazines to the centre's management, while her other team members sold magazines to shops in the mall. The Commas, on the other hand, struggled to sell magazines, as they realised most of the shoppers in the mall are largely English, and did not want to buy an Afrikaans magazine.", "Back at the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers \"Naspers\") building, Izelle (head judge) revealed that out of 800 magazines, the Full Stops sold 713 — a feat, Izelle admits, the judges themselves would probably not be able to achieve; the Commas, however, only sold 142\\. The Commas clearly lost the challenge, and were immediately sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, both Christiaan \\[Red Beard] and Astrid acknowledged that the team worked well together, but that their choice to go to a largely English mall was a mistake. Jeannie also stated that Lilian did a good job as a leader, but that she should be sent home because her leadership abilities were not strong enough. The contestants were not given the chance to vote each other out, and Izelle shocked the team by ousting Lilian from the show. Post\\-elimination, Christiaan \\[Red Beard] said that Lilian was a great leader because she listened to her team; he also said that Lilian took the punch for a team decision (to go to an English mall). Lilian, in turn, emotionally said in a post\\-elimination interview that Jeannie had no respect for her authority, and that she (Jeannie) insisted on going to an English mall with rich consumers, rather than an Afrikaans mall with consumers that don't have money. Jeannie also stated that she loves her teammates, but that she's concentrating on herself in the competition; she also stated that she's glad to have another shot at proving herself to the judges.", "• **Eliminated:** Lilian Strauss", "### Episode 5", "In the fifth episode (that aired on 14 August 2012\\), the 10 remaining contestants were grouped into new teams: the new Comma group consisted of Christian, Jeannie, Jolene, Laura and Tercia, while the Full Stops consisted of Astrid, Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Elridus, Jurie and Leilani.", "The theme for the challenge dealt with [environmentally friendly](/wiki/Environmentally_friendly \"Environmentally friendly\"), \"green\", [sustainable living](/wiki/Sustainable_living \"Sustainable living\"). Each team had to develop an [information graphic](/wiki/Information_graphic \"Information graphic\") with the help of a Huisgenoot [illustrator](/wiki/Illustrator \"Illustrator\") and [layout artist](/wiki/Layout_artist \"Layout artist\"), and combine text with graphics to educate readers on the topic. Izelle (head judge) made it clear that each information graphic had to be [3\\-D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics \"3D computer graphics\"), and that information on the final product had to be factually correct. To gather information for their information graphic, the Commas visited a house that was partially eco\\-friendly. They were assisted by Dave Pepler — a South African television host and expert on all things \"green\" — who gave them tips on how to make the house even more \"green\". The Full Stops visited a house that was built with eco\\-friendly materials, and were tasked to report on eco\\-friendly house construction; they were assisted by architect Carl Morkel.", "After the outings, both teams started to compile their information graphics. Due to time constraints and the pressure of the challenge, tempers flared: Christian criticised Tercia's poor contribution to the task, who in turn admitted that due to her background as a house cleaner and [au pair](/wiki/Au_pair \"Au pair\"), she had never had the opportunity to do a [Google](/wiki/Google \"Google\") search; she also admitted that she thought a \"green\" house is a house that is painted green. At the Full Stops, Elridus was irritating all his team members.", "At judging, Izelle (head judge) lauded the Full Stops' information graphic, but criticised their dull copy. On the contrary, the Commas were criticised for not including a 3\\-D graphic in their final product; Izelle also accused the team of [copyright infringement](/wiki/Copyright_infringement \"Copyright infringement\"), after they forgot to reference their sources. However, the copy they did deliver was of an outstanding quality, and she decided to handed the Commas the win. Therefore, the Full Stops were sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, the Full Stops were asked to vote out one of their teammates. The votes were cast as follows:", "", "| Contestant | Voted For |\n| --- | --- |\n| Astrid | Elridus |\n| Christiaan (Red Beard) | Elridus |\n| Elridus | Astrid |\n| Jurie | Elridus |\n| Leilani | Elridus |", "According to Leilani, Elridus only gives 50% in each challenge, while both Christiaan (Red Beard) and Astrid said that Elridus is really hard to work with. In turn, Elridus admitted that he struggles working in a team. With 4 votes against him, he was sent home.", "• **Eliminated**: Elridus Grobler", "### Episode 6", "In episode six (that aired on 21 August 2012\\), the Commas (Christian, Jeannie, Jolene, Laura and Tercia) and Full Stops (Astrid, Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Jurie and Leilani) were tasked with giving two special guests and Huisgenoot readers — Leza van Heerden and Riana Gebhardt — makeovers; Riana was paired with the Commas, while Leza was paired with the Full Stops. Fashion was the theme of the week, with each team being responsible for their guest's hair, makeup and clothing. In addition, both teams had to do interviews with their guests to find out what in their personal lives they would want to enrich. Once identified, both teams had to find sponsors to make those dreams come true. In the end, a double\\-page spread documenting the whole transformation had to be compiled.", "First, Christian, Jeannie and Tercia from the Comma team, and Astrid and Jurie from the Full Stops went to [Woolworths](/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company \"F. W. Woolworth Company\") to find clothes for the guests. Although the Full Stops sailed through the task smoothly, things were rocky at the Comma team: Tercia continually irritated Christian by choosing the wrong clothing size for Riana 5 times in a row. According to Jeannie, Tercia could not focus on a simple task — especially when she could not grasp why a size\\-22 woman cannot fit into a size\\-10 dress.", "Next, Jolene and Laura from the Comma team, and Christiaan (Red Beard) and Leilani from the Full Stops accompanied their guests to a hair salon, where Christiaan (Red Beard) admitted he was completely out of his comfort zone. Laura, on the other hand, admitted that she would want to be a stylist for Huisgenoot's supplementary magazine Mooi \\[Afrikaans word for 'beautiful'] — a supplement that focuses on beauty and style.", "All team members were present when the finishing touches of the makeovers — makeup — was being applied. Thereafter, Leilani (Full Stops) and Laura (Commas) revealed to Wicus (judge) and Haidee (judge) which sponsors they found to enrich the lives of their guests: According to Leilani, Leza's biggest dream is to go on a holiday with her family, which the Full Stops wanted to address. They found sponsors to invite Leza, her husband and her daughter to [Knysna](/wiki/Knysna \"Knysna\"), where Leza and her husband had their [honeymoon](/wiki/Honeymoon \"Honeymoon\"), and also on a four\\-day [MSC Cruises](/wiki/MSC_Cruises \"MSC Cruises\") cruise. Laura, on the other hand, revealed that her guest, Riana, wanted to further her studies, which the Commas, in turn, also made possible: They convinced both [CityVarsity](/wiki/CityVarsity \"CityVarsity\") and the [Stellenbosch](/wiki/Stellenbosch \"Stellenbosch\") Institute of Photography \\& Multimedia Studies to sponsor various short courses for her.", "At panel, Izelle (head judge) lauded both teams for a fantastic job, noting that for the first time in the competition, the teams had delivered work that could actually be published. Although the Comma team, according to Izelle, did a better makeover, their copy was sloppy — an indication that they did not keep the reader of their article in mind. The Full Stops, on the other hand, delivered copy that Izelle said had depth, which showed that they interviewed their guest, Leza, really well. In the end, the Full Stops were handed the win, while the Commas were sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, it surfaced that Christian had edited both Jeannie and Laura's copy. Jeannie said that Christian worsened their copy on numerous occasions, although she and Laura continually told him not to do so. Izelle instructed the team to vote one of their team members out of the show. The votes were split as follows:", "", "| Contestant | Voted For |\n| --- | --- |\n| Christian | Tercia |\n| Jeannie | Tercia |\n| Jolene | Tercia |\n| Laura | Christian |\n| Tercia | Christian |", "Although Laura cast a vote for Christian, Jeannie surprisingly did not, instead casting a vote against Tercia. Both Christian and Jolene said that Tercia just could not keep up with the pace of the team, and dragged them down. With 3 votes cast against her, Tercia was knocked out of the show, while Christian narrowly avoided an exit with 2 votes cast against him. In a post\\-elimination interview, an emotional Tercia said that she felt betrayed.", "• **Eliminated**: Tercia Jacobs", "### Episode 7", "In episode seven (that aired on 28 August 2012\\) the top 8 meet the judges at the Jan Kriel School in [Kuils River](/wiki/Kuils_River \"Kuils River\"). Izelle (head judge) tells the contestants that teachers and teaching will be the theme of this week's challenge, as education is extremely important to Huisgenoot. Both the Full Stop and Comma teams are dissolved, and the first individual challenge is announced, as the judges want to determine what the writing level of each member in the top 8 is.", "The contestants attend a class of one of the teachers at the school in pairs, and then get the chance to do a 15\\-minute interview with the teacher. They are then tasked to write a 1000\\-word article in two hours about the teacher, also incorporating a short piece on their favourite teachers when they were in school. At the end of the challenge, the articles are sent to Wicus (judge).", "At judging, Izelle criticises most of the articles, especially Jolene, who did not execute the challenge correctly, Jurie, who used no quotes in his work, Laura, who had spelling problems, and Leilani, who did not use paragraphs. Christiaan (Red Beard) and Christian, however, were both lauded for their work; Izelle comically said that Christiaan's (Red Beard's) article was so good that she wanted to kiss him. In a twist, Izelle announced that the bottom\\-four would get another chance to prove themselves. They would have to interview one of four pupils from the Jan Kriel School at Butterfly World in [Stellenbosch](/wiki/Stellenbosch \"Stellenbosch\"), and compile an additional article. Izelle reminds them that the writer of the worst second\\-round article would be sent home.", "The next day, the bottom\\-four – Jolene, Jurie, Laura and Leilani – do their interviews and compile their articles. Thereafter, they meet the judges in The Chamber. According to Izelle all four listened to the criticism they received, writing articles that were much better than the first round. Laura was singled out as the most improved, who surprised herself after continually playing down her writing. After each contestant motivated why he/she has to stay in Saktyd, Izelle surprised everyone with a second chance. No contestant was eliminated.", "• **Eliminated:** No contestant was eliminated in the seventh episode.", "### Episode 8", "In the eighth episode (that aired on 4 September 2012\\) the top 8 were divided into two groups. Each group had to do a short interview with two stars from the [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET \"KykNET\") drama series Vloeksteen: Erica Wessels (who was interviewed by Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Christian, Jurie and Laura) and Albert Maritz (who was interviewed by Astrid, Jeannie, Jolene and Leilani).", "After each interview, every contestant had to direct a Huisgenoot photographer to take pictures for a 1250\\-word article that sprouted from the interviews. According to the photographers, Christiaan (Red Beard), Jurie and Leilani's direction produced the best photographs. Thereafter, the contestants got two hours to write their articles, and then sent it to Wicus (judge) for the first round of judging.", "At judging, Wicus told all the contestants that their articles can be saved with a bit of tweaking, but heavily criticised Laura for spelling mistakes – a problem she was reprimanded for in a previous episode; Wicus told Laura that he would vote her out of the show, if he got the chance to do so. In addition, Leilani was described as a bad writer. On the other hand, Wicus warned all the contestants to keep an eye on Christiaan (Red Beard), who Wicus considered to be everyone's strongest competition. On the back of a successful article in the previous episode, Wicus again lauded Christiaan's (Red Beard's) work. Jurie was also congratulated for his article, but his drastic improvement was met with some suspicion: Wicus told Jurie to promise him that he did not [plagiarise](/wiki/Plagiarise \"Plagiarise\").", "After judging, the contestants got more time to improve their articles, and then brought their text and photos together in layout, with the help of a layout artist.", "At the final judging, Christiaan's (Red Beard's) final product was lauded again, while Jeannie was criticised for wasting Wicus's time by ignoring the advice he gave her. Christian was criticised for pictures that were dull and could bore the reader; although Leilani produced the best pictures, her copy – again – fell flat. As a result of their poor performance, Christian, Jeannie and Leilani were sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, the bottom three each got a chance to motivate why they should stay in the show. Before any of the contestants had time to contemplate whether they could vote each other out, Izelle (head judge) immediately sent Leilani packing.", "• **Eliminated:** Leilani Snyman", "### Episode 9", "In episode nine (that aired on 11 September 2012\\), Wicus (judge) shares with the top seven that they would have to gather stories and info for [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot \"Huisgenoot\")’s weekly music page, Tempo, on the set of a music video; the music video was filmed as part of Huisgenoot's song writing competition. Each contestant would have to fill their page with a music industry news story, [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") tweets, photos and a CD review.", "On set, all the contestants meet [Valiant Swart](/wiki/Valiant_Swart \"Valiant Swart\") and [Bok van Blerk](/wiki/Bok_van_Blerk \"Bok van Blerk\") – two of the [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans \"Afrikaans\") music industry's most prominent artists – who help them with quotes and info for their respective articles. But the atmosphere between the contestants is clearly tense, with Christian remarking that most of the contestants are secretive about each other's work; Laura goes as far as to ask the crew on set not to supply any information to the other contestants.", "Back at the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers \"Naspers\") building, the contestants start to compile their pages by reviewing a CD by [Ray Dylan](/wiki/Ray_Dylan \"Ray Dylan\"), and then work with a layout artist to finish their products. Christiaan (Red Beard), Jeannie and Jolene all comment that Christian is irritating most of the contestants, although Christiaan (Red Beard) admits that Christian will probably not get eliminated, as his work is of a high standard.", "However, Izelle (head judge) disagrees, noting that none of the contestants really wowed the judges, although most of the pages could be published. Although Jeannie and Jurie are lauded for interesting elements on their pages, Jurie was reprimanded for relaying untrue facts – facts he received first\\-hand from both Valiant and Bok, who were jokingly supplying wrong information to him; all the contestants are again reminded to check their facts more accurately. But the limelight is solely on Jolene this week, who, according to Izelle, finally discarded her academic writing style and replaced it with the Huisgenoot writing style; she is rewarded with immunity. The other six contestants are all sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, Izelle wastes no time, and immediately addresses Laura, who – for a third week in a row – submitted spelling mistakes in her final product; this time, even spelling Valiant's name wrong. Because she showed all the judges that she does not care enough to even work on her main problem (spelling), Izelle eliminated Laura immediately.", "In a shocking twist, Izelle announces that she is not done yet. She explains to the contestants that the best journalists are excellent team players, and asks the contestants to vote for the person they think does not have this quality. The results of the votes are as follows:", "", "| Contestant | Voted For |\n| --- | --- |\n| Astrid | Christian |\n| Christiaan (Red Beard) | Christian |\n| Christian | Astrid |\n| Jeannie | Christian |\n| Jurie | Astrid |", "According to Astrid, Christiaan (Red Beard) and Jeannie, Christian only focusses on himself, and does not respect his teammates in team challenges, although Christiaan (Red Beard) includes in his reasoning that Christian is an excellent individual player. With three votes against him, Christian also gets eliminated. In a post\\-elimination interview, Christian remarks that he – just like Lilian in Episode 4 – feels immensely betrayed by Jeannie, who stabbed him in the back, when he considered her his best friend in the game.", "• **Eliminated:** Laura Stopforth and Christian Lee", "### Episode 10", "In episode 10 (that aired on 18 September 2012\\), the top 5 meet [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot \"Huisgenoot\")’s legendary food editor, Carmen Niehaus; according to Haidee (judge), Carmen has been the magazine’s food editor for 21 years. The contestants are tasked with a [food journalism](/wiki/Food_journalism \"Food journalism\") challenge: Each of them have to pick a recipe that says something about their [heritage](/wiki/Cultural_heritage \"Cultural heritage\"), and fill a single page in the magazine with that recipe, a 200\\-word introduction and photographs. They would have to buy the ingredients for the recipe, and brief two chefs in Huisgenoot’s kitchen on how to prepare the dishes. Once prepared, they would have to style the dishes, and direct a photographer at a food photo shoot. In the end, the page would have to be laid out with the help of a layout artist.", "After each contestant phones a family member to get a recipe from them, they buy ingredients and props for their food photo shoots. Thereafter, each of them go into the kitchen one by one to prepare their dishes: Astrid’s green\\-bean stew, Jeannie’s [malva pudding](/wiki/Malva_pudding \"Malva pudding\"), Jolene’s meat curry and Jurie’s [bobotie](/wiki/Bobotie \"Bobotie\") all turn out perfectly, according to Wicus (judge); but Christiaan’s (Red Beard’s) malva pudding flops completely. According to one of the chefs, the recipe was flawless, but the deep bowl it was baked in, kept the dish from cooking through. Nonetheless, Carmen tried to save one small bowl of the pudding, so that it could be photographed.", "During layout, everyone’s layout comes along nicely, although Christiaan (Red Beard) realises that, due to the recipe flopping, only one of his pictures are publishable. But at judging, all his worries are set aside by Carmen, who praises his educational and well\\-written page. Jeannie is also lauded by Haidee for an outstanding page. Although Izelle (head judge) criticises Astrid for a good, but sloppy, page (especially since she misspelt words like \"[pepper](/wiki/wikt:Pepper \"Pepper\")\"), most of the criticism is directed at Jolene and Jurie: According to the judges, both over\\-complicated their recipes with writing that did not fit the style of the magazine. At a time in the competition where none of the contestants can afford to make mistakes, both Jolene and Jurie are sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, both Jolene and Jurie get a chance to motivate why they should stay in the competition, but due to a motivation that fell flat, Jolene gets eliminated.", "In an unusual twist, Izelle gives Jurie four envelopes, and instructs him to take it to Astrid, Christiaan (Red Beard) and Jeannie. There, the top 4 discover that each of them received an aeroplane ticket to an unknown destination...", "• **Eliminated:** Jolene Fransman", "### Episode 11", "In episode 11 (that aired on 25 September 2012\\) the top 4 arrive at the [Cape Town International Airport](/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport \"Cape Town International Airport\") at the crack of dawn, where they depart on a [commercial flight](/wiki/Commercial_flight \"Commercial flight\") to an unknown destination. Although all of the contestants speculate that they will be doing their next challenge in [Bloemfontein](/wiki/Bloemfontein \"Bloemfontein\") (even before the plane lands there for a [layover](/wiki/Layover \"Layover\")), they are told that the plane will continue to its final destination: [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\").", "There they meet Izelle (head judge) and Ernst Swart, a publicist, at Stark Studios, where the [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET \"KykNET\") [soapie](/wiki/Soap_opera \"Soap opera\") [Binneland](/wiki/Binneland \"Binneland\") is recorded. Each contestant gets two pages in [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot \"Huisgenoot\"), and is tasked to fill it with a story of their choice. Each story has to contain a scoop, which the contestants have to gather on the drama's set.", "Astrid decides to do a Local is Lekker story on Binneland's 1500th episode, while Jurie decides to do a profile on two upcoming actors on set. Christiaan (Red Beard) investigates a story on an [Isidingo](/wiki/Isidingo \"Isidingo\") actress who is leaving her soapie for Binneland, while Jeannie also decides on a Local is Lekker story about actors and their tattoos. Although Astrid and Jurie go about the set well, with Ernst who comments that Astrid is asking all the right questions, Jeannie struggles to find stories to fill her page. Even though Christiaan (Red Beard) has the biggest scoop, and he also has a really good story, according to Ernst, he struggles with ethical issues, after the actress asks him to keep all the information she gave him confidential, due to various contractual and legal issues.", "Back in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), the top 4 are all criticised by the judges: Astrid filled most of her page with photos, and is criticised for treating her copy shabbily, while Christiaan (Red Beard) is criticised heavily for not breaking the news in his story well; additionally, Jurie is criticised for bad writing. Even though Jeannie was criticised for not asking the right questions, focusing her stories on irrelevant topics, she is lauded for a product that is of a much higher standard than her teammates. She gets rewarded with an automatic spot in the top 3, while the other contestants are all sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, each contestant motivates why he/she should stay in the show. After Izelle considers their reasons, noting that she wants to let two people stay who she knows could learn from their mistakes and not make them again, she eliminates Jurie, who made his sixth exit (in 11 episodes) from The Chamber.", "• **Eliminated**: Jurie Prins", "### Episode 12", "In the penultimate episode (that aired on 2 October 2012\\), the top 3 are tasked to put themselves in the shoes of the homeless, and write a unique story about a night in the life of a homeless person. Each contestant gets R100, a [sleeping bag](/wiki/Sleeping_bag \"Sleeping bag\") and a [flash light](/wiki/Flash_light \"Flash light\"). They meet a group of homeless dwellers in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), conduct interviews with them, and have to spend an entire night in the outdoors.", "Although Astrid describes the task as an adventure, and Christiaan (Red Beard) says that this task is closest to the type of journalism he is interested in, Jeannie admits that the challenge is not her thing. In the early hours of the morning, winter temperatures drop so low, that all the contestants struggle to sleep.", "After a rough night, the top 3 meet the judges for breakfast at the break of dawn; they are shocked to find that the judges also invited a family member of each contestant. They get to spend some time with them, and then get time to compile their articles.", "At judging, Izelle (head judge) announces that all three articles had high and low points, and she immediately dismisses everyone to The Chamber. There, Christiaan (Red Beard) is lauded for a phenomenal article, although his ending fell a bit flat. Similarly, Astrid is also lauded for a phenomenal article, although she forgot to write her own experience into the story, and therefore neglected to perform the challenge completely. But most of the criticism is directed at Jeannie, whose article fell flat after she couldn't transport the reader into the life of the homeless. She gets eliminated, leaving Astrid and Christiaan (Red Beard) to vie for the coveted prize at [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot \"Huisgenoot\").", "• **Eliminated**: Jeannie Erasmus", "### Episode 13", "In episode 13 – the season finale (that aired on 9 October 2012\\) – the top 2, Astrid and Christiaan (Red Beard), meet the judges in the assignment room. There, each judge comments on the 11 contestants who were eliminated during the season; the first third of the episode forms a tribute to them.", "Thereafter, the top 2 are given two assignments: first, they have to conduct an interview with each other, imagining that the other is the winner of the show; thereafter, each of them attend a formal job interview in front of the three judges and four senior staff members at [Media24](/wiki/Media24 \"Media24\"): Nadia Sadovsky (Huisgenoot's deputy editor and news editor), Lara Atson (journalist at Huisgenoot), Linda Pietersen (editor of YOU magazine) and Wilmer Muller (digital head of Huisgenoot, YOU and Drum magazines). Although both of the finalists complete their interviews with each other and the panel successfully, it is Christiaan (Red Beard) who impresses the panel the most: Linda Pietersen describes him as \"delightful\", while Nadia Sadovsky asks Izelle if she could hire him herself. However, all of the additional panel members agree that the decision is very difficult, and that they are glad they do not have to pick a winner.", "In The Chamber, Izelle tells Christiaan (Red Beard) that it is a disgrace that the media industry in South Africa overlooked him, while she tells Astrid that she is sensitive, connects well with her sources and is a journalist through and through. While the finalists are clearly tense just before the announcement, Izelle announces that both would have to wait a bit longer, as the winner would be announced at Skouspel – the magazine's annual music extravaganza – at [Sun City](/wiki/Sun_City%2C_North_West \"Sun City, North West\"). This meant, that both would have to wait until the entire show aired (c. four months) before the eventual winner is announced.", "Four months later, Astrid and Christiaan (Red Beard) are quite tense – and rightly so, after they walk out on stage in front of an audience of 6000, together with the judges and the head of [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET \"KykNET\"), Karen Meiring. There, an emotional Christiaan Boonzaier (Red Beard) is declared the winner. In a post\\-win interview, Christiaan (Red Beard) admitted that his new job intimidates him but that it's a good thing, as he wants his new \"magazine family\" to challenge him every day. He also jokingly notes that he will be teased for a long time to come about the tears he shed on the Skouspel stage.", "* **Runner\\-up**: Astrid Lippert\\-Fisher\n* **Winner**: Christiaan Boonzaier", "The season ends here.", "" ]
### Episode 4 In the fourth episode (that aired on 7 August 2012\), both the Commas (Astrid, Christiaan \[Red Beard], Christian, Jeannie, Lilian and Tercia) and the Full Stops (Elridus, Jolene, Jurie, Laura and Leilani) met the judges at Paarl Media in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town") — the largest printing company in Africa and one of the largest in the [Southern Hemisphere](/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere "Southern Hemisphere"), where close to 400 000 Huisgenoot magazines are printed weekly. The teams were each given 300 Huisgenoot and [Die Burger](/wiki/Die_Burger "Die Burger") combo packs, and were tasked to sell them at traffic interchanges in [Durbanville](/wiki/Durbanville "Durbanville") for [R](/wiki/South_African_rand "South African rand")20\. At the onset, the Full Stops worked strategically by selling their magazines in bulk: Jolene sold 100 to the [University of Stellenbosch Business School](/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch_Business_School "University of Stellenbosch Business School"), while Elridus (comically) sold 50 to his mother. All the Commas, except Jeannie, concentrated on selling their magazines to drivers at traffic lights; Jeannie, in turn, spent most of the hour organising the combo packs and finances. At the end of the challenge, the Full Stops sold all 300 of their combo packs, while the Commas could only sell 110\. But in a twist, Wicus (judge) and Haidee (judge) announced that each team would receive an additional 500 Huisgenoot magazines, and were tasked to sell them at one of three malls: Cape Gate in [Kraaifontein](/wiki/Kraaifontein "Kraaifontein"), Eden on the Bay in [Bloubergstrand](/wiki/Bloubergstrand "Bloubergstrand") and the Liberty Promenade in [Mitchells Plain](/wiki/Mitchells_Plain "Mitchells Plain"). As the frontrunners, the Full Stops chose Cape Gate first, while the Commas settled on Eden on the Bay. Again the Full Stops focussed on bulk sales: Leilani sold 300 of the 500 Huisgenoot magazines to the centre's management, while her other team members sold magazines to shops in the mall. The Commas, on the other hand, struggled to sell magazines, as they realised most of the shoppers in the mall are largely English, and did not want to buy an Afrikaans magazine. Back at the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers "Naspers") building, Izelle (head judge) revealed that out of 800 magazines, the Full Stops sold 713 — a feat, Izelle admits, the judges themselves would probably not be able to achieve; the Commas, however, only sold 142\. The Commas clearly lost the challenge, and were immediately sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, both Christiaan \[Red Beard] and Astrid acknowledged that the team worked well together, but that their choice to go to a largely English mall was a mistake. Jeannie also stated that Lilian did a good job as a leader, but that she should be sent home because her leadership abilities were not strong enough. The contestants were not given the chance to vote each other out, and Izelle shocked the team by ousting Lilian from the show. Post\-elimination, Christiaan \[Red Beard] said that Lilian was a great leader because she listened to her team; he also said that Lilian took the punch for a team decision (to go to an English mall). Lilian, in turn, emotionally said in a post\-elimination interview that Jeannie had no respect for her authority, and that she (Jeannie) insisted on going to an English mall with rich consumers, rather than an Afrikaans mall with consumers that don't have money. Jeannie also stated that she loves her teammates, but that she's concentrating on herself in the competition; she also stated that she's glad to have another shot at proving herself to the judges. • **Eliminated:** Lilian Strauss
[ "### Episode 4", "In the fourth episode (that aired on 7 August 2012\\), both the Commas (Astrid, Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Christian, Jeannie, Lilian and Tercia) and the Full Stops (Elridus, Jolene, Jurie, Laura and Leilani) met the judges at Paarl Media in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\") — the largest printing company in Africa and one of the largest in the [Southern Hemisphere](/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere \"Southern Hemisphere\"), where close to 400 000 Huisgenoot magazines are printed weekly. The teams were each given 300 Huisgenoot and [Die Burger](/wiki/Die_Burger \"Die Burger\") combo packs, and were tasked to sell them at traffic interchanges in [Durbanville](/wiki/Durbanville \"Durbanville\") for [R](/wiki/South_African_rand \"South African rand\")20\\.", "At the onset, the Full Stops worked strategically by selling their magazines in bulk: Jolene sold 100 to the [University of Stellenbosch Business School](/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch_Business_School \"University of Stellenbosch Business School\"), while Elridus (comically) sold 50 to his mother. All the Commas, except Jeannie, concentrated on selling their magazines to drivers at traffic lights; Jeannie, in turn, spent most of the hour organising the combo packs and finances.", "At the end of the challenge, the Full Stops sold all 300 of their combo packs, while the Commas could only sell 110\\. But in a twist, Wicus (judge) and Haidee (judge) announced that each team would receive an additional 500 Huisgenoot magazines, and were tasked to sell them at one of three malls: Cape Gate in [Kraaifontein](/wiki/Kraaifontein \"Kraaifontein\"), Eden on the Bay in [Bloubergstrand](/wiki/Bloubergstrand \"Bloubergstrand\") and the Liberty Promenade in [Mitchells Plain](/wiki/Mitchells_Plain \"Mitchells Plain\"). As the frontrunners, the Full Stops chose Cape Gate first, while the Commas settled on Eden on the Bay.", "Again the Full Stops focussed on bulk sales: Leilani sold 300 of the 500 Huisgenoot magazines to the centre's management, while her other team members sold magazines to shops in the mall. The Commas, on the other hand, struggled to sell magazines, as they realised most of the shoppers in the mall are largely English, and did not want to buy an Afrikaans magazine.", "Back at the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers \"Naspers\") building, Izelle (head judge) revealed that out of 800 magazines, the Full Stops sold 713 — a feat, Izelle admits, the judges themselves would probably not be able to achieve; the Commas, however, only sold 142\\. The Commas clearly lost the challenge, and were immediately sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, both Christiaan \\[Red Beard] and Astrid acknowledged that the team worked well together, but that their choice to go to a largely English mall was a mistake. Jeannie also stated that Lilian did a good job as a leader, but that she should be sent home because her leadership abilities were not strong enough. The contestants were not given the chance to vote each other out, and Izelle shocked the team by ousting Lilian from the show. Post\\-elimination, Christiaan \\[Red Beard] said that Lilian was a great leader because she listened to her team; he also said that Lilian took the punch for a team decision (to go to an English mall). Lilian, in turn, emotionally said in a post\\-elimination interview that Jeannie had no respect for her authority, and that she (Jeannie) insisted on going to an English mall with rich consumers, rather than an Afrikaans mall with consumers that don't have money. Jeannie also stated that she loves her teammates, but that she's concentrating on herself in the competition; she also stated that she's glad to have another shot at proving herself to the judges.", "• **Eliminated:** Lilian Strauss", "" ]
### Episode 5 In the fifth episode (that aired on 14 August 2012\), the 10 remaining contestants were grouped into new teams: the new Comma group consisted of Christian, Jeannie, Jolene, Laura and Tercia, while the Full Stops consisted of Astrid, Christiaan \[Red Beard], Elridus, Jurie and Leilani. The theme for the challenge dealt with [environmentally friendly](/wiki/Environmentally_friendly "Environmentally friendly"), "green", [sustainable living](/wiki/Sustainable_living "Sustainable living"). Each team had to develop an [information graphic](/wiki/Information_graphic "Information graphic") with the help of a Huisgenoot [illustrator](/wiki/Illustrator "Illustrator") and [layout artist](/wiki/Layout_artist "Layout artist"), and combine text with graphics to educate readers on the topic. Izelle (head judge) made it clear that each information graphic had to be [3\-D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics "3D computer graphics"), and that information on the final product had to be factually correct. To gather information for their information graphic, the Commas visited a house that was partially eco\-friendly. They were assisted by Dave Pepler — a South African television host and expert on all things "green" — who gave them tips on how to make the house even more "green". The Full Stops visited a house that was built with eco\-friendly materials, and were tasked to report on eco\-friendly house construction; they were assisted by architect Carl Morkel. After the outings, both teams started to compile their information graphics. Due to time constraints and the pressure of the challenge, tempers flared: Christian criticised Tercia's poor contribution to the task, who in turn admitted that due to her background as a house cleaner and [au pair](/wiki/Au_pair "Au pair"), she had never had the opportunity to do a [Google](/wiki/Google "Google") search; she also admitted that she thought a "green" house is a house that is painted green. At the Full Stops, Elridus was irritating all his team members. At judging, Izelle (head judge) lauded the Full Stops' information graphic, but criticised their dull copy. On the contrary, the Commas were criticised for not including a 3\-D graphic in their final product; Izelle also accused the team of [copyright infringement](/wiki/Copyright_infringement "Copyright infringement"), after they forgot to reference their sources. However, the copy they did deliver was of an outstanding quality, and she decided to handed the Commas the win. Therefore, the Full Stops were sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, the Full Stops were asked to vote out one of their teammates. The votes were cast as follows: | Contestant | Voted For | | --- | --- | | Astrid | Elridus | | Christiaan (Red Beard) | Elridus | | Elridus | Astrid | | Jurie | Elridus | | Leilani | Elridus | According to Leilani, Elridus only gives 50% in each challenge, while both Christiaan (Red Beard) and Astrid said that Elridus is really hard to work with. In turn, Elridus admitted that he struggles working in a team. With 4 votes against him, he was sent home. • **Eliminated**: Elridus Grobler
[ "### Episode 5", "In the fifth episode (that aired on 14 August 2012\\), the 10 remaining contestants were grouped into new teams: the new Comma group consisted of Christian, Jeannie, Jolene, Laura and Tercia, while the Full Stops consisted of Astrid, Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Elridus, Jurie and Leilani.", "The theme for the challenge dealt with [environmentally friendly](/wiki/Environmentally_friendly \"Environmentally friendly\"), \"green\", [sustainable living](/wiki/Sustainable_living \"Sustainable living\"). Each team had to develop an [information graphic](/wiki/Information_graphic \"Information graphic\") with the help of a Huisgenoot [illustrator](/wiki/Illustrator \"Illustrator\") and [layout artist](/wiki/Layout_artist \"Layout artist\"), and combine text with graphics to educate readers on the topic. Izelle (head judge) made it clear that each information graphic had to be [3\\-D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics \"3D computer graphics\"), and that information on the final product had to be factually correct. To gather information for their information graphic, the Commas visited a house that was partially eco\\-friendly. They were assisted by Dave Pepler — a South African television host and expert on all things \"green\" — who gave them tips on how to make the house even more \"green\". The Full Stops visited a house that was built with eco\\-friendly materials, and were tasked to report on eco\\-friendly house construction; they were assisted by architect Carl Morkel.", "After the outings, both teams started to compile their information graphics. Due to time constraints and the pressure of the challenge, tempers flared: Christian criticised Tercia's poor contribution to the task, who in turn admitted that due to her background as a house cleaner and [au pair](/wiki/Au_pair \"Au pair\"), she had never had the opportunity to do a [Google](/wiki/Google \"Google\") search; she also admitted that she thought a \"green\" house is a house that is painted green. At the Full Stops, Elridus was irritating all his team members.", "At judging, Izelle (head judge) lauded the Full Stops' information graphic, but criticised their dull copy. On the contrary, the Commas were criticised for not including a 3\\-D graphic in their final product; Izelle also accused the team of [copyright infringement](/wiki/Copyright_infringement \"Copyright infringement\"), after they forgot to reference their sources. However, the copy they did deliver was of an outstanding quality, and she decided to handed the Commas the win. Therefore, the Full Stops were sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, the Full Stops were asked to vote out one of their teammates. The votes were cast as follows:", "", "| Contestant | Voted For |\n| --- | --- |\n| Astrid | Elridus |\n| Christiaan (Red Beard) | Elridus |\n| Elridus | Astrid |\n| Jurie | Elridus |\n| Leilani | Elridus |", "According to Leilani, Elridus only gives 50% in each challenge, while both Christiaan (Red Beard) and Astrid said that Elridus is really hard to work with. In turn, Elridus admitted that he struggles working in a team. With 4 votes against him, he was sent home.", "• **Eliminated**: Elridus Grobler", "" ]
### Episode 6 In episode six (that aired on 21 August 2012\), the Commas (Christian, Jeannie, Jolene, Laura and Tercia) and Full Stops (Astrid, Christiaan \[Red Beard], Jurie and Leilani) were tasked with giving two special guests and Huisgenoot readers — Leza van Heerden and Riana Gebhardt — makeovers; Riana was paired with the Commas, while Leza was paired with the Full Stops. Fashion was the theme of the week, with each team being responsible for their guest's hair, makeup and clothing. In addition, both teams had to do interviews with their guests to find out what in their personal lives they would want to enrich. Once identified, both teams had to find sponsors to make those dreams come true. In the end, a double\-page spread documenting the whole transformation had to be compiled. First, Christian, Jeannie and Tercia from the Comma team, and Astrid and Jurie from the Full Stops went to [Woolworths](/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company "F. W. Woolworth Company") to find clothes for the guests. Although the Full Stops sailed through the task smoothly, things were rocky at the Comma team: Tercia continually irritated Christian by choosing the wrong clothing size for Riana 5 times in a row. According to Jeannie, Tercia could not focus on a simple task — especially when she could not grasp why a size\-22 woman cannot fit into a size\-10 dress. Next, Jolene and Laura from the Comma team, and Christiaan (Red Beard) and Leilani from the Full Stops accompanied their guests to a hair salon, where Christiaan (Red Beard) admitted he was completely out of his comfort zone. Laura, on the other hand, admitted that she would want to be a stylist for Huisgenoot's supplementary magazine Mooi \[Afrikaans word for 'beautiful'] — a supplement that focuses on beauty and style. All team members were present when the finishing touches of the makeovers — makeup — was being applied. Thereafter, Leilani (Full Stops) and Laura (Commas) revealed to Wicus (judge) and Haidee (judge) which sponsors they found to enrich the lives of their guests: According to Leilani, Leza's biggest dream is to go on a holiday with her family, which the Full Stops wanted to address. They found sponsors to invite Leza, her husband and her daughter to [Knysna](/wiki/Knysna "Knysna"), where Leza and her husband had their [honeymoon](/wiki/Honeymoon "Honeymoon"), and also on a four\-day [MSC Cruises](/wiki/MSC_Cruises "MSC Cruises") cruise. Laura, on the other hand, revealed that her guest, Riana, wanted to further her studies, which the Commas, in turn, also made possible: They convinced both [CityVarsity](/wiki/CityVarsity "CityVarsity") and the [Stellenbosch](/wiki/Stellenbosch "Stellenbosch") Institute of Photography \& Multimedia Studies to sponsor various short courses for her. At panel, Izelle (head judge) lauded both teams for a fantastic job, noting that for the first time in the competition, the teams had delivered work that could actually be published. Although the Comma team, according to Izelle, did a better makeover, their copy was sloppy — an indication that they did not keep the reader of their article in mind. The Full Stops, on the other hand, delivered copy that Izelle said had depth, which showed that they interviewed their guest, Leza, really well. In the end, the Full Stops were handed the win, while the Commas were sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, it surfaced that Christian had edited both Jeannie and Laura's copy. Jeannie said that Christian worsened their copy on numerous occasions, although she and Laura continually told him not to do so. Izelle instructed the team to vote one of their team members out of the show. The votes were split as follows: | Contestant | Voted For | | --- | --- | | Christian | Tercia | | Jeannie | Tercia | | Jolene | Tercia | | Laura | Christian | | Tercia | Christian | Although Laura cast a vote for Christian, Jeannie surprisingly did not, instead casting a vote against Tercia. Both Christian and Jolene said that Tercia just could not keep up with the pace of the team, and dragged them down. With 3 votes cast against her, Tercia was knocked out of the show, while Christian narrowly avoided an exit with 2 votes cast against him. In a post\-elimination interview, an emotional Tercia said that she felt betrayed. • **Eliminated**: Tercia Jacobs
[ "### Episode 6", "In episode six (that aired on 21 August 2012\\), the Commas (Christian, Jeannie, Jolene, Laura and Tercia) and Full Stops (Astrid, Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Jurie and Leilani) were tasked with giving two special guests and Huisgenoot readers — Leza van Heerden and Riana Gebhardt — makeovers; Riana was paired with the Commas, while Leza was paired with the Full Stops. Fashion was the theme of the week, with each team being responsible for their guest's hair, makeup and clothing. In addition, both teams had to do interviews with their guests to find out what in their personal lives they would want to enrich. Once identified, both teams had to find sponsors to make those dreams come true. In the end, a double\\-page spread documenting the whole transformation had to be compiled.", "First, Christian, Jeannie and Tercia from the Comma team, and Astrid and Jurie from the Full Stops went to [Woolworths](/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company \"F. W. Woolworth Company\") to find clothes for the guests. Although the Full Stops sailed through the task smoothly, things were rocky at the Comma team: Tercia continually irritated Christian by choosing the wrong clothing size for Riana 5 times in a row. According to Jeannie, Tercia could not focus on a simple task — especially when she could not grasp why a size\\-22 woman cannot fit into a size\\-10 dress.", "Next, Jolene and Laura from the Comma team, and Christiaan (Red Beard) and Leilani from the Full Stops accompanied their guests to a hair salon, where Christiaan (Red Beard) admitted he was completely out of his comfort zone. Laura, on the other hand, admitted that she would want to be a stylist for Huisgenoot's supplementary magazine Mooi \\[Afrikaans word for 'beautiful'] — a supplement that focuses on beauty and style.", "All team members were present when the finishing touches of the makeovers — makeup — was being applied. Thereafter, Leilani (Full Stops) and Laura (Commas) revealed to Wicus (judge) and Haidee (judge) which sponsors they found to enrich the lives of their guests: According to Leilani, Leza's biggest dream is to go on a holiday with her family, which the Full Stops wanted to address. They found sponsors to invite Leza, her husband and her daughter to [Knysna](/wiki/Knysna \"Knysna\"), where Leza and her husband had their [honeymoon](/wiki/Honeymoon \"Honeymoon\"), and also on a four\\-day [MSC Cruises](/wiki/MSC_Cruises \"MSC Cruises\") cruise. Laura, on the other hand, revealed that her guest, Riana, wanted to further her studies, which the Commas, in turn, also made possible: They convinced both [CityVarsity](/wiki/CityVarsity \"CityVarsity\") and the [Stellenbosch](/wiki/Stellenbosch \"Stellenbosch\") Institute of Photography \\& Multimedia Studies to sponsor various short courses for her.", "At panel, Izelle (head judge) lauded both teams for a fantastic job, noting that for the first time in the competition, the teams had delivered work that could actually be published. Although the Comma team, according to Izelle, did a better makeover, their copy was sloppy — an indication that they did not keep the reader of their article in mind. The Full Stops, on the other hand, delivered copy that Izelle said had depth, which showed that they interviewed their guest, Leza, really well. In the end, the Full Stops were handed the win, while the Commas were sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, it surfaced that Christian had edited both Jeannie and Laura's copy. Jeannie said that Christian worsened their copy on numerous occasions, although she and Laura continually told him not to do so. Izelle instructed the team to vote one of their team members out of the show. The votes were split as follows:", "", "| Contestant | Voted For |\n| --- | --- |\n| Christian | Tercia |\n| Jeannie | Tercia |\n| Jolene | Tercia |\n| Laura | Christian |\n| Tercia | Christian |", "Although Laura cast a vote for Christian, Jeannie surprisingly did not, instead casting a vote against Tercia. Both Christian and Jolene said that Tercia just could not keep up with the pace of the team, and dragged them down. With 3 votes cast against her, Tercia was knocked out of the show, while Christian narrowly avoided an exit with 2 votes cast against him. In a post\\-elimination interview, an emotional Tercia said that she felt betrayed.", "• **Eliminated**: Tercia Jacobs", "" ]
### Episode 8 In the eighth episode (that aired on 4 September 2012\) the top 8 were divided into two groups. Each group had to do a short interview with two stars from the [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET "KykNET") drama series Vloeksteen: Erica Wessels (who was interviewed by Christiaan \[Red Beard], Christian, Jurie and Laura) and Albert Maritz (who was interviewed by Astrid, Jeannie, Jolene and Leilani). After each interview, every contestant had to direct a Huisgenoot photographer to take pictures for a 1250\-word article that sprouted from the interviews. According to the photographers, Christiaan (Red Beard), Jurie and Leilani's direction produced the best photographs. Thereafter, the contestants got two hours to write their articles, and then sent it to Wicus (judge) for the first round of judging. At judging, Wicus told all the contestants that their articles can be saved with a bit of tweaking, but heavily criticised Laura for spelling mistakes – a problem she was reprimanded for in a previous episode; Wicus told Laura that he would vote her out of the show, if he got the chance to do so. In addition, Leilani was described as a bad writer. On the other hand, Wicus warned all the contestants to keep an eye on Christiaan (Red Beard), who Wicus considered to be everyone's strongest competition. On the back of a successful article in the previous episode, Wicus again lauded Christiaan's (Red Beard's) work. Jurie was also congratulated for his article, but his drastic improvement was met with some suspicion: Wicus told Jurie to promise him that he did not [plagiarise](/wiki/Plagiarise "Plagiarise"). After judging, the contestants got more time to improve their articles, and then brought their text and photos together in layout, with the help of a layout artist. At the final judging, Christiaan's (Red Beard's) final product was lauded again, while Jeannie was criticised for wasting Wicus's time by ignoring the advice he gave her. Christian was criticised for pictures that were dull and could bore the reader; although Leilani produced the best pictures, her copy – again – fell flat. As a result of their poor performance, Christian, Jeannie and Leilani were sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, the bottom three each got a chance to motivate why they should stay in the show. Before any of the contestants had time to contemplate whether they could vote each other out, Izelle (head judge) immediately sent Leilani packing. • **Eliminated:** Leilani Snyman
[ "### Episode 8", "In the eighth episode (that aired on 4 September 2012\\) the top 8 were divided into two groups. Each group had to do a short interview with two stars from the [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET \"KykNET\") drama series Vloeksteen: Erica Wessels (who was interviewed by Christiaan \\[Red Beard], Christian, Jurie and Laura) and Albert Maritz (who was interviewed by Astrid, Jeannie, Jolene and Leilani).", "After each interview, every contestant had to direct a Huisgenoot photographer to take pictures for a 1250\\-word article that sprouted from the interviews. According to the photographers, Christiaan (Red Beard), Jurie and Leilani's direction produced the best photographs. Thereafter, the contestants got two hours to write their articles, and then sent it to Wicus (judge) for the first round of judging.", "At judging, Wicus told all the contestants that their articles can be saved with a bit of tweaking, but heavily criticised Laura for spelling mistakes – a problem she was reprimanded for in a previous episode; Wicus told Laura that he would vote her out of the show, if he got the chance to do so. In addition, Leilani was described as a bad writer. On the other hand, Wicus warned all the contestants to keep an eye on Christiaan (Red Beard), who Wicus considered to be everyone's strongest competition. On the back of a successful article in the previous episode, Wicus again lauded Christiaan's (Red Beard's) work. Jurie was also congratulated for his article, but his drastic improvement was met with some suspicion: Wicus told Jurie to promise him that he did not [plagiarise](/wiki/Plagiarise \"Plagiarise\").", "After judging, the contestants got more time to improve their articles, and then brought their text and photos together in layout, with the help of a layout artist.", "At the final judging, Christiaan's (Red Beard's) final product was lauded again, while Jeannie was criticised for wasting Wicus's time by ignoring the advice he gave her. Christian was criticised for pictures that were dull and could bore the reader; although Leilani produced the best pictures, her copy – again – fell flat. As a result of their poor performance, Christian, Jeannie and Leilani were sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, the bottom three each got a chance to motivate why they should stay in the show. Before any of the contestants had time to contemplate whether they could vote each other out, Izelle (head judge) immediately sent Leilani packing.", "• **Eliminated:** Leilani Snyman", "" ]
### Episode 9 In episode nine (that aired on 11 September 2012\), Wicus (judge) shares with the top seven that they would have to gather stories and info for [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot "Huisgenoot")’s weekly music page, Tempo, on the set of a music video; the music video was filmed as part of Huisgenoot's song writing competition. Each contestant would have to fill their page with a music industry news story, [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") tweets, photos and a CD review. On set, all the contestants meet [Valiant Swart](/wiki/Valiant_Swart "Valiant Swart") and [Bok van Blerk](/wiki/Bok_van_Blerk "Bok van Blerk") – two of the [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans "Afrikaans") music industry's most prominent artists – who help them with quotes and info for their respective articles. But the atmosphere between the contestants is clearly tense, with Christian remarking that most of the contestants are secretive about each other's work; Laura goes as far as to ask the crew on set not to supply any information to the other contestants. Back at the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers "Naspers") building, the contestants start to compile their pages by reviewing a CD by [Ray Dylan](/wiki/Ray_Dylan "Ray Dylan"), and then work with a layout artist to finish their products. Christiaan (Red Beard), Jeannie and Jolene all comment that Christian is irritating most of the contestants, although Christiaan (Red Beard) admits that Christian will probably not get eliminated, as his work is of a high standard. However, Izelle (head judge) disagrees, noting that none of the contestants really wowed the judges, although most of the pages could be published. Although Jeannie and Jurie are lauded for interesting elements on their pages, Jurie was reprimanded for relaying untrue facts – facts he received first\-hand from both Valiant and Bok, who were jokingly supplying wrong information to him; all the contestants are again reminded to check their facts more accurately. But the limelight is solely on Jolene this week, who, according to Izelle, finally discarded her academic writing style and replaced it with the Huisgenoot writing style; she is rewarded with immunity. The other six contestants are all sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, Izelle wastes no time, and immediately addresses Laura, who – for a third week in a row – submitted spelling mistakes in her final product; this time, even spelling Valiant's name wrong. Because she showed all the judges that she does not care enough to even work on her main problem (spelling), Izelle eliminated Laura immediately. In a shocking twist, Izelle announces that she is not done yet. She explains to the contestants that the best journalists are excellent team players, and asks the contestants to vote for the person they think does not have this quality. The results of the votes are as follows: | Contestant | Voted For | | --- | --- | | Astrid | Christian | | Christiaan (Red Beard) | Christian | | Christian | Astrid | | Jeannie | Christian | | Jurie | Astrid | According to Astrid, Christiaan (Red Beard) and Jeannie, Christian only focusses on himself, and does not respect his teammates in team challenges, although Christiaan (Red Beard) includes in his reasoning that Christian is an excellent individual player. With three votes against him, Christian also gets eliminated. In a post\-elimination interview, Christian remarks that he – just like Lilian in Episode 4 – feels immensely betrayed by Jeannie, who stabbed him in the back, when he considered her his best friend in the game. • **Eliminated:** Laura Stopforth and Christian Lee
[ "### Episode 9", "In episode nine (that aired on 11 September 2012\\), Wicus (judge) shares with the top seven that they would have to gather stories and info for [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot \"Huisgenoot\")’s weekly music page, Tempo, on the set of a music video; the music video was filmed as part of Huisgenoot's song writing competition. Each contestant would have to fill their page with a music industry news story, [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") tweets, photos and a CD review.", "On set, all the contestants meet [Valiant Swart](/wiki/Valiant_Swart \"Valiant Swart\") and [Bok van Blerk](/wiki/Bok_van_Blerk \"Bok van Blerk\") – two of the [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans \"Afrikaans\") music industry's most prominent artists – who help them with quotes and info for their respective articles. But the atmosphere between the contestants is clearly tense, with Christian remarking that most of the contestants are secretive about each other's work; Laura goes as far as to ask the crew on set not to supply any information to the other contestants.", "Back at the [Naspers](/wiki/Naspers \"Naspers\") building, the contestants start to compile their pages by reviewing a CD by [Ray Dylan](/wiki/Ray_Dylan \"Ray Dylan\"), and then work with a layout artist to finish their products. Christiaan (Red Beard), Jeannie and Jolene all comment that Christian is irritating most of the contestants, although Christiaan (Red Beard) admits that Christian will probably not get eliminated, as his work is of a high standard.", "However, Izelle (head judge) disagrees, noting that none of the contestants really wowed the judges, although most of the pages could be published. Although Jeannie and Jurie are lauded for interesting elements on their pages, Jurie was reprimanded for relaying untrue facts – facts he received first\\-hand from both Valiant and Bok, who were jokingly supplying wrong information to him; all the contestants are again reminded to check their facts more accurately. But the limelight is solely on Jolene this week, who, according to Izelle, finally discarded her academic writing style and replaced it with the Huisgenoot writing style; she is rewarded with immunity. The other six contestants are all sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, Izelle wastes no time, and immediately addresses Laura, who – for a third week in a row – submitted spelling mistakes in her final product; this time, even spelling Valiant's name wrong. Because she showed all the judges that she does not care enough to even work on her main problem (spelling), Izelle eliminated Laura immediately.", "In a shocking twist, Izelle announces that she is not done yet. She explains to the contestants that the best journalists are excellent team players, and asks the contestants to vote for the person they think does not have this quality. The results of the votes are as follows:", "", "| Contestant | Voted For |\n| --- | --- |\n| Astrid | Christian |\n| Christiaan (Red Beard) | Christian |\n| Christian | Astrid |\n| Jeannie | Christian |\n| Jurie | Astrid |", "According to Astrid, Christiaan (Red Beard) and Jeannie, Christian only focusses on himself, and does not respect his teammates in team challenges, although Christiaan (Red Beard) includes in his reasoning that Christian is an excellent individual player. With three votes against him, Christian also gets eliminated. In a post\\-elimination interview, Christian remarks that he – just like Lilian in Episode 4 – feels immensely betrayed by Jeannie, who stabbed him in the back, when he considered her his best friend in the game.", "• **Eliminated:** Laura Stopforth and Christian Lee", "" ]
### Episode 10 In episode 10 (that aired on 18 September 2012\), the top 5 meet [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot "Huisgenoot")’s legendary food editor, Carmen Niehaus; according to Haidee (judge), Carmen has been the magazine’s food editor for 21 years. The contestants are tasked with a [food journalism](/wiki/Food_journalism "Food journalism") challenge: Each of them have to pick a recipe that says something about their [heritage](/wiki/Cultural_heritage "Cultural heritage"), and fill a single page in the magazine with that recipe, a 200\-word introduction and photographs. They would have to buy the ingredients for the recipe, and brief two chefs in Huisgenoot’s kitchen on how to prepare the dishes. Once prepared, they would have to style the dishes, and direct a photographer at a food photo shoot. In the end, the page would have to be laid out with the help of a layout artist. After each contestant phones a family member to get a recipe from them, they buy ingredients and props for their food photo shoots. Thereafter, each of them go into the kitchen one by one to prepare their dishes: Astrid’s green\-bean stew, Jeannie’s [malva pudding](/wiki/Malva_pudding "Malva pudding"), Jolene’s meat curry and Jurie’s [bobotie](/wiki/Bobotie "Bobotie") all turn out perfectly, according to Wicus (judge); but Christiaan’s (Red Beard’s) malva pudding flops completely. According to one of the chefs, the recipe was flawless, but the deep bowl it was baked in, kept the dish from cooking through. Nonetheless, Carmen tried to save one small bowl of the pudding, so that it could be photographed. During layout, everyone’s layout comes along nicely, although Christiaan (Red Beard) realises that, due to the recipe flopping, only one of his pictures are publishable. But at judging, all his worries are set aside by Carmen, who praises his educational and well\-written page. Jeannie is also lauded by Haidee for an outstanding page. Although Izelle (head judge) criticises Astrid for a good, but sloppy, page (especially since she misspelt words like "[pepper](/wiki/wikt:Pepper "Pepper")"), most of the criticism is directed at Jolene and Jurie: According to the judges, both over\-complicated their recipes with writing that did not fit the style of the magazine. At a time in the competition where none of the contestants can afford to make mistakes, both Jolene and Jurie are sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, both Jolene and Jurie get a chance to motivate why they should stay in the competition, but due to a motivation that fell flat, Jolene gets eliminated. In an unusual twist, Izelle gives Jurie four envelopes, and instructs him to take it to Astrid, Christiaan (Red Beard) and Jeannie. There, the top 4 discover that each of them received an aeroplane ticket to an unknown destination... • **Eliminated:** Jolene Fransman
[ "### Episode 10", "In episode 10 (that aired on 18 September 2012\\), the top 5 meet [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot \"Huisgenoot\")’s legendary food editor, Carmen Niehaus; according to Haidee (judge), Carmen has been the magazine’s food editor for 21 years. The contestants are tasked with a [food journalism](/wiki/Food_journalism \"Food journalism\") challenge: Each of them have to pick a recipe that says something about their [heritage](/wiki/Cultural_heritage \"Cultural heritage\"), and fill a single page in the magazine with that recipe, a 200\\-word introduction and photographs. They would have to buy the ingredients for the recipe, and brief two chefs in Huisgenoot’s kitchen on how to prepare the dishes. Once prepared, they would have to style the dishes, and direct a photographer at a food photo shoot. In the end, the page would have to be laid out with the help of a layout artist.", "After each contestant phones a family member to get a recipe from them, they buy ingredients and props for their food photo shoots. Thereafter, each of them go into the kitchen one by one to prepare their dishes: Astrid’s green\\-bean stew, Jeannie’s [malva pudding](/wiki/Malva_pudding \"Malva pudding\"), Jolene’s meat curry and Jurie’s [bobotie](/wiki/Bobotie \"Bobotie\") all turn out perfectly, according to Wicus (judge); but Christiaan’s (Red Beard’s) malva pudding flops completely. According to one of the chefs, the recipe was flawless, but the deep bowl it was baked in, kept the dish from cooking through. Nonetheless, Carmen tried to save one small bowl of the pudding, so that it could be photographed.", "During layout, everyone’s layout comes along nicely, although Christiaan (Red Beard) realises that, due to the recipe flopping, only one of his pictures are publishable. But at judging, all his worries are set aside by Carmen, who praises his educational and well\\-written page. Jeannie is also lauded by Haidee for an outstanding page. Although Izelle (head judge) criticises Astrid for a good, but sloppy, page (especially since she misspelt words like \"[pepper](/wiki/wikt:Pepper \"Pepper\")\"), most of the criticism is directed at Jolene and Jurie: According to the judges, both over\\-complicated their recipes with writing that did not fit the style of the magazine. At a time in the competition where none of the contestants can afford to make mistakes, both Jolene and Jurie are sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, both Jolene and Jurie get a chance to motivate why they should stay in the competition, but due to a motivation that fell flat, Jolene gets eliminated.", "In an unusual twist, Izelle gives Jurie four envelopes, and instructs him to take it to Astrid, Christiaan (Red Beard) and Jeannie. There, the top 4 discover that each of them received an aeroplane ticket to an unknown destination...", "• **Eliminated:** Jolene Fransman", "" ]
### Episode 11 In episode 11 (that aired on 25 September 2012\) the top 4 arrive at the [Cape Town International Airport](/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport "Cape Town International Airport") at the crack of dawn, where they depart on a [commercial flight](/wiki/Commercial_flight "Commercial flight") to an unknown destination. Although all of the contestants speculate that they will be doing their next challenge in [Bloemfontein](/wiki/Bloemfontein "Bloemfontein") (even before the plane lands there for a [layover](/wiki/Layover "Layover")), they are told that the plane will continue to its final destination: [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg "Johannesburg"). There they meet Izelle (head judge) and Ernst Swart, a publicist, at Stark Studios, where the [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET "KykNET") [soapie](/wiki/Soap_opera "Soap opera") [Binneland](/wiki/Binneland "Binneland") is recorded. Each contestant gets two pages in [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot "Huisgenoot"), and is tasked to fill it with a story of their choice. Each story has to contain a scoop, which the contestants have to gather on the drama's set. Astrid decides to do a Local is Lekker story on Binneland's 1500th episode, while Jurie decides to do a profile on two upcoming actors on set. Christiaan (Red Beard) investigates a story on an [Isidingo](/wiki/Isidingo "Isidingo") actress who is leaving her soapie for Binneland, while Jeannie also decides on a Local is Lekker story about actors and their tattoos. Although Astrid and Jurie go about the set well, with Ernst who comments that Astrid is asking all the right questions, Jeannie struggles to find stories to fill her page. Even though Christiaan (Red Beard) has the biggest scoop, and he also has a really good story, according to Ernst, he struggles with ethical issues, after the actress asks him to keep all the information she gave him confidential, due to various contractual and legal issues. Back in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town "Cape Town"), the top 4 are all criticised by the judges: Astrid filled most of her page with photos, and is criticised for treating her copy shabbily, while Christiaan (Red Beard) is criticised heavily for not breaking the news in his story well; additionally, Jurie is criticised for bad writing. Even though Jeannie was criticised for not asking the right questions, focusing her stories on irrelevant topics, she is lauded for a product that is of a much higher standard than her teammates. She gets rewarded with an automatic spot in the top 3, while the other contestants are all sent to The Chamber. In The Chamber, each contestant motivates why he/she should stay in the show. After Izelle considers their reasons, noting that she wants to let two people stay who she knows could learn from their mistakes and not make them again, she eliminates Jurie, who made his sixth exit (in 11 episodes) from The Chamber. • **Eliminated**: Jurie Prins
[ "### Episode 11", "In episode 11 (that aired on 25 September 2012\\) the top 4 arrive at the [Cape Town International Airport](/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport \"Cape Town International Airport\") at the crack of dawn, where they depart on a [commercial flight](/wiki/Commercial_flight \"Commercial flight\") to an unknown destination. Although all of the contestants speculate that they will be doing their next challenge in [Bloemfontein](/wiki/Bloemfontein \"Bloemfontein\") (even before the plane lands there for a [layover](/wiki/Layover \"Layover\")), they are told that the plane will continue to its final destination: [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\").", "There they meet Izelle (head judge) and Ernst Swart, a publicist, at Stark Studios, where the [kykNET](/wiki/KykNET \"KykNET\") [soapie](/wiki/Soap_opera \"Soap opera\") [Binneland](/wiki/Binneland \"Binneland\") is recorded. Each contestant gets two pages in [Huisgenoot](/wiki/Huisgenoot \"Huisgenoot\"), and is tasked to fill it with a story of their choice. Each story has to contain a scoop, which the contestants have to gather on the drama's set.", "Astrid decides to do a Local is Lekker story on Binneland's 1500th episode, while Jurie decides to do a profile on two upcoming actors on set. Christiaan (Red Beard) investigates a story on an [Isidingo](/wiki/Isidingo \"Isidingo\") actress who is leaving her soapie for Binneland, while Jeannie also decides on a Local is Lekker story about actors and their tattoos. Although Astrid and Jurie go about the set well, with Ernst who comments that Astrid is asking all the right questions, Jeannie struggles to find stories to fill her page. Even though Christiaan (Red Beard) has the biggest scoop, and he also has a really good story, according to Ernst, he struggles with ethical issues, after the actress asks him to keep all the information she gave him confidential, due to various contractual and legal issues.", "Back in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), the top 4 are all criticised by the judges: Astrid filled most of her page with photos, and is criticised for treating her copy shabbily, while Christiaan (Red Beard) is criticised heavily for not breaking the news in his story well; additionally, Jurie is criticised for bad writing. Even though Jeannie was criticised for not asking the right questions, focusing her stories on irrelevant topics, she is lauded for a product that is of a much higher standard than her teammates. She gets rewarded with an automatic spot in the top 3, while the other contestants are all sent to The Chamber.", "In The Chamber, each contestant motivates why he/she should stay in the show. After Izelle considers their reasons, noting that she wants to let two people stay who she knows could learn from their mistakes and not make them again, she eliminates Jurie, who made his sixth exit (in 11 episodes) from The Chamber.", "• **Eliminated**: Jurie Prins", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early work (1986–1999\) At age 15, Green started performing stand\-up comedy at local clubs including [Yuk Yuk's](/wiki/Yuk_Yuk%27s "Yuk Yuk's") comedy club.{{cite web\|url\=http://blogs.ajc.com/radio\-tv\-talk/2010/01/13/tom\-green\-interview\-for\-jan\-15\-17\-funny\-farm\-appearance/\#add\-comment\|title\=Tom Green interview for Jan. 15–17 Funny Farm appearance\|publisher\=Access Atlanta\|last\=Ho\|first\=Rodney\|date\=January 13, 2010\|access\-date\=February 14, 2010}}{{cite web\|url\=http://punchlinemagazine.com/site/video\-interview\-tom\-green/\|title\=Punchline Magazine Video interview – Tom Green\|publisher\=punchlinemagazine.com\|access\-date\=April 18, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416143312/http://punchlinemagazine.com/site/video\-interview\-tom\-green/\|archive\-date\=April 16, 2010\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.facebook.com/TomGreen/posts/10151180785682828\|title\=With angel Drew Barrymore in his corner, the MTV prankster turns his battle with testicular cancer into a comedy special and rethinks his life – June 2000\|publisher\=Rolling Stone\|access\-date\=December 17, 2012}} While attending Algonquin College as a member of the Sigma Pi Fraternity, Green hosted an overnight call\-in show on the [University of Ottawa](/wiki/University_of_Ottawa "University of Ottawa")'s campus radio station, [CHUO](/wiki/CHUO-FM "CHUO-FM"). The 1990 show, originally a rap music show entitled *The Rap Show*, was followed by an electronic music show hosted by [Glenn Humplik](/wiki/Glenn_Humplik "Glenn Humplik"). Tom and Glenn became friends and joined forces to host *The Midnight Caller Show*, which lasted from 1993 to 1996\. The basic format of The Midnight Caller was to have listeners call\-in with Tom and Glenn making fun of them (or "razzing" them) and soon after hanging\-up on them.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2020}} In the early 1990s, Green had a short\-lived career as a rapper in a group called [Organized Rhyme](/wiki/Organized_Rhyme "Organized Rhyme") under the alias "[MC Bones](/wiki/MC_Bones "MC Bones")". His fellow MCs included "Pin the Chameleon". The single "Check The O.R." was nominated for a [Juno Award](/wiki/Juno_Award "Juno Award") in [1993 for Best Rap Recording](/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1993%23Best_Rap_Recording "Juno Awards of 1993#Best Rap Recording") and won the [MuchVibe Best Rap Video](/wiki/MuchVibe_Best_Rap_Video_%28MMVA_Award%29 "MuchVibe Best Rap Video (MMVA Award)") award in 1992\.{{Cite news\|last\=McDonnell\|first\=John\|date\=May 21, 2010\|title\=Rhymes against music: when actors try to rap\|work\=The Guardian\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2010/may/21/rhymes\-against\-music\-actors\-rap\|access\-date\=November 23, 2020\|issn\=0261\-3077}} In 1998, he released *[Not the Green Tom Show](/wiki/Not_the_Green_Tom_Show "Not the Green Tom Show")* as MC Face. #### *The Tom Green Show* {{Main\|The Tom Green Show}} Green soon had his own non\-paid television show on [public\-access television](/wiki/Public-access_television "Public-access television") on [cable TV](/wiki/Cable_TV "Cable TV"). The first incarnation of *The Tom Green Show* aired from September 1994 until 1996 as a one\-hour no commercial public cable access program on [Rogers Television](/wiki/Rogers_Television "Rogers Television") 22 in the [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa") region. It had 50 episodes in two seasons.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ottawacomedy.com/fusionbb/custompb/green.php\|title\=Tom Green Timeline\|publisher\=ottawacomedy.com\|access\-date\=May 2, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424051157/http://www.ottawacomedy.com/fusionbb/custompb/green.php\|archive\-date\=April 24, 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} *The Tom Green Show* was a [variety show](/wiki/Variety_show "Variety show") format, where he would have guests visit the studio and bands play before a live audience. In 1996 he was hired by the [CBC](/wiki/CBC_Television "CBC Television") to do reports from the [Atlanta Summer Olympic games](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics "1996 Summer Olympics"). During the road trip in his sweltering un\-airconditioned [Chrysler K car](/wiki/Chrysler_K_platform "Chrysler K platform"), Green solved the air conditioning problem by having the roof of the car sawed off, turning it into a permanent “convertible.”   These [CBC](/wiki/CBC_Television "CBC Television") feature reports gave him national exposure (in both Canada and the US) with his shocking pranks, antics and humor. In October 1996, *The Tom Green Show* aired one time as a pilot on [CBC](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"). The show was later picked up in Canada by [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network "The Comedy Network") in 1997 and aired 26 episodes over the course of two seasons. ### Rise to mainstream (1999–2003\) #### MTV and *The Tom Green Show* {{Main\|The Tom Green Show}} *The Tom Green Show* was then picked up by [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") in January 1999, where he gained popularity in the United States and worldwide. The format of the MTV version of the show was similar to his original show; it was hosted by Green and co\-hosted by two of his long\-time friends, Glenn Humplik, who occupied the couch, and Phil Giroux, who sat behind a window at the back of the set and became known as "the guy in the window" usually drinking cups of coffee. Derek Harvie, who co\-wrote the show with Green, occasionally appeared in the segments. Many of the sketches were targeted at his parents, both of whom appear to be unimpressed and embarrassed by their son's antics. *The Tom Green Show* frequently employed [shock humor](/wiki/Shock_humor "Shock humor"). Some of Green's most notable skits include pretending to "hump" a dead [moose](/wiki/Moose "Moose") (which was famously referenced by rapper [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem "Eminem") in "[The Real Slim Shady](/wiki/The_Real_Slim_Shady "The Real Slim Shady")"), having an [X\-rated](/wiki/X-rated "X-rated") lesbian scene painted on his father's car (labeled the "Slut Mobile"), drinking milk by sucking on a cow's teat, and putting a cow head in his parents' bed while they slept because his father was a fan of *[The Godfather](/wiki/The_Godfather "The Godfather")* films. Green also hung his own unauthorized piece of art in the [National Gallery of Canada](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada "National Gallery of Canada") (which remained untouched for days) with the added twist of later coming back and vandalizing it to the horror of onlooking patrons.{{Cite news\| url \= http://entertainmentcentralpittsburgh.com/nightlife/tom\-green/\|title\= Tom Green: Entertainment Renaissance Man\|author\=Rick Handler \|publisher\= Entertainment Central\|date \= November 22, 2013}} In a segment, Green went to the press conference of *[Grey Owl](/wiki/Grey_Owl_%28film%29 "Grey Owl (film)")* where he serenaded and kissed [Pierce Brosnan](/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan "Pierce Brosnan"). Brosnan, thinking Green was a [journalist](/wiki/Journalist "Journalist"), advised him not to give up his day job. Green also did many segments humiliating his co\-host and longtime friend Glenn Humplik; even after the pair had become well\-known, Humplik continued working at his phone company job, fearing that his entertainment career might not last. Green teased him about this often and once gave out Humplik's office phone number on the air. Green eventually wrote a song called "[Lonely Swedish (The Bum Bum Song)](/wiki/Lonely_Swedish_%28The_Bum_Bum_Song%29 "Lonely Swedish (The Bum Bum Song)")", which he composed during MTV's Spring Break while doing a show on a cruise ship. After airing the music video on his show and appealing to his audience to request it, the song became an instant number one hit on *[Total Request Live](/wiki/Total_Request_Live "Total Request Live")* and was also referred to in Eminem's song "The Real Slim Shady". He quickly called for the video to be retired because "it's not fair to [98 Degrees](/wiki/98_Degrees "98 Degrees")." Later, in his autobiography, he revealed that MTV had pressured him to do so in order to maintain the image that *Total Request Live* was, in fact, a live request show (the next week's episodes had been pre\-taped on location, and the producers of the show were completely unaware of "The Bum Bum Song" at the time). Green's increasing fame made it harder for him to ambush people during [man\-on\-the\-street](/wiki/Vox_populi "Vox populi") segments, leading him to target mostly [senior citizens](/wiki/Old_age "Old age") and non\-[English](/wiki/English_language "English language") speakers. After he was diagnosed with [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer "Testicular cancer") in March 2000, he stopped production of new episodes of his TV show but continued to appear on the channel via reruns and other promotional materials. Green's popularity during this time led to him gracing the cover of the June 8, 2000, issue of *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")* magazine.{{Cite magazine\|date\=June 1, 2011\|title\=Comedy Stars on the Cover of RS\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\-lists/a\-history\-of\-comedy\-stars\-on\-the\-cover\-of\-rolling\-stone\-50717/\|access\-date\=November 28, 2020\|magazine\=Rolling Stone}} The MTV show *[Jackass](/wiki/Jackass_%28TV_series%29 "Jackass (TV series)")* debuted six months after *The Tom Green Show* went on hiatus. Many of the segments on the show had close similarities to the segments from Green's show: [Bam Margera](/wiki/Bam_Margera "Bam Margera") rudely awakening his parents, the cast of *Jackass* falling down while on crutches, swimming with sharks, etc.{{cite web\| url \= http://crujonessociety.com/2009/12/16/lee\-s\-harts\-5\-favorite\-tv\-shows\-of\-the\-00s/ \| title \= Lee S. Hart's 5 Favorite TV Shows of the '00s \| author \= Lee S. hart \| date \= December 16, 2009 \| access\-date \= October 23, 2014 }} #### Testicular cancer and hiatus from MTV In early 2000, Tom Green was diagnosed with, and successfully treated for [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer "Testicular cancer").{{Citation needed \|date\=August 2021}} Green wrote, directed and starred in a one\-hour MTV television special titled *The Tom Green Cancer Special* (aired on May 23, 2000\),{{cite magazine\|url\= https://ew.com/article/2000/05/19/tom\-green\-may\-leave\-his\-mtv\-show/\|title\=Tom Green may leave his MTV show\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|access\-date\=October 21, 2019\| first\=Lynnette \| last\=Rice \| date\=May 19, 2000}} which documented the time leading up to his surgery and included graphic footage of his own surgery. The episode received wide critical acclaim for revealing a vulnerable, human side of an otherwise juvenile television personality.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/23/arts/television\-review\-an\-mtv\-prankster\-gets\-mostly\-serious\-about\-his\-cancer.html\|title\=An MTV Prankster Gets (Mostly) Serious About His Cancer\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=May 2, 2010 \| first\=Caryn \| last\=James \| date\=May 23, 2000}} During this time, he started the "Tom Green's Nuts Cancer Fund" to raise money for cancer research.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429756/mtvs\-tom\-green\-battles\-cancer.jhtml\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130129111808/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429756/mtvs\-tom\-green\-battles\-cancer.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 29, 2013\|title\=MTV's Tom Green Battles Cancer – May 21, 2000\|publisher\=MTV\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012 \| first\=Tina \| last\=Johnson \| date\=May 21, 2000}} In mid\-2000, Green also spoke in front of thousands of students in the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida") and sang a song titled "Feel Your Balls" to help educate others about testicular cancer.{{cite news\|url\=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000\-05\-23/entertainment/18132742\_1\_lymph\-nodes\-tom\-green\-benefit\-cancer\-research\|title\=Tom Green, Up\-close And Very Personal\|publisher\=\[\[Daily News (New York)\|The New York Daily Times]]\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012 \| first\=Donna \| last\=Petrozzello\| date\=May 23, 2000}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} Although it was Green's cancer that caused *The Tom Green Show* to cease production, a frequent rumor relates that the show was cancelled because of an alleged segment where Green shows up at a [bar mitzvah](/wiki/Bar_mitzvah "Bar mitzvah"), or another Jewish event, dressed as [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler"). Green, however, has repeatedly denied that such a segment exists, and there is no evidence to suggest that such an event occurred.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/tomgreen.asp \|title\=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Tom Green Hitler Bar Mitzvah \|date\=February 9, 2000 \|publisher\=Snopes.com \|access\-date\=October 24, 2008}} He mentions the rumor in his 2004 autobiography, *[Hollywood Causes Cancer](/wiki/Hollywood_Causes_Cancer "Hollywood Causes Cancer")*, stating that it apparently started when some Boston teenagers were caught videotaping themselves performing a similar stunt and when asked by security, they used the name "Tom Green." Green says, "I would never do a mean\-spirited, anti\-Semitic joke like that – it's both abhorrent and not funny. To this day I still get asked about it, and it's annoying. So again, for the record, it didn't happen. There is nobody on this planet that has ever seen this bit on tape because it does not exist. If it did exist, it would have certainly reared its ugly, hateful head on the Internet by now. But it won't, because it doesn't exist. I've never put on a Hitler costume. In fact, I've never even been to a Bar Mitzvah." #### Film career Green's fame soon netted him roles in several Hollywood movies, including *[Road Trip](/wiki/Road_Trip_%282000_film%29 "Road Trip (2000 film)")*, *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_%282000_film%29 "Charlie's Angels (2000 film)")*, *[Freddy Got Fingered](/wiki/Freddy_Got_Fingered "Freddy Got Fingered")* (which he also wrote and directed), and *[Stealing Harvard](/wiki/Stealing_Harvard "Stealing Harvard").* Green continued the trend of his brand of comedy in *Road Trip* in a notable scene where he put a mouse in his mouth. *Freddy Got Fingered* won in five categories at the [2001 Golden Raspberry Awards](/wiki/2001_Golden_Raspberry_Awards "2001 Golden Raspberry Awards"), given to the worst movies of the year. Green appeared at the ceremony to accept his awards, making him the first performer to do so in the award's twenty\-year history, and the second recipient to do so following director [Paul Verhoeven](/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven "Paul Verhoeven") for *[Showgirls](/wiki/Showgirls "Showgirls")* in 1995\.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in\_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars\_2002/1889555\.stm\|title\=Green gets fingered for Razzies\|work\=BBC News\|last\=Waters\|first\=Darren\|date\=March 23, 2002\|access\-date\=March 7, 2010}} Green arrived at the awards ceremony in a white Cadillac, wearing a tuxedo and rolled out his own red carpet. After accepting the awards, Green stated "When we set out to make this film we wanted to win a Razzie, so this is a dream come true for me". While onstage, he began to play the [harmonica](/wiki/Harmonica "Harmonica") and did not stop until he was dragged off. #### Marriage to Drew Barrymore and *Saturday Night Live* In July 2000, Tom Green became engaged to actress [Drew Barrymore](/wiki/Drew_Barrymore "Drew Barrymore"). Green and Barrymore met after Barrymore, who was a fan of Green's show, asked Green to appear in *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_%282000_film%29 "Charlie's Angels (2000 film)")*, which Barrymore starred in and produced. Green and Barrymore married on July 7, 2001\.{{cite web\|first\=Stephen M.\|last\=Silverman\|url\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,622131,00\.html\|title\=Oops! Barrymore, Green Do It Again\|access\-date\=September 7, 2008\|date\=July 10, 2001\|work\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605161742/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,622131,00\.html\|archive\-date\=June 5, 2008}} In Green's book *Hollywood Causes Cancer*, he writes "We lived together for a year before we were engaged, and we were engaged for a year before we got married".{{cite book \|last\=Green \|first\=Tom \|author\-link\=Tom Green \|year\=2004 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/221 221] \|title\=Hollywood Causes Cancer: The Tom Green Story\|publisher\=Crown \|isbn\=978\-1\-4000\-5271\-4 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree \|url\-access\=registration }} Barrymore also appeared in her then\-fiancé's infamous 2001 film *[Freddy Got Fingered](/wiki/Freddy_Got_Fingered "Freddy Got Fingered")*. During the buildup to their wedding Green and Barrymore frequently joked with the media about when and where they were going to wed. The most notable incident came on November 18, 2000, when Green hosted the American television show *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live "Saturday Night Live")*. During the [monologue](/wiki/Monologue "Monologue"), Green brought Barrymore on stage and teased the audience about the couple marrying at the end of the episode. Ultimately, the stage was set for a wedding before Barrymore, in the end, got "cold feet" and left Green alone to end the show. The SNL incident initially left viewers and the media confused about whether the couple had actually planned to marry on live TV, or were simply staging a publicity stunt. Eventually, Green also went on *[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno")* to toy with the public once again, this time claiming that his bride might be [pregnant](/wiki/Pregnancy "Pregnancy").{{citation needed\|date\=March 2009}} Barrymore and Green filed for [divorce](/wiki/Divorce "Divorce") on December 17, 2001, citing [irreconcilable differences](/wiki/Irreconcilable_differences "Irreconcilable differences").{{cite web\|first\=Jeanne\|last\=Darst\|url\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,623114,00\.html\|title\=Tom Green Files for a Divorce from Drew\|access\-date\=September 7, 2008\|date\=December 18, 2001\|work\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005070527/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,623114,00\.html\|archive\-date\=October 5, 2008}} Their divorce became official on October 15, 2002\. #### Return to MTV and *The New Tom Green Show* In 2002, Green starred in and directed a one\-hour MTV special called *The Tom Green Subway Monkey Hour*, where he tormented strangers in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). During 2002, Green also started his own production company called *Bob Green Films*;{{cite web\|url\=http://uso.mediaroom.com/index.php?s\=press\_releases\&item\=182 \|title\=Actor and Comedian Tom Green Visiting Troops in the Persian Gulf on USO/AFE Tour \|publisher\=Uso.mediaroom.com \|access\-date\=April 18, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110012206/http://uso.mediaroom.com/index.php?s\=press\_releases\&item\=182 \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2006 }} he starred in and was executive producer for a half\-hour special entitled *The Skateboard Show* on [The WB](/wiki/The_WB "The WB").{{cite web\|url\=http://planetgreen.discovery.com/tv/go\-for\-the\-green/tom\-green\-bio.html \|title\=Meet Host Tom Green\|publisher\=Discovery.com\|date\=October 21, 2008\|access\-date\=May 2, 2010}} In mid\-2003, after Green guest\-hosted *The Late Show with David Letterman*, MTV gave him his own late\-night talk show called *[The New Tom Green Show](/wiki/The_New_Tom_Green_Show "The New Tom Green Show")*. The show lasted less than three months and the show consisted of a traditional monologue, and segments, followed by interviews with guests. Green in numerous interviews has stated that [David Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman "David Letterman") was one of his early influences. In September 2003, the show was cancelled by MTV eleven weeks after its premiere due to low ratings.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/axed\-47973\.aspx \|title\=The New Tom Green Show – AXED! – September 22, 2003\|publisher\=\[\[TV Guide]]\|date\=September 22, 2003\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012}} Reports indicate that ratings and viewers for the show averaged 889,000 viewers in the first week and then averaged 255,000 viewers in the last week for the reruns.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20030924/tom\_Green\_MTV\_030924/ \|title\=MTV pulls plug on Tom Green's talk show \|publisher\=\[\[CTV Television Network\|CTV]] \|access\-date\=November 25, 2010}}{{dead link\|date\=July 2021\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} In Green's book *Hollywood Causes Cancer*, he stated that the show "was very expensive to produce and not really the type of show that MTV has been traditionally known for."{{cite book \|last\= Green \|first\= Tom \|title\= Hollywood Causes Cancer \|publisher\= \[\[Crown Publishing Group\|Crown Publishers]] \|date\= October 2004 \|isbn\= 1\-4000\-5271\-8 \|page\= \[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/249 249] \|url\-access\= registration \|url\= https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/249 }} ### Post\-MTV (2004–present) #### Autobiography On October 12, 2004, Green released his autobiography,Green, Tom and Allen Rucker. *[Hollywood Causes Cancer](/wiki/Hollywood_Causes_Cancer "Hollywood Causes Cancer")*. {{ISBN\|1\-4000\-5277\-7}}. *Hollywood Causes Cancer: The Tom Green Story*. It discusses in detail his Hollywood career, short\-lived marriage to Drew Barrymore, and his experience dealing with testicular cancer. A notable incident discussed in the book involved Green on character\-based talk show *[Primetime Glick](/wiki/Primetime_Glick "Primetime Glick")* with [Jiminy Glick](/wiki/Jiminy_Glick "Jiminy Glick") (played by [Martin Short](/wiki/Martin_Short "Martin Short")). Green wrote that this un\-aired interview was the first time he walked off any show, and this was due in part to Short being "mean" and making fun of his testicle.{{cite web\|url\=http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/S/Short\_Martin/2005/04/14/996017\.html\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130120201630/http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/S/Short\_Martin/2005/04/14/996017\.html\|url\-status\=usurped\|archive\-date\=January 20, 2013\|title\=Tom Green picks fight with Martin Short\|publisher\=\[\[Canoe.ca]]\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012}} When Short brought up the incident in a 2005 interview, Green defended his stance on his online blog.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hollywood.com/news/Tom\_Green\_Ends\_Feud\_with\_Martin\_Short/2440271\|title\=Tom Green Ends Feud with Martin Short – May 9, 2005\|publisher\=\[\[Hollywood.com]]\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012}} #### Rap career {{Infobox musical artist \|name \= Tom Green \|image \= \|caption \= Tom Green, 2006 \|image\_size \= \|background \= solo\_singer \|birth\_name \= Michael Thomas Green \|alias \= MC Face MC Bones \|birth\_date \= {{Birth date and age\|mf\=yes\|1971\|7\|30}} \|origin \= \[\[Pembroke, Ontario\|Pembroke]], \[\[Ontario]], \[\[Canada]] \|instrument \= \|genre \= \[\[Hip\-hop music\|Hip\-hop]] \|occupation \= Actor, comedian, rapper, talk show host \|years\_active \= 1992–present \|label \= Ceiling Fan Records \[\[ViK. Recordings]] \|associated\_acts \= \[\[Organized Rhyme]] }} In 2005, Green returned to rap and started the group, *The Keepin' it Real Crew*, featuring [DJ EZ Mike](/wiki/Michael_Simpson_%28producer%29 "Michael Simpson (producer)") of the [Dust Brothers](/wiki/Dust_Brothers "Dust Brothers"), where they did two Canadian live tours (June 2005 and January 2006\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20051121/green\_rap\_tour\_051121/\|title\=Tom Green to start hip hop tour in January\|publisher\=\[\[CTV Television Network\|CTV]]\|access\-date\=November 25, 2010}}{{dead link\|date\=July 2021\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} On December 6, 2005, Green released his second solo album in Canada entitled *[Prepare for Impact](/wiki/Prepare_for_Impact "Prepare for Impact")*, which included a bonus DVD featuring footage from his live tour. The album was also co\-produced by [Mike Simpson](/wiki/Michael_Simpson_%28producer%29 "Michael Simpson (producer)") of the Dust Brothers. The album included comedic tracks (such as "My Bum Is on Ya Lips" and "I'm an Idiot") as well as serious tracks where he rapped about his Hollywood career. He has performed with [Too Short](/wiki/Too_Short "Too Short"), [Flavor Flav](/wiki/Flavor_Flav "Flavor Flav"), [Grand Buffet](/wiki/Grand_Buffet "Grand Buffet"), [Mickey Avalon](/wiki/Mickey_Avalon "Mickey Avalon"), [People Under the Stairs](/wiki/People_Under_the_Stairs "People Under the Stairs"), [Xzibit](/wiki/Xzibit "Xzibit"), and other popular rap artists on his *[Tom Green Live](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live "Tom Green Live")* show. In January 2008, a second solo rap album titled *[Basement Jams](/wiki/Basement_Jams "Basement Jams")* was released in download\-only format on his website. In March 2009, on *[Last Call with Carson Daly](/wiki/Last_Call_with_Carson_Daly "Last Call with Carson Daly")*, Tom played a sample of his new song "It's Been A Long Time Coming." On his website, Green has stated intentions of releasing a new rap album in 2010 and talks about working with music producer [Detail](/wiki/Noel_%22Detail%22_Fisher "Noel "). In a February 2010 interview, Green mentioned an upcoming song entitled "Other Side Of The World" and stated that he was developing a television show following the progress of his first major American rap album. On a November 2010 answer to a fan question in the Forum section of tomgreen.com, Green said, "Expect some singles in the future. The album is dead, sadly." In July 2011, Green recorded and posted a 2011 remix of "Check The O.R." and re\-united Organized Rhyme at the Just For Laughs festival in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"). In October 2011, [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network "The Comedy Network")'s website posted the group's new music video: "Check The O.R. Redux". On May 17, 2019, Green released his new album entitled *The Tom Green Show LP*, which featured his new song "I Wanna Be Friends With Drake".{{Cite web\|url\=https://madnesstocreation.net/2019/05/13/tom\-green\-shares\-i\-wanna\-be\-friends\-with\-drake\-video\-ahead\-of\-upcoming\-album/\|title \= TOM GREEN Shares "I Wanna be Friends with Drake" Video Ahead of Upcoming Album\|date \= May 14, 2019}} #### More mainstream In the 2000s, Green has tried to put some of his more controversial material behind him and become a more mainstream entertainer. Green was a recurring contributor to *[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno")*; doing many segments where he travels across America looking for "interesting people", typically bringing the most colourful person with him back to the studio. In these segments, the focus is more on the odd behavior of the interviewees, with Green generally playing the straight man. [thumb\|Green performing with the [USO](/wiki/USO "USO") in Afghanistan, 2011](/wiki/File:Tom_Green_and_the_Carpet_Frogs_Perform_in_Afghanistan_110308-A-UJ825-165.jpg "Tom Green and the Carpet Frogs Perform in Afghanistan 110308-A-UJ825-165.jpg") In 2003, Green visited troops in [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo") on a [USO](/wiki/USO "USO") tour. He visited troops in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf") on a 2004 tour. In early 2006, Green appeared in several commercials for the Canadian [Cable Public Affairs Channel](/wiki/CPAC_%28TV_channel%29 "CPAC (TV channel)") promoting both *The Channel* and encouraging voters to participate in the forthcoming federal elections, which took place on January 23, 2006\. During the [2006 Winter Olympic Games](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympic_Games "2006 Winter Olympic Games") in Torino, Green was a comedy correspondent for *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno* where he would scavenge the [Olympic village](/wiki/Olympic_village "Olympic village") alongside specific Olympic athletes for "free stuff", calling themselves the "Swag Pack".[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=DgC64Mue6qo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgC64Mue6qo) Brock Kreitzburg with Tom Green – Tonight Show skit Torino On August 3, 2006, Green appeared on *[America's Got Talent](/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent "America's Got Talent")*. Viewers watched as a daredevil rode a skateboard through a flaming hoop, appeared to be on fire for a few seconds, and was put out with extinguishers. It was confirmed on the August 3 episode of *[Tom Green Live](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live "Tom Green Live")* that it was a stunt man, not Green, who did the actual performance. Green has hosted a variety of special events, including the 2005 [Canada's Walk of Fame](/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame "Canada's Walk of Fame") induction ceremony, the [Canadian Live 8](/wiki/Live_8_concert%2C_Canada "Live 8 concert, Canada") concert, and the 2005 [CASBY Awards](/wiki/CASBY_Awards "CASBY Awards"). In November 2008, Green hosted an environmental game show on the [Discovery Planet Green](/wiki/Discovery_Planet_Green "Discovery Planet Green") television network titled *Go For The Green!*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tomgreen.com/?video\=1249 \|title\=Behind the scene video \|publisher\=Tomgreen.com \|access\-date\=October 24, 2008}} Green has made several appearances as a celebrity contestant on the ABC reality game show *[Wanna Bet?](/wiki/Wanna_Bet%3F "Wanna Bet?")*, including the show's premiere episode in July 2008\. He was also a contestant on the 2009 season of *[The Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/The_Apprentice_%28American_TV_series%29 "The Apprentice (American TV series)")*.[Trump Rounds Up Celebs for New Season of the Apprentice](https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/01/08/arts/AP-TV-Celebrity-Apprentice.html?_r=1) NY Times, January 8, 2009 Throughout the season, each celebrity raised money for a charity of their choice; Green selected the "Butch Walts and Donald Skinner Urologic Cancer Research Foundation."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id\=20090108nbc01 \|title\=NBC Celebrity Apprentice 2 Press Release \|publisher\=Thefutoncritic.com \|date\=January 8, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 13, 2013}} He was fired by [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") on the third episode, while acting as [project manager](/wiki/Project_manager "Project manager"), primarily due to waking up late on the day of the task – he had been out drinking with [Dennis Rodman](/wiki/Dennis_Rodman "Dennis Rodman") the night before. On August 4, 2009, Green made an appearance on the American version of *[Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_%28American_season_6%29%23Episode_4 "Hell's Kitchen (American season 6)#Episode 4")* as a celebrity guest diner. In late 2009 and early 2010, he appeared on the first two seasons of *[For the Love of Ray J](/wiki/For_the_Love_of_Ray_J "For the Love of Ray J")* to judge the contestants on the show. On that show, Green has been credited for coining the popular catchphrase, "She smashed the homie." In July 2011, Green received mainstream attention from [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") and various sources for his claims that he invented [planking](/wiki/Planking_%28fad%29 "Planking (fad)") in 1994\.{{cite web\|url\=http://articles.cnn.com/2011\-07\-13/entertainment/planking.roots\_1\_planking\-tom\-green\-cable\-tv\-show?\_s\=PM:SHOWBIZ\|title\=New clues in planking origins mystery\|publisher\=CNN.com\|access\-date\=September 3, 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010200602/http://articles.cnn.com/2011\-07\-13/entertainment/planking.roots\_1\_planking\-tom\-green\-cable\-tv\-show?\_s\=PM:SHOWBIZ\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tmz.com/2011/07/16/tom\-green\-harvey\-levin\-ice\-cream\-coning\-planking\-tmz\-on\-tv\-show\-piece\-clip\-video/\|title\=Tom Green – Screw Planking ... Go Coning!!! \|date\=July 16, 2011 \|publisher\=TMZ.com\|access\-date\=September 3, 2011}} Green writes columns for *[The Huffington Post](/wiki/The_Huffington_Post "The Huffington Post")*.{{source?\|date\=March 2024}} In 2013, Green released a [milk stout](/wiki/Milk_stout%23Milk_stout "Milk stout#Milk stout") beer by [Beau's All Natural Brewing Company](/wiki/Beau%27s_All_Natural_Brewing_Company "Beau's All Natural Brewing Company") called The Tom Green Beer.{{source?\|date\=March 2024}} #### Return to film and television In 2005, he starred in a children's TV movie, *[Bob the Butler](/wiki/Bob_the_Butler "Bob the Butler")*, and made guest appearances on various kid's shows. Since then, Green has been starring in low\-profile independent films such as the 2008 movies *[Shred](/wiki/Shred_%28film%29 "Shred (film)")* and *Freezer Burn: The Invasion of Laxdale*, and the 2009 movie *[Revenge of the Boarding School Dropouts](/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Boarding_School_Dropouts "Revenge of the Boarding School Dropouts")*. In February 2010, Green announced that he had finished editing an independent film titled **Prankstar**, which he also starred in, wrote and directed.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.avclub.com/chicago/articles/tom\-green\-dont\-call\-it\-a\-comeback,38110/\|title\=Tom Green Interview – Don't Call It A Comeback\|date\=February 17, 2010\|access\-date\=March 11, 2010\|publisher\=The A.V. Club}} In 2006, Elixir Films was producing *Prankstar* and had additional information of the film on their website.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.elixirfilms.com/index2\.html \|title\=Elixir Films' Prankstar \- Written, Directed, and Starring Tom Green \|publisher\= Elixir Films \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615014124/http://www.elixirfilms.com/index2\.html \|archivedate\=June 15, 2006 \|url\-status\=dead }} The film was shot in [Ottawa, Ontario](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Ontario "Ottawa, Ontario"), [Regina, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan "Regina, Saskatchewan") and [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California"). During a February 2010 interview, Green stated that *Prankstar* has just been finished, that the release has been "in the can" and that he would figure out what to do with the film soon after his [stand\-up comedy](/wiki/Stand-up_comedy "Stand-up comedy") tour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.avclub.com/newyork/articles/tom\-green\-dont\-call\-it\-a\-comeback,38225/ \|title\=Tom Green Interview \- Don't Call It A Comeback \|date\=February 17, 2010 \|publisher\=\[\[The A.V. Club]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220230946/http://www.avclub.com/newyork/articles/tom\-green\-dont\-call\-it\-a\-comeback%2C38225/ \|archivedate\=February 20, 2010 }} On February 17, 2010, on Green's website TomGreen.com, in reply to a fan question asking when *Prankstar* would be released, Green wrote, "Stay tuned! It's the craziest movie I have ever made!!"{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tomgreen.com/mail.php \|title\=TomGreen.com \- The Channel \- Forum \|date\=February 17, 2010 \|publisher\= TomGreen.com \- The Channel \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218155445/http://www.tomgreen.com/mail.php \|archive\-date\=February 18, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} Since then, no updates have been released. Green was on the March 21, 2013, episode of *[Workaholics](/wiki/Workaholics "Workaholics")* and the March 25, 2013, episode of Canadian television series *[Seed](/wiki/Seed_%28TV_Series%29 "Seed (TV Series)")*. He was also in the 2014 *[Trailer Park Boys 3: Don't Legalize It](/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys_3:Don%27t_Legalize_It "Don't Legalize It")* movie. Green has also made many appearances on the Canadian revival of the game show *Match Game*. On January 13, 2019, it was announced Tom would be a houseguest in the [second American season](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_2_%28American_season%29 "Celebrity Big Brother 2 (American season)") of the reality show competition *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28American_TV_series%29 "Celebrity Big Brother (American TV series)")*. He was evicted by a 3–0 vote on February 8, 2019\. He was voted as America's Favorite Houseguest and won $25,000\. ### Interviewer (2006–present) Since launching his web show in 2006, Green has conducted long\-format interviews with hundreds of guests; and has since then, taken various podcasting projects and re\-launched his live show on television in 2013 using the same interview format. In an October 2013 interview, Green stated that he preferred "great interviewers who know when to sit back and listen" rather than being an interviewer that "wanted to be as funny as the guest and...get into a sort of competitive relationship with them".{{cite web\|url\=http://thetvpage.com/2013/10/17/interview\-tom\-green\-eyes\-miley\-letterman\-for\-new\-axs\-talk\-show/\|title\=Tom Green Eyes Miley, Letterman For New AXS Talk Show\|date\=October 17, 2013\|access\-date\=October 17, 2013\|publisher\=thetvpage.com\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=October 18, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018000539/http://thetvpage.com/2013/10/17/interview\-tom\-green\-eyes\-miley\-letterman\-for\-new\-axs\-talk\-show/}} #### *Tomgreen.com: The Channel* (2006–2011, 2015\) {{Main\|Tom Green's House Tonight}} [thumb\|left\|Green, [Thora Birch](/wiki/Thora_Birch "Thora Birch"), and [Neil Hamburger](/wiki/Neil_Hamburger "Neil Hamburger") at The Channel in 2006](/wiki/File:Tom_Green%2C_Thora_Birch_and_Neil_Hamburger.jpg "Tom Green, Thora Birch and Neil Hamburger.jpg") On June 5, 2006, [ManiaTV.com](/wiki/ManiaTV.com "ManiaTV.com") announced they had formed a partnership with Green to host a live talk show from his own living room in the [Hollywood Hills](/wiki/Hollywood_Hills "Hollywood Hills") overlooking the [San Fernando Valley](/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley "San Fernando Valley"). The first show aired live on June 15, 2006, at 11 pm EST, was originally called *[Tom Green Live!](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live%21 "Tom Green Live!")*, and was airing Mondays through Thursdays. In January 2008, shortly after Green's split from ManiaTV, the show was renamed *[Tom Green's House Tonight](/wiki/Tom_Green%27s_House_Tonight "Tom Green's House Tonight")*. The shows are broadcast live at TomGreen.com. A pared\-down version was later broadcast on [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network "The Comedy Network") and various local channels in the United States, until Green stopped syndicating the show to television. On a 2009 blog, Green noted that he stopped his show from syndication on television due to dissatisfaction with his lack of creative control. He continues to broadcast the show from his website. Green later started a monthly subscription service that allowed subscribers to have full access to all the videos on his website. Due to lack of an established term, Green often refers to his live streaming broadcast as "Web\-o\-Vision." He also jokingly says he is broadcasting to "The National Internet", despite the show having a worldwide audience. Green often refers to his show as, "The highest rated, longest running, and only talk show on the Internet." From Green's website, *Tom Green's House Tonight* typically aired live on weeknights at 10 pm EST, although shows can begin at any time during the day and night. The shows were then archived on his website. The format of the show often includes Green taking live telephone calls and [Skype](/wiki/Skype "Skype") video calls where viewers around the world are able to chat with Green and his guests. Green would often be a victim of [prank calls](/wiki/Prank_call "Prank call") due to the live nature of the show and would sometimes voice his frustration with the callers. On top of the live web show, Green has added many video segments from his past as well as present. In 2007, "Tom Green Live" won the 2007 TV Guide "Online Video Award" for Best Web Talk Show. In 2008, *Tom Green's House Tonight* won a 2007 [Webby Award](/wiki/Webby_Award "Webby Award") for "Best Variety Show".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?media\_id\=97\&season\=12\#film\_variety\_vid\|title\=2007 Webby Award Winners\|publisher\=webbyawards.com\|access\-date\=December 18, 2012\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020213400/http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?media\_id\=97\&season\=12\#film\_variety\_vid\|archive\-date\=October 20, 2010}} [thumb\|Green in 2006\|upright](/wiki/File:Tom_Green_2006_%28141261244%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Tom Green 2006 (141261244) (cropped).jpg") As host of the show, Green often plays the straight man while interviewing guests. There have been hundreds of shows with many notable guests including stars such as [Adam Carolla](/wiki/Adam_Carolla "Adam Carolla"), [Val Kilmer](/wiki/Val_Kilmer "Val Kilmer"), [Thora Birch](/wiki/Thora_Birch "Thora Birch"), [Pamela Anderson](/wiki/Pamela_Anderson "Pamela Anderson"), hip\-hop artists [Blackalicious](/wiki/Blackalicious "Blackalicious") and [Xzibit](/wiki/Xzibit "Xzibit"), skateboarder [Tony Hawk](/wiki/Tony_Hawk "Tony Hawk"), former *[TRL](/wiki/Total_Request_Live "Total Request Live")* host and talk show host [Carson Daly](/wiki/Carson_Daly "Carson Daly"), guitarist [Dave Navarro](/wiki/Dave_Navarro "Dave Navarro"), actor [Crispin Glover](/wiki/Crispin_Glover "Crispin Glover"), [Digg](/wiki/Digg "Digg").com founder [Kevin Rose](/wiki/Kevin_Rose "Kevin Rose"), comedic musician ["Weird Al" Yankovic](/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic), as well as comedians [Neil Hamburger](/wiki/Neil_Hamburger "Neil Hamburger"), [Andrew Dice Clay](/wiki/Andrew_Dice_Clay "Andrew Dice Clay"), [Joe Rogan](/wiki/Joe_Rogan "Joe Rogan"), and [Andy Dick](/wiki/Andy_Dick "Andy Dick"). The longest standard format show, in which Green interviewed [Steve\-O](/wiki/Steve-O "Steve-O"), ran for 3\.5 hours and ended with Green drunk and Steve\-O heavily [intoxicated](/wiki/Substance_intoxication "Substance intoxication"). Joe Rogan cites his appearance on Tom Green's show as the inspiration for his own podcast show.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/4CqDCbbhcrs \| title\=Why Joe Rogan Started His Podcast \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] }} When Green does not have guests, he has done many unconventional shows such as playing the saxophone for an hour, having a week dedicated to performing [karaoke](/wiki/Karaoke "Karaoke"), or updating the viewers about *The Channel* while taking telephone and Skype calls. On his website, Green has talked about the substantial costs of continuing the online show and that *The Channel* may be gone in mid\-2011 if it is not profitable by then. In 2011, Green ended the subscription service on his website and stated that his live show is on hiatus. Green also took down the TV studio that was in his living room. During the summer of 2015, Green brought back his web\-o\-vision show and hosts it daily from his studio in Burbank. ### Tom Green Live at The SModcastle (2010\) From October – December 2010, Green did seven weekly podcasts interviewing guests at [Kevin Smith](/wiki/Kevin_Smith "Kevin Smith")'s [SModcastle](/wiki/Smodcastle%23SModcastle "Smodcastle#SModcastle"). This was done in a long format interview style in a theater that held an audience of 50 people. #### Tom Green Radio (2013–present) From January 2013 to mid 2013, Green started doing an audio podcast entitled *Tom Green Radio* for his website and downloadable on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes") and tomgreen.com.{{cite web\|url\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/tom\-green\-radio/id599173233 \|title\=iTunes – Podcasts – Tom Green Radio by PodcastOne \|publisher\=Itunes.apple.com \|access\-date\=February 13, 2013}} Guests have included [Bryan Callen](/wiki/Bryan_Callen "Bryan Callen"), [Steve\-O](/wiki/Steve-O "Steve-O"), [Kat Von D](/wiki/Kat_Von_D "Kat Von D"), [Neil Hamburger](/wiki/Neil_Hamburger "Neil Hamburger"), and [deadmau5](/wiki/Deadmau5 "Deadmau5"). In August 2015, Green restarted his podcast on [Play.it](/wiki/Play.it "Play.it"). #### Tom Green Live on AXS TV (2013–2014\) {{Main\|List of Tom Green Live episodes}} On September 25, 2013, it was announced that Green would be hosting a new live weekly talk\-show entitled "Tom Green Live" on [AXS TV](/wiki/AXS_TV "AXS TV") starting October 3, 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.deadline.com/2013/09/tom\-green\-to\-host\-axs\-tv\-talk\-show/\|title\=Tom Green To Host AXS TV Talk Show\|date\=September 25, 2013\|access\-date\=September 25, 2013\|website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood]]}}{{cite web\|url\=http://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/tom\-green\-joins\-axs\-tv\-153600594\.html\|title\=Tom Green Joins AXS TV In A Live One\-Hour Talk Show Series 'TOM GREEN LIVE' Beginning Thursday, October 3 At 9 p.m. ET\|date\=September 25, 2013\|access\-date\=September 25, 2013\|publisher\=\[\[Yahoo!]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925200606/http://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/tom\-green\-joins\-axs\-tv\-153600594\.html\|archive\-date\=September 25, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} Green has stated in interviews that the set was modeled after *[The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder](/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_with_Tom_Snyder "The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder")*. The show was similar to his web show where there is a featured guest and a long format one\-hour discussion. Additionally, fans can call in from Skype. Scheduled guests have included [Richard Belzer](/wiki/Richard_Belzer "Richard Belzer"), [Howie Mandel](/wiki/Howie_Mandel "Howie Mandel"), [Tony Hawk](/wiki/Tony_Hawk "Tony Hawk"), and [Norm Macdonald](/wiki/Norm_Macdonald "Norm Macdonald"). Season 2 debuted on January 9, 2014, and the finale was April 3, 2014\. The show renewed with season 3 debuting on June 12, 2014, and concluded its run with AXS TV on November 20, 2014\. ### Stand\-up comedy (2010–present) [thumb\|upright\|Green in 2012](/wiki/File:Tom_Green_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Tom Green by Gage Skidmore.jpg") In Green's comedy acts, he focuses on traditional stand\-up comedy that has included rap performances. He voices his thoughts on [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media"), [technology](/wiki/Technology "Technology"), his career in show business, oppression, and social political commentary on society. He often takes time to meet with people in the audience afterwards. In numerous interviews, Green has stated that he started doing stand\-up comedy at the age of 15 but stopped after he started his public\-access television show.{{cite web\|url\=http://punchlinemagazine.com/site/tom\-green\-comic\-mercenary\|title\=Tom Green Interview on Punchline Magazine\|date\=February 16, 2010\|publisher\=punchlinemagazine.com\|access\-date\=February 20, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219055343/http://punchlinemagazine.com/site/tom\-green\-comic\-mercenary/\|archive\-date\=February 19, 2010\|url\-status\=dead}} Green said that going back to stand\-up comedy was something he always wanted to do. In September 2009, Green performed several stand\-up comedy shows in Los Angeles, and later appeared at a [MySpace](/wiki/MySpace "MySpace") secret stand\-up event in New York. On November 10, 2009, he announced his first ever world stand\-up comedy tour{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tomgreen.com/blog/?post\=770\|title\=Tom Green World Comedy Tour\|date\=November 10, 2009\|publisher\=tomgreen.com\|access\-date\=November 18, 2009}} and as of January 2010, has been touring the world going to countries such as [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), [England](/wiki/England "England"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), and [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tomgreen.com/tour\|title\=Tom Green, World Standup Comedy Tour\|publisher\=tomgreen.com\|access\-date\=February 20, 2010}} In October 2010, he performed in [Belleville, Ontario](/wiki/Belleville%2C_Ontario "Belleville, Ontario") at the Empire Theatre with his parents and brother in attendance. Green dressed in a [Belleville Bulls](/wiki/Belleville_Bulls "Belleville Bulls") jersey donated by a local movie studio he had visited earlier that day. He discussed the city's recent ordeal involving the sentencing of disgraced CFB Trenton Base Commander [Russell Williams](/wiki/Russell_Williams_%28colonel%29 "Russell Williams (colonel)"), stating that he hoped Williams "was having an awesome weekend".{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2011}} On August 13, 2010, after being invited, Green performed stand\-up comedy at the [Gathering of the Juggalos](/wiki/Gathering_of_the_Juggalos "Gathering of the Juggalos"). He was later involved in attempting to calm the audience down after [Tila Tequila](/wiki/Tila_Tequila "Tila Tequila") had rocks, [excrement](/wiki/Excrement "Excrement") and [urine](/wiki/Urine "Urine") thrown at her during her performance at the same event.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.drivenbyboredom.com/2010/08/18/tila\-tequila\-at\-the\-gathering\-of\-the\-juggalos/\|title\=Tila Tequila At The Gathering Of The Juggalos \|publisher\=drivenbyboredom.com \|access\-date\=September 25, 2010}} In subsequent interviews, Green said he successfully calmed the audience down for 10 minutes, but things got worse when he left the stage. Tequila continued performing for an additional 20 minutes and eventually suffered facial injuries after being struck in the face by a rock. Green's September 2011 stand\-up performance in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") aired on [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 "Showtime (TV network)") in August 2012;{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sho.com/sho/comedy/titles/141997/Tom\-Green\-Live\#/index\|title\=Tom Green Live on Showtime\|publisher\=sho.com\|access\-date\=September 13, 2012}} titled "Tom Green Live", it was released on iTunes, on [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") and on DVD in March 2013\.{{cite web \|url\=http://live.huffingtonpost.com/\#r/segment/tom\-green\-headlining\-standup\-comedy\-vegas\-showtime\-trailer\-park\-boys/50ca82fffe344434bd0000b4\|title\=Tom Green on Huffington Post Live (Dec 20, 2012\)\|publisher\=Huffington Post\|access\-date\=December 21, 2012}} Green performed on *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno* on August 17, 2012\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.nbc.com/the\-tonight\-show/video/tom\-green\-81712/1413820\|title\=Tom Green Live on Jay Leno Tom Green (8/17/12\)\|publisher\=\[\[NBC]]\|access\-date\=September 13, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923232519/http://www.nbc.com/the\-tonight\-show/video/tom\-green\-81712/1413820\|archive\-date\=September 23, 2012\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Webovision (2010–present) In 2015, Tom Green began broadcasting from a studio in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") through the live streaming service on his [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") channel.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/user/tomgreen \|title\=Tom Green \|publisher\=YouTube \|access\-date\=March 25, 2021}} In 2024 Amazon Prime announced the development of three new projects from Tom Green: a comedy special, a reality series about life on his farm and a documentary about his career.{{Cite news \|last\=Megan \|first\=Lapierre \|date\=June 13, 2024 \|title\= New Tom Green Projects Greenlit at Prime Video │ Exclaim!\|url\=https://exclaim.ca/comedy/article/new\-tom\-green\-projects\-greenlit\-at\-prime\-video \|work\=Exclaim Magazine}} ### Washington Capitals "Unleash the Fury" video (2007–present) A video montage that features Green screaming "Unleash the Fury" has been used at [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals "Washington Capitals") hockey games since 2007\. Clips from *[Road Trip](/wiki/Road_Trip_%282000_film%29 "Road Trip (2000 film)")* are interspersed with various "pump\-up elements" in a late\-game rally video.{{Cite web \|title\=Why do Caps fans say Unleash the Fury \|url\=https://www.wusa9\.com/article/sports/nhl/why\-do\-caps\-fans\-say\-unleash\-the\-fury/65\-558780764 \|access\-date\=April 21, 2020 \|website\=WUSA9\|date\=May 26, 2018 }} In 2010, the feature started using new video footage in which Green wore a Capitals jersey and performed scenes from the movie.{{Cite news \|title\=Tom Green Unleashes the Fury \|url\=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dcsportsbog/2010/10/tom\_green\_unleashes\_the\_fury\_i.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220080120/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dcsportsbog/2010/10/tom\_green\_unleashes\_the\_fury\_i.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=February 20, 2013 \|access\-date\=April 21, 2020 \|newspaper\=Washington Post}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Early work (1986–1999\\)", "At age 15, Green started performing stand\\-up comedy at local clubs including [Yuk Yuk's](/wiki/Yuk_Yuk%27s \"Yuk Yuk's\") comedy club.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blogs.ajc.com/radio\\-tv\\-talk/2010/01/13/tom\\-green\\-interview\\-for\\-jan\\-15\\-17\\-funny\\-farm\\-appearance/\\#add\\-comment\\|title\\=Tom Green interview for Jan. 15–17 Funny Farm appearance\\|publisher\\=Access Atlanta\\|last\\=Ho\\|first\\=Rodney\\|date\\=January 13, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=February 14, 2010}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://punchlinemagazine.com/site/video\\-interview\\-tom\\-green/\\|title\\=Punchline Magazine Video interview – Tom Green\\|publisher\\=punchlinemagazine.com\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416143312/http://punchlinemagazine.com/site/video\\-interview\\-tom\\-green/\\|archive\\-date\\=April 16, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.facebook.com/TomGreen/posts/10151180785682828\\|title\\=With angel Drew Barrymore in his corner, the MTV prankster turns his battle with testicular cancer into a comedy special and rethinks his life – June 2000\\|publisher\\=Rolling Stone\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2012}}", "While attending Algonquin College as a member of the Sigma Pi Fraternity, Green hosted an overnight call\\-in show on the [University of Ottawa](/wiki/University_of_Ottawa \"University of Ottawa\")'s campus radio station, [CHUO](/wiki/CHUO-FM \"CHUO-FM\"). The 1990 show, originally a rap music show entitled *The Rap Show*, was followed by an electronic music show hosted by [Glenn Humplik](/wiki/Glenn_Humplik \"Glenn Humplik\"). Tom and Glenn became friends and joined forces to host *The Midnight Caller Show*, which lasted from 1993 to 1996\\. The basic format of The Midnight Caller was to have listeners call\\-in with Tom and Glenn making fun of them (or \"razzing\" them) and soon after hanging\\-up on them.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2020}} In the early 1990s, Green had a short\\-lived career as a rapper in a group called [Organized Rhyme](/wiki/Organized_Rhyme \"Organized Rhyme\") under the alias \"[MC Bones](/wiki/MC_Bones \"MC Bones\")\". His fellow MCs included \"Pin the Chameleon\". The single \"Check The O.R.\" was nominated for a [Juno Award](/wiki/Juno_Award \"Juno Award\") in [1993 for Best Rap Recording](/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1993%23Best_Rap_Recording \"Juno Awards of 1993#Best Rap Recording\") and won the [MuchVibe Best Rap Video](/wiki/MuchVibe_Best_Rap_Video_%28MMVA_Award%29 \"MuchVibe Best Rap Video (MMVA Award)\") award in 1992\\.{{Cite news\\|last\\=McDonnell\\|first\\=John\\|date\\=May 21, 2010\\|title\\=Rhymes against music: when actors try to rap\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2010/may/21/rhymes\\-against\\-music\\-actors\\-rap\\|access\\-date\\=November 23, 2020\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} In 1998, he released *[Not the Green Tom Show](/wiki/Not_the_Green_Tom_Show \"Not the Green Tom Show\")* as MC Face.", "#### *The Tom Green Show*", "{{Main\\|The Tom Green Show}}\nGreen soon had his own non\\-paid television show on [public\\-access television](/wiki/Public-access_television \"Public-access television\") on [cable TV](/wiki/Cable_TV \"Cable TV\"). The first incarnation of *The Tom Green Show* aired from September 1994 until 1996 as a one\\-hour no commercial public cable access program on [Rogers Television](/wiki/Rogers_Television \"Rogers Television\") 22 in the [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\") region. It had 50 episodes in two seasons.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ottawacomedy.com/fusionbb/custompb/green.php\\|title\\=Tom Green Timeline\\|publisher\\=ottawacomedy.com\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424051157/http://www.ottawacomedy.com/fusionbb/custompb/green.php\\|archive\\-date\\=April 24, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} *The Tom Green Show* was a [variety show](/wiki/Variety_show \"Variety show\") format, where he would have guests visit the studio and bands play before a live audience.", "In 1996 he was hired by the [CBC](/wiki/CBC_Television \"CBC Television\") to do reports from the [Atlanta Summer Olympic games](/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics \"1996 Summer Olympics\"). During the road trip in his sweltering un\\-airconditioned [Chrysler K car](/wiki/Chrysler_K_platform \"Chrysler K platform\"), Green solved the air conditioning problem by having the roof of the car sawed off, turning it into a permanent “convertible.”", "These [CBC](/wiki/CBC_Television \"CBC Television\") feature reports gave him national exposure (in both Canada and the US) with his shocking pranks, antics and humor.", "In October 1996, *The Tom Green Show* aired one time as a pilot on [CBC](/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\"). The show was later picked up in Canada by [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network \"The Comedy Network\") in 1997 and aired 26 episodes over the course of two seasons.", "### Rise to mainstream (1999–2003\\)", "#### MTV and *The Tom Green Show*", "{{Main\\|The Tom Green Show}}\n*The Tom Green Show* was then picked up by [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") in January 1999, where he gained popularity in the United States and worldwide. The format of the MTV version of the show was similar to his original show; it was hosted by Green and co\\-hosted by two of his long\\-time friends, Glenn Humplik, who occupied the couch, and Phil Giroux, who sat behind a window at the back of the set and became known as \"the guy in the window\" usually drinking cups of coffee. Derek Harvie, who co\\-wrote the show with Green, occasionally appeared in the segments. Many of the sketches were targeted at his parents, both of whom appear to be unimpressed and embarrassed by their son's antics.", "*The Tom Green Show* frequently employed [shock humor](/wiki/Shock_humor \"Shock humor\"). Some of Green's most notable skits include pretending to \"hump\" a dead [moose](/wiki/Moose \"Moose\") (which was famously referenced by rapper [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem \"Eminem\") in \"[The Real Slim Shady](/wiki/The_Real_Slim_Shady \"The Real Slim Shady\")\"), having an [X\\-rated](/wiki/X-rated \"X-rated\") lesbian scene painted on his father's car (labeled the \"Slut Mobile\"), drinking milk by sucking on a cow's teat, and putting a cow head in his parents' bed while they slept because his father was a fan of *[The Godfather](/wiki/The_Godfather \"The Godfather\")* films. Green also hung his own unauthorized piece of art in the [National Gallery of Canada](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada \"National Gallery of Canada\") (which remained untouched for days) with the added twist of later coming back and vandalizing it to the horror of onlooking patrons.{{Cite news\\| url \\= http://entertainmentcentralpittsburgh.com/nightlife/tom\\-green/\\|title\\= Tom Green: Entertainment Renaissance Man\\|author\\=Rick Handler \\|publisher\\= Entertainment Central\\|date \\= November 22, 2013}}", "In a segment, Green went to the press conference of *[Grey Owl](/wiki/Grey_Owl_%28film%29 \"Grey Owl (film)\")* where he serenaded and kissed [Pierce Brosnan](/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan \"Pierce Brosnan\"). Brosnan, thinking Green was a [journalist](/wiki/Journalist \"Journalist\"), advised him not to give up his day job. Green also did many segments humiliating his co\\-host and longtime friend Glenn Humplik; even after the pair had become well\\-known, Humplik continued working at his phone company job, fearing that his entertainment career might not last. Green teased him about this often and once gave out Humplik's office phone number on the air.", "Green eventually wrote a song called \"[Lonely Swedish (The Bum Bum Song)](/wiki/Lonely_Swedish_%28The_Bum_Bum_Song%29 \"Lonely Swedish (The Bum Bum Song)\")\", which he composed during MTV's Spring Break while doing a show on a cruise ship. After airing the music video on his show and appealing to his audience to request it, the song became an instant number one hit on *[Total Request Live](/wiki/Total_Request_Live \"Total Request Live\")* and was also referred to in Eminem's song \"The Real Slim Shady\". He quickly called for the video to be retired because \"it's not fair to [98 Degrees](/wiki/98_Degrees \"98 Degrees\").\" Later, in his autobiography, he revealed that MTV had pressured him to do so in order to maintain the image that *Total Request Live* was, in fact, a live request show (the next week's episodes had been pre\\-taped on location, and the producers of the show were completely unaware of \"The Bum Bum Song\" at the time).", "Green's increasing fame made it harder for him to ambush people during [man\\-on\\-the\\-street](/wiki/Vox_populi \"Vox populi\") segments, leading him to target mostly [senior citizens](/wiki/Old_age \"Old age\") and non\\-[English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") speakers. After he was diagnosed with [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer \"Testicular cancer\") in March 2000, he stopped production of new episodes of his TV show but continued to appear on the channel via reruns and other promotional materials. Green's popularity during this time led to him gracing the cover of the June 8, 2000, issue of *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* magazine.{{Cite magazine\\|date\\=June 1, 2011\\|title\\=Comedy Stars on the Cover of RS\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\\-lists/a\\-history\\-of\\-comedy\\-stars\\-on\\-the\\-cover\\-of\\-rolling\\-stone\\-50717/\\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2020\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone}}", "The MTV show *[Jackass](/wiki/Jackass_%28TV_series%29 \"Jackass (TV series)\")* debuted six months after *The Tom Green Show* went on hiatus. Many of the segments on the show had close similarities to the segments from Green's show: [Bam Margera](/wiki/Bam_Margera \"Bam Margera\") rudely awakening his parents, the cast of *Jackass* falling down while on crutches, swimming with sharks, etc.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://crujonessociety.com/2009/12/16/lee\\-s\\-harts\\-5\\-favorite\\-tv\\-shows\\-of\\-the\\-00s/\n\\| title \\= Lee S. Hart's 5 Favorite TV Shows of the '00s\n\\| author \\= Lee S. hart\n\\| date \\= December 16, 2009\n\\| access\\-date \\= October 23, 2014\n}}", "#### Testicular cancer and hiatus from MTV", "In early 2000, Tom Green was diagnosed with, and successfully treated for [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer \"Testicular cancer\").{{Citation needed \\|date\\=August 2021}} Green wrote, directed and starred in a one\\-hour MTV television special titled *The Tom Green Cancer Special* (aired on May 23, 2000\\),{{cite magazine\\|url\\= https://ew.com/article/2000/05/19/tom\\-green\\-may\\-leave\\-his\\-mtv\\-show/\\|title\\=Tom Green may leave his MTV show\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2019\\| first\\=Lynnette \\| last\\=Rice \\| date\\=May 19, 2000}} which documented the time leading up to his surgery and included graphic footage of his own surgery. The episode received wide critical acclaim for revealing a vulnerable, human side of an otherwise juvenile television personality.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/23/arts/television\\-review\\-an\\-mtv\\-prankster\\-gets\\-mostly\\-serious\\-about\\-his\\-cancer.html\\|title\\=An MTV Prankster Gets (Mostly) Serious About His Cancer\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2010 \\| first\\=Caryn \\| last\\=James \\| date\\=May 23, 2000}} During this time, he started the \"Tom Green's Nuts Cancer Fund\" to raise money for cancer research.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429756/mtvs\\-tom\\-green\\-battles\\-cancer.jhtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130129111808/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429756/mtvs\\-tom\\-green\\-battles\\-cancer.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2013\\|title\\=MTV's Tom Green Battles Cancer – May 21, 2000\\|publisher\\=MTV\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012 \\| first\\=Tina \\| last\\=Johnson \\| date\\=May 21, 2000}} In mid\\-2000, Green also spoke in front of thousands of students in the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida \"University of Florida\") and sang a song titled \"Feel Your Balls\" to help educate others about testicular cancer.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000\\-05\\-23/entertainment/18132742\\_1\\_lymph\\-nodes\\-tom\\-green\\-benefit\\-cancer\\-research\\|title\\=Tom Green, Up\\-close And Very Personal\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Daily News (New York)\\|The New York Daily Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012 \\| first\\=Donna \\| last\\=Petrozzello\\| date\\=May 23, 2000}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}", "Although it was Green's cancer that caused *The Tom Green Show* to cease production, a frequent rumor relates that the show was cancelled because of an alleged segment where Green shows up at a [bar mitzvah](/wiki/Bar_mitzvah \"Bar mitzvah\"), or another Jewish event, dressed as [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\"). Green, however, has repeatedly denied that such a segment exists, and there is no evidence to suggest that such an event occurred.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/tomgreen.asp \\|title\\=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Tom Green Hitler Bar Mitzvah \\|date\\=February 9, 2000 \\|publisher\\=Snopes.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2008}} He mentions the rumor in his 2004 autobiography, *[Hollywood Causes Cancer](/wiki/Hollywood_Causes_Cancer \"Hollywood Causes Cancer\")*, stating that it apparently started when some Boston teenagers were caught videotaping themselves performing a similar stunt and when asked by security, they used the name \"Tom Green.\" Green says, \"I would never do a mean\\-spirited, anti\\-Semitic joke like that – it's both abhorrent and not funny. To this day I still get asked about it, and it's annoying. So again, for the record, it didn't happen. There is nobody on this planet that has ever seen this bit on tape because it does not exist. If it did exist, it would have certainly reared its ugly, hateful head on the Internet by now. But it won't, because it doesn't exist. I've never put on a Hitler costume. In fact, I've never even been to a Bar Mitzvah.\"", "#### Film career", "Green's fame soon netted him roles in several Hollywood movies, including *[Road Trip](/wiki/Road_Trip_%282000_film%29 \"Road Trip (2000 film)\")*, *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_%282000_film%29 \"Charlie's Angels (2000 film)\")*, *[Freddy Got Fingered](/wiki/Freddy_Got_Fingered \"Freddy Got Fingered\")* (which he also wrote and directed), and *[Stealing Harvard](/wiki/Stealing_Harvard \"Stealing Harvard\").* Green continued the trend of his brand of comedy in *Road Trip* in a notable scene where he put a mouse in his mouth.", "*Freddy Got Fingered* won in five categories at the [2001 Golden Raspberry Awards](/wiki/2001_Golden_Raspberry_Awards \"2001 Golden Raspberry Awards\"), given to the worst movies of the year. Green appeared at the ceremony to accept his awards, making him the first performer to do so in the award's twenty\\-year history, and the second recipient to do so following director [Paul Verhoeven](/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven \"Paul Verhoeven\") for *[Showgirls](/wiki/Showgirls \"Showgirls\")* in 1995\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in\\_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars\\_2002/1889555\\.stm\\|title\\=Green gets fingered for Razzies\\|work\\=BBC News\\|last\\=Waters\\|first\\=Darren\\|date\\=March 23, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=March 7, 2010}} Green arrived at the awards ceremony in a white Cadillac, wearing a tuxedo and rolled out his own red carpet. After accepting the awards, Green stated \"When we set out to make this film we wanted to win a Razzie, so this is a dream come true for me\". While onstage, he began to play the [harmonica](/wiki/Harmonica \"Harmonica\") and did not stop until he was dragged off.", "#### Marriage to Drew Barrymore and *Saturday Night Live*", "In July 2000, Tom Green became engaged to actress [Drew Barrymore](/wiki/Drew_Barrymore \"Drew Barrymore\"). Green and Barrymore met after Barrymore, who was a fan of Green's show, asked Green to appear in *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_%282000_film%29 \"Charlie's Angels (2000 film)\")*, which Barrymore starred in and produced. Green and Barrymore married on July 7, 2001\\.{{cite web\\|first\\=Stephen M.\\|last\\=Silverman\\|url\\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,622131,00\\.html\\|title\\=Oops! Barrymore, Green Do It Again\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2008\\|date\\=July 10, 2001\\|work\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605161742/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,622131,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2008}} In Green's book *Hollywood Causes Cancer*, he writes \"We lived together for a year before we were engaged, and we were engaged for a year before we got married\".{{cite book \\|last\\=Green \\|first\\=Tom \\|author\\-link\\=Tom Green \\|year\\=2004 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/221 221] \\|title\\=Hollywood Causes Cancer: The Tom Green Story\\|publisher\\=Crown \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4000\\-5271\\-4 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree \\|url\\-access\\=registration }} Barrymore also appeared in her then\\-fiancé's infamous 2001 film *[Freddy Got Fingered](/wiki/Freddy_Got_Fingered \"Freddy Got Fingered\")*.", "During the buildup to their wedding Green and Barrymore frequently joked with the media about when and where they were going to wed. The most notable incident came on November 18, 2000, when Green hosted the American television show *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\")*. During the [monologue](/wiki/Monologue \"Monologue\"), Green brought Barrymore on stage and teased the audience about the couple marrying at the end of the episode. Ultimately, the stage was set for a wedding before Barrymore, in the end, got \"cold feet\" and left Green alone to end the show. The SNL incident initially left viewers and the media confused about whether the couple had actually planned to marry on live TV, or were simply staging a publicity stunt. Eventually, Green also went on *[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\")* to toy with the public once again, this time claiming that his bride might be [pregnant](/wiki/Pregnancy \"Pregnancy\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}}", "Barrymore and Green filed for [divorce](/wiki/Divorce \"Divorce\") on December 17, 2001, citing [irreconcilable differences](/wiki/Irreconcilable_differences \"Irreconcilable differences\").{{cite web\\|first\\=Jeanne\\|last\\=Darst\\|url\\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,623114,00\\.html\\|title\\=Tom Green Files for a Divorce from Drew\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2008\\|date\\=December 18, 2001\\|work\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005070527/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,623114,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2008}} Their divorce became official on October 15, 2002\\.", "#### Return to MTV and *The New Tom Green Show*", "In 2002, Green starred in and directed a one\\-hour MTV special called *The Tom Green Subway Monkey Hour*, where he tormented strangers in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). During 2002, Green also started his own production company called *Bob Green Films*;{{cite web\\|url\\=http://uso.mediaroom.com/index.php?s\\=press\\_releases\\&item\\=182 \\|title\\=Actor and Comedian Tom Green Visiting Troops in the Persian Gulf on USO/AFE Tour \\|publisher\\=Uso.mediaroom.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110012206/http://uso.mediaroom.com/index.php?s\\=press\\_releases\\&item\\=182 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2006 }} he starred in and was executive producer for a half\\-hour special entitled *The Skateboard Show* on [The WB](/wiki/The_WB \"The WB\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://planetgreen.discovery.com/tv/go\\-for\\-the\\-green/tom\\-green\\-bio.html \\|title\\=Meet Host Tom Green\\|publisher\\=Discovery.com\\|date\\=October 21, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2010}}", "In mid\\-2003, after Green guest\\-hosted *The Late Show with David Letterman*, MTV gave him his own late\\-night talk show called *[The New Tom Green Show](/wiki/The_New_Tom_Green_Show \"The New Tom Green Show\")*. The show lasted less than three months and the show consisted of a traditional monologue, and segments, followed by interviews with guests. Green in numerous interviews has stated that [David Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman \"David Letterman\") was one of his early influences.", "In September 2003, the show was cancelled by MTV eleven weeks after its premiere due to low ratings.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/axed\\-47973\\.aspx \\|title\\=The New Tom Green Show – AXED! – September 22, 2003\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[TV Guide]]\\|date\\=September 22, 2003\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012}} Reports indicate that ratings and viewers for the show averaged 889,000 viewers in the first week and then averaged 255,000 viewers in the last week for the reruns.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20030924/tom\\_Green\\_MTV\\_030924/ \\|title\\=MTV pulls plug on Tom Green's talk show \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CTV Television Network\\|CTV]] \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2010}}{{dead link\\|date\\=July 2021\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} In Green's book *Hollywood Causes Cancer*, he stated that the show \"was very expensive to produce and not really the type of show that MTV has been traditionally known for.\"{{cite book \\|last\\= Green \\|first\\= Tom \\|title\\= Hollywood Causes Cancer \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Crown Publishing Group\\|Crown Publishers]] \\|date\\= October 2004 \\|isbn\\= 1\\-4000\\-5271\\-8 \\|page\\= \\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/249 249] \\|url\\-access\\= registration \\|url\\= https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/249 }}", "### Post\\-MTV (2004–present)", "#### Autobiography", "On October 12, 2004, Green released his autobiography,Green, Tom and Allen Rucker. *[Hollywood Causes Cancer](/wiki/Hollywood_Causes_Cancer \"Hollywood Causes Cancer\")*. {{ISBN\\|1\\-4000\\-5277\\-7}}. *Hollywood Causes Cancer: The Tom Green Story*. It discusses in detail his Hollywood career, short\\-lived marriage to Drew Barrymore, and his experience dealing with testicular cancer.", "A notable incident discussed in the book involved Green on character\\-based talk show *[Primetime Glick](/wiki/Primetime_Glick \"Primetime Glick\")* with [Jiminy Glick](/wiki/Jiminy_Glick \"Jiminy Glick\") (played by [Martin Short](/wiki/Martin_Short \"Martin Short\")). Green wrote that this un\\-aired interview was the first time he walked off any show, and this was due in part to Short being \"mean\" and making fun of his testicle.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/S/Short\\_Martin/2005/04/14/996017\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130120201630/http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/S/Short\\_Martin/2005/04/14/996017\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=usurped\\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2013\\|title\\=Tom Green picks fight with Martin Short\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canoe.ca]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012}} When Short brought up the incident in a 2005 interview, Green defended his stance on his online blog.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hollywood.com/news/Tom\\_Green\\_Ends\\_Feud\\_with\\_Martin\\_Short/2440271\\|title\\=Tom Green Ends Feud with Martin Short – May 9, 2005\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hollywood.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012}}", "#### Rap career", "{{Infobox musical artist\n\\|name \\= Tom Green\n\\|image \\=\n\\|caption \\= Tom Green, 2006\n\\|image\\_size \\=\n\\|background \\= solo\\_singer\n\\|birth\\_name \\= Michael Thomas Green\n\\|alias \\= MC Face \nMC Bones\n\\|birth\\_date \\= {{Birth date and age\\|mf\\=yes\\|1971\\|7\\|30}}\n\\|origin \\= \\[\\[Pembroke, Ontario\\|Pembroke]], \\[\\[Ontario]], \\[\\[Canada]]\n\\|instrument \\=\n\\|genre \\= \\[\\[Hip\\-hop music\\|Hip\\-hop]]\n\\|occupation \\= Actor, comedian, rapper, talk show host\n\\|years\\_active \\= 1992–present\n\\|label \\= Ceiling Fan Records \n\\[\\[ViK. Recordings]]\n\\|associated\\_acts \\= \\[\\[Organized Rhyme]]\n}}", "In 2005, Green returned to rap and started the group, *The Keepin' it Real Crew*, featuring [DJ EZ Mike](/wiki/Michael_Simpson_%28producer%29 \"Michael Simpson (producer)\") of the [Dust Brothers](/wiki/Dust_Brothers \"Dust Brothers\"), where they did two Canadian live tours (June 2005 and January 2006\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20051121/green\\_rap\\_tour\\_051121/\\|title\\=Tom Green to start hip hop tour in January\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CTV Television Network\\|CTV]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2010}}{{dead link\\|date\\=July 2021\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} On December 6, 2005, Green released his second solo album in Canada entitled *[Prepare for Impact](/wiki/Prepare_for_Impact \"Prepare for Impact\")*, which included a bonus DVD featuring footage from his live tour. The album was also co\\-produced by [Mike Simpson](/wiki/Michael_Simpson_%28producer%29 \"Michael Simpson (producer)\") of the Dust Brothers. The album included comedic tracks (such as \"My Bum Is on Ya Lips\" and \"I'm an Idiot\") as well as serious tracks where he rapped about his Hollywood career.", "He has performed with [Too Short](/wiki/Too_Short \"Too Short\"), [Flavor Flav](/wiki/Flavor_Flav \"Flavor Flav\"), [Grand Buffet](/wiki/Grand_Buffet \"Grand Buffet\"), [Mickey Avalon](/wiki/Mickey_Avalon \"Mickey Avalon\"), [People Under the Stairs](/wiki/People_Under_the_Stairs \"People Under the Stairs\"), [Xzibit](/wiki/Xzibit \"Xzibit\"), and other popular rap artists on his *[Tom Green Live](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live \"Tom Green Live\")* show. In January 2008, a second solo rap album titled *[Basement Jams](/wiki/Basement_Jams \"Basement Jams\")* was released in download\\-only format on his website.", "In March 2009, on *[Last Call with Carson Daly](/wiki/Last_Call_with_Carson_Daly \"Last Call with Carson Daly\")*, Tom played a sample of his new song \"It's Been A Long Time Coming.\" On his website, Green has stated intentions of releasing a new rap album in 2010 and talks about working with music producer [Detail](/wiki/Noel_%22Detail%22_Fisher \"Noel \"). In a February 2010 interview, Green mentioned an upcoming song entitled \"Other Side Of The World\" and stated that he was developing a television show following the progress of his first major American rap album. On a November 2010 answer to a fan question in the Forum section of tomgreen.com, Green said, \"Expect some singles in the future. The album is dead, sadly.\"", "In July 2011, Green recorded and posted a 2011 remix of \"Check The O.R.\" and re\\-united Organized Rhyme at the Just For Laughs festival in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"). In October 2011, [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network \"The Comedy Network\")'s website posted the group's new music video: \"Check The O.R. Redux\".", "On May 17, 2019, Green released his new album entitled *The Tom Green Show LP*, which featured his new song \"I Wanna Be Friends With Drake\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://madnesstocreation.net/2019/05/13/tom\\-green\\-shares\\-i\\-wanna\\-be\\-friends\\-with\\-drake\\-video\\-ahead\\-of\\-upcoming\\-album/\\|title \\= TOM GREEN Shares \"I Wanna be Friends with Drake\" Video Ahead of Upcoming Album\\|date \\= May 14, 2019}}", "#### More mainstream", "In the 2000s, Green has tried to put some of his more controversial material behind him and become a more mainstream entertainer. Green was a recurring contributor to *[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\")*; doing many segments where he travels across America looking for \"interesting people\", typically bringing the most colourful person with him back to the studio. In these segments, the focus is more on the odd behavior of the interviewees, with Green generally playing the straight man.", "[thumb\\|Green performing with the [USO](/wiki/USO \"USO\") in Afghanistan, 2011](/wiki/File:Tom_Green_and_the_Carpet_Frogs_Perform_in_Afghanistan_110308-A-UJ825-165.jpg \"Tom Green and the Carpet Frogs Perform in Afghanistan 110308-A-UJ825-165.jpg\")\nIn 2003, Green visited troops in [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\") on a [USO](/wiki/USO \"USO\") tour. He visited troops in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\") on a 2004 tour. In early 2006, Green appeared in several commercials for the Canadian [Cable Public Affairs Channel](/wiki/CPAC_%28TV_channel%29 \"CPAC (TV channel)\") promoting both *The Channel* and encouraging voters to participate in the forthcoming federal elections, which took place on January 23, 2006\\.", "During the [2006 Winter Olympic Games](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympic_Games \"2006 Winter Olympic Games\") in Torino, Green was a comedy correspondent for *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno* where he would scavenge the [Olympic village](/wiki/Olympic_village \"Olympic village\") alongside specific Olympic athletes for \"free stuff\", calling themselves the \"Swag Pack\".[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=DgC64Mue6qo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgC64Mue6qo) Brock Kreitzburg with Tom Green – Tonight Show skit Torino", "On August 3, 2006, Green appeared on *[America's Got Talent](/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent \"America's Got Talent\")*. Viewers watched as a daredevil rode a skateboard through a flaming hoop, appeared to be on fire for a few seconds, and was put out with extinguishers. It was confirmed on the August 3 episode of *[Tom Green Live](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live \"Tom Green Live\")* that it was a stunt man, not Green, who did the actual performance.", "Green has hosted a variety of special events, including the 2005 [Canada's Walk of Fame](/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame \"Canada's Walk of Fame\") induction ceremony, the [Canadian Live 8](/wiki/Live_8_concert%2C_Canada \"Live 8 concert, Canada\") concert, and the 2005 [CASBY Awards](/wiki/CASBY_Awards \"CASBY Awards\"). In November 2008, Green hosted an environmental game show on the [Discovery Planet Green](/wiki/Discovery_Planet_Green \"Discovery Planet Green\") television network titled *Go For The Green!*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tomgreen.com/?video\\=1249 \\|title\\=Behind the scene video \\|publisher\\=Tomgreen.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2008}}", "Green has made several appearances as a celebrity contestant on the ABC reality game show *[Wanna Bet?](/wiki/Wanna_Bet%3F \"Wanna Bet?\")*, including the show's premiere episode in July 2008\\. He was also a contestant on the 2009 season of *[The Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/The_Apprentice_%28American_TV_series%29 \"The Apprentice (American TV series)\")*.[Trump Rounds Up Celebs for New Season of the Apprentice](https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/01/08/arts/AP-TV-Celebrity-Apprentice.html?_r=1) NY Times, January 8, 2009 Throughout the season, each celebrity raised money for a charity of their choice; Green selected the \"Butch Walts and Donald Skinner Urologic Cancer Research Foundation.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id\\=20090108nbc01 \\|title\\=NBC Celebrity Apprentice 2 Press Release \\|publisher\\=Thefutoncritic.com \\|date\\=January 8, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2013}} He was fired by [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") on the third episode, while acting as [project manager](/wiki/Project_manager \"Project manager\"), primarily due to waking up late on the day of the task – he had been out drinking with [Dennis Rodman](/wiki/Dennis_Rodman \"Dennis Rodman\") the night before. On August 4, 2009, Green made an appearance on the American version of *[Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_%28American_season_6%29%23Episode_4 \"Hell's Kitchen (American season 6)#Episode 4\")* as a celebrity guest diner. In late 2009 and early 2010, he appeared on the first two seasons of *[For the Love of Ray J](/wiki/For_the_Love_of_Ray_J \"For the Love of Ray J\")* to judge the contestants on the show. On that show, Green has been credited for coining the popular catchphrase, \"She smashed the homie.\"", "In July 2011, Green received mainstream attention from [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") and various sources for his claims that he invented [planking](/wiki/Planking_%28fad%29 \"Planking (fad)\") in 1994\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://articles.cnn.com/2011\\-07\\-13/entertainment/planking.roots\\_1\\_planking\\-tom\\-green\\-cable\\-tv\\-show?\\_s\\=PM:SHOWBIZ\\|title\\=New clues in planking origins mystery\\|publisher\\=CNN.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010200602/http://articles.cnn.com/2011\\-07\\-13/entertainment/planking.roots\\_1\\_planking\\-tom\\-green\\-cable\\-tv\\-show?\\_s\\=PM:SHOWBIZ\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tmz.com/2011/07/16/tom\\-green\\-harvey\\-levin\\-ice\\-cream\\-coning\\-planking\\-tmz\\-on\\-tv\\-show\\-piece\\-clip\\-video/\\|title\\=Tom Green – Screw Planking ... Go Coning!!! \\|date\\=July 16, 2011 \\|publisher\\=TMZ.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2011}}", "Green writes columns for *[The Huffington Post](/wiki/The_Huffington_Post \"The Huffington Post\")*.{{source?\\|date\\=March 2024}}", "In 2013, Green released a [milk stout](/wiki/Milk_stout%23Milk_stout \"Milk stout#Milk stout\") beer by [Beau's All Natural Brewing Company](/wiki/Beau%27s_All_Natural_Brewing_Company \"Beau's All Natural Brewing Company\") called The Tom Green Beer.{{source?\\|date\\=March 2024}}", "#### Return to film and television", "In 2005, he starred in a children's TV movie, *[Bob the Butler](/wiki/Bob_the_Butler \"Bob the Butler\")*, and made guest appearances on various kid's shows. Since then, Green has been starring in low\\-profile independent films such as the 2008 movies *[Shred](/wiki/Shred_%28film%29 \"Shred (film)\")* and *Freezer Burn: The Invasion of Laxdale*, and the 2009 movie *[Revenge of the Boarding School Dropouts](/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Boarding_School_Dropouts \"Revenge of the Boarding School Dropouts\")*.", "In February 2010, Green announced that he had finished editing an independent film titled **Prankstar**, which he also starred in, wrote and directed.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.avclub.com/chicago/articles/tom\\-green\\-dont\\-call\\-it\\-a\\-comeback,38110/\\|title\\=Tom Green Interview – Don't Call It A Comeback\\|date\\=February 17, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2010\\|publisher\\=The A.V. Club}} In 2006, Elixir Films was producing *Prankstar* and had additional information of the film on their website.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.elixirfilms.com/index2\\.html \\|title\\=Elixir Films' Prankstar \\- Written, Directed, and Starring Tom Green \\|publisher\\= Elixir Films \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615014124/http://www.elixirfilms.com/index2\\.html \\|archivedate\\=June 15, 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The film was shot in [Ottawa, Ontario](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Ontario \"Ottawa, Ontario\"), [Regina, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan \"Regina, Saskatchewan\") and [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\"). During a February 2010 interview, Green stated that *Prankstar* has just been finished, that the release has been \"in the can\" and that he would figure out what to do with the film soon after his [stand\\-up comedy](/wiki/Stand-up_comedy \"Stand-up comedy\") tour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.avclub.com/newyork/articles/tom\\-green\\-dont\\-call\\-it\\-a\\-comeback,38225/ \\|title\\=Tom Green Interview \\- Don't Call It A Comeback \\|date\\=February 17, 2010 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The A.V. Club]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220230946/http://www.avclub.com/newyork/articles/tom\\-green\\-dont\\-call\\-it\\-a\\-comeback%2C38225/ \\|archivedate\\=February 20, 2010 }} On February 17, 2010, on Green's website TomGreen.com, in reply to a fan question asking when *Prankstar* would be released, Green wrote, \"Stay tuned! It's the craziest movie I have ever made!!\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tomgreen.com/mail.php \\|title\\=TomGreen.com \\- The Channel \\- Forum \\|date\\=February 17, 2010 \\|publisher\\= TomGreen.com \\- The Channel \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218155445/http://www.tomgreen.com/mail.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Since then, no updates have been released.", "Green was on the March 21, 2013, episode of *[Workaholics](/wiki/Workaholics \"Workaholics\")* and the March 25, 2013, episode of Canadian television series *[Seed](/wiki/Seed_%28TV_Series%29 \"Seed (TV Series)\")*. He was also in the 2014 *[Trailer Park Boys 3: Don't Legalize It](/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys_3:Don%27t_Legalize_It \"Don't Legalize It\")* movie. Green has also made many appearances on the Canadian revival of the game show *Match Game*.", "On January 13, 2019, it was announced Tom would be a houseguest in the [second American season](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_2_%28American_season%29 \"Celebrity Big Brother 2 (American season)\") of the reality show competition *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Celebrity Big Brother (American TV series)\")*. He was evicted by a 3–0 vote on February 8, 2019\\. He was voted as America's Favorite Houseguest and won $25,000\\.", "### Interviewer (2006–present)", "Since launching his web show in 2006, Green has conducted long\\-format interviews with hundreds of guests; and has since then, taken various podcasting projects and re\\-launched his live show on television in 2013 using the same interview format. In an October 2013 interview, Green stated that he preferred \"great interviewers who know when to sit back and listen\" rather than being an interviewer that \"wanted to be as funny as the guest and...get into a sort of competitive relationship with them\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://thetvpage.com/2013/10/17/interview\\-tom\\-green\\-eyes\\-miley\\-letterman\\-for\\-new\\-axs\\-talk\\-show/\\|title\\=Tom Green Eyes Miley, Letterman For New AXS Talk Show\\|date\\=October 17, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=October 17, 2013\\|publisher\\=thetvpage.com\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=October 18, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018000539/http://thetvpage.com/2013/10/17/interview\\-tom\\-green\\-eyes\\-miley\\-letterman\\-for\\-new\\-axs\\-talk\\-show/}}", "#### *Tomgreen.com: The Channel* (2006–2011, 2015\\)", "{{Main\\|Tom Green's House Tonight}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Green, [Thora Birch](/wiki/Thora_Birch \"Thora Birch\"), and [Neil Hamburger](/wiki/Neil_Hamburger \"Neil Hamburger\") at The Channel in 2006](/wiki/File:Tom_Green%2C_Thora_Birch_and_Neil_Hamburger.jpg \"Tom Green, Thora Birch and Neil Hamburger.jpg\")\nOn June 5, 2006, [ManiaTV.com](/wiki/ManiaTV.com \"ManiaTV.com\") announced they had formed a partnership with Green to host a live talk show from his own living room in the [Hollywood Hills](/wiki/Hollywood_Hills \"Hollywood Hills\") overlooking the [San Fernando Valley](/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley \"San Fernando Valley\"). The first show aired live on June 15, 2006, at 11 pm EST, was originally called *[Tom Green Live!](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live%21 \"Tom Green Live!\")*, and was airing Mondays through Thursdays. In January 2008, shortly after Green's split from ManiaTV, the show was renamed *[Tom Green's House Tonight](/wiki/Tom_Green%27s_House_Tonight \"Tom Green's House Tonight\")*. The shows are broadcast live at TomGreen.com. A pared\\-down version was later broadcast on [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network \"The Comedy Network\") and various local channels in the United States, until Green stopped syndicating the show to television. On a 2009 blog, Green noted that he stopped his show from syndication on television due to dissatisfaction with his lack of creative control. He continues to broadcast the show from his website. Green later started a monthly subscription service that allowed subscribers to have full access to all the videos on his website.", "Due to lack of an established term, Green often refers to his live streaming broadcast as \"Web\\-o\\-Vision.\" He also jokingly says he is broadcasting to \"The National Internet\", despite the show having a worldwide audience. Green often refers to his show as, \"The highest rated, longest running, and only talk show on the Internet.\"", "From Green's website, *Tom Green's House Tonight* typically aired live on weeknights at 10 pm EST, although shows can begin at any time during the day and night. The shows were then archived on his website. The format of the show often includes Green taking live telephone calls and [Skype](/wiki/Skype \"Skype\") video calls where viewers around the world are able to chat with Green and his guests. Green would often be a victim of [prank calls](/wiki/Prank_call \"Prank call\") due to the live nature of the show and would sometimes voice his frustration with the callers. On top of the live web show, Green has added many video segments from his past as well as present.", "In 2007, \"Tom Green Live\" won the 2007 TV Guide \"Online Video Award\" for Best Web Talk Show. In 2008, *Tom Green's House Tonight* won a 2007 [Webby Award](/wiki/Webby_Award \"Webby Award\") for \"Best Variety Show\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?media\\_id\\=97\\&season\\=12\\#film\\_variety\\_vid\\|title\\=2007 Webby Award Winners\\|publisher\\=webbyawards.com\\|access\\-date\\=December 18, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020213400/http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?media\\_id\\=97\\&season\\=12\\#film\\_variety\\_vid\\|archive\\-date\\=October 20, 2010}}", "[thumb\\|Green in 2006\\|upright](/wiki/File:Tom_Green_2006_%28141261244%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Tom Green 2006 (141261244) (cropped).jpg\")", "As host of the show, Green often plays the straight man while interviewing guests. There have been hundreds of shows with many notable guests including stars such as [Adam Carolla](/wiki/Adam_Carolla \"Adam Carolla\"), [Val Kilmer](/wiki/Val_Kilmer \"Val Kilmer\"), [Thora Birch](/wiki/Thora_Birch \"Thora Birch\"), [Pamela Anderson](/wiki/Pamela_Anderson \"Pamela Anderson\"), hip\\-hop artists [Blackalicious](/wiki/Blackalicious \"Blackalicious\") and [Xzibit](/wiki/Xzibit \"Xzibit\"), skateboarder [Tony Hawk](/wiki/Tony_Hawk \"Tony Hawk\"), former *[TRL](/wiki/Total_Request_Live \"Total Request Live\")* host and talk show host [Carson Daly](/wiki/Carson_Daly \"Carson Daly\"), guitarist [Dave Navarro](/wiki/Dave_Navarro \"Dave Navarro\"), actor [Crispin Glover](/wiki/Crispin_Glover \"Crispin Glover\"), [Digg](/wiki/Digg \"Digg\").com founder [Kevin Rose](/wiki/Kevin_Rose \"Kevin Rose\"), comedic musician [\"Weird Al\" Yankovic](/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic), as well as comedians [Neil Hamburger](/wiki/Neil_Hamburger \"Neil Hamburger\"), [Andrew Dice Clay](/wiki/Andrew_Dice_Clay \"Andrew Dice Clay\"), [Joe Rogan](/wiki/Joe_Rogan \"Joe Rogan\"), and [Andy Dick](/wiki/Andy_Dick \"Andy Dick\"). The longest standard format show, in which Green interviewed [Steve\\-O](/wiki/Steve-O \"Steve-O\"), ran for 3\\.5 hours and ended with Green drunk and Steve\\-O heavily [intoxicated](/wiki/Substance_intoxication \"Substance intoxication\"). Joe Rogan cites his appearance on Tom Green's show as the inspiration for his own podcast show.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/4CqDCbbhcrs \\| title\\=Why Joe Rogan Started His Podcast \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] }}", "When Green does not have guests, he has done many unconventional shows such as playing the saxophone for an hour, having a week dedicated to performing [karaoke](/wiki/Karaoke \"Karaoke\"), or updating the viewers about *The Channel* while taking telephone and Skype calls.", "On his website, Green has talked about the substantial costs of continuing the online show and that *The Channel* may be gone in mid\\-2011 if it is not profitable by then. In 2011, Green ended the subscription service on his website and stated that his live show is on hiatus. Green also took down the TV studio that was in his living room.", "During the summer of 2015, Green brought back his web\\-o\\-vision show and hosts it daily from his studio in Burbank.", "### Tom Green Live at The SModcastle (2010\\)", "From October – December 2010, Green did seven weekly podcasts interviewing guests at [Kevin Smith](/wiki/Kevin_Smith \"Kevin Smith\")'s [SModcastle](/wiki/Smodcastle%23SModcastle \"Smodcastle#SModcastle\"). This was done in a long format interview style in a theater that held an audience of 50 people.", "#### Tom Green Radio (2013–present)", "From January 2013 to mid 2013, Green started doing an audio podcast entitled *Tom Green Radio* for his website and downloadable on [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\") and tomgreen.com.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/tom\\-green\\-radio/id599173233 \\|title\\=iTunes – Podcasts – Tom Green Radio by PodcastOne \\|publisher\\=Itunes.apple.com \\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2013}} Guests have included [Bryan Callen](/wiki/Bryan_Callen \"Bryan Callen\"), [Steve\\-O](/wiki/Steve-O \"Steve-O\"), [Kat Von D](/wiki/Kat_Von_D \"Kat Von D\"), [Neil Hamburger](/wiki/Neil_Hamburger \"Neil Hamburger\"), and [deadmau5](/wiki/Deadmau5 \"Deadmau5\"). In August 2015, Green restarted his podcast on [Play.it](/wiki/Play.it \"Play.it\").", "#### Tom Green Live on AXS TV (2013–2014\\)", "{{Main\\|List of Tom Green Live episodes}}\nOn September 25, 2013, it was announced that Green would be hosting a new live weekly talk\\-show entitled \"Tom Green Live\" on [AXS TV](/wiki/AXS_TV \"AXS TV\") starting October 3, 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.deadline.com/2013/09/tom\\-green\\-to\\-host\\-axs\\-tv\\-talk\\-show/\\|title\\=Tom Green To Host AXS TV Talk Show\\|date\\=September 25, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2013\\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood]]}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/tom\\-green\\-joins\\-axs\\-tv\\-153600594\\.html\\|title\\=Tom Green Joins AXS TV In A Live One\\-Hour Talk Show Series 'TOM GREEN LIVE' Beginning Thursday, October 3 At 9 p.m. ET\\|date\\=September 25, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Yahoo!]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925200606/http://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/tom\\-green\\-joins\\-axs\\-tv\\-153600594\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Green has stated in interviews that the set was modeled after *[The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder](/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_with_Tom_Snyder \"The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder\")*. The show was similar to his web show where there is a featured guest and a long format one\\-hour discussion. Additionally, fans can call in from Skype. Scheduled guests have included [Richard Belzer](/wiki/Richard_Belzer \"Richard Belzer\"), [Howie Mandel](/wiki/Howie_Mandel \"Howie Mandel\"), [Tony Hawk](/wiki/Tony_Hawk \"Tony Hawk\"), and [Norm Macdonald](/wiki/Norm_Macdonald \"Norm Macdonald\"). Season 2 debuted on January 9, 2014, and the finale was April 3, 2014\\. The show renewed with season 3 debuting on June 12, 2014, and concluded its run with AXS TV on November 20, 2014\\.", "### Stand\\-up comedy (2010–present)", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Green in 2012](/wiki/File:Tom_Green_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Tom Green by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\nIn Green's comedy acts, he focuses on traditional stand\\-up comedy that has included rap performances. He voices his thoughts on [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\"), [technology](/wiki/Technology \"Technology\"), his career in show business, oppression, and social political commentary on society. He often takes time to meet with people in the audience afterwards.", "In numerous interviews, Green has stated that he started doing stand\\-up comedy at the age of 15 but stopped after he started his public\\-access television show.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://punchlinemagazine.com/site/tom\\-green\\-comic\\-mercenary\\|title\\=Tom Green Interview on Punchline Magazine\\|date\\=February 16, 2010\\|publisher\\=punchlinemagazine.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219055343/http://punchlinemagazine.com/site/tom\\-green\\-comic\\-mercenary/\\|archive\\-date\\=February 19, 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Green said that going back to stand\\-up comedy was something he always wanted to do.", "In September 2009, Green performed several stand\\-up comedy shows in Los Angeles, and later appeared at a [MySpace](/wiki/MySpace \"MySpace\") secret stand\\-up event in New York. On November 10, 2009, he announced his first ever world stand\\-up comedy tour{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tomgreen.com/blog/?post\\=770\\|title\\=Tom Green World Comedy Tour\\|date\\=November 10, 2009\\|publisher\\=tomgreen.com\\|access\\-date\\=November 18, 2009}} and as of January 2010, has been touring the world going to countries such as [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"), and [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tomgreen.com/tour\\|title\\=Tom Green, World Standup Comedy Tour\\|publisher\\=tomgreen.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 20, 2010}}", "In October 2010, he performed in [Belleville, Ontario](/wiki/Belleville%2C_Ontario \"Belleville, Ontario\") at the Empire Theatre with his parents and brother in attendance. Green dressed in a [Belleville Bulls](/wiki/Belleville_Bulls \"Belleville Bulls\") jersey donated by a local movie studio he had visited earlier that day. He discussed the city's recent ordeal involving the sentencing of disgraced CFB Trenton Base Commander [Russell Williams](/wiki/Russell_Williams_%28colonel%29 \"Russell Williams (colonel)\"), stating that he hoped Williams \"was having an awesome weekend\".{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2011}}", "On August 13, 2010, after being invited, Green performed stand\\-up comedy at the [Gathering of the Juggalos](/wiki/Gathering_of_the_Juggalos \"Gathering of the Juggalos\"). He was later involved in attempting to calm the audience down after [Tila Tequila](/wiki/Tila_Tequila \"Tila Tequila\") had rocks, [excrement](/wiki/Excrement \"Excrement\") and [urine](/wiki/Urine \"Urine\") thrown at her during her performance at the same event.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.drivenbyboredom.com/2010/08/18/tila\\-tequila\\-at\\-the\\-gathering\\-of\\-the\\-juggalos/\\|title\\=Tila Tequila At The Gathering Of The Juggalos \\|publisher\\=drivenbyboredom.com \\|access\\-date\\=September 25, 2010}} In subsequent interviews, Green said he successfully calmed the audience down for 10 minutes, but things got worse when he left the stage. Tequila continued performing for an additional 20 minutes and eventually suffered facial injuries after being struck in the face by a rock.", "Green's September 2011 stand\\-up performance in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") aired on [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 \"Showtime (TV network)\") in August 2012;{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sho.com/sho/comedy/titles/141997/Tom\\-Green\\-Live\\#/index\\|title\\=Tom Green Live on Showtime\\|publisher\\=sho.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2012}} titled \"Tom Green Live\", it was released on iTunes, on [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") and on DVD in March 2013\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://live.huffingtonpost.com/\\#r/segment/tom\\-green\\-headlining\\-standup\\-comedy\\-vegas\\-showtime\\-trailer\\-park\\-boys/50ca82fffe344434bd0000b4\\|title\\=Tom Green on Huffington Post Live (Dec 20, 2012\\)\\|publisher\\=Huffington Post\\|access\\-date\\=December 21, 2012}} Green performed on *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno* on August 17, 2012\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nbc.com/the\\-tonight\\-show/video/tom\\-green\\-81712/1413820\\|title\\=Tom Green Live on Jay Leno Tom Green (8/17/12\\)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NBC]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 13, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923232519/http://www.nbc.com/the\\-tonight\\-show/video/tom\\-green\\-81712/1413820\\|archive\\-date\\=September 23, 2012\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Webovision (2010–present)", "In 2015, Tom Green began broadcasting from a studio in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") through the live streaming service on his [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") channel.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/user/tomgreen \\|title\\=Tom Green \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|access\\-date\\=March 25, 2021}} In 2024 Amazon Prime announced the development of three new projects from Tom Green: a comedy special, a reality series about life on his farm and a documentary about his career.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Megan \\|first\\=Lapierre \\|date\\=June 13, 2024 \\|title\\= New Tom Green Projects Greenlit at Prime Video │ Exclaim!\\|url\\=https://exclaim.ca/comedy/article/new\\-tom\\-green\\-projects\\-greenlit\\-at\\-prime\\-video \\|work\\=Exclaim Magazine}}", "### Washington Capitals \"Unleash the Fury\" video (2007–present)", "A video montage that features Green screaming \"Unleash the Fury\" has been used at [Washington Capitals](/wiki/Washington_Capitals \"Washington Capitals\") hockey games since 2007\\. Clips from *[Road Trip](/wiki/Road_Trip_%282000_film%29 \"Road Trip (2000 film)\")* are interspersed with various \"pump\\-up elements\" in a late\\-game rally video.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Why do Caps fans say Unleash the Fury \\|url\\=https://www.wusa9\\.com/article/sports/nhl/why\\-do\\-caps\\-fans\\-say\\-unleash\\-the\\-fury/65\\-558780764 \\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2020 \\|website\\=WUSA9\\|date\\=May 26, 2018 }} In 2010, the feature started using new video footage in which Green wore a Capitals jersey and performed scenes from the movie.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Tom Green Unleashes the Fury \\|url\\=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dcsportsbog/2010/10/tom\\_green\\_unleashes\\_the\\_fury\\_i.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220080120/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dcsportsbog/2010/10/tom\\_green\\_unleashes\\_the\\_fury\\_i.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=February 20, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=April 21, 2020 \\|newspaper\\=Washington Post}}", "" ]
### Rise to mainstream (1999–2003\) #### MTV and *The Tom Green Show* {{Main\|The Tom Green Show}} *The Tom Green Show* was then picked up by [MTV](/wiki/MTV "MTV") in January 1999, where he gained popularity in the United States and worldwide. The format of the MTV version of the show was similar to his original show; it was hosted by Green and co\-hosted by two of his long\-time friends, Glenn Humplik, who occupied the couch, and Phil Giroux, who sat behind a window at the back of the set and became known as "the guy in the window" usually drinking cups of coffee. Derek Harvie, who co\-wrote the show with Green, occasionally appeared in the segments. Many of the sketches were targeted at his parents, both of whom appear to be unimpressed and embarrassed by their son's antics. *The Tom Green Show* frequently employed [shock humor](/wiki/Shock_humor "Shock humor"). Some of Green's most notable skits include pretending to "hump" a dead [moose](/wiki/Moose "Moose") (which was famously referenced by rapper [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem "Eminem") in "[The Real Slim Shady](/wiki/The_Real_Slim_Shady "The Real Slim Shady")"), having an [X\-rated](/wiki/X-rated "X-rated") lesbian scene painted on his father's car (labeled the "Slut Mobile"), drinking milk by sucking on a cow's teat, and putting a cow head in his parents' bed while they slept because his father was a fan of *[The Godfather](/wiki/The_Godfather "The Godfather")* films. Green also hung his own unauthorized piece of art in the [National Gallery of Canada](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada "National Gallery of Canada") (which remained untouched for days) with the added twist of later coming back and vandalizing it to the horror of onlooking patrons.{{Cite news\| url \= http://entertainmentcentralpittsburgh.com/nightlife/tom\-green/\|title\= Tom Green: Entertainment Renaissance Man\|author\=Rick Handler \|publisher\= Entertainment Central\|date \= November 22, 2013}} In a segment, Green went to the press conference of *[Grey Owl](/wiki/Grey_Owl_%28film%29 "Grey Owl (film)")* where he serenaded and kissed [Pierce Brosnan](/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan "Pierce Brosnan"). Brosnan, thinking Green was a [journalist](/wiki/Journalist "Journalist"), advised him not to give up his day job. Green also did many segments humiliating his co\-host and longtime friend Glenn Humplik; even after the pair had become well\-known, Humplik continued working at his phone company job, fearing that his entertainment career might not last. Green teased him about this often and once gave out Humplik's office phone number on the air. Green eventually wrote a song called "[Lonely Swedish (The Bum Bum Song)](/wiki/Lonely_Swedish_%28The_Bum_Bum_Song%29 "Lonely Swedish (The Bum Bum Song)")", which he composed during MTV's Spring Break while doing a show on a cruise ship. After airing the music video on his show and appealing to his audience to request it, the song became an instant number one hit on *[Total Request Live](/wiki/Total_Request_Live "Total Request Live")* and was also referred to in Eminem's song "The Real Slim Shady". He quickly called for the video to be retired because "it's not fair to [98 Degrees](/wiki/98_Degrees "98 Degrees")." Later, in his autobiography, he revealed that MTV had pressured him to do so in order to maintain the image that *Total Request Live* was, in fact, a live request show (the next week's episodes had been pre\-taped on location, and the producers of the show were completely unaware of "The Bum Bum Song" at the time). Green's increasing fame made it harder for him to ambush people during [man\-on\-the\-street](/wiki/Vox_populi "Vox populi") segments, leading him to target mostly [senior citizens](/wiki/Old_age "Old age") and non\-[English](/wiki/English_language "English language") speakers. After he was diagnosed with [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer "Testicular cancer") in March 2000, he stopped production of new episodes of his TV show but continued to appear on the channel via reruns and other promotional materials. Green's popularity during this time led to him gracing the cover of the June 8, 2000, issue of *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")* magazine.{{Cite magazine\|date\=June 1, 2011\|title\=Comedy Stars on the Cover of RS\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\-lists/a\-history\-of\-comedy\-stars\-on\-the\-cover\-of\-rolling\-stone\-50717/\|access\-date\=November 28, 2020\|magazine\=Rolling Stone}} The MTV show *[Jackass](/wiki/Jackass_%28TV_series%29 "Jackass (TV series)")* debuted six months after *The Tom Green Show* went on hiatus. Many of the segments on the show had close similarities to the segments from Green's show: [Bam Margera](/wiki/Bam_Margera "Bam Margera") rudely awakening his parents, the cast of *Jackass* falling down while on crutches, swimming with sharks, etc.{{cite web\| url \= http://crujonessociety.com/2009/12/16/lee\-s\-harts\-5\-favorite\-tv\-shows\-of\-the\-00s/ \| title \= Lee S. Hart's 5 Favorite TV Shows of the '00s \| author \= Lee S. hart \| date \= December 16, 2009 \| access\-date \= October 23, 2014 }} #### Testicular cancer and hiatus from MTV In early 2000, Tom Green was diagnosed with, and successfully treated for [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer "Testicular cancer").{{Citation needed \|date\=August 2021}} Green wrote, directed and starred in a one\-hour MTV television special titled *The Tom Green Cancer Special* (aired on May 23, 2000\),{{cite magazine\|url\= https://ew.com/article/2000/05/19/tom\-green\-may\-leave\-his\-mtv\-show/\|title\=Tom Green may leave his MTV show\|magazine\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\|access\-date\=October 21, 2019\| first\=Lynnette \| last\=Rice \| date\=May 19, 2000}} which documented the time leading up to his surgery and included graphic footage of his own surgery. The episode received wide critical acclaim for revealing a vulnerable, human side of an otherwise juvenile television personality.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/23/arts/television\-review\-an\-mtv\-prankster\-gets\-mostly\-serious\-about\-his\-cancer.html\|title\=An MTV Prankster Gets (Mostly) Serious About His Cancer\|work\=The New York Times\|access\-date\=May 2, 2010 \| first\=Caryn \| last\=James \| date\=May 23, 2000}} During this time, he started the "Tom Green's Nuts Cancer Fund" to raise money for cancer research.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429756/mtvs\-tom\-green\-battles\-cancer.jhtml\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130129111808/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429756/mtvs\-tom\-green\-battles\-cancer.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 29, 2013\|title\=MTV's Tom Green Battles Cancer – May 21, 2000\|publisher\=MTV\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012 \| first\=Tina \| last\=Johnson \| date\=May 21, 2000}} In mid\-2000, Green also spoke in front of thousands of students in the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida "University of Florida") and sang a song titled "Feel Your Balls" to help educate others about testicular cancer.{{cite news\|url\=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000\-05\-23/entertainment/18132742\_1\_lymph\-nodes\-tom\-green\-benefit\-cancer\-research\|title\=Tom Green, Up\-close And Very Personal\|publisher\=\[\[Daily News (New York)\|The New York Daily Times]]\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012 \| first\=Donna \| last\=Petrozzello\| date\=May 23, 2000}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} Although it was Green's cancer that caused *The Tom Green Show* to cease production, a frequent rumor relates that the show was cancelled because of an alleged segment where Green shows up at a [bar mitzvah](/wiki/Bar_mitzvah "Bar mitzvah"), or another Jewish event, dressed as [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler"). Green, however, has repeatedly denied that such a segment exists, and there is no evidence to suggest that such an event occurred.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/tomgreen.asp \|title\=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Tom Green Hitler Bar Mitzvah \|date\=February 9, 2000 \|publisher\=Snopes.com \|access\-date\=October 24, 2008}} He mentions the rumor in his 2004 autobiography, *[Hollywood Causes Cancer](/wiki/Hollywood_Causes_Cancer "Hollywood Causes Cancer")*, stating that it apparently started when some Boston teenagers were caught videotaping themselves performing a similar stunt and when asked by security, they used the name "Tom Green." Green says, "I would never do a mean\-spirited, anti\-Semitic joke like that – it's both abhorrent and not funny. To this day I still get asked about it, and it's annoying. So again, for the record, it didn't happen. There is nobody on this planet that has ever seen this bit on tape because it does not exist. If it did exist, it would have certainly reared its ugly, hateful head on the Internet by now. But it won't, because it doesn't exist. I've never put on a Hitler costume. In fact, I've never even been to a Bar Mitzvah." #### Film career Green's fame soon netted him roles in several Hollywood movies, including *[Road Trip](/wiki/Road_Trip_%282000_film%29 "Road Trip (2000 film)")*, *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_%282000_film%29 "Charlie's Angels (2000 film)")*, *[Freddy Got Fingered](/wiki/Freddy_Got_Fingered "Freddy Got Fingered")* (which he also wrote and directed), and *[Stealing Harvard](/wiki/Stealing_Harvard "Stealing Harvard").* Green continued the trend of his brand of comedy in *Road Trip* in a notable scene where he put a mouse in his mouth. *Freddy Got Fingered* won in five categories at the [2001 Golden Raspberry Awards](/wiki/2001_Golden_Raspberry_Awards "2001 Golden Raspberry Awards"), given to the worst movies of the year. Green appeared at the ceremony to accept his awards, making him the first performer to do so in the award's twenty\-year history, and the second recipient to do so following director [Paul Verhoeven](/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven "Paul Verhoeven") for *[Showgirls](/wiki/Showgirls "Showgirls")* in 1995\.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in\_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars\_2002/1889555\.stm\|title\=Green gets fingered for Razzies\|work\=BBC News\|last\=Waters\|first\=Darren\|date\=March 23, 2002\|access\-date\=March 7, 2010}} Green arrived at the awards ceremony in a white Cadillac, wearing a tuxedo and rolled out his own red carpet. After accepting the awards, Green stated "When we set out to make this film we wanted to win a Razzie, so this is a dream come true for me". While onstage, he began to play the [harmonica](/wiki/Harmonica "Harmonica") and did not stop until he was dragged off. #### Marriage to Drew Barrymore and *Saturday Night Live* In July 2000, Tom Green became engaged to actress [Drew Barrymore](/wiki/Drew_Barrymore "Drew Barrymore"). Green and Barrymore met after Barrymore, who was a fan of Green's show, asked Green to appear in *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_%282000_film%29 "Charlie's Angels (2000 film)")*, which Barrymore starred in and produced. Green and Barrymore married on July 7, 2001\.{{cite web\|first\=Stephen M.\|last\=Silverman\|url\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,622131,00\.html\|title\=Oops! Barrymore, Green Do It Again\|access\-date\=September 7, 2008\|date\=July 10, 2001\|work\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605161742/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,622131,00\.html\|archive\-date\=June 5, 2008}} In Green's book *Hollywood Causes Cancer*, he writes "We lived together for a year before we were engaged, and we were engaged for a year before we got married".{{cite book \|last\=Green \|first\=Tom \|author\-link\=Tom Green \|year\=2004 \|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/221 221] \|title\=Hollywood Causes Cancer: The Tom Green Story\|publisher\=Crown \|isbn\=978\-1\-4000\-5271\-4 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree \|url\-access\=registration }} Barrymore also appeared in her then\-fiancé's infamous 2001 film *[Freddy Got Fingered](/wiki/Freddy_Got_Fingered "Freddy Got Fingered")*. During the buildup to their wedding Green and Barrymore frequently joked with the media about when and where they were going to wed. The most notable incident came on November 18, 2000, when Green hosted the American television show *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live "Saturday Night Live")*. During the [monologue](/wiki/Monologue "Monologue"), Green brought Barrymore on stage and teased the audience about the couple marrying at the end of the episode. Ultimately, the stage was set for a wedding before Barrymore, in the end, got "cold feet" and left Green alone to end the show. The SNL incident initially left viewers and the media confused about whether the couple had actually planned to marry on live TV, or were simply staging a publicity stunt. Eventually, Green also went on *[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno")* to toy with the public once again, this time claiming that his bride might be [pregnant](/wiki/Pregnancy "Pregnancy").{{citation needed\|date\=March 2009}} Barrymore and Green filed for [divorce](/wiki/Divorce "Divorce") on December 17, 2001, citing [irreconcilable differences](/wiki/Irreconcilable_differences "Irreconcilable differences").{{cite web\|first\=Jeanne\|last\=Darst\|url\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,623114,00\.html\|title\=Tom Green Files for a Divorce from Drew\|access\-date\=September 7, 2008\|date\=December 18, 2001\|work\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005070527/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,623114,00\.html\|archive\-date\=October 5, 2008}} Their divorce became official on October 15, 2002\. #### Return to MTV and *The New Tom Green Show* In 2002, Green starred in and directed a one\-hour MTV special called *The Tom Green Subway Monkey Hour*, where he tormented strangers in [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). During 2002, Green also started his own production company called *Bob Green Films*;{{cite web\|url\=http://uso.mediaroom.com/index.php?s\=press\_releases\&item\=182 \|title\=Actor and Comedian Tom Green Visiting Troops in the Persian Gulf on USO/AFE Tour \|publisher\=Uso.mediaroom.com \|access\-date\=April 18, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110012206/http://uso.mediaroom.com/index.php?s\=press\_releases\&item\=182 \|archive\-date\=November 10, 2006 }} he starred in and was executive producer for a half\-hour special entitled *The Skateboard Show* on [The WB](/wiki/The_WB "The WB").{{cite web\|url\=http://planetgreen.discovery.com/tv/go\-for\-the\-green/tom\-green\-bio.html \|title\=Meet Host Tom Green\|publisher\=Discovery.com\|date\=October 21, 2008\|access\-date\=May 2, 2010}} In mid\-2003, after Green guest\-hosted *The Late Show with David Letterman*, MTV gave him his own late\-night talk show called *[The New Tom Green Show](/wiki/The_New_Tom_Green_Show "The New Tom Green Show")*. The show lasted less than three months and the show consisted of a traditional monologue, and segments, followed by interviews with guests. Green in numerous interviews has stated that [David Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman "David Letterman") was one of his early influences. In September 2003, the show was cancelled by MTV eleven weeks after its premiere due to low ratings.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/axed\-47973\.aspx \|title\=The New Tom Green Show – AXED! – September 22, 2003\|publisher\=\[\[TV Guide]]\|date\=September 22, 2003\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012}} Reports indicate that ratings and viewers for the show averaged 889,000 viewers in the first week and then averaged 255,000 viewers in the last week for the reruns.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20030924/tom\_Green\_MTV\_030924/ \|title\=MTV pulls plug on Tom Green's talk show \|publisher\=\[\[CTV Television Network\|CTV]] \|access\-date\=November 25, 2010}}{{dead link\|date\=July 2021\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} In Green's book *Hollywood Causes Cancer*, he stated that the show "was very expensive to produce and not really the type of show that MTV has been traditionally known for."{{cite book \|last\= Green \|first\= Tom \|title\= Hollywood Causes Cancer \|publisher\= \[\[Crown Publishing Group\|Crown Publishers]] \|date\= October 2004 \|isbn\= 1\-4000\-5271\-8 \|page\= \[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/249 249] \|url\-access\= registration \|url\= https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/249 }}
[ "### Rise to mainstream (1999–2003\\)", "#### MTV and *The Tom Green Show*", "{{Main\\|The Tom Green Show}}\n*The Tom Green Show* was then picked up by [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\") in January 1999, where he gained popularity in the United States and worldwide. The format of the MTV version of the show was similar to his original show; it was hosted by Green and co\\-hosted by two of his long\\-time friends, Glenn Humplik, who occupied the couch, and Phil Giroux, who sat behind a window at the back of the set and became known as \"the guy in the window\" usually drinking cups of coffee. Derek Harvie, who co\\-wrote the show with Green, occasionally appeared in the segments. Many of the sketches were targeted at his parents, both of whom appear to be unimpressed and embarrassed by their son's antics.", "*The Tom Green Show* frequently employed [shock humor](/wiki/Shock_humor \"Shock humor\"). Some of Green's most notable skits include pretending to \"hump\" a dead [moose](/wiki/Moose \"Moose\") (which was famously referenced by rapper [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem \"Eminem\") in \"[The Real Slim Shady](/wiki/The_Real_Slim_Shady \"The Real Slim Shady\")\"), having an [X\\-rated](/wiki/X-rated \"X-rated\") lesbian scene painted on his father's car (labeled the \"Slut Mobile\"), drinking milk by sucking on a cow's teat, and putting a cow head in his parents' bed while they slept because his father was a fan of *[The Godfather](/wiki/The_Godfather \"The Godfather\")* films. Green also hung his own unauthorized piece of art in the [National Gallery of Canada](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada \"National Gallery of Canada\") (which remained untouched for days) with the added twist of later coming back and vandalizing it to the horror of onlooking patrons.{{Cite news\\| url \\= http://entertainmentcentralpittsburgh.com/nightlife/tom\\-green/\\|title\\= Tom Green: Entertainment Renaissance Man\\|author\\=Rick Handler \\|publisher\\= Entertainment Central\\|date \\= November 22, 2013}}", "In a segment, Green went to the press conference of *[Grey Owl](/wiki/Grey_Owl_%28film%29 \"Grey Owl (film)\")* where he serenaded and kissed [Pierce Brosnan](/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan \"Pierce Brosnan\"). Brosnan, thinking Green was a [journalist](/wiki/Journalist \"Journalist\"), advised him not to give up his day job. Green also did many segments humiliating his co\\-host and longtime friend Glenn Humplik; even after the pair had become well\\-known, Humplik continued working at his phone company job, fearing that his entertainment career might not last. Green teased him about this often and once gave out Humplik's office phone number on the air.", "Green eventually wrote a song called \"[Lonely Swedish (The Bum Bum Song)](/wiki/Lonely_Swedish_%28The_Bum_Bum_Song%29 \"Lonely Swedish (The Bum Bum Song)\")\", which he composed during MTV's Spring Break while doing a show on a cruise ship. After airing the music video on his show and appealing to his audience to request it, the song became an instant number one hit on *[Total Request Live](/wiki/Total_Request_Live \"Total Request Live\")* and was also referred to in Eminem's song \"The Real Slim Shady\". He quickly called for the video to be retired because \"it's not fair to [98 Degrees](/wiki/98_Degrees \"98 Degrees\").\" Later, in his autobiography, he revealed that MTV had pressured him to do so in order to maintain the image that *Total Request Live* was, in fact, a live request show (the next week's episodes had been pre\\-taped on location, and the producers of the show were completely unaware of \"The Bum Bum Song\" at the time).", "Green's increasing fame made it harder for him to ambush people during [man\\-on\\-the\\-street](/wiki/Vox_populi \"Vox populi\") segments, leading him to target mostly [senior citizens](/wiki/Old_age \"Old age\") and non\\-[English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") speakers. After he was diagnosed with [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer \"Testicular cancer\") in March 2000, he stopped production of new episodes of his TV show but continued to appear on the channel via reruns and other promotional materials. Green's popularity during this time led to him gracing the cover of the June 8, 2000, issue of *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* magazine.{{Cite magazine\\|date\\=June 1, 2011\\|title\\=Comedy Stars on the Cover of RS\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture\\-lists/a\\-history\\-of\\-comedy\\-stars\\-on\\-the\\-cover\\-of\\-rolling\\-stone\\-50717/\\|access\\-date\\=November 28, 2020\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone}}", "The MTV show *[Jackass](/wiki/Jackass_%28TV_series%29 \"Jackass (TV series)\")* debuted six months after *The Tom Green Show* went on hiatus. Many of the segments on the show had close similarities to the segments from Green's show: [Bam Margera](/wiki/Bam_Margera \"Bam Margera\") rudely awakening his parents, the cast of *Jackass* falling down while on crutches, swimming with sharks, etc.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://crujonessociety.com/2009/12/16/lee\\-s\\-harts\\-5\\-favorite\\-tv\\-shows\\-of\\-the\\-00s/\n\\| title \\= Lee S. Hart's 5 Favorite TV Shows of the '00s\n\\| author \\= Lee S. hart\n\\| date \\= December 16, 2009\n\\| access\\-date \\= October 23, 2014\n}}", "#### Testicular cancer and hiatus from MTV", "In early 2000, Tom Green was diagnosed with, and successfully treated for [testicular cancer](/wiki/Testicular_cancer \"Testicular cancer\").{{Citation needed \\|date\\=August 2021}} Green wrote, directed and starred in a one\\-hour MTV television special titled *The Tom Green Cancer Special* (aired on May 23, 2000\\),{{cite magazine\\|url\\= https://ew.com/article/2000/05/19/tom\\-green\\-may\\-leave\\-his\\-mtv\\-show/\\|title\\=Tom Green may leave his MTV show\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\|access\\-date\\=October 21, 2019\\| first\\=Lynnette \\| last\\=Rice \\| date\\=May 19, 2000}} which documented the time leading up to his surgery and included graphic footage of his own surgery. The episode received wide critical acclaim for revealing a vulnerable, human side of an otherwise juvenile television personality.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/23/arts/television\\-review\\-an\\-mtv\\-prankster\\-gets\\-mostly\\-serious\\-about\\-his\\-cancer.html\\|title\\=An MTV Prankster Gets (Mostly) Serious About His Cancer\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2010 \\| first\\=Caryn \\| last\\=James \\| date\\=May 23, 2000}} During this time, he started the \"Tom Green's Nuts Cancer Fund\" to raise money for cancer research.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429756/mtvs\\-tom\\-green\\-battles\\-cancer.jhtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130129111808/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429756/mtvs\\-tom\\-green\\-battles\\-cancer.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 29, 2013\\|title\\=MTV's Tom Green Battles Cancer – May 21, 2000\\|publisher\\=MTV\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012 \\| first\\=Tina \\| last\\=Johnson \\| date\\=May 21, 2000}} In mid\\-2000, Green also spoke in front of thousands of students in the [University of Florida](/wiki/University_of_Florida \"University of Florida\") and sang a song titled \"Feel Your Balls\" to help educate others about testicular cancer.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000\\-05\\-23/entertainment/18132742\\_1\\_lymph\\-nodes\\-tom\\-green\\-benefit\\-cancer\\-research\\|title\\=Tom Green, Up\\-close And Very Personal\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Daily News (New York)\\|The New York Daily Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012 \\| first\\=Donna \\| last\\=Petrozzello\\| date\\=May 23, 2000}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}", "Although it was Green's cancer that caused *The Tom Green Show* to cease production, a frequent rumor relates that the show was cancelled because of an alleged segment where Green shows up at a [bar mitzvah](/wiki/Bar_mitzvah \"Bar mitzvah\"), or another Jewish event, dressed as [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\"). Green, however, has repeatedly denied that such a segment exists, and there is no evidence to suggest that such an event occurred.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/tomgreen.asp \\|title\\=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Tom Green Hitler Bar Mitzvah \\|date\\=February 9, 2000 \\|publisher\\=Snopes.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2008}} He mentions the rumor in his 2004 autobiography, *[Hollywood Causes Cancer](/wiki/Hollywood_Causes_Cancer \"Hollywood Causes Cancer\")*, stating that it apparently started when some Boston teenagers were caught videotaping themselves performing a similar stunt and when asked by security, they used the name \"Tom Green.\" Green says, \"I would never do a mean\\-spirited, anti\\-Semitic joke like that – it's both abhorrent and not funny. To this day I still get asked about it, and it's annoying. So again, for the record, it didn't happen. There is nobody on this planet that has ever seen this bit on tape because it does not exist. If it did exist, it would have certainly reared its ugly, hateful head on the Internet by now. But it won't, because it doesn't exist. I've never put on a Hitler costume. In fact, I've never even been to a Bar Mitzvah.\"", "#### Film career", "Green's fame soon netted him roles in several Hollywood movies, including *[Road Trip](/wiki/Road_Trip_%282000_film%29 \"Road Trip (2000 film)\")*, *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_%282000_film%29 \"Charlie's Angels (2000 film)\")*, *[Freddy Got Fingered](/wiki/Freddy_Got_Fingered \"Freddy Got Fingered\")* (which he also wrote and directed), and *[Stealing Harvard](/wiki/Stealing_Harvard \"Stealing Harvard\").* Green continued the trend of his brand of comedy in *Road Trip* in a notable scene where he put a mouse in his mouth.", "*Freddy Got Fingered* won in five categories at the [2001 Golden Raspberry Awards](/wiki/2001_Golden_Raspberry_Awards \"2001 Golden Raspberry Awards\"), given to the worst movies of the year. Green appeared at the ceremony to accept his awards, making him the first performer to do so in the award's twenty\\-year history, and the second recipient to do so following director [Paul Verhoeven](/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven \"Paul Verhoeven\") for *[Showgirls](/wiki/Showgirls \"Showgirls\")* in 1995\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in\\_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars\\_2002/1889555\\.stm\\|title\\=Green gets fingered for Razzies\\|work\\=BBC News\\|last\\=Waters\\|first\\=Darren\\|date\\=March 23, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=March 7, 2010}} Green arrived at the awards ceremony in a white Cadillac, wearing a tuxedo and rolled out his own red carpet. After accepting the awards, Green stated \"When we set out to make this film we wanted to win a Razzie, so this is a dream come true for me\". While onstage, he began to play the [harmonica](/wiki/Harmonica \"Harmonica\") and did not stop until he was dragged off.", "#### Marriage to Drew Barrymore and *Saturday Night Live*", "In July 2000, Tom Green became engaged to actress [Drew Barrymore](/wiki/Drew_Barrymore \"Drew Barrymore\"). Green and Barrymore met after Barrymore, who was a fan of Green's show, asked Green to appear in *[Charlie's Angels](/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_%282000_film%29 \"Charlie's Angels (2000 film)\")*, which Barrymore starred in and produced. Green and Barrymore married on July 7, 2001\\.{{cite web\\|first\\=Stephen M.\\|last\\=Silverman\\|url\\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,622131,00\\.html\\|title\\=Oops! Barrymore, Green Do It Again\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2008\\|date\\=July 10, 2001\\|work\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605161742/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,622131,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2008}} In Green's book *Hollywood Causes Cancer*, he writes \"We lived together for a year before we were engaged, and we were engaged for a year before we got married\".{{cite book \\|last\\=Green \\|first\\=Tom \\|author\\-link\\=Tom Green \\|year\\=2004 \\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/221 221] \\|title\\=Hollywood Causes Cancer: The Tom Green Story\\|publisher\\=Crown \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-4000\\-5271\\-4 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree \\|url\\-access\\=registration }} Barrymore also appeared in her then\\-fiancé's infamous 2001 film *[Freddy Got Fingered](/wiki/Freddy_Got_Fingered \"Freddy Got Fingered\")*.", "During the buildup to their wedding Green and Barrymore frequently joked with the media about when and where they were going to wed. The most notable incident came on November 18, 2000, when Green hosted the American television show *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\")*. During the [monologue](/wiki/Monologue \"Monologue\"), Green brought Barrymore on stage and teased the audience about the couple marrying at the end of the episode. Ultimately, the stage was set for a wedding before Barrymore, in the end, got \"cold feet\" and left Green alone to end the show. The SNL incident initially left viewers and the media confused about whether the couple had actually planned to marry on live TV, or were simply staging a publicity stunt. Eventually, Green also went on *[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\")* to toy with the public once again, this time claiming that his bride might be [pregnant](/wiki/Pregnancy \"Pregnancy\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2009}}", "Barrymore and Green filed for [divorce](/wiki/Divorce \"Divorce\") on December 17, 2001, citing [irreconcilable differences](/wiki/Irreconcilable_differences \"Irreconcilable differences\").{{cite web\\|first\\=Jeanne\\|last\\=Darst\\|url\\=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,623114,00\\.html\\|title\\=Tom Green Files for a Divorce from Drew\\|access\\-date\\=September 7, 2008\\|date\\=December 18, 2001\\|work\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005070527/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,623114,00\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=October 5, 2008}} Their divorce became official on October 15, 2002\\.", "#### Return to MTV and *The New Tom Green Show*", "In 2002, Green starred in and directed a one\\-hour MTV special called *The Tom Green Subway Monkey Hour*, where he tormented strangers in [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). During 2002, Green also started his own production company called *Bob Green Films*;{{cite web\\|url\\=http://uso.mediaroom.com/index.php?s\\=press\\_releases\\&item\\=182 \\|title\\=Actor and Comedian Tom Green Visiting Troops in the Persian Gulf on USO/AFE Tour \\|publisher\\=Uso.mediaroom.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110012206/http://uso.mediaroom.com/index.php?s\\=press\\_releases\\&item\\=182 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 10, 2006 }} he starred in and was executive producer for a half\\-hour special entitled *The Skateboard Show* on [The WB](/wiki/The_WB \"The WB\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://planetgreen.discovery.com/tv/go\\-for\\-the\\-green/tom\\-green\\-bio.html \\|title\\=Meet Host Tom Green\\|publisher\\=Discovery.com\\|date\\=October 21, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=May 2, 2010}}", "In mid\\-2003, after Green guest\\-hosted *The Late Show with David Letterman*, MTV gave him his own late\\-night talk show called *[The New Tom Green Show](/wiki/The_New_Tom_Green_Show \"The New Tom Green Show\")*. The show lasted less than three months and the show consisted of a traditional monologue, and segments, followed by interviews with guests. Green in numerous interviews has stated that [David Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman \"David Letterman\") was one of his early influences.", "In September 2003, the show was cancelled by MTV eleven weeks after its premiere due to low ratings.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tvguide.com/news/axed\\-47973\\.aspx \\|title\\=The New Tom Green Show – AXED! – September 22, 2003\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[TV Guide]]\\|date\\=September 22, 2003\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012}} Reports indicate that ratings and viewers for the show averaged 889,000 viewers in the first week and then averaged 255,000 viewers in the last week for the reruns.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20030924/tom\\_Green\\_MTV\\_030924/ \\|title\\=MTV pulls plug on Tom Green's talk show \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CTV Television Network\\|CTV]] \\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2010}}{{dead link\\|date\\=July 2021\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} In Green's book *Hollywood Causes Cancer*, he stated that the show \"was very expensive to produce and not really the type of show that MTV has been traditionally known for.\"{{cite book \\|last\\= Green \\|first\\= Tom \\|title\\= Hollywood Causes Cancer \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Crown Publishing Group\\|Crown Publishers]] \\|date\\= October 2004 \\|isbn\\= 1\\-4000\\-5271\\-8 \\|page\\= \\[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/249 249] \\|url\\-access\\= registration \\|url\\= https://archive.org/details/hollywoodcausesc00gree/page/249 }}", "" ]
### Post\-MTV (2004–present) #### Autobiography On October 12, 2004, Green released his autobiography,Green, Tom and Allen Rucker. *[Hollywood Causes Cancer](/wiki/Hollywood_Causes_Cancer "Hollywood Causes Cancer")*. {{ISBN\|1\-4000\-5277\-7}}. *Hollywood Causes Cancer: The Tom Green Story*. It discusses in detail his Hollywood career, short\-lived marriage to Drew Barrymore, and his experience dealing with testicular cancer. A notable incident discussed in the book involved Green on character\-based talk show *[Primetime Glick](/wiki/Primetime_Glick "Primetime Glick")* with [Jiminy Glick](/wiki/Jiminy_Glick "Jiminy Glick") (played by [Martin Short](/wiki/Martin_Short "Martin Short")). Green wrote that this un\-aired interview was the first time he walked off any show, and this was due in part to Short being "mean" and making fun of his testicle.{{cite web\|url\=http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/S/Short\_Martin/2005/04/14/996017\.html\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130120201630/http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/S/Short\_Martin/2005/04/14/996017\.html\|url\-status\=usurped\|archive\-date\=January 20, 2013\|title\=Tom Green picks fight with Martin Short\|publisher\=\[\[Canoe.ca]]\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012}} When Short brought up the incident in a 2005 interview, Green defended his stance on his online blog.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.hollywood.com/news/Tom\_Green\_Ends\_Feud\_with\_Martin\_Short/2440271\|title\=Tom Green Ends Feud with Martin Short – May 9, 2005\|publisher\=\[\[Hollywood.com]]\|access\-date\=December 10, 2012}} #### Rap career {{Infobox musical artist \|name \= Tom Green \|image \= \|caption \= Tom Green, 2006 \|image\_size \= \|background \= solo\_singer \|birth\_name \= Michael Thomas Green \|alias \= MC Face MC Bones \|birth\_date \= {{Birth date and age\|mf\=yes\|1971\|7\|30}} \|origin \= \[\[Pembroke, Ontario\|Pembroke]], \[\[Ontario]], \[\[Canada]] \|instrument \= \|genre \= \[\[Hip\-hop music\|Hip\-hop]] \|occupation \= Actor, comedian, rapper, talk show host \|years\_active \= 1992–present \|label \= Ceiling Fan Records \[\[ViK. Recordings]] \|associated\_acts \= \[\[Organized Rhyme]] }} In 2005, Green returned to rap and started the group, *The Keepin' it Real Crew*, featuring [DJ EZ Mike](/wiki/Michael_Simpson_%28producer%29 "Michael Simpson (producer)") of the [Dust Brothers](/wiki/Dust_Brothers "Dust Brothers"), where they did two Canadian live tours (June 2005 and January 2006\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20051121/green\_rap\_tour\_051121/\|title\=Tom Green to start hip hop tour in January\|publisher\=\[\[CTV Television Network\|CTV]]\|access\-date\=November 25, 2010}}{{dead link\|date\=July 2021\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} On December 6, 2005, Green released his second solo album in Canada entitled *[Prepare for Impact](/wiki/Prepare_for_Impact "Prepare for Impact")*, which included a bonus DVD featuring footage from his live tour. The album was also co\-produced by [Mike Simpson](/wiki/Michael_Simpson_%28producer%29 "Michael Simpson (producer)") of the Dust Brothers. The album included comedic tracks (such as "My Bum Is on Ya Lips" and "I'm an Idiot") as well as serious tracks where he rapped about his Hollywood career. He has performed with [Too Short](/wiki/Too_Short "Too Short"), [Flavor Flav](/wiki/Flavor_Flav "Flavor Flav"), [Grand Buffet](/wiki/Grand_Buffet "Grand Buffet"), [Mickey Avalon](/wiki/Mickey_Avalon "Mickey Avalon"), [People Under the Stairs](/wiki/People_Under_the_Stairs "People Under the Stairs"), [Xzibit](/wiki/Xzibit "Xzibit"), and other popular rap artists on his *[Tom Green Live](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live "Tom Green Live")* show. In January 2008, a second solo rap album titled *[Basement Jams](/wiki/Basement_Jams "Basement Jams")* was released in download\-only format on his website. In March 2009, on *[Last Call with Carson Daly](/wiki/Last_Call_with_Carson_Daly "Last Call with Carson Daly")*, Tom played a sample of his new song "It's Been A Long Time Coming." On his website, Green has stated intentions of releasing a new rap album in 2010 and talks about working with music producer [Detail](/wiki/Noel_%22Detail%22_Fisher "Noel "). In a February 2010 interview, Green mentioned an upcoming song entitled "Other Side Of The World" and stated that he was developing a television show following the progress of his first major American rap album. On a November 2010 answer to a fan question in the Forum section of tomgreen.com, Green said, "Expect some singles in the future. The album is dead, sadly." In July 2011, Green recorded and posted a 2011 remix of "Check The O.R." and re\-united Organized Rhyme at the Just For Laughs festival in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal"). In October 2011, [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network "The Comedy Network")'s website posted the group's new music video: "Check The O.R. Redux". On May 17, 2019, Green released his new album entitled *The Tom Green Show LP*, which featured his new song "I Wanna Be Friends With Drake".{{Cite web\|url\=https://madnesstocreation.net/2019/05/13/tom\-green\-shares\-i\-wanna\-be\-friends\-with\-drake\-video\-ahead\-of\-upcoming\-album/\|title \= TOM GREEN Shares "I Wanna be Friends with Drake" Video Ahead of Upcoming Album\|date \= May 14, 2019}} #### More mainstream In the 2000s, Green has tried to put some of his more controversial material behind him and become a more mainstream entertainer. Green was a recurring contributor to *[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno")*; doing many segments where he travels across America looking for "interesting people", typically bringing the most colourful person with him back to the studio. In these segments, the focus is more on the odd behavior of the interviewees, with Green generally playing the straight man. [thumb\|Green performing with the [USO](/wiki/USO "USO") in Afghanistan, 2011](/wiki/File:Tom_Green_and_the_Carpet_Frogs_Perform_in_Afghanistan_110308-A-UJ825-165.jpg "Tom Green and the Carpet Frogs Perform in Afghanistan 110308-A-UJ825-165.jpg") In 2003, Green visited troops in [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo") on a [USO](/wiki/USO "USO") tour. He visited troops in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf") on a 2004 tour. In early 2006, Green appeared in several commercials for the Canadian [Cable Public Affairs Channel](/wiki/CPAC_%28TV_channel%29 "CPAC (TV channel)") promoting both *The Channel* and encouraging voters to participate in the forthcoming federal elections, which took place on January 23, 2006\. During the [2006 Winter Olympic Games](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympic_Games "2006 Winter Olympic Games") in Torino, Green was a comedy correspondent for *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno* where he would scavenge the [Olympic village](/wiki/Olympic_village "Olympic village") alongside specific Olympic athletes for "free stuff", calling themselves the "Swag Pack".[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=DgC64Mue6qo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgC64Mue6qo) Brock Kreitzburg with Tom Green – Tonight Show skit Torino On August 3, 2006, Green appeared on *[America's Got Talent](/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent "America's Got Talent")*. Viewers watched as a daredevil rode a skateboard through a flaming hoop, appeared to be on fire for a few seconds, and was put out with extinguishers. It was confirmed on the August 3 episode of *[Tom Green Live](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live "Tom Green Live")* that it was a stunt man, not Green, who did the actual performance. Green has hosted a variety of special events, including the 2005 [Canada's Walk of Fame](/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame "Canada's Walk of Fame") induction ceremony, the [Canadian Live 8](/wiki/Live_8_concert%2C_Canada "Live 8 concert, Canada") concert, and the 2005 [CASBY Awards](/wiki/CASBY_Awards "CASBY Awards"). In November 2008, Green hosted an environmental game show on the [Discovery Planet Green](/wiki/Discovery_Planet_Green "Discovery Planet Green") television network titled *Go For The Green!*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.tomgreen.com/?video\=1249 \|title\=Behind the scene video \|publisher\=Tomgreen.com \|access\-date\=October 24, 2008}} Green has made several appearances as a celebrity contestant on the ABC reality game show *[Wanna Bet?](/wiki/Wanna_Bet%3F "Wanna Bet?")*, including the show's premiere episode in July 2008\. He was also a contestant on the 2009 season of *[The Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/The_Apprentice_%28American_TV_series%29 "The Apprentice (American TV series)")*.[Trump Rounds Up Celebs for New Season of the Apprentice](https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/01/08/arts/AP-TV-Celebrity-Apprentice.html?_r=1) NY Times, January 8, 2009 Throughout the season, each celebrity raised money for a charity of their choice; Green selected the "Butch Walts and Donald Skinner Urologic Cancer Research Foundation."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id\=20090108nbc01 \|title\=NBC Celebrity Apprentice 2 Press Release \|publisher\=Thefutoncritic.com \|date\=January 8, 2009 \|access\-date\=February 13, 2013}} He was fired by [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") on the third episode, while acting as [project manager](/wiki/Project_manager "Project manager"), primarily due to waking up late on the day of the task – he had been out drinking with [Dennis Rodman](/wiki/Dennis_Rodman "Dennis Rodman") the night before. On August 4, 2009, Green made an appearance on the American version of *[Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_%28American_season_6%29%23Episode_4 "Hell's Kitchen (American season 6)#Episode 4")* as a celebrity guest diner. In late 2009 and early 2010, he appeared on the first two seasons of *[For the Love of Ray J](/wiki/For_the_Love_of_Ray_J "For the Love of Ray J")* to judge the contestants on the show. On that show, Green has been credited for coining the popular catchphrase, "She smashed the homie." In July 2011, Green received mainstream attention from [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN") and various sources for his claims that he invented [planking](/wiki/Planking_%28fad%29 "Planking (fad)") in 1994\.{{cite web\|url\=http://articles.cnn.com/2011\-07\-13/entertainment/planking.roots\_1\_planking\-tom\-green\-cable\-tv\-show?\_s\=PM:SHOWBIZ\|title\=New clues in planking origins mystery\|publisher\=CNN.com\|access\-date\=September 3, 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010200602/http://articles.cnn.com/2011\-07\-13/entertainment/planking.roots\_1\_planking\-tom\-green\-cable\-tv\-show?\_s\=PM:SHOWBIZ\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tmz.com/2011/07/16/tom\-green\-harvey\-levin\-ice\-cream\-coning\-planking\-tmz\-on\-tv\-show\-piece\-clip\-video/\|title\=Tom Green – Screw Planking ... Go Coning!!! \|date\=July 16, 2011 \|publisher\=TMZ.com\|access\-date\=September 3, 2011}} Green writes columns for *[The Huffington Post](/wiki/The_Huffington_Post "The Huffington Post")*.{{source?\|date\=March 2024}} In 2013, Green released a [milk stout](/wiki/Milk_stout%23Milk_stout "Milk stout#Milk stout") beer by [Beau's All Natural Brewing Company](/wiki/Beau%27s_All_Natural_Brewing_Company "Beau's All Natural Brewing Company") called The Tom Green Beer.{{source?\|date\=March 2024}} #### Return to film and television In 2005, he starred in a children's TV movie, *[Bob the Butler](/wiki/Bob_the_Butler "Bob the Butler")*, and made guest appearances on various kid's shows. Since then, Green has been starring in low\-profile independent films such as the 2008 movies *[Shred](/wiki/Shred_%28film%29 "Shred (film)")* and *Freezer Burn: The Invasion of Laxdale*, and the 2009 movie *[Revenge of the Boarding School Dropouts](/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Boarding_School_Dropouts "Revenge of the Boarding School Dropouts")*. In February 2010, Green announced that he had finished editing an independent film titled **Prankstar**, which he also starred in, wrote and directed.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.avclub.com/chicago/articles/tom\-green\-dont\-call\-it\-a\-comeback,38110/\|title\=Tom Green Interview – Don't Call It A Comeback\|date\=February 17, 2010\|access\-date\=March 11, 2010\|publisher\=The A.V. Club}} In 2006, Elixir Films was producing *Prankstar* and had additional information of the film on their website.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.elixirfilms.com/index2\.html \|title\=Elixir Films' Prankstar \- Written, Directed, and Starring Tom Green \|publisher\= Elixir Films \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615014124/http://www.elixirfilms.com/index2\.html \|archivedate\=June 15, 2006 \|url\-status\=dead }} The film was shot in [Ottawa, Ontario](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Ontario "Ottawa, Ontario"), [Regina, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan "Regina, Saskatchewan") and [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California "Los Angeles, California"). During a February 2010 interview, Green stated that *Prankstar* has just been finished, that the release has been "in the can" and that he would figure out what to do with the film soon after his [stand\-up comedy](/wiki/Stand-up_comedy "Stand-up comedy") tour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.avclub.com/newyork/articles/tom\-green\-dont\-call\-it\-a\-comeback,38225/ \|title\=Tom Green Interview \- Don't Call It A Comeback \|date\=February 17, 2010 \|publisher\=\[\[The A.V. Club]] \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220230946/http://www.avclub.com/newyork/articles/tom\-green\-dont\-call\-it\-a\-comeback%2C38225/ \|archivedate\=February 20, 2010 }} On February 17, 2010, on Green's website TomGreen.com, in reply to a fan question asking when *Prankstar* would be released, Green wrote, "Stay tuned! It's the craziest movie I have ever made!!"{{cite web \|url\=http://www.tomgreen.com/mail.php \|title\=TomGreen.com \- The Channel \- Forum \|date\=February 17, 2010 \|publisher\= TomGreen.com \- The Channel \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218155445/http://www.tomgreen.com/mail.php \|archive\-date\=February 18, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} Since then, no updates have been released. Green was on the March 21, 2013, episode of *[Workaholics](/wiki/Workaholics "Workaholics")* and the March 25, 2013, episode of Canadian television series *[Seed](/wiki/Seed_%28TV_Series%29 "Seed (TV Series)")*. He was also in the 2014 *[Trailer Park Boys 3: Don't Legalize It](/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys_3:Don%27t_Legalize_It "Don't Legalize It")* movie. Green has also made many appearances on the Canadian revival of the game show *Match Game*. On January 13, 2019, it was announced Tom would be a houseguest in the [second American season](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_2_%28American_season%29 "Celebrity Big Brother 2 (American season)") of the reality show competition *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28American_TV_series%29 "Celebrity Big Brother (American TV series)")*. He was evicted by a 3–0 vote on February 8, 2019\. He was voted as America's Favorite Houseguest and won $25,000\.
[ "### Post\\-MTV (2004–present)", "#### Autobiography", "On October 12, 2004, Green released his autobiography,Green, Tom and Allen Rucker. *[Hollywood Causes Cancer](/wiki/Hollywood_Causes_Cancer \"Hollywood Causes Cancer\")*. {{ISBN\\|1\\-4000\\-5277\\-7}}. *Hollywood Causes Cancer: The Tom Green Story*. It discusses in detail his Hollywood career, short\\-lived marriage to Drew Barrymore, and his experience dealing with testicular cancer.", "A notable incident discussed in the book involved Green on character\\-based talk show *[Primetime Glick](/wiki/Primetime_Glick \"Primetime Glick\")* with [Jiminy Glick](/wiki/Jiminy_Glick \"Jiminy Glick\") (played by [Martin Short](/wiki/Martin_Short \"Martin Short\")). Green wrote that this un\\-aired interview was the first time he walked off any show, and this was due in part to Short being \"mean\" and making fun of his testicle.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/S/Short\\_Martin/2005/04/14/996017\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130120201630/http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/S/Short\\_Martin/2005/04/14/996017\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=usurped\\|archive\\-date\\=January 20, 2013\\|title\\=Tom Green picks fight with Martin Short\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Canoe.ca]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012}} When Short brought up the incident in a 2005 interview, Green defended his stance on his online blog.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.hollywood.com/news/Tom\\_Green\\_Ends\\_Feud\\_with\\_Martin\\_Short/2440271\\|title\\=Tom Green Ends Feud with Martin Short – May 9, 2005\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hollywood.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2012}}", "#### Rap career", "{{Infobox musical artist\n\\|name \\= Tom Green\n\\|image \\=\n\\|caption \\= Tom Green, 2006\n\\|image\\_size \\=\n\\|background \\= solo\\_singer\n\\|birth\\_name \\= Michael Thomas Green\n\\|alias \\= MC Face \nMC Bones\n\\|birth\\_date \\= {{Birth date and age\\|mf\\=yes\\|1971\\|7\\|30}}\n\\|origin \\= \\[\\[Pembroke, Ontario\\|Pembroke]], \\[\\[Ontario]], \\[\\[Canada]]\n\\|instrument \\=\n\\|genre \\= \\[\\[Hip\\-hop music\\|Hip\\-hop]]\n\\|occupation \\= Actor, comedian, rapper, talk show host\n\\|years\\_active \\= 1992–present\n\\|label \\= Ceiling Fan Records \n\\[\\[ViK. Recordings]]\n\\|associated\\_acts \\= \\[\\[Organized Rhyme]]\n}}", "In 2005, Green returned to rap and started the group, *The Keepin' it Real Crew*, featuring [DJ EZ Mike](/wiki/Michael_Simpson_%28producer%29 \"Michael Simpson (producer)\") of the [Dust Brothers](/wiki/Dust_Brothers \"Dust Brothers\"), where they did two Canadian live tours (June 2005 and January 2006\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Entertainment/20051121/green\\_rap\\_tour\\_051121/\\|title\\=Tom Green to start hip hop tour in January\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CTV Television Network\\|CTV]]\\|access\\-date\\=November 25, 2010}}{{dead link\\|date\\=July 2021\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} On December 6, 2005, Green released his second solo album in Canada entitled *[Prepare for Impact](/wiki/Prepare_for_Impact \"Prepare for Impact\")*, which included a bonus DVD featuring footage from his live tour. The album was also co\\-produced by [Mike Simpson](/wiki/Michael_Simpson_%28producer%29 \"Michael Simpson (producer)\") of the Dust Brothers. The album included comedic tracks (such as \"My Bum Is on Ya Lips\" and \"I'm an Idiot\") as well as serious tracks where he rapped about his Hollywood career.", "He has performed with [Too Short](/wiki/Too_Short \"Too Short\"), [Flavor Flav](/wiki/Flavor_Flav \"Flavor Flav\"), [Grand Buffet](/wiki/Grand_Buffet \"Grand Buffet\"), [Mickey Avalon](/wiki/Mickey_Avalon \"Mickey Avalon\"), [People Under the Stairs](/wiki/People_Under_the_Stairs \"People Under the Stairs\"), [Xzibit](/wiki/Xzibit \"Xzibit\"), and other popular rap artists on his *[Tom Green Live](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live \"Tom Green Live\")* show. In January 2008, a second solo rap album titled *[Basement Jams](/wiki/Basement_Jams \"Basement Jams\")* was released in download\\-only format on his website.", "In March 2009, on *[Last Call with Carson Daly](/wiki/Last_Call_with_Carson_Daly \"Last Call with Carson Daly\")*, Tom played a sample of his new song \"It's Been A Long Time Coming.\" On his website, Green has stated intentions of releasing a new rap album in 2010 and talks about working with music producer [Detail](/wiki/Noel_%22Detail%22_Fisher \"Noel \"). In a February 2010 interview, Green mentioned an upcoming song entitled \"Other Side Of The World\" and stated that he was developing a television show following the progress of his first major American rap album. On a November 2010 answer to a fan question in the Forum section of tomgreen.com, Green said, \"Expect some singles in the future. The album is dead, sadly.\"", "In July 2011, Green recorded and posted a 2011 remix of \"Check The O.R.\" and re\\-united Organized Rhyme at the Just For Laughs festival in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"). In October 2011, [The Comedy Network](/wiki/The_Comedy_Network \"The Comedy Network\")'s website posted the group's new music video: \"Check The O.R. Redux\".", "On May 17, 2019, Green released his new album entitled *The Tom Green Show LP*, which featured his new song \"I Wanna Be Friends With Drake\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://madnesstocreation.net/2019/05/13/tom\\-green\\-shares\\-i\\-wanna\\-be\\-friends\\-with\\-drake\\-video\\-ahead\\-of\\-upcoming\\-album/\\|title \\= TOM GREEN Shares \"I Wanna be Friends with Drake\" Video Ahead of Upcoming Album\\|date \\= May 14, 2019}}", "#### More mainstream", "In the 2000s, Green has tried to put some of his more controversial material behind him and become a more mainstream entertainer. Green was a recurring contributor to *[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno](/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\")*; doing many segments where he travels across America looking for \"interesting people\", typically bringing the most colourful person with him back to the studio. In these segments, the focus is more on the odd behavior of the interviewees, with Green generally playing the straight man.", "[thumb\\|Green performing with the [USO](/wiki/USO \"USO\") in Afghanistan, 2011](/wiki/File:Tom_Green_and_the_Carpet_Frogs_Perform_in_Afghanistan_110308-A-UJ825-165.jpg \"Tom Green and the Carpet Frogs Perform in Afghanistan 110308-A-UJ825-165.jpg\")\nIn 2003, Green visited troops in [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\") on a [USO](/wiki/USO \"USO\") tour. He visited troops in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\") on a 2004 tour. In early 2006, Green appeared in several commercials for the Canadian [Cable Public Affairs Channel](/wiki/CPAC_%28TV_channel%29 \"CPAC (TV channel)\") promoting both *The Channel* and encouraging voters to participate in the forthcoming federal elections, which took place on January 23, 2006\\.", "During the [2006 Winter Olympic Games](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympic_Games \"2006 Winter Olympic Games\") in Torino, Green was a comedy correspondent for *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno* where he would scavenge the [Olympic village](/wiki/Olympic_village \"Olympic village\") alongside specific Olympic athletes for \"free stuff\", calling themselves the \"Swag Pack\".[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=DgC64Mue6qo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgC64Mue6qo) Brock Kreitzburg with Tom Green – Tonight Show skit Torino", "On August 3, 2006, Green appeared on *[America's Got Talent](/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent \"America's Got Talent\")*. Viewers watched as a daredevil rode a skateboard through a flaming hoop, appeared to be on fire for a few seconds, and was put out with extinguishers. It was confirmed on the August 3 episode of *[Tom Green Live](/wiki/Tom_Green_Live \"Tom Green Live\")* that it was a stunt man, not Green, who did the actual performance.", "Green has hosted a variety of special events, including the 2005 [Canada's Walk of Fame](/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame \"Canada's Walk of Fame\") induction ceremony, the [Canadian Live 8](/wiki/Live_8_concert%2C_Canada \"Live 8 concert, Canada\") concert, and the 2005 [CASBY Awards](/wiki/CASBY_Awards \"CASBY Awards\"). In November 2008, Green hosted an environmental game show on the [Discovery Planet Green](/wiki/Discovery_Planet_Green \"Discovery Planet Green\") television network titled *Go For The Green!*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.tomgreen.com/?video\\=1249 \\|title\\=Behind the scene video \\|publisher\\=Tomgreen.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 24, 2008}}", "Green has made several appearances as a celebrity contestant on the ABC reality game show *[Wanna Bet?](/wiki/Wanna_Bet%3F \"Wanna Bet?\")*, including the show's premiere episode in July 2008\\. He was also a contestant on the 2009 season of *[The Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/The_Apprentice_%28American_TV_series%29 \"The Apprentice (American TV series)\")*.[Trump Rounds Up Celebs for New Season of the Apprentice](https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/01/08/arts/AP-TV-Celebrity-Apprentice.html?_r=1) NY Times, January 8, 2009 Throughout the season, each celebrity raised money for a charity of their choice; Green selected the \"Butch Walts and Donald Skinner Urologic Cancer Research Foundation.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id\\=20090108nbc01 \\|title\\=NBC Celebrity Apprentice 2 Press Release \\|publisher\\=Thefutoncritic.com \\|date\\=January 8, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=February 13, 2013}} He was fired by [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") on the third episode, while acting as [project manager](/wiki/Project_manager \"Project manager\"), primarily due to waking up late on the day of the task – he had been out drinking with [Dennis Rodman](/wiki/Dennis_Rodman \"Dennis Rodman\") the night before. On August 4, 2009, Green made an appearance on the American version of *[Hell's Kitchen](/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_%28American_season_6%29%23Episode_4 \"Hell's Kitchen (American season 6)#Episode 4\")* as a celebrity guest diner. In late 2009 and early 2010, he appeared on the first two seasons of *[For the Love of Ray J](/wiki/For_the_Love_of_Ray_J \"For the Love of Ray J\")* to judge the contestants on the show. On that show, Green has been credited for coining the popular catchphrase, \"She smashed the homie.\"", "In July 2011, Green received mainstream attention from [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\") and various sources for his claims that he invented [planking](/wiki/Planking_%28fad%29 \"Planking (fad)\") in 1994\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://articles.cnn.com/2011\\-07\\-13/entertainment/planking.roots\\_1\\_planking\\-tom\\-green\\-cable\\-tv\\-show?\\_s\\=PM:SHOWBIZ\\|title\\=New clues in planking origins mystery\\|publisher\\=CNN.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010200602/http://articles.cnn.com/2011\\-07\\-13/entertainment/planking.roots\\_1\\_planking\\-tom\\-green\\-cable\\-tv\\-show?\\_s\\=PM:SHOWBIZ\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tmz.com/2011/07/16/tom\\-green\\-harvey\\-levin\\-ice\\-cream\\-coning\\-planking\\-tmz\\-on\\-tv\\-show\\-piece\\-clip\\-video/\\|title\\=Tom Green – Screw Planking ... Go Coning!!! \\|date\\=July 16, 2011 \\|publisher\\=TMZ.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 3, 2011}}", "Green writes columns for *[The Huffington Post](/wiki/The_Huffington_Post \"The Huffington Post\")*.{{source?\\|date\\=March 2024}}", "In 2013, Green released a [milk stout](/wiki/Milk_stout%23Milk_stout \"Milk stout#Milk stout\") beer by [Beau's All Natural Brewing Company](/wiki/Beau%27s_All_Natural_Brewing_Company \"Beau's All Natural Brewing Company\") called The Tom Green Beer.{{source?\\|date\\=March 2024}}", "#### Return to film and television", "In 2005, he starred in a children's TV movie, *[Bob the Butler](/wiki/Bob_the_Butler \"Bob the Butler\")*, and made guest appearances on various kid's shows. Since then, Green has been starring in low\\-profile independent films such as the 2008 movies *[Shred](/wiki/Shred_%28film%29 \"Shred (film)\")* and *Freezer Burn: The Invasion of Laxdale*, and the 2009 movie *[Revenge of the Boarding School Dropouts](/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Boarding_School_Dropouts \"Revenge of the Boarding School Dropouts\")*.", "In February 2010, Green announced that he had finished editing an independent film titled **Prankstar**, which he also starred in, wrote and directed.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.avclub.com/chicago/articles/tom\\-green\\-dont\\-call\\-it\\-a\\-comeback,38110/\\|title\\=Tom Green Interview – Don't Call It A Comeback\\|date\\=February 17, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=March 11, 2010\\|publisher\\=The A.V. Club}} In 2006, Elixir Films was producing *Prankstar* and had additional information of the film on their website.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.elixirfilms.com/index2\\.html \\|title\\=Elixir Films' Prankstar \\- Written, Directed, and Starring Tom Green \\|publisher\\= Elixir Films \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615014124/http://www.elixirfilms.com/index2\\.html \\|archivedate\\=June 15, 2006 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The film was shot in [Ottawa, Ontario](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Ontario \"Ottawa, Ontario\"), [Regina, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Regina%2C_Saskatchewan \"Regina, Saskatchewan\") and [Los Angeles, California](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\"). During a February 2010 interview, Green stated that *Prankstar* has just been finished, that the release has been \"in the can\" and that he would figure out what to do with the film soon after his [stand\\-up comedy](/wiki/Stand-up_comedy \"Stand-up comedy\") tour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.avclub.com/newyork/articles/tom\\-green\\-dont\\-call\\-it\\-a\\-comeback,38225/ \\|title\\=Tom Green Interview \\- Don't Call It A Comeback \\|date\\=February 17, 2010 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The A.V. Club]] \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220230946/http://www.avclub.com/newyork/articles/tom\\-green\\-dont\\-call\\-it\\-a\\-comeback%2C38225/ \\|archivedate\\=February 20, 2010 }} On February 17, 2010, on Green's website TomGreen.com, in reply to a fan question asking when *Prankstar* would be released, Green wrote, \"Stay tuned! It's the craziest movie I have ever made!!\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.tomgreen.com/mail.php \\|title\\=TomGreen.com \\- The Channel \\- Forum \\|date\\=February 17, 2010 \\|publisher\\= TomGreen.com \\- The Channel \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218155445/http://www.tomgreen.com/mail.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 18, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Since then, no updates have been released.", "Green was on the March 21, 2013, episode of *[Workaholics](/wiki/Workaholics \"Workaholics\")* and the March 25, 2013, episode of Canadian television series *[Seed](/wiki/Seed_%28TV_Series%29 \"Seed (TV Series)\")*. He was also in the 2014 *[Trailer Park Boys 3: Don't Legalize It](/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys_3:Don%27t_Legalize_It \"Don't Legalize It\")* movie. Green has also made many appearances on the Canadian revival of the game show *Match Game*.", "On January 13, 2019, it was announced Tom would be a houseguest in the [second American season](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_2_%28American_season%29 \"Celebrity Big Brother 2 (American season)\") of the reality show competition *[Celebrity Big Brother](/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Celebrity Big Brother (American TV series)\")*. He was evicted by a 3–0 vote on February 8, 2019\\. He was voted as America's Favorite Houseguest and won $25,000\\.", "" ]
Cup Series ---------- ### Car No. 42 history In 1985, Curb fielded a second car at the [Atlanta Motor Speedway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway "Atlanta Motor Speedway"). [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva "Tom Sneva") drove an unsponsored No. 42 Pontiac, finishing 32nd after an engine failure. It was the only time Curb would field two cars in a Cup Series race. ### Car No. 42 results | Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | {{Tooltip\|Owners\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [1985](/wiki/1985_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1985 NASCAR Winston Cup Series") | [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva "Tom Sneva") | 42 | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)") | [DAY](/wiki/1985_Daytona_500 "1985 Daytona 500"){{small\|DNQ}} | [RCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Spring_Richmond%29 "Miller High Life 400 (Spring Richmond)") | [CAR](/wiki/Carolina_500 "Carolina 500") | [ATL](/wiki/Coca-Cola_500_%28Atlanta%29 "Coca-Cola 500 (Atlanta)"){{small\|32}} | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_500 "Valleydale 500") | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 "TranSouth 500") | [NWS](/wiki/Northwestern_Bank_400 "Northwestern Bank 400") | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 "Sovran Bank 500") | [TAL](/wiki/1985_Winston_500 "1985 Winston 500") | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 "Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)") | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_World_600 "Coca-Cola World 600") | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 "Budweiser 400") | [POC](/wiki/1985_Van_Scoy_Diamond_Mine_500 "1985 Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500") | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_400_%28Michigan%29 "Miller 400 (Michigan)") | [DAY](/wiki/Pepsi_Firecracker_400 "Pepsi Firecracker 400") | [POC](/wiki/1985_Summer_500 "1985 Summer 500") | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_500_%28Fall_Race%29 "Talladega 500 (Fall Race)") | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 "Champion Spark Plug 400") | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 "Busch 500") | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950%E2%80%932004%29 "Southern 500 (1950–2004)") | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Sanfor-Set_400 "Wrangler Sanfor-Set 400") | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 "Delaware 500") | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 "Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)") | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 "Holly Farms 400") | [CLT](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Charlotte%29 "Miller High Life 500 (Charlotte)") | [CAR](/wiki/Nationwise_500 "Nationwise 500") | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 "Atlanta Journal 500") | [RSD](/wiki/1985_Winston_Western_500 "1985 Winston Western 500") | N/A | 0 | ### Car No. 43 history The team was founded as **Curb Racing** in [1984](/wiki/1984_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1984 NASCAR Winston Cup Series"), running [Pontiacs](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)") in NASCAR's premier series, the [Winston Cup Series](/wiki/Winston_Cup_Series "Winston Cup Series"). Seven\-time Cup champion [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") drove the car, with Petty bringing his STP sponsorship and the No. 43 with him from [Petty Enterprises](/wiki/Petty_Enterprises "Petty Enterprises"). Buddy Parrott was the crew chief. In his first season with Curb, Petty scored two wins, including the [Firecracker 400](/wiki/Coke_Zero_400 "Coke Zero 400") for his 200th and final career win. Petty finished tenth in the final championship standings.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.racing\-reference.info/owner/Mike\_Curb\|title\=Owner}} Petty returned in [1985](/wiki/1985_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1985 NASCAR Winston Cup Series"), with new crew chief Mike Beam. Petty posted 13 top\-10 finishes, but had only one top\-5 and posted 12 DNFs. In 1986, Petty and STP left Curb to rejoin [Petty Enterprises](/wiki/Petty_Enterprises "Petty Enterprises"). Petty took the No. 43 with him, thus Curb switched to No. 98\. ### Car No. 43 results | Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | {{Tooltip\|Owners\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [1984](/wiki/1984_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1984 NASCAR Winston Cup Series") | [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") | 43 | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)") | [DAY](/wiki/1984_Daytona_500 "1984 Daytona 500")31 | [RCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Spring_Richmond%29 "Miller High Life 400 (Spring Richmond)")15 | [CAR](/wiki/Warner_W._Hodgdon_Carolina_500 "Warner W. Hodgdon Carolina 500")4 | [ATL](/wiki/Coca-Cola_500_%28Atlanta%29 "Coca-Cola 500 (Atlanta)")4 | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_500 "Valleydale 500")8 | [NWS](/wiki/Northwestern_Bank_400 "Northwestern Bank 400")12 | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 "TranSouth 500")7 | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 "Sovran Bank 500")12 | [TAL](/wiki/1984_Winston_500 "1984 Winston 500")6 | [NSV](/wiki/Coors_420 "Coors 420")7 | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 "Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)")1 | [CLT](/wiki/1984_World_600 "1984 World 600")34 | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 "Budweiser 400")23 | [POC](/wiki/Van_Scoy_Diamond_Mine_500 "Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500")13 | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Michigan%29 "Miller High Life 400 (Michigan)")34 | [DAY](/wiki/1984_Firecracker_400 "1984 Firecracker 400")1 | [NSV](/wiki/Pepsi_420 "Pepsi 420")25 | [POC](/wiki/Like_Cola_500 "Like Cola 500")27 | [TAL](/wiki/1984_Talladega_500 "1984 Talladega 500")23 | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 "Champion Spark Plug 400")9 | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 "Busch 500")17 | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950%E2%80%932004%29 "Southern 500 (1950–2004)")29 | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Sanfor-Set_400 "Wrangler Sanfor-Set 400")5 | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 "Delaware 500")37 | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 "Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)")8 | [CLT](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Charlotte%29 "Miller High Life 500 (Charlotte)")9 | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 "Holly Farms 400")18 | [CAR](/wiki/Warner_W._Hodgdon_American_500 "Warner W. Hodgdon American 500")15 | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 "Atlanta Journal 500")8 | [RSD](/wiki/Winston_Western_500 "Winston Western 500")14 | 10th | 3643 | | [1985](/wiki/1985_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1985 NASCAR Winston Cup Series") | [DAY](/wiki/1985_Daytona_500 "1985 Daytona 500")34 | [RCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Spring_Richmond%29 "Miller High Life 400 (Spring Richmond)")26 | [CAR](/wiki/Carolina_500 "Carolina 500")8 | [ATL](/wiki/Coca-Cola_500_%28Atlanta%29 "Coca-Cola 500 (Atlanta)")13 | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_500 "Valleydale 500")8 | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 "TranSouth 500")33 | [NWS](/wiki/Northwestern_Bank_400 "Northwestern Bank 400")21 | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 "Sovran Bank 500")7 | [TAL](/wiki/1985_Winston_500 "1985 Winston 500")27 | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 "Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)")7 | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_World_600 "Coca-Cola World 600")26 | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 "Budweiser 400")7 | [POC](/wiki/1985_Van_Scoy_Diamond_Mine_500 "1985 Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500")33 | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_400_%28Michigan%29 "Miller 400 (Michigan)")30 | [DAY](/wiki/Pepsi_Firecracker_400 "Pepsi Firecracker 400")29 | [POC](/wiki/1985_Summer_500 "1985 Summer 500")27 | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_500_%28Fall_Race%29 "Talladega 500 (Fall Race)")6 | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 "Champion Spark Plug 400")37 | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 "Busch 500")8 | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950%E2%80%932004%29 "Southern 500 (1950–2004)")12 | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Sanfor-Set_400 "Wrangler Sanfor-Set 400")3 | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 "Delaware 500")9 | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 "Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)")22 | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 "Holly Farms 400")8 | [CLT](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Charlotte%29 "Miller High Life 500 (Charlotte)")10 | [CAR](/wiki/Nationwise_500 "Nationwise 500")33 | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 "Atlanta Journal 500")10 | [RSD](/wiki/1985_Winston_Western_500 "1985 Winston Western 500")8 | | | 14th | 3140 | ### Car No. 98 history In [1986](/wiki/1986_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series"), the No. 43 Pontiac switched to No. 98 and reduced to part\-time, and [Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard "Ron Bouchard") became Curb's new driver. [Valvoline](/wiki/Valvoline "Valvoline") replaced STP as the sponsor, and Beam remained crew chief. The No. 98 ran 18 races, Bouchard ran 17 and had top\-ten finishes at the [Daytona 500](/wiki/Daytona_500 "Daytona 500") and [Winston 500](/wiki/Aaron%27s_499 "Aaron's 499"), but struggled with engine problems during the second half of the season. Bouchard also ran a [Buick](/wiki/Buick "Buick") at [Rockingham Speedway](/wiki/Rockingham_Speedway "Rockingham Speedway"). [Dale Jarrett](/wiki/Dale_Jarrett "Dale Jarrett") drove the No. 98 at [Bristol Motor Speedway](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway "Bristol Motor Speedway"), bringing [Busch](/wiki/Anheuser-Busch "Anheuser-Busch") sponsorship, starting 28th and finishing 29th. In [1987](/wiki/1987_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1987 NASCAR Winston Cup Series"), the team lost Valvoline as a sponsor and Bouchard left the team. The team switched to Buick, and [Ed Pimm](/wiki/Ed_Pimm "Ed Pimm") entered four races; missing the Daytona 500 in an unsponsored ride, but making the three remaining attempts: at Talladega in an unsponsored entry, Daytona in July with sponsor CP\-1 Oil Boosters, and the season finale at Atlanta with [Sunoco](/wiki/Sunoco "Sunoco"), which also signed on to be the car's sponsor the following year. Pimm did not finish any of those races, and only managed a best finish of 27th. [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger "Brad Noffsinger") attempted the fall race at Riverside, but failed to qualify. In [1988](/wiki/1988_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series"), the No. 98 Buick returned to full time as [Sunoco](/wiki/Sunoco "Sunoco") became the team's new sponsor. Pimm qualified for two out of the first three races of the season but was replaced by rookie Brad Noffsinger. Noffsinger finished 14th at his series debut in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway "Atlanta Motor Speedway") in the spring, however, it would be his best finish of the season. Noffsinger failed to qualify for 8 races, while the No. 98 failed to finish 7 additional times. The team did not enter the road course race at Riverside. Noffsinger finished 38th in points, Sunoco left the team, and the team shut down. Following the sale of his Busch/Nationwide Series operation in 2011, Curb partnered with [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing"), with Curb sponsoring and being listed as the owner for [Austin Dillon](/wiki/Austin_Dillon "Austin Dillon")'s No. 98 RCR\-prepared Chevrolet. Curb used the space to promote the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration. ### Car No. 98 results | Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | {{Tooltip\|Owners\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [1986](/wiki/1986_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series") | [Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard "Ron Bouchard") | 98 | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)") | [DAY](/wiki/1986_Daytona_500 "1986 Daytona 500")6 | [RCH](/wiki/1986_Miller_High_Life_400 "1986 Miller High Life 400")18 | | [ATL](/wiki/Motorcraft_500 "Motorcraft 500")40 | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_500 "Valleydale 500")25 | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 "TranSouth 500")37 | [NWS](/wiki/First_Union_400 "First Union 400")17 | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 "Sovran Bank 500") | [TAL](/wiki/1986_Winston_500 "1986 Winston 500")9 | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 "Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)")27 | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_600 "Coca-Cola 600")19 | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 "Budweiser 400") | [POC](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Pocono%29 "Miller High Life 500 (Pocono)")12 | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_American_400 "Miller American 400")36 | [DAY](/wiki/1986_Firecracker_400 "1986 Firecracker 400")41 | [POC](/wiki/Summer_500 "Summer 500") | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_500_%28Fall_Race%29 "Talladega 500 (Fall Race)")17 | [GLN](/wiki/The_Budweiser_At_The_Glen "The Budweiser At The Glen") | [MCH](/wiki/1986_Champion_Spark_Plug_400 "1986 Champion Spark Plug 400") | | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950-2004%29 "Southern 500 (1950-2004)")30 | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Jeans_Indigo_400 "Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400") | [DOV](/wiki/1986_Delaware_500 "1986 Delaware 500") | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 "Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)") | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 "Holly Farms 400") | [CLT](/wiki/Oakwood_Homes_500 "Oakwood Homes 500")21 | [CAR](/wiki/Nationwise_500 "Nationwise 500") | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 "Atlanta Journal 500")42 | [RSD](/wiki/Winston_Western_500 "Winston Western 500") | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [Buick](/wiki/Buick "Buick") | | | [CAR](/wiki/1986_Goodwrench_500 "1986 Goodwrench 500")13 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Dale Jarrett](/wiki/Dale_Jarrett "Dale Jarrett") | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 "Busch 500")29 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [1987](/wiki/1987_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1987 NASCAR Winston Cup Series") | [Ed Pimm](/wiki/Ed_Pimm "Ed Pimm") | [Buick](/wiki/Buick "Buick") | [DAY](/wiki/1987_Daytona_500 "1987 Daytona 500")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/Goodwrench_500 "Goodwrench 500") | [RCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Spring_Richmond%29 "Miller High Life 400 (Spring Richmond)") | [ATL](/wiki/Motorcraft_Quality_Parts_500 "Motorcraft Quality Parts 500") | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 "TranSouth 500") | [NWS](/wiki/First_Union_400 "First Union 400") | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_Meats_500 "Valleydale Meats 500") | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 "Sovran Bank 500") | [TAL](/wiki/1987_Winston_500 "1987 Winston 500")27 | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_600 "Coca-Cola 600") | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 "Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)") | [POC](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Pocono%29 "Miller High Life 500 (Pocono)") | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 "Budweiser 400") | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_American_400 "Miller American 400") | [DAY](/wiki/Pepsi_Firecracker_400 "Pepsi Firecracker 400")34 | [POC](/wiki/Summer_500 "Summer 500") | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_500_%28Fall_Race%29 "Talladega 500 (Fall Race)") | [GLN](/wiki/The_Budweiser_At_The_Glen "The Budweiser At The Glen") | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 "Champion Spark Plug 400") | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 "Busch 500") | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950-2004%29 "Southern 500 (1950-2004)") | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Jeans_Indigo_400 "Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400") | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 "Delaware 500") | [MAR](/wiki/1987_Goody%27s_500 "1987 Goody's 500") | [NWS](/wiki/1987_Holly_Farms_400 "1987 Holly Farms 400") | [CLT](/wiki/Oakwood_Homes_500 "Oakwood Homes 500") | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_500 "AC Delco 500") | | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 "Atlanta Journal 500")42 | | | | | | | | N/A | 185 | | [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger "Brad Noffsinger") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RSD](/wiki/1987_Winston_Western_500 "1987 Winston Western 500")DNQ | | | | | | | | | | [1988](/wiki/1988_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series "1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series") | [Ed Pimm](/wiki/Ed_Pimm "Ed Pimm") | [Buick](/wiki/Buick "Buick") | [DAY](/wiki/1988_Daytona_500 "1988 Daytona 500")24 | [RCH](/wiki/Pontiac_Excitement_400 "Pontiac Excitement 400")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/Goodwrench_500 "Goodwrench 500")34 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | 1468 | | [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger "Brad Noffsinger") | | | | [ATL](/wiki/1988_Motorcraft_Quality_Parts_500 "1988 Motorcraft Quality Parts 500")14 | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 "TranSouth 500")36 | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_Meats_500 "Valleydale Meats 500")DNQ | [NWS](/wiki/First_Union_400 "First Union 400")DNQ | [MAR](/wiki/1988_Pannill_Sweatshirts_500 "1988 Pannill Sweatshirts 500")21 | [TAL](/wiki/Winston_500_%28Spring%29 "Winston 500 (Spring)")25 | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_600 "Coca-Cola 600")33 | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 "Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)")24 | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 "Budweiser 400") | [POC](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Pocono%29 "Miller High Life 500 (Pocono)")19 | [MCH](/wiki/1988_Miller_High_Life_400_%28June%29 "1988 Miller High Life 400 (June)")20 | [DAY](/wiki/Pepsi_Firecracker_400 "Pepsi Firecracker 400")DNQ | [POC](/wiki/AC_Spark_Plug_500 "AC Spark Plug 500")19 | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_DieHard_500 "Talladega DieHard 500")22 | [GLN](/wiki/The_Budweiser_At_The_Glen "The Budweiser At The Glen")15 | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 "Champion Spark Plug 400")26 | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 "Busch 500")32 | [DAR](/wiki/1988_Southern_500 "1988 Southern 500")DNQ | [RCH](/wiki/1988_Miller_High_Life_400_%28September%29 "1988 Miller High Life 400 (September)")DNQ | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 "Delaware 500")34 | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 "Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)")DNQ | [CLT](/wiki/Oakwood_Homes_500 "Oakwood Homes 500")DNQ | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 "Holly Farms 400")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_500 "AC Delco 500")37 | [PHO](/wiki/Checker_500 "Checker 500")26 | [ATL](/wiki/1988_Atlanta_Journal_500 "1988 Atlanta Journal 500")26 | | | | | | | | | [2011](/wiki/2011_NASCAR_Sprint_Cup_Series "2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series") | [Austin Dillon](/wiki/Austin_Dillon "Austin Dillon") | 98 | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | [DAY](/wiki/2011_Daytona_500 "2011 Daytona 500") | [PHO](/wiki/2011_Subway_Fresh_Fit_500 "2011 Subway Fresh Fit 500") | [LVS](/wiki/2011_Kobalt_Tools_400 "2011 Kobalt Tools 400") | [BRI](/wiki/2011_Jeff_Byrd_500 "2011 Jeff Byrd 500") | [CAL](/wiki/2011_Auto_Club_400 "2011 Auto Club 400") | [MAR](/wiki/2011_Goody%27s_Fast_Relief_500 "2011 Goody's Fast Relief 500") | [TEX](/wiki/2011_Samsung_Mobile_500 "2011 Samsung Mobile 500") | [TAL](/wiki/2011_Aaron%27s_499 "2011 Aaron's 499") | [RCH](/wiki/2011_Crown_Royal_Presents_the_Matthew_and_Daniel_Hansen_400 "2011 Crown Royal Presents the Matthew and Daniel Hansen 400") | [DAR](/wiki/2011_Showtime_Southern_500 "2011 Showtime Southern 500") | [DOV](/wiki/2011_FedEx_400 "2011 FedEx 400") | [CLT](/wiki/2011_Coca-Cola_600 "2011 Coca-Cola 600") | [KAN](/wiki/2011_STP_400 "2011 STP 400") | [POC](/wiki/2011_5-hour_Energy_500 "2011 5-hour Energy 500") | [MCH](/wiki/2011_Heluva_Good%21_Sour_Cream_Dips_400 "2011 Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips 400") | [SON](/wiki/2011_Toyota/Save_Mart_350 "2011 Toyota/Save Mart 350") | [DAY](/wiki/2011_Coke_Zero_400 "2011 Coke Zero 400") | [KEN](/wiki/2011_Quaker_State_400 "2011 Quaker State 400") | [NHA](/wiki/2011_Lenox_Industrial_Tools_301 "2011 Lenox Industrial Tools 301") | [IND](/wiki/2011_Brickyard_400 "2011 Brickyard 400") | [POC](/wiki/2011_Good_Sam_RV_Insurance_500 "2011 Good Sam RV Insurance 500") | [GLN](/wiki/2011_Heluva_Good%21_Sour_Cream_Dips_at_The_Glen "2011 Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips at The Glen") | [MCH](/wiki/2011_Pure_Michigan_400 "2011 Pure Michigan 400") | [BRI](/wiki/2011_Irwin_Tools_Night_Race "2011 Irwin Tools Night Race") | [ATL](/wiki/2011_AdvoCare_500 "2011 AdvoCare 500") | [RCH](/wiki/2011_Wonderful_Pistachios_400 "2011 Wonderful Pistachios 400") | [CHI](/wiki/2011_GEICO_400 "2011 GEICO 400") | [NHA](/wiki/2011_Sylvania_300 "2011 Sylvania 300") | [DOV](/wiki/2011_AAA_400 "2011 AAA 400") | [KAN](/wiki/2011_Hollywood_Casino_400 "2011 Hollywood Casino 400")26 | [CLT](/wiki/2011_Bank_of_America_500 "2011 Bank of America 500") | [TAL](/wiki/2011_Good_Sam_Club_500 "2011 Good Sam Club 500") | [MAR](/wiki/2011_Tums_Fast_Relief_500 "2011 Tums Fast Relief 500") | [TEX](/wiki/2011_AAA_Texas_500 "2011 AAA Texas 500") | [PHO](/wiki/2011_Kobalt_Tools_500 "2011 Kobalt Tools 500") | [HOM](/wiki/2011_Ford_400 "2011 Ford 400") | 51st | 18 | ### Further involvement In 2012, Curb became listed owner (similar to his role with ThorSport in the Truck Series) and part\-time sponsor of [Phil Parsons Racing](/wiki/Phil_Parsons_Racing "Phil Parsons Racing")’s No. 98 car, a start\-and\-park operation in the Cup Series (the team only finishing three races out of the 36 races in 2012\). The team would later commit to running full races, but would eventually be sold to [Premium Motorsports](/wiki/Premium_Motorsports "Premium Motorsports") halfway through the 2015 season.
[ "Cup Series\n----------", "### Car No. 42 history", "In 1985, Curb fielded a second car at the [Atlanta Motor Speedway](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway \"Atlanta Motor Speedway\"). [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva \"Tom Sneva\") drove an unsponsored No. 42 Pontiac, finishing 32nd after an engine failure. It was the only time Curb would field two cars in a Cup Series race.", "### Car No. 42 results", "", "| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | {{Tooltip\\|Owners\\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1985](/wiki/1985_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1985 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\") | [Tom Sneva](/wiki/Tom_Sneva \"Tom Sneva\") | 42 | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\") | [DAY](/wiki/1985_Daytona_500 \"1985 Daytona 500\"){{small\\|DNQ}} | [RCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Spring_Richmond%29 \"Miller High Life 400 (Spring Richmond)\") | [CAR](/wiki/Carolina_500 \"Carolina 500\") | [ATL](/wiki/Coca-Cola_500_%28Atlanta%29 \"Coca-Cola 500 (Atlanta)\"){{small\\|32}} | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_500 \"Valleydale 500\") | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 \"TranSouth 500\") | [NWS](/wiki/Northwestern_Bank_400 \"Northwestern Bank 400\") | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 \"Sovran Bank 500\") | [TAL](/wiki/1985_Winston_500 \"1985 Winston 500\") | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 \"Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)\") | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_World_600 \"Coca-Cola World 600\") | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 \"Budweiser 400\") | [POC](/wiki/1985_Van_Scoy_Diamond_Mine_500 \"1985 Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500\") | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_400_%28Michigan%29 \"Miller 400 (Michigan)\") | [DAY](/wiki/Pepsi_Firecracker_400 \"Pepsi Firecracker 400\") | [POC](/wiki/1985_Summer_500 \"1985 Summer 500\") | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_500_%28Fall_Race%29 \"Talladega 500 (Fall Race)\") | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 \"Champion Spark Plug 400\") | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 \"Busch 500\") | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950%E2%80%932004%29 \"Southern 500 (1950–2004)\") | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Sanfor-Set_400 \"Wrangler Sanfor-Set 400\") | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 \"Delaware 500\") | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 \"Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)\") | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 \"Holly Farms 400\") | [CLT](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Charlotte%29 \"Miller High Life 500 (Charlotte)\") | [CAR](/wiki/Nationwise_500 \"Nationwise 500\") | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 \"Atlanta Journal 500\") | [RSD](/wiki/1985_Winston_Western_500 \"1985 Winston Western 500\") | N/A | 0 |", "### Car No. 43 history", "The team was founded as **Curb Racing** in [1984](/wiki/1984_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1984 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\"), running [Pontiacs](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\") in NASCAR's premier series, the [Winston Cup Series](/wiki/Winston_Cup_Series \"Winston Cup Series\"). Seven\\-time Cup champion [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") drove the car, with Petty bringing his STP sponsorship and the No. 43 with him from [Petty Enterprises](/wiki/Petty_Enterprises \"Petty Enterprises\"). Buddy Parrott was the crew chief. In his first season with Curb, Petty scored two wins, including the [Firecracker 400](/wiki/Coke_Zero_400 \"Coke Zero 400\") for his 200th and final career win. Petty finished tenth in the final championship standings.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.racing\\-reference.info/owner/Mike\\_Curb\\|title\\=Owner}}", "Petty returned in [1985](/wiki/1985_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1985 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\"), with new crew chief Mike Beam. Petty posted 13 top\\-10 finishes, but had only one top\\-5 and posted 12 DNFs.", "In 1986, Petty and STP left Curb to rejoin [Petty Enterprises](/wiki/Petty_Enterprises \"Petty Enterprises\"). Petty took the No. 43 with him, thus Curb switched to No. 98\\.", "### Car No. 43 results", "", "| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | {{Tooltip\\|Owners\\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1984](/wiki/1984_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1984 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\") | [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") | 43 | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\") | [DAY](/wiki/1984_Daytona_500 \"1984 Daytona 500\")31 | [RCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Spring_Richmond%29 \"Miller High Life 400 (Spring Richmond)\")15 | [CAR](/wiki/Warner_W._Hodgdon_Carolina_500 \"Warner W. Hodgdon Carolina 500\")4 | [ATL](/wiki/Coca-Cola_500_%28Atlanta%29 \"Coca-Cola 500 (Atlanta)\")4 | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_500 \"Valleydale 500\")8 | [NWS](/wiki/Northwestern_Bank_400 \"Northwestern Bank 400\")12 | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 \"TranSouth 500\")7 | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 \"Sovran Bank 500\")12 | [TAL](/wiki/1984_Winston_500 \"1984 Winston 500\")6 | [NSV](/wiki/Coors_420 \"Coors 420\")7 | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 \"Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)\")1 | [CLT](/wiki/1984_World_600 \"1984 World 600\")34 | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 \"Budweiser 400\")23 | [POC](/wiki/Van_Scoy_Diamond_Mine_500 \"Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500\")13 | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Michigan%29 \"Miller High Life 400 (Michigan)\")34 | [DAY](/wiki/1984_Firecracker_400 \"1984 Firecracker 400\")1 | [NSV](/wiki/Pepsi_420 \"Pepsi 420\")25 | [POC](/wiki/Like_Cola_500 \"Like Cola 500\")27 | [TAL](/wiki/1984_Talladega_500 \"1984 Talladega 500\")23 | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 \"Champion Spark Plug 400\")9 | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 \"Busch 500\")17 | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950%E2%80%932004%29 \"Southern 500 (1950–2004)\")29 | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Sanfor-Set_400 \"Wrangler Sanfor-Set 400\")5 | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 \"Delaware 500\")37 | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 \"Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)\")8 | [CLT](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Charlotte%29 \"Miller High Life 500 (Charlotte)\")9 | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 \"Holly Farms 400\")18 | [CAR](/wiki/Warner_W._Hodgdon_American_500 \"Warner W. Hodgdon American 500\")15 | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 \"Atlanta Journal 500\")8 | [RSD](/wiki/Winston_Western_500 \"Winston Western 500\")14 | 10th | 3643 |\n| [1985](/wiki/1985_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1985 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\") | [DAY](/wiki/1985_Daytona_500 \"1985 Daytona 500\")34 | [RCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Spring_Richmond%29 \"Miller High Life 400 (Spring Richmond)\")26 | [CAR](/wiki/Carolina_500 \"Carolina 500\")8 | [ATL](/wiki/Coca-Cola_500_%28Atlanta%29 \"Coca-Cola 500 (Atlanta)\")13 | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_500 \"Valleydale 500\")8 | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 \"TranSouth 500\")33 | [NWS](/wiki/Northwestern_Bank_400 \"Northwestern Bank 400\")21 | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 \"Sovran Bank 500\")7 | [TAL](/wiki/1985_Winston_500 \"1985 Winston 500\")27 | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 \"Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)\")7 | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_World_600 \"Coca-Cola World 600\")26 | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 \"Budweiser 400\")7 | [POC](/wiki/1985_Van_Scoy_Diamond_Mine_500 \"1985 Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500\")33 | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_400_%28Michigan%29 \"Miller 400 (Michigan)\")30 | [DAY](/wiki/Pepsi_Firecracker_400 \"Pepsi Firecracker 400\")29 | [POC](/wiki/1985_Summer_500 \"1985 Summer 500\")27 | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_500_%28Fall_Race%29 \"Talladega 500 (Fall Race)\")6 | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 \"Champion Spark Plug 400\")37 | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 \"Busch 500\")8 | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950%E2%80%932004%29 \"Southern 500 (1950–2004)\")12 | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Sanfor-Set_400 \"Wrangler Sanfor-Set 400\")3 | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 \"Delaware 500\")9 | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 \"Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)\")22 | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 \"Holly Farms 400\")8 | [CLT](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Charlotte%29 \"Miller High Life 500 (Charlotte)\")10 | [CAR](/wiki/Nationwise_500 \"Nationwise 500\")33 | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 \"Atlanta Journal 500\")10 | [RSD](/wiki/1985_Winston_Western_500 \"1985 Winston Western 500\")8 | | | 14th | 3140 |", "### Car No. 98 history", "In [1986](/wiki/1986_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\"), the No. 43 Pontiac switched to No. 98 and reduced to part\\-time, and [Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard \"Ron Bouchard\") became Curb's new driver. [Valvoline](/wiki/Valvoline \"Valvoline\") replaced STP as the sponsor, and Beam remained crew chief. The No. 98 ran 18 races, Bouchard ran 17 and had top\\-ten finishes at the [Daytona 500](/wiki/Daytona_500 \"Daytona 500\") and [Winston 500](/wiki/Aaron%27s_499 \"Aaron's 499\"), but struggled with engine problems during the second half of the season. Bouchard also ran a [Buick](/wiki/Buick \"Buick\") at [Rockingham Speedway](/wiki/Rockingham_Speedway \"Rockingham Speedway\"). [Dale Jarrett](/wiki/Dale_Jarrett \"Dale Jarrett\") drove the No. 98 at [Bristol Motor Speedway](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway \"Bristol Motor Speedway\"), bringing [Busch](/wiki/Anheuser-Busch \"Anheuser-Busch\") sponsorship, starting 28th and finishing 29th.", "In [1987](/wiki/1987_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1987 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\"), the team lost Valvoline as a sponsor and Bouchard left the team. The team switched to Buick, and [Ed Pimm](/wiki/Ed_Pimm \"Ed Pimm\") entered four races; missing the Daytona 500 in an unsponsored ride, but making the three remaining attempts: at Talladega in an unsponsored entry, Daytona in July with sponsor CP\\-1 Oil Boosters, and the season finale at Atlanta with [Sunoco](/wiki/Sunoco \"Sunoco\"), which also signed on to be the car's sponsor the following year. Pimm did not finish any of those races, and only managed a best finish of 27th. [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger \"Brad Noffsinger\") attempted the fall race at Riverside, but failed to qualify.", "In [1988](/wiki/1988_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\"), the No. 98 Buick returned to full time as [Sunoco](/wiki/Sunoco \"Sunoco\") became the team's new sponsor. Pimm qualified for two out of the first three races of the season but was replaced by rookie Brad Noffsinger. Noffsinger finished 14th at his series debut in [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta_Motor_Speedway \"Atlanta Motor Speedway\") in the spring, however, it would be his best finish of the season. Noffsinger failed to qualify for 8 races, while the No. 98 failed to finish 7 additional times. The team did not enter the road course race at Riverside. Noffsinger finished 38th in points, Sunoco left the team, and the team shut down.", "Following the sale of his Busch/Nationwide Series operation in 2011, Curb partnered with [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\"), with Curb sponsoring and being listed as the owner for [Austin Dillon](/wiki/Austin_Dillon \"Austin Dillon\")'s No. 98 RCR\\-prepared Chevrolet. Curb used the space to promote the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration.", "### Car No. 98 results", "", "| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | {{Tooltip\\|Owners\\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1986](/wiki/1986_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\") | [Ron Bouchard](/wiki/Ron_Bouchard \"Ron Bouchard\") | 98 | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\") | [DAY](/wiki/1986_Daytona_500 \"1986 Daytona 500\")6 | [RCH](/wiki/1986_Miller_High_Life_400 \"1986 Miller High Life 400\")18 | | [ATL](/wiki/Motorcraft_500 \"Motorcraft 500\")40 | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_500 \"Valleydale 500\")25 | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 \"TranSouth 500\")37 | [NWS](/wiki/First_Union_400 \"First Union 400\")17 | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 \"Sovran Bank 500\") | [TAL](/wiki/1986_Winston_500 \"1986 Winston 500\")9 | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 \"Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)\")27 | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_600 \"Coca-Cola 600\")19 | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 \"Budweiser 400\") | [POC](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Pocono%29 \"Miller High Life 500 (Pocono)\")12 | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_American_400 \"Miller American 400\")36 | [DAY](/wiki/1986_Firecracker_400 \"1986 Firecracker 400\")41 | [POC](/wiki/Summer_500 \"Summer 500\") | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_500_%28Fall_Race%29 \"Talladega 500 (Fall Race)\")17 | [GLN](/wiki/The_Budweiser_At_The_Glen \"The Budweiser At The Glen\") | [MCH](/wiki/1986_Champion_Spark_Plug_400 \"1986 Champion Spark Plug 400\") | | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950-2004%29 \"Southern 500 (1950-2004)\")30 | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Jeans_Indigo_400 \"Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400\") | [DOV](/wiki/1986_Delaware_500 \"1986 Delaware 500\") | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 \"Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)\") | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 \"Holly Farms 400\") | [CLT](/wiki/Oakwood_Homes_500 \"Oakwood Homes 500\")21 | [CAR](/wiki/Nationwise_500 \"Nationwise 500\") | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 \"Atlanta Journal 500\")42 | [RSD](/wiki/Winston_Western_500 \"Winston Western 500\") | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Buick](/wiki/Buick \"Buick\") | | | [CAR](/wiki/1986_Goodwrench_500 \"1986 Goodwrench 500\")13 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Dale Jarrett](/wiki/Dale_Jarrett \"Dale Jarrett\") | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 \"Busch 500\")29 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [1987](/wiki/1987_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1987 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\") | [Ed Pimm](/wiki/Ed_Pimm \"Ed Pimm\") | [Buick](/wiki/Buick \"Buick\") | [DAY](/wiki/1987_Daytona_500 \"1987 Daytona 500\")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/Goodwrench_500 \"Goodwrench 500\") | [RCH](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_400_%28Spring_Richmond%29 \"Miller High Life 400 (Spring Richmond)\") | [ATL](/wiki/Motorcraft_Quality_Parts_500 \"Motorcraft Quality Parts 500\") | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 \"TranSouth 500\") | [NWS](/wiki/First_Union_400 \"First Union 400\") | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_Meats_500 \"Valleydale Meats 500\") | [MAR](/wiki/Sovran_Bank_500 \"Sovran Bank 500\") | [TAL](/wiki/1987_Winston_500 \"1987 Winston 500\")27 | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_600 \"Coca-Cola 600\") | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 \"Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)\") | [POC](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Pocono%29 \"Miller High Life 500 (Pocono)\") | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 \"Budweiser 400\") | [MCH](/wiki/Miller_American_400 \"Miller American 400\") | [DAY](/wiki/Pepsi_Firecracker_400 \"Pepsi Firecracker 400\")34 | [POC](/wiki/Summer_500 \"Summer 500\") | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_500_%28Fall_Race%29 \"Talladega 500 (Fall Race)\") | [GLN](/wiki/The_Budweiser_At_The_Glen \"The Budweiser At The Glen\") | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 \"Champion Spark Plug 400\") | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 \"Busch 500\") | [DAR](/wiki/Southern_500_%281950-2004%29 \"Southern 500 (1950-2004)\") | [RCH](/wiki/Wrangler_Jeans_Indigo_400 \"Wrangler Jeans Indigo 400\") | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 \"Delaware 500\") | [MAR](/wiki/1987_Goody%27s_500 \"1987 Goody's 500\") | [NWS](/wiki/1987_Holly_Farms_400 \"1987 Holly Farms 400\") | [CLT](/wiki/Oakwood_Homes_500 \"Oakwood Homes 500\") | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_500 \"AC Delco 500\") | | [ATL](/wiki/Atlanta_Journal_500 \"Atlanta Journal 500\")42 | | | | | | | | N/A | 185 |\n| [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger \"Brad Noffsinger\") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RSD](/wiki/1987_Winston_Western_500 \"1987 Winston Western 500\")DNQ | | | | | | | | |\n| [1988](/wiki/1988_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series \"1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\") | [Ed Pimm](/wiki/Ed_Pimm \"Ed Pimm\") | [Buick](/wiki/Buick \"Buick\") | [DAY](/wiki/1988_Daytona_500 \"1988 Daytona 500\")24 | [RCH](/wiki/Pontiac_Excitement_400 \"Pontiac Excitement 400\")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/Goodwrench_500 \"Goodwrench 500\")34 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | 1468 |\n| [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger \"Brad Noffsinger\") | | | | [ATL](/wiki/1988_Motorcraft_Quality_Parts_500 \"1988 Motorcraft Quality Parts 500\")14 | [DAR](/wiki/TranSouth_500 \"TranSouth 500\")36 | [BRI](/wiki/Valleydale_Meats_500 \"Valleydale Meats 500\")DNQ | [NWS](/wiki/First_Union_400 \"First Union 400\")DNQ | [MAR](/wiki/1988_Pannill_Sweatshirts_500 \"1988 Pannill Sweatshirts 500\")21 | [TAL](/wiki/Winston_500_%28Spring%29 \"Winston 500 (Spring)\")25 | [CLT](/wiki/Coca-Cola_600 \"Coca-Cola 600\")33 | [DOV](/wiki/Budweiser_500_%28Spring_Dover%29 \"Budweiser 500 (Spring Dover)\")24 | [RSD](/wiki/Budweiser_400 \"Budweiser 400\") | [POC](/wiki/Miller_High_Life_500_%28Pocono%29 \"Miller High Life 500 (Pocono)\")19 | [MCH](/wiki/1988_Miller_High_Life_400_%28June%29 \"1988 Miller High Life 400 (June)\")20 | [DAY](/wiki/Pepsi_Firecracker_400 \"Pepsi Firecracker 400\")DNQ | [POC](/wiki/AC_Spark_Plug_500 \"AC Spark Plug 500\")19 | [TAL](/wiki/Talladega_DieHard_500 \"Talladega DieHard 500\")22 | [GLN](/wiki/The_Budweiser_At_The_Glen \"The Budweiser At The Glen\")15 | [MCH](/wiki/Champion_Spark_Plug_400 \"Champion Spark Plug 400\")26 | [BRI](/wiki/Busch_500 \"Busch 500\")32 | [DAR](/wiki/1988_Southern_500 \"1988 Southern 500\")DNQ | [RCH](/wiki/1988_Miller_High_Life_400_%28September%29 \"1988 Miller High Life 400 (September)\")DNQ | [DOV](/wiki/Delaware_500 \"Delaware 500\")34 | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_500_%28Fall_Martinsville%29 \"Goody's 500 (Fall Martinsville)\")DNQ | [CLT](/wiki/Oakwood_Homes_500 \"Oakwood Homes 500\")DNQ | [NWS](/wiki/Holly_Farms_400 \"Holly Farms 400\")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_500 \"AC Delco 500\")37 | [PHO](/wiki/Checker_500 \"Checker 500\")26 | [ATL](/wiki/1988_Atlanta_Journal_500 \"1988 Atlanta Journal 500\")26 | | | | | | | |\n| [2011](/wiki/2011_NASCAR_Sprint_Cup_Series \"2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series\") | [Austin Dillon](/wiki/Austin_Dillon \"Austin Dillon\") | 98 | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | [DAY](/wiki/2011_Daytona_500 \"2011 Daytona 500\") | [PHO](/wiki/2011_Subway_Fresh_Fit_500 \"2011 Subway Fresh Fit 500\") | [LVS](/wiki/2011_Kobalt_Tools_400 \"2011 Kobalt Tools 400\") | [BRI](/wiki/2011_Jeff_Byrd_500 \"2011 Jeff Byrd 500\") | [CAL](/wiki/2011_Auto_Club_400 \"2011 Auto Club 400\") | [MAR](/wiki/2011_Goody%27s_Fast_Relief_500 \"2011 Goody's Fast Relief 500\") | [TEX](/wiki/2011_Samsung_Mobile_500 \"2011 Samsung Mobile 500\") | [TAL](/wiki/2011_Aaron%27s_499 \"2011 Aaron's 499\") | [RCH](/wiki/2011_Crown_Royal_Presents_the_Matthew_and_Daniel_Hansen_400 \"2011 Crown Royal Presents the Matthew and Daniel Hansen 400\") | [DAR](/wiki/2011_Showtime_Southern_500 \"2011 Showtime Southern 500\") | [DOV](/wiki/2011_FedEx_400 \"2011 FedEx 400\") | [CLT](/wiki/2011_Coca-Cola_600 \"2011 Coca-Cola 600\") | [KAN](/wiki/2011_STP_400 \"2011 STP 400\") | [POC](/wiki/2011_5-hour_Energy_500 \"2011 5-hour Energy 500\") | [MCH](/wiki/2011_Heluva_Good%21_Sour_Cream_Dips_400 \"2011 Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips 400\") | [SON](/wiki/2011_Toyota/Save_Mart_350 \"2011 Toyota/Save Mart 350\") | [DAY](/wiki/2011_Coke_Zero_400 \"2011 Coke Zero 400\") | [KEN](/wiki/2011_Quaker_State_400 \"2011 Quaker State 400\") | [NHA](/wiki/2011_Lenox_Industrial_Tools_301 \"2011 Lenox Industrial Tools 301\") | [IND](/wiki/2011_Brickyard_400 \"2011 Brickyard 400\") | [POC](/wiki/2011_Good_Sam_RV_Insurance_500 \"2011 Good Sam RV Insurance 500\") | [GLN](/wiki/2011_Heluva_Good%21_Sour_Cream_Dips_at_The_Glen \"2011 Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips at The Glen\") | [MCH](/wiki/2011_Pure_Michigan_400 \"2011 Pure Michigan 400\") | [BRI](/wiki/2011_Irwin_Tools_Night_Race \"2011 Irwin Tools Night Race\") | [ATL](/wiki/2011_AdvoCare_500 \"2011 AdvoCare 500\") | [RCH](/wiki/2011_Wonderful_Pistachios_400 \"2011 Wonderful Pistachios 400\") | [CHI](/wiki/2011_GEICO_400 \"2011 GEICO 400\") | [NHA](/wiki/2011_Sylvania_300 \"2011 Sylvania 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/2011_AAA_400 \"2011 AAA 400\") | [KAN](/wiki/2011_Hollywood_Casino_400 \"2011 Hollywood Casino 400\")26 | [CLT](/wiki/2011_Bank_of_America_500 \"2011 Bank of America 500\") | [TAL](/wiki/2011_Good_Sam_Club_500 \"2011 Good Sam Club 500\") | [MAR](/wiki/2011_Tums_Fast_Relief_500 \"2011 Tums Fast Relief 500\") | [TEX](/wiki/2011_AAA_Texas_500 \"2011 AAA Texas 500\") | [PHO](/wiki/2011_Kobalt_Tools_500 \"2011 Kobalt Tools 500\") | [HOM](/wiki/2011_Ford_400 \"2011 Ford 400\") | 51st | 18 |", "### Further involvement", "In 2012, Curb became listed owner (similar to his role with ThorSport in the Truck Series) and part\\-time sponsor of [Phil Parsons Racing](/wiki/Phil_Parsons_Racing \"Phil Parsons Racing\")’s No. 98 car, a start\\-and\\-park operation in the Cup Series (the team only finishing three races out of the 36 races in 2012\\). The team would later commit to running full races, but would eventually be sold to [Premium Motorsports](/wiki/Premium_Motorsports \"Premium Motorsports\") halfway through the 2015 season.", "" ]
Busch/Nationwide Series ----------------------- After the Cup Series team shut down in 1988, Curb suspended operations until 1996\. The team returned to NASCAR running the Busch Series with the No. 96 car. ### Car No. 96 history Curb Racing returned to NASCAR after an 8\-year hiatus in [1996](/wiki/1996_NASCAR_Busch_Series "1996 NASCAR Busch Series") with a NASCAR Busch Series entry for 21 races. Curb partnered with [Cary Agajanian](/wiki/Cary_Agajanian "Cary Agajanian"), [John Andretti](/wiki/John_Andretti "John Andretti") and [Donald Laird](/wiki/Donald_Laird "Donald Laird") as part of an ownership group known as CAA Performance. The team fielded No. 96 Ford Thunderbirds driven by USAC driver [Stevie Reeves](/wiki/Stevie_Reeves "Stevie Reeves") with Reeves bringing sponsorship from Clabber Girl Baking Powder. Reeves began with a DNQ at the season opener at [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway "Daytona International Speedway"), got his best finish of the season the next week at Rockingham, 15th, but had five more DNQs. Clabber Girl left the team after the season. For [1997](/wiki/1997_NASCAR_Busch_Series "1997 NASCAR Busch Series"), Reeves returned to the No. 96\. [Big A Auto Parts](/wiki/Big_A_Auto_Parts "Big A Auto Parts") signed on for the full 30 race season. The team ran Fords in all but three races, running Chevrolets at Atlanta, Las Vegas and Richmond. Reeves finished 7th at Bristol in August, but had no other top\-10s. He also had two DNQs, including missing the season finale at Homestead. Following the season, team co\-owners Andretti and Laird left the team to form Andretti\-Laird Motorsports, taking the No. 96 and Big A sponsorship with them. Curb Racing switched back to the No. 43 in 1998\. ### Car No. 96 results | Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | {{Tooltip\|Owners\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [1996](/wiki/1996_NASCAR_Busch_Series "1996 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Stevie Reeves](/wiki/Stevie_Reeves "Stevie Reeves") | 96 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | [DAY](/wiki/Goody%27s_Headache_Powder_300 "Goody's Headache Powder 300")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/Goodwrench_Service_200 "Goodwrench Service 200")15 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_Fried_Chicken_250 "Hardee's Fried Chicken 250")DNQ | [ATL](/wiki/Busch_Light_300 "Busch Light 300")DNQ | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_/_Opryland_USA_320 "BellSouth / Opryland USA 320")32 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 "Dura Lube 200")33 | [BRI](/wiki/Goody%27s_Headache_Powder_250 "Goody's Headache Powder 250")DNQ | [HCY](/wiki/Sundrop_300 "Sundrop 300") | [NZH](/wiki/Meridian_Advantage_200 "Meridian Advantage 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Red_Dog_300 "Red Dog 300")23 | [DOV](/wiki/GM_Goodwrench/Delco_200 "GM Goodwrench/Delco 200")19 | [SBO](/wiki/Winston_Motorsports_300 "Winston Motorsports 300") | [MYB](/wiki/Carolina_Pride_/_Red_Dog_250 "Carolina Pride / Red Dog 250") | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 "Lysol 200")23 | [MLW](/wiki/Sears_Auto_Center_250 "Sears Auto Center 250")20 | [NHA](/wiki/Stanley_200 "Stanley 200") | [TAL](/wiki/Humminbird_Fishfinder_500K "Humminbird Fishfinder 500K")33 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")34 | [MCH](/wiki/Detroit_Gasket_200 "Detroit Gasket 200")34 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250")33 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 "Dura Lube 200")18 | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_Platinum_250 "Autolite Platinum 250")35 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_200 "MBNA 200")17 | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 "All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300")16 | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_200 "AC Delco 200")DNQ | [HOM](/wiki/Jiffy_Lube_Miami_300 "Jiffy Lube Miami 300")DNQ | | | | | N/A | 1290 | | [1997](/wiki/1997_NASCAR_Busch_Series "1997 NASCAR Busch Series") | [DAY](/wiki/Gargoyles_300 "Gargoyles 300")13 | [CAR](/wiki/Goodwrench_Service_200 "Goodwrench Service 200")21 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_Fried_Chicken_250 "Hardee's Fried Chicken 250")36 | | | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200")30 | [HCY](/wiki/Galaxy_Foods_300 "Galaxy Foods 300")17 | [TEX](/wiki/Coca-Cola_300_%28Texas%29 "Coca-Cola 300 (Texas)")33 | [BRI](/wiki/Moore%27s_Snacks_250 "Moore's Snacks 250")13 | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_Mobility_/_Opryland_320 "BellSouth Mobility / Opryland 320")14 | [TAL](/wiki/Birmingham_Auto_Dealers_500K "Birmingham Auto Dealers 500K")20 | [NHA](/wiki/United_States_Cellular_200 "United States Cellular 200")26 | [NZH](/wiki/Core_States_Advantage_200 "Core States Advantage 200")32 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300")27 | [DOV](/wiki/GM_Goodwrench/Delco_200 "GM Goodwrench/Delco 200")21 | [SBO](/wiki/Winston_Motorsports_300 "Winston Motorsports 300")DNQ | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 "Lysol 200")16 | [MLW](/wiki/Sears_Auto_Center_250 "Sears Auto Center 250")27 | [MYB](/wiki/Advance_Auto_Parts_250_%28Myrtle_Beach%29 "Advance Auto Parts 250 (Myrtle Beach)")24 | [GTY](/wiki/Gateway_300 "Gateway 300")42 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")21 | [MCH](/wiki/Detroit_Gasket_200 "Detroit Gasket 200")29 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250")7 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 "Dura Lube 200")17 | | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_200 "MBNA 200")20 | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 "All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300")24 | [CAL](/wiki/Kenwood_Home_%26_Car_Audio_300 "Kenwood Home & Car Audio 300")37 | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_200 "AC Delco 200")26 | [HOM](/wiki/Jiffy_Lube_Miami_300 "Jiffy Lube Miami 300")DNQ | N/A | 2528 | | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | | | | [ATL](/wiki/Stihl_Outdoor_Power_Tools_300 "Stihl Outdoor Power Tools 300")28 | [LVS](/wiki/Las_Vegas_300 "Las Vegas 300")16 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_Platinum_250 "Autolite Platinum 250")43 | | | | | | ### Car No. 43 history In 1998, the No. 96 team switched to No. 43, which Curb had run in Cup with Richard Petty, and became known as the **Curb Agajanian Performance Group**. The No. 43 began the 1998 season unsponsored with Stevie Reeves driving a mix of Fords and Chevrolets. The team entered 4 of the first 10 races, with Reeves making all four. However the car had two mechanical failures and Reeves did not finish better than 30th. [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger "Brad Noffsinger") took over at Charlotte. Noffsinger had previously driven for Curb in the Cup series; he entered six races and made five, however the No. 43 suffered three mechanical failures. Noffsinger was replaced by [Kevin Grubb](/wiki/Kevin_Grubb "Kevin Grubb") at Gateway, however Grubb crashed out of the race and was fired. Future seven\-time [NASCAR Sprint Cup](/wiki/NASCAR_Sprint_Cup "NASCAR Sprint Cup") champion [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson "Jimmie Johnson") drove the season finale at Homestead. The No. 43 entered 12 races in 1998, all of them without a sponsor, qualifying for 11 and posting a best finish of 27th at the Dover spring race. In [1999](/wiki/1999_NASCAR_Busch_Series "1999 NASCAR Busch Series"), the team returned to full\-time. [Shane Hall](/wiki/Shane_Hall "Shane Hall") was hired to drive and [Central Tractor](/wiki/Central_Tractor "Central Tractor") signed on to sponsor the full season. The No. 43 began running Chevrolets full\-time. Hall had a DNQ at the season opener at Daytona, had a fourth\-place finish at [Myrtle Beach Speedway](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Speedway "Myrtle Beach Speedway"), and finished 24th in points, but had 6 additional DNQs. Central Tractor left following the season. Rookie [Jay Sauter](/wiki/Jay_Sauter "Jay Sauter") replaced Hall in [2000](/wiki/2000_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2000 NASCAR Busch Series"). Sponsorship of the No. 43 Chevrolet was taken over by Quality Farm \& Country. Sauter nabbed eight top\-tens and finished seventeenth in points, despite missing the spring Las Vegas race. The team's best finish was 4th at the season opener at Daytona. Sauter and Quality Farm returned in 2001\. Sauter finished 3rd at Texas, grabbed a pole at [Kentucky Speedway](/wiki/Kentucky_Speedway "Kentucky Speedway"), scored seven top\-10s, and finished nineteenth in points. However Sauter was fired after Memphis with three races to go in the season, as Morton Salt took over as sponsor and [Ron Hornaday](/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr. "Ron Hornaday Jr.") finished out the season. Hornaday would grab a top\-5 at Phoenix. In [2002](/wiki/2002_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2002 NASCAR Busch Series"), the team lost both Quality Farm and Morton sponsorship and cut back to a limited schedule, attempting four races late in the season with [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler "Hermie Sadler") driving. The No. 43 Chevy had sponsorship from TNA for two of the races. Sadler made three of the four races (including both with sponsorship), but the No. 43 did not finish better than 29th. The team continued to run part\-time in 2003\. Jay Sauter's brother [Johnny](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter "Johnny Sauter") ran 17 races in Chevrolets with [Channellock](/wiki/Channellock "Channellock") sponsorship. Sauter was also running the No. 21 for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing"), combining for a full season. Grubb also returned to the No. 43 at the spring Nashville race, with sponsorship from music artist Jo Dee Messina, and [Shelby Howard](/wiki/Shelby_Howard "Shelby Howard") ran the fall Kansas race with [Dr. Pepper](/wiki/Dr._Pepper "Dr. Pepper"). The team ran Dodges in partnership with [Carroll Racing](/wiki/Carroll_Racing "Carroll Racing") for Grubb and Howard. The team picked up their first Busch Series win at the [Funai 250](/wiki/Funai_250 "Funai 250") at Richmond in September with Sauter in a Chevrolet. The team started [2004](/wiki/2004_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2004 NASCAR Busch Series") with [Josh Richeson](/wiki/Josh_Richeson "Josh Richeson") driving the No. 43 Chevrolet at Daytona with [Ollie's Bargain Outlets](/wiki/Ollie%27s_Bargain_Outlets "Ollie's Bargain Outlets") sponsoring. At the second race of the season at Rockingham, the team switched to running [Evernham](/wiki/Evernham_Motorsports "Evernham Motorsports") Dodges and signed Aaron Fike as the driver. Ollie's continued to sponsor the team, which remained part\-time. Fike and the No. 43 ran 12 races, his best finish a seventeenth at Dover. In [2005](/wiki/2005_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2005 NASCAR Busch Series"), the No. 43 returned to full\-time running both Dodges and Fords. Channellock and Jo Dee Messina, both returned to the team after a year absence. Kimberly\-Clark's Kleenex brand also came on as a sponsor. The team's main drivers were [Aaron](/wiki/Aaron_Fike "Aaron Fike") and [A. J.](/wiki/A._J._Fike "A. J. Fike") Fike, with [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 "Jeff Green (racing driver)") running three races. [Tracy Hines](/wiki/Tracy_Hines "Tracy Hines") and [Kevin Conway](/wiki/Kevin_Conway_%28racing_driver%29 "Kevin Conway (racing driver)") ran one race a piece, while road course ringers [Jose Luis Ramirez](/wiki/Jose_Luis_Ramirez_%28racing_driver%29 "Jose Luis Ramirez (racing driver)") and [Ron Fellows](/wiki/Ron_Fellows "Ron Fellows") also made a start. Fellows ran a Chevrolet for his race in the No. 43 at Watkins Glen, however the engine overheated early in the event. The team's best finish in 2005 was 14th at Charlotte with Aaron Fike in a Ford. In [2006](/wiki/2006_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2006 NASCAR Busch Series"), the team returned to running Evernham Dodges. The No. 43 began the season without a full\-time sponsor, however the car started the season with Aaron Fike driving full\-time with race\-to\-race sponsorships. Fike sat 29th in points after 12 races when he failed to qualify at Charlotte and was fired. [Kertus Davis](/wiki/Kertus_Davis "Kertus Davis") took over for one race at Dover. The team then downscaled to part\-time, with road racing experts [P. J. Jones](/wiki/P._J._Jones "P. J. Jones") and [Chris Cook](/wiki/Chris_Cook_%28NASCAR%29 "Chris Cook (NASCAR)") attempting a four races each, all of them on ovals except for Cook's start at Watkins Glen. Jones made each of the fields he attempted to qualify for, while Cook made three of the four, missing the race at Richmond. [Erin Crocker](/wiki/Erin_Crocker "Erin Crocker") brought General Mills sponsorship and Evernham support at Homestead, finishing 28th. The best finish for the No. 43 in 2006 was at the July Daytona race, with P. J. Jones finishing 13th. Due to a lack of sponsorship, the No. 43 began the 2007 season inactive. Curb and [Gary Baker](/wiki/Gary_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Gary Baker (racing driver)") later bought [Clarence Brewer](/wiki/Brewco_Motorsports "Brewco Motorsports")'s Ford team before the September Fontana race. Brewco's two full\-time Busch Series teams, the No. 27 and No. 37, became the primary entries for **Baker\-Curb Racing** at Fontana. However, Baker\-Curb did field the No. 43 for the only time in 2007 for [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East "Bobby East") at Memphis with sponsorship from Kick Butt Energy Ballz. The No. 43 Curb entry did not appear during the 2008 season. However, at Chicagoland, Curb leased the owner points to [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports "Front Row Motorsports") for [Kevin Lepage](/wiki/Kevin_Lepage "Kevin Lepage"), an entry that failed to qualify. In 2009, Curb fielded the No. 43 at the spring Texas race with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise") driving a car sponsored by Scott Products and county singer Star de Alzan, however Wise failed to qualify. At the fall Charlotte race, Curb leased the number 43 to [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports "Richard Petty Motorsports") for driver [Kasey Kahne](/wiki/Kasey_Kahne "Kasey Kahne"). [thumb\|left\|[Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks "Justin Marks") in 2010\.](/wiki/File:Justin_Marks_NAPA_200.jpg "Justin Marks NAPA 200.jpg") In 2010, the Baker\-Curb No. 43 returned and began the season running Roush Fords full\-time. [Scott Lagasse Jr.](/wiki/Scott_Lagasse_Jr. "Scott Lagasse Jr.") was the driver, operating with race\-to\-race sponsorships. Lagasse Jr. ran the first 14 races, the final three without a sponsor, before leaving the team due to lack of funding. Lagasse's best finish was 8th at Phoenix. The Roush partnership dissolved at the same time Lagasse left the team, forcing Curb to lease the No. 43 points to [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing "Rick Ware Racing") at Road America. The next week at Loudon, [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Brad Baker (racing driver)") ran the No. 43 as a start and park without a sponsor. The following week at Daytona saw the debut of the Nationwide Series Car of Tomorrow platform. A deal was made with [JD Motorsports](/wiki/JD_Motorsports "JD Motorsports") for the No. 43 to run Chevrolets at the COT races. [Johnny Chapman](/wiki/Johnny_Chapman "Johnny Chapman") drove an unsponsored car at Daytona, but was taken out in the early laps by Curb's other entry, the No. 27 of [Jennifer Jo Cobb](/wiki/Jennifer_Jo_Cobb "Jennifer Jo Cobb"). The team was forced to end the COT deal and to start and park the next 4 races with Baker and [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell "Kevin Swindell"). After skipping Watkins Glen, the No. 43 returned for the next COT race at Michigan, with a new deal in place to run Dodges in COT races. [Chase Austin](/wiki/Chase_Austin "Chase Austin") drove with [Walgreens](/wiki/Walgreens "Walgreens") at Michigan, but blew an engine and finished 35th. [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring "Drew Herring") then failed to qualify an unsponsored Ford the next week at Bristol. The following week at Montreal, [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks "Justin Marks") drove a Ford with [Future Electronics](/wiki/Future_Electronics "Future Electronics") but broke the rear end gear in the first corner of the first lap, finishing last. [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin "Kevin Hamlin") drove the next race at Atlanta as a start and park. Curb shut down the No. 43 after Atlanta in September. The team returned for one race with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise") in a Dodge COT at Charlotte with sponsorship from [Ingersoll Rand](/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand "Ingersoll Rand"). Wise finished 18th in the last race for the Curb No. 43\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.jayski.com/nationwide/2010/2010nationwideschedule.htm \|title\=Jayski's® Silly Season Site \- 2010 Nationwide Series Schedule \|access\-date\=2016\-07\-11 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012120508/http://www.jayski.com/nationwide/2010/2010nationwideschedule.htm \|archive\-date\=2016\-10\-12 \|url\-status\=dead }} ### Car No. 43 results | Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | {{Tooltip\|Owners\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [1998](/wiki/1998_NASCAR_Busch_Series "1998 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Stevie Reeves](/wiki/Stevie_Reeves "Stevie Reeves") | 43 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 "NAPA Auto Parts 300")39 | [CAR](/wiki/GM_Goodwrench_Service_Plus_200 "GM Goodwrench Service Plus 200")39 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_Las_Vegas_300 "Sam's Town Las Vegas 300") | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_Mobility/Opryland_320 "BellSouth Mobility/Opryland 320")41 | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200") | [BRI](/wiki/Moore%27s_Snacks_250 "Moore's Snacks 250") | [TEX](/wiki/Coca-Cola_300_%28Texas%29 "Coca-Cola 300 (Texas)") | [HCY](/wiki/Galaxy_Food_Centers_300 "Galaxy Food Centers 300") | [TAL](/wiki/Touchstone_Energy_300 "Touchstone Energy 300") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | | | | | | | | | | [NHA](/wiki/Gumout_Long_Life_Formula_200 "Gumout Long Life Formula 200")30 | [NZH](/wiki/First_Union_200 "First Union 200") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger "Brad Noffsinger") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | | | | | | | | | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300")36 | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_Platinum_250 "Autolite Platinum 250")40 | | | | | | | | | | | | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 "MBNA Platinum 200")27 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 "Hardee's 250") | [PPR](/wiki/Lycos.com_250 "Lycos.com 250")29 | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 "Lysol 200") | [MLW](/wiki/DieHard_250 "DieHard 250") | [MYB](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_250 "Myrtle Beach 250") | [CAL](/wiki/Kenwood_Home_%26_Car_Audio_300 "Kenwood Home & Car Audio 300")38 | [SBO](/wiki/Lycos.com_300 "Lycos.com 300") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")DNQ | [MCH](/wiki/Pepsi_200_presented_by_DeVilbiss "Pepsi 200 presented by DeVilbiss") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 "Dura Lube 200") | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Kevin Grubb](/wiki/Kevin_Grubb "Kevin Grubb") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Gold_200 "MBNA Gold 200")DNQ | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 "All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300")40 | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 "Carquest Auto Parts 250") | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_200 "AC Delco 200") | [ATL](/wiki/Stihl_300 "Stihl 300") | | | | | | | [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson "Jimmie Johnson") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [HOM](/wiki/Jiffy_Lube_Miami_300 "Jiffy Lube Miami 300")33 | | | | | | [1999](/wiki/1999_NASCAR_Busch_Series "1999 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Shane Hall](/wiki/Shane_Hall "Shane Hall") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 "NAPA Auto Parts 300")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/Alltel_200 "Alltel 200")18 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300")DNQ | [ATL](/wiki/Yellow_Freight_300 "Yellow Freight 300")DNQ | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200")20 | [TEX](/wiki/Coca-Cola_300_%28Texas%29 "Coca-Cola 300 (Texas)")DNQ | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_Mobility_320 "BellSouth Mobility 320")DNQ | [BRI](/wiki/Moore%27s_Snacks_250 "Moore's Snacks 250")37 | [TAL](/wiki/Touchstone_Energy_300 "Touchstone Energy 300")27 | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 "Auto Club 300")DNQ | [NHA](/wiki/Busch_200_%28New_Hampshire%29 "Busch 200 (New Hampshire)")38 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 "Hardee's 250")31 | [NZH](/wiki/First_Union_200 "First Union 200")23 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300")37 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 "MBNA Platinum 200")35 | [SBO](/wiki/Textilease/Medique_300 "Textilease/Medique 300")DNQ | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 "Lysol 200")24 | [MLW](/wiki/DieHard_250 "DieHard 250")22 | [MYB](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_250 "Myrtle Beach 250")4 | [PPR](/wiki/NAPA_Autocare_250 "NAPA Autocare 250")38 | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 "Carquest Auto Parts 250")17 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")11 | [MCH](/wiki/NAPA_200_%28Michigan%29 "NAPA 200 (Michigan)")21 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250")16 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 "Dura Lube 200")37 | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_Platinum_250 "Autolite Platinum 250")25 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Gold_200 "MBNA Gold 200")14 | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 "All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300")24 | [CAR](/wiki/Kmart_200 "Kmart 200")36 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250")25 | [PHO](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_200 "Outback Steakhouse 200")25 | [HOM](/wiki/HotWheels.com_300 "HotWheels.com 300")40 | | | | N/A | 2154 | | [2000](/wiki/2000_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2000 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Jay Sauter](/wiki/Jay_Sauter "Jay Sauter") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 "NAPA Auto Parts 300")4 | [CAR](/wiki/Alltel_200 "Alltel 200")14 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300")DNQ | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 "Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)")39 | [DAR](/wiki/SunCom_200 "SunCom 200")22 | [BRI](/wiki/Cheez-It_250 "Cheez-It 250")31 | [TEX](/wiki/Albertson%27s_300 "Albertson's 300")19 | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_Mobility_320 "BellSouth Mobility 320")6 | [TAL](/wiki/Touchstone_Energy_300 "Touchstone Energy 300")27 | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 "Auto Club 300")10 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 "Hardee's 250")36 | [NHA](/wiki/Busch_200_%28New_Hampshire%29 "Busch 200 (New Hampshire)")16 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300")35 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 "MBNA Platinum 200")30 | [SBO](/wiki/Textilease/Medique_300 "Textilease/Medique 300")40 | [MYB](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_250 "Myrtle Beach 250")10 | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 "Lysol 200")8 | [MLW](/wiki/Sears_DieHard_250 "Sears DieHard 250")27 | [NZH](/wiki/Econo_Lodge_200 "Econo Lodge 200")10 | [PPR](/wiki/NAPA_Autocare_250 "NAPA Autocare 250")27 | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 "Carquest Auto Parts 250")18 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")32 | [MCH](/wiki/NAPAonline.com_250 "NAPAonline.com 250")32 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250")6 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_/_All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_200 "Dura Lube / All Pro Bumper to Bumper 200")22 | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_/_Fram_250 "Autolite / Fram 250")25 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA.com_200 "MBNA.com 200")30 | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 "All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300")25 | [CAR](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_200 "Sam's Club 200")20 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250")9 | [PHO](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_200 "Outback Steakhouse 200")43 | [HOM](/wiki/Miami_300 "Miami 300")13 | | | | N/A | 3037 | | [2001](/wiki/2001_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2001 NASCAR Busch Series") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 "NAPA Auto Parts 300")25 | [CAR](/wiki/Alltel_200 "Alltel 200")11 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300")10 | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 "Great Clips 300")13 | [DAR](/wiki/SunCom_200 "SunCom 200")36 | [BRI](/wiki/Cheez-It_250 "Cheez-It 250")22 | [TEX](/wiki/Jani-King_300 "Jani-King 300")3 | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300")39 | [TAL](/wiki/Subway_300 "Subway 300")7 | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 "Auto Club 300")28 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 "Hardee's 250")10 | [NHA](/wiki/CVS_Pharmacy_200_Presented_by_Bayer "CVS Pharmacy 200 Presented by Bayer")32 | [NZH](/wiki/Nazareth_200 "Nazareth 200")15 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300")34 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 "MBNA Platinum 200")23 | **[KEN](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_300 "Outback Steakhouse 300")**9 | [MLW](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_250 "GNC Live Well 250")33 | [GLN](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_200_%28Watkins_Glen%29 "GNC Live Well 200 (Watkins Glen)")12 | [CHI](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_Presents_the_Hills_Bros._Coffee_300 "Sam's Club Presents the Hills Bros. Coffee 300")38 | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 "Carquest Auto Parts 250")25 | [PPR](/wiki/NAPA_Autocare_250 "NAPA Autocare 250")17 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")14 | [MCH](/wiki/NAPAonline.com_250 "NAPAonline.com 250")15 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250")10 | [DAR](/wiki/South_Carolina_200 "South Carolina 200")30 | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_/_Fram_250 "Autolite / Fram 250")39 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA.com_200 "MBNA.com 200")18 | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 "Mr. Goodcents 300")14 | [CLT](/wiki/Little_Trees_300 "Little Trees 300")28 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250")4 | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [Ron Hornaday Jr.](/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr. "Ron Hornaday Jr.") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_200 "Outback Steakhouse 200")4 | [CAR](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_200 "Sam's Club 200")20 | [HOM](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_300 "GNC Live Well 300")30 | | | | [2002](/wiki/2002_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2002 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler "Hermie Sadler") | [DAY](/wiki/EAS/GNC_Live_Well_300 "EAS/GNC Live Well 300") | [CAR](/wiki/1-866RBCTerm.com_200 "1-866RBCTerm.com 200") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [DAR](/wiki/Darlingtonraceway.com_200 "Darlingtonraceway.com 200") | [BRI](/wiki/Channellock_250 "Channellock 250") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 "Auto Club 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 "Hardee's 250") | [NHA](/wiki/Busch_200_%28New_Hampshire%29 "Busch 200 (New Hampshire)") | [NZH](/wiki/Stacker_2_200 "Stacker 2 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 "MBNA Platinum 200") | [NSH](/wiki/Inside_Traxx_300_Presented_by_Met-Rx "Inside Traxx 300 Presented by Met-Rx") | [KEN](/wiki/Kroger_300 "Kroger 300") | [MLW](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_250 "GNC Live Well 250") | [DAY](/wiki/Stacker_2/GNC_Live_Well_250 "Stacker 2/GNC Live Well 250") | [CHI](/wiki/Tropicana_Twister_300 "Tropicana Twister 300") | [GTY](/wiki/Charter_Pipeline_250 "Charter Pipeline 250") | [PPR](/wiki/NetZero_250_%28PPIR%29 "NetZero 250 (PPIR)") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [MCH](/wiki/Cabela%27s_250 "Cabela's 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Gatorade_200 "Gatorade 200") | [RCH](/wiki/Funai_250 "Funai 250") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_All-American_Heroes_200 "MBNA All-American Heroes 200") | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 "Mr. Goodcents 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Little_Trees_300 "Little Trees 300")29 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250") | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 "Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)") | [CAR](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_200 "Sam's Club 200")33 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200_%28fall%29 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200 (fall)") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)")29 | | N/A | N/A | | [2003](/wiki/2003_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2003 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter "Johnny Sauter") | [DAY](/wiki/Koolerz_300 "Koolerz 300")9 | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Channellock_250 "Channellock 250")10 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | | [CAL](/wiki/1-800-Pitshop.com_300 "1-800-Pitshop.com 300")23 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 "Hardee's 250")6 | [GTY](/wiki/Charter_Pipeline_250 "Charter Pipeline 250") | [NZH](/wiki/Goulds_Pumps/ITT_Industries_200 "Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300")25 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Armed_Forces_Family_200 "MBNA Armed Forces Family 200") | [NSH](/wiki/Trace_Adkins_Chrome_300 "Trace Adkins Chrome 300") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300") | [MLW](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_250 "GNC Live Well 250") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250") | [CHI](/wiki/Tropicana_Twister_300 "Tropicana Twister 300") | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 "New England 200 (Nationwide)")25 | [PPR](/wiki/TrimSpa_Dream_Body_250 "TrimSpa Dream Body 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [MCH](/wiki/Cabela%27s_250 "Cabela's 250")22 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250")19 | [DAR](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_200_Presented_by_PepsiCo "Winn-Dixie 200 Presented by PepsiCo")16 | [RCH](/wiki/Funai_250 "Funai 250")1 | [DOV](/wiki/Stacker_200_Presented_by_YJ_Stinger "Stacker 200 Presented by YJ Stinger")29 | | [CLT](/wiki/Little_Trees_300 "Little Trees 300")21 | | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 "Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)")16 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200_%28fall%29 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200 (fall)")9 | [CAR](/wiki/Target_House_200 "Target House 200")9 | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") | | N/A | N/A | | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge "Dodge") | | [CAR](/wiki/Rockingham_200 "Rockingham 200")9 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300")31 | [DAR](/wiki/Darlingtonraceway.com_200 "Darlingtonraceway.com 200") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Kevin Grubb](/wiki/Kevin_Grubb "Kevin Grubb") | | | | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300")12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Shelby Howard](/wiki/Shelby_Howard "Shelby Howard") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 "Mr. Goodcents 300")20 | | | | | | | | | [Justin Hobgood](/wiki/Justin_Hobgood "Justin Hobgood") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250")27 | | | | | | | [2004](/wiki/2004_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2004 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Josh Richeson](/wiki/Josh_Richeson "Josh Richeson") | [DAY](/wiki/Hershey%27s_Kisses_300 "Hershey's Kisses 300")27 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike "Aaron Fike") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge "Dodge") | | [CAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_Headache_Powder_200 "Goody's Headache Powder 200") 35 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Professional_250 "Sharpie Professional 250") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300") 39 | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300") | [GTY](/wiki/Charter_250 "Charter 250") | [RCH](/wiki/Funai_250 "Funai 250") | [NZH](/wiki/Goulds_Pumps/ITT_Industries_200 "Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200") 30 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_America_200 "MBNA America 200") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300") | [MLW](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki_250 "Alan Kulwicki 250") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250") | [CHI](/wiki/Tropicana_Twister_300 "Tropicana Twister 300") | [NHA](/wiki/Siemens_200 "Siemens 200") | [PPR](/wiki/Goulds_Pumps_/_ITT_Industries_Salute_to_the_Troops_250 "Goulds Pumps / ITT Industries Salute to the Troops 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") 23 | [MCH](/wiki/Cabela%27s_250 "Cabela's 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [CAL](/wiki/Target_House_300 "Target House 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 "Emerson Radio 250") 43 | [DOV](/wiki/Stacker_2_Hundred_Presented_by_YJ_Stinger "Stacker 2 Hundred Presented by YJ Stinger") 17 | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 "Mr. Goodcents 300") 39 | [CLT](/wiki/Lowe%27s_Presents_the_SpongeBob_SquarePants_Movie_300 "Lowe's Presents the SpongeBob SquarePants Movie 300") 33 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250") 35 | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 "Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200_%28fall%29 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200 (fall)") 34 | [DAR](/wiki/BI-LO_200 "BI-LO 200") 42 | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") 33 | | | [2005](/wiki/2005_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2005 NASCAR Busch Series") | [A. J. Fike](/wiki/A._J._Fike "A. J. Fike") | [DAY](/wiki/Hershey%27s_Take_5_300 "Hershey's Take 5 300")30 | | | | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200")30 | | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300")28 | | [MLW](/wiki/SBC_250 "SBC 250")32 | | | | [PPR](/wiki/ITT_Industries_%26_Goulds_Pumps_Salute_to_the_Troops_250 "ITT Industries & Goulds Pumps Salute to the Troops 250")30 | [GTY](/wiki/Wallace_Family_Tribute_250_presented_by_Shop_%27n_Save "Wallace Family Tribute 250 presented by Shop 'n Save")DNQ | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")33 | | | | | | | | | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250")21 | | | | N/A | N/A | | [Tracy Hines](/wiki/Tracy_Hines "Tracy Hines") | | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300")36 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [José Luis Ramírez](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Ram%C3%ADrez_%28racing_driver%29 "José Luis Ramírez (racing driver)") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | | | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_200 "Telcel-Motorola 200")31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike "Aaron Fike") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge "Dodge") | | | | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") 27 | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 "Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)") DNQ | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") DNQ | | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") 22 | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250") 38 | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 "USG Durock 300") 42 | | | | | | [MCH](/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza_250 "Domino's Pizza 250") 34 | | [CAL](/wiki/Ameriquest_300 "Ameriquest 300") 37 | | | | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge") 29 | | | | [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 "Jeff Green (racing driver)") | | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300")20 | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Professional_250 "Sharpie Professional 250")20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250")18 | | | | | | | | | | | [Kevin Conway](/wiki/Kevin_Conway_%28racing_driver%29 "Kevin Conway (racing driver)") | | | | | | | | | | | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200")29 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike "Aaron Fike") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Funai_250 "Funai 250") 30 | | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_RacePoints_200 "MBNA RacePoints 200") 26 | | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300")18 | | | | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 "New England 200 (Nationwide)") 24 | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 "Emerson Radio 250") 23 | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 "Dover 200 (fall race)") 23 | [KAN](/wiki/United_Way_300 "United Way 300") 26 | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300") 14 | | | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona_200 "Arizona 200") 20 | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") 16 | | [Todd Bodine](/wiki/Todd_Bodine "Todd Bodine") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300")DNQ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Ron Fellows](/wiki/Ron_Fellows "Ron Fellows") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen "Zippo 200 at the Glen")42 | | | | | | | | | | | | | [2006](/wiki/2006_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2006 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike "Aaron Fike") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge "Dodge") | [DAY](/wiki/Hershey%27s_Kissables_300 "Hershey's Kissables 300") 43 | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300") 36 | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_200 "Telcel-Motorola 200") 28 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") 40 | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 "Nicorette 300") 26 | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 "Sharpie Mini 300") 18 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") 31 | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300") 15 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200") 31 | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") 23 | [RCH](/wiki/Circuit_City_250 "Circuit City 250") 35 | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200") 43 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") DNQ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [Kertus Davis](/wiki/Kertus_Davis "Kertus Davis") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/StonebridgeRacing.com_200 "StonebridgeRacing.com 200"){{small\|27}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Chris Cook](/wiki/Chris_Cook_%28racing_driver%29 "Chris Cook (racing driver)") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300")28 | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300")30 | [MLW](/wiki/AT%26T_250 "AT&T 250") | | | | | | | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen "Zippo 200 at the Glen")34 | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 "Emerson Radio 250")DNQ | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 "Dover 200 (fall race)") | [KAN](/wiki/Yellow_Transportation_300 "Yellow Transportation 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300") | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge") | | | | [P. J. Jones](/wiki/P._J._Jones "P. J. Jones") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250")13 | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 "USG Durock 300") | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 "New England 200 (Nationwide)") | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_250 "Goody's 250") | [GTY](/wiki/Busch_Silver_Celebration_250 "Busch Silver Celebration 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")39 | | | | [CAL](/wiki/Ameriquest_300 "Ameriquest 300")22 | | | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona.Travel_200 "Arizona.Travel 200")21 | | | [Erin Crocker](/wiki/Erin_Crocker "Erin Crocker") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)")28 | | [2007](/wiki/2007_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2007 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East "Bobby East") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | [DAY](/wiki/Orbitz_300 "Orbitz 300") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300") | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_Mexico_200 "Telcel-Motorola Mexico 200") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 "Nicorette 300") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 "Sharpie Mini 300") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [RCH](/wiki/Circuit_City_250 "Circuit City 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28Spring_Race%29 "Dover 200 (Spring Race)") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300") | [MLW](/wiki/AT%26T_250 "AT&T 250") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_200_presented_by_RVs.com "Camping World 200 presented by RVs.com") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250") | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 "USG Durock 300") | [GTY](/wiki/Gateway_250 "Gateway 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200 "Zippo 200") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Fontana%29 "Camping World 300 (Fontana)") | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 "Emerson Radio 250") | [DOV](/wiki/RoadLoans.com_200 "RoadLoans.com 200") | [KAN](/wiki/Yellow_Transportation_300 "Yellow Transportation 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300") | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250")36 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge") | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona_Travel_200 "Arizona Travel 200") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") | N/A | N/A | | [2009](/wiki/2009_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise") | 43 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 "Camping World 300 (Daytona)") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 "Scotts Turf Builder 300") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300")DNQ | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 "Nashville 300") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 "Lipton Tea 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 "Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300") | [MLW](/wiki/NorthernTool.com_250 "NorthernTool.com 250") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 "Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)") | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 "Subway Jalapeño 250") | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)") | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 "Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 "U.S. Cellular 250") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen "Zippo 200 at the Glen") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200") | [ATL](/wiki/Degree_V12_300 "Degree V12 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 "Virginia 529 College Savings 250") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 "Dover 200 (fall race)") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300") | [CAL](/wiki/Copart_300 "Copart 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300") | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 "Kroger On Track for the Cure 250") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge") | [PHO](/wiki/Able_Body_Labor_200 "Able Body Labor 200") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") | N/A | 0 | | [2010](/wiki/2010_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2010 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [Scott Lagasse Jr.](/wiki/Scott_Lagasse_Jr. "Scott Lagasse Jr.") | [DAY](/wiki/DRIVE4COPD_300 "DRIVE4COPD 300")32 | [CAL](/wiki/Royal_Purple_300 "Royal Purple 300")15 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300")17 | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 "Scotts Turf Builder 300")13 | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 "Nashville 300")21 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200")8 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_300 "O'Reilly Auto Parts 300")24 | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312")21 | [RCH](/wiki/Bubba_Burger_250 "Bubba Burger 250")34 | [DAR](/wiki/Royal_Purple_200 "Royal Purple 200")36 | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 "Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)")19 | [CLT](/wiki/TECH-NET_Auto_Service_300_powered_by_Carquest "TECH-NET Auto Service 300 powered by Carquest")30 | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300")33 | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300")16 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [Kevin O'COnnell](/wiki/Kevin_O%27Connell_%28racing_driver%29 "Kevin O'Connell (racing driver)") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ROA](/wiki/Bucyrus_200 "Bucyrus 200")34 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Brad Baker (racing driver)") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 "New England 200 (Nationwide)"){{small\|36}} | | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)"){{small\|34}} | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 "Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250"){{small\|33}} | | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 "U.S. Cellular 250"){{small\|39}} | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen "Zippo 200 at the Glen") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Johnny Chapman](/wiki/Johnny_Chapman "Johnny Chapman") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 "Subway Jalapeño 250")42 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell "Kevin Swindell") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")33 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Chase Austin](/wiki/Chase_Austin "Chase Austin") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge "Dodge") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250"){{small\|35}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring "Drew Herring") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250")DNQ | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks "Justin Marks") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200")43 | | | | | | | | | | | | [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin "Kevin Hamlin") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 "Great Clips 300")42 | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 "Virginia 529 College Savings 250") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 "Dover 200 (fall race)") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300") | [CAL](/wiki/CampingWorld.com_300 "CampingWorld.com 300") | | | | | | | [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge "Dodge") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300")18 | [GTY](/wiki/5-Hour_Energy_250 "5-Hour Energy 250") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_Challenge "O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge") | [PHO](/wiki/WYPALL_200 "WYPALL 200") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") | ### Car No. 27 history After not fielding an entry throughout most of 2007, Curb and [Gary Baker](/wiki/Gary_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Gary Baker (racing driver)") purchased [Brewco Motorsports](/wiki/Brewco_Motorsports "Brewco Motorsports") prior to the fall Fontana race. **Baker\-Curb Racing** took over the team's entries the same weekend, taking over for the final nine races of the season. The team continued running out of Brewco's shop for the remainder of 2007, and inherited a relationship with [Roush\-Fenway Racing](/wiki/Roush-Fenway_Racing "Roush-Fenway Racing") to run Fords. The No. 27 entry would continue to be sponsored by [Kimberly\-Clark](/wiki/Kimberly-Clark "Kimberly-Clark")'s [Kleenex](/wiki/Kleenex "Kleenex") brand, who had sponsored the car since 2004, and had also sponsored Curb's No. 43 entry in four races in 2005 (with Brewco's driver [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike "Aaron Fike")). [Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller "Jason Keller") drove the No. 27 in the first race for Baker\-Curb, at [California Speedway](/wiki/Auto_Club_Speedway "Auto Club Speedway"), finishing 17th. For the final eight races, [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East "Bobby East"), [Robby Gordon](/wiki/Robby_Gordon "Robby Gordon"), [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood "Casey Atwood") and [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Brad Baker (racing driver)") drove two races apiece, with a best finish of 12th by Bobby East at Homestead. In 2008, the team moved into its own shop, and [Brad Coleman](/wiki/Brad_Coleman "Brad Coleman") was named the driver for the full\-season. Kimberly\-Clark brands again returned to sponsor the No. 27 Ford in most of the races, with [USPS](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service"), Federated Auto Parts, and [Carino's Italian Grill](/wiki/Carino%27s_Italian "Carino's Italian") filling out the schedule. Coleman made each of the first 24 races, and was 16th in points, but had only two top\-10 finishes. After the race at [Watkins Glen](/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International "Watkins Glen International"), Coleman received an offer to drive for [Hall of Fame Racing](/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_Racing "Hall of Fame Racing") in the [Sprint Cup Series](/wiki/Monster_Energy_NASCAR_Cup_Series "Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series"), and left Baker\-Curb as a result. [David Gilliland](/wiki/David_Gilliland "David Gilliland") drove the No. 27 at [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway "Michigan International Speedway"), with [Burney Lamar](/wiki/Burney_Lamar "Burney Lamar") running at [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway "Bristol Motor Speedway"). Gilliland returned to the No. 27 at [Auto Club Speedway](/wiki/Auto_Club_Speedway "Auto Club Speedway"), and Atwood made his only start in the car at [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Raceway "Richmond Raceway"). Starting at [Dover](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway "Dover International Speedway"), Keller took over the No. 27 for the final seven races of the year, in preparation for a full\-time run in 2009\. The best run for the No. 27 in 2008 was 9th with Coleman at [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway "Las Vegas Motor Speedway"). [thumb\|left\|[Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller "Jason Keller") at Milwaukee in 2009\.](/wiki/File:JasonKellerFordMilwaukeeMile2009.jpg "JasonKellerFordMilwaukeeMile2009.jpg") [thumb\|right\|[Owen Kelly](/wiki/Owen_Kelly "Owen Kelly") at [Road America](/wiki/Road_America "Road America") in 2010\.](/wiki/File:27KellyOwen2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg "27KellyOwen2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg") For the 2009 season, Kimberly\-Clark products returned to sponsor 34 of 36 races in the No. 27 Ford with [Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller "Jason Keller") running full\-time. The team ran unsponsored at Watkins Glen, while [USPS](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service") returned to the car at Homestead. Keller ran all the races, and finished 8th in points, recording eight top\-10 finishes. The team's best finish was 6th at Iowa in August. After the season, Kimberly\-Clark left the team and Keller departed for [TriStar Motorsports](/wiki/TriStar_Motorsports "TriStar Motorsports"). In 2010, the season began with the No. 27 running Roush Fords split between [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle "Greg Biffle") and [Scott Wimmer](/wiki/Scott_Wimmer "Scott Wimmer") with sponsorship from [Red Man Tobacco](/wiki/Red_Man "Red Man") (whose parent company [Swedish Match](/wiki/Swedish_Match "Swedish Match") had sponsored Brewco Motorsports with their Red Man and Timber Wolf brands from 1996 to 2004\). [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter "Johnny Sauter") drove the car at [Nashville Superspeedway](/wiki/Nashville_Superspeedway "Nashville Superspeedway").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nascar.com/2010/news/headlines/bg/01/09/gbiffle.baker.curb/index.html \|title\=NASCAR.COM \- Biffle back at Baker Curb, will drive No. 27 Ford \- Jan 9, 2010 \|website\=www.nascar.com \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112121835/http://www.nascar.com/2010/news/headlines/bg/01/09/gbiffle.baker.curb/index.html \|archive\-date\=2010\-01\-12}} After 14 races, the Red Man deal ended with new FDA regulations preventing tobacco advertising in sporting events.{{cite web\|title\=Ending an era: Tobacco sponsorship in NASCAR\|url\=http://sportsbusinessdigest.com/2010/06/ending\-an\-era\-tobacco\-sponsorship\-in\-nascar/\|website\=Sports Business Digest\|publisher\=Sports Business Digest\|access\-date\=10 November 2014\|date\=June 2, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226122824/http://sportsbusinessdigest.com/2010/06/ending\-an\-era\-tobacco\-sponsorship\-in\-nascar/\|archive\-date\=26 December 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|last1\=Ryan\|first1\=Nate\|title\=Tobacco era in NASCAR ends as new FDA rules take effect\|url\=http://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/sports/motor/nascar/2010\-06\-01\-tobacco\-era\-ends\_N.htm\|website\=\[\[USA Today]]\|publisher\=\[\[USA Today]]\|access\-date\=23 July 2015\|date\=June 1, 2010}} The Roush partnership dissolved after Kentucky, with the end of the Red Man deal. The team was forced to run only one car at Road America, leasing the No. 43 points to Rick Ware, although [Owen Kelly](/wiki/Owen_Kelly "Owen Kelly") drove the No. 27 sponsored by K1 Speed to a top\-5 finish.{{cite web\|author1\=\[\[NASCAR]]\|title\=Montreal: Series round 25 preview\|url\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\-xs/news/montreal\-series\-round\-25\-preview\-2010\-08\-26/?v\=2\&s\=1\&q\=Andrew\+Ranger\+2010\|website\=motorsport.com\|publisher\=motorsport.com\|access\-date\=23 July 2015\|date\=August 26, 2010\|archive\-date\=2015\-07\-23\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723135356/http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\-xs/news/montreal\-series\-round\-25\-preview\-2010\-08\-26/?v\=2\&s\=1\&q\=Andrew\+Ranger\+2010\|url\-status\=dead}} [Justin Lofton](/wiki/Justin_Lofton "Justin Lofton") drove at Loudon with WeekendWarriors.tv sponsoring. The following week at Daytona was the first Nationwide Series race using the Car of Tomorrow platform. Initially for COT races, the No. 27 team would partner with [Jennifer Jo Cobb](/wiki/Jennifer_Jo_Cobb "Jennifer Jo Cobb"), who brought sponsorship from Driver Boutique. Cobb would provide the COT and in return she would drive and provided the crew chief.{{cite web\|title\=Cobb to Team with Baker\-Curb Racing for 4 Nationwide Races Starting at Daytona\|url\=http://skirtsandscuffspress.blogspot.com/2010/06/cobb\-to\-team\-with\-baker\-curb\-racing\-for.html\|website\=skirtsandscuffs.com\|publisher\=Skirts and Scuffs\|access\-date\=23 July 2015\|date\=June 29, 2010}}{{cite web\|last1\=Kivak\|first1\=Rebecca\|title\=Jennifer Jo Cobb climbs points ladder to history\|url\=http://www.skirtsandscuffs.com/2010/08/jennifer\-jo\-cobb\-climbs\-points\-ladder.html\|website\=skirtsandscuffs.com\|publisher\=Skirts and Scuffs\|access\-date\=23 July 2015\|date\=August 17, 2010}} However, the deal fell apart after Cobb destroyed the car in a crash during her first race with Baker\-Curb at Daytona, an accident that also took out Baker\-Curb's other entry, the No. 43 driven by [Johnny Chapman](/wiki/Johnny_Chapman "Johnny Chapman"). For the next seven races, seven different drivers ran the No. 27 Ford as part of one\-race deals; the drivers were Lofton, Sauter, [Kelly Bires](/wiki/Kelly_Bires "Kelly Bires"), [Nelson Piquet Jr.](/wiki/Nelson_Piquet_Jr. "Nelson Piquet Jr."), [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring "Drew Herring"), [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise"), and [Danny O'Quinn Jr.](/wiki/Danny_O%27Quinn_Jr. "Danny O'Quinn Jr.") [Andrew Ranger](/wiki/Andrew_Ranger "Andrew Ranger") then ran the No. 27 as a Dodge for one race, running a car out of his own race shop (Dodge Dealers of Quebec was his sponsor, thus requiring him to drive Dodge equipment).{{cite web\|author1\=Baker Curb Racing\|title\=Montreal: Andrew Ranger race report\|url\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\-xs/news/montreal\-andrew\-ranger\-race\-report/?v\=2\&s\=1\&q\=Andrew\+Ranger\+2010\|website\=motorsport.com\|publisher\=motorsport.com\|access\-date\=23 July 2015\|date\=August 31, 2010\|archive\-date\=23 July 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723171207/http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\-xs/news/montreal\-andrew\-ranger\-race\-report/?v\=2\&s\=1\&q\=Andrew\+Ranger\+2010\|url\-status\=dead}} Brad Baker drove an unsponsored entry at Atlanta, finishing 26th. After this, the No. 43 shut down and the No. 27 Ford became the only entry for Baker\-Curb. The remainder of the season was split between Baker, Herring, [Alex Kennedy](/wiki/Alex_Kennedy_%28racing_driver%29 "Alex Kennedy (racing driver)") and [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler "Hermie Sadler"). The team had little sponsorship for the final stretch, with Baker being forced to start and park at Fontana. [Chase Mattioli](/wiki/Chase_Mattioli "Chase Mattioli") ran the season finale at Homestead in the No. 27 Ford with CollegeComplete.com sponsoring, finishing 33rd. The best finish for the No. 27 in 2010 was 2nd with Biffle in a Ford, at Fontana and Richmond in the spring. After initially intending to shut down for 2011, Baker\-Curb instead decided to run the No. 27 as a Ford entry for the first 5 races of the season. At Daytona, [J. R. Fitzpatrick](/wiki/J._R._Fitzpatrick "J. R. Fitzpatrick") and his sponsor Schick came aboard to run the No. 27, but Fitzpatrick crashed after 10 laps and finished 42nd. [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks "Justin Marks") and [J. J. Yeley](/wiki/J._J._Yeley "J. J. Yeley") started and parked the next three races due to lack of sponsorship. Fitzpatrick returned to drive at Fontana, finishing 20th, with Schick again sponsoring. Baker\-Curb Racing subsequently suspended operations, and three weeks later shut down. The No. 27 team was sold to Canadian businessman Steve Meehan's No. 67 team, [Go Canada Racing](/wiki/Go_Canada_Racing "Go Canada Racing"), which Fitzpatrick would go on to drive for. {{Cite web\|url\=http://www.racing\-reference.info/rquery?id\=bakerga01\&trk\=t0\&series\=B\&o\=1\|title\=Misc Stats}} ### Car No. 27 results | Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | {{Tooltip\|Owners\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [2007](/wiki/2007_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2007 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller "Jason Keller") | 27 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | [DAY](/wiki/Orbitz_300 "Orbitz 300") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300") | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_Mexico_200 "Telcel-Motorola Mexico 200") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 "Nicorette 300") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 "Sharpie Mini 300") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [RCH](/wiki/Circuit_City_250 "Circuit City 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28Spring_Race%29 "Dover 200 (Spring Race)") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300") | [MLW](/wiki/AT%26T_250 "AT&T 250") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_200_presented_by_RVs.com "Camping World 200 presented by RVs.com") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250") | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 "USG Durock 300") | [GTY](/wiki/Gateway_250 "Gateway 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200 "Zippo 200") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Fontana%29 "Camping World 300 (Fontana)"){{small\|17}} | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East "Bobby East") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 "Emerson Radio 250"){{small\|25}} | | | | | | | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)"){{small\|12}} | | [Robby Gordon](/wiki/Robby_Gordon "Robby Gordon") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/RoadLoans.com_200 "RoadLoans.com 200"){{small\|31}} | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona_Travel_200 "Arizona Travel 200"){{small\|20}} | | | [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood "Casey Atwood") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [KAN](/wiki/Yellow_Transportation_300 "Yellow Transportation 300"){{small\|18}} | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300"){{small\|22}} | | | | | | [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Brad Baker (racing driver)") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250"){{small\|34}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge"){{small\|35}} | | | | [2008](/wiki/2008_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [Brad Coleman](/wiki/Brad_Coleman "Brad Coleman") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 "Camping World 300 (Daytona)")26 | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300")19 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300")9 | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 "Nicorette 300")35 | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 "Sharpie Mini 300")33 | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300")27 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300")22 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200")23 | [MXC](/wiki/Corona_M%C3%A9xico_200 "Corona México 200")16 | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312")24 | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 "Lipton Tea 250")26 | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200")12 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300")21 | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 "Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)")32 | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300")35 | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300")15 | [MLW](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Rental_250 "Camping World RV Rental 250")25 | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 "Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)")31 | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250")21 | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)")30 | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 "Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250")17 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)")23 | [CGV](/wiki/2008_NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "2008 NAPA Auto Parts 200")21 | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen "Zippo 200 at The Glen")10 | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [David Gilliland](/wiki/David_Gilliland "David Gilliland") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250"){{small\|20}} | | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Service_300 "Camping World RV Service 300"){{small\|31}} | | | | | | | | | | [Burney Lamar](/wiki/Burney_Lamar "Burney Lamar") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250"){{small\|27}} | | | | | | | | | | | [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood "Casey Atwood") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 "Emerson Radio 250"){{small\|23}} | | | | | | | | | [Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller "Jason Keller") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Dover%29 "Camping World RV Sales 200 (Dover)"){{small\|19}} | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300"){{small\|19}} | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300"){{small\|29}} | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 "Kroger On Track for the Cure 250"){{small\|25}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge"){{small\|19}} | [PHO](/wiki/Hefty_Odor_Block_200 "Hefty Odor Block 200"){{small\|13}} | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)"){{small\|22}} | | [2009](/wiki/2009_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 "Camping World 300 (Daytona)"){{small\|9}} | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300"){{small\|17}} | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300"){{small\|25}} | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 "Scotts Turf Builder 300"){{small\|28}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300"){{small\|15}} | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 "Nashville 300"){{small\|12}} | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200"){{small\|17}} | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312"){{small\|7}} | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 "Lipton Tea 250"){{small\|9}} | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200"){{small\|15}} | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300"){{small\|16}} | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 "Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)"){{small\|9}} | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300"){{small\|26}} | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300"){{small\|23}} | [MLW](/wiki/NorthernTool.com_250 "NorthernTool.com 250"){{small\|20}} | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 "Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)"){{small\|23}} | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 "Subway Jalapeño 250"){{small\|22}} | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)"){{small\|19}} | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 "Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250"){{small\|9}} | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)"){{small\|25}} | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 "U.S. Cellular 250"){{small\|6}} | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen "Zippo 200 at the Glen"){{small\|16}} | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250"){{small\|20}} | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250"){{small\|16}} | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200"){{small\|23}} | [ATL](/wiki/Degree_V12_300 "Degree V12 300"){{small\|37}} | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 "Virginia 529 College Savings 250"){{small\|15}} | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 "Dover 200 (fall race)"){{small\|10}} | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300"){{small\|13}} | [CAL](/wiki/Copart_300 "Copart 300"){{small\|10}} | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300"){{small\|17}} | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 "Kroger On Track for the Cure 250"){{small\|28}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge"){{small\|12}} | [PHO](/wiki/Able_Body_Labor_200 "Able Body Labor 200"){{small\|11}} | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)"){{small\|13}} | N/A | 3960 | | [2010](/wiki/2010_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2010 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle "Greg Biffle") | [DAY](/wiki/DRIVE4COPD_300 "DRIVE4COPD 300")26 | [CAL](/wiki/Royal_Purple_300 "Royal Purple 300")2 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300")9 | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 "Scotts Turf Builder 300")6 | | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200")5 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_300 "O'Reilly Auto Parts 300")7 | | [RCH](/wiki/Bubba_Burger_250 "Bubba Burger 250")2 | [DAR](/wiki/Royal_Purple_200 "Royal Purple 200")35 | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 "Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)")8 | [CLT](/wiki/TECH-NET_Auto_Service_300_powered_by_Carquest "TECH-NET Auto Service 300 powered by Carquest")13 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter "Johnny Sauter") | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 "Nashville 300"){{small\|13}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)"){{small\|25}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Scott Wimmer](/wiki/Scott_Wimmer "Scott Wimmer") | | | | | | | | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312"){{small\|12}} | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300"){{small\|21}} | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300"){{small\|7}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Owen Kelly](/wiki/Owen_Kelly "Owen Kelly") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ROA](/wiki/Bucyrus_200 "Bucyrus 200"){{small\|5}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Justin Lofton](/wiki/Justin_Lofton "Justin Lofton") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 "New England 200 (Nationwide)"){{small\|17}} | | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)"){{small\|26}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Jennifer Jo Cobb](/wiki/Jennifer_Jo_Cobb "Jennifer Jo Cobb") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 "Subway Jalapeño 250"){{small\|43}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Kelly Bires](/wiki/Kelly_Bires "Kelly Bires") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 "Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250"){{small\|32}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring "Drew Herring") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 "U.S. Cellular 250"){{small\|15}} | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 "Dover 200 (fall race)"){{small\|32}} | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300"){{small\|28}} | | | [GTY](/wiki/5-Hour_Energy_250 "5-Hour Energy 250"){{small\|17}} | | | | | [Nelson Piquet Jr.](/wiki/Nelson_Piquet_Jr. "Nelson Piquet Jr.") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen "Zippo 200 at the Glen"){{small\|7}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250"){{small\|40}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Danny O'Quinn Jr.](/wiki/Danny_O%27Quinn_Jr. "Danny O'Quinn Jr.") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250"){{small\|16}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Andrew Ranger](/wiki/Andrew_Ranger "Andrew Ranger") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge "Dodge") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200"){{small\|39}} | | | | | | | | | | | | [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Brad Baker (racing driver)") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 "Great Clips 300"){{small\|26}} | | | | [CAL](/wiki/CampingWorld.com_300 "CampingWorld.com 300"){{small\|34}} | | | | | | | [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler "Hermie Sadler") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 "Virginia 529 College Savings 250"){{small\|36}} | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300"){{small\|30}} | | | | | | [Alex Kennedy](/wiki/Alex_Kennedy_%28racing_driver%29 "Alex Kennedy (racing driver)") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_Challenge "O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge"){{small\|31}} | [PHO](/wiki/WYPALL_200 "WYPALL 200"){{small\|24}} | | | [Chase Mattioli](/wiki/Chase_Mattioli "Chase Mattioli") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)"){{small\|33}} | | [2011](/wiki/2011_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2011 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [J. R. Fitzpatrick](/wiki/J._R._Fitzpatrick "J. R. Fitzpatrick") | [DAY](/wiki/DRIVE4COPD_300 "DRIVE4COPD 300"){{small\|42}} | | | | [CAL](/wiki/Royal_Purple_300 "Royal Purple 300"){{small\|20}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_300 "O'Reilly Auto Parts 300") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 "Nashville 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Bubba_Burger_250 "Bubba Burger 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Royal_Purple_200 "Royal Purple 200") | [DOV](/wiki/5-hour_Energy_200_%28spring_race%29 "5-hour Energy 200 (spring race)") | [IOW](/wiki/Iowa_John_Deere_Dealers_250 "Iowa John Deere Dealers 250") | [CLT](/wiki/Top_Gear_300 "Top Gear 300") | [CHI](/wiki/STP_300 "STP 300") | [MCH](/wiki/Alliance_Truck_Parts_250 "Alliance Truck Parts 250") | [ROA](/wiki/Bucyrus_200 "Bucyrus 200") | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 "Subway Jalapeño 250") | [KEN](/wiki/Feed_the_Children_300 "Feed the Children 300") | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 "New England 200 (Nationwide)") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 "U.S. Cellular 250") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen "Zippo 200 at The Glen") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 "Great Clips 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 "Virginia 529 College Savings 250") | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)") | [DOV](/wiki/OneMain_Financial_200 "OneMain Financial 200") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_Challenge "O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge") | [PHO](/wiki/WYPALL_200 "WYPALL 200") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") | | N/A | 45 | | [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks "Justin Marks") | | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200"){{small\|40}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [J. J. Yeley](/wiki/J._J._Yeley "J. J. Yeley") | | | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300"){{small\|34}} | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_EZ_Seed_300 "Scotts EZ Seed 300"){{small\|39}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ### Car No. 37 history After Gary Baker and Mike Curb purchased [Brewco Motorsports](/wiki/Brewco_Motorsports "Brewco Motorsports") in September 2007, **Baker\-Curb Racing** took over the No. 37 Ford for the final nine races of the season. Baker\-Curb also inherited the No. 37's sponsor Kick\-Butt Energy Ballz. [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East "Bobby East") drove the No. 37 in Baker\-Curb's first race at [California Speedway](/wiki/Auto_Club_Speedway "Auto Club Speedway") in [Fontana](/wiki/Fontana%2C_California "Fontana, California"), finishing 24th. The car was split over the final eight races by East, [John Graham](/wiki/John_Graham_%28racing_driver%29 "John Graham (racing driver)"), [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood "Casey Atwood"), and [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Brad Baker (racing driver)"). The team's best 2007 finish in 9 attempts was a 14th\-place finish at Dover by Atwood. Kick\-Butt left the team after the season. The No. 37 began 2008 running Fords out of the team's new shop, but had no sponsor. Baker began the season as the team's primary driver, running 5 of the first 6 races, with [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle "Greg Biffle") running at Atlanta bringing Cub Cadet sponsorship. [Burney Lamar](/wiki/Burney_Lamar "Burney Lamar") then started and parked at Texas, [John Young](/wiki/John_Young_%28racing_driver%29 "John Young (racing driver)") crashed out at Phoenix, and [Raphael Martinez](/wiki/Raphael_Martinez "Raphael Martinez") earned a top\-20 at the Mexico City road course with Canel's and Scotiabank sponsoring. Lamar then returned for the next 7 races, running 6 as a start and park entry, with Biffle's foundation funding a full race effort at Nashville. Baker ran the full race at Daytona with RFD\-TV sponsorship, finishing 27th. The No. 37 team shut down after Daytona due to lack of funding. The best 2008 finish for the team in 19 attempts was 18th with Lamar at Nashville. The No. 37 Ford returned for the final two races of the 2009 season as a [start and park](/wiki/Start_and_park "Start and park") entry. [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin "Kevin Hamlin") drove an unsponsored car at both Phoenix and Homestead. The following season in 2010, the No. 37 Ford attempted three races in the middle of the season as a start and park entry, at Loudon and Gateway with [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell "Kevin Swindell") and at Chicago with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise"). ### Car No. 37 results | Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | {{Tooltip\|Owners\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [2007](/wiki/2007_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2007 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East "Bobby East") | 37 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | [DAY](/wiki/Orbitz_300 "Orbitz 300") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300") | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_Mexico_200 "Telcel-Motorola Mexico 200") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 "Nicorette 300") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 "Sharpie Mini 300") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [RCH](/wiki/Circuit_City_250 "Circuit City 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28Spring_Race%29 "Dover 200 (Spring Race)") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300") | [MLW](/wiki/AT%26T_250 "AT&T 250") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_200_presented_by_RVs.com "Camping World 200 presented by RVs.com") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250") | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 "USG Durock 300") | [GTY](/wiki/Gateway_250 "Gateway 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200 "Zippo 200") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Fontana%29 "Camping World 300 (Fontana)"){{small\|24}} | | | [KAN](/wiki/Yellow_Transportation_300 "Yellow Transportation 300"){{small\|22}} | | | | | | N/A | N/A | | [John Graham](/wiki/John_Graham_%28racing_driver%29 "John Graham (racing driver)") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 "Emerson Radio 250"){{small\|41}} | | | | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250"){{small\|27}} | | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona_Travel_200 "Arizona Travel 200"){{small\|26}} | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)"){{small\|31}} | | [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood "Casey Atwood") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/RoadLoans.com_200 "RoadLoans.com 200"){{small\|14}} | | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge"){{small\|26}} | | | | [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Brad Baker (racing driver)") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300"){{small\|28}} | | | | | | [2008](/wiki/2008_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 "Camping World 300 (Daytona)"){{small\|28}} | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300"){{small\|39}} | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300"){{small\|35}} | | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 "Sharpie Mini 300"){{small\|27}} | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300"){{small\|28}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250"){{small\|27}} | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)") | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 "Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250"){{small\|DNQ}} | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen "Zippo 200 at The Glen") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Service_300 "Camping World RV Service 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 "Emerson Radio 250") | [DOV](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Dover%29 "Camping World RV Sales 200 (Dover)") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300") | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 "Kroger On Track for the Cure 250") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge") | [PHO](/wiki/Hefty_Odor_Block_200 "Hefty Odor Block 200") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") | N/A | N/A | | [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle "Greg Biffle") | | | | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 "Nicorette 300"){{small\|21}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Burney Lamar](/wiki/Burney_Lamar "Burney Lamar") | | | | | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300"){{small\|40}} | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 "Lipton Tea 250"){{small\|39}} | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200"){{small\|34}} | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300"){{small\|DNQ}} | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 "Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)"){{small\|42}} | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300"){{small\|18}} | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300"){{small\|32}} | [MLW](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Rental_250 "Camping World RV Rental 250"){{small\|36}} | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 "Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)"){{small\|36}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [John Young](/wiki/John_Young_%28racing_driver%29 "John Young (racing driver)") | | | | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200"){{small\|37}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Rafael Martínez](/wiki/Rafael_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28racing_driver%29 "Rafael Martínez (racing driver)") | | | | | | | | | [MXC](/wiki/Corona_M%C3%A9xico_200 "Corona México 200"){{small\|20}} | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [2009](/wiki/2009_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin "Kevin Hamlin") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 "Camping World 300 (Daytona)") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 "Scotts Turf Builder 300") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 "Nashville 300") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 "Lipton Tea 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 "Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300") | [MLW](/wiki/NorthernTool.com_250 "NorthernTool.com 250") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 "Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)") | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 "Subway Jalapeño 250") | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)") | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 "Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 "U.S. Cellular 250") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen "Zippo 200 at the Glen") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200") | [ATL](/wiki/Degree_V12_300 "Degree V12 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 "Virginia 529 College Savings 250") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 "Dover 200 (fall race)") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300") | [CAL](/wiki/Copart_300 "Copart 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300") | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 "Kroger On Track for the Cure 250") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge") | [PHO](/wiki/Able_Body_Labor_200 "Able Body Labor 200"){{small\|37}} | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)"){{small\|43}} | N/A | N/A | | [2010](/wiki/2010_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2010 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell "Kevin Swindell") | [DAY](/wiki/DRIVE4COPD_300 "DRIVE4COPD 300") | [CAL](/wiki/Royal_Purple_300 "Royal Purple 300") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 "Scotts Turf Builder 300") | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 "Nashville 300") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_300 "O'Reilly Auto Parts 300") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [RCH](/wiki/Bubba_Burger_250 "Bubba Burger 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Royal_Purple_200 "Royal Purple 200") | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 "Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)") | [CLT](/wiki/TECH-NET_Auto_Service_300_powered_by_Carquest "TECH-NET Auto Service 300 powered by Carquest") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300") | [ROA](/wiki/Bucyrus_200 "Bucyrus 200") | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 "New England 200 (Nationwide)"){{small\|42}} | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 "Subway Jalapeño 250") | | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 "Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250"){{small\|39}} | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 "U.S. Cellular 250") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen "Zippo 200 at The Glen") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200") | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 "Great Clips 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 "Virginia 529 College Savings 250") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 "Dover 200 (fall race)") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300") | [CAL](/wiki/CampingWorld.com_300 "CampingWorld.com 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300") | [GTY](/wiki/5-Hour_Energy_250 "5-Hour Energy 250") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_Challenge "O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge") | [PHO](/wiki/WYPALL_200 "WYPALL 200") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") | N/A | N/A | | [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)"){{small\|40}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ### Car No. 97 history In 2001, [Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons "Phil Parsons") ran a No. 97 Morton Salt Chevrolet in the Busch Grand National race at [Kentucky Speedway](/wiki/Kentucky_Speedway "Kentucky Speedway"). Parsons qualified fifth but ran into trouble and finished 34th. ### Car No. 97 results | Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | {{Tooltip\|Owners\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [2001](/wiki/2001_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2001 NASCAR Busch Series") | [Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons "Phil Parsons") | 97 | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 "NAPA Auto Parts 300") | [CAR](/wiki/Alltel_200 "Alltel 200") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 "Great Clips 300") | [DAR](/wiki/SunCom_200 "SunCom 200") | [BRI](/wiki/Cheez-It_250 "Cheez-It 250") | [TEX](/wiki/Jani-King_300 "Jani-King 300") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300") | [TAL](/wiki/Subway_300 "Subway 300") | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 "Auto Club 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 "Hardee's 250") | [NHA](/wiki/CVS_Pharmacy_200_Presented_by_Bayer "CVS Pharmacy 200 Presented by Bayer") | [NZH](/wiki/Nazareth_200 "Nazareth 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 "MBNA Platinum 200") | [KEN](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_300 "Outback Steakhouse 300")34 | [MLW](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_250 "GNC Live Well 250") | [GLN](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_200_%28Watkins_Glen%29 "GNC Live Well 200 (Watkins Glen)") | [CHI](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_Presents_the_Hills_Bros._Coffee_300 "Sam's Club Presents the Hills Bros. Coffee 300") | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 "Carquest Auto Parts 250") | [PPR](/wiki/NAPA_Autocare_250 "NAPA Autocare 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [MCH](/wiki/NAPAonline.com_250 "NAPAonline.com 250") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250") | [DAR](/wiki/South_Carolina_200 "South Carolina 200") | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_/_Fram_250 "Autolite / Fram 250") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA.com_200 "MBNA.com 200") | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 "Mr. Goodcents 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Little_Trees_300 "Little Trees 300") | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 "Sam's Town 250") | [PHO](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_200 "Outback Steakhouse 200") | [CAR](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_200 "Sam's Club 200") | [HOM](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_300 "GNC Live Well 300") | N/A | 61 | ### Car No. 98 history Following the shutdown of the Baker\-Curb's No. 37 Ford team halfway through the 2008 season, Curb\-Agajanian ran an unsponsored No. 98 Chevrolet as a start and park entry with [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter "Johnny Sauter") driving in two late\-summer races. Sauter ran the No. 98 at Michigan and Bristol. In 2013, Curb was listed as owner (similar to his role with ThorSport in the Truck series) of [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell "Kevin Swindell")’s part\-time \#98 Nationwide Series ride with [Biagi\-DenBeste Racing](/wiki/Biagi-DenBeste_Racing "Biagi-DenBeste Racing"). ### Car No. 98 results | Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | {{Tooltip\|Owners\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [2008](/wiki/2008_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series "2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series") | [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter "Johnny Sauter") | 98 | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 "Camping World 300 (Daytona)") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 "Stater Brothers 300") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 "Sam's Town 300") | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 "Nicorette 300") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 "Sharpie Mini 300") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 "Pepsi 300") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 "O'Reilly 300") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 "Bashas' Supermarkets 200") | [MXC](/wiki/Corona_M%C3%A9xico_200 "Corona México 200") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 "Aaron's 312") | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 "Lipton Tea 250") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 "Diamond Hill Plywood 200") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 "Carquest Auto Parts 300") | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 "Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 "Federated Auto Parts 300") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 "Meijer 300") | [MLW](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Rental_250 "Camping World RV Rental 250") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 "Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 "Winn-Dixie 250") | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 "Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)") | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 "Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 "Kroger 200 (Nationwide)") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 "NAPA Auto Parts 200") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen "Zippo 200 at The Glen") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 "Carfax 250")42 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 "Food City 250")42 | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Service_300 "Camping World RV Service 300") | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 "Emerson Radio 250") | [DOV](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Dover%29 "Camping World RV Sales 200 (Dover)") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 "Kansas Lottery 300") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 "Dollar General 300") | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 "Kroger On Track for the Cure 250") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge "O'Reilly Challenge") | [PHO](/wiki/Hefty_Odor_Block_200 "Hefty Odor Block 200") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 "Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)") | N/A | 74 |
[ "Busch/Nationwide Series\n-----------------------", "After the Cup Series team shut down in 1988, Curb suspended operations until 1996\\. The team returned to NASCAR running the Busch Series with the No. 96 car.", "### Car No. 96 history", "Curb Racing returned to NASCAR after an 8\\-year hiatus in [1996](/wiki/1996_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"1996 NASCAR Busch Series\") with a NASCAR Busch Series entry for 21 races. Curb partnered with [Cary Agajanian](/wiki/Cary_Agajanian \"Cary Agajanian\"), [John Andretti](/wiki/John_Andretti \"John Andretti\") and [Donald Laird](/wiki/Donald_Laird \"Donald Laird\") as part of an ownership group known as CAA Performance. The team fielded No. 96 Ford Thunderbirds driven by USAC driver [Stevie Reeves](/wiki/Stevie_Reeves \"Stevie Reeves\") with Reeves bringing sponsorship from Clabber Girl Baking Powder. Reeves began with a DNQ at the season opener at [Daytona](/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway \"Daytona International Speedway\"), got his best finish of the season the next week at Rockingham, 15th, but had five more DNQs. Clabber Girl left the team after the season.", "For [1997](/wiki/1997_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"1997 NASCAR Busch Series\"), Reeves returned to the No. 96\\. [Big A Auto Parts](/wiki/Big_A_Auto_Parts \"Big A Auto Parts\") signed on for the full 30 race season. The team ran Fords in all but three races, running Chevrolets at Atlanta, Las Vegas and Richmond. Reeves finished 7th at Bristol in August, but had no other top\\-10s. He also had two DNQs, including missing the season finale at Homestead. Following the season, team co\\-owners Andretti and Laird left the team to form Andretti\\-Laird Motorsports, taking the No. 96 and Big A sponsorship with them. Curb Racing switched back to the No. 43 in 1998\\.", "### Car No. 96 results", "", "| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | {{Tooltip\\|Owners\\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1996](/wiki/1996_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"1996 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Stevie Reeves](/wiki/Stevie_Reeves \"Stevie Reeves\") | 96 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | [DAY](/wiki/Goody%27s_Headache_Powder_300 \"Goody's Headache Powder 300\")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/Goodwrench_Service_200 \"Goodwrench Service 200\")15 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_Fried_Chicken_250 \"Hardee's Fried Chicken 250\")DNQ | [ATL](/wiki/Busch_Light_300 \"Busch Light 300\")DNQ | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_/_Opryland_USA_320 \"BellSouth / Opryland USA 320\")32 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 \"Dura Lube 200\")33 | [BRI](/wiki/Goody%27s_Headache_Powder_250 \"Goody's Headache Powder 250\")DNQ | [HCY](/wiki/Sundrop_300 \"Sundrop 300\") | [NZH](/wiki/Meridian_Advantage_200 \"Meridian Advantage 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Red_Dog_300 \"Red Dog 300\")23 | [DOV](/wiki/GM_Goodwrench/Delco_200 \"GM Goodwrench/Delco 200\")19 | [SBO](/wiki/Winston_Motorsports_300 \"Winston Motorsports 300\") | [MYB](/wiki/Carolina_Pride_/_Red_Dog_250 \"Carolina Pride / Red Dog 250\") | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 \"Lysol 200\")23 | [MLW](/wiki/Sears_Auto_Center_250 \"Sears Auto Center 250\")20 | [NHA](/wiki/Stanley_200 \"Stanley 200\") | [TAL](/wiki/Humminbird_Fishfinder_500K \"Humminbird Fishfinder 500K\")33 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")34 | [MCH](/wiki/Detroit_Gasket_200 \"Detroit Gasket 200\")34 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\")33 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 \"Dura Lube 200\")18 | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_Platinum_250 \"Autolite Platinum 250\")35 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_200 \"MBNA 200\")17 | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 \"All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300\")16 | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_200 \"AC Delco 200\")DNQ | [HOM](/wiki/Jiffy_Lube_Miami_300 \"Jiffy Lube Miami 300\")DNQ | | | | | N/A | 1290 |\n| [1997](/wiki/1997_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"1997 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [DAY](/wiki/Gargoyles_300 \"Gargoyles 300\")13 | [CAR](/wiki/Goodwrench_Service_200 \"Goodwrench Service 200\")21 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_Fried_Chicken_250 \"Hardee's Fried Chicken 250\")36 | | | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\")30 | [HCY](/wiki/Galaxy_Foods_300 \"Galaxy Foods 300\")17 | [TEX](/wiki/Coca-Cola_300_%28Texas%29 \"Coca-Cola 300 (Texas)\")33 | [BRI](/wiki/Moore%27s_Snacks_250 \"Moore's Snacks 250\")13 | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_Mobility_/_Opryland_320 \"BellSouth Mobility / Opryland 320\")14 | [TAL](/wiki/Birmingham_Auto_Dealers_500K \"Birmingham Auto Dealers 500K\")20 | [NHA](/wiki/United_States_Cellular_200 \"United States Cellular 200\")26 | [NZH](/wiki/Core_States_Advantage_200 \"Core States Advantage 200\")32 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\")27 | [DOV](/wiki/GM_Goodwrench/Delco_200 \"GM Goodwrench/Delco 200\")21 | [SBO](/wiki/Winston_Motorsports_300 \"Winston Motorsports 300\")DNQ | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 \"Lysol 200\")16 | [MLW](/wiki/Sears_Auto_Center_250 \"Sears Auto Center 250\")27 | [MYB](/wiki/Advance_Auto_Parts_250_%28Myrtle_Beach%29 \"Advance Auto Parts 250 (Myrtle Beach)\")24 | [GTY](/wiki/Gateway_300 \"Gateway 300\")42 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")21 | [MCH](/wiki/Detroit_Gasket_200 \"Detroit Gasket 200\")29 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\")7 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 \"Dura Lube 200\")17 | | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_200 \"MBNA 200\")20 | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 \"All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300\")24 | [CAL](/wiki/Kenwood_Home_%26_Car_Audio_300 \"Kenwood Home & Car Audio 300\")37 | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_200 \"AC Delco 200\")26 | [HOM](/wiki/Jiffy_Lube_Miami_300 \"Jiffy Lube Miami 300\")DNQ | N/A | 2528 |\n| [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | | | | [ATL](/wiki/Stihl_Outdoor_Power_Tools_300 \"Stihl Outdoor Power Tools 300\")28 | [LVS](/wiki/Las_Vegas_300 \"Las Vegas 300\")16 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_Platinum_250 \"Autolite Platinum 250\")43 | | | | | |", "### Car No. 43 history", "In 1998, the No. 96 team switched to No. 43, which Curb had run in Cup with Richard Petty, and became known as the **Curb Agajanian Performance Group**. The No. 43 began the 1998 season unsponsored with Stevie Reeves driving a mix of Fords and Chevrolets. The team entered 4 of the first 10 races, with Reeves making all four. However the car had two mechanical failures and Reeves did not finish better than 30th. [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger \"Brad Noffsinger\") took over at Charlotte. Noffsinger had previously driven for Curb in the Cup series; he entered six races and made five, however the No. 43 suffered three mechanical failures. Noffsinger was replaced by [Kevin Grubb](/wiki/Kevin_Grubb \"Kevin Grubb\") at Gateway, however Grubb crashed out of the race and was fired. Future seven\\-time [NASCAR Sprint Cup](/wiki/NASCAR_Sprint_Cup \"NASCAR Sprint Cup\") champion [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson \"Jimmie Johnson\") drove the season finale at Homestead. The No. 43 entered 12 races in 1998, all of them without a sponsor, qualifying for 11 and posting a best finish of 27th at the Dover spring race.", "In [1999](/wiki/1999_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"1999 NASCAR Busch Series\"), the team returned to full\\-time. [Shane Hall](/wiki/Shane_Hall \"Shane Hall\") was hired to drive and [Central Tractor](/wiki/Central_Tractor \"Central Tractor\") signed on to sponsor the full season. The No. 43 began running Chevrolets full\\-time. Hall had a DNQ at the season opener at Daytona, had a fourth\\-place finish at [Myrtle Beach Speedway](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Speedway \"Myrtle Beach Speedway\"), and finished 24th in points, but had 6 additional DNQs. Central Tractor left following the season.", "Rookie [Jay Sauter](/wiki/Jay_Sauter \"Jay Sauter\") replaced Hall in [2000](/wiki/2000_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2000 NASCAR Busch Series\"). Sponsorship of the No. 43 Chevrolet was taken over by Quality Farm \\& Country. Sauter nabbed eight top\\-tens and finished seventeenth in points, despite missing the spring Las Vegas race. The team's best finish was 4th at the season opener at Daytona. Sauter and Quality Farm returned in 2001\\. Sauter finished 3rd at Texas, grabbed a pole at [Kentucky Speedway](/wiki/Kentucky_Speedway \"Kentucky Speedway\"), scored seven top\\-10s, and finished nineteenth in points. However Sauter was fired after Memphis with three races to go in the season, as Morton Salt took over as sponsor and [Ron Hornaday](/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr. \"Ron Hornaday Jr.\") finished out the season. Hornaday would grab a top\\-5 at Phoenix.", "In [2002](/wiki/2002_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2002 NASCAR Busch Series\"), the team lost both Quality Farm and Morton sponsorship and cut back to a limited schedule, attempting four races late in the season with [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler \"Hermie Sadler\") driving. The No. 43 Chevy had sponsorship from TNA for two of the races. Sadler made three of the four races (including both with sponsorship), but the No. 43 did not finish better than 29th.", "The team continued to run part\\-time in 2003\\. Jay Sauter's brother [Johnny](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter \"Johnny Sauter\") ran 17 races in Chevrolets with [Channellock](/wiki/Channellock \"Channellock\") sponsorship. Sauter was also running the No. 21 for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\"), combining for a full season. Grubb also returned to the No. 43 at the spring Nashville race, with sponsorship from music artist Jo Dee Messina, and [Shelby Howard](/wiki/Shelby_Howard \"Shelby Howard\") ran the fall Kansas race with [Dr. Pepper](/wiki/Dr._Pepper \"Dr. Pepper\"). The team ran Dodges in partnership with [Carroll Racing](/wiki/Carroll_Racing \"Carroll Racing\") for Grubb and Howard. The team picked up their first Busch Series win at the [Funai 250](/wiki/Funai_250 \"Funai 250\") at Richmond in September with Sauter in a Chevrolet.", "The team started [2004](/wiki/2004_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2004 NASCAR Busch Series\") with [Josh Richeson](/wiki/Josh_Richeson \"Josh Richeson\") driving the No. 43 Chevrolet at Daytona with [Ollie's Bargain Outlets](/wiki/Ollie%27s_Bargain_Outlets \"Ollie's Bargain Outlets\") sponsoring. At the second race of the season at Rockingham, the team switched to running [Evernham](/wiki/Evernham_Motorsports \"Evernham Motorsports\") Dodges and signed Aaron Fike as the driver. Ollie's continued to sponsor the team, which remained part\\-time. Fike and the No. 43 ran 12 races, his best finish a seventeenth at Dover.", "In [2005](/wiki/2005_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2005 NASCAR Busch Series\"), the No. 43 returned to full\\-time running both Dodges and Fords. Channellock and Jo Dee Messina, both returned to the team after a year absence. Kimberly\\-Clark's Kleenex brand also came on as a sponsor. The team's main drivers were [Aaron](/wiki/Aaron_Fike \"Aaron Fike\") and [A. J.](/wiki/A._J._Fike \"A. J. Fike\") Fike, with [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 \"Jeff Green (racing driver)\") running three races. [Tracy Hines](/wiki/Tracy_Hines \"Tracy Hines\") and [Kevin Conway](/wiki/Kevin_Conway_%28racing_driver%29 \"Kevin Conway (racing driver)\") ran one race a piece, while road course ringers [Jose Luis Ramirez](/wiki/Jose_Luis_Ramirez_%28racing_driver%29 \"Jose Luis Ramirez (racing driver)\") and [Ron Fellows](/wiki/Ron_Fellows \"Ron Fellows\") also made a start. Fellows ran a Chevrolet for his race in the No. 43 at Watkins Glen, however the engine overheated early in the event. The team's best finish in 2005 was 14th at Charlotte with Aaron Fike in a Ford.", "In [2006](/wiki/2006_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2006 NASCAR Busch Series\"), the team returned to running Evernham Dodges. The No. 43 began the season without a full\\-time sponsor, however the car started the season with Aaron Fike driving full\\-time with race\\-to\\-race sponsorships. Fike sat 29th in points after 12 races when he failed to qualify at Charlotte and was fired. [Kertus Davis](/wiki/Kertus_Davis \"Kertus Davis\") took over for one race at Dover. The team then downscaled to part\\-time, with road racing experts [P. J. Jones](/wiki/P._J._Jones \"P. J. Jones\") and [Chris Cook](/wiki/Chris_Cook_%28NASCAR%29 \"Chris Cook (NASCAR)\") attempting a four races each, all of them on ovals except for Cook's start at Watkins Glen. Jones made each of the fields he attempted to qualify for, while Cook made three of the four, missing the race at Richmond. [Erin Crocker](/wiki/Erin_Crocker \"Erin Crocker\") brought General Mills sponsorship and Evernham support at Homestead, finishing 28th. The best finish for the No. 43 in 2006 was at the July Daytona race, with P. J. Jones finishing 13th.", "Due to a lack of sponsorship, the No. 43 began the 2007 season inactive. Curb and [Gary Baker](/wiki/Gary_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Gary Baker (racing driver)\") later bought [Clarence Brewer](/wiki/Brewco_Motorsports \"Brewco Motorsports\")'s Ford team before the September Fontana race. Brewco's two full\\-time Busch Series teams, the No. 27 and No. 37, became the primary entries for **Baker\\-Curb Racing** at Fontana. However, Baker\\-Curb did field the No. 43 for the only time in 2007 for [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East \"Bobby East\") at Memphis with sponsorship from Kick Butt Energy Ballz.", "The No. 43 Curb entry did not appear during the 2008 season. However, at Chicagoland, Curb leased the owner points to [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") for [Kevin Lepage](/wiki/Kevin_Lepage \"Kevin Lepage\"), an entry that failed to qualify.", "In 2009, Curb fielded the No. 43 at the spring Texas race with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\") driving a car sponsored by Scott Products and county singer Star de Alzan, however Wise failed to qualify. At the fall Charlotte race, Curb leased the number 43 to [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports \"Richard Petty Motorsports\") for driver [Kasey Kahne](/wiki/Kasey_Kahne \"Kasey Kahne\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|[Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks \"Justin Marks\") in 2010\\.](/wiki/File:Justin_Marks_NAPA_200.jpg \"Justin Marks NAPA 200.jpg\")", "In 2010, the Baker\\-Curb No. 43 returned and began the season running Roush Fords full\\-time. [Scott Lagasse Jr.](/wiki/Scott_Lagasse_Jr. \"Scott Lagasse Jr.\") was the driver, operating with race\\-to\\-race sponsorships. Lagasse Jr. ran the first 14 races, the final three without a sponsor, before leaving the team due to lack of funding. Lagasse's best finish was 8th at Phoenix. The Roush partnership dissolved at the same time Lagasse left the team, forcing Curb to lease the No. 43 points to [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") at Road America. The next week at Loudon, [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brad Baker (racing driver)\") ran the No. 43 as a start and park without a sponsor. The following week at Daytona saw the debut of the Nationwide Series Car of Tomorrow platform. A deal was made with [JD Motorsports](/wiki/JD_Motorsports \"JD Motorsports\") for the No. 43 to run Chevrolets at the COT races. [Johnny Chapman](/wiki/Johnny_Chapman \"Johnny Chapman\") drove an unsponsored car at Daytona, but was taken out in the early laps by Curb's other entry, the No. 27 of [Jennifer Jo Cobb](/wiki/Jennifer_Jo_Cobb \"Jennifer Jo Cobb\"). The team was forced to end the COT deal and to start and park the next 4 races with Baker and [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell \"Kevin Swindell\"). After skipping Watkins Glen, the No. 43 returned for the next COT race at Michigan, with a new deal in place to run Dodges in COT races. [Chase Austin](/wiki/Chase_Austin \"Chase Austin\") drove with [Walgreens](/wiki/Walgreens \"Walgreens\") at Michigan, but blew an engine and finished 35th. [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring \"Drew Herring\") then failed to qualify an unsponsored Ford the next week at Bristol. The following week at Montreal, [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks \"Justin Marks\") drove a Ford with [Future Electronics](/wiki/Future_Electronics \"Future Electronics\") but broke the rear end gear in the first corner of the first lap, finishing last. [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin \"Kevin Hamlin\") drove the next race at Atlanta as a start and park. Curb shut down the No. 43 after Atlanta in September. The team returned for one race with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\") in a Dodge COT at Charlotte with sponsorship from [Ingersoll Rand](/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand \"Ingersoll Rand\"). Wise finished 18th in the last race for the Curb No. 43\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jayski.com/nationwide/2010/2010nationwideschedule.htm \\|title\\=Jayski's® Silly Season Site \\- 2010 Nationwide Series Schedule \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-11 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012120508/http://www.jayski.com/nationwide/2010/2010nationwideschedule.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### Car No. 43 results", "", "| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | {{Tooltip\\|Owners\\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1998](/wiki/1998_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"1998 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Stevie Reeves](/wiki/Stevie_Reeves \"Stevie Reeves\") | 43 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 \"NAPA Auto Parts 300\")39 | [CAR](/wiki/GM_Goodwrench_Service_Plus_200 \"GM Goodwrench Service Plus 200\")39 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_Las_Vegas_300 \"Sam's Town Las Vegas 300\") | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_Mobility/Opryland_320 \"BellSouth Mobility/Opryland 320\")41 | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\") | [BRI](/wiki/Moore%27s_Snacks_250 \"Moore's Snacks 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/Coca-Cola_300_%28Texas%29 \"Coca-Cola 300 (Texas)\") | [HCY](/wiki/Galaxy_Food_Centers_300 \"Galaxy Food Centers 300\") | [TAL](/wiki/Touchstone_Energy_300 \"Touchstone Energy 300\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | | | | | | | | | | [NHA](/wiki/Gumout_Long_Life_Formula_200 \"Gumout Long Life Formula 200\")30 | [NZH](/wiki/First_Union_200 \"First Union 200\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger \"Brad Noffsinger\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | | | | | | | | | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\")36 | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_Platinum_250 \"Autolite Platinum 250\")40 | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 \"MBNA Platinum 200\")27 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 \"Hardee's 250\") | [PPR](/wiki/Lycos.com_250 \"Lycos.com 250\")29 | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 \"Lysol 200\") | [MLW](/wiki/DieHard_250 \"DieHard 250\") | [MYB](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_250 \"Myrtle Beach 250\") | [CAL](/wiki/Kenwood_Home_%26_Car_Audio_300 \"Kenwood Home & Car Audio 300\")38 | [SBO](/wiki/Lycos.com_300 \"Lycos.com 300\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")DNQ | [MCH](/wiki/Pepsi_200_presented_by_DeVilbiss \"Pepsi 200 presented by DeVilbiss\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 \"Dura Lube 200\") | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Kevin Grubb](/wiki/Kevin_Grubb \"Kevin Grubb\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Gold_200 \"MBNA Gold 200\")DNQ | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 \"All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300\")40 | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 \"Carquest Auto Parts 250\") | [CAR](/wiki/AC_Delco_200 \"AC Delco 200\") | [ATL](/wiki/Stihl_300 \"Stihl 300\") | | | | | |\n| [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson \"Jimmie Johnson\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [HOM](/wiki/Jiffy_Lube_Miami_300 \"Jiffy Lube Miami 300\")33 | | | | |\n| [1999](/wiki/1999_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"1999 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Shane Hall](/wiki/Shane_Hall \"Shane Hall\") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 \"NAPA Auto Parts 300\")DNQ | [CAR](/wiki/Alltel_200 \"Alltel 200\")18 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\")DNQ | [ATL](/wiki/Yellow_Freight_300 \"Yellow Freight 300\")DNQ | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\")20 | [TEX](/wiki/Coca-Cola_300_%28Texas%29 \"Coca-Cola 300 (Texas)\")DNQ | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_Mobility_320 \"BellSouth Mobility 320\")DNQ | [BRI](/wiki/Moore%27s_Snacks_250 \"Moore's Snacks 250\")37 | [TAL](/wiki/Touchstone_Energy_300 \"Touchstone Energy 300\")27 | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 \"Auto Club 300\")DNQ | [NHA](/wiki/Busch_200_%28New_Hampshire%29 \"Busch 200 (New Hampshire)\")38 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 \"Hardee's 250\")31 | [NZH](/wiki/First_Union_200 \"First Union 200\")23 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\")37 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 \"MBNA Platinum 200\")35 | [SBO](/wiki/Textilease/Medique_300 \"Textilease/Medique 300\")DNQ | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 \"Lysol 200\")24 | [MLW](/wiki/DieHard_250 \"DieHard 250\")22 | [MYB](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_250 \"Myrtle Beach 250\")4 | [PPR](/wiki/NAPA_Autocare_250 \"NAPA Autocare 250\")38 | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 \"Carquest Auto Parts 250\")17 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")11 | [MCH](/wiki/NAPA_200_%28Michigan%29 \"NAPA 200 (Michigan)\")21 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\")16 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_200 \"Dura Lube 200\")37 | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_Platinum_250 \"Autolite Platinum 250\")25 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Gold_200 \"MBNA Gold 200\")14 | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 \"All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300\")24 | [CAR](/wiki/Kmart_200 \"Kmart 200\")36 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\")25 | [PHO](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_200 \"Outback Steakhouse 200\")25 | [HOM](/wiki/HotWheels.com_300 \"HotWheels.com 300\")40 | | | | N/A | 2154 |\n| [2000](/wiki/2000_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2000 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Jay Sauter](/wiki/Jay_Sauter \"Jay Sauter\") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 \"NAPA Auto Parts 300\")4 | [CAR](/wiki/Alltel_200 \"Alltel 200\")14 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\")DNQ | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 \"Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)\")39 | [DAR](/wiki/SunCom_200 \"SunCom 200\")22 | [BRI](/wiki/Cheez-It_250 \"Cheez-It 250\")31 | [TEX](/wiki/Albertson%27s_300 \"Albertson's 300\")19 | [NSV](/wiki/BellSouth_Mobility_320 \"BellSouth Mobility 320\")6 | [TAL](/wiki/Touchstone_Energy_300 \"Touchstone Energy 300\")27 | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 \"Auto Club 300\")10 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 \"Hardee's 250\")36 | [NHA](/wiki/Busch_200_%28New_Hampshire%29 \"Busch 200 (New Hampshire)\")16 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\")35 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 \"MBNA Platinum 200\")30 | [SBO](/wiki/Textilease/Medique_300 \"Textilease/Medique 300\")40 | [MYB](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_250 \"Myrtle Beach 250\")10 | [GLN](/wiki/Lysol_200 \"Lysol 200\")8 | [MLW](/wiki/Sears_DieHard_250 \"Sears DieHard 250\")27 | [NZH](/wiki/Econo_Lodge_200 \"Econo Lodge 200\")10 | [PPR](/wiki/NAPA_Autocare_250 \"NAPA Autocare 250\")27 | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 \"Carquest Auto Parts 250\")18 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")32 | [MCH](/wiki/NAPAonline.com_250 \"NAPAonline.com 250\")32 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\")6 | [DAR](/wiki/Dura_Lube_/_All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_200 \"Dura Lube / All Pro Bumper to Bumper 200\")22 | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_/_Fram_250 \"Autolite / Fram 250\")25 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA.com_200 \"MBNA.com 200\")30 | [CLT](/wiki/All_Pro_Bumper_to_Bumper_300 \"All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300\")25 | [CAR](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_200 \"Sam's Club 200\")20 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\")9 | [PHO](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_200 \"Outback Steakhouse 200\")43 | [HOM](/wiki/Miami_300 \"Miami 300\")13 | | | | N/A | 3037 |\n| [2001](/wiki/2001_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2001 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 \"NAPA Auto Parts 300\")25 | [CAR](/wiki/Alltel_200 \"Alltel 200\")11 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\")10 | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 \"Great Clips 300\")13 | [DAR](/wiki/SunCom_200 \"SunCom 200\")36 | [BRI](/wiki/Cheez-It_250 \"Cheez-It 250\")22 | [TEX](/wiki/Jani-King_300 \"Jani-King 300\")3 | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\")39 | [TAL](/wiki/Subway_300 \"Subway 300\")7 | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 \"Auto Club 300\")28 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 \"Hardee's 250\")10 | [NHA](/wiki/CVS_Pharmacy_200_Presented_by_Bayer \"CVS Pharmacy 200 Presented by Bayer\")32 | [NZH](/wiki/Nazareth_200 \"Nazareth 200\")15 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\")34 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 \"MBNA Platinum 200\")23 | **[KEN](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_300 \"Outback Steakhouse 300\")**9 | [MLW](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_250 \"GNC Live Well 250\")33 | [GLN](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_200_%28Watkins_Glen%29 \"GNC Live Well 200 (Watkins Glen)\")12 | [CHI](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_Presents_the_Hills_Bros._Coffee_300 \"Sam's Club Presents the Hills Bros. Coffee 300\")38 | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 \"Carquest Auto Parts 250\")25 | [PPR](/wiki/NAPA_Autocare_250 \"NAPA Autocare 250\")17 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")14 | [MCH](/wiki/NAPAonline.com_250 \"NAPAonline.com 250\")15 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\")10 | [DAR](/wiki/South_Carolina_200 \"South Carolina 200\")30 | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_/_Fram_250 \"Autolite / Fram 250\")39 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA.com_200 \"MBNA.com 200\")18 | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 \"Mr. Goodcents 300\")14 | [CLT](/wiki/Little_Trees_300 \"Little Trees 300\")28 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\")4 | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Ron Hornaday Jr.](/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr. \"Ron Hornaday Jr.\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_200 \"Outback Steakhouse 200\")4 | [CAR](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_200 \"Sam's Club 200\")20 | [HOM](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_300 \"GNC Live Well 300\")30 | | |\n| [2002](/wiki/2002_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2002 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler \"Hermie Sadler\") | [DAY](/wiki/EAS/GNC_Live_Well_300 \"EAS/GNC Live Well 300\") | [CAR](/wiki/1-866RBCTerm.com_200 \"1-866RBCTerm.com 200\") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [DAR](/wiki/Darlingtonraceway.com_200 \"Darlingtonraceway.com 200\") | [BRI](/wiki/Channellock_250 \"Channellock 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 \"Auto Club 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 \"Hardee's 250\") | [NHA](/wiki/Busch_200_%28New_Hampshire%29 \"Busch 200 (New Hampshire)\") | [NZH](/wiki/Stacker_2_200 \"Stacker 2 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 \"MBNA Platinum 200\") | [NSH](/wiki/Inside_Traxx_300_Presented_by_Met-Rx \"Inside Traxx 300 Presented by Met-Rx\") | [KEN](/wiki/Kroger_300 \"Kroger 300\") | [MLW](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_250 \"GNC Live Well 250\") | [DAY](/wiki/Stacker_2/GNC_Live_Well_250 \"Stacker 2/GNC Live Well 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/Tropicana_Twister_300 \"Tropicana Twister 300\") | [GTY](/wiki/Charter_Pipeline_250 \"Charter Pipeline 250\") | [PPR](/wiki/NetZero_250_%28PPIR%29 \"NetZero 250 (PPIR)\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [MCH](/wiki/Cabela%27s_250 \"Cabela's 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Gatorade_200 \"Gatorade 200\") | [RCH](/wiki/Funai_250 \"Funai 250\") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_All-American_Heroes_200 \"MBNA All-American Heroes 200\") | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 \"Mr. Goodcents 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Little_Trees_300 \"Little Trees 300\")29 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\") | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 \"Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)\") | [CAR](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_200 \"Sam's Club 200\")33 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200_%28fall%29 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200 (fall)\") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\")29 | | N/A | N/A |\n| [2003](/wiki/2003_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2003 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter \"Johnny Sauter\") | [DAY](/wiki/Koolerz_300 \"Koolerz 300\")9 | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Channellock_250 \"Channellock 250\")10 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | | [CAL](/wiki/1-800-Pitshop.com_300 \"1-800-Pitshop.com 300\")23 | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 \"Hardee's 250\")6 | [GTY](/wiki/Charter_Pipeline_250 \"Charter Pipeline 250\") | [NZH](/wiki/Goulds_Pumps/ITT_Industries_200 \"Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\")25 | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Armed_Forces_Family_200 \"MBNA Armed Forces Family 200\") | [NSH](/wiki/Trace_Adkins_Chrome_300 \"Trace Adkins Chrome 300\") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\") | [MLW](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_250 \"GNC Live Well 250\") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/Tropicana_Twister_300 \"Tropicana Twister 300\") | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"New England 200 (Nationwide)\")25 | [PPR](/wiki/TrimSpa_Dream_Body_250 \"TrimSpa Dream Body 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [MCH](/wiki/Cabela%27s_250 \"Cabela's 250\")22 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\")19 | [DAR](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_200_Presented_by_PepsiCo \"Winn-Dixie 200 Presented by PepsiCo\")16 | [RCH](/wiki/Funai_250 \"Funai 250\")1 | [DOV](/wiki/Stacker_200_Presented_by_YJ_Stinger \"Stacker 200 Presented by YJ Stinger\")29 | | [CLT](/wiki/Little_Trees_300 \"Little Trees 300\")21 | | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 \"Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)\")16 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200_%28fall%29 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200 (fall)\")9 | [CAR](/wiki/Target_House_200 \"Target House 200\")9 | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge \"Dodge\") | | [CAR](/wiki/Rockingham_200 \"Rockingham 200\")9 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\")31 | [DAR](/wiki/Darlingtonraceway.com_200 \"Darlingtonraceway.com 200\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Kevin Grubb](/wiki/Kevin_Grubb \"Kevin Grubb\") | | | | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\")12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Shelby Howard](/wiki/Shelby_Howard \"Shelby Howard\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 \"Mr. Goodcents 300\")20 | | | | | | | |\n| [Justin Hobgood](/wiki/Justin_Hobgood \"Justin Hobgood\") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\")27 | | | | | |\n| [2004](/wiki/2004_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2004 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Josh Richeson](/wiki/Josh_Richeson \"Josh Richeson\") | [DAY](/wiki/Hershey%27s_Kisses_300 \"Hershey's Kisses 300\")27 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike \"Aaron Fike\") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge \"Dodge\") | | [CAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_Headache_Powder_200 \"Goody's Headache Powder 200\") 35 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Professional_250 \"Sharpie Professional 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\") 39 | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\") | [GTY](/wiki/Charter_250 \"Charter 250\") | [RCH](/wiki/Funai_250 \"Funai 250\") | [NZH](/wiki/Goulds_Pumps/ITT_Industries_200 \"Goulds Pumps/ITT Industries 200\") 30 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_America_200 \"MBNA America 200\") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\") | [MLW](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki_250 \"Alan Kulwicki 250\") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/Tropicana_Twister_300 \"Tropicana Twister 300\") | [NHA](/wiki/Siemens_200 \"Siemens 200\") | [PPR](/wiki/Goulds_Pumps_/_ITT_Industries_Salute_to_the_Troops_250 \"Goulds Pumps / ITT Industries Salute to the Troops 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") 23 | [MCH](/wiki/Cabela%27s_250 \"Cabela's 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [CAL](/wiki/Target_House_300 \"Target House 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 \"Emerson Radio 250\") 43 | [DOV](/wiki/Stacker_2_Hundred_Presented_by_YJ_Stinger \"Stacker 2 Hundred Presented by YJ Stinger\") 17 | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 \"Mr. Goodcents 300\") 39 | [CLT](/wiki/Lowe%27s_Presents_the_SpongeBob_SquarePants_Movie_300 \"Lowe's Presents the SpongeBob SquarePants Movie 300\") 33 | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\") 35 | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 \"Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)\") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200_%28fall%29 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200 (fall)\") 34 | [DAR](/wiki/BI-LO_200 \"BI-LO 200\") 42 | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") 33 | |\n| [2005](/wiki/2005_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2005 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [A. J. Fike](/wiki/A._J._Fike \"A. J. Fike\") | [DAY](/wiki/Hershey%27s_Take_5_300 \"Hershey's Take 5 300\")30 | | | | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\")30 | | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\")28 | | [MLW](/wiki/SBC_250 \"SBC 250\")32 | | | | [PPR](/wiki/ITT_Industries_%26_Goulds_Pumps_Salute_to_the_Troops_250 \"ITT Industries & Goulds Pumps Salute to the Troops 250\")30 | [GTY](/wiki/Wallace_Family_Tribute_250_presented_by_Shop_%27n_Save \"Wallace Family Tribute 250 presented by Shop 'n Save\")DNQ | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")33 | | | | | | | | | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\")21 | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Tracy Hines](/wiki/Tracy_Hines \"Tracy Hines\") | | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\")36 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [José Luis Ramírez](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Ram%C3%ADrez_%28racing_driver%29 \"José Luis Ramírez (racing driver)\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | | | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_200 \"Telcel-Motorola 200\")31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike \"Aaron Fike\") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge \"Dodge\") | | | | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") 27 | [ATL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312_%28Atlanta%29 \"Aaron's 312 (Atlanta)\") DNQ | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") DNQ | | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") 22 | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\") 38 | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 \"USG Durock 300\") 42 | | | | | | [MCH](/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza_250 \"Domino's Pizza 250\") 34 | | [CAL](/wiki/Ameriquest_300 \"Ameriquest 300\") 37 | | | | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\") 29 | | |\n| [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 \"Jeff Green (racing driver)\") | | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\")20 | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Professional_250 \"Sharpie Professional 250\")20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\")18 | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Kevin Conway](/wiki/Kevin_Conway_%28racing_driver%29 \"Kevin Conway (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | | | | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\")29 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike \"Aaron Fike\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Funai_250 \"Funai 250\") 30 | | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_RacePoints_200 \"MBNA RacePoints 200\") 26 | | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\")18 | | | | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"New England 200 (Nationwide)\") 24 | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 \"Emerson Radio 250\") 23 | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 \"Dover 200 (fall race)\") 23 | [KAN](/wiki/United_Way_300 \"United Way 300\") 26 | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\") 14 | | | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona_200 \"Arizona 200\") 20 | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") 16 |\n| [Todd Bodine](/wiki/Todd_Bodine \"Todd Bodine\") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\")DNQ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Ron Fellows](/wiki/Ron_Fellows \"Ron Fellows\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen \"Zippo 200 at the Glen\")42 | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [2006](/wiki/2006_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2006 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike \"Aaron Fike\") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge \"Dodge\") | [DAY](/wiki/Hershey%27s_Kissables_300 \"Hershey's Kissables 300\") 43 | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\") 36 | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_200 \"Telcel-Motorola 200\") 28 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") 40 | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 \"Nicorette 300\") 26 | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 \"Sharpie Mini 300\") 18 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") 31 | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\") 15 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\") 31 | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") 23 | [RCH](/wiki/Circuit_City_250 \"Circuit City 250\") 35 | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\") 43 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") DNQ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Kertus Davis](/wiki/Kertus_Davis \"Kertus Davis\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/StonebridgeRacing.com_200 \"StonebridgeRacing.com 200\"){{small\\|27}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Chris Cook](/wiki/Chris_Cook_%28racing_driver%29 \"Chris Cook (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\")28 | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\")30 | [MLW](/wiki/AT%26T_250 \"AT&T 250\") | | | | | | | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen \"Zippo 200 at the Glen\")34 | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 \"Emerson Radio 250\")DNQ | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 \"Dover 200 (fall race)\") | [KAN](/wiki/Yellow_Transportation_300 \"Yellow Transportation 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\") | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\") | | |\n| [P. J. Jones](/wiki/P._J._Jones \"P. J. Jones\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\")13 | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 \"USG Durock 300\") | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"New England 200 (Nationwide)\") | [MAR](/wiki/Goody%27s_250 \"Goody's 250\") | [GTY](/wiki/Busch_Silver_Celebration_250 \"Busch Silver Celebration 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")39 | | | | [CAL](/wiki/Ameriquest_300 \"Ameriquest 300\")22 | | | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona.Travel_200 \"Arizona.Travel 200\")21 | |\n| [Erin Crocker](/wiki/Erin_Crocker \"Erin Crocker\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\")28 |\n| [2007](/wiki/2007_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2007 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East \"Bobby East\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | [DAY](/wiki/Orbitz_300 \"Orbitz 300\") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\") | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_Mexico_200 \"Telcel-Motorola Mexico 200\") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 \"Nicorette 300\") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 \"Sharpie Mini 300\") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [RCH](/wiki/Circuit_City_250 \"Circuit City 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28Spring_Race%29 \"Dover 200 (Spring Race)\") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\") | [MLW](/wiki/AT%26T_250 \"AT&T 250\") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_200_presented_by_RVs.com \"Camping World 200 presented by RVs.com\") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 \"USG Durock 300\") | [GTY](/wiki/Gateway_250 \"Gateway 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200 \"Zippo 200\") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Fontana%29 \"Camping World 300 (Fontana)\") | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 \"Emerson Radio 250\") | [DOV](/wiki/RoadLoans.com_200 \"RoadLoans.com 200\") | [KAN](/wiki/Yellow_Transportation_300 \"Yellow Transportation 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\") | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\")36 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\") | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona_Travel_200 \"Arizona Travel 200\") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") | N/A | N/A |\n| [2009](/wiki/2009_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\") | 43 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 \"Camping World 300 (Daytona)\") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 \"Scotts Turf Builder 300\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\")DNQ | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 \"Nashville 300\") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 \"Lipton Tea 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 \"Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)\") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\") | [MLW](/wiki/NorthernTool.com_250 \"NorthernTool.com 250\") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 \"Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)\") | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 \"Subway Jalapeño 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\") | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 \"Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 \"U.S. Cellular 250\") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen \"Zippo 200 at the Glen\") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\") | [ATL](/wiki/Degree_V12_300 \"Degree V12 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 \"Virginia 529 College Savings 250\") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 \"Dover 200 (fall race)\") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\") | [CAL](/wiki/Copart_300 \"Copart 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\") | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 \"Kroger On Track for the Cure 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\") | [PHO](/wiki/Able_Body_Labor_200 \"Able Body Labor 200\") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") | N/A | 0 |\n| [2010](/wiki/2010_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2010 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [Scott Lagasse Jr.](/wiki/Scott_Lagasse_Jr. \"Scott Lagasse Jr.\") | [DAY](/wiki/DRIVE4COPD_300 \"DRIVE4COPD 300\")32 | [CAL](/wiki/Royal_Purple_300 \"Royal Purple 300\")15 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\")17 | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 \"Scotts Turf Builder 300\")13 | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 \"Nashville 300\")21 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\")8 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_300 \"O'Reilly Auto Parts 300\")24 | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\")21 | [RCH](/wiki/Bubba_Burger_250 \"Bubba Burger 250\")34 | [DAR](/wiki/Royal_Purple_200 \"Royal Purple 200\")36 | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 \"Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)\")19 | [CLT](/wiki/TECH-NET_Auto_Service_300_powered_by_Carquest \"TECH-NET Auto Service 300 powered by Carquest\")30 | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\")33 | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\")16 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Kevin O'COnnell](/wiki/Kevin_O%27Connell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Kevin O'Connell (racing driver)\") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ROA](/wiki/Bucyrus_200 \"Bucyrus 200\")34 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brad Baker (racing driver)\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"New England 200 (Nationwide)\"){{small\\|36}} | | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\"){{small\\|34}} | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 \"Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250\"){{small\\|33}} | | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 \"U.S. Cellular 250\"){{small\\|39}} | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen \"Zippo 200 at the Glen\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Johnny Chapman](/wiki/Johnny_Chapman \"Johnny Chapman\") | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 \"Subway Jalapeño 250\")42 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell \"Kevin Swindell\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")33 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Chase Austin](/wiki/Chase_Austin \"Chase Austin\") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge \"Dodge\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\"){{small\\|35}} | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring \"Drew Herring\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\")DNQ | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks \"Justin Marks\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\")43 | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin \"Kevin Hamlin\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 \"Great Clips 300\")42 | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 \"Virginia 529 College Savings 250\") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 \"Dover 200 (fall race)\") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\") | [CAL](/wiki/CampingWorld.com_300 \"CampingWorld.com 300\") | | | | | |\n| [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge \"Dodge\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\")18 | [GTY](/wiki/5-Hour_Energy_250 \"5-Hour Energy 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_Challenge \"O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge\") | [PHO](/wiki/WYPALL_200 \"WYPALL 200\") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") |", "### Car No. 27 history", "After not fielding an entry throughout most of 2007, Curb and [Gary Baker](/wiki/Gary_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Gary Baker (racing driver)\") purchased [Brewco Motorsports](/wiki/Brewco_Motorsports \"Brewco Motorsports\") prior to the fall Fontana race. **Baker\\-Curb Racing** took over the team's entries the same weekend, taking over for the final nine races of the season. The team continued running out of Brewco's shop for the remainder of 2007, and inherited a relationship with [Roush\\-Fenway Racing](/wiki/Roush-Fenway_Racing \"Roush-Fenway Racing\") to run Fords. The No. 27 entry would continue to be sponsored by [Kimberly\\-Clark](/wiki/Kimberly-Clark \"Kimberly-Clark\")'s [Kleenex](/wiki/Kleenex \"Kleenex\") brand, who had sponsored the car since 2004, and had also sponsored Curb's No. 43 entry in four races in 2005 (with Brewco's driver [Aaron Fike](/wiki/Aaron_Fike \"Aaron Fike\")). [Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller \"Jason Keller\") drove the No. 27 in the first race for Baker\\-Curb, at [California Speedway](/wiki/Auto_Club_Speedway \"Auto Club Speedway\"), finishing 17th. For the final eight races, [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East \"Bobby East\"), [Robby Gordon](/wiki/Robby_Gordon \"Robby Gordon\"), [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood \"Casey Atwood\") and [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brad Baker (racing driver)\") drove two races apiece, with a best finish of 12th by Bobby East at Homestead.", "In 2008, the team moved into its own shop, and [Brad Coleman](/wiki/Brad_Coleman \"Brad Coleman\") was named the driver for the full\\-season. Kimberly\\-Clark brands again returned to sponsor the No. 27 Ford in most of the races, with [USPS](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\"), Federated Auto Parts, and [Carino's Italian Grill](/wiki/Carino%27s_Italian \"Carino's Italian\") filling out the schedule. Coleman made each of the first 24 races, and was 16th in points, but had only two top\\-10 finishes. After the race at [Watkins Glen](/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International \"Watkins Glen International\"), Coleman received an offer to drive for [Hall of Fame Racing](/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_Racing \"Hall of Fame Racing\") in the [Sprint Cup Series](/wiki/Monster_Energy_NASCAR_Cup_Series \"Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series\"), and left Baker\\-Curb as a result. [David Gilliland](/wiki/David_Gilliland \"David Gilliland\") drove the No. 27 at [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway \"Michigan International Speedway\"), with [Burney Lamar](/wiki/Burney_Lamar \"Burney Lamar\") running at [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway \"Bristol Motor Speedway\"). Gilliland returned to the No. 27 at [Auto Club Speedway](/wiki/Auto_Club_Speedway \"Auto Club Speedway\"), and Atwood made his only start in the car at [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_Raceway \"Richmond Raceway\"). Starting at [Dover](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway \"Dover International Speedway\"), Keller took over the No. 27 for the final seven races of the year, in preparation for a full\\-time run in 2009\\. The best run for the No. 27 in 2008 was 9th with Coleman at [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway \"Las Vegas Motor Speedway\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|[Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller \"Jason Keller\") at Milwaukee in 2009\\.](/wiki/File:JasonKellerFordMilwaukeeMile2009.jpg \"JasonKellerFordMilwaukeeMile2009.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Owen Kelly](/wiki/Owen_Kelly \"Owen Kelly\") at [Road America](/wiki/Road_America \"Road America\") in 2010\\.](/wiki/File:27KellyOwen2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg \"27KellyOwen2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg\")\nFor the 2009 season, Kimberly\\-Clark products returned to sponsor 34 of 36 races in the No. 27 Ford with [Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller \"Jason Keller\") running full\\-time. The team ran unsponsored at Watkins Glen, while [USPS](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\") returned to the car at Homestead. Keller ran all the races, and finished 8th in points, recording eight top\\-10 finishes. The team's best finish was 6th at Iowa in August. After the season, Kimberly\\-Clark left the team and Keller departed for [TriStar Motorsports](/wiki/TriStar_Motorsports \"TriStar Motorsports\").", "In 2010, the season began with the No. 27 running Roush Fords split between [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle \"Greg Biffle\") and [Scott Wimmer](/wiki/Scott_Wimmer \"Scott Wimmer\") with sponsorship from [Red Man Tobacco](/wiki/Red_Man \"Red Man\") (whose parent company [Swedish Match](/wiki/Swedish_Match \"Swedish Match\") had sponsored Brewco Motorsports with their Red Man and Timber Wolf brands from 1996 to 2004\\). [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter \"Johnny Sauter\") drove the car at [Nashville Superspeedway](/wiki/Nashville_Superspeedway \"Nashville Superspeedway\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nascar.com/2010/news/headlines/bg/01/09/gbiffle.baker.curb/index.html \\|title\\=NASCAR.COM \\- Biffle back at Baker Curb, will drive No. 27 Ford \\- Jan 9, 2010 \\|website\\=www.nascar.com \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112121835/http://www.nascar.com/2010/news/headlines/bg/01/09/gbiffle.baker.curb/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-12}} After 14 races, the Red Man deal ended with new FDA regulations preventing tobacco advertising in sporting events.{{cite web\\|title\\=Ending an era: Tobacco sponsorship in NASCAR\\|url\\=http://sportsbusinessdigest.com/2010/06/ending\\-an\\-era\\-tobacco\\-sponsorship\\-in\\-nascar/\\|website\\=Sports Business Digest\\|publisher\\=Sports Business Digest\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2014\\|date\\=June 2, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226122824/http://sportsbusinessdigest.com/2010/06/ending\\-an\\-era\\-tobacco\\-sponsorship\\-in\\-nascar/\\|archive\\-date\\=26 December 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Ryan\\|first1\\=Nate\\|title\\=Tobacco era in NASCAR ends as new FDA rules take effect\\|url\\=http://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/sports/motor/nascar/2010\\-06\\-01\\-tobacco\\-era\\-ends\\_N.htm\\|website\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[USA Today]]\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2015\\|date\\=June 1, 2010}} The Roush partnership dissolved after Kentucky, with the end of the Red Man deal. The team was forced to run only one car at Road America, leasing the No. 43 points to Rick Ware, although [Owen Kelly](/wiki/Owen_Kelly \"Owen Kelly\") drove the No. 27 sponsored by K1 Speed to a top\\-5 finish.{{cite web\\|author1\\=\\[\\[NASCAR]]\\|title\\=Montreal: Series round 25 preview\\|url\\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\\-xs/news/montreal\\-series\\-round\\-25\\-preview\\-2010\\-08\\-26/?v\\=2\\&s\\=1\\&q\\=Andrew\\+Ranger\\+2010\\|website\\=motorsport.com\\|publisher\\=motorsport.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2015\\|date\\=August 26, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-23\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723135356/http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\\-xs/news/montreal\\-series\\-round\\-25\\-preview\\-2010\\-08\\-26/?v\\=2\\&s\\=1\\&q\\=Andrew\\+Ranger\\+2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} [Justin Lofton](/wiki/Justin_Lofton \"Justin Lofton\") drove at Loudon with WeekendWarriors.tv sponsoring. The following week at Daytona was the first Nationwide Series race using the Car of Tomorrow platform. Initially for COT races, the No. 27 team would partner with [Jennifer Jo Cobb](/wiki/Jennifer_Jo_Cobb \"Jennifer Jo Cobb\"), who brought sponsorship from Driver Boutique. Cobb would provide the COT and in return she would drive and provided the crew chief.{{cite web\\|title\\=Cobb to Team with Baker\\-Curb Racing for 4 Nationwide Races Starting at Daytona\\|url\\=http://skirtsandscuffspress.blogspot.com/2010/06/cobb\\-to\\-team\\-with\\-baker\\-curb\\-racing\\-for.html\\|website\\=skirtsandscuffs.com\\|publisher\\=Skirts and Scuffs\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2015\\|date\\=June 29, 2010}}{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kivak\\|first1\\=Rebecca\\|title\\=Jennifer Jo Cobb climbs points ladder to history\\|url\\=http://www.skirtsandscuffs.com/2010/08/jennifer\\-jo\\-cobb\\-climbs\\-points\\-ladder.html\\|website\\=skirtsandscuffs.com\\|publisher\\=Skirts and Scuffs\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2015\\|date\\=August 17, 2010}} However, the deal fell apart after Cobb destroyed the car in a crash during her first race with Baker\\-Curb at Daytona, an accident that also took out Baker\\-Curb's other entry, the No. 43 driven by [Johnny Chapman](/wiki/Johnny_Chapman \"Johnny Chapman\"). For the next seven races, seven different drivers ran the No. 27 Ford as part of one\\-race deals; the drivers were Lofton, Sauter, [Kelly Bires](/wiki/Kelly_Bires \"Kelly Bires\"), [Nelson Piquet Jr.](/wiki/Nelson_Piquet_Jr. \"Nelson Piquet Jr.\"), [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring \"Drew Herring\"), [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\"), and [Danny O'Quinn Jr.](/wiki/Danny_O%27Quinn_Jr. \"Danny O'Quinn Jr.\") [Andrew Ranger](/wiki/Andrew_Ranger \"Andrew Ranger\") then ran the No. 27 as a Dodge for one race, running a car out of his own race shop (Dodge Dealers of Quebec was his sponsor, thus requiring him to drive Dodge equipment).{{cite web\\|author1\\=Baker Curb Racing\\|title\\=Montreal: Andrew Ranger race report\\|url\\=http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\\-xs/news/montreal\\-andrew\\-ranger\\-race\\-report/?v\\=2\\&s\\=1\\&q\\=Andrew\\+Ranger\\+2010\\|website\\=motorsport.com\\|publisher\\=motorsport.com\\|access\\-date\\=23 July 2015\\|date\\=August 31, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=23 July 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723171207/http://www.motorsport.com/nascar\\-xs/news/montreal\\-andrew\\-ranger\\-race\\-report/?v\\=2\\&s\\=1\\&q\\=Andrew\\+Ranger\\+2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Brad Baker drove an unsponsored entry at Atlanta, finishing 26th. After this, the No. 43 shut down and the No. 27 Ford became the only entry for Baker\\-Curb. The remainder of the season was split between Baker, Herring, [Alex Kennedy](/wiki/Alex_Kennedy_%28racing_driver%29 \"Alex Kennedy (racing driver)\") and [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler \"Hermie Sadler\"). The team had little sponsorship for the final stretch, with Baker being forced to start and park at Fontana. [Chase Mattioli](/wiki/Chase_Mattioli \"Chase Mattioli\") ran the season finale at Homestead in the No. 27 Ford with CollegeComplete.com sponsoring, finishing 33rd. The best finish for the No. 27 in 2010 was 2nd with Biffle in a Ford, at Fontana and Richmond in the spring.", "After initially intending to shut down for 2011, Baker\\-Curb instead decided to run the No. 27 as a Ford entry for the first 5 races of the season. At Daytona, [J. R. Fitzpatrick](/wiki/J._R._Fitzpatrick \"J. R. Fitzpatrick\") and his sponsor Schick came aboard to run the No. 27, but Fitzpatrick crashed after 10 laps and finished 42nd. [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks \"Justin Marks\") and [J. J. Yeley](/wiki/J._J._Yeley \"J. J. Yeley\") started and parked the next three races due to lack of sponsorship. Fitzpatrick returned to drive at Fontana, finishing 20th, with Schick again sponsoring. Baker\\-Curb Racing subsequently suspended operations, and three weeks later shut down. The No. 27 team was sold to Canadian businessman Steve Meehan's No. 67 team, [Go Canada Racing](/wiki/Go_Canada_Racing \"Go Canada Racing\"), which Fitzpatrick would go on to drive for.\n{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.racing\\-reference.info/rquery?id\\=bakerga01\\&trk\\=t0\\&series\\=B\\&o\\=1\\|title\\=Misc Stats}}", "### Car No. 27 results", "", "| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | {{Tooltip\\|Owners\\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2007](/wiki/2007_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2007 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller \"Jason Keller\") | 27 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | [DAY](/wiki/Orbitz_300 \"Orbitz 300\") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\") | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_Mexico_200 \"Telcel-Motorola Mexico 200\") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 \"Nicorette 300\") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 \"Sharpie Mini 300\") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [RCH](/wiki/Circuit_City_250 \"Circuit City 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28Spring_Race%29 \"Dover 200 (Spring Race)\") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\") | [MLW](/wiki/AT%26T_250 \"AT&T 250\") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_200_presented_by_RVs.com \"Camping World 200 presented by RVs.com\") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 \"USG Durock 300\") | [GTY](/wiki/Gateway_250 \"Gateway 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200 \"Zippo 200\") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Fontana%29 \"Camping World 300 (Fontana)\"){{small\\|17}} | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East \"Bobby East\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 \"Emerson Radio 250\"){{small\\|25}} | | | | | | | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\"){{small\\|12}} |\n| [Robby Gordon](/wiki/Robby_Gordon \"Robby Gordon\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/RoadLoans.com_200 \"RoadLoans.com 200\"){{small\\|31}} | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona_Travel_200 \"Arizona Travel 200\"){{small\\|20}} | |\n| [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood \"Casey Atwood\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [KAN](/wiki/Yellow_Transportation_300 \"Yellow Transportation 300\"){{small\\|18}} | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\"){{small\\|22}} | | | | |\n| [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brad Baker (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\"){{small\\|34}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\"){{small\\|35}} | | |\n| [2008](/wiki/2008_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [Brad Coleman](/wiki/Brad_Coleman \"Brad Coleman\") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 \"Camping World 300 (Daytona)\")26 | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\")19 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\")9 | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 \"Nicorette 300\")35 | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 \"Sharpie Mini 300\")33 | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\")27 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\")22 | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\")23 | [MXC](/wiki/Corona_M%C3%A9xico_200 \"Corona México 200\")16 | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\")24 | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 \"Lipton Tea 250\")26 | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\")12 | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\")21 | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 \"Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)\")32 | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\")35 | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\")15 | [MLW](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Rental_250 \"Camping World RV Rental 250\")25 | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 \"Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)\")31 | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\")21 | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\")30 | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 \"Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250\")17 | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\")23 | [CGV](/wiki/2008_NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"2008 NAPA Auto Parts 200\")21 | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen \"Zippo 200 at The Glen\")10 | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [David Gilliland](/wiki/David_Gilliland \"David Gilliland\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\"){{small\\|20}} | | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Service_300 \"Camping World RV Service 300\"){{small\\|31}} | | | | | | | | |\n| [Burney Lamar](/wiki/Burney_Lamar \"Burney Lamar\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\"){{small\\|27}} | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood \"Casey Atwood\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 \"Emerson Radio 250\"){{small\\|23}} | | | | | | | |\n| [Jason Keller](/wiki/Jason_Keller \"Jason Keller\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Dover%29 \"Camping World RV Sales 200 (Dover)\"){{small\\|19}} | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\"){{small\\|19}} | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\"){{small\\|29}} | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 \"Kroger On Track for the Cure 250\"){{small\\|25}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\"){{small\\|19}} | [PHO](/wiki/Hefty_Odor_Block_200 \"Hefty Odor Block 200\"){{small\\|13}} | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\"){{small\\|22}} |\n| [2009](/wiki/2009_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 \"Camping World 300 (Daytona)\"){{small\\|9}} | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\"){{small\\|17}} | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\"){{small\\|25}} | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 \"Scotts Turf Builder 300\"){{small\\|28}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\"){{small\\|15}} | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 \"Nashville 300\"){{small\\|12}} | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\"){{small\\|17}} | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\"){{small\\|7}} | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 \"Lipton Tea 250\"){{small\\|9}} | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\"){{small\\|15}} | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\"){{small\\|16}} | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 \"Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)\"){{small\\|9}} | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\"){{small\\|26}} | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\"){{small\\|23}} | [MLW](/wiki/NorthernTool.com_250 \"NorthernTool.com 250\"){{small\\|20}} | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 \"Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)\"){{small\\|23}} | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 \"Subway Jalapeño 250\"){{small\\|22}} | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\"){{small\\|19}} | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 \"Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250\"){{small\\|9}} | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\"){{small\\|25}} | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 \"U.S. Cellular 250\"){{small\\|6}} | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen \"Zippo 200 at the Glen\"){{small\\|16}} | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\"){{small\\|20}} | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\"){{small\\|16}} | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\"){{small\\|23}} | [ATL](/wiki/Degree_V12_300 \"Degree V12 300\"){{small\\|37}} | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 \"Virginia 529 College Savings 250\"){{small\\|15}} | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 \"Dover 200 (fall race)\"){{small\\|10}} | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\"){{small\\|13}} | [CAL](/wiki/Copart_300 \"Copart 300\"){{small\\|10}} | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\"){{small\\|17}} | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 \"Kroger On Track for the Cure 250\"){{small\\|28}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\"){{small\\|12}} | [PHO](/wiki/Able_Body_Labor_200 \"Able Body Labor 200\"){{small\\|11}} | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\"){{small\\|13}} | N/A | 3960 |\n| [2010](/wiki/2010_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2010 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle \"Greg Biffle\") | [DAY](/wiki/DRIVE4COPD_300 \"DRIVE4COPD 300\")26 | [CAL](/wiki/Royal_Purple_300 \"Royal Purple 300\")2 | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\")9 | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 \"Scotts Turf Builder 300\")6 | | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\")5 | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_300 \"O'Reilly Auto Parts 300\")7 | | [RCH](/wiki/Bubba_Burger_250 \"Bubba Burger 250\")2 | [DAR](/wiki/Royal_Purple_200 \"Royal Purple 200\")35 | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 \"Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)\")8 | [CLT](/wiki/TECH-NET_Auto_Service_300_powered_by_Carquest \"TECH-NET Auto Service 300 powered by Carquest\")13 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter \"Johnny Sauter\") | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 \"Nashville 300\"){{small\\|13}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\"){{small\\|25}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Scott Wimmer](/wiki/Scott_Wimmer \"Scott Wimmer\") | | | | | | | | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\"){{small\\|12}} | | | | | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\"){{small\\|21}} | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\"){{small\\|7}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Owen Kelly](/wiki/Owen_Kelly \"Owen Kelly\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ROA](/wiki/Bucyrus_200 \"Bucyrus 200\"){{small\\|5}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Justin Lofton](/wiki/Justin_Lofton \"Justin Lofton\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"New England 200 (Nationwide)\"){{small\\|17}} | | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\"){{small\\|26}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Jennifer Jo Cobb](/wiki/Jennifer_Jo_Cobb \"Jennifer Jo Cobb\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 \"Subway Jalapeño 250\"){{small\\|43}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Kelly Bires](/wiki/Kelly_Bires \"Kelly Bires\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 \"Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250\"){{small\\|32}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring \"Drew Herring\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 \"U.S. Cellular 250\"){{small\\|15}} | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 \"Dover 200 (fall race)\"){{small\\|32}} | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\"){{small\\|28}} | | | [GTY](/wiki/5-Hour_Energy_250 \"5-Hour Energy 250\"){{small\\|17}} | | | |\n| [Nelson Piquet Jr.](/wiki/Nelson_Piquet_Jr. \"Nelson Piquet Jr.\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen \"Zippo 200 at the Glen\"){{small\\|7}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\"){{small\\|40}} | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Danny O'Quinn Jr.](/wiki/Danny_O%27Quinn_Jr. \"Danny O'Quinn Jr.\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\"){{small\\|16}} | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Andrew Ranger](/wiki/Andrew_Ranger \"Andrew Ranger\") | [Dodge](/wiki/Dodge \"Dodge\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\"){{small\\|39}} | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brad Baker (racing driver)\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 \"Great Clips 300\"){{small\\|26}} | | | | [CAL](/wiki/CampingWorld.com_300 \"CampingWorld.com 300\"){{small\\|34}} | | | | | |\n| [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler \"Hermie Sadler\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 \"Virginia 529 College Savings 250\"){{small\\|36}} | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\"){{small\\|30}} | | | | |\n| [Alex Kennedy](/wiki/Alex_Kennedy_%28racing_driver%29 \"Alex Kennedy (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_Challenge \"O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge\"){{small\\|31}} | [PHO](/wiki/WYPALL_200 \"WYPALL 200\"){{small\\|24}} | |\n| [Chase Mattioli](/wiki/Chase_Mattioli \"Chase Mattioli\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\"){{small\\|33}} |\n| [2011](/wiki/2011_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2011 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [J. R. Fitzpatrick](/wiki/J._R._Fitzpatrick \"J. R. Fitzpatrick\") | [DAY](/wiki/DRIVE4COPD_300 \"DRIVE4COPD 300\"){{small\\|42}} | | | | [CAL](/wiki/Royal_Purple_300 \"Royal Purple 300\"){{small\\|20}} | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_300 \"O'Reilly Auto Parts 300\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 \"Nashville 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Bubba_Burger_250 \"Bubba Burger 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Royal_Purple_200 \"Royal Purple 200\") | [DOV](/wiki/5-hour_Energy_200_%28spring_race%29 \"5-hour Energy 200 (spring race)\") | [IOW](/wiki/Iowa_John_Deere_Dealers_250 \"Iowa John Deere Dealers 250\") | [CLT](/wiki/Top_Gear_300 \"Top Gear 300\") | [CHI](/wiki/STP_300 \"STP 300\") | [MCH](/wiki/Alliance_Truck_Parts_250 \"Alliance Truck Parts 250\") | [ROA](/wiki/Bucyrus_200 \"Bucyrus 200\") | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 \"Subway Jalapeño 250\") | [KEN](/wiki/Feed_the_Children_300 \"Feed the Children 300\") | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"New England 200 (Nationwide)\") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 \"U.S. Cellular 250\") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen \"Zippo 200 at The Glen\") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 \"Great Clips 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 \"Virginia 529 College Savings 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\") | [DOV](/wiki/OneMain_Financial_200 \"OneMain Financial 200\") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_Challenge \"O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge\") | [PHO](/wiki/WYPALL_200 \"WYPALL 200\") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") | | N/A | 45 |\n| [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks \"Justin Marks\") | | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\"){{small\\|40}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [J. J. Yeley](/wiki/J._J._Yeley \"J. J. Yeley\") | | | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\"){{small\\|34}} | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_EZ_Seed_300 \"Scotts EZ Seed 300\"){{small\\|39}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |", "### Car No. 37 history", "After Gary Baker and Mike Curb purchased [Brewco Motorsports](/wiki/Brewco_Motorsports \"Brewco Motorsports\") in September 2007, **Baker\\-Curb Racing** took over the No. 37 Ford for the final nine races of the season. Baker\\-Curb also inherited the No. 37's sponsor Kick\\-Butt Energy Ballz. [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East \"Bobby East\") drove the No. 37 in Baker\\-Curb's first race at [California Speedway](/wiki/Auto_Club_Speedway \"Auto Club Speedway\") in [Fontana](/wiki/Fontana%2C_California \"Fontana, California\"), finishing 24th. The car was split over the final eight races by East, [John Graham](/wiki/John_Graham_%28racing_driver%29 \"John Graham (racing driver)\"), [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood \"Casey Atwood\"), and [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brad Baker (racing driver)\"). The team's best 2007 finish in 9 attempts was a 14th\\-place finish at Dover by Atwood. Kick\\-Butt left the team after the season.", "The No. 37 began 2008 running Fords out of the team's new shop, but had no sponsor. Baker began the season as the team's primary driver, running 5 of the first 6 races, with [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle \"Greg Biffle\") running at Atlanta bringing Cub Cadet sponsorship. [Burney Lamar](/wiki/Burney_Lamar \"Burney Lamar\") then started and parked at Texas, [John Young](/wiki/John_Young_%28racing_driver%29 \"John Young (racing driver)\") crashed out at Phoenix, and [Raphael Martinez](/wiki/Raphael_Martinez \"Raphael Martinez\") earned a top\\-20 at the Mexico City road course with Canel's and Scotiabank sponsoring. Lamar then returned for the next 7 races, running 6 as a start and park entry, with Biffle's foundation funding a full race effort at Nashville. Baker ran the full race at Daytona with RFD\\-TV sponsorship, finishing 27th. The No. 37 team shut down after Daytona due to lack of funding. The best 2008 finish for the team in 19 attempts was 18th with Lamar at Nashville.", "The No. 37 Ford returned for the final two races of the 2009 season as a [start and park](/wiki/Start_and_park \"Start and park\") entry. [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin \"Kevin Hamlin\") drove an unsponsored car at both Phoenix and Homestead. The following season in 2010, the No. 37 Ford attempted three races in the middle of the season as a start and park entry, at Loudon and Gateway with [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell \"Kevin Swindell\") and at Chicago with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\").", "### Car No. 37 results", "", "| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | {{Tooltip\\|Owners\\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2007](/wiki/2007_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2007 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East \"Bobby East\") | 37 | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | [DAY](/wiki/Orbitz_300 \"Orbitz 300\") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\") | [MXC](/wiki/Telcel-Motorola_Mexico_200 \"Telcel-Motorola Mexico 200\") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 \"Nicorette 300\") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 \"Sharpie Mini 300\") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [RCH](/wiki/Circuit_City_250 \"Circuit City 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28Spring_Race%29 \"Dover 200 (Spring Race)\") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\") | [MLW](/wiki/AT%26T_250 \"AT&T 250\") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_200_presented_by_RVs.com \"Camping World 200 presented by RVs.com\") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/USG_Durock_300 \"USG Durock 300\") | [GTY](/wiki/Gateway_250 \"Gateway 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200 \"Zippo 200\") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Fontana%29 \"Camping World 300 (Fontana)\"){{small\\|24}} | | | [KAN](/wiki/Yellow_Transportation_300 \"Yellow Transportation 300\"){{small\\|22}} | | | | | | N/A | N/A |\n| [John Graham](/wiki/John_Graham_%28racing_driver%29 \"John Graham (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 \"Emerson Radio 250\"){{small\\|41}} | | | | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\"){{small\\|27}} | | [PHO](/wiki/Arizona_Travel_200 \"Arizona Travel 200\"){{small\\|26}} | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\"){{small\\|31}} |\n| [Casey Atwood](/wiki/Casey_Atwood \"Casey Atwood\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DOV](/wiki/RoadLoans.com_200 \"RoadLoans.com 200\"){{small\\|14}} | | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\"){{small\\|26}} | | |\n| [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brad Baker (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\"){{small\\|28}} | | | | |\n| [2008](/wiki/2008_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 \"Camping World 300 (Daytona)\"){{small\\|28}} | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\"){{small\\|39}} | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\"){{small\\|35}} | | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 \"Sharpie Mini 300\"){{small\\|27}} | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\"){{small\\|28}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\"){{small\\|27}} | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\") | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 \"Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250\"){{small\\|DNQ}} | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen \"Zippo 200 at The Glen\") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Service_300 \"Camping World RV Service 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 \"Emerson Radio 250\") | [DOV](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Dover%29 \"Camping World RV Sales 200 (Dover)\") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\") | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 \"Kroger On Track for the Cure 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\") | [PHO](/wiki/Hefty_Odor_Block_200 \"Hefty Odor Block 200\") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") | N/A | N/A |\n| [Greg Biffle](/wiki/Greg_Biffle \"Greg Biffle\") | | | | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 \"Nicorette 300\"){{small\\|21}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Burney Lamar](/wiki/Burney_Lamar \"Burney Lamar\") | | | | | | | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\"){{small\\|40}} | | | | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 \"Lipton Tea 250\"){{small\\|39}} | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\"){{small\\|34}} | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\"){{small\\|DNQ}} | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 \"Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)\"){{small\\|42}} | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\"){{small\\|18}} | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\"){{small\\|32}} | [MLW](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Rental_250 \"Camping World RV Rental 250\"){{small\\|36}} | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 \"Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)\"){{small\\|36}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [John Young](/wiki/John_Young_%28racing_driver%29 \"John Young (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\"){{small\\|37}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Rafael Martínez](/wiki/Rafael_Mart%C3%ADnez_%28racing_driver%29 \"Rafael Martínez (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | | [MXC](/wiki/Corona_M%C3%A9xico_200 \"Corona México 200\"){{small\\|20}} | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [2009](/wiki/2009_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin \"Kevin Hamlin\") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 \"Camping World 300 (Daytona)\") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 \"Scotts Turf Builder 300\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 \"Nashville 300\") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 \"Lipton Tea 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 \"Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)\") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\") | [MLW](/wiki/NorthernTool.com_250 \"NorthernTool.com 250\") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 \"Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)\") | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 \"Subway Jalapeño 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\") | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 \"Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 \"U.S. Cellular 250\") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_the_Glen \"Zippo 200 at the Glen\") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\") | [ATL](/wiki/Degree_V12_300 \"Degree V12 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 \"Virginia 529 College Savings 250\") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 \"Dover 200 (fall race)\") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\") | [CAL](/wiki/Copart_300 \"Copart 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\") | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 \"Kroger On Track for the Cure 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\") | [PHO](/wiki/Able_Body_Labor_200 \"Able Body Labor 200\"){{small\\|37}} | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\"){{small\\|43}} | N/A | N/A |\n| [2010](/wiki/2010_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2010 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell \"Kevin Swindell\") | [DAY](/wiki/DRIVE4COPD_300 \"DRIVE4COPD 300\") | [CAL](/wiki/Royal_Purple_300 \"Royal Purple 300\") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [BRI](/wiki/Scotts_Turf_Builder_300 \"Scotts Turf Builder 300\") | [NSH](/wiki/Nashville_300 \"Nashville 300\") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_300 \"O'Reilly Auto Parts 300\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [RCH](/wiki/Bubba_Burger_250 \"Bubba Burger 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Royal_Purple_200 \"Royal Purple 200\") | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 \"Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)\") | [CLT](/wiki/TECH-NET_Auto_Service_300_powered_by_Carquest \"TECH-NET Auto Service 300 powered by Carquest\") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\") | [ROA](/wiki/Bucyrus_200 \"Bucyrus 200\") | [NHA](/wiki/New_England_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"New England 200 (Nationwide)\"){{small\\|42}} | [DAY](/wiki/Subway_Jalape%C3%B1o_250 \"Subway Jalapeño 250\") | | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 \"Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250\"){{small\\|39}} | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [IOW](/wiki/U.S._Cellular_250 \"U.S. Cellular 250\") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen \"Zippo 200 at The Glen\") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\") | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 \"Great Clips 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Virginia_529_College_Savings_250 \"Virginia 529 College Savings 250\") | [DOV](/wiki/Dover_200_%28fall_race%29 \"Dover 200 (fall race)\") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\") | [CAL](/wiki/CampingWorld.com_300 \"CampingWorld.com 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\") | [GTY](/wiki/5-Hour_Energy_250 \"5-Hour Energy 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts_Challenge \"O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge\") | [PHO](/wiki/WYPALL_200 \"WYPALL 200\") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") | N/A | N/A |\n| [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\"){{small\\|40}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |", "### Car No. 97 history", "In 2001, [Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons \"Phil Parsons\") ran a No. 97 Morton Salt Chevrolet in the Busch Grand National race at [Kentucky Speedway](/wiki/Kentucky_Speedway \"Kentucky Speedway\"). Parsons qualified fifth but ran into trouble and finished 34th.", "### Car No. 97 results", "", "| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | {{Tooltip\\|Owners\\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2001](/wiki/2001_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2001 NASCAR Busch Series\") | [Phil Parsons](/wiki/Phil_Parsons \"Phil Parsons\") | 97 | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | [DAY](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_300 \"NAPA Auto Parts 300\") | [CAR](/wiki/Alltel_200 \"Alltel 200\") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [ATL](/wiki/Great_Clips_300 \"Great Clips 300\") | [DAR](/wiki/SunCom_200 \"SunCom 200\") | [BRI](/wiki/Cheez-It_250 \"Cheez-It 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/Jani-King_300 \"Jani-King 300\") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\") | [TAL](/wiki/Subway_300 \"Subway 300\") | [CAL](/wiki/Auto_Club_300 \"Auto Club 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Hardee%27s_250 \"Hardee's 250\") | [NHA](/wiki/CVS_Pharmacy_200_Presented_by_Bayer \"CVS Pharmacy 200 Presented by Bayer\") | [NZH](/wiki/Nazareth_200 \"Nazareth 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA_Platinum_200 \"MBNA Platinum 200\") | [KEN](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_300 \"Outback Steakhouse 300\")34 | [MLW](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_250 \"GNC Live Well 250\") | [GLN](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_200_%28Watkins_Glen%29 \"GNC Live Well 200 (Watkins Glen)\") | [CHI](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_Presents_the_Hills_Bros._Coffee_300 \"Sam's Club Presents the Hills Bros. Coffee 300\") | [GTY](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_250 \"Carquest Auto Parts 250\") | [PPR](/wiki/NAPA_Autocare_250 \"NAPA Autocare 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [MCH](/wiki/NAPAonline.com_250 \"NAPAonline.com 250\") | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/South_Carolina_200 \"South Carolina 200\") | [RCH](/wiki/Autolite_/_Fram_250 \"Autolite / Fram 250\") | [DOV](/wiki/MBNA.com_200 \"MBNA.com 200\") | [KAN](/wiki/Mr._Goodcents_300 \"Mr. Goodcents 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Little_Trees_300 \"Little Trees 300\") | [MEM](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_250 \"Sam's Town 250\") | [PHO](/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_200 \"Outback Steakhouse 200\") | [CAR](/wiki/Sam%27s_Club_200 \"Sam's Club 200\") | [HOM](/wiki/GNC_Live_Well_300 \"GNC Live Well 300\") | N/A | 61 |", "### Car No. 98 history", "Following the shutdown of the Baker\\-Curb's No. 37 Ford team halfway through the 2008 season, Curb\\-Agajanian ran an unsponsored No. 98 Chevrolet as a start and park entry with [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter \"Johnny Sauter\") driving in two late\\-summer races. Sauter ran the No. 98 at Michigan and Bristol.", "In 2013, Curb was listed as owner (similar to his role with ThorSport in the Truck series) of [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell \"Kevin Swindell\")’s part\\-time \\#98 Nationwide Series ride with [Biagi\\-DenBeste Racing](/wiki/Biagi-DenBeste_Racing \"Biagi-DenBeste Racing\").", "### Car No. 98 results", "", "| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | {{Tooltip\\|Owners\\|Owners Points classification}} | Pts |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2008](/wiki/2008_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series \"2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series\") | [Johnny Sauter](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter \"Johnny Sauter\") | 98 | [Chevy](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | [DAY](/wiki/Camping_World_300_%28Daytona%29 \"Camping World 300 (Daytona)\") | [CAL](/wiki/Stater_Brothers_300 \"Stater Brothers 300\") | [LVS](/wiki/Sam%27s_Town_300 \"Sam's Town 300\") | [ATL](/wiki/Nicorette_300 \"Nicorette 300\") | [BRI](/wiki/Sharpie_Mini_300 \"Sharpie Mini 300\") | [NSH](/wiki/Pepsi_300 \"Pepsi 300\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_300 \"O'Reilly 300\") | [PHO](/wiki/Bashas%27_Supermarkets_200 \"Bashas' Supermarkets 200\") | [MXC](/wiki/Corona_M%C3%A9xico_200 \"Corona México 200\") | [TAL](/wiki/Aaron%27s_312 \"Aaron's 312\") | [RCH](/wiki/Lipton_Tea_250 \"Lipton Tea 250\") | [DAR](/wiki/Diamond_Hill_Plywood_200 \"Diamond Hill Plywood 200\") | [CLT](/wiki/Carquest_Auto_Parts_300 \"Carquest Auto Parts 300\") | [DOV](/wiki/Heluva_Good%21_200_%28Dover%29 \"Heluva Good! 200 (Dover)\") | [NSH](/wiki/Federated_Auto_Parts_300 \"Federated Auto Parts 300\") | [KEN](/wiki/Meijer_300 \"Meijer 300\") | [MLW](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Rental_250 \"Camping World RV Rental 250\") | [NHA](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Loudon%29 \"Camping World RV Sales 200 (Loudon)\") | [DAY](/wiki/Winn-Dixie_250 \"Winn-Dixie 250\") | [CHI](/wiki/Dollar_General_300_%28Chicagoland%29 \"Dollar General 300 (Chicagoland)\") | [GTY](/wiki/Missouri-Illinois_Dodge_Dealers_250 \"Missouri-Illinois Dodge Dealers 250\") | [IRP](/wiki/Kroger_200_%28Nationwide%29 \"Kroger 200 (Nationwide)\") | [CGV](/wiki/NAPA_Auto_Parts_200 \"NAPA Auto Parts 200\") | [GLN](/wiki/Zippo_200_at_The_Glen \"Zippo 200 at The Glen\") | [MCH](/wiki/Carfax_250 \"Carfax 250\")42 | [BRI](/wiki/Food_City_250 \"Food City 250\")42 | [CAL](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Service_300 \"Camping World RV Service 300\") | [RCH](/wiki/Emerson_Radio_250 \"Emerson Radio 250\") | [DOV](/wiki/Camping_World_RV_Sales_200_%28Dover%29 \"Camping World RV Sales 200 (Dover)\") | [KAN](/wiki/Kansas_Lottery_300 \"Kansas Lottery 300\") | [CLT](/wiki/Dollar_General_300 \"Dollar General 300\") | [MEM](/wiki/Kroger_On_Track_for_the_Cure_250 \"Kroger On Track for the Cure 250\") | [TEX](/wiki/O%27Reilly_Challenge \"O'Reilly Challenge\") | [PHO](/wiki/Hefty_Odor_Block_200 \"Hefty Odor Block 200\") | [HOM](/wiki/Ford_300_%28Homestead-Miami%29 \"Ford 300 (Homestead-Miami)\") | N/A | 74 |", "" ]
### Car No. 43 history In 1998, the No. 96 team switched to No. 43, which Curb had run in Cup with Richard Petty, and became known as the **Curb Agajanian Performance Group**. The No. 43 began the 1998 season unsponsored with Stevie Reeves driving a mix of Fords and Chevrolets. The team entered 4 of the first 10 races, with Reeves making all four. However the car had two mechanical failures and Reeves did not finish better than 30th. [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger "Brad Noffsinger") took over at Charlotte. Noffsinger had previously driven for Curb in the Cup series; he entered six races and made five, however the No. 43 suffered three mechanical failures. Noffsinger was replaced by [Kevin Grubb](/wiki/Kevin_Grubb "Kevin Grubb") at Gateway, however Grubb crashed out of the race and was fired. Future seven\-time [NASCAR Sprint Cup](/wiki/NASCAR_Sprint_Cup "NASCAR Sprint Cup") champion [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson "Jimmie Johnson") drove the season finale at Homestead. The No. 43 entered 12 races in 1998, all of them without a sponsor, qualifying for 11 and posting a best finish of 27th at the Dover spring race. In [1999](/wiki/1999_NASCAR_Busch_Series "1999 NASCAR Busch Series"), the team returned to full\-time. [Shane Hall](/wiki/Shane_Hall "Shane Hall") was hired to drive and [Central Tractor](/wiki/Central_Tractor "Central Tractor") signed on to sponsor the full season. The No. 43 began running Chevrolets full\-time. Hall had a DNQ at the season opener at Daytona, had a fourth\-place finish at [Myrtle Beach Speedway](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Speedway "Myrtle Beach Speedway"), and finished 24th in points, but had 6 additional DNQs. Central Tractor left following the season. Rookie [Jay Sauter](/wiki/Jay_Sauter "Jay Sauter") replaced Hall in [2000](/wiki/2000_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2000 NASCAR Busch Series"). Sponsorship of the No. 43 Chevrolet was taken over by Quality Farm \& Country. Sauter nabbed eight top\-tens and finished seventeenth in points, despite missing the spring Las Vegas race. The team's best finish was 4th at the season opener at Daytona. Sauter and Quality Farm returned in 2001\. Sauter finished 3rd at Texas, grabbed a pole at [Kentucky Speedway](/wiki/Kentucky_Speedway "Kentucky Speedway"), scored seven top\-10s, and finished nineteenth in points. However Sauter was fired after Memphis with three races to go in the season, as Morton Salt took over as sponsor and [Ron Hornaday](/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr. "Ron Hornaday Jr.") finished out the season. Hornaday would grab a top\-5 at Phoenix. In [2002](/wiki/2002_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2002 NASCAR Busch Series"), the team lost both Quality Farm and Morton sponsorship and cut back to a limited schedule, attempting four races late in the season with [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler "Hermie Sadler") driving. The No. 43 Chevy had sponsorship from TNA for two of the races. Sadler made three of the four races (including both with sponsorship), but the No. 43 did not finish better than 29th. The team continued to run part\-time in 2003\. Jay Sauter's brother [Johnny](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter "Johnny Sauter") ran 17 races in Chevrolets with [Channellock](/wiki/Channellock "Channellock") sponsorship. Sauter was also running the No. 21 for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing"), combining for a full season. Grubb also returned to the No. 43 at the spring Nashville race, with sponsorship from music artist Jo Dee Messina, and [Shelby Howard](/wiki/Shelby_Howard "Shelby Howard") ran the fall Kansas race with [Dr. Pepper](/wiki/Dr._Pepper "Dr. Pepper"). The team ran Dodges in partnership with [Carroll Racing](/wiki/Carroll_Racing "Carroll Racing") for Grubb and Howard. The team picked up their first Busch Series win at the [Funai 250](/wiki/Funai_250 "Funai 250") at Richmond in September with Sauter in a Chevrolet. The team started [2004](/wiki/2004_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2004 NASCAR Busch Series") with [Josh Richeson](/wiki/Josh_Richeson "Josh Richeson") driving the No. 43 Chevrolet at Daytona with [Ollie's Bargain Outlets](/wiki/Ollie%27s_Bargain_Outlets "Ollie's Bargain Outlets") sponsoring. At the second race of the season at Rockingham, the team switched to running [Evernham](/wiki/Evernham_Motorsports "Evernham Motorsports") Dodges and signed Aaron Fike as the driver. Ollie's continued to sponsor the team, which remained part\-time. Fike and the No. 43 ran 12 races, his best finish a seventeenth at Dover. In [2005](/wiki/2005_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2005 NASCAR Busch Series"), the No. 43 returned to full\-time running both Dodges and Fords. Channellock and Jo Dee Messina, both returned to the team after a year absence. Kimberly\-Clark's Kleenex brand also came on as a sponsor. The team's main drivers were [Aaron](/wiki/Aaron_Fike "Aaron Fike") and [A. J.](/wiki/A._J._Fike "A. J. Fike") Fike, with [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 "Jeff Green (racing driver)") running three races. [Tracy Hines](/wiki/Tracy_Hines "Tracy Hines") and [Kevin Conway](/wiki/Kevin_Conway_%28racing_driver%29 "Kevin Conway (racing driver)") ran one race a piece, while road course ringers [Jose Luis Ramirez](/wiki/Jose_Luis_Ramirez_%28racing_driver%29 "Jose Luis Ramirez (racing driver)") and [Ron Fellows](/wiki/Ron_Fellows "Ron Fellows") also made a start. Fellows ran a Chevrolet for his race in the No. 43 at Watkins Glen, however the engine overheated early in the event. The team's best finish in 2005 was 14th at Charlotte with Aaron Fike in a Ford. In [2006](/wiki/2006_NASCAR_Busch_Series "2006 NASCAR Busch Series"), the team returned to running Evernham Dodges. The No. 43 began the season without a full\-time sponsor, however the car started the season with Aaron Fike driving full\-time with race\-to\-race sponsorships. Fike sat 29th in points after 12 races when he failed to qualify at Charlotte and was fired. [Kertus Davis](/wiki/Kertus_Davis "Kertus Davis") took over for one race at Dover. The team then downscaled to part\-time, with road racing experts [P. J. Jones](/wiki/P._J._Jones "P. J. Jones") and [Chris Cook](/wiki/Chris_Cook_%28NASCAR%29 "Chris Cook (NASCAR)") attempting a four races each, all of them on ovals except for Cook's start at Watkins Glen. Jones made each of the fields he attempted to qualify for, while Cook made three of the four, missing the race at Richmond. [Erin Crocker](/wiki/Erin_Crocker "Erin Crocker") brought General Mills sponsorship and Evernham support at Homestead, finishing 28th. The best finish for the No. 43 in 2006 was at the July Daytona race, with P. J. Jones finishing 13th. Due to a lack of sponsorship, the No. 43 began the 2007 season inactive. Curb and [Gary Baker](/wiki/Gary_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Gary Baker (racing driver)") later bought [Clarence Brewer](/wiki/Brewco_Motorsports "Brewco Motorsports")'s Ford team before the September Fontana race. Brewco's two full\-time Busch Series teams, the No. 27 and No. 37, became the primary entries for **Baker\-Curb Racing** at Fontana. However, Baker\-Curb did field the No. 43 for the only time in 2007 for [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East "Bobby East") at Memphis with sponsorship from Kick Butt Energy Ballz. The No. 43 Curb entry did not appear during the 2008 season. However, at Chicagoland, Curb leased the owner points to [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports "Front Row Motorsports") for [Kevin Lepage](/wiki/Kevin_Lepage "Kevin Lepage"), an entry that failed to qualify. In 2009, Curb fielded the No. 43 at the spring Texas race with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise") driving a car sponsored by Scott Products and county singer Star de Alzan, however Wise failed to qualify. At the fall Charlotte race, Curb leased the number 43 to [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports "Richard Petty Motorsports") for driver [Kasey Kahne](/wiki/Kasey_Kahne "Kasey Kahne"). [thumb\|left\|[Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks "Justin Marks") in 2010\.](/wiki/File:Justin_Marks_NAPA_200.jpg "Justin Marks NAPA 200.jpg") In 2010, the Baker\-Curb No. 43 returned and began the season running Roush Fords full\-time. [Scott Lagasse Jr.](/wiki/Scott_Lagasse_Jr. "Scott Lagasse Jr.") was the driver, operating with race\-to\-race sponsorships. Lagasse Jr. ran the first 14 races, the final three without a sponsor, before leaving the team due to lack of funding. Lagasse's best finish was 8th at Phoenix. The Roush partnership dissolved at the same time Lagasse left the team, forcing Curb to lease the No. 43 points to [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing "Rick Ware Racing") at Road America. The next week at Loudon, [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 "Brad Baker (racing driver)") ran the No. 43 as a start and park without a sponsor. The following week at Daytona saw the debut of the Nationwide Series Car of Tomorrow platform. A deal was made with [JD Motorsports](/wiki/JD_Motorsports "JD Motorsports") for the No. 43 to run Chevrolets at the COT races. [Johnny Chapman](/wiki/Johnny_Chapman "Johnny Chapman") drove an unsponsored car at Daytona, but was taken out in the early laps by Curb's other entry, the No. 27 of [Jennifer Jo Cobb](/wiki/Jennifer_Jo_Cobb "Jennifer Jo Cobb"). The team was forced to end the COT deal and to start and park the next 4 races with Baker and [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell "Kevin Swindell"). After skipping Watkins Glen, the No. 43 returned for the next COT race at Michigan, with a new deal in place to run Dodges in COT races. [Chase Austin](/wiki/Chase_Austin "Chase Austin") drove with [Walgreens](/wiki/Walgreens "Walgreens") at Michigan, but blew an engine and finished 35th. [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring "Drew Herring") then failed to qualify an unsponsored Ford the next week at Bristol. The following week at Montreal, [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks "Justin Marks") drove a Ford with [Future Electronics](/wiki/Future_Electronics "Future Electronics") but broke the rear end gear in the first corner of the first lap, finishing last. [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin "Kevin Hamlin") drove the next race at Atlanta as a start and park. Curb shut down the No. 43 after Atlanta in September. The team returned for one race with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise "Josh Wise") in a Dodge COT at Charlotte with sponsorship from [Ingersoll Rand](/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand "Ingersoll Rand"). Wise finished 18th in the last race for the Curb No. 43\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.jayski.com/nationwide/2010/2010nationwideschedule.htm \|title\=Jayski's® Silly Season Site \- 2010 Nationwide Series Schedule \|access\-date\=2016\-07\-11 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012120508/http://www.jayski.com/nationwide/2010/2010nationwideschedule.htm \|archive\-date\=2016\-10\-12 \|url\-status\=dead }}
[ "### Car No. 43 history", "In 1998, the No. 96 team switched to No. 43, which Curb had run in Cup with Richard Petty, and became known as the **Curb Agajanian Performance Group**. The No. 43 began the 1998 season unsponsored with Stevie Reeves driving a mix of Fords and Chevrolets. The team entered 4 of the first 10 races, with Reeves making all four. However the car had two mechanical failures and Reeves did not finish better than 30th. [Brad Noffsinger](/wiki/Brad_Noffsinger \"Brad Noffsinger\") took over at Charlotte. Noffsinger had previously driven for Curb in the Cup series; he entered six races and made five, however the No. 43 suffered three mechanical failures. Noffsinger was replaced by [Kevin Grubb](/wiki/Kevin_Grubb \"Kevin Grubb\") at Gateway, however Grubb crashed out of the race and was fired. Future seven\\-time [NASCAR Sprint Cup](/wiki/NASCAR_Sprint_Cup \"NASCAR Sprint Cup\") champion [Jimmie Johnson](/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson \"Jimmie Johnson\") drove the season finale at Homestead. The No. 43 entered 12 races in 1998, all of them without a sponsor, qualifying for 11 and posting a best finish of 27th at the Dover spring race.", "In [1999](/wiki/1999_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"1999 NASCAR Busch Series\"), the team returned to full\\-time. [Shane Hall](/wiki/Shane_Hall \"Shane Hall\") was hired to drive and [Central Tractor](/wiki/Central_Tractor \"Central Tractor\") signed on to sponsor the full season. The No. 43 began running Chevrolets full\\-time. Hall had a DNQ at the season opener at Daytona, had a fourth\\-place finish at [Myrtle Beach Speedway](/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Speedway \"Myrtle Beach Speedway\"), and finished 24th in points, but had 6 additional DNQs. Central Tractor left following the season.", "Rookie [Jay Sauter](/wiki/Jay_Sauter \"Jay Sauter\") replaced Hall in [2000](/wiki/2000_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2000 NASCAR Busch Series\"). Sponsorship of the No. 43 Chevrolet was taken over by Quality Farm \\& Country. Sauter nabbed eight top\\-tens and finished seventeenth in points, despite missing the spring Las Vegas race. The team's best finish was 4th at the season opener at Daytona. Sauter and Quality Farm returned in 2001\\. Sauter finished 3rd at Texas, grabbed a pole at [Kentucky Speedway](/wiki/Kentucky_Speedway \"Kentucky Speedway\"), scored seven top\\-10s, and finished nineteenth in points. However Sauter was fired after Memphis with three races to go in the season, as Morton Salt took over as sponsor and [Ron Hornaday](/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr. \"Ron Hornaday Jr.\") finished out the season. Hornaday would grab a top\\-5 at Phoenix.", "In [2002](/wiki/2002_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2002 NASCAR Busch Series\"), the team lost both Quality Farm and Morton sponsorship and cut back to a limited schedule, attempting four races late in the season with [Hermie Sadler](/wiki/Hermie_Sadler \"Hermie Sadler\") driving. The No. 43 Chevy had sponsorship from TNA for two of the races. Sadler made three of the four races (including both with sponsorship), but the No. 43 did not finish better than 29th.", "The team continued to run part\\-time in 2003\\. Jay Sauter's brother [Johnny](/wiki/Johnny_Sauter \"Johnny Sauter\") ran 17 races in Chevrolets with [Channellock](/wiki/Channellock \"Channellock\") sponsorship. Sauter was also running the No. 21 for [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\"), combining for a full season. Grubb also returned to the No. 43 at the spring Nashville race, with sponsorship from music artist Jo Dee Messina, and [Shelby Howard](/wiki/Shelby_Howard \"Shelby Howard\") ran the fall Kansas race with [Dr. Pepper](/wiki/Dr._Pepper \"Dr. Pepper\"). The team ran Dodges in partnership with [Carroll Racing](/wiki/Carroll_Racing \"Carroll Racing\") for Grubb and Howard. The team picked up their first Busch Series win at the [Funai 250](/wiki/Funai_250 \"Funai 250\") at Richmond in September with Sauter in a Chevrolet.", "The team started [2004](/wiki/2004_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2004 NASCAR Busch Series\") with [Josh Richeson](/wiki/Josh_Richeson \"Josh Richeson\") driving the No. 43 Chevrolet at Daytona with [Ollie's Bargain Outlets](/wiki/Ollie%27s_Bargain_Outlets \"Ollie's Bargain Outlets\") sponsoring. At the second race of the season at Rockingham, the team switched to running [Evernham](/wiki/Evernham_Motorsports \"Evernham Motorsports\") Dodges and signed Aaron Fike as the driver. Ollie's continued to sponsor the team, which remained part\\-time. Fike and the No. 43 ran 12 races, his best finish a seventeenth at Dover.", "In [2005](/wiki/2005_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2005 NASCAR Busch Series\"), the No. 43 returned to full\\-time running both Dodges and Fords. Channellock and Jo Dee Messina, both returned to the team after a year absence. Kimberly\\-Clark's Kleenex brand also came on as a sponsor. The team's main drivers were [Aaron](/wiki/Aaron_Fike \"Aaron Fike\") and [A. J.](/wiki/A._J._Fike \"A. J. Fike\") Fike, with [Jeff Green](/wiki/Jeff_Green_%28racing_driver%29 \"Jeff Green (racing driver)\") running three races. [Tracy Hines](/wiki/Tracy_Hines \"Tracy Hines\") and [Kevin Conway](/wiki/Kevin_Conway_%28racing_driver%29 \"Kevin Conway (racing driver)\") ran one race a piece, while road course ringers [Jose Luis Ramirez](/wiki/Jose_Luis_Ramirez_%28racing_driver%29 \"Jose Luis Ramirez (racing driver)\") and [Ron Fellows](/wiki/Ron_Fellows \"Ron Fellows\") also made a start. Fellows ran a Chevrolet for his race in the No. 43 at Watkins Glen, however the engine overheated early in the event. The team's best finish in 2005 was 14th at Charlotte with Aaron Fike in a Ford.", "In [2006](/wiki/2006_NASCAR_Busch_Series \"2006 NASCAR Busch Series\"), the team returned to running Evernham Dodges. The No. 43 began the season without a full\\-time sponsor, however the car started the season with Aaron Fike driving full\\-time with race\\-to\\-race sponsorships. Fike sat 29th in points after 12 races when he failed to qualify at Charlotte and was fired. [Kertus Davis](/wiki/Kertus_Davis \"Kertus Davis\") took over for one race at Dover. The team then downscaled to part\\-time, with road racing experts [P. J. Jones](/wiki/P._J._Jones \"P. J. Jones\") and [Chris Cook](/wiki/Chris_Cook_%28NASCAR%29 \"Chris Cook (NASCAR)\") attempting a four races each, all of them on ovals except for Cook's start at Watkins Glen. Jones made each of the fields he attempted to qualify for, while Cook made three of the four, missing the race at Richmond. [Erin Crocker](/wiki/Erin_Crocker \"Erin Crocker\") brought General Mills sponsorship and Evernham support at Homestead, finishing 28th. The best finish for the No. 43 in 2006 was at the July Daytona race, with P. J. Jones finishing 13th.", "Due to a lack of sponsorship, the No. 43 began the 2007 season inactive. Curb and [Gary Baker](/wiki/Gary_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Gary Baker (racing driver)\") later bought [Clarence Brewer](/wiki/Brewco_Motorsports \"Brewco Motorsports\")'s Ford team before the September Fontana race. Brewco's two full\\-time Busch Series teams, the No. 27 and No. 37, became the primary entries for **Baker\\-Curb Racing** at Fontana. However, Baker\\-Curb did field the No. 43 for the only time in 2007 for [Bobby East](/wiki/Bobby_East \"Bobby East\") at Memphis with sponsorship from Kick Butt Energy Ballz.", "The No. 43 Curb entry did not appear during the 2008 season. However, at Chicagoland, Curb leased the owner points to [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") for [Kevin Lepage](/wiki/Kevin_Lepage \"Kevin Lepage\"), an entry that failed to qualify.", "In 2009, Curb fielded the No. 43 at the spring Texas race with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\") driving a car sponsored by Scott Products and county singer Star de Alzan, however Wise failed to qualify. At the fall Charlotte race, Curb leased the number 43 to [Richard Petty Motorsports](/wiki/Richard_Petty_Motorsports \"Richard Petty Motorsports\") for driver [Kasey Kahne](/wiki/Kasey_Kahne \"Kasey Kahne\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|[Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks \"Justin Marks\") in 2010\\.](/wiki/File:Justin_Marks_NAPA_200.jpg \"Justin Marks NAPA 200.jpg\")", "In 2010, the Baker\\-Curb No. 43 returned and began the season running Roush Fords full\\-time. [Scott Lagasse Jr.](/wiki/Scott_Lagasse_Jr. \"Scott Lagasse Jr.\") was the driver, operating with race\\-to\\-race sponsorships. Lagasse Jr. ran the first 14 races, the final three without a sponsor, before leaving the team due to lack of funding. Lagasse's best finish was 8th at Phoenix. The Roush partnership dissolved at the same time Lagasse left the team, forcing Curb to lease the No. 43 points to [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") at Road America. The next week at Loudon, [Brad Baker](/wiki/Brad_Baker_%28racing_driver%29 \"Brad Baker (racing driver)\") ran the No. 43 as a start and park without a sponsor. The following week at Daytona saw the debut of the Nationwide Series Car of Tomorrow platform. A deal was made with [JD Motorsports](/wiki/JD_Motorsports \"JD Motorsports\") for the No. 43 to run Chevrolets at the COT races. [Johnny Chapman](/wiki/Johnny_Chapman \"Johnny Chapman\") drove an unsponsored car at Daytona, but was taken out in the early laps by Curb's other entry, the No. 27 of [Jennifer Jo Cobb](/wiki/Jennifer_Jo_Cobb \"Jennifer Jo Cobb\"). The team was forced to end the COT deal and to start and park the next 4 races with Baker and [Kevin Swindell](/wiki/Kevin_Swindell \"Kevin Swindell\"). After skipping Watkins Glen, the No. 43 returned for the next COT race at Michigan, with a new deal in place to run Dodges in COT races. [Chase Austin](/wiki/Chase_Austin \"Chase Austin\") drove with [Walgreens](/wiki/Walgreens \"Walgreens\") at Michigan, but blew an engine and finished 35th. [Drew Herring](/wiki/Drew_Herring \"Drew Herring\") then failed to qualify an unsponsored Ford the next week at Bristol. The following week at Montreal, [Justin Marks](/wiki/Justin_Marks \"Justin Marks\") drove a Ford with [Future Electronics](/wiki/Future_Electronics \"Future Electronics\") but broke the rear end gear in the first corner of the first lap, finishing last. [Kevin Hamlin](/wiki/Kevin_Hamlin \"Kevin Hamlin\") drove the next race at Atlanta as a start and park. Curb shut down the No. 43 after Atlanta in September. The team returned for one race with [Josh Wise](/wiki/Josh_Wise \"Josh Wise\") in a Dodge COT at Charlotte with sponsorship from [Ingersoll Rand](/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand \"Ingersoll Rand\"). Wise finished 18th in the last race for the Curb No. 43\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.jayski.com/nationwide/2010/2010nationwideschedule.htm \\|title\\=Jayski's® Silly Season Site \\- 2010 Nationwide Series Schedule \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-07\\-11 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012120508/http://www.jayski.com/nationwide/2010/2010nationwideschedule.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-10\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "" ]
Synopsis -------- *The scene takes place in a toy\-shop at Nuremberg* Cornelius the owner, has an only son, Donathan, whom he loves despite the boy’s stupidity, while being unjust to his orphan nephew, Miller, whom he keeps like a servant, after having misappropriated the latter's inheritance. The old miser wants to obtain a wife for his son, a wife endowed with beauty and every virtue, and as he believes that such a paragon does not exist, has created a doll, which he hopes to endow with life by help of doctor Faust's magic book. He awaits a stormy night to carry this out. Meanwhile he enjoys life and is prepares to go with Donathan to a masked ball, having sent his nephew supperless to bed. When they have left Miller reappears in the garb of Mephistopheles and clapping his hands, his fiancée Bertha, a poor seamstress soon enters. Sadly she tells her lover that she is unable to go to the ball, having given all her money, which she had meant to spend on a dress, to a poor beggar\-women in the street. Miller, touched by his love's tender heart, determines to lay aside his mask, in order to stay at home with Bertha, when suddenly an idea strikes him. Remembering the doll, which his uncle keeps hidden in his closet, he shows it to Bertha, who delightedly slips into the doll's beautiful clothes which fit her perfectly. Unfortunately Cornelius and his son are heard returning, while Bertha is still absent dressing. The night has grown stormy, and the old man deems it favourable for the spell. So he proceeds to open Faust's book and to begin the charm. Miller, who just had time to hide himself in the chimney, is driven out by his cousin's attempts to light a fire. He leaps down into the room and Cornelius and Donathan take him for none other than the Devil, Miller wearing his mask and being besides blackened by soot. Perceiving his uncle's terror, he profits by it, and at once beginning a conjuration he summons the doll – that is, Bertha in the doll's dress. Father and son are delighted by her performances, but when she opens her mouth and reveals a very wilful and wayward character, Cornelius is less charmed. The doll demands food, and Mephistopheles indicates, that it is to be found in the kitchen. While the worthy pair go to fetch it, Mephistopheles converses with Bertha and vanishes into his room. The doll now begins to lead a dance, which makes the toymaker's hair stand on end. She first throws the whole supper out of the window, following it with plate, crockery, toys etc. Then taking a drum, she begins to drill them, like a tambour\-major, slapping their ears, mouths and cheeks when they try to approach her. At last, when they are quite worn out, she flies into the cupboard. But the father's spirit is roused, and he resolves to destroy his and the Devil's work. However he is stopped by Miller, who now makes his appearance, and seems greatly astonished at the uproar he finds in the middle of the night. He only wants to gain time for Bertha to change clothes and escape. Resolutely the old man walks into the cupboard to slay the doll. He returns pale and trembling, believing to have destroyed her while asleep and seen her spirit escape through the window with fiendish laughter. Awed by his deed, he sees Miller returning, who confesses that he had found out the secret about the doll, and having accidentally broken it, had substituted a young girl. Cornelius, half dead with fright, sees himself already accused of murder; his only salvation seems to lie in his nephew's silence and instant flight. Miller is willing to leave the country, provided his uncle give him back his heritage, which consists of 10,000 thalers. After vain remonstrances the old man gives him the gold. Miller, having gained his ends, now introduces Bertha, and the wicked old fool and his son see too late, that they have been duped.Synopsis adapted from: Annesley, Charles. *The standard opera glass : containing the detailed plots of one hundred and thirty celebrated operas.* Sampson Low, Marston, London, Lemcke \& Buechner, New York, 1901\.
[ "Synopsis\n--------", "*The scene takes place in a toy\\-shop at Nuremberg*", "Cornelius the owner, has an only son, Donathan, whom he loves despite the boy’s stupidity, while being unjust to his orphan nephew, Miller, whom he keeps like a servant, after having misappropriated the latter's inheritance. The old miser wants to obtain a wife for his son, a wife endowed with beauty and every virtue, and as he believes that such a paragon does not exist, has created a doll, which he hopes to endow with life by help of doctor Faust's magic book.", "He awaits a stormy night to carry this out. Meanwhile he enjoys life and is prepares to go with Donathan to a masked ball, having sent his nephew supperless to bed. When they have left Miller reappears in the garb of Mephistopheles and clapping his hands, his fiancée Bertha, a poor seamstress soon enters. Sadly she tells her lover that she is unable to go to the ball, having given all her money, which she had meant to spend on a dress, to a poor beggar\\-women in the street. Miller, touched by his love's tender heart, determines to lay aside his mask, in order to stay at home with Bertha, when suddenly an idea strikes him. Remembering the doll, which his uncle keeps hidden in his closet, he shows it to Bertha, who delightedly slips into the doll's beautiful clothes which fit her perfectly.", "Unfortunately Cornelius and his son are heard returning, while Bertha is still absent dressing. The night has grown stormy, and the old man deems it favourable for the spell. So he proceeds to open Faust's book and to begin the charm. Miller, who just had time to hide himself in the chimney, is driven out by his cousin's attempts to light a fire. He leaps down into the room and Cornelius and Donathan take him for none other than the Devil, Miller wearing his mask and being besides blackened by soot. Perceiving his uncle's terror, he profits by it, and at once beginning a conjuration he summons the doll – that is, Bertha in the doll's dress.", "Father and son are delighted by her performances, but when she opens her mouth and reveals a very wilful and wayward character, Cornelius is less charmed. The doll demands food, and Mephistopheles indicates, that it is to be found in the kitchen. While the worthy pair go to fetch it, Mephistopheles converses with Bertha and vanishes into his room.", "The doll now begins to lead a dance, which makes the toymaker's hair stand on end. She first throws the whole supper out of the window, following it with plate, crockery, toys etc. Then taking a drum, she begins to drill them, like a tambour\\-major, slapping their ears, mouths and cheeks when they try to approach her. At last, when they are quite worn out, she flies into the cupboard. But the father's spirit is roused, and he resolves to destroy his and the Devil's work. However he is stopped by Miller, who now makes his appearance, and seems greatly astonished at the uproar he finds in the middle of the night. He only wants to gain time for Bertha to change clothes and escape.", "Resolutely the old man walks into the cupboard to slay the doll. He returns pale and trembling, believing to have destroyed her while asleep and seen her spirit escape through the window with fiendish laughter. Awed by his deed, he sees Miller returning, who confesses that he had found out the secret about the doll, and having accidentally broken it, had substituted a young girl. Cornelius, half dead with fright, sees himself already accused of murder; his only salvation seems to lie in his nephew's silence and instant flight. Miller is willing to leave the country, provided his uncle give him back his heritage, which consists of 10,000 thalers. After vain remonstrances the old man gives him the gold. Miller, having gained his ends, now introduces Bertha, and the wicked old fool and his son see too late, that they have been duped.Synopsis adapted from: Annesley, Charles. *The standard opera glass : containing the detailed plots of one hundred and thirty celebrated operas.* Sampson Low, Marston, London, Lemcke \\& Buechner, New York, 1901\\.", "" ]
World War II to the present --------------------------- The newspaper experienced two periods of suspension: first, during the Sino\-Japanese War when the Japanese authorities ordered its cessation (1942–1945\), and second, due to the Nationalist government's ban on Taiwanese Hokkien (April–November 1969\). It resumed publication in December of the same year with content in Mandarin, and its publication continues to the present day. In 1895 [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") became a colony of [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). In 1942 the [Imperial Japanese](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese "Imperial Japanese") government, now at war with the [Allied countries](/wiki/Allies "Allies") including [China](/wiki/Republic_of_China "Republic of China"), [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") and [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), expelled missionaries from Taiwan. The press was closed. In 1945, after the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang") (Chinese Nationalists) assumed one\-party rule over Taiwan, the Taiwan Church News resumed publication. In 1969 the printing of the Taiwan Church News in [Pe̍h\-ōe\-jī](/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB "Pe̍h-ōe-jī") was banned by the Kuomintang government as part of an effort to discourage use of local languages.{{harvnb\|Klöter\|2005\|p\=217}} The publication thereafter employed Mandarin [Chinese characters](/wiki/Hanzi "Hanzi"). Even after the restrictions were lifted in the 1980s, Mandarin continued to be the dominant language, with "native languages" ([Taiwanese Hokkien](/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien "Taiwanese Hokkien"), [Hakka](/wiki/Hakka_%28language%29 "Hakka (language)") and [Formosan languages](/wiki/Formosan_languages "Formosan languages")) confined to a "Mother Tongue Section" from 1991 onwards. On several occasions under one\-party Kuomintang rule the magazine was confiscated by authorities for running articles on forbidden topics. A discussion of the [February 28 Incident](/wiki/February_28_Incident "February 28 Incident") saw the entire print run of 6,700 copies seized in 1987\.{{Cite journal \|journal\=Taiwan Communiqué \|issn\=1027\-3999 \|date\=May 1987 \|volume\=30 \|title\=Presbyterians protest confiscation \|url\=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc30\-int.pdf \|publisher\=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan \|page\=24}} The publication proved to be in the vanguard, however. When [Lee Tung\-hui](/wiki/Lee_Tung-hui "Lee Tung-hui") became Taiwan's president the following year, setting society on a path toward modern democracy, 2\-28 became a matter of open public discussion. The modern incarnation of the periodical takes the form of a weekly magazine, plus ad hoc English reports on the organization's website.
[ "World War II to the present\n---------------------------", "The newspaper experienced two periods of suspension: first, during the Sino\\-Japanese War when the Japanese authorities ordered its cessation (1942–1945\\), and second, due to the Nationalist government's ban on Taiwanese Hokkien (April–November 1969\\). It resumed publication in December of the same year with content in Mandarin, and its publication continues to the present day.", "In 1895 [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") became a colony of [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). In 1942 the [Imperial Japanese](/wiki/Imperial_Japanese \"Imperial Japanese\") government, now at war with the [Allied countries](/wiki/Allies \"Allies\") including [China](/wiki/Republic_of_China \"Republic of China\"), [Britain](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") and [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), expelled missionaries from Taiwan. The press was closed. In 1945, after the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\") (Chinese Nationalists) assumed one\\-party rule over Taiwan, the Taiwan Church News resumed publication.", "In 1969 the printing of the Taiwan Church News in [Pe̍h\\-ōe\\-jī](/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB \"Pe̍h-ōe-jī\") was banned by the Kuomintang government as part of an effort to discourage use of local languages.{{harvnb\\|Klöter\\|2005\\|p\\=217}} The publication thereafter employed Mandarin [Chinese characters](/wiki/Hanzi \"Hanzi\"). Even after the restrictions were lifted in the 1980s, Mandarin continued to be the dominant language, with \"native languages\" ([Taiwanese Hokkien](/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien \"Taiwanese Hokkien\"), [Hakka](/wiki/Hakka_%28language%29 \"Hakka (language)\") and [Formosan languages](/wiki/Formosan_languages \"Formosan languages\")) confined to a \"Mother Tongue Section\" from 1991 onwards.", "On several occasions under one\\-party Kuomintang rule the magazine was confiscated by authorities for running articles on forbidden topics. A discussion of the [February 28 Incident](/wiki/February_28_Incident \"February 28 Incident\") saw the entire print run of 6,700 copies seized in 1987\\.{{Cite journal \\|journal\\=Taiwan Communiqué \\|issn\\=1027\\-3999 \\|date\\=May 1987 \\|volume\\=30 \\|title\\=Presbyterians protest confiscation \\|url\\=http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/tc30\\-int.pdf \\|publisher\\=International Committee for Human Rights in Taiwan \\|page\\=24}} The publication proved to be in the vanguard, however. When [Lee Tung\\-hui](/wiki/Lee_Tung-hui \"Lee Tung-hui\") became Taiwan's president the following year, setting society on a path toward modern democracy, 2\\-28 became a matter of open public discussion.", "The modern incarnation of the periodical takes the form of a weekly magazine, plus ad hoc English reports on the organization's website.", "" ]
Aldrich Plan and Federal Reserve Act ------------------------------------ The experience of working with Morgan to alleviate the effects of the Panic of 1907 made Strong an ardent advocate of banking reform because he realized that the voluntary cooperation organized by Morgan was not an adequate means of preventing or dealing with banking crises. He was not the only one worried since a great public debate ensued after the panic about banking and financial reform. Even sound banks had problems because their depositors demanded their money, causing the banks to run low on cash and gold. The US public had been previously opposed to the establishment of a [central bank](/wiki/Central_bank "Central bank"), but many leading bankers urged the [US Congress](/wiki/US_Congress "US Congress") to create a central bank that could help sound banks meet the demands of their depositors during a bank run by temporarily lending them money. In 1908, Congress established the [National Monetary Commission](/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission "National Monetary Commission") to evaluate viable alternatives for a long\-term solution to the cycles of financial boom and bust. At the time, Republicans dominated Congress. The chair of the committee was a leading Senate Republican, [Nelson Aldrich](/wiki/Nelson_Aldrich "Nelson Aldrich") of Rhode Island. ([Nelson Rockefeller](/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller "Nelson Rockefeller") was named after Aldrich, his maternal grandfather.) Strong was one of those selected to attend a secret ten\-day conference at the luxurious [Jekyll Island](/wiki/Jekyll_Island "Jekyll Island") Hunt Club retreat in November 1910\. Also in attendance were Aldrich, chair of the National Monetary Commission; [A. Piatt Andrew](/wiki/Abram_Andrew "Abram Andrew"), Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and Special Assistant to the National Monetary Commission (the only other commission member besides Aldrich); [Paul Warburg](/wiki/Paul_Warburg "Paul Warburg"), a recent immigrant from a prominent [German](/wiki/Germany "Germany") banking family who was a partner in the New York banking house of [Kuhn, Loeb \& Co.](/wiki/Kuhn%2C_Loeb_%26_Co. "Kuhn, Loeb & Co."); [Frank A. Vanderlip](/wiki/Frank_Vanderlip "Frank Vanderlip"), president of the [National City Bank of New York](/wiki/Citibank "Citibank"); [Henry P. Davison](/wiki/Henry_P._Davison "Henry P. Davison"), senior partner of [J.P. Morgan \& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. "J.P. Morgan & Co."); and Charles D. Norton, president of the Morgan\-dominated [First National Bank of New York](/wiki/Citibank "Citibank"). What came to be known as the Aldrich Plan was drafted by these men during the conference. The plan was written in secrecy, as the public would never approve of a banking reform bill written by bankers, much less of a plan for a central bank. In addition, the bankers involved were prominent New York City bankers. The US public had been anti\-banker since the [Panic of 1907](/wiki/Panic_of_1907 "Panic of 1907"), and New York City bankers were particularly distrusted in the West and the South. Thus, members of Congress from these states would find it hard to support a plan drawn up by New York City bankers. The Aldrich Plan carefully avoided calling its proposed new organization a "central bank" in the hope of reducing concerns about central control. Warburg and others had warned against that. It instead carefully worded its proposal as the establishment of a National Reserve Association. The bankers' plan, but not its origin, was publicized on January 16, 1911 as the Aldrich Plan, which was submitted to Congress on January 9, 1912\. However, it was not popular among those who wanted a public\-controlled plan or who opposed the concept of a central bank in any form. Thus, it was followed by much debate but never came to a vote. In the November 1912 elections, Democrats won in a national landslide with [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson "Woodrow Wilson") elected as president, and the party gaining control of both houses of Congress. The platform favored a public\-controlled plan. Thus, the Aldrich banker\-controlled plan was effectively dead. Wilson made the issue one of his top priorities even before he took office. He asked [Carter Glass](/wiki/Carter_Glass "Carter Glass") of Virginia, one of the leading Democratic representatives on the House Committee on Banking and Currency, to work with banking experts and develop a compromise bill. Glass worked with [Robert Latham Owen](/wiki/Robert_Latham_Owen "Robert Latham Owen"), and they introduced the Glass\-Owens bill in December 1912\. To implement the Democrats' desire for a public\-controlled plan, the bill proposed a central public\-appointed body in control. To address the Western and Southern distrust about powerful New York City banks, the bill decentralized the system into districts to limit the power of the New York City banks. However, the bill also had many features of the banker\-controlled plan to broaden its political appeal. Thus, the general outline of the Aldrich Plan eventually served as the model upon which the [Federal Reserve System](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System "Federal Reserve System") was based, but there were significant changes. A degree of public control was exerted via the Federal Reserve Board, the equivalent of today's Board of Governors, selected by the [US president](/wiki/US_president "US president"). Also, the role of professional bankers was, to some extent, limited by confining their overt control to the operation of the Federal Reserve banks of the various regions. The Aldrich Plan met with Warburg's satisfaction, as he said that minor changes could be adjusted administratively later. After much debate, Congress passed this bill, with some minor modifications, as the [Federal Reserve Act](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act "Federal Reserve Act") on December 23, 1913\.
[ "Aldrich Plan and Federal Reserve Act\n------------------------------------", "The experience of working with Morgan to alleviate the effects of the Panic of 1907 made Strong an ardent advocate of banking reform because he realized that the voluntary cooperation organized by Morgan was not an adequate means of preventing or dealing with banking crises. He was not the only one worried since a great public debate ensued after the panic about banking and financial reform. Even sound banks had problems because their depositors demanded their money, causing the banks to run low on cash and gold. The US public had been previously opposed to the establishment of a [central bank](/wiki/Central_bank \"Central bank\"), but many leading bankers urged the [US Congress](/wiki/US_Congress \"US Congress\") to create a central bank that could help sound banks meet the demands of their depositors during a bank run by temporarily lending them money.", "In 1908, Congress established the [National Monetary Commission](/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission \"National Monetary Commission\") to evaluate viable alternatives for a long\\-term solution to the cycles of financial boom and bust. At the time, Republicans dominated Congress. The chair of the committee was a leading Senate Republican, [Nelson Aldrich](/wiki/Nelson_Aldrich \"Nelson Aldrich\") of Rhode Island. ([Nelson Rockefeller](/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller \"Nelson Rockefeller\") was named after Aldrich, his maternal grandfather.)", "Strong was one of those selected to attend a secret ten\\-day conference at the luxurious [Jekyll Island](/wiki/Jekyll_Island \"Jekyll Island\") Hunt Club retreat in November 1910\\. Also in attendance were Aldrich, chair of the National Monetary Commission; [A. Piatt Andrew](/wiki/Abram_Andrew \"Abram Andrew\"), Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and Special Assistant to the National Monetary Commission (the only other commission member besides Aldrich); [Paul Warburg](/wiki/Paul_Warburg \"Paul Warburg\"), a recent immigrant from a prominent [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") banking family who was a partner in the New York banking house of [Kuhn, Loeb \\& Co.](/wiki/Kuhn%2C_Loeb_%26_Co. \"Kuhn, Loeb & Co.\"); [Frank A. Vanderlip](/wiki/Frank_Vanderlip \"Frank Vanderlip\"), president of the [National City Bank of New York](/wiki/Citibank \"Citibank\"); [Henry P. Davison](/wiki/Henry_P._Davison \"Henry P. Davison\"), senior partner of [J.P. Morgan \\& Co.](/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. \"J.P. Morgan & Co.\"); and Charles D. Norton, president of the Morgan\\-dominated [First National Bank of New York](/wiki/Citibank \"Citibank\").", "What came to be known as the Aldrich Plan was drafted by these men during the conference. The plan was written in secrecy, as the public would never approve of a banking reform bill written by bankers, much less of a plan for a central bank. In addition, the bankers involved were prominent New York City bankers. The US public had been anti\\-banker since the [Panic of 1907](/wiki/Panic_of_1907 \"Panic of 1907\"), and New York City bankers were particularly distrusted in the West and the South. Thus, members of Congress from these states would find it hard to support a plan drawn up by New York City bankers. The Aldrich Plan carefully avoided calling its proposed new organization a \"central bank\" in the hope of reducing concerns about central control. Warburg and others had warned against that. It instead carefully worded its proposal as the establishment of a National Reserve Association. The bankers' plan, but not its origin, was publicized on January 16, 1911 as the Aldrich Plan, which was submitted to Congress on January 9, 1912\\. However, it was not popular among those who wanted a public\\-controlled plan or who opposed the concept of a central bank in any form. Thus, it was followed by much debate but never came to a vote.", "In the November 1912 elections, Democrats won in a national landslide with [Woodrow Wilson](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson \"Woodrow Wilson\") elected as president, and the party gaining control of both houses of Congress. The platform favored a public\\-controlled plan. Thus, the Aldrich banker\\-controlled plan was effectively dead.", "Wilson made the issue one of his top priorities even before he took office. He asked [Carter Glass](/wiki/Carter_Glass \"Carter Glass\") of Virginia, one of the leading Democratic representatives on the House Committee on Banking and Currency, to work with banking experts and develop a compromise bill. Glass worked with [Robert Latham Owen](/wiki/Robert_Latham_Owen \"Robert Latham Owen\"), and they introduced the Glass\\-Owens bill in December 1912\\. To implement the Democrats' desire for a public\\-controlled plan, the bill proposed a central public\\-appointed body in control. To address the Western and Southern distrust about powerful New York City banks, the bill decentralized the system into districts to limit the power of the New York City banks. However, the bill also had many features of the banker\\-controlled plan to broaden its political appeal. Thus, the general outline of the Aldrich Plan eventually served as the model upon which the [Federal Reserve System](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System \"Federal Reserve System\") was based, but there were significant changes. A degree of public control was exerted via the Federal Reserve Board, the equivalent of today's Board of Governors, selected by the [US president](/wiki/US_president \"US president\"). Also, the role of professional bankers was, to some extent, limited by confining their overt control to the operation of the Federal Reserve banks of the various regions. The Aldrich Plan met with Warburg's satisfaction, as he said that minor changes could be adjusted administratively later.", "After much debate, Congress passed this bill, with some minor modifications, as the [Federal Reserve Act](/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act \"Federal Reserve Act\") on December 23, 1913\\.", "" ]
Club career ----------- In 1997, Mulqueen became the coach of the [North Jersey Imperials](/wiki/North_Jersey_Imperials "North Jersey Imperials"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.empireofsoccer.com/history\-lesson\-tim\-howard\-and\-the\-metrostars\-59000/\|title\=History Lesson: Tim Howard and the MetroStars\|website\=Empire of Soccer\|first\=Jack\|last\=Hazzard\|date\=March 10, 2017\|access\-date\=June 27, 2018\|archive\-date\=February 24, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224025946/http://www.empireofsoccer.com/history\-lesson\-tim\-howard\-and\-the\-metrostars\-59000/\|url\-status\=dead}} a team in the United Systems of Independent Soccer Leagues ([USISL](/wiki/USISL "USISL")), and served as the goalkeeping coach for [Major League Soccer](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer "Major League Soccer") (MLS)'s [MetroStars](/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls "New York Red Bulls"); he considered Howard for a position on the Imperials. Howard signed with the Imperials and played in his first professional game before graduating from high school.Howard (2014\), p. 53\. He notched six appearances with the [North Jersey Imperials](/wiki/North_Jersey_Imperials "North Jersey Imperials"). ### MetroStars Howard was brought up to the MetroStars by Mulqueen, who at the time was the MetroStars' goalkeeping coach. Howard was victorious in his MLS debut with the MetroStars on August 18, 1998, making five saves in a 4–1 win over Colorado at Giants Stadium (his only appearance of the year). He later played in one game with the Nike Project\-40 Team, a 3–1 win over the Staten Island Vipers at Giants Stadium on May 6, 1998\. With the MetroStars during the 1999 MLS season, Howard made eight starts in nine contests. Howard had a 1\.58 GAA and won just one match in a season in which the Metros won just seven games. He also spent most of the international season with the United States Under\-20 team, leaving the club to compete in the [1999 FIFA World Youth Championship](/wiki/1999_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship "1999 FIFA World Youth Championship") in April and the [1999 Pan American Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_1999_Pan_American_Games%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Football at the 1999 Pan American Games – Men's tournament") in July. Howard posted a 5–2–2 record with a 1\.59 GAA in 2000, splitting time between the MetroStars and the United States Olympic team, also winning all three of his [U.S. Open Cup](/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup "U.S. Open Cup") starts that season. Howard won the 2001 [MLS Goalkeeper of the Year](/wiki/MLS_Goalkeeper_of_the_Year "MLS Goalkeeper of the Year") award, recording 146 saves and finishing the year with a 1\.33 GAA,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/newyork/2001 \|title\=MetroStars 2001 \|publisher\=Major League Soccer \|access\-date\=March 21, 2005 \|archive\-date\=August 2, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802030701/http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/newyork/2001 \|url\-status\=dead }} four shutouts, and a 13–10–3 record. He also received the [MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award](/wiki/MLS_Humanitarian_of_the_Year_Award "MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award"). Howard played in 27 of 28 regular season games in 2002 for the MetroStars, recording four shutouts.{{cite web\|title\=Tim Howard\|publisher\=Major League Soccer\|url\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/players/tim\-howard\|access\-date\=April 2, 2015}} He was named to the [MLS Best XI](/wiki/MLS_Best_XI "MLS Best XI") for the second straight season. Before leaving the MetroStars in 2003, he appeared in thirteen games and had three clean sheets as the club challenged for first place during the season's first half. ### Manchester United [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") paid a US$4 million transfer fee to sign Howard in the middle of the 2003 MLS season, and he replaced [Fabien Barthez](/wiki/Fabien_Barthez "Fabien Barthez") as the club's first\-choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\|first\=Ellen\|last\=Hale\|title\=American goalie rises to top of soccer world\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/world/2004\-01\-22\-howard\_x.htm\|work\=USA Today \|location\=Manchester, England\|date\=January 22, 2004\|access\-date\=January 12, 2009}} Howard started off very well at Manchester United, saving the decisive penalty in the [Community Shield](/wiki/FA_Community_Shield "FA Community Shield") against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C."). Other notable performances followed, including [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") and a home [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") tie victory over [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C."). In March 2004, however, Howard's poor parry handed a last minute goal to [Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto "FC Porto"), eliminating United from the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7988272\.stm \|first\=Chris \|last\=Bevan \|title\=When Porto shocked Man Utd\|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=April 14, 2009 \|access\-date\=August 26, 2015}} The error appeared to shatter Howard's confidence and he was replaced by [Roy Carroll](/wiki/Roy_Carroll "Roy Carroll").{{citation needed\|date\=February 2015}} After a period of rest, Howard reclaimed his starting position ahead of Carroll for the [2004 FA Cup Final](/wiki/2004_FA_Cup_Final "2004 FA Cup Final"), picking up a winner's medal. He was the second American player to collect a winner's medal in the FA Cup, after [Julian Sturgis](/wiki/Julian_Sturgis "Julian Sturgis") of [Wanderers](/wiki/Wanderers_F.C. "Wanderers F.C.") in the [1873 final](/wiki/1873_FA_Cup_Final "1873 FA Cup Final"). Howard was also named in the [PFA Team of the Year](/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year "PFA Team of the Year") in his first season at Manchester United.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10\-players\-youd\-forgotten\-were\-a\-pfa\-premier\-league\-team\-year?page\=0%2C1\|title\=10 players you'd forgotten were in a PFA Premier League Team of the Year\|website\=Four Four Two\|first\=Huw\|last\=Davis\|date\=April 18, 2018\|access\-date\=June 27, 2018}} In Howard's second season with Manchester United, he started poorly, making several errors and was dropped again for Carroll. After Carroll made several errors as well, Howard regained the starting position but his performances were unconvincing, leading to Carroll regaining his place again, playing in the FA Cup final defeat to Arsenal. At the end of the [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_FA_Premier_League "2004–05 FA Premier League"), Howard signed a new contract, which was to run until 2009\. In the summer of 2005, Manchester United released both of his competitors for the goalkeeper position – [Ricardo](/wiki/Ricardo_%28footballer%2C_born_1971%29 "Ricardo (footballer, born 1971)") and Carroll. However, they also bought experienced Dutch goalkeeper [Edwin van der Sar](/wiki/Edwin_van_der_Sar "Edwin van der Sar") from [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") soon after. ### Everton [thumb\|upright\|Howard in [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") action for [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C.") against [Krasnodar](/wiki/FC_Krasnodar "FC Krasnodar"), 2014](/wiki/File:Everton-Krasnodar_%2811%29.jpg "Everton-Krasnodar (11).jpg") Howard joined [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C.") on loan for the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Everton_F.C._season "2006–07 Everton F.C. season") and made his debut for the club against [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C.") on the opening day of [the Premier League season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_FA_Premier_League "2006–07 FA Premier League"). He signed a permanent deal with the club in February 2007 for a fee reported to be worth around £3 million.{{cite web\|url\=http://metro.co.uk/2007/02/14/howard\-signs\-everton\-deal\-86828/\|title\=Howard signs Everton deal\|work\=Metro\|access\-date\=May 11, 2013\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202928/http://metro.co.uk/2007/02/14/howard\-signs\-everton\-deal\-86828/\|url\-status\=dead}} Howard made his 100th appearance for Everton against [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C."), on November 8, 2008\. On April 19, 2009, in the FA Cup semi final, he saved two penalties against his former club Manchester United in a penalty shoot\-out to send Everton to the final against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C."). During the [2008–09 Premier League](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Premier_League "2008–09 Premier League") season, Howard set the club record for most league match [clean sheets](/wiki/Clean_sheet "Clean sheet") in a season. Howard started the [2009–10 Premier League season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Premier_League "2009–10 Premier League") with four consecutive clean sheets, including away to [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. "Portsmouth F.C.") where he helped his team secure a 1–0 win.{{cite web\|url\=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1169337\-tim\-howards\-10\-best\-games\-as\-everton\-goalkeeper\#slide5\|title\=Tim Howard's 10 Best Games as Everton Goalkeeper\|website\=Bleacher Report\|first\=Cheyenne\|last\=Hollis\|date\=May 2, 2012\|access\-date\=June 27, 2018}} Howard saved a [Jermain Defoe](/wiki/Jermain_Defoe "Jermain Defoe") penalty in injury time to help his side draw 2–2 with [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.") on December 6, 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_prem/8391316\.stm\|title\=Everton 2–2 Tottenham\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|date\=December 6, 2009\|access\-date\=August 30, 2016}} Howard captained Everton for the first time in a 3–3 draw with Chelsea at [Stamford Bridge](/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_%28stadium%29 "Stamford Bridge (stadium)") on December 12, 2009\.{{cite web\|title\=Howard, Jagielka, Yobo pen Toffees deals\|work\=ESPN Soccernet\|url\=http://espnfc.com/news/story?id\=652477\&sec\=england\&cc\=5901\|date\=June 3, 2009\|access\-date\=June 3, 2009\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221158/http://espnfc.com/news/story?id\=652477\&sec\=england\&cc\=5901\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} {{Quote box\|width\=250px\|align\=left\|quote\="It was cruel. You saw the back fours and the keepers not being able to believe balls all night, and at the back one wrong step and it can be a nightmare. For our goal I was disappointed from a goalkeepers' union standpoint. You never want to see that happen. It's not nice, it's embarrassing, so I felt for Adam but you have to move on from it." Tim Howard, on his first goal.}} During the [2011–12 Premier League season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Premier_League "2011–12 Premier League"), Howard scored his first goal in professional soccer in a 2–1 defeat to [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C."). His wind\-assisted 101\-yard clearance at Goodison Park made him only the [fourth goalkeeper to score in a Premier League match](/wiki/List_of_goalkeepers_who_have_scored_in_the_Premier_League "List of goalkeepers who have scored in the Premier League") since its formation in 1992\.{{cite news\|title\=Tim Howard Goal: Everton Goalkeeper Scores Goal Against Bolton (VIDEO)\|work\=The Huffington Post\|date\=January 4, 2012\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/04/tim\-howard\-scores\-for\-everton\-goalkeeper\-soccer\_n\_1184457\.html\|access\-date\=December 10, 2013}} He described his goal as "cruel" and [refused to celebrate](/wiki/Goal_celebration%23Notable_non-celebrations "Goal celebration#Notable non-celebrations") out of sympathy/respect for his beaten opposite number, [Ádám Bogdán](/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Bogd%C3%A1n "Ádám Bogdán").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/jan/05/tim\-howard\-goal\-everton\-bolton\|location\=London\|work\=The Guardian\|first\=Andy\|last\=Hunter\|title\=Tim Howard feels sympathy for Bolton goalkeeper after 'cruel' goal\|date\=January 5, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702005430/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/jan/05/tim\-howard\-goal\-everton\-bolton\|archive\-date\=July 2, 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/everton/8994222/Everton\-goalkeeper\-Tim\-Howard\-refuses\-to\-get\-blown\-away\-by\-freak\-goal\-over\-Boltons\-hapless\-Adam\-Bogdan.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/everton/8994222/Everton\-goalkeeper\-Tim\-Howard\-refuses\-to\-get\-blown\-away\-by\-freak\-goal\-over\-Boltons\-hapless\-Adam\-Bogdan.html \|archive\-date\=January 12, 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Everton goalkeeper Tim Howard refuses to get blown away by freak goal over Bolton's hapless Adam Bogdan\|author\=Telegraph staff\|date\=January 5, 2012\|work\=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.espnfc.com/story/1004459/everton\-goalkeeper\-tim\-howard\-plays\-down\-historic\-goal\|title\=Everton goalkeeper Tim Howard plays down historic goal \- ESPN FC\|work\=ESPNFC.com}} In March 2012, Howard agreed a new contract to keep him at the club until the summer of 2016\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17301985\|title\=Tim Howard signs new Everton contract until 2016\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=March 8, 2012\|access\-date\=March 17, 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310203023/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17301985\|archive\-date\=March 10, 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} On March 2, 2013, Howard's run of 210 consecutive Premier League appearances dating back to September 2007 came to an end as he missed a game against [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C.") with a finger injury.{{cite web\|access\-date\=March 2, 2013\|work\=ESPN (UK)\|url\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/195529\.html\|title\=Injury casts doubt on Howard's Everton record attempt\|archive\-date\=October 29, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204044/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/195529\.html\|url\-status\=dead}} He was two games short of equalling [Neville Southall](/wiki/Neville_Southall "Neville Southall")'s club record.{{cite web \|title\=Banners for Benitez just bananas \|url\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/195624\.html \|work\=ESPN (UK) \|access\-date\=March 2, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203120/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/195624\.html \|archive\-date\=October 29, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} In May, Howard kept his 100th clean sheet for Everton in a 0–0 draw against [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. "Liverpool F.C.") in the [Merseyside derby](/wiki/Merseyside_derby "Merseyside derby").{{cite web\|title\=Most Clean Sheets for Everton – All Competitions\|url\=http://evertonresults.com/allcs.htm\|work\=Everton Results\|access\-date\=May 11, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130511151823/http://evertonresults.com/allcs.htm\|archive\-date\=May 11, 2013\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22328138\|first\=Sam\|last\=Sheringham\|title\=Liverpool 0–0 Everton\|work\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=May 11, 2013\|archive\-date\=December 28, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228113017/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22328138\|url\-status\=dead}} On December 26, Howard was sent off in a 1–0 defeat to [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C."), which ended Everton's hopes of remaining an entire calendar year unbeaten at home.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/dec/26/everton\-sunderland\-premier\-league\-match\-report\|title\=Everton 0 Sunderland 1\|date\=December 26, 2013\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=December 27, 2013\|archive\-date\=April 4, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404113534/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/dec/26/everton\-sunderland\-premier\-league\-match\-report\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://espnfc.com/us/en/report/367324/report.html?soccernet\=true\&cc\=5901\|title\=Ki penalty sinks 10\-man Toffees\|date\=December 26, 2013\|work\=ESPN\|access\-date\=December 27, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104182630/http://espnfc.com/us/en/report/367324/report.html?soccernet\=true\&cc\=5901\|archive\-date\=January 4, 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} In April 2014, Everton extended Howard's contract by two years until 2018\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/apr/17/everton\-tim\-howard\-usa\-roberto\-martinez\|title\=Everton extend Tim Howard's contract by two more years\|newspaper\=The Guardian\|first\=Andy\|last\=Hunter\|date\=April 17, 2014\|access\-date\=April 27, 2014\|archive\-date\=April 17, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417235040/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/apr/17/everton\-tim\-howard\-usa\-roberto\-martinez\|url\-status\=dead}} On February 19, 2016, Everton manager [Roberto Martínez](/wiki/Roberto_Mart%C3%ADnez "Roberto Martínez") confirmed Howard was expected to serve as the backup to [Joel Robles](/wiki/Joel_Robles "Joel Robles").{{Cite web \|title\=Martinez confirms Tim Howard is second choice at Everton \|url\=http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/premier\-league\-everton\-united\-states\-tim\-howard\-second\-choice\-goalkeeper\-roberto\-martinez\-021916 \|website\=FOX Sports \|access\-date\=February 19, 2016 }} Howard had recently been affected by a knee injury and a loss of form.{{cite news\|title\=Everton goalkeeper Tim Howard to join MLS side Colorado Rapids\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35857168\|access\-date\=March 20, 2016\|work\=BBC Sport\|date\=March 20, 2016}} Before his final match with the club, Howard made a speech before the fans, stating: "I will remain an Evertonian for life. This will always be my team, my club." ### Colorado Rapids On March 20, 2016, it was announced that Howard would return to MLS and sign a three\-and\-a\-half\-year deal with the [Colorado Rapids](/wiki/Colorado_Rapids "Colorado Rapids"). He would join the team after the MLS transfer window opened on July 4\. On June 28, Howard was given the number 1 jersey as he appeared in his first press conference with the club.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.coloradorapids.com/post/2016/06/27/watch\-live\-tim\-howard\-colorado\-rapids\-press\-conference\|title\=Watch: Tim Howard introduced in press conference at Dick's Sporting Goods Park\|work\=ColoradoRapids.com}} On November 6, 2016, Howard saved two penalty kicks – with a third also being sent off the crossbar – against the [LA Galaxy](/wiki/LA_Galaxy "LA Galaxy") to send Colorado to the [Western Conference Championship](/wiki/2016_MLS_Cup_Playoffs "2016 MLS Cup Playoffs"). On January 22, 2019, Howard announced the [2019 Major League Soccer season](/wiki/2019_Major_League_Soccer_season "2019 Major League Soccer season") would be his final season as a professional player.{{cite web \|title\=Tim Howard to retire at end of '19 MLS season \|url\=http://www.espn.com/soccer/united\-states/story/3756783/tim\-howard\-to\-retire\-from\-playing\-at\-end\-of\-2019\-mls\-season \|website\=ESPN \|access\-date\=January 22, 2019 \|date\=January 22, 2019}} He retired in October 2019\.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49957327\|title\=Tim Howard: Ex\-Man Utd \& Everton goalkeeper retires\|work\=BBC Sport \|date\=October 7, 2019}} ### Memphis 901 On March 4, 2020, Howard announced his return to professional soccer, signing a playing contract with [Memphis 901](/wiki/Memphis_901_FC "Memphis 901 FC") in the [USL Championship](/wiki/USL_Championship "USL Championship"), where he also served as sporting director and minority owner.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.memphis901fc.com/news\_article/show/1092573\|title\=TIM HOWARD TO PLAY FOR MEMPHIS 901 FC\|date\=March 4, 2020\|website\=memphis901fc.com\|access\-date\=March 4, 2020\|archive\-date\=October 27, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027145058/https://www.memphis901fc.com/news\_article/show/1092573\|url\-status\=dead}} Howard stepped down as sporting director for Memphis 901 on June 19, 2024\.{{cite web \|last1\=Clayton \|first1\=Josh \|title\=Tim Howard Steps Down as Memphis 901 FC Sporting Director \|url\=https://www.memphis901fc.com/news/2024/06/19/tim\-howard\-steps\-down\-memphis/ \|website\=Memphis901FC.com \|publisher\=\[\[Memphis 901 FC\|Memphis 901]] \|access\-date\=19 June 2024}}
[ "Club career\n-----------", "In 1997, Mulqueen became the coach of the [North Jersey Imperials](/wiki/North_Jersey_Imperials \"North Jersey Imperials\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.empireofsoccer.com/history\\-lesson\\-tim\\-howard\\-and\\-the\\-metrostars\\-59000/\\|title\\=History Lesson: Tim Howard and the MetroStars\\|website\\=Empire of Soccer\\|first\\=Jack\\|last\\=Hazzard\\|date\\=March 10, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=February 24, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224025946/http://www.empireofsoccer.com/history\\-lesson\\-tim\\-howard\\-and\\-the\\-metrostars\\-59000/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} a team in the United Systems of Independent Soccer Leagues ([USISL](/wiki/USISL \"USISL\")), and served as the goalkeeping coach for [Major League Soccer](/wiki/Major_League_Soccer \"Major League Soccer\") (MLS)'s [MetroStars](/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls \"New York Red Bulls\"); he considered Howard for a position on the Imperials. Howard signed with the Imperials and played in his first professional game before graduating from high school.Howard (2014\\), p. 53\\. He notched six appearances with the [North Jersey Imperials](/wiki/North_Jersey_Imperials \"North Jersey Imperials\").", "### MetroStars", "Howard was brought up to the MetroStars by Mulqueen, who at the time was the MetroStars' goalkeeping coach.", "Howard was victorious in his MLS debut with the MetroStars on August 18, 1998, making five saves in a 4–1 win over Colorado at Giants Stadium (his only appearance of the year). He later played in one game with the Nike Project\\-40 Team, a 3–1 win over the Staten Island Vipers at Giants Stadium on May 6, 1998\\.", "With the MetroStars during the 1999 MLS season, Howard made eight starts in nine contests. Howard had a 1\\.58 GAA and won just one match in a season in which the Metros won just seven games. He also spent most of the international season with the United States Under\\-20 team, leaving the club to compete in the [1999 FIFA World Youth Championship](/wiki/1999_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship \"1999 FIFA World Youth Championship\") in April and the [1999 Pan American Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_1999_Pan_American_Games%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Football at the 1999 Pan American Games – Men's tournament\") in July.", "Howard posted a 5–2–2 record with a 1\\.59 GAA in 2000, splitting time between the MetroStars and the United States Olympic team, also winning all three of his [U.S. Open Cup](/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup \"U.S. Open Cup\") starts that season.", "Howard won the 2001 [MLS Goalkeeper of the Year](/wiki/MLS_Goalkeeper_of_the_Year \"MLS Goalkeeper of the Year\") award, recording 146 saves and finishing the year with a 1\\.33 GAA,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/newyork/2001 \\|title\\=MetroStars 2001 \\|publisher\\=Major League Soccer \\|access\\-date\\=March 21, 2005 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 2, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802030701/http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/newyork/2001 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} four shutouts, and a 13–10–3 record. He also received the [MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award](/wiki/MLS_Humanitarian_of_the_Year_Award \"MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award\").", "Howard played in 27 of 28 regular season games in 2002 for the MetroStars, recording four shutouts.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tim Howard\\|publisher\\=Major League Soccer\\|url\\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/players/tim\\-howard\\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2015}} He was named to the [MLS Best XI](/wiki/MLS_Best_XI \"MLS Best XI\") for the second straight season. Before leaving the MetroStars in 2003, he appeared in thirteen games and had three clean sheets as the club challenged for first place during the season's first half.", "### Manchester United", "[Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") paid a US$4 million transfer fee to sign Howard in the middle of the 2003 MLS season, and he replaced [Fabien Barthez](/wiki/Fabien_Barthez \"Fabien Barthez\") as the club's first\\-choice goalkeeper.{{cite news\\|first\\=Ellen\\|last\\=Hale\\|title\\=American goalie rises to top of soccer world\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/world/2004\\-01\\-22\\-howard\\_x.htm\\|work\\=USA Today \\|location\\=Manchester, England\\|date\\=January 22, 2004\\|access\\-date\\=January 12, 2009}}", "Howard started off very well at Manchester United, saving the decisive penalty in the [Community Shield](/wiki/FA_Community_Shield \"FA Community Shield\") against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\"). Other notable performances followed, including [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") and a home [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") tie victory over [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"). In March 2004, however, Howard's poor parry handed a last minute goal to [Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto \"FC Porto\"), eliminating United from the [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7988272\\.stm \\|first\\=Chris \\|last\\=Bevan \\|title\\=When Porto shocked Man Utd\\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=April 14, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=August 26, 2015}} The error appeared to shatter Howard's confidence and he was replaced by [Roy Carroll](/wiki/Roy_Carroll \"Roy Carroll\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2015}} After a period of rest, Howard reclaimed his starting position ahead of Carroll for the [2004 FA Cup Final](/wiki/2004_FA_Cup_Final \"2004 FA Cup Final\"), picking up a winner's medal. He was the second American player to collect a winner's medal in the FA Cup, after [Julian Sturgis](/wiki/Julian_Sturgis \"Julian Sturgis\") of [Wanderers](/wiki/Wanderers_F.C. \"Wanderers F.C.\") in the [1873 final](/wiki/1873_FA_Cup_Final \"1873 FA Cup Final\"). Howard was also named in the [PFA Team of the Year](/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year \"PFA Team of the Year\") in his first season at Manchester United.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10\\-players\\-youd\\-forgotten\\-were\\-a\\-pfa\\-premier\\-league\\-team\\-year?page\\=0%2C1\\|title\\=10 players you'd forgotten were in a PFA Premier League Team of the Year\\|website\\=Four Four Two\\|first\\=Huw\\|last\\=Davis\\|date\\=April 18, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2018}}", "In Howard's second season with Manchester United, he started poorly, making several errors and was dropped again for Carroll. After Carroll made several errors as well, Howard regained the starting position but his performances were unconvincing, leading to Carroll regaining his place again, playing in the FA Cup final defeat to Arsenal.", "At the end of the [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_FA_Premier_League \"2004–05 FA Premier League\"), Howard signed a new contract, which was to run until 2009\\. In the summer of 2005, Manchester United released both of his competitors for the goalkeeper position – [Ricardo](/wiki/Ricardo_%28footballer%2C_born_1971%29 \"Ricardo (footballer, born 1971)\") and Carroll. However, they also bought experienced Dutch goalkeeper [Edwin van der Sar](/wiki/Edwin_van_der_Sar \"Edwin van der Sar\") from [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") soon after.", "### Everton", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Howard in [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") action for [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\") against [Krasnodar](/wiki/FC_Krasnodar \"FC Krasnodar\"), 2014](/wiki/File:Everton-Krasnodar_%2811%29.jpg \"Everton-Krasnodar (11).jpg\")", "Howard joined [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\") on loan for the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Everton_F.C._season \"2006–07 Everton F.C. season\") and made his debut for the club against [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\") on the opening day of [the Premier League season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_FA_Premier_League \"2006–07 FA Premier League\"). He signed a permanent deal with the club in February 2007 for a fee reported to be worth around £3 million.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://metro.co.uk/2007/02/14/howard\\-signs\\-everton\\-deal\\-86828/\\|title\\=Howard signs Everton deal\\|work\\=Metro\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202928/http://metro.co.uk/2007/02/14/howard\\-signs\\-everton\\-deal\\-86828/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "Howard made his 100th appearance for Everton against [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\"), on November 8, 2008\\. On April 19, 2009, in the FA Cup semi final, he saved two penalties against his former club Manchester United in a penalty shoot\\-out to send Everton to the final against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\"). During the [2008–09 Premier League](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Premier_League \"2008–09 Premier League\") season, Howard set the club record for most league match [clean sheets](/wiki/Clean_sheet \"Clean sheet\") in a season. Howard started the [2009–10 Premier League season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Premier_League \"2009–10 Premier League\") with four consecutive clean sheets, including away to [Portsmouth](/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C. \"Portsmouth F.C.\") where he helped his team secure a 1–0 win.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1169337\\-tim\\-howards\\-10\\-best\\-games\\-as\\-everton\\-goalkeeper\\#slide5\\|title\\=Tim Howard's 10 Best Games as Everton Goalkeeper\\|website\\=Bleacher Report\\|first\\=Cheyenne\\|last\\=Hollis\\|date\\=May 2, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=June 27, 2018}} Howard saved a [Jermain Defoe](/wiki/Jermain_Defoe \"Jermain Defoe\") penalty in injury time to help his side draw 2–2 with [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\") on December 6, 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_prem/8391316\\.stm\\|title\\=Everton 2–2 Tottenham\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|date\\=December 6, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=August 30, 2016}} Howard captained Everton for the first time in a 3–3 draw with Chelsea at [Stamford Bridge](/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_%28stadium%29 \"Stamford Bridge (stadium)\") on December 12, 2009\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Howard, Jagielka, Yobo pen Toffees deals\\|work\\=ESPN Soccernet\\|url\\=http://espnfc.com/news/story?id\\=652477\\&sec\\=england\\&cc\\=5901\\|date\\=June 3, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2009\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221158/http://espnfc.com/news/story?id\\=652477\\&sec\\=england\\&cc\\=5901\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "{{Quote box\\|width\\=250px\\|align\\=left\\|quote\\=\"It was cruel. You saw the back fours and the keepers not being able to believe balls all night, and at the back one wrong step and it can be a nightmare. For our goal I was disappointed from a goalkeepers' union standpoint. You never want to see that happen. It's not nice, it's embarrassing, so I felt for Adam but you have to move on from it.\" \n \n Tim Howard, on his first goal.}}", "During the [2011–12 Premier League season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Premier_League \"2011–12 Premier League\"), Howard scored his first goal in professional soccer in a 2–1 defeat to [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\"). His wind\\-assisted 101\\-yard clearance at Goodison Park made him only the [fourth goalkeeper to score in a Premier League match](/wiki/List_of_goalkeepers_who_have_scored_in_the_Premier_League \"List of goalkeepers who have scored in the Premier League\") since its formation in 1992\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Tim Howard Goal: Everton Goalkeeper Scores Goal Against Bolton (VIDEO)\\|work\\=The Huffington Post\\|date\\=January 4, 2012\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/04/tim\\-howard\\-scores\\-for\\-everton\\-goalkeeper\\-soccer\\_n\\_1184457\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=December 10, 2013}} He described his goal as \"cruel\" and [refused to celebrate](/wiki/Goal_celebration%23Notable_non-celebrations \"Goal celebration#Notable non-celebrations\") out of sympathy/respect for his beaten opposite number, [Ádám Bogdán](/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Bogd%C3%A1n \"Ádám Bogdán\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/jan/05/tim\\-howard\\-goal\\-everton\\-bolton\\|location\\=London\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|first\\=Andy\\|last\\=Hunter\\|title\\=Tim Howard feels sympathy for Bolton goalkeeper after 'cruel' goal\\|date\\=January 5, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702005430/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/jan/05/tim\\-howard\\-goal\\-everton\\-bolton\\|archive\\-date\\=July 2, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/everton/8994222/Everton\\-goalkeeper\\-Tim\\-Howard\\-refuses\\-to\\-get\\-blown\\-away\\-by\\-freak\\-goal\\-over\\-Boltons\\-hapless\\-Adam\\-Bogdan.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/everton/8994222/Everton\\-goalkeeper\\-Tim\\-Howard\\-refuses\\-to\\-get\\-blown\\-away\\-by\\-freak\\-goal\\-over\\-Boltons\\-hapless\\-Adam\\-Bogdan.html \\|archive\\-date\\=January 12, 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Everton goalkeeper Tim Howard refuses to get blown away by freak goal over Bolton's hapless Adam Bogdan\\|author\\=Telegraph staff\\|date\\=January 5, 2012\\|work\\=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espnfc.com/story/1004459/everton\\-goalkeeper\\-tim\\-howard\\-plays\\-down\\-historic\\-goal\\|title\\=Everton goalkeeper Tim Howard plays down historic goal \\- ESPN FC\\|work\\=ESPNFC.com}}", "In March 2012, Howard agreed a new contract to keep him at the club until the summer of 2016\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17301985\\|title\\=Tim Howard signs new Everton contract until 2016\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=March 8, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=March 17, 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310203023/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17301985\\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On March 2, 2013, Howard's run of 210 consecutive Premier League appearances dating back to September 2007 came to an end as he missed a game against [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\") with a finger injury.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2013\\|work\\=ESPN (UK)\\|url\\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/195529\\.html\\|title\\=Injury casts doubt on Howard's Everton record attempt\\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204044/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/195529\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He was two games short of equalling [Neville Southall](/wiki/Neville_Southall \"Neville Southall\")'s club record.{{cite web \\|title\\=Banners for Benitez just bananas \\|url\\=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/195624\\.html \\|work\\=ESPN (UK) \\|access\\-date\\=March 2, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203120/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/195624\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=October 29, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} In May, Howard kept his 100th clean sheet for Everton in a 0–0 draw against [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C. \"Liverpool F.C.\") in the [Merseyside derby](/wiki/Merseyside_derby \"Merseyside derby\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Most Clean Sheets for Everton – All Competitions\\|url\\=http://evertonresults.com/allcs.htm\\|work\\=Everton Results\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130511151823/http://evertonresults.com/allcs.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=May 11, 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22328138\\|first\\=Sam\\|last\\=Sheringham\\|title\\=Liverpool 0–0 Everton\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=May 11, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=December 28, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228113017/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22328138\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On December 26, Howard was sent off in a 1–0 defeat to [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\"), which ended Everton's hopes of remaining an entire calendar year unbeaten at home.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/dec/26/everton\\-sunderland\\-premier\\-league\\-match\\-report\\|title\\=Everton 0 Sunderland 1\\|date\\=December 26, 2013\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=December 27, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404113534/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/dec/26/everton\\-sunderland\\-premier\\-league\\-match\\-report\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://espnfc.com/us/en/report/367324/report.html?soccernet\\=true\\&cc\\=5901\\|title\\=Ki penalty sinks 10\\-man Toffees\\|date\\=December 26, 2013\\|work\\=ESPN\\|access\\-date\\=December 27, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104182630/http://espnfc.com/us/en/report/367324/report.html?soccernet\\=true\\&cc\\=5901\\|archive\\-date\\=January 4, 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In April 2014, Everton extended Howard's contract by two years until 2018\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/apr/17/everton\\-tim\\-howard\\-usa\\-roberto\\-martinez\\|title\\=Everton extend Tim Howard's contract by two more years\\|newspaper\\=The Guardian\\|first\\=Andy\\|last\\=Hunter\\|date\\=April 17, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=April 27, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=April 17, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417235040/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/apr/17/everton\\-tim\\-howard\\-usa\\-roberto\\-martinez\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On February 19, 2016, Everton manager [Roberto Martínez](/wiki/Roberto_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Roberto Martínez\") confirmed Howard was expected to serve as the backup to [Joel Robles](/wiki/Joel_Robles \"Joel Robles\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Martinez confirms Tim Howard is second choice at Everton \\|url\\=http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/premier\\-league\\-everton\\-united\\-states\\-tim\\-howard\\-second\\-choice\\-goalkeeper\\-roberto\\-martinez\\-021916 \\|website\\=FOX Sports \\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2016 }} Howard had recently been affected by a knee injury and a loss of form.{{cite news\\|title\\=Everton goalkeeper Tim Howard to join MLS side Colorado Rapids\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35857168\\|access\\-date\\=March 20, 2016\\|work\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=March 20, 2016}} Before his final match with the club, Howard made a speech before the fans, stating: \"I will remain an Evertonian for life. This will always be my team, my club.\"", "### Colorado Rapids", "On March 20, 2016, it was announced that Howard would return to MLS and sign a three\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year deal with the [Colorado Rapids](/wiki/Colorado_Rapids \"Colorado Rapids\"). He would join the team after the MLS transfer window opened on July 4\\. On June 28, Howard was given the number 1 jersey as he appeared in his first press conference with the club.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.coloradorapids.com/post/2016/06/27/watch\\-live\\-tim\\-howard\\-colorado\\-rapids\\-press\\-conference\\|title\\=Watch: Tim Howard introduced in press conference at Dick's Sporting Goods Park\\|work\\=ColoradoRapids.com}} On November 6, 2016, Howard saved two penalty kicks – with a third also being sent off the crossbar – against the [LA Galaxy](/wiki/LA_Galaxy \"LA Galaxy\") to send Colorado to the [Western Conference Championship](/wiki/2016_MLS_Cup_Playoffs \"2016 MLS Cup Playoffs\").", "On January 22, 2019, Howard announced the [2019 Major League Soccer season](/wiki/2019_Major_League_Soccer_season \"2019 Major League Soccer season\") would be his final season as a professional player.{{cite web \\|title\\=Tim Howard to retire at end of '19 MLS season \\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/soccer/united\\-states/story/3756783/tim\\-howard\\-to\\-retire\\-from\\-playing\\-at\\-end\\-of\\-2019\\-mls\\-season \\|website\\=ESPN \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2019 \\|date\\=January 22, 2019}} He retired in October 2019\\.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49957327\\|title\\=Tim Howard: Ex\\-Man Utd \\& Everton goalkeeper retires\\|work\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=October 7, 2019}}", "### Memphis 901", "On March 4, 2020, Howard announced his return to professional soccer, signing a playing contract with [Memphis 901](/wiki/Memphis_901_FC \"Memphis 901 FC\") in the [USL Championship](/wiki/USL_Championship \"USL Championship\"), where he also served as sporting director and minority owner.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.memphis901fc.com/news\\_article/show/1092573\\|title\\=TIM HOWARD TO PLAY FOR MEMPHIS 901 FC\\|date\\=March 4, 2020\\|website\\=memphis901fc.com\\|access\\-date\\=March 4, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=October 27, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027145058/https://www.memphis901fc.com/news\\_article/show/1092573\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Howard stepped down as sporting director for Memphis 901 on June 19, 2024\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Clayton \\|first1\\=Josh \\|title\\=Tim Howard Steps Down as Memphis 901 FC Sporting Director \\|url\\=https://www.memphis901fc.com/news/2024/06/19/tim\\-howard\\-steps\\-down\\-memphis/ \\|website\\=Memphis901FC.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Memphis 901 FC\\|Memphis 901]] \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2024}}", "" ]
### MetroStars Howard was brought up to the MetroStars by Mulqueen, who at the time was the MetroStars' goalkeeping coach. Howard was victorious in his MLS debut with the MetroStars on August 18, 1998, making five saves in a 4–1 win over Colorado at Giants Stadium (his only appearance of the year). He later played in one game with the Nike Project\-40 Team, a 3–1 win over the Staten Island Vipers at Giants Stadium on May 6, 1998\. With the MetroStars during the 1999 MLS season, Howard made eight starts in nine contests. Howard had a 1\.58 GAA and won just one match in a season in which the Metros won just seven games. He also spent most of the international season with the United States Under\-20 team, leaving the club to compete in the [1999 FIFA World Youth Championship](/wiki/1999_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship "1999 FIFA World Youth Championship") in April and the [1999 Pan American Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_1999_Pan_American_Games%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament "Football at the 1999 Pan American Games – Men's tournament") in July. Howard posted a 5–2–2 record with a 1\.59 GAA in 2000, splitting time between the MetroStars and the United States Olympic team, also winning all three of his [U.S. Open Cup](/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup "U.S. Open Cup") starts that season. Howard won the 2001 [MLS Goalkeeper of the Year](/wiki/MLS_Goalkeeper_of_the_Year "MLS Goalkeeper of the Year") award, recording 146 saves and finishing the year with a 1\.33 GAA,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/newyork/2001 \|title\=MetroStars 2001 \|publisher\=Major League Soccer \|access\-date\=March 21, 2005 \|archive\-date\=August 2, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802030701/http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/newyork/2001 \|url\-status\=dead }} four shutouts, and a 13–10–3 record. He also received the [MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award](/wiki/MLS_Humanitarian_of_the_Year_Award "MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award"). Howard played in 27 of 28 regular season games in 2002 for the MetroStars, recording four shutouts.{{cite web\|title\=Tim Howard\|publisher\=Major League Soccer\|url\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/players/tim\-howard\|access\-date\=April 2, 2015}} He was named to the [MLS Best XI](/wiki/MLS_Best_XI "MLS Best XI") for the second straight season. Before leaving the MetroStars in 2003, he appeared in thirteen games and had three clean sheets as the club challenged for first place during the season's first half.
[ "### MetroStars", "Howard was brought up to the MetroStars by Mulqueen, who at the time was the MetroStars' goalkeeping coach.", "Howard was victorious in his MLS debut with the MetroStars on August 18, 1998, making five saves in a 4–1 win over Colorado at Giants Stadium (his only appearance of the year). He later played in one game with the Nike Project\\-40 Team, a 3–1 win over the Staten Island Vipers at Giants Stadium on May 6, 1998\\.", "With the MetroStars during the 1999 MLS season, Howard made eight starts in nine contests. Howard had a 1\\.58 GAA and won just one match in a season in which the Metros won just seven games. He also spent most of the international season with the United States Under\\-20 team, leaving the club to compete in the [1999 FIFA World Youth Championship](/wiki/1999_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship \"1999 FIFA World Youth Championship\") in April and the [1999 Pan American Games](/wiki/Football_at_the_1999_Pan_American_Games%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Football at the 1999 Pan American Games – Men's tournament\") in July.", "Howard posted a 5–2–2 record with a 1\\.59 GAA in 2000, splitting time between the MetroStars and the United States Olympic team, also winning all three of his [U.S. Open Cup](/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup \"U.S. Open Cup\") starts that season.", "Howard won the 2001 [MLS Goalkeeper of the Year](/wiki/MLS_Goalkeeper_of_the_Year \"MLS Goalkeeper of the Year\") award, recording 146 saves and finishing the year with a 1\\.33 GAA,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/newyork/2001 \\|title\\=MetroStars 2001 \\|publisher\\=Major League Soccer \\|access\\-date\\=March 21, 2005 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 2, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802030701/http://www.mlssoccer.com/history/club/newyork/2001 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} four shutouts, and a 13–10–3 record. He also received the [MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award](/wiki/MLS_Humanitarian_of_the_Year_Award \"MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award\").", "Howard played in 27 of 28 regular season games in 2002 for the MetroStars, recording four shutouts.{{cite web\\|title\\=Tim Howard\\|publisher\\=Major League Soccer\\|url\\=http://www.mlssoccer.com/players/tim\\-howard\\|access\\-date\\=April 2, 2015}} He was named to the [MLS Best XI](/wiki/MLS_Best_XI \"MLS Best XI\") for the second straight season. Before leaving the MetroStars in 2003, he appeared in thirteen games and had three clean sheets as the club challenged for first place during the season's first half.", "" ]