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{{redirect\|Extinguishing a fire\|extinguishing coal fires\|Coal seam fire\#Extinguishing coal fires}}
### Manual fire suppression
Manual fire suppression includes the use of a [fire blanket](/wiki/Fire_blanket "Fire blanket"), [fire extinguisher](/wiki/Fire_extinguisher "Fire extinguisher"), or a [standpipe](/wiki/Standpipe_%28firefighting%29 "Standpipe (firefighting)") system.
#### Fire blanket
A fire blanket is a sheet of fire retardant material that is designed to be placed over a fire to smother it out. Small fire blankets are meant for inception stage fires. They are normally made of [fiberglass](/wiki/Fiberglass "Fiberglass") or [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar "Kevlar").{{Cite patent\|title\=Fire blanket\|gdate\=1953\-04\-24\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2720269A/en}} Larger ones can be found in laboratories and factories, and are designed to be wrapped around a person whose clothes have caught fire.
#### Fire extinguisher
Fire extinguishers are devices that contain and discharge a substance that extinguishes or puts out a fire. These handheld devices come in a huge range of sizes, but the most common are portable fire extinguishers, typically weighing up to 15 kg in total. These can be easily handled and operated by one person and placement can either be wall\-mounted, on a fire extinguisher trolley or housed inside a cabinet. Fire extinguishers are one of the most common manual fire suppression devices and are required in all commercial buildings and vehicles.{{Cite book\|title\=NFPA 10, Standard for portable fire extinguishers\|last\=National Fire Protection Association. Technical Committee on Portable Fire Extinguishers.\|date\=2013\|publisher\=National Fire Protection Association\|isbn\=9781455905683\|oclc\=841176546}} Fire extinguishers can be used with little to no training and are meant for small incipient stage fires. The most common extinguisher is the ABC extinguisher and are found in most offices and homes. It can be used on normal fires, liquid fires, and electrical fires. There are also special extinguishers for kitchen fires and for use on burning metals, those being Class K and Class D respectively.{{cite web\| url\=https://advocaterestoration.com/ \|title\= Fire Restoration Services Phoenix }} Wednesday, 9 June 2021
#### Standpipe
Standpipes are installed in most large, multistory buildings. There are two types of standpipes: dry and wet. Most standpipes are dry systems and cannot be used by the public. Dry systems require a fire engine to pump water into the system. Most dry systems do not have pre\-connected hoses and require firefighters to bring in the hose. In wet systems, there is always water in the pipes and they can be used by anyone. Wet systems will have hoses so building occupants can try and extinguish fires. Wet systems are becoming less common with the increase in number of sprinkler systems being installed.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=esXQpgf7QbcC\&dq\=wet\+standpipe\&pg\=PA1\|title\=Firefighting Operations in High\-Rise and Standpipe\-Equipped Buildings\|last\=McGrail\|first\=David M.\|date\=2007\|publisher\=PennWell Books\|isbn\=9781593700546\|language\=en}} In some systems, firefighters have the option of pumping a Fire Department Connection (FDC) which will increase the water pressure at a standpipe in the event of a fire pump failure or loss of pressure. Typically, these systems pressurize the sprinkler system or the standpipe but not both at the same time.
### Automatic fire suppression
Automatic control means are any form of suppression that requires no human intervention these can include a [fire sprinkler system](/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system "Fire sprinkler system"), a [gaseous clean agent](/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression "Gaseous fire suppression"), or [automatic foam suppression system](/wiki/Firefighting_foam "Firefighting foam"). Most automatic suppression systems would be found in large commercial kitchens or other high\-risk areas.
[right\|thumb\|Sprinkler head. Heat causes the liquid in the bulb to expand, burst the glass and create an opening through which the water is released to control the fire.](/wiki/File:Fire_sprinkler_roof_mount_side_view.jpg "Fire sprinkler roof mount side view.jpg")
#### Sprinkler systems
Fire sprinkler systems are installed in all types of buildings, commercial and residential. They are usually located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable water source, most commonly municipal water supply. A typical automatic sprinkler system operates when heat at the site of a fire causes a fusible link or glass component in the sprinkler head to fail, thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head.{{Cite patent\|title\=Sprinkler head\|gdate\=1953\-10\-09\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2697008A/en}} This means that only the sprinkler heads at the fire location actuate – not all the sprinklers on a floor or in a building. However, certain systems, such as deluge systems{{jargon inline\|date\=September 2024}}, do spray water from all heads in the same zone upon actuation. Sprinkler systems help to reduce the growth of a fire, thereby increasing life safety and limiting structural damage.
#### Gaseous clean agent
Gaseous clean agents are installed to result in less fire and water damage than sprinklers, such as in computer rooms. The system works by flooding an area with a gas which interferes with the [fire tetrahedron](/wiki/Fire_triangle "Fire triangle"). These systems are often found in areas where people are not going to be present when the system is activated such as datacenters, cooling systems, and other industrial applications. Activating a gaseous clean agent system when people are present can cause injury or death, and are usually equipped with an audible notification system to warn any potential occupants to evacuate the area.
#### Foam suppression system
Automatic foam suppression systems come in three main forms low expansion, medium expansion, and high expansion.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.chemguard.com/about\-us/documents\-library/foam\-info/general.htm\|title\=Fire Fighting Foams\|website\=www.chemguard.com\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13}}
##### Low expansion
Low expansion foam expands less than 20 times its original size. These systems can be installed in a variety of places but are commonly found in places where hydrocarbons are stored. Low expansion foam systems when using film forming work by making a blanket of foam over the burning liquid to both cool it down and suppress the vapors.
##### Medium expansion
Medium expansion foam expands between 20 and 200 times its original size. These can be installed in outdoor settings like transfer stations or for use in open pits. Medium foam is used outdoors because it is denser than high expansion and will not blow away as easily. It works by covering what is on fire in a thick blanket of foam to smother it and suppress vapors.
##### High expansion
High expansion foam expands between 200 and 1000 times its original size. These systems are commonly installed in large volume areas like airplane hangars, mine shafts, and ship holds. These systems are normally installed inside and make a very light foam. They extinguish the fire by rapid smothering and cooling. Its rapid rate of expansion enables it to fill large areas with foam rapidly. When used on LNG tanks they provide an added insulation layer that helps reduce the vapor rate.
##### Electronically controlled
Nozzles that are powered by electrical energy that is generated and supplied by fire detection and control devices and are typically closed.{{Cite web \|title\=Water Mist Systems Overview {{!}} NFPA {{!}} NFPA \|url\=https://www.nfpa.org/News\-and\-Research/Publications\-and\-media/Blogs\-Landing\-Page/NFPA\-Today/Blog\-Posts/2022/06/24/Water\-Mist\-Systems\-Overview \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-10 \|website\=www.nfpa.org}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Hopkin \|first1\=Charlie \|last2\=Spearpoint \|first2\=Michael \|last3\=Muhammad \|first3\=Yusuf \|last4\=Makant \|first4\=William \|date\=2022\-10\-01 \|title\=Estimating the Suppression Performance of an Electronically Controlled Residential Water Mist System from BS 8458:2015 Fire Test Data \|journal\=Fire \|language\=en \|volume\=5 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=144 \|doi\=10\.3390/fire5050144 \|issn\=2571\-6255\|doi\-access\=free }}
##### Ignitable liquid drainage floor assembly (ILDFA)
ILDFA uses a dual approach, combining a water\-based fire suppression system in conjunction with a hollow, perforated flooring system to drain and remove spilled flammable liquid. This approach reduces the risk of pool fires inside infrastructure by diverting any leaked fuel away from potential ignition sources or by extinguishing any flammable liquid fire by depriving it of oxygen once it is removed.
|
[
"Categories\n----------",
"{{redirect\\|Extinguishing a fire\\|extinguishing coal fires\\|Coal seam fire\\#Extinguishing coal fires}}",
"### Manual fire suppression",
"Manual fire suppression includes the use of a [fire blanket](/wiki/Fire_blanket \"Fire blanket\"), [fire extinguisher](/wiki/Fire_extinguisher \"Fire extinguisher\"), or a [standpipe](/wiki/Standpipe_%28firefighting%29 \"Standpipe (firefighting)\") system.",
"#### Fire blanket",
"A fire blanket is a sheet of fire retardant material that is designed to be placed over a fire to smother it out. Small fire blankets are meant for inception stage fires. They are normally made of [fiberglass](/wiki/Fiberglass \"Fiberglass\") or [Kevlar](/wiki/Kevlar \"Kevlar\").{{Cite patent\\|title\\=Fire blanket\\|gdate\\=1953\\-04\\-24\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2720269A/en}} Larger ones can be found in laboratories and factories, and are designed to be wrapped around a person whose clothes have caught fire.",
"#### Fire extinguisher",
"Fire extinguishers are devices that contain and discharge a substance that extinguishes or puts out a fire. These handheld devices come in a huge range of sizes, but the most common are portable fire extinguishers, typically weighing up to 15 kg in total. These can be easily handled and operated by one person and placement can either be wall\\-mounted, on a fire extinguisher trolley or housed inside a cabinet. Fire extinguishers are one of the most common manual fire suppression devices and are required in all commercial buildings and vehicles.{{Cite book\\|title\\=NFPA 10, Standard for portable fire extinguishers\\|last\\=National Fire Protection Association. Technical Committee on Portable Fire Extinguishers.\\|date\\=2013\\|publisher\\=National Fire Protection Association\\|isbn\\=9781455905683\\|oclc\\=841176546}} Fire extinguishers can be used with little to no training and are meant for small incipient stage fires. The most common extinguisher is the ABC extinguisher and are found in most offices and homes. It can be used on normal fires, liquid fires, and electrical fires. There are also special extinguishers for kitchen fires and for use on burning metals, those being Class K and Class D respectively.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://advocaterestoration.com/ \\|title\\= Fire Restoration Services Phoenix }} Wednesday, 9 June 2021",
"#### Standpipe",
"Standpipes are installed in most large, multistory buildings. There are two types of standpipes: dry and wet. Most standpipes are dry systems and cannot be used by the public. Dry systems require a fire engine to pump water into the system. Most dry systems do not have pre\\-connected hoses and require firefighters to bring in the hose. In wet systems, there is always water in the pipes and they can be used by anyone. Wet systems will have hoses so building occupants can try and extinguish fires. Wet systems are becoming less common with the increase in number of sprinkler systems being installed.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=esXQpgf7QbcC\\&dq\\=wet\\+standpipe\\&pg\\=PA1\\|title\\=Firefighting Operations in High\\-Rise and Standpipe\\-Equipped Buildings\\|last\\=McGrail\\|first\\=David M.\\|date\\=2007\\|publisher\\=PennWell Books\\|isbn\\=9781593700546\\|language\\=en}} In some systems, firefighters have the option of pumping a Fire Department Connection (FDC) which will increase the water pressure at a standpipe in the event of a fire pump failure or loss of pressure. Typically, these systems pressurize the sprinkler system or the standpipe but not both at the same time.",
"### Automatic fire suppression",
"Automatic control means are any form of suppression that requires no human intervention these can include a [fire sprinkler system](/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system \"Fire sprinkler system\"), a [gaseous clean agent](/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression \"Gaseous fire suppression\"), or [automatic foam suppression system](/wiki/Firefighting_foam \"Firefighting foam\"). Most automatic suppression systems would be found in large commercial kitchens or other high\\-risk areas.\n[right\\|thumb\\|Sprinkler head. Heat causes the liquid in the bulb to expand, burst the glass and create an opening through which the water is released to control the fire.](/wiki/File:Fire_sprinkler_roof_mount_side_view.jpg \"Fire sprinkler roof mount side view.jpg\")",
"#### Sprinkler systems",
"Fire sprinkler systems are installed in all types of buildings, commercial and residential. They are usually located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable water source, most commonly municipal water supply. A typical automatic sprinkler system operates when heat at the site of a fire causes a fusible link or glass component in the sprinkler head to fail, thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head.{{Cite patent\\|title\\=Sprinkler head\\|gdate\\=1953\\-10\\-09\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2697008A/en}} This means that only the sprinkler heads at the fire location actuate – not all the sprinklers on a floor or in a building. However, certain systems, such as deluge systems{{jargon inline\\|date\\=September 2024}}, do spray water from all heads in the same zone upon actuation. Sprinkler systems help to reduce the growth of a fire, thereby increasing life safety and limiting structural damage.",
"#### Gaseous clean agent",
"Gaseous clean agents are installed to result in less fire and water damage than sprinklers, such as in computer rooms. The system works by flooding an area with a gas which interferes with the [fire tetrahedron](/wiki/Fire_triangle \"Fire triangle\"). These systems are often found in areas where people are not going to be present when the system is activated such as datacenters, cooling systems, and other industrial applications. Activating a gaseous clean agent system when people are present can cause injury or death, and are usually equipped with an audible notification system to warn any potential occupants to evacuate the area.",
"#### Foam suppression system",
"Automatic foam suppression systems come in three main forms low expansion, medium expansion, and high expansion.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chemguard.com/about\\-us/documents\\-library/foam\\-info/general.htm\\|title\\=Fire Fighting Foams\\|website\\=www.chemguard.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13}}",
"##### Low expansion",
"Low expansion foam expands less than 20 times its original size. These systems can be installed in a variety of places but are commonly found in places where hydrocarbons are stored. Low expansion foam systems when using film forming work by making a blanket of foam over the burning liquid to both cool it down and suppress the vapors.",
"##### Medium expansion",
"Medium expansion foam expands between 20 and 200 times its original size. These can be installed in outdoor settings like transfer stations or for use in open pits. Medium foam is used outdoors because it is denser than high expansion and will not blow away as easily. It works by covering what is on fire in a thick blanket of foam to smother it and suppress vapors.",
"##### High expansion",
"High expansion foam expands between 200 and 1000 times its original size. These systems are commonly installed in large volume areas like airplane hangars, mine shafts, and ship holds. These systems are normally installed inside and make a very light foam. They extinguish the fire by rapid smothering and cooling. Its rapid rate of expansion enables it to fill large areas with foam rapidly. When used on LNG tanks they provide an added insulation layer that helps reduce the vapor rate.",
"##### Electronically controlled",
"Nozzles that are powered by electrical energy that is generated and supplied by fire detection and control devices and are typically closed.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Water Mist Systems Overview {{!}} NFPA {{!}} NFPA \\|url\\=https://www.nfpa.org/News\\-and\\-Research/Publications\\-and\\-media/Blogs\\-Landing\\-Page/NFPA\\-Today/Blog\\-Posts/2022/06/24/Water\\-Mist\\-Systems\\-Overview \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-10 \\|website\\=www.nfpa.org}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Hopkin \\|first1\\=Charlie \\|last2\\=Spearpoint \\|first2\\=Michael \\|last3\\=Muhammad \\|first3\\=Yusuf \\|last4\\=Makant \\|first4\\=William \\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-01 \\|title\\=Estimating the Suppression Performance of an Electronically Controlled Residential Water Mist System from BS 8458:2015 Fire Test Data \\|journal\\=Fire \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=144 \\|doi\\=10\\.3390/fire5050144 \\|issn\\=2571\\-6255\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"##### Ignitable liquid drainage floor assembly (ILDFA)",
"ILDFA uses a dual approach, combining a water\\-based fire suppression system in conjunction with a hollow, perforated flooring system to drain and remove spilled flammable liquid. This approach reduces the risk of pool fires inside infrastructure by diverting any leaked fuel away from potential ignition sources or by extinguishing any flammable liquid fire by depriving it of oxygen once it is removed.",
""
] |
### Automatic fire suppression
Automatic control means are any form of suppression that requires no human intervention these can include a [fire sprinkler system](/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system "Fire sprinkler system"), a [gaseous clean agent](/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression "Gaseous fire suppression"), or [automatic foam suppression system](/wiki/Firefighting_foam "Firefighting foam"). Most automatic suppression systems would be found in large commercial kitchens or other high\-risk areas.
[right\|thumb\|Sprinkler head. Heat causes the liquid in the bulb to expand, burst the glass and create an opening through which the water is released to control the fire.](/wiki/File:Fire_sprinkler_roof_mount_side_view.jpg "Fire sprinkler roof mount side view.jpg")
#### Sprinkler systems
Fire sprinkler systems are installed in all types of buildings, commercial and residential. They are usually located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable water source, most commonly municipal water supply. A typical automatic sprinkler system operates when heat at the site of a fire causes a fusible link or glass component in the sprinkler head to fail, thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head.{{Cite patent\|title\=Sprinkler head\|gdate\=1953\-10\-09\|url\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2697008A/en}} This means that only the sprinkler heads at the fire location actuate – not all the sprinklers on a floor or in a building. However, certain systems, such as deluge systems{{jargon inline\|date\=September 2024}}, do spray water from all heads in the same zone upon actuation. Sprinkler systems help to reduce the growth of a fire, thereby increasing life safety and limiting structural damage.
#### Gaseous clean agent
Gaseous clean agents are installed to result in less fire and water damage than sprinklers, such as in computer rooms. The system works by flooding an area with a gas which interferes with the [fire tetrahedron](/wiki/Fire_triangle "Fire triangle"). These systems are often found in areas where people are not going to be present when the system is activated such as datacenters, cooling systems, and other industrial applications. Activating a gaseous clean agent system when people are present can cause injury or death, and are usually equipped with an audible notification system to warn any potential occupants to evacuate the area.
#### Foam suppression system
Automatic foam suppression systems come in three main forms low expansion, medium expansion, and high expansion.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.chemguard.com/about\-us/documents\-library/foam\-info/general.htm\|title\=Fire Fighting Foams\|website\=www.chemguard.com\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13}}
##### Low expansion
Low expansion foam expands less than 20 times its original size. These systems can be installed in a variety of places but are commonly found in places where hydrocarbons are stored. Low expansion foam systems when using film forming work by making a blanket of foam over the burning liquid to both cool it down and suppress the vapors.
##### Medium expansion
Medium expansion foam expands between 20 and 200 times its original size. These can be installed in outdoor settings like transfer stations or for use in open pits. Medium foam is used outdoors because it is denser than high expansion and will not blow away as easily. It works by covering what is on fire in a thick blanket of foam to smother it and suppress vapors.
##### High expansion
High expansion foam expands between 200 and 1000 times its original size. These systems are commonly installed in large volume areas like airplane hangars, mine shafts, and ship holds. These systems are normally installed inside and make a very light foam. They extinguish the fire by rapid smothering and cooling. Its rapid rate of expansion enables it to fill large areas with foam rapidly. When used on LNG tanks they provide an added insulation layer that helps reduce the vapor rate.
##### Electronically controlled
Nozzles that are powered by electrical energy that is generated and supplied by fire detection and control devices and are typically closed.{{Cite web \|title\=Water Mist Systems Overview {{!}} NFPA {{!}} NFPA \|url\=https://www.nfpa.org/News\-and\-Research/Publications\-and\-media/Blogs\-Landing\-Page/NFPA\-Today/Blog\-Posts/2022/06/24/Water\-Mist\-Systems\-Overview \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-10 \|website\=www.nfpa.org}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Hopkin \|first1\=Charlie \|last2\=Spearpoint \|first2\=Michael \|last3\=Muhammad \|first3\=Yusuf \|last4\=Makant \|first4\=William \|date\=2022\-10\-01 \|title\=Estimating the Suppression Performance of an Electronically Controlled Residential Water Mist System from BS 8458:2015 Fire Test Data \|journal\=Fire \|language\=en \|volume\=5 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=144 \|doi\=10\.3390/fire5050144 \|issn\=2571\-6255\|doi\-access\=free }}
##### Ignitable liquid drainage floor assembly (ILDFA)
ILDFA uses a dual approach, combining a water\-based fire suppression system in conjunction with a hollow, perforated flooring system to drain and remove spilled flammable liquid. This approach reduces the risk of pool fires inside infrastructure by diverting any leaked fuel away from potential ignition sources or by extinguishing any flammable liquid fire by depriving it of oxygen once it is removed.
|
[
"### Automatic fire suppression",
"Automatic control means are any form of suppression that requires no human intervention these can include a [fire sprinkler system](/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system \"Fire sprinkler system\"), a [gaseous clean agent](/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression \"Gaseous fire suppression\"), or [automatic foam suppression system](/wiki/Firefighting_foam \"Firefighting foam\"). Most automatic suppression systems would be found in large commercial kitchens or other high\\-risk areas.\n[right\\|thumb\\|Sprinkler head. Heat causes the liquid in the bulb to expand, burst the glass and create an opening through which the water is released to control the fire.](/wiki/File:Fire_sprinkler_roof_mount_side_view.jpg \"Fire sprinkler roof mount side view.jpg\")",
"#### Sprinkler systems",
"Fire sprinkler systems are installed in all types of buildings, commercial and residential. They are usually located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable water source, most commonly municipal water supply. A typical automatic sprinkler system operates when heat at the site of a fire causes a fusible link or glass component in the sprinkler head to fail, thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head.{{Cite patent\\|title\\=Sprinkler head\\|gdate\\=1953\\-10\\-09\\|url\\=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2697008A/en}} This means that only the sprinkler heads at the fire location actuate – not all the sprinklers on a floor or in a building. However, certain systems, such as deluge systems{{jargon inline\\|date\\=September 2024}}, do spray water from all heads in the same zone upon actuation. Sprinkler systems help to reduce the growth of a fire, thereby increasing life safety and limiting structural damage.",
"#### Gaseous clean agent",
"Gaseous clean agents are installed to result in less fire and water damage than sprinklers, such as in computer rooms. The system works by flooding an area with a gas which interferes with the [fire tetrahedron](/wiki/Fire_triangle \"Fire triangle\"). These systems are often found in areas where people are not going to be present when the system is activated such as datacenters, cooling systems, and other industrial applications. Activating a gaseous clean agent system when people are present can cause injury or death, and are usually equipped with an audible notification system to warn any potential occupants to evacuate the area.",
"#### Foam suppression system",
"Automatic foam suppression systems come in three main forms low expansion, medium expansion, and high expansion.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.chemguard.com/about\\-us/documents\\-library/foam\\-info/general.htm\\|title\\=Fire Fighting Foams\\|website\\=www.chemguard.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13}}",
"##### Low expansion",
"Low expansion foam expands less than 20 times its original size. These systems can be installed in a variety of places but are commonly found in places where hydrocarbons are stored. Low expansion foam systems when using film forming work by making a blanket of foam over the burning liquid to both cool it down and suppress the vapors.",
"##### Medium expansion",
"Medium expansion foam expands between 20 and 200 times its original size. These can be installed in outdoor settings like transfer stations or for use in open pits. Medium foam is used outdoors because it is denser than high expansion and will not blow away as easily. It works by covering what is on fire in a thick blanket of foam to smother it and suppress vapors.",
"##### High expansion",
"High expansion foam expands between 200 and 1000 times its original size. These systems are commonly installed in large volume areas like airplane hangars, mine shafts, and ship holds. These systems are normally installed inside and make a very light foam. They extinguish the fire by rapid smothering and cooling. Its rapid rate of expansion enables it to fill large areas with foam rapidly. When used on LNG tanks they provide an added insulation layer that helps reduce the vapor rate.",
"##### Electronically controlled",
"Nozzles that are powered by electrical energy that is generated and supplied by fire detection and control devices and are typically closed.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Water Mist Systems Overview {{!}} NFPA {{!}} NFPA \\|url\\=https://www.nfpa.org/News\\-and\\-Research/Publications\\-and\\-media/Blogs\\-Landing\\-Page/NFPA\\-Today/Blog\\-Posts/2022/06/24/Water\\-Mist\\-Systems\\-Overview \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-10 \\|website\\=www.nfpa.org}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Hopkin \\|first1\\=Charlie \\|last2\\=Spearpoint \\|first2\\=Michael \\|last3\\=Muhammad \\|first3\\=Yusuf \\|last4\\=Makant \\|first4\\=William \\|date\\=2022\\-10\\-01 \\|title\\=Estimating the Suppression Performance of an Electronically Controlled Residential Water Mist System from BS 8458:2015 Fire Test Data \\|journal\\=Fire \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=5 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=144 \\|doi\\=10\\.3390/fire5050144 \\|issn\\=2571\\-6255\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"##### Ignitable liquid drainage floor assembly (ILDFA)",
"ILDFA uses a dual approach, combining a water\\-based fire suppression system in conjunction with a hollow, perforated flooring system to drain and remove spilled flammable liquid. This approach reduces the risk of pool fires inside infrastructure by diverting any leaked fuel away from potential ignition sources or by extinguishing any flammable liquid fire by depriving it of oxygen once it is removed.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Arms trafficking is taking place in India. Bala Thakur, a gun handler, provides the arms to Veeran, a brigand. Veeran and his gang attack a wedding bus, gunning down every person in it. The government appoints a Special Action Team in [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai") to trace the attack.
[Assistant Commissioner of Police](/wiki/Assistant_Commissioner_of_Police "Assistant Commissioner of Police") Ajay Singh Rathod, a resident of Mumbai, attends a concert by famed [ghazal](/wiki/Ghazal "Ghazal") singer, the elderly Gulfam Hassan, a [Muhajir](/wiki/Muhajir_%28Urdu-speaking_people%29 "Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)"). Gulfam is Indian by birth but had to move to [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan") as a child during the partition; deeply scarred by the experience, he is happy that the government allows him to live in his palatial residence whenever he comes to India. Gulfam finds a huge fan in Ajay, who used to attend his programs as a child, and the two bond. Ajay also reunites with Seema, whom he had a crush on when they were studying in [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi "Delhi"). The duo falls in love.
Inspector Saleem, an honest policeman, is taken off the team when notorious gangster Sultan escapes his clutches. He is reprimanded for this failure and for causing the death of three officers in the attempt. Despite Saleem doing his duty sincerely, his senior officers look down upon him because he is a Muslim. When Ajay, who is younger, inexperienced and was mentored by Saleem himself before assuming charge, is told to head the team, Saleem is upset and refuses to take part in the investigation. Ajay's past is revealed: his father was going to testify against a terrorist, and in an attempt to stop them, Ajay's elder brother was killed. His father was kidnapped, and by the time the terrorists spared him, the man had lost his voice. This motivated Ajay to join the police force.
Gulfam is revealed to be working for the Pakistani intelligence, which is attempting to indulge in a [proxy war](/wiki/Proxy_war "Proxy war") with India. Since Gulfam likes Ajay, he sees to it that nothing happens to him. Saleem finds the location of Bala Thakur and Sultan and gives the information to Ajay, who convinces him to join the team again. An [encounter](/wiki/Encounter_killing "Encounter killing") with the criminals results in the death of Bala Thakur while Ajay is injured. Though Sultan escapes, the operation is a success as the team is able to intercept a consignment of lethal arms meant for terrorist Veeran. Sultan is assassinated on Gulfam's orders because of his failure, with false information relayed to Saleem's informer network that Sultan has escaped to Pakistan.
While recovering from his injuries in the hospital, Ajay narrates the events to Seema, when he has an epiphany. He goes back to the site with Seema's help where he finds a horoscope of Bala Thakur, which leads the team to Bahid in Rajasthan. Following his recovery, Ajay meets Gulfam in Bahid, who is temporarily staying in his ancestral manor. Gulfam's attempts to derail the investigation, even ordering an assault on Ajay, are of no avail. The repeated failures displease the Pakistani Intelligence, which dispatch Major Aslam Baig to take care of the business.
The team prepares for a final assault on the gun\-running operation and ultimately land at Gulfam's mansion. Ajay feels betrayed when he learns of Gulfam's betrayal, but is aware of the lack of evidence to indict him for his crimes. He tricks Gulfam into killing Baig and arrests him for it. Gulfam reveals that he did what he did because of how his experiences during the partition hurt him. Ajay makes him realize that his actions are not benefiting any people of any religion, and Gulfam, unable to stand the humiliation and guilt, commits suicide. His suicide is hushed up, and the team returns to Mumbai to much accolades for busting the terrorist racket. Saleem is tipped on the whereabouts of Veeran, and Ajay embarks on another investigation with his team.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Arms trafficking is taking place in India. Bala Thakur, a gun handler, provides the arms to Veeran, a brigand. Veeran and his gang attack a wedding bus, gunning down every person in it. The government appoints a Special Action Team in [Mumbai](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\") to trace the attack.",
"[Assistant Commissioner of Police](/wiki/Assistant_Commissioner_of_Police \"Assistant Commissioner of Police\") Ajay Singh Rathod, a resident of Mumbai, attends a concert by famed [ghazal](/wiki/Ghazal \"Ghazal\") singer, the elderly Gulfam Hassan, a [Muhajir](/wiki/Muhajir_%28Urdu-speaking_people%29 \"Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)\"). Gulfam is Indian by birth but had to move to [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") as a child during the partition; deeply scarred by the experience, he is happy that the government allows him to live in his palatial residence whenever he comes to India. Gulfam finds a huge fan in Ajay, who used to attend his programs as a child, and the two bond. Ajay also reunites with Seema, whom he had a crush on when they were studying in [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\"). The duo falls in love.",
"Inspector Saleem, an honest policeman, is taken off the team when notorious gangster Sultan escapes his clutches. He is reprimanded for this failure and for causing the death of three officers in the attempt. Despite Saleem doing his duty sincerely, his senior officers look down upon him because he is a Muslim. When Ajay, who is younger, inexperienced and was mentored by Saleem himself before assuming charge, is told to head the team, Saleem is upset and refuses to take part in the investigation. Ajay's past is revealed: his father was going to testify against a terrorist, and in an attempt to stop them, Ajay's elder brother was killed. His father was kidnapped, and by the time the terrorists spared him, the man had lost his voice. This motivated Ajay to join the police force.",
"Gulfam is revealed to be working for the Pakistani intelligence, which is attempting to indulge in a [proxy war](/wiki/Proxy_war \"Proxy war\") with India. Since Gulfam likes Ajay, he sees to it that nothing happens to him. Saleem finds the location of Bala Thakur and Sultan and gives the information to Ajay, who convinces him to join the team again. An [encounter](/wiki/Encounter_killing \"Encounter killing\") with the criminals results in the death of Bala Thakur while Ajay is injured. Though Sultan escapes, the operation is a success as the team is able to intercept a consignment of lethal arms meant for terrorist Veeran. Sultan is assassinated on Gulfam's orders because of his failure, with false information relayed to Saleem's informer network that Sultan has escaped to Pakistan.",
"While recovering from his injuries in the hospital, Ajay narrates the events to Seema, when he has an epiphany. He goes back to the site with Seema's help where he finds a horoscope of Bala Thakur, which leads the team to Bahid in Rajasthan. Following his recovery, Ajay meets Gulfam in Bahid, who is temporarily staying in his ancestral manor. Gulfam's attempts to derail the investigation, even ordering an assault on Ajay, are of no avail. The repeated failures displease the Pakistani Intelligence, which dispatch Major Aslam Baig to take care of the business.",
"The team prepares for a final assault on the gun\\-running operation and ultimately land at Gulfam's mansion. Ajay feels betrayed when he learns of Gulfam's betrayal, but is aware of the lack of evidence to indict him for his crimes. He tricks Gulfam into killing Baig and arrests him for it. Gulfam reveals that he did what he did because of how his experiences during the partition hurt him. Ajay makes him realize that his actions are not benefiting any people of any religion, and Gulfam, unable to stand the humiliation and guilt, commits suicide. His suicide is hushed up, and the team returns to Mumbai to much accolades for busting the terrorist racket. Saleem is tipped on the whereabouts of Veeran, and Ajay embarks on another investigation with his team.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history to 1860
[thumb\|Bridge End Cottage, 1785 (2008\)](/wiki/File:Bridge_End_Cottage%2C_Hull_-_geograph.org.uk_-_789405.jpg "Bridge End Cottage, Hull - geograph.org.uk - 789405.jpg")
The Beverley\-Hull road, which passed through Newland was [turnpiked](/wiki/Turnpike_trusts "Turnpike trusts") by an act of 1744, with a toll bar established at Newland, at a place called *Newland Bridge*.{{refn\|group\="note"\|On 12 September 1540 \[\[Henry VIII of England\|King Henry VIII]] visited Hull, first meeting the Sheriff at a place called ''"Bordenbrig"'' (or ''Boarden'd Bridge'', ''Boarded\-Bridge''), at Newland. Once in Hull the King ordered the construction of \[\[Hull Castle]], other works, and the cutting of a dyke from Newland to Hull.{{cite book\| url \= https://archive.org/details/noticesrelative00frosgoog \| title \= Notices relative to the early history of the town and port of Hull\| first \= Charles \| last \= Frost\| date \= 1827\| author\-link\= Charles Frost (antiquary)\| publisher \= J.B. Nicholls\|at \= pp.63–4; Appendix, p.47 }}{{cite book\| url\= https://archive.org/details/historyofhullann00gent\| title \= Annales Regioduni Hullini : Or, The History of the Royal and Beautiful Town of Kingston\-upon\-Hull.\| orig\-year \= 1735 \|year \= 1869 \| first \= Thomas\| last \= Gent\| author\-link\= Thomas Gent \|at\= Chap.VII, p.112}} }} In 1764 the act was extended in duration, with the road from Newland Bridge to Cottingham added to the trustees' responsibilities.{{cite magazine\| url \=http://www.eylhs.org.uk/dl/128/roads\-and\-turnpike\-trusts\-in\-east\-yorkshire \| title \= Roads and Turnpike Trusts in Eastern Yorkshire\| first \= K. A. \|last \= MacMahon\| year \= 1964\| publisher \= East Yorkshire Local History Society\|magazine \= E.Y. Local History Series\| number \= 18\| pages \= 17–20\|access\-date\=6 February 2016}}
In around 1797 the area of Newlands (Newlands Tofts and Newland Fields) was described in *[The Gentleman's Magazine](/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine "The Gentleman's Magazine")* as *"low and flat, but exceedingly rich pasture ground, producing plenty of milk and butter, which affords the best supply for Hull market"*; in the same Newland was described as a *"Neat little hamlet"*.{{cite magazine \|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=06wUAAAAQAAJ\&pg\=PA1003\| magazine \= The Gentleman's Magazine\| editor\-first \= Sylvanus\| editor\-last \= Urban\| date \= December 1797\| page \= 1003\| title \= Topographical Description of Cottingham Near Hull \| volume \= 67, 2nd part \| number \=6 }} [Etherington House](/wiki/c:File:Etherington_House.png "File:Etherington House.png"), a former farmhouse turned small manor house, is a private residence north of Newland and dates to the mid 18th century when built by wealthy local landowners and philanthropic [Etherington family](/wiki/Etherington_baronets "Etherington baronets") in the early part of the 18th century. The house itself is a traditional Georgian country house, front of the house notably had two complementary [Georgian panelled](/wiki/Bay_window "Bay window") flat windows however in refurbishments during the Edwardian era they had been replaced with bay panelled windows which line both the drawing room and library. The two rooms are connected by the main hallway which has the decorations of ornate dark oak wooden panelling and elaborate [coffered ceiling](/wiki/Coffer "Coffer"). The house, standing in its own "well timbered and secluded gardens of about 1 acre of land"{{NHLE\|num\=1297035\|desc\=ETHERINGTON HOUSE, Non Civil Parish \|access\-date\=15 October 2019}} are well protected with high brick walls established trees and shrubs which include a tennis, croquet and bowls lawn. The gardens surrounding the house also include herbaceous borders and rose beds, small garden kitchens a traditional Victorian era [greenhouse](/wiki/Greenhouse "Greenhouse") and [vinary](/wiki/Winery "Winery") and two concrete air raid shelters. The house, which is listed under Section 32 of the [Town and Country Planning Act 1932](/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Act_1932 "Town and Country Planning Act 1932") as of Historic or Architectural interest and is probably unique within the Hull City boundary.
[thumb\|left\|Beverley and Barmston Drain near crossing of Beverley Road (2008\)](/wiki/File:Beverley_and_Barmston_Drain%2C_Newland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_538358.jpg "Beverley and Barmston Drain, Newland - geograph.org.uk - 538358.jpg")
An enclosure and drainage act for Cottingham was passed in 1766; the Beverley and Skidby Drain was enabled by an act of 1785; and the [Beverley and Barmston Drain](/wiki/Beverley_and_Barmston_Drain "Beverley and Barmston Drain") was built after an enabling act of 1798\. The Cottingham Drain improved the marshy land in the area.{{refn\|group\="note"\|The marshy nature of the land in the Newland area is indicated by the names of the areas the Cottingham Drain passed through : Salt Ings, Igglemire, Harpings. (see also \[\[Ings]]) }} The Barmston, and the Skidby Drains were built primarily for areas beyond Newland. The Barmston Drain crossed Beverley Road east of the village running very approximately parallel with, and around {{convert\|0\.5\|mi\|km\|0}} west of, the River Hull.Ordnance Survey Sheet 226 1:10560 1852–3 At the point the drain passes under the Beverley Road "Bridge End Cottage" (1785\) is still extant.{{sfn\|Pevsner\|Neave\|1995\|p\=558}} The Skidby Drain ran roughly parallel to the Barnston Drain under {{convert\|0\.25\|mi\|km\|1}} east. Three houses on the south side of Cottingham Road are remnants of the village, dating to the late 1700s.
Hull merchants migrated to Newland in the early 19th century, building large houses.{{sfn\|Pevsner\|Neave\|1995\|p\=558}} In 1832 a church was consecrated at Newland.{{cite book\| title \=The History of Cottingham\| first \=Charles\| last \= Overton\|page \= 108\| year \= 1861 }} The church, [St John's](/wiki/Saint_John_Newland "Saint John Newland") (built 1833\) is in the [perpendicular style](/wiki/Perpendicular_style "Perpendicular style") in yellow brick with [ashlar](/wiki/Ashlar "Ashlar") dressings and a slate roof. The chancel, and west bay of the nave was added 1893; and the north aisle in 1902\. The vicarage, to the east, dates to 1862, and is also in yellow brick and ashlar with a slate roof. Newland National school on Clough Road near the church was established 1865\.
At the far extreme of the surrounding land, on the west bank of the River Hull, opposite [Stoneferry](/wiki/Stoneferry "Stoneferry"), a water works was established in 1845, taking water from the river – the river water may have been responsible for a [cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera") outbreak in 1849, and after 1860 the works was supplied from the [Springhead Pumping Station](/wiki/Springhead_Pumping_Station "Springhead Pumping Station"){{sfn\|Allison\|1969\|loc \= \[http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp371\-386\#h3\-0002 Water Supply] }} (see also [Stoneferry §History](/wiki/Stoneferry%23History "Stoneferry#History")).
[thumb\|Newland Tofts Road (F.S. Smith, {{circa\|1885}})](/wiki/File:Newland_Tofts_Road%2C_now_Newland_Avenue%2C_c.1885.jpg "Newland Tofts Road, now Newland Avenue, c.1885.jpg")
In the mid 1850s the Newland area was almost completely rural and isolated from both Cottingham and Hull by enclosed fields. At Newland village the main roads met at a crossroads; the westward Cottingham branch of the Hull and Beverley Turnpike Trust (later Cottingham Road); the eastward Clough Road towards Stoneferry; and the north–south main road to Beverley from Hull of the Hull and Beverley Turnpike trust. Routes of some of the later important roads had also been established including the east\-west Igglemire, and Endike lanes, north of the Cottingham Road; whilst the southward heading Near Salt Ings Lane, Far Salt Ings Lane and Tofts Lanes, which ran off the Cottingham Road correspond to the modern Kenilworth, Chanterlands North, and Newland Avenues. The land was drained, with the Beverley and Barmston Drain and Beverley and Skidby Drain passing east of the village, and the Cottingham Drain to the east. Newland village consisted of a number of large or largish dwellings with gardens, mainly along the south side of Cottingham Road, including *Newland House*, *Newland Villa*, and *Newland Grove*.{{refn\|group\="note"\|{{harv\|Sheahan\|1864}} mentions a ''Newland Park'', a large brick house, and the residence of one time Mayor of Hull, Avison Terry – this may be ''Newland Grove'', built before 1778, also one time residence of Avison Terry. Newland Villa was built {{circa\|1780}}, and Newland House dated to at least 1827\.{{sfn\|Sheahan\|1864\|pp\=622–23}}{{cite magazine\| title \= 'Hull Gent Seeks Country Residence' 1750–1850\| first \= K. J.\| last \= Allison \| publisher \= East Yorkshire Local History Society\| year \= 1981\| magazine \= E.Y Local History Series\| number \= 36\|page\=22 }}}} At the crossroads was the church, and an inn, the Haworth Arms. To the north\-east of the village, Green Lane (now Oak Road) ran from the Beverley turnpike to Clough Road, with the Skidby Drain adjacent west. Close to the Stoneferry waterworks was a large brick and tile works. Some clay extraction took place in Newland – with a pit to the north of the village, and a substantial brick and tile works nearer the River Hull.{{refn\|group\="note"\|Brick and tile works in the area have been recorded to as early as 1535\.{{cite book\| title \= A History of the County of York East Riding\| volume \=4\| editor\-first \= K. J.\| editor\-last \= Allison\| year \= 1979}} }}
Religious [nonconformists](/wiki/Nonconformist_%28Protestantism%29 "Nonconformist (Protestantism)") were active in the Newland area from the earliest period of that movement's history. Joseph Wilson was licensed to preach in Newland and Hull in 1672, and meetings were held at John Marr's house in Newland, and, later (1709\) Margaret Dent's house.{{sfn\|Allison\|1969\|loc \= \[http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp311\-330 Protestant Nonconformity]}} A Wesleyan chapel, designed by [William Botterill](/wiki/William_Botterill "William Botterill") in a gothic style was opened on Cottingham Road in Newland in 1858 (enlarged 1867, 1873, later used by the Port of Hull Society, dem. 1896\).
### 1860–1913
In 1862 the parish of Newland was established, separated from [Cottingham](/wiki/Cottingham%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire "Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire"), with the parish church being [St John's](/wiki/Saint_John_Newland "Saint John Newland").{{refn\|group\="note"\|The region split from the parish of Cottingham was formed by a line following (from the south) – the route of the \[\[Hull and Bridlington Branch Line\|Hull and Bridlington branch]] railway to the east to its crossing of the Setting Dikeke, then eastwards by the dike, then north along "Near Salt\-Ings Lane" (now roughly Kenilworth or Fairfax Avenue), the east along the Cottingham section of the Hull and Beverley trust road (now Cottingham Road), the east to the point the road crossed the Cottingham Drain, then along the drain north\-west crossing Igglemire, and Endike lanes, then north along Nine Foot Drain, crossing North Carr Lane, and north to Moor Dike Drain, then north along Panbottom Drain, then north crossing Dunswell Lane.}}{{cite news\| url \= https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22596/page/655 \| issue \= 22596\| pages \= 655–657\| date \= 7 February 1862\| title \= At the Court at Osborne House, Isle of Wight, the 5th day of February, 1862 .. }} By this time Newland was considered a suburb of Hull.{{sfn\|Sheahan\|1864\|p\=416}} In 1871 the road through Newlands became un\-tolled.
The Queen's Hotel (Queens Road) was built {{circa\|1865}}.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=158}} The St John's Hotel, further east also dates to 1865\.
[thumb\|Road junction in Newland Park Estate (2008\)](/wiki/File:Newland_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_845119.jpg "Newland Park - geograph.org.uk - 845119.jpg")
The Newland Park Estate was established {{circa\|1877}} by [William Botterill](/wiki/William_Botterill "William Botterill") on the south side of Cottingham Road. It developed slowly as a high status middle class housing estate over the next half century. Several of the houses are in an [Arts and Crafts](/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts "Arts and Crafts") style, with a variety of architectural styles found.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|pp\=160–161}}{{sfn\|Pevsner\|Neave\|1995\|p\=556}}
[thumb\|left\|The Haworth Arms from Clough Road (F.S. Smith, 1883\)](/wiki/File:Haworth_Arms%2C_Newland%2C_looking_from_the_Church_%2C_1883.jpg "Haworth Arms, Newland, looking from the Church , 1883.jpg")
In 1885 the [Hull and Barnsley Railway](/wiki/Hull_and_Barnsley_Railway "Hull and Barnsley Railway") opened – its branch to the [Alexandra Dock](/wiki/Alexandra_Dock%2C_Hull "Alexandra Dock, Hull") (now [Hull Docks Branch](/wiki/Hull_Docks_Branch "Hull Docks Branch")) passed through the south of the parish, crossing Newland Avenue by a bridge.Ordnance Survey Sheet 226SW, 226SE 1888–90See [Hull Barnsley \& West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company](/wiki/Hull_Barnsley_%26_West_Riding_Junction_Railway_and_Dock_Company "Hull Barnsley & West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company").
Newland village had not grown substantially by the 1890s, but the urban spread of Hull had reached its southern side, the main development being an estate on the east side of Newland Avenue, between the Beverley Road, an area known as *St John's Wood*. Queens Road had been laid out, along part of the route of the Cottingham Drain, connecting the south end of Newland Avenue to Beverley Road. On the west side of Newland Avenue the only development was Sharp Street. A Wesleyan mission had been built (1886\) on Willow Grove off Princes Street. Additionally another brick and tile works had been established between Igglemire Lane, and the Beverley and Barmston Drain, as well as one west of Newland Avenue, south of Sharp Street. The brick and tile works on the banks of the river was now known as Kingston Sanitary Pipe Works whilst an associated works nearby off Green Lane was a bottle works.{{refn\|group\="note"\|In Bulmers 1892 edition a Young John Robert was listed as a stone bottle and garden pot manufacturer, at the Bottle works, Newland.{{cite book\| title \= Bulmer's Gazette\| year \= 1892}} }}{{refn\|group\="note"\|The Green Lane works was later known as Newland Glass Bottle Works and the Kingston Pottery, whilst the river side works had become a paint works "Newland Paint Works" by 1910\. }} Adjacent to the sanitary pipe works was a mill, "Hull Bank Mills".{{refn\|group\="note"\|'Hull Bank Mills', later (1920s) 'Universal Oil Mills',Ordnance Survey 1:2500 1928 (Universal Oil Company, subsid. of United Premier Oil \& Cake Company) after 1966 acquired by \[\[Croda]].{{cite web\| url \=http://www.croda.com/download.aspx?s\=1\&m\=doc\&id\=acc9a85a\-b4a1\-44b8\-935d\-a9b2e3d7bdd3 \| title \= Croda −50 years as a public company}}}}
At the far south end of the Newland Avenue area a number of civic buildings were put up around the end of the 19th century: the George Lamb Memorial Chapel was built 1893 on Lambert Street in a [Classical Revival](/wiki/Classical_Revival "Classical Revival") style for the [Primitive Methodists](/wiki/Primitive_Methodist "Primitive Methodist");{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=158}} the Anglican St Augustine of Hippo church (1896, dem.1976\), and its associated church hall (1902\), and vicarage (No.41 Queen's Road, 1899/1900\).{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=158}} In the early 20th century the Catholic St Vincent Primary School (1904\); and St Vincent Boy's home (1908–09\) were built nearby.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=158}} In Newland the 1858 Wesleyan chapel was replaced (1901\) by one the other side of the road. A church was added adjacent in 1928\. On Lambert Street the Cottingham school board opened a school (1879\) for girls and infants; after becoming part of the Hull school board (1883\) it was expanded. It became a junior school in 1937; Newland Avenue school (after 1945 Pearson High school) was opened by the Hull board in 1896 as primary school, expanded in 1900\.
[thumb\|Sailor's Orphan Homes ({{circa\|1922}})](/wiki/File:Sailor%27s_Orphan%27s_Homes%2C_Cottingham_Road%2C_Newland%2C_Hull.jpg "Sailor's Orphan's Homes, Cottingham Road, Newland, Hull.jpg")
At the end of the 19th century (1895–1898\), a large group of "Sailor's Orphan Cottage Homes", more recently known as "Newland Homes", were built in yellow brick on the north side of Cottingham Road by the *Port of Hull Society*, with several local businessmen contributing funds for their construction, including [Joseph Rank](/wiki/Joseph_Rank "Joseph Rank"), [Francis Reckitt](/wiki/Francis_Reckitt "Francis Reckitt"), [Sir James Reckitt](/wiki/Sir_James_Reckitt "Sir James Reckitt"), as well as benefactors from outside Hull including William Richardson, [G Buckston Browne](/wiki/Buckston_Browne "Buckston Browne") and [Sir Titus Salt](/wiki/Sir_Titus_Salt "Sir Titus Salt"), and contributions from the towns of [Whitby](/wiki/Whitby "Whitby") and [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool "Hartlepool"). [St Nicholas Primary School, Hull](/wiki/St_Nicholas_Primary_School%2C_Hull "St Nicholas Primary School, Hull") was also built at the site during the period. A hospital, orphanage and surgery were added between 1919 and 1926\.
The large Endsleigh (or Dawson) House (built 1876–77, near Beverley Road) became a convent of the [Sisters of Mercy](/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy "Sisters of Mercy") in 1901\. The site was expanded ({{circa\|1905}}) with the addition of a chapel and teacher training college.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=159}} The non\-conformists had a meeting place on Queen's Road: *Bethshan Mission Room* between 1899–1990; from 1903 to 1958 a *Bethshan* was registered on the nearby Prince's Road, (after 1958 *Holiness Hall* was registered on the same street).
By 1910 in addition to the orphanage, and partial development of the Newland Park Estate, there had been large amounts of urban development in the area, primarily around Newland Avenue. The area between Newland Avenue and Beverley Road was completely filled with housing, excluding a [nursery](/wiki/Plant_nursery "Plant nursery") *Smiddy's Nursery*; and there was development of housing all along west side of Newland Avenue; additionally housing had been built on the opposite side of Beverley Road (just outside the parish) as far as the Newland crossroads; and on the north\-west side of the crossroads a small estate around Haworth Street had been built; north\-east of the crossroads more substantial housing had been built on Beresford and Wellesley avenues. By this period the village was no longer distinct from the urban spread of Hull. Additionally a leather works had been established on Cottingham Road.{{refn\|group\="note"\|The firm known as Waddingtons, established by George Waddington in the mid 19th century.{{cite book\| title \= A history of Kingston upon Hull: from the earliest times to the present day\| first \= Hugh \|last \= Calvert \| year \= 1978 \| page \= 233 }} The works closed in the latter part of the 20th century and the site redeveloped as housing, ''Waddington Court''.Ordnance Survey 1:10000 1982, 1992; 1:25000 2006 }}Ordnance Survey Sheets 226SW, 226SE 1:10560 1908–09
In 1909 the [Hull Corporation Trams](/wiki/Hull_Corporation_Trams "Hull Corporation Trams") had reached the Newland crossroads on Beverley Road, and a tram depot was established on Cottingham Road.See [Hull City Tramways §Expansion of tram system and infrastructure (1898–1927\)](/wiki/Trams_in_Kingston_upon_Hull%23Expansion_of_tram_system_and_infrastructure_%281898%E2%80%931927%29 "Trams in Kingston upon Hull#Expansion of tram system and infrastructure (1898–1927)").
Hull's Northern Cemetery opened at around the end of the 19th century, a chapel was added in 1912\.
### 1914–1939
[thumb\|left\|Former 'Kingston upon Hull Municipal Training College' of 1913, now part of Hull University (2008\)](/wiki/File:Hull_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_745377.jpg "Hull University - geograph.org.uk - 745377.jpg")
A college of education, *Kingston upon Hull Municipal Training College*, was opened in 1913 – on the north side of Cottingham Road. Buildings included a library, halls of residence, and offices were built (1909–13\) in three blocks surrounding an oval of ground facing Cottingham Road, together with lodges on either side, with a gymnasium to the rear. The buildings were mostly in a [Wrenaissance](/wiki/Edwardian_Baroque_architecture "Edwardian Baroque architecture") style.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|pp\=79, 82–83}}{{refn\|group\="note"\|In 1976 the college became part of The Hull College of Higher Education, and later the University of Humberside and Lincolnshire, and in 2001 part of the \[\[University of Lincoln]].{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=79}} }}
This included the Principal's House, now 246 Cottingham Road, which was inhabited by [Cyril Bibby](/wiki/Cyril_Bibby "Cyril Bibby") and family from 1959\.
The main brick [Neo\-Georgian](/wiki/Neo-Georgian_style_%28Great_Britain%29 "Neo-Georgian style (Great Britain)") building of
[Newland High School for Girls](/wiki/Newland_School_for_Girls "Newland School for Girls") was built 1914; it was used as a [Voluntary Aid Detachment](/wiki/Voluntary_Aid_Detachment "Voluntary Aid Detachment") hospital during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"); the school itself opened in 1920 having been transferred to the new site from Brunswick Avenue.{{cite book\| url \= https://archive.org/details/handbooktohullea00sheprich\| title \= Handbook to Hull and East Riding\| year \= 1922\| first \= T.\| last \= Sheppard\| author\-link \= Thomas Sheppard (curator)\| page \= 54 }}
A Catholic boys school was established by the [Marist Brothers](/wiki/Marist_Brothers "Marist Brothers") in 1925 on Cottingham Road,{{sfn\|Allison\|1969\|loc\= \[http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp348\-370\#h3\-0007 Adult and Technical Education, 1830–1900]}} (closed 1988{{cite web\| url \=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/c33005a4\-b67b\-4e80\-8b5e\-ef6164e24def\| title \= MARIST COLLEGE, HULL \| work \= discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk\|access\-date \= 6 February 2016}}) also a temporary church.{{sfn\|Allison\|1969\| loc \= \[http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp330\-332 Roman Catholicism]}} In 1927 a Catholic primary school (initially *Holy Child*, later *Endsleigh*) was established (1927, expanded 1963\) associated with the Endsleigh training college.
[thumb\|right\|University of Hull Venn building, 1925 (2005\)](/wiki/File:Venn_Building%2C_University_of_Hull.jpg "Venn Building, University of Hull.jpg")
In 1925 Hull University, then a university college was founded on a site donated by [Thomas Ferens](/wiki/Thomas_Ferens "Thomas Ferens") on the north side of Cottingham Road. Initial building work was undertaken from 1927 to the design of William A. Forsyth, with the first students admitted in 1928\. Initially only the Venn and Cohen main buildings were built, both were large buildings two storeys high plus attics in brick in a [Neo\-Georgian style](/wiki/Neo-Georgian_style_%28Great_Britain%29 "Neo-Georgian style (Great Britain)") on a squarish plan with a central enclosed square courtyard.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|pp\=77–84}}
[thumb\|left\|Haworth Arms Hotel, built {{circa\|1925}} (2008\)](/wiki/File:The_Haworth_Arms_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_653040.jpg "The Haworth Arms Hotel - geograph.org.uk - 653040.jpg")
The (current) Haworth Arms at the Beverley Road/Cottingham Road junction was built in 1925 in a brick and timber framed style. An octagonal brick [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist "Methodist") church was added at the Cottingham Road end of Newland Avenue in 1928, designed by [Alfred Gelder](/wiki/Alfred_Gelder "Alfred Gelder"). At the southern extremity of the Newland Avenue area a [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic "Roman Catholic") church, dedicated to [St Vincent de Paul](/wiki/St_Vincent_de_Paul "St Vincent de Paul") was built in 1932 in a [Romanesque style](/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture "Romanesque Revival architecture") in brick. A woman's hospital was built 1932/3 on Cottingham Road west of the University, just east of [The Quadrant](/wiki/The_Quadrant "The Quadrant").{{sfn\|Allison\|1969\|loc\=\[http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp371\-386\#h3\-0015 Hospital Services and Homes]}}
By the mid 1920s the urban growth of Hull had extended north past Newland village – houses had been built along Beverley Road on the north\-east side of the Barmston Drain, including a new estate around Etherington Road; additionally the housing off Newland had been expanded further – on the east *Smiddy's Nursery* had been replaced with a new street parallel to Newland Avenue, Hardy Street; and on the west another parallel street had been constructed, Exmouth Street, with court housing and a school and further west, with allotments beyond known today as [Newland Allotments](/wiki/Newland_Allotments "Newland Allotments").Ordnance Survey Sheets 226SW, 226SE 1:10560 1926 Sidmouth Street Primary school, within the new housing west of Newland Avenue had been built 1910, and opened 1911 – it consisted of two large red brick blocks, each built in the style of a large early 18th century building.
Further west much of the Newland Park Estate had now been developed, a new estate established on the north side of the Cottingham Road around Cranbrook Avenue, and Chanterlands Avenue North laid out along the route of Far Salt Ings Lane, giving access to the new cemetery. A baptist chapel was built in 1927 on the corner of Chanterlands Avenue North and Cottingham Road. The tramways were extended to the end of Cottingham Road, as well as a line along Chanterlands Avenue connecting at Cottingham Road. The tram system was partially converted to a [trolleybus](/wiki/Trolleybus "Trolleybus") system from 1936 onwards. Near the River Hull, east of the former brick, tile and pipe works a new factory, *Pearson's Works* had been built, producing disinfectant.{{refn\|group\="note"\|Pearson's disinfectant works, moved to Hull in 1910 from Huddersfield. Pearsons was established by William Edward Pearson in 1880\. Manufacturer of the ''\[\[Creolin]]'' black disinfectant derived from creosote.{{cite book\| title \= City and County of Kingston upon Hull: official handbook\| year \= 1970 \|page \= 99}} The works had closed and been demolished at the end of the 20th century.}}
By the late 1930s the [North Hull Estate](/wiki/North_Hull_Estate "North Hull Estate") was being built to the north of Endike Lane, and to the far west Bricknell, Fairfax and Kenilworth avenues had been laid out and were being developed for housing. A housing estate was expanding from Desmond Avenue between the earlier estates around Wellesley and Etherington avenues.Ordnance Survey Sheets 226SE, 226SE 1:10560 1938
### 1940–2000
During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") an [anti\-aircraft](/wiki/Anti-aircraft "Anti-aircraft") battery was on the Chanterlands Avenue side of the Northern Cemetery; there was also a military camp at the junction of Beverley Road and Endike Lane (later a [TA](/wiki/Territorial_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Territorial Army (United Kingdom)") barracks); other military installations included [barrage balloons](/wiki/Barrage_balloon "Barrage balloon"), anti\-glider trenches and other associated military structures around the Oak Road playing field area in the north of Newland; as well as numerous structures built for more general use, specifically emergency water supply tanks, and numerous civilian air raid shelters. [St Mary's Grammar school](/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College%2C_Hull "St Mary's College, Hull") was transferred to huts near Endsleigh training college after its buildings at Anlaby Road were destroyed by bombing – a new building was built on Inglemire Lane in 1960\.
[thumb\|Fire station, Clough Road, built 1959, replaced 2015 (2008\)](/wiki/File:Fire_Station_-_geograph_org_uk_-_653050_%28crop%29.jpg "Fire Station - geograph org uk - 653050 (crop).jpg")
By the beginning of the 1950s housing development in the Newland area had reached a level that was mostly maintained until the end of the 20th century – overall development consisted of around half housing, the remainder open spaces including allotments, the Northern cemetery, and playing fields, with a large amount of space taken up by the Municipal college and University college, as well as other educational establishments – the colleges would expand significantly into some of the open space over the latter part of the 20th century. Minor additions include an estates along Barrington Avenue, and the northernward extension of Cranbrook Avenue; the housing growth along west along Cottingham Road that had begun before the Second World War was practically complete by the end of the 1940s. The land north of Clough Road was further developed industrially around the 1960s, with much of the development being warehousing.Ordnance Survey Sheet 226SW, 226SE 1:10560 1938, 1956–7, 1969\. 1:10000 1973, 1982, 1992 A fire station was built on Clough Road in 1959\.{{cite book\|title \=Municipal Journal, Public Works Engineer Contractor's Guide\| volume \= 67\| year \= 1959 \|page \= 2264}}
The university was greatly expanded after the Second World War, mostly in red brick. Notable additions include the Middleton Hall and (now) Larkin Building (1965–67\); and the Gulbenkian Centre (1967–69\); both [listed structures](/wiki/Listed_building "Listed building"). Most of the new building was to the north of the 1920s college, and included substantial additions in 1957 (Chemistry Building); the Brynmoor Jones Library (1957–59, an eight\-storey expansion added 1966–69\); the Hardy Building (1959–63\); the nine\-storey Loten building (1962–64\); the Robert Blackburn building (1965–67\); and the Wolfson building (1976\). On the north side of the campus a sports centre (1963–65\) was built, expanded (2004\) by the addition of a sport's science block.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|pp\=77–84}} The municipal college was also expanded in the post war period – with four new blocks added to the rear (1959–63\), plus a [dodecagonal](/wiki/Dodecagonal "Dodecagonal") timber faced structure, the Loxley building, ({{circa\|1960}}).{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|pp\=79, 82–83}}{{refn\|group\="note"\|{{harvnb\|Neave\|Neave\|2010}} erroneously states the building to be \[\[octagonal]] – it has 12 sides.}}
[thumb\|left\|Our Lady of Lourdes and St Peter Chanel, Cottingham Road, 1957 (2011\)](/wiki/File:Cottingham_Road%2C_Kingston_upon_Hull_%28geograph_3803146%29.jpg "Cottingham Road, Kingston upon Hull (geograph 3803146).jpg")
In 1957 the Roman Catholic church of Our Lady of Lourdes and St Peter Chanel was built adjacent to the Marist school, replacing the temporary church built 1925{{cite web\| url\=http://taking\-stock.org.uk/Home/Dioceses/Diocese\-of\-Middlesbrough/Hull\-Our\-Lady\-of\-Lourdes\-and\-St\-Peter\-Chanel/(language)/eng\-GB\| work \= taking\-stock.org.uk\| title \= Hull – Our Lady of Lourdes and St Peter Chanel \| access\-date \= 6 February 2016}} The Endsleigh school/teacher training college was further expanded in 1960, and a modern semicircular concrete and brick church, St Antony's, added nearby in 1965\.{{cite web\| url\=http://taking\-stock.org.uk/Home/Dioceses/Diocese\-of\-Middlesbrough/Hull\-St\-Anthony\-and\-Our\-Lady\-of\-Mercy/(language)/eng\-GB\| work \= taking\-stock.org.uk\| title \= Hull – St Anthony and Our Lady of Mercy\| access\-date \= 6 February 2016}} In 1961 a Crematorium was added to the Northern Cemetery, replacing the one in [Hedon Road Cemetery](/wiki/Hedon_Road_Cemetery "Hedon Road Cemetery") (see [Southcoates](/wiki/Southcoates "Southcoates")). In 1962 Newland St John's CE Primary. on Beresford Avenue replaced the 1865 Clough Road parish school. In 1968 a German Lutheran church and Seaman's Mission (after 1992 the Hull Community church) was built on Cottingham Road/Newland Avenue opposite the 1927 Newland Methodist church. The building was of dark brick with a copper roof.{{sfn\|Pevsner\|Neave\|1995\|p\=514}}{{cite web\| url \=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C\-DCGL\| title \= Records of the German Lutheran Church in Hull\| publisher \= Hull History Centre\| access\-date \= 6 February 2016}}
In 1963 the Frederick Holmes school (handicapped) was established on a site on Inglemire Lane.{{sfn\|Allison\|1969\|loc \= \[http://www.british\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp348\-370\#h3\-0010 Schools in Existence before 1945]}}{{refn\|group\="note"\|The school was established at the former Industrial School for Girls in 1920 on Park Avenue (\[\[The Avenues, Hull]]) }}
Land for expansion of the University was acquired in 1967 at the east of its Cottingham Road site. The Wilberforce building (1968–70\) predominately built of concrete was the first major addition; University House or Student's Union (1975\) was located between the old and new campuses connected to the Wilberforce building by an elevated concrete walkway; a late addition (1991–92\) at the far east of the site were the accommodation buildings at Taylor Court.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|pp\=77–84}}
### 2000–present
[thumb\|River Hull wharfage at Croda chemical plant, with 2008 wind turbine in distance (2011\)](/wiki/File:Croda%2C_Hull.JPG "Croda, Hull.JPG")
After the acquisition in 2001 by Hull University of the college (then [Lincoln University](/wiki/University_of_Lincoln "University of Lincoln")'s Hull campus) adjacent west to its own campus a number of changes were made on the site – the main frontage buildings were joined and extended by modern extensions (2005, 2006\); an anatomy building was also added (2005\).{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|pp\=79, 82–83}}
In 2004 the Hull Community church gained planning permission to demolish the 1968 Lutheran church and construct a new church on the site.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\=summary\&keyVal\=I7BN21SO50000\| title \= 04/01922/FULL – 1\) Erection of a two\-storey church building with ancillary accommodation (following demolition of existing). 2\) Construction of new car park on land rear of 306–308 Newland Avenue. \| type\= planning application\| publisher \= Hull City Council\| date\= 15 November 2004 \|accessdate\=6 February 2016}} In 2004 the Sailor's Orphan Homes were closed following a decline in use. The school was leased to Hull City Council and the houses repurposed as student accommodation.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.childrenshomes.org.uk/HullSailors/\| title \= Sailors' Orphan Homes, Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire \| work \= www.childrenshomes.org.uk\| access\-date \= 6 February 2016 }}{{cite news\| url \=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Orphanages\-student\-accommodation/story\-11973575\-detail/story.html\| title \= Orphanages to become student digs\| date \= 2 April 2009\| work \= Hull Daily Mail\|access\-date \= 6 February 2016}} Newland primary school closed 2006, as was later used by the council and community groups.{{cite news\| title \= Bid to keep building for community use\| url \= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Bid\-building\-community\-use/story\-28618873\-detail/story.html\| date \=31 January 2006\| work \= Hull Daily Mail\|access\-date \= 6 February 2016 }} In 2006 planning permission was given for 45 houses on the former Marist College school site.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\=Application\&keyVal\=IXCEAFSO33000\| title \= 06/00473/OUT – 1\) Erection of 45 houses with detached garages. 2\) Provision of multi use games area and conversion of some former school buildings to provide accommodation for community uses. 3\) Construction of access road between 147 and 153 Cottingham Road.\| date \= 27 March 2006\| type \= planning application\| publisher \= Hull City Council\|accessdate \= 6 February 2016}} (Developed as *Scholar Court*.OS Open Data 2016)
Croda installed a 2 MW [REpower](/wiki/REpower "REpower") MM92 wind turbine north of its chemical works in {{circa\|2008}}.{{cite web\| url\=https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\=summary\&keyVal\=IZ1IM3SO83000\| title \= 06/00624/FULL – 1\. Erection of wind turbine (125m: 410ft). 2\. Construction of access road (approx 250m (820ft)). 3\. Construction of crane hardstanding. 4\. Installation of cable run to factory. \| date \= 25 April 2006\| publisher \= Hull City Council\| type \= planning application \|accessdate \= 6 February 2016}}{{cite web\| url\=http://www.windprospect.com/wf\_project?wf\=85\&c\=engineering\_completed\_Uk\&p\=services\_engineering\&pa\=e\| title \= Croda Chemicals\| work \= www.windprospect.com\| access\-date \= 6 February 2016}}{{cite news\| title \= Croda wind turbine divides opinion\| url \= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Croda\-wind\-turbine\-divides\-opinion/story\-11965452\-detail/story.html\| date \= 26 September 2008\| work \= Hull Daily Mail\|access\-date \= 6 February 2016}}
In 2012 St Marys, Newland Girls, and Frederick Holmes schools were given funding for redeveloped facilities or new buildings as part of the [Building Schools for the Future](/wiki/Building_Schools_for_the_Future "Building Schools for the Future") programme.{{cite news\| url \= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Facelifts\-Hull\-schools\-St\-Mary\-s\-Newland/story\-16105922\-detail/story.html\| title \= Facelifts for Hull schools St Mary's, Newland and Frederick Holmes\| date \= 17 May 2012\| work \= Hull Daily Mail \|access\-date \= 6 February 2016}} The work at Frederick Holmes included the demolishing of much of the existing school with the adjacent Oakfield school relocated to east Hull in 2013\.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\=Application\&keyVal\=LZ6HIYSO3B000\| title \= 12/00113/FULL – Erection of new part two\-storey, part single\-storey SEN school building \| type \= planning application\| publisher \= Hull City Council\| date \=10 February 2012 \| accessdate\=6 February 2016}}{{refn\|group\="note"\|The Oakfield school relocated to Hopefield Road, the school was complete in 2013, and officially opened 2014\.{{cite news\|title \= New Hull schools Andrew Marvell, Kingswood Academy and Oakfield to open to pupils\|date \= 8 January 2013\|url \= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/New\-Hull\-schools\-Andrew\-Marvell\-Kingswood\-Academy/story\-17790750\-detail/story.html\|work \= Hull Daily Mail\|access\-date \= 6 February 2016\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20151208093708/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/New\-Hull\-schools\-Andrew\-Marvell\-Kingswood\-Academy/story\-17790750\-detail/story.html\|archive\-date \= 8 December 2015\|url\-status \= dead}}{{cite news\| url \= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Curtis\-Woodhouse\-opens\-Oakfield\-School\-Hopewell/story\-20952304\-detail/story.html\| title \= Curtis Woodhouse opens Oakfield School in Hopewell Road, Hull\| date \= 12 April 2014\| first \= Katie\| last \= Knass\| work \= Hull Daily Mail\| access\-date \= 6 February 2016}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} (See also \[\[Preston Road Estate]]) }} At St Mary's a {{convert\|6725\|m2}} three\-storey replacement main school building was to be built to the front the site of a previous school front buildings, and a {{convert\|1046\|m2}} two\-storey sports facilities added.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\=Application\&keyVal\=LXL3LESO00200 \| title \= 12/00022/FULL – Erection of a 3\-storey school building (involving demolition of existing two\-storey building and existing single storey building); Erection of a 2\-storey sports hall building; External alterations to existing school buildings; Erection of extension to existing school building; Formation of car park area; Construction of AGP (artificial grass pitch); \& Landscaping (including tree planting and other associated works) (Revised proposals – re\-positioning of proposed 3\-storey school building – set back from Inglemire Lane by further 6\.6m/21\.6m from Inglemire Lane frontage at south – western corner of proposed school building). \| type \= planning application\| publisher \= Hull City Council\| date \= 5 January 2012 \| accessdate\= 6 February 2016 }} At Newland Girls the work included a two–storey extension to the rear of the eastern wing of the original 1914 building, and a new sports hall to the rear of the school – as part of the plan many later additions and the schools existing sports hall were required to be demolished.{{cite web \| url \= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\=Application\&keyVal\=LZJ7P6SO05400 \| title \= 12/00140/FULL – Erection of two\-storey extension to rear of main school building's north\-eastern projection \& Erection of sports hall building on area to rear of main school building (following demolition of existing modular \& mobile buildings, existing single storey teaching block, and existing sports hall building), Landscaping works (to form courtyard at rear of main school building), and other works. \| type \= planning application\| publisher \= Hull City Council\| date \= 10 February 2012 \| accessdate\= 6 February 2016}}
[thumb\|left\|Humberside Police headquarters, Clough Road (2014\)](/wiki/File:The_Police_Station_on_Clough_Road%2C_Hull_%28geograph_3812424%29.jpg "The Police Station on Clough Road, Hull (geograph 3812424).jpg")
Also in 2012 [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police "Humberside Police") began relocated to a new £32 million headquarters built on Clough Road.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-humber\-20651867\|publisher \= BBC News Humberside\| title \= Humberside Police hold open day at new £32m HQ\| date\= 8 December 2012\|access\-date \= 6 February 2016}}{{cite web\| publisher \= Hull City Council\| type \= planning application\| title \= 10/00608/FULL – Erection of a police station – divisional HQ and custody suite (application for approval reserved matters layout, scale, appearance and landscaping). \| url \= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\=summary\&keyVal\=L4F7DCSO05400 \| date \= 21 July 2010 \| accessdate \= 6 February 2016}} In 2015 a new fire station was opened on Clough Road replacing the 1959 structure.{{cite web\| publisher \= Hull City Council\| type \= planning application\| title \= 12/01100/FULL – Erection of fire station (following demolition of existing). Widening of existing vehicular access onto Clough Road. \| url \= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\=summary\&keyVal\=MENXIYSO3B000 \| date \= 7 December 2012 \| accessdate \= 6 February 2016 }}
In 2014 Hull University gained planning permission to build multistorey accommodation blocks on former playing fields on the north side of its Newland campus.{{cite web\| type \= planning application\| publisher \= Hull City Council\| url \=https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\=Application\&keyVal\=NF6POHSOKKV00 \| title \= 14/01407/FULL – Erection of building ranging from 3 to 7 storeys to accommodate student accommodation totalling 562 bedrooms in 1, 4, 7 or 8 bedrooms flats and communal social hub \| date \= 17 November 2014 \| accessdate \= 6 February 2016 }} On the former Humberside University site planning work began in 2014 for a 'Health Campus' – several low rise buildings were to be demolished and replaced with a five\-storey building for use by the [Hull York Medical School](/wiki/Hull_York_Medical_School "Hull York Medical School"), the Loxley building was also to be modernised.{{cite web\| type \= planning application \| date \=20 October 2014 \| url \= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\=summary\&keyVal\=NDQMH2SOKPD00\| title \= 14/01281/PAAD – Demolition of single storey buildings within university campus (Colne, Rother, Sheaf, Bain Buildings) \| publisher \=Hull City Council \| accessdate \= 6 February 2016 }}{{cite web\| type \= planning application \| date \=21 May 2015 \| url \= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\=Application\&keyVal\=NPDHXUSO05400 \| title \=15/00664/FULL – Erection of five\-storey building to provide teaching and research facilities related to Health Campus External alterations to existing buildings to west side of campus \| publisher \=Hull City Council \| accessdate \= 6 February 2016 }} Work on the new building began early 2016\.{{cite news\| url \=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\-england\-humber\-35342466\| title \= Hull university's £25m medical building work to start\| date \= 18 January 2016\| work \= BBC News Humberside \|access\-date\=6 February 2016}}
In 2015 a fire gutted the then derelict Lambert Street chapel.{{cite news\| url \= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Dramatic\-video\-George\-Lamb\-Memorial\-Chapel\-Hull\-s/story\-26338077\-detail/story.html\| title \= Dramatic video of fire at George Lamb Memorial Chapel in Hull's Lambert Street\| date \= 15 April 2015\|work \= Hull Daily Mail\|access\-date \= 6 February 2016}} As a result of the fire much of the church were required to be demolished, with the remaining front facade requiring scaffolding support to prevent collapse.{{cite news\| title \=Historic facade of fire\-ravaged George Lamb Memorial Chapel set to be saved\| url \= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Historic\-facade\-ravaged\-George\-Lamb\-Memorial/story\-26375952\-detail/story.html\| date \= 23 April 2015\| first \=Angus\| last \= Young\| work \= Hull Daily Mail\|access\-date \= 6 February 2016 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history to 1860",
"[thumb\\|Bridge End Cottage, 1785 (2008\\)](/wiki/File:Bridge_End_Cottage%2C_Hull_-_geograph.org.uk_-_789405.jpg \"Bridge End Cottage, Hull - geograph.org.uk - 789405.jpg\")",
"The Beverley\\-Hull road, which passed through Newland was [turnpiked](/wiki/Turnpike_trusts \"Turnpike trusts\") by an act of 1744, with a toll bar established at Newland, at a place called *Newland Bridge*.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|On 12 September 1540 \\[\\[Henry VIII of England\\|King Henry VIII]] visited Hull, first meeting the Sheriff at a place called ''\"Bordenbrig\"'' (or ''Boarden'd Bridge'', ''Boarded\\-Bridge''), at Newland. Once in Hull the King ordered the construction of \\[\\[Hull Castle]], other works, and the cutting of a dyke from Newland to Hull.{{cite book\\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/noticesrelative00frosgoog \\| title \\= Notices relative to the early history of the town and port of Hull\\| first \\= Charles \\| last \\= Frost\\| date \\= 1827\\| author\\-link\\= Charles Frost (antiquary)\\| publisher \\= J.B. Nicholls\\|at \\= pp.63–4; Appendix, p.47 }}{{cite book\\| url\\= https://archive.org/details/historyofhullann00gent\\| title \\= Annales Regioduni Hullini : Or, The History of the Royal and Beautiful Town of Kingston\\-upon\\-Hull.\\| orig\\-year \\= 1735 \\|year \\= 1869 \\| first \\= Thomas\\| last \\= Gent\\| author\\-link\\= Thomas Gent \\|at\\= Chap.VII, p.112}} }} In 1764 the act was extended in duration, with the road from Newland Bridge to Cottingham added to the trustees' responsibilities.{{cite magazine\\| url \\=http://www.eylhs.org.uk/dl/128/roads\\-and\\-turnpike\\-trusts\\-in\\-east\\-yorkshire \\| title \\= Roads and Turnpike Trusts in Eastern Yorkshire\\| first \\= K. A. \\|last \\= MacMahon\\| year \\= 1964\\| publisher \\= East Yorkshire Local History Society\\|magazine \\= E.Y. Local History Series\\| number \\= 18\\| pages \\= 17–20\\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2016}}",
"In around 1797 the area of Newlands (Newlands Tofts and Newland Fields) was described in *[The Gentleman's Magazine](/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine \"The Gentleman's Magazine\")* as *\"low and flat, but exceedingly rich pasture ground, producing plenty of milk and butter, which affords the best supply for Hull market\"*; in the same Newland was described as a *\"Neat little hamlet\"*.{{cite magazine \\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=06wUAAAAQAAJ\\&pg\\=PA1003\\| magazine \\= The Gentleman's Magazine\\| editor\\-first \\= Sylvanus\\| editor\\-last \\= Urban\\| date \\= December 1797\\| page \\= 1003\\| title \\= Topographical Description of Cottingham Near Hull \\| volume \\= 67, 2nd part \\| number \\=6 }} [Etherington House](/wiki/c:File:Etherington_House.png \"File:Etherington House.png\"), a former farmhouse turned small manor house, is a private residence north of Newland and dates to the mid 18th century when built by wealthy local landowners and philanthropic [Etherington family](/wiki/Etherington_baronets \"Etherington baronets\") in the early part of the 18th century. The house itself is a traditional Georgian country house, front of the house notably had two complementary [Georgian panelled](/wiki/Bay_window \"Bay window\") flat windows however in refurbishments during the Edwardian era they had been replaced with bay panelled windows which line both the drawing room and library. The two rooms are connected by the main hallway which has the decorations of ornate dark oak wooden panelling and elaborate [coffered ceiling](/wiki/Coffer \"Coffer\"). The house, standing in its own \"well timbered and secluded gardens of about 1 acre of land\"{{NHLE\\|num\\=1297035\\|desc\\=ETHERINGTON HOUSE, Non Civil Parish \\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2019}} are well protected with high brick walls established trees and shrubs which include a tennis, croquet and bowls lawn. The gardens surrounding the house also include herbaceous borders and rose beds, small garden kitchens a traditional Victorian era [greenhouse](/wiki/Greenhouse \"Greenhouse\") and [vinary](/wiki/Winery \"Winery\") and two concrete air raid shelters. The house, which is listed under Section 32 of the [Town and Country Planning Act 1932](/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Act_1932 \"Town and Country Planning Act 1932\") as of Historic or Architectural interest and is probably unique within the Hull City boundary.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Beverley and Barmston Drain near crossing of Beverley Road (2008\\)](/wiki/File:Beverley_and_Barmston_Drain%2C_Newland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_538358.jpg \"Beverley and Barmston Drain, Newland - geograph.org.uk - 538358.jpg\")\nAn enclosure and drainage act for Cottingham was passed in 1766; the Beverley and Skidby Drain was enabled by an act of 1785; and the [Beverley and Barmston Drain](/wiki/Beverley_and_Barmston_Drain \"Beverley and Barmston Drain\") was built after an enabling act of 1798\\. The Cottingham Drain improved the marshy land in the area.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The marshy nature of the land in the Newland area is indicated by the names of the areas the Cottingham Drain passed through : Salt Ings, Igglemire, Harpings. (see also \\[\\[Ings]]) }} The Barmston, and the Skidby Drains were built primarily for areas beyond Newland. The Barmston Drain crossed Beverley Road east of the village running very approximately parallel with, and around {{convert\\|0\\.5\\|mi\\|km\\|0}} west of, the River Hull.Ordnance Survey Sheet 226 1:10560 1852–3 At the point the drain passes under the Beverley Road \"Bridge End Cottage\" (1785\\) is still extant.{{sfn\\|Pevsner\\|Neave\\|1995\\|p\\=558}} The Skidby Drain ran roughly parallel to the Barnston Drain under {{convert\\|0\\.25\\|mi\\|km\\|1}} east. Three houses on the south side of Cottingham Road are remnants of the village, dating to the late 1700s.",
"Hull merchants migrated to Newland in the early 19th century, building large houses.{{sfn\\|Pevsner\\|Neave\\|1995\\|p\\=558}} In 1832 a church was consecrated at Newland.{{cite book\\| title \\=The History of Cottingham\\| first \\=Charles\\| last \\= Overton\\|page \\= 108\\| year \\= 1861 }} The church, [St John's](/wiki/Saint_John_Newland \"Saint John Newland\") (built 1833\\) is in the [perpendicular style](/wiki/Perpendicular_style \"Perpendicular style\") in yellow brick with [ashlar](/wiki/Ashlar \"Ashlar\") dressings and a slate roof. The chancel, and west bay of the nave was added 1893; and the north aisle in 1902\\. The vicarage, to the east, dates to 1862, and is also in yellow brick and ashlar with a slate roof. Newland National school on Clough Road near the church was established 1865\\.",
"At the far extreme of the surrounding land, on the west bank of the River Hull, opposite [Stoneferry](/wiki/Stoneferry \"Stoneferry\"), a water works was established in 1845, taking water from the river – the river water may have been responsible for a [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\") outbreak in 1849, and after 1860 the works was supplied from the [Springhead Pumping Station](/wiki/Springhead_Pumping_Station \"Springhead Pumping Station\"){{sfn\\|Allison\\|1969\\|loc \\= \\[http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp371\\-386\\#h3\\-0002 Water Supply] }} (see also [Stoneferry §History](/wiki/Stoneferry%23History \"Stoneferry#History\")).",
"[thumb\\|Newland Tofts Road (F.S. Smith, {{circa\\|1885}})](/wiki/File:Newland_Tofts_Road%2C_now_Newland_Avenue%2C_c.1885.jpg \"Newland Tofts Road, now Newland Avenue, c.1885.jpg\")",
"In the mid 1850s the Newland area was almost completely rural and isolated from both Cottingham and Hull by enclosed fields. At Newland village the main roads met at a crossroads; the westward Cottingham branch of the Hull and Beverley Turnpike Trust (later Cottingham Road); the eastward Clough Road towards Stoneferry; and the north–south main road to Beverley from Hull of the Hull and Beverley Turnpike trust. Routes of some of the later important roads had also been established including the east\\-west Igglemire, and Endike lanes, north of the Cottingham Road; whilst the southward heading Near Salt Ings Lane, Far Salt Ings Lane and Tofts Lanes, which ran off the Cottingham Road correspond to the modern Kenilworth, Chanterlands North, and Newland Avenues. The land was drained, with the Beverley and Barmston Drain and Beverley and Skidby Drain passing east of the village, and the Cottingham Drain to the east. Newland village consisted of a number of large or largish dwellings with gardens, mainly along the south side of Cottingham Road, including *Newland House*, *Newland Villa*, and *Newland Grove*.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|{{harv\\|Sheahan\\|1864}} mentions a ''Newland Park'', a large brick house, and the residence of one time Mayor of Hull, Avison Terry – this may be ''Newland Grove'', built before 1778, also one time residence of Avison Terry. Newland Villa was built {{circa\\|1780}}, and Newland House dated to at least 1827\\.{{sfn\\|Sheahan\\|1864\\|pp\\=622–23}}{{cite magazine\\| title \\= 'Hull Gent Seeks Country Residence' 1750–1850\\| first \\= K. J.\\| last \\= Allison \\| publisher \\= East Yorkshire Local History Society\\| year \\= 1981\\| magazine \\= E.Y Local History Series\\| number \\= 36\\|page\\=22 }}}} At the crossroads was the church, and an inn, the Haworth Arms. To the north\\-east of the village, Green Lane (now Oak Road) ran from the Beverley turnpike to Clough Road, with the Skidby Drain adjacent west. Close to the Stoneferry waterworks was a large brick and tile works. Some clay extraction took place in Newland – with a pit to the north of the village, and a substantial brick and tile works nearer the River Hull.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|Brick and tile works in the area have been recorded to as early as 1535\\.{{cite book\\| title \\= A History of the County of York East Riding\\| volume \\=4\\| editor\\-first \\= K. J.\\| editor\\-last \\= Allison\\| year \\= 1979}} }}",
"Religious [nonconformists](/wiki/Nonconformist_%28Protestantism%29 \"Nonconformist (Protestantism)\") were active in the Newland area from the earliest period of that movement's history. Joseph Wilson was licensed to preach in Newland and Hull in 1672, and meetings were held at John Marr's house in Newland, and, later (1709\\) Margaret Dent's house.{{sfn\\|Allison\\|1969\\|loc \\= \\[http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp311\\-330 Protestant Nonconformity]}} A Wesleyan chapel, designed by [William Botterill](/wiki/William_Botterill \"William Botterill\") in a gothic style was opened on Cottingham Road in Newland in 1858 (enlarged 1867, 1873, later used by the Port of Hull Society, dem. 1896\\).",
"### 1860–1913",
"In 1862 the parish of Newland was established, separated from [Cottingham](/wiki/Cottingham%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire \"Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire\"), with the parish church being [St John's](/wiki/Saint_John_Newland \"Saint John Newland\").{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The region split from the parish of Cottingham was formed by a line following (from the south) – the route of the \\[\\[Hull and Bridlington Branch Line\\|Hull and Bridlington branch]] railway to the east to its crossing of the Setting Dikeke, then eastwards by the dike, then north along \"Near Salt\\-Ings Lane\" (now roughly Kenilworth or Fairfax Avenue), the east along the Cottingham section of the Hull and Beverley trust road (now Cottingham Road), the east to the point the road crossed the Cottingham Drain, then along the drain north\\-west crossing Igglemire, and Endike lanes, then north along Nine Foot Drain, crossing North Carr Lane, and north to Moor Dike Drain, then north along Panbottom Drain, then north crossing Dunswell Lane.}}{{cite news\\| url \\= https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22596/page/655 \\| issue \\= 22596\\| pages \\= 655–657\\| date \\= 7 February 1862\\| title \\= At the Court at Osborne House, Isle of Wight, the 5th day of February, 1862 .. }} By this time Newland was considered a suburb of Hull.{{sfn\\|Sheahan\\|1864\\|p\\=416}} In 1871 the road through Newlands became un\\-tolled.",
"The Queen's Hotel (Queens Road) was built {{circa\\|1865}}.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=158}} The St John's Hotel, further east also dates to 1865\\.",
"[thumb\\|Road junction in Newland Park Estate (2008\\)](/wiki/File:Newland_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_845119.jpg \"Newland Park - geograph.org.uk - 845119.jpg\")\nThe Newland Park Estate was established {{circa\\|1877}} by [William Botterill](/wiki/William_Botterill \"William Botterill\") on the south side of Cottingham Road. It developed slowly as a high status middle class housing estate over the next half century. Several of the houses are in an [Arts and Crafts](/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts \"Arts and Crafts\") style, with a variety of architectural styles found.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|pp\\=160–161}}{{sfn\\|Pevsner\\|Neave\\|1995\\|p\\=556}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The Haworth Arms from Clough Road (F.S. Smith, 1883\\)](/wiki/File:Haworth_Arms%2C_Newland%2C_looking_from_the_Church_%2C_1883.jpg \"Haworth Arms, Newland, looking from the Church , 1883.jpg\")\nIn 1885 the [Hull and Barnsley Railway](/wiki/Hull_and_Barnsley_Railway \"Hull and Barnsley Railway\") opened – its branch to the [Alexandra Dock](/wiki/Alexandra_Dock%2C_Hull \"Alexandra Dock, Hull\") (now [Hull Docks Branch](/wiki/Hull_Docks_Branch \"Hull Docks Branch\")) passed through the south of the parish, crossing Newland Avenue by a bridge.Ordnance Survey Sheet 226SW, 226SE 1888–90See [Hull Barnsley \\& West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company](/wiki/Hull_Barnsley_%26_West_Riding_Junction_Railway_and_Dock_Company \"Hull Barnsley & West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company\").",
"Newland village had not grown substantially by the 1890s, but the urban spread of Hull had reached its southern side, the main development being an estate on the east side of Newland Avenue, between the Beverley Road, an area known as *St John's Wood*. Queens Road had been laid out, along part of the route of the Cottingham Drain, connecting the south end of Newland Avenue to Beverley Road. On the west side of Newland Avenue the only development was Sharp Street. A Wesleyan mission had been built (1886\\) on Willow Grove off Princes Street. Additionally another brick and tile works had been established between Igglemire Lane, and the Beverley and Barmston Drain, as well as one west of Newland Avenue, south of Sharp Street. The brick and tile works on the banks of the river was now known as Kingston Sanitary Pipe Works whilst an associated works nearby off Green Lane was a bottle works.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|In Bulmers 1892 edition a Young John Robert was listed as a stone bottle and garden pot manufacturer, at the Bottle works, Newland.{{cite book\\| title \\= Bulmer's Gazette\\| year \\= 1892}} }}{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The Green Lane works was later known as Newland Glass Bottle Works and the Kingston Pottery, whilst the river side works had become a paint works \"Newland Paint Works\" by 1910\\. }} Adjacent to the sanitary pipe works was a mill, \"Hull Bank Mills\".{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|'Hull Bank Mills', later (1920s) 'Universal Oil Mills',Ordnance Survey 1:2500 1928 (Universal Oil Company, subsid. of United Premier Oil \\& Cake Company) after 1966 acquired by \\[\\[Croda]].{{cite web\\| url \\=http://www.croda.com/download.aspx?s\\=1\\&m\\=doc\\&id\\=acc9a85a\\-b4a1\\-44b8\\-935d\\-a9b2e3d7bdd3 \\| title \\= Croda −50 years as a public company}}}}",
"At the far south end of the Newland Avenue area a number of civic buildings were put up around the end of the 19th century: the George Lamb Memorial Chapel was built 1893 on Lambert Street in a [Classical Revival](/wiki/Classical_Revival \"Classical Revival\") style for the [Primitive Methodists](/wiki/Primitive_Methodist \"Primitive Methodist\");{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=158}} the Anglican St Augustine of Hippo church (1896, dem.1976\\), and its associated church hall (1902\\), and vicarage (No.41 Queen's Road, 1899/1900\\).{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=158}} In the early 20th century the Catholic St Vincent Primary School (1904\\); and St Vincent Boy's home (1908–09\\) were built nearby.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=158}} In Newland the 1858 Wesleyan chapel was replaced (1901\\) by one the other side of the road. A church was added adjacent in 1928\\. On Lambert Street the Cottingham school board opened a school (1879\\) for girls and infants; after becoming part of the Hull school board (1883\\) it was expanded. It became a junior school in 1937; Newland Avenue school (after 1945 Pearson High school) was opened by the Hull board in 1896 as primary school, expanded in 1900\\.",
"[thumb\\|Sailor's Orphan Homes ({{circa\\|1922}})](/wiki/File:Sailor%27s_Orphan%27s_Homes%2C_Cottingham_Road%2C_Newland%2C_Hull.jpg \"Sailor's Orphan's Homes, Cottingham Road, Newland, Hull.jpg\")",
"At the end of the 19th century (1895–1898\\), a large group of \"Sailor's Orphan Cottage Homes\", more recently known as \"Newland Homes\", were built in yellow brick on the north side of Cottingham Road by the *Port of Hull Society*, with several local businessmen contributing funds for their construction, including [Joseph Rank](/wiki/Joseph_Rank \"Joseph Rank\"), [Francis Reckitt](/wiki/Francis_Reckitt \"Francis Reckitt\"), [Sir James Reckitt](/wiki/Sir_James_Reckitt \"Sir James Reckitt\"), as well as benefactors from outside Hull including William Richardson, [G Buckston Browne](/wiki/Buckston_Browne \"Buckston Browne\") and [Sir Titus Salt](/wiki/Sir_Titus_Salt \"Sir Titus Salt\"), and contributions from the towns of [Whitby](/wiki/Whitby \"Whitby\") and [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool \"Hartlepool\"). [St Nicholas Primary School, Hull](/wiki/St_Nicholas_Primary_School%2C_Hull \"St Nicholas Primary School, Hull\") was also built at the site during the period. A hospital, orphanage and surgery were added between 1919 and 1926\\.",
"The large Endsleigh (or Dawson) House (built 1876–77, near Beverley Road) became a convent of the [Sisters of Mercy](/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy \"Sisters of Mercy\") in 1901\\. The site was expanded ({{circa\\|1905}}) with the addition of a chapel and teacher training college.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=159}} The non\\-conformists had a meeting place on Queen's Road: *Bethshan Mission Room* between 1899–1990; from 1903 to 1958 a *Bethshan* was registered on the nearby Prince's Road, (after 1958 *Holiness Hall* was registered on the same street).",
"By 1910 in addition to the orphanage, and partial development of the Newland Park Estate, there had been large amounts of urban development in the area, primarily around Newland Avenue. The area between Newland Avenue and Beverley Road was completely filled with housing, excluding a [nursery](/wiki/Plant_nursery \"Plant nursery\") *Smiddy's Nursery*; and there was development of housing all along west side of Newland Avenue; additionally housing had been built on the opposite side of Beverley Road (just outside the parish) as far as the Newland crossroads; and on the north\\-west side of the crossroads a small estate around Haworth Street had been built; north\\-east of the crossroads more substantial housing had been built on Beresford and Wellesley avenues. By this period the village was no longer distinct from the urban spread of Hull. Additionally a leather works had been established on Cottingham Road.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The firm known as Waddingtons, established by George Waddington in the mid 19th century.{{cite book\\| title \\= A history of Kingston upon Hull: from the earliest times to the present day\\| first \\= Hugh \\|last \\= Calvert \\| year \\= 1978 \\| page \\= 233 }} The works closed in the latter part of the 20th century and the site redeveloped as housing, ''Waddington Court''.Ordnance Survey 1:10000 1982, 1992; 1:25000 2006 }}Ordnance Survey Sheets 226SW, 226SE 1:10560 1908–09",
"In 1909 the [Hull Corporation Trams](/wiki/Hull_Corporation_Trams \"Hull Corporation Trams\") had reached the Newland crossroads on Beverley Road, and a tram depot was established on Cottingham Road.See [Hull City Tramways §Expansion of tram system and infrastructure (1898–1927\\)](/wiki/Trams_in_Kingston_upon_Hull%23Expansion_of_tram_system_and_infrastructure_%281898%E2%80%931927%29 \"Trams in Kingston upon Hull#Expansion of tram system and infrastructure (1898–1927)\").",
"Hull's Northern Cemetery opened at around the end of the 19th century, a chapel was added in 1912\\.",
"### 1914–1939",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Former 'Kingston upon Hull Municipal Training College' of 1913, now part of Hull University (2008\\)](/wiki/File:Hull_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_745377.jpg \"Hull University - geograph.org.uk - 745377.jpg\")\nA college of education, *Kingston upon Hull Municipal Training College*, was opened in 1913 – on the north side of Cottingham Road. Buildings included a library, halls of residence, and offices were built (1909–13\\) in three blocks surrounding an oval of ground facing Cottingham Road, together with lodges on either side, with a gymnasium to the rear. The buildings were mostly in a [Wrenaissance](/wiki/Edwardian_Baroque_architecture \"Edwardian Baroque architecture\") style.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|pp\\=79, 82–83}}{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|In 1976 the college became part of The Hull College of Higher Education, and later the University of Humberside and Lincolnshire, and in 2001 part of the \\[\\[University of Lincoln]].{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=79}} }}\nThis included the Principal's House, now 246 Cottingham Road, which was inhabited by [Cyril Bibby](/wiki/Cyril_Bibby \"Cyril Bibby\") and family from 1959\\.",
"The main brick [Neo\\-Georgian](/wiki/Neo-Georgian_style_%28Great_Britain%29 \"Neo-Georgian style (Great Britain)\") building of\n[Newland High School for Girls](/wiki/Newland_School_for_Girls \"Newland School for Girls\") was built 1914; it was used as a [Voluntary Aid Detachment](/wiki/Voluntary_Aid_Detachment \"Voluntary Aid Detachment\") hospital during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"); the school itself opened in 1920 having been transferred to the new site from Brunswick Avenue.{{cite book\\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/handbooktohullea00sheprich\\| title \\= Handbook to Hull and East Riding\\| year \\= 1922\\| first \\= T.\\| last \\= Sheppard\\| author\\-link \\= Thomas Sheppard (curator)\\| page \\= 54 }}",
"A Catholic boys school was established by the [Marist Brothers](/wiki/Marist_Brothers \"Marist Brothers\") in 1925 on Cottingham Road,{{sfn\\|Allison\\|1969\\|loc\\= \\[http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp348\\-370\\#h3\\-0007 Adult and Technical Education, 1830–1900]}} (closed 1988{{cite web\\| url \\=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/c33005a4\\-b67b\\-4e80\\-8b5e\\-ef6164e24def\\| title \\= MARIST COLLEGE, HULL \\| work \\= discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk\\|access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}}) also a temporary church.{{sfn\\|Allison\\|1969\\| loc \\= \\[http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp330\\-332 Roman Catholicism]}} In 1927 a Catholic primary school (initially *Holy Child*, later *Endsleigh*) was established (1927, expanded 1963\\) associated with the Endsleigh training college.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|University of Hull Venn building, 1925 (2005\\)](/wiki/File:Venn_Building%2C_University_of_Hull.jpg \"Venn Building, University of Hull.jpg\")\nIn 1925 Hull University, then a university college was founded on a site donated by [Thomas Ferens](/wiki/Thomas_Ferens \"Thomas Ferens\") on the north side of Cottingham Road. Initial building work was undertaken from 1927 to the design of William A. Forsyth, with the first students admitted in 1928\\. Initially only the Venn and Cohen main buildings were built, both were large buildings two storeys high plus attics in brick in a [Neo\\-Georgian style](/wiki/Neo-Georgian_style_%28Great_Britain%29 \"Neo-Georgian style (Great Britain)\") on a squarish plan with a central enclosed square courtyard.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|pp\\=77–84}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Haworth Arms Hotel, built {{circa\\|1925}} (2008\\)](/wiki/File:The_Haworth_Arms_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_653040.jpg \"The Haworth Arms Hotel - geograph.org.uk - 653040.jpg\")\nThe (current) Haworth Arms at the Beverley Road/Cottingham Road junction was built in 1925 in a brick and timber framed style. An octagonal brick [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") church was added at the Cottingham Road end of Newland Avenue in 1928, designed by [Alfred Gelder](/wiki/Alfred_Gelder \"Alfred Gelder\"). At the southern extremity of the Newland Avenue area a [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic \"Roman Catholic\") church, dedicated to [St Vincent de Paul](/wiki/St_Vincent_de_Paul \"St Vincent de Paul\") was built in 1932 in a [Romanesque style](/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture \"Romanesque Revival architecture\") in brick. A woman's hospital was built 1932/3 on Cottingham Road west of the University, just east of [The Quadrant](/wiki/The_Quadrant \"The Quadrant\").{{sfn\\|Allison\\|1969\\|loc\\=\\[http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp371\\-386\\#h3\\-0015 Hospital Services and Homes]}}",
"By the mid 1920s the urban growth of Hull had extended north past Newland village – houses had been built along Beverley Road on the north\\-east side of the Barmston Drain, including a new estate around Etherington Road; additionally the housing off Newland had been expanded further – on the east *Smiddy's Nursery* had been replaced with a new street parallel to Newland Avenue, Hardy Street; and on the west another parallel street had been constructed, Exmouth Street, with court housing and a school and further west, with allotments beyond known today as [Newland Allotments](/wiki/Newland_Allotments \"Newland Allotments\").Ordnance Survey Sheets 226SW, 226SE 1:10560 1926 Sidmouth Street Primary school, within the new housing west of Newland Avenue had been built 1910, and opened 1911 – it consisted of two large red brick blocks, each built in the style of a large early 18th century building.",
"Further west much of the Newland Park Estate had now been developed, a new estate established on the north side of the Cottingham Road around Cranbrook Avenue, and Chanterlands Avenue North laid out along the route of Far Salt Ings Lane, giving access to the new cemetery. A baptist chapel was built in 1927 on the corner of Chanterlands Avenue North and Cottingham Road. The tramways were extended to the end of Cottingham Road, as well as a line along Chanterlands Avenue connecting at Cottingham Road. The tram system was partially converted to a [trolleybus](/wiki/Trolleybus \"Trolleybus\") system from 1936 onwards. Near the River Hull, east of the former brick, tile and pipe works a new factory, *Pearson's Works* had been built, producing disinfectant.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|Pearson's disinfectant works, moved to Hull in 1910 from Huddersfield. Pearsons was established by William Edward Pearson in 1880\\. Manufacturer of the ''\\[\\[Creolin]]'' black disinfectant derived from creosote.{{cite book\\| title \\= City and County of Kingston upon Hull: official handbook\\| year \\= 1970 \\|page \\= 99}} The works had closed and been demolished at the end of the 20th century.}}",
"By the late 1930s the [North Hull Estate](/wiki/North_Hull_Estate \"North Hull Estate\") was being built to the north of Endike Lane, and to the far west Bricknell, Fairfax and Kenilworth avenues had been laid out and were being developed for housing. A housing estate was expanding from Desmond Avenue between the earlier estates around Wellesley and Etherington avenues.Ordnance Survey Sheets 226SE, 226SE 1:10560 1938",
"### 1940–2000",
"During the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") an [anti\\-aircraft](/wiki/Anti-aircraft \"Anti-aircraft\") battery was on the Chanterlands Avenue side of the Northern Cemetery; there was also a military camp at the junction of Beverley Road and Endike Lane (later a [TA](/wiki/Territorial_Army_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Territorial Army (United Kingdom)\") barracks); other military installations included [barrage balloons](/wiki/Barrage_balloon \"Barrage balloon\"), anti\\-glider trenches and other associated military structures around the Oak Road playing field area in the north of Newland; as well as numerous structures built for more general use, specifically emergency water supply tanks, and numerous civilian air raid shelters. [St Mary's Grammar school](/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College%2C_Hull \"St Mary's College, Hull\") was transferred to huts near Endsleigh training college after its buildings at Anlaby Road were destroyed by bombing – a new building was built on Inglemire Lane in 1960\\.",
"[thumb\\|Fire station, Clough Road, built 1959, replaced 2015 (2008\\)](/wiki/File:Fire_Station_-_geograph_org_uk_-_653050_%28crop%29.jpg \"Fire Station - geograph org uk - 653050 (crop).jpg\")\nBy the beginning of the 1950s housing development in the Newland area had reached a level that was mostly maintained until the end of the 20th century – overall development consisted of around half housing, the remainder open spaces including allotments, the Northern cemetery, and playing fields, with a large amount of space taken up by the Municipal college and University college, as well as other educational establishments – the colleges would expand significantly into some of the open space over the latter part of the 20th century. Minor additions include an estates along Barrington Avenue, and the northernward extension of Cranbrook Avenue; the housing growth along west along Cottingham Road that had begun before the Second World War was practically complete by the end of the 1940s. The land north of Clough Road was further developed industrially around the 1960s, with much of the development being warehousing.Ordnance Survey Sheet 226SW, 226SE 1:10560 1938, 1956–7, 1969\\. 1:10000 1973, 1982, 1992 A fire station was built on Clough Road in 1959\\.{{cite book\\|title \\=Municipal Journal, Public Works Engineer Contractor's Guide\\| volume \\= 67\\| year \\= 1959 \\|page \\= 2264}}",
"The university was greatly expanded after the Second World War, mostly in red brick. Notable additions include the Middleton Hall and (now) Larkin Building (1965–67\\); and the Gulbenkian Centre (1967–69\\); both [listed structures](/wiki/Listed_building \"Listed building\"). Most of the new building was to the north of the 1920s college, and included substantial additions in 1957 (Chemistry Building); the Brynmoor Jones Library (1957–59, an eight\\-storey expansion added 1966–69\\); the Hardy Building (1959–63\\); the nine\\-storey Loten building (1962–64\\); the Robert Blackburn building (1965–67\\); and the Wolfson building (1976\\). On the north side of the campus a sports centre (1963–65\\) was built, expanded (2004\\) by the addition of a sport's science block.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|pp\\=77–84}} The municipal college was also expanded in the post war period – with four new blocks added to the rear (1959–63\\), plus a [dodecagonal](/wiki/Dodecagonal \"Dodecagonal\") timber faced structure, the Loxley building, ({{circa\\|1960}}).{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|pp\\=79, 82–83}}{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|{{harvnb\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010}} erroneously states the building to be \\[\\[octagonal]] – it has 12 sides.}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Our Lady of Lourdes and St Peter Chanel, Cottingham Road, 1957 (2011\\)](/wiki/File:Cottingham_Road%2C_Kingston_upon_Hull_%28geograph_3803146%29.jpg \"Cottingham Road, Kingston upon Hull (geograph 3803146).jpg\")\nIn 1957 the Roman Catholic church of Our Lady of Lourdes and St Peter Chanel was built adjacent to the Marist school, replacing the temporary church built 1925{{cite web\\| url\\=http://taking\\-stock.org.uk/Home/Dioceses/Diocese\\-of\\-Middlesbrough/Hull\\-Our\\-Lady\\-of\\-Lourdes\\-and\\-St\\-Peter\\-Chanel/(language)/eng\\-GB\\| work \\= taking\\-stock.org.uk\\| title \\= Hull – Our Lady of Lourdes and St Peter Chanel \\| access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}} The Endsleigh school/teacher training college was further expanded in 1960, and a modern semicircular concrete and brick church, St Antony's, added nearby in 1965\\.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://taking\\-stock.org.uk/Home/Dioceses/Diocese\\-of\\-Middlesbrough/Hull\\-St\\-Anthony\\-and\\-Our\\-Lady\\-of\\-Mercy/(language)/eng\\-GB\\| work \\= taking\\-stock.org.uk\\| title \\= Hull – St Anthony and Our Lady of Mercy\\| access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}} In 1961 a Crematorium was added to the Northern Cemetery, replacing the one in [Hedon Road Cemetery](/wiki/Hedon_Road_Cemetery \"Hedon Road Cemetery\") (see [Southcoates](/wiki/Southcoates \"Southcoates\")). In 1962 Newland St John's CE Primary. on Beresford Avenue replaced the 1865 Clough Road parish school. In 1968 a German Lutheran church and Seaman's Mission (after 1992 the Hull Community church) was built on Cottingham Road/Newland Avenue opposite the 1927 Newland Methodist church. The building was of dark brick with a copper roof.{{sfn\\|Pevsner\\|Neave\\|1995\\|p\\=514}}{{cite web\\| url \\=http://catalogue.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/catalogue/C\\-DCGL\\| title \\= Records of the German Lutheran Church in Hull\\| publisher \\= Hull History Centre\\| access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}}",
"In 1963 the Frederick Holmes school (handicapped) was established on a site on Inglemire Lane.{{sfn\\|Allison\\|1969\\|loc \\= \\[http://www.british\\-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp348\\-370\\#h3\\-0010 Schools in Existence before 1945]}}{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The school was established at the former Industrial School for Girls in 1920 on Park Avenue (\\[\\[The Avenues, Hull]]) }}",
"Land for expansion of the University was acquired in 1967 at the east of its Cottingham Road site. The Wilberforce building (1968–70\\) predominately built of concrete was the first major addition; University House or Student's Union (1975\\) was located between the old and new campuses connected to the Wilberforce building by an elevated concrete walkway; a late addition (1991–92\\) at the far east of the site were the accommodation buildings at Taylor Court.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|pp\\=77–84}}",
"### 2000–present",
"[thumb\\|River Hull wharfage at Croda chemical plant, with 2008 wind turbine in distance (2011\\)](/wiki/File:Croda%2C_Hull.JPG \"Croda, Hull.JPG\")\nAfter the acquisition in 2001 by Hull University of the college (then [Lincoln University](/wiki/University_of_Lincoln \"University of Lincoln\")'s Hull campus) adjacent west to its own campus a number of changes were made on the site – the main frontage buildings were joined and extended by modern extensions (2005, 2006\\); an anatomy building was also added (2005\\).{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|pp\\=79, 82–83}}",
"In 2004 the Hull Community church gained planning permission to demolish the 1968 Lutheran church and construct a new church on the site.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\\=summary\\&keyVal\\=I7BN21SO50000\\| title \\= 04/01922/FULL – 1\\) Erection of a two\\-storey church building with ancillary accommodation (following demolition of existing). 2\\) Construction of new car park on land rear of 306–308 Newland Avenue. \\| type\\= planning application\\| publisher \\= Hull City Council\\| date\\= 15 November 2004 \\|accessdate\\=6 February 2016}} In 2004 the Sailor's Orphan Homes were closed following a decline in use. The school was leased to Hull City Council and the houses repurposed as student accommodation.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.childrenshomes.org.uk/HullSailors/\\| title \\= Sailors' Orphan Homes, Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire \\| work \\= www.childrenshomes.org.uk\\| access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016 }}{{cite news\\| url \\=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Orphanages\\-student\\-accommodation/story\\-11973575\\-detail/story.html\\| title \\= Orphanages to become student digs\\| date \\= 2 April 2009\\| work \\= Hull Daily Mail\\|access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}} Newland primary school closed 2006, as was later used by the council and community groups.{{cite news\\| title \\= Bid to keep building for community use\\| url \\= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Bid\\-building\\-community\\-use/story\\-28618873\\-detail/story.html\\| date \\=31 January 2006\\| work \\= Hull Daily Mail\\|access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016 }} In 2006 planning permission was given for 45 houses on the former Marist College school site.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\\=Application\\&keyVal\\=IXCEAFSO33000\\| title \\= 06/00473/OUT – 1\\) Erection of 45 houses with detached garages. 2\\) Provision of multi use games area and conversion of some former school buildings to provide accommodation for community uses. 3\\) Construction of access road between 147 and 153 Cottingham Road.\\| date \\= 27 March 2006\\| type \\= planning application\\| publisher \\= Hull City Council\\|accessdate \\= 6 February 2016}} (Developed as *Scholar Court*.OS Open Data 2016)",
"Croda installed a 2 MW [REpower](/wiki/REpower \"REpower\") MM92 wind turbine north of its chemical works in {{circa\\|2008}}.{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\\=summary\\&keyVal\\=IZ1IM3SO83000\\| title \\= 06/00624/FULL – 1\\. Erection of wind turbine (125m: 410ft). 2\\. Construction of access road (approx 250m (820ft)). 3\\. Construction of crane hardstanding. 4\\. Installation of cable run to factory. \\| date \\= 25 April 2006\\| publisher \\= Hull City Council\\| type \\= planning application \\|accessdate \\= 6 February 2016}}{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.windprospect.com/wf\\_project?wf\\=85\\&c\\=engineering\\_completed\\_Uk\\&p\\=services\\_engineering\\&pa\\=e\\| title \\= Croda Chemicals\\| work \\= www.windprospect.com\\| access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}}{{cite news\\| title \\= Croda wind turbine divides opinion\\| url \\= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Croda\\-wind\\-turbine\\-divides\\-opinion/story\\-11965452\\-detail/story.html\\| date \\= 26 September 2008\\| work \\= Hull Daily Mail\\|access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}}",
"In 2012 St Marys, Newland Girls, and Frederick Holmes schools were given funding for redeveloped facilities or new buildings as part of the [Building Schools for the Future](/wiki/Building_Schools_for_the_Future \"Building Schools for the Future\") programme.{{cite news\\| url \\= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Facelifts\\-Hull\\-schools\\-St\\-Mary\\-s\\-Newland/story\\-16105922\\-detail/story.html\\| title \\= Facelifts for Hull schools St Mary's, Newland and Frederick Holmes\\| date \\= 17 May 2012\\| work \\= Hull Daily Mail \\|access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}} The work at Frederick Holmes included the demolishing of much of the existing school with the adjacent Oakfield school relocated to east Hull in 2013\\.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\\=Application\\&keyVal\\=LZ6HIYSO3B000\\| title \\= 12/00113/FULL – Erection of new part two\\-storey, part single\\-storey SEN school building \\| type \\= planning application\\| publisher \\= Hull City Council\\| date \\=10 February 2012 \\| accessdate\\=6 February 2016}}{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The Oakfield school relocated to Hopefield Road, the school was complete in 2013, and officially opened 2014\\.{{cite news\\|title \\= New Hull schools Andrew Marvell, Kingswood Academy and Oakfield to open to pupils\\|date \\= 8 January 2013\\|url \\= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/New\\-Hull\\-schools\\-Andrew\\-Marvell\\-Kingswood\\-Academy/story\\-17790750\\-detail/story.html\\|work \\= Hull Daily Mail\\|access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151208093708/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/New\\-Hull\\-schools\\-Andrew\\-Marvell\\-Kingswood\\-Academy/story\\-17790750\\-detail/story.html\\|archive\\-date \\= 8 December 2015\\|url\\-status \\= dead}}{{cite news\\| url \\= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Curtis\\-Woodhouse\\-opens\\-Oakfield\\-School\\-Hopewell/story\\-20952304\\-detail/story.html\\| title \\= Curtis Woodhouse opens Oakfield School in Hopewell Road, Hull\\| date \\= 12 April 2014\\| first \\= Katie\\| last \\= Knass\\| work \\= Hull Daily Mail\\| access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} (See also \\[\\[Preston Road Estate]]) }} At St Mary's a {{convert\\|6725\\|m2}} three\\-storey replacement main school building was to be built to the front the site of a previous school front buildings, and a {{convert\\|1046\\|m2}} two\\-storey sports facilities added.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\\=Application\\&keyVal\\=LXL3LESO00200 \\| title \\= 12/00022/FULL – Erection of a 3\\-storey school building (involving demolition of existing two\\-storey building and existing single storey building); Erection of a 2\\-storey sports hall building; External alterations to existing school buildings; Erection of extension to existing school building; Formation of car park area; Construction of AGP (artificial grass pitch); \\& Landscaping (including tree planting and other associated works) (Revised proposals – re\\-positioning of proposed 3\\-storey school building – set back from Inglemire Lane by further 6\\.6m/21\\.6m from Inglemire Lane frontage at south – western corner of proposed school building). \\| type \\= planning application\\| publisher \\= Hull City Council\\| date \\= 5 January 2012 \\| accessdate\\= 6 February 2016 }} At Newland Girls the work included a two–storey extension to the rear of the eastern wing of the original 1914 building, and a new sports hall to the rear of the school – as part of the plan many later additions and the schools existing sports hall were required to be demolished.{{cite web \\| url \\= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\\=Application\\&keyVal\\=LZJ7P6SO05400 \\| title \\= 12/00140/FULL – Erection of two\\-storey extension to rear of main school building's north\\-eastern projection \\& Erection of sports hall building on area to rear of main school building (following demolition of existing modular \\& mobile buildings, existing single storey teaching block, and existing sports hall building), Landscaping works (to form courtyard at rear of main school building), and other works. \\| type \\= planning application\\| publisher \\= Hull City Council\\| date \\= 10 February 2012 \\| accessdate\\= 6 February 2016}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Humberside Police headquarters, Clough Road (2014\\)](/wiki/File:The_Police_Station_on_Clough_Road%2C_Hull_%28geograph_3812424%29.jpg \"The Police Station on Clough Road, Hull (geograph 3812424).jpg\")",
"Also in 2012 [Humberside Police](/wiki/Humberside_Police \"Humberside Police\") began relocated to a new £32 million headquarters built on Clough Road.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-humber\\-20651867\\|publisher \\= BBC News Humberside\\| title \\= Humberside Police hold open day at new £32m HQ\\| date\\= 8 December 2012\\|access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}}{{cite web\\| publisher \\= Hull City Council\\| type \\= planning application\\| title \\= 10/00608/FULL – Erection of a police station – divisional HQ and custody suite (application for approval reserved matters layout, scale, appearance and landscaping). \\| url \\= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\\=summary\\&keyVal\\=L4F7DCSO05400 \\| date \\= 21 July 2010 \\| accessdate \\= 6 February 2016}} In 2015 a new fire station was opened on Clough Road replacing the 1959 structure.{{cite web\\| publisher \\= Hull City Council\\| type \\= planning application\\| title \\= 12/01100/FULL – Erection of fire station (following demolition of existing). Widening of existing vehicular access onto Clough Road. \\| url \\= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\\=summary\\&keyVal\\=MENXIYSO3B000 \\| date \\= 7 December 2012 \\| accessdate \\= 6 February 2016 }}",
"In 2014 Hull University gained planning permission to build multistorey accommodation blocks on former playing fields on the north side of its Newland campus.{{cite web\\| type \\= planning application\\| publisher \\= Hull City Council\\| url \\=https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\\=Application\\&keyVal\\=NF6POHSOKKV00 \\| title \\= 14/01407/FULL – Erection of building ranging from 3 to 7 storeys to accommodate student accommodation totalling 562 bedrooms in 1, 4, 7 or 8 bedrooms flats and communal social hub \\| date \\= 17 November 2014 \\| accessdate \\= 6 February 2016 }} On the former Humberside University site planning work began in 2014 for a 'Health Campus' – several low rise buildings were to be demolished and replaced with a five\\-storey building for use by the [Hull York Medical School](/wiki/Hull_York_Medical_School \"Hull York Medical School\"), the Loxley building was also to be modernised.{{cite web\\| type \\= planning application \\| date \\=20 October 2014 \\| url \\= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/applicationDetails.do?activeTab\\=summary\\&keyVal\\=NDQMH2SOKPD00\\| title \\= 14/01281/PAAD – Demolition of single storey buildings within university campus (Colne, Rother, Sheaf, Bain Buildings) \\| publisher \\=Hull City Council \\| accessdate \\= 6 February 2016 }}{{cite web\\| type \\= planning application \\| date \\=21 May 2015 \\| url \\= https://www.hullcc.gov.uk/padcbc/publicaccess\\-live/caseDetails.do?caseType\\=Application\\&keyVal\\=NPDHXUSO05400 \\| title \\=15/00664/FULL – Erection of five\\-storey building to provide teaching and research facilities related to Health Campus External alterations to existing buildings to west side of campus \\| publisher \\=Hull City Council \\| accessdate \\= 6 February 2016 }} Work on the new building began early 2016\\.{{cite news\\| url \\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk\\-england\\-humber\\-35342466\\| title \\= Hull university's £25m medical building work to start\\| date \\= 18 January 2016\\| work \\= BBC News Humberside \\|access\\-date\\=6 February 2016}}",
"In 2015 a fire gutted the then derelict Lambert Street chapel.{{cite news\\| url \\= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Dramatic\\-video\\-George\\-Lamb\\-Memorial\\-Chapel\\-Hull\\-s/story\\-26338077\\-detail/story.html\\| title \\= Dramatic video of fire at George Lamb Memorial Chapel in Hull's Lambert Street\\| date \\= 15 April 2015\\|work \\= Hull Daily Mail\\|access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016}} As a result of the fire much of the church were required to be demolished, with the remaining front facade requiring scaffolding support to prevent collapse.{{cite news\\| title \\=Historic facade of fire\\-ravaged George Lamb Memorial Chapel set to be saved\\| url \\= http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Historic\\-facade\\-ravaged\\-George\\-Lamb\\-Memorial/story\\-26375952\\-detail/story.html\\| date \\= 23 April 2015\\| first \\=Angus\\| last \\= Young\\| work \\= Hull Daily Mail\\|access\\-date \\= 6 February 2016 }}",
""
] |
### 1860–1913
In 1862 the parish of Newland was established, separated from [Cottingham](/wiki/Cottingham%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire "Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire"), with the parish church being [St John's](/wiki/Saint_John_Newland "Saint John Newland").{{refn\|group\="note"\|The region split from the parish of Cottingham was formed by a line following (from the south) – the route of the \[\[Hull and Bridlington Branch Line\|Hull and Bridlington branch]] railway to the east to its crossing of the Setting Dikeke, then eastwards by the dike, then north along "Near Salt\-Ings Lane" (now roughly Kenilworth or Fairfax Avenue), the east along the Cottingham section of the Hull and Beverley trust road (now Cottingham Road), the east to the point the road crossed the Cottingham Drain, then along the drain north\-west crossing Igglemire, and Endike lanes, then north along Nine Foot Drain, crossing North Carr Lane, and north to Moor Dike Drain, then north along Panbottom Drain, then north crossing Dunswell Lane.}}{{cite news\| url \= https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22596/page/655 \| issue \= 22596\| pages \= 655–657\| date \= 7 February 1862\| title \= At the Court at Osborne House, Isle of Wight, the 5th day of February, 1862 .. }} By this time Newland was considered a suburb of Hull.{{sfn\|Sheahan\|1864\|p\=416}} In 1871 the road through Newlands became un\-tolled.
The Queen's Hotel (Queens Road) was built {{circa\|1865}}.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=158}} The St John's Hotel, further east also dates to 1865\.
[thumb\|Road junction in Newland Park Estate (2008\)](/wiki/File:Newland_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_845119.jpg "Newland Park - geograph.org.uk - 845119.jpg")
The Newland Park Estate was established {{circa\|1877}} by [William Botterill](/wiki/William_Botterill "William Botterill") on the south side of Cottingham Road. It developed slowly as a high status middle class housing estate over the next half century. Several of the houses are in an [Arts and Crafts](/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts "Arts and Crafts") style, with a variety of architectural styles found.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|pp\=160–161}}{{sfn\|Pevsner\|Neave\|1995\|p\=556}}
[thumb\|left\|The Haworth Arms from Clough Road (F.S. Smith, 1883\)](/wiki/File:Haworth_Arms%2C_Newland%2C_looking_from_the_Church_%2C_1883.jpg "Haworth Arms, Newland, looking from the Church , 1883.jpg")
In 1885 the [Hull and Barnsley Railway](/wiki/Hull_and_Barnsley_Railway "Hull and Barnsley Railway") opened – its branch to the [Alexandra Dock](/wiki/Alexandra_Dock%2C_Hull "Alexandra Dock, Hull") (now [Hull Docks Branch](/wiki/Hull_Docks_Branch "Hull Docks Branch")) passed through the south of the parish, crossing Newland Avenue by a bridge.Ordnance Survey Sheet 226SW, 226SE 1888–90See [Hull Barnsley \& West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company](/wiki/Hull_Barnsley_%26_West_Riding_Junction_Railway_and_Dock_Company "Hull Barnsley & West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company").
Newland village had not grown substantially by the 1890s, but the urban spread of Hull had reached its southern side, the main development being an estate on the east side of Newland Avenue, between the Beverley Road, an area known as *St John's Wood*. Queens Road had been laid out, along part of the route of the Cottingham Drain, connecting the south end of Newland Avenue to Beverley Road. On the west side of Newland Avenue the only development was Sharp Street. A Wesleyan mission had been built (1886\) on Willow Grove off Princes Street. Additionally another brick and tile works had been established between Igglemire Lane, and the Beverley and Barmston Drain, as well as one west of Newland Avenue, south of Sharp Street. The brick and tile works on the banks of the river was now known as Kingston Sanitary Pipe Works whilst an associated works nearby off Green Lane was a bottle works.{{refn\|group\="note"\|In Bulmers 1892 edition a Young John Robert was listed as a stone bottle and garden pot manufacturer, at the Bottle works, Newland.{{cite book\| title \= Bulmer's Gazette\| year \= 1892}} }}{{refn\|group\="note"\|The Green Lane works was later known as Newland Glass Bottle Works and the Kingston Pottery, whilst the river side works had become a paint works "Newland Paint Works" by 1910\. }} Adjacent to the sanitary pipe works was a mill, "Hull Bank Mills".{{refn\|group\="note"\|'Hull Bank Mills', later (1920s) 'Universal Oil Mills',Ordnance Survey 1:2500 1928 (Universal Oil Company, subsid. of United Premier Oil \& Cake Company) after 1966 acquired by \[\[Croda]].{{cite web\| url \=http://www.croda.com/download.aspx?s\=1\&m\=doc\&id\=acc9a85a\-b4a1\-44b8\-935d\-a9b2e3d7bdd3 \| title \= Croda −50 years as a public company}}}}
At the far south end of the Newland Avenue area a number of civic buildings were put up around the end of the 19th century: the George Lamb Memorial Chapel was built 1893 on Lambert Street in a [Classical Revival](/wiki/Classical_Revival "Classical Revival") style for the [Primitive Methodists](/wiki/Primitive_Methodist "Primitive Methodist");{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=158}} the Anglican St Augustine of Hippo church (1896, dem.1976\), and its associated church hall (1902\), and vicarage (No.41 Queen's Road, 1899/1900\).{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=158}} In the early 20th century the Catholic St Vincent Primary School (1904\); and St Vincent Boy's home (1908–09\) were built nearby.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=158}} In Newland the 1858 Wesleyan chapel was replaced (1901\) by one the other side of the road. A church was added adjacent in 1928\. On Lambert Street the Cottingham school board opened a school (1879\) for girls and infants; after becoming part of the Hull school board (1883\) it was expanded. It became a junior school in 1937; Newland Avenue school (after 1945 Pearson High school) was opened by the Hull board in 1896 as primary school, expanded in 1900\.
[thumb\|Sailor's Orphan Homes ({{circa\|1922}})](/wiki/File:Sailor%27s_Orphan%27s_Homes%2C_Cottingham_Road%2C_Newland%2C_Hull.jpg "Sailor's Orphan's Homes, Cottingham Road, Newland, Hull.jpg")
At the end of the 19th century (1895–1898\), a large group of "Sailor's Orphan Cottage Homes", more recently known as "Newland Homes", were built in yellow brick on the north side of Cottingham Road by the *Port of Hull Society*, with several local businessmen contributing funds for their construction, including [Joseph Rank](/wiki/Joseph_Rank "Joseph Rank"), [Francis Reckitt](/wiki/Francis_Reckitt "Francis Reckitt"), [Sir James Reckitt](/wiki/Sir_James_Reckitt "Sir James Reckitt"), as well as benefactors from outside Hull including William Richardson, [G Buckston Browne](/wiki/Buckston_Browne "Buckston Browne") and [Sir Titus Salt](/wiki/Sir_Titus_Salt "Sir Titus Salt"), and contributions from the towns of [Whitby](/wiki/Whitby "Whitby") and [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool "Hartlepool"). [St Nicholas Primary School, Hull](/wiki/St_Nicholas_Primary_School%2C_Hull "St Nicholas Primary School, Hull") was also built at the site during the period. A hospital, orphanage and surgery were added between 1919 and 1926\.
The large Endsleigh (or Dawson) House (built 1876–77, near Beverley Road) became a convent of the [Sisters of Mercy](/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy "Sisters of Mercy") in 1901\. The site was expanded ({{circa\|1905}}) with the addition of a chapel and teacher training college.{{sfn\|Neave\|Neave\|2010\|p\=159}} The non\-conformists had a meeting place on Queen's Road: *Bethshan Mission Room* between 1899–1990; from 1903 to 1958 a *Bethshan* was registered on the nearby Prince's Road, (after 1958 *Holiness Hall* was registered on the same street).
By 1910 in addition to the orphanage, and partial development of the Newland Park Estate, there had been large amounts of urban development in the area, primarily around Newland Avenue. The area between Newland Avenue and Beverley Road was completely filled with housing, excluding a [nursery](/wiki/Plant_nursery "Plant nursery") *Smiddy's Nursery*; and there was development of housing all along west side of Newland Avenue; additionally housing had been built on the opposite side of Beverley Road (just outside the parish) as far as the Newland crossroads; and on the north\-west side of the crossroads a small estate around Haworth Street had been built; north\-east of the crossroads more substantial housing had been built on Beresford and Wellesley avenues. By this period the village was no longer distinct from the urban spread of Hull. Additionally a leather works had been established on Cottingham Road.{{refn\|group\="note"\|The firm known as Waddingtons, established by George Waddington in the mid 19th century.{{cite book\| title \= A history of Kingston upon Hull: from the earliest times to the present day\| first \= Hugh \|last \= Calvert \| year \= 1978 \| page \= 233 }} The works closed in the latter part of the 20th century and the site redeveloped as housing, ''Waddington Court''.Ordnance Survey 1:10000 1982, 1992; 1:25000 2006 }}Ordnance Survey Sheets 226SW, 226SE 1:10560 1908–09
In 1909 the [Hull Corporation Trams](/wiki/Hull_Corporation_Trams "Hull Corporation Trams") had reached the Newland crossroads on Beverley Road, and a tram depot was established on Cottingham Road.See [Hull City Tramways §Expansion of tram system and infrastructure (1898–1927\)](/wiki/Trams_in_Kingston_upon_Hull%23Expansion_of_tram_system_and_infrastructure_%281898%E2%80%931927%29 "Trams in Kingston upon Hull#Expansion of tram system and infrastructure (1898–1927)").
Hull's Northern Cemetery opened at around the end of the 19th century, a chapel was added in 1912\.
|
[
"### 1860–1913",
"In 1862 the parish of Newland was established, separated from [Cottingham](/wiki/Cottingham%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire \"Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire\"), with the parish church being [St John's](/wiki/Saint_John_Newland \"Saint John Newland\").{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The region split from the parish of Cottingham was formed by a line following (from the south) – the route of the \\[\\[Hull and Bridlington Branch Line\\|Hull and Bridlington branch]] railway to the east to its crossing of the Setting Dikeke, then eastwards by the dike, then north along \"Near Salt\\-Ings Lane\" (now roughly Kenilworth or Fairfax Avenue), the east along the Cottingham section of the Hull and Beverley trust road (now Cottingham Road), the east to the point the road crossed the Cottingham Drain, then along the drain north\\-west crossing Igglemire, and Endike lanes, then north along Nine Foot Drain, crossing North Carr Lane, and north to Moor Dike Drain, then north along Panbottom Drain, then north crossing Dunswell Lane.}}{{cite news\\| url \\= https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22596/page/655 \\| issue \\= 22596\\| pages \\= 655–657\\| date \\= 7 February 1862\\| title \\= At the Court at Osborne House, Isle of Wight, the 5th day of February, 1862 .. }} By this time Newland was considered a suburb of Hull.{{sfn\\|Sheahan\\|1864\\|p\\=416}} In 1871 the road through Newlands became un\\-tolled.",
"The Queen's Hotel (Queens Road) was built {{circa\\|1865}}.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=158}} The St John's Hotel, further east also dates to 1865\\.",
"[thumb\\|Road junction in Newland Park Estate (2008\\)](/wiki/File:Newland_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_845119.jpg \"Newland Park - geograph.org.uk - 845119.jpg\")\nThe Newland Park Estate was established {{circa\\|1877}} by [William Botterill](/wiki/William_Botterill \"William Botterill\") on the south side of Cottingham Road. It developed slowly as a high status middle class housing estate over the next half century. Several of the houses are in an [Arts and Crafts](/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts \"Arts and Crafts\") style, with a variety of architectural styles found.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|pp\\=160–161}}{{sfn\\|Pevsner\\|Neave\\|1995\\|p\\=556}}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|The Haworth Arms from Clough Road (F.S. Smith, 1883\\)](/wiki/File:Haworth_Arms%2C_Newland%2C_looking_from_the_Church_%2C_1883.jpg \"Haworth Arms, Newland, looking from the Church , 1883.jpg\")\nIn 1885 the [Hull and Barnsley Railway](/wiki/Hull_and_Barnsley_Railway \"Hull and Barnsley Railway\") opened – its branch to the [Alexandra Dock](/wiki/Alexandra_Dock%2C_Hull \"Alexandra Dock, Hull\") (now [Hull Docks Branch](/wiki/Hull_Docks_Branch \"Hull Docks Branch\")) passed through the south of the parish, crossing Newland Avenue by a bridge.Ordnance Survey Sheet 226SW, 226SE 1888–90See [Hull Barnsley \\& West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company](/wiki/Hull_Barnsley_%26_West_Riding_Junction_Railway_and_Dock_Company \"Hull Barnsley & West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company\").",
"Newland village had not grown substantially by the 1890s, but the urban spread of Hull had reached its southern side, the main development being an estate on the east side of Newland Avenue, between the Beverley Road, an area known as *St John's Wood*. Queens Road had been laid out, along part of the route of the Cottingham Drain, connecting the south end of Newland Avenue to Beverley Road. On the west side of Newland Avenue the only development was Sharp Street. A Wesleyan mission had been built (1886\\) on Willow Grove off Princes Street. Additionally another brick and tile works had been established between Igglemire Lane, and the Beverley and Barmston Drain, as well as one west of Newland Avenue, south of Sharp Street. The brick and tile works on the banks of the river was now known as Kingston Sanitary Pipe Works whilst an associated works nearby off Green Lane was a bottle works.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|In Bulmers 1892 edition a Young John Robert was listed as a stone bottle and garden pot manufacturer, at the Bottle works, Newland.{{cite book\\| title \\= Bulmer's Gazette\\| year \\= 1892}} }}{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The Green Lane works was later known as Newland Glass Bottle Works and the Kingston Pottery, whilst the river side works had become a paint works \"Newland Paint Works\" by 1910\\. }} Adjacent to the sanitary pipe works was a mill, \"Hull Bank Mills\".{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|'Hull Bank Mills', later (1920s) 'Universal Oil Mills',Ordnance Survey 1:2500 1928 (Universal Oil Company, subsid. of United Premier Oil \\& Cake Company) after 1966 acquired by \\[\\[Croda]].{{cite web\\| url \\=http://www.croda.com/download.aspx?s\\=1\\&m\\=doc\\&id\\=acc9a85a\\-b4a1\\-44b8\\-935d\\-a9b2e3d7bdd3 \\| title \\= Croda −50 years as a public company}}}}",
"At the far south end of the Newland Avenue area a number of civic buildings were put up around the end of the 19th century: the George Lamb Memorial Chapel was built 1893 on Lambert Street in a [Classical Revival](/wiki/Classical_Revival \"Classical Revival\") style for the [Primitive Methodists](/wiki/Primitive_Methodist \"Primitive Methodist\");{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=158}} the Anglican St Augustine of Hippo church (1896, dem.1976\\), and its associated church hall (1902\\), and vicarage (No.41 Queen's Road, 1899/1900\\).{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=158}} In the early 20th century the Catholic St Vincent Primary School (1904\\); and St Vincent Boy's home (1908–09\\) were built nearby.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=158}} In Newland the 1858 Wesleyan chapel was replaced (1901\\) by one the other side of the road. A church was added adjacent in 1928\\. On Lambert Street the Cottingham school board opened a school (1879\\) for girls and infants; after becoming part of the Hull school board (1883\\) it was expanded. It became a junior school in 1937; Newland Avenue school (after 1945 Pearson High school) was opened by the Hull board in 1896 as primary school, expanded in 1900\\.",
"[thumb\\|Sailor's Orphan Homes ({{circa\\|1922}})](/wiki/File:Sailor%27s_Orphan%27s_Homes%2C_Cottingham_Road%2C_Newland%2C_Hull.jpg \"Sailor's Orphan's Homes, Cottingham Road, Newland, Hull.jpg\")",
"At the end of the 19th century (1895–1898\\), a large group of \"Sailor's Orphan Cottage Homes\", more recently known as \"Newland Homes\", were built in yellow brick on the north side of Cottingham Road by the *Port of Hull Society*, with several local businessmen contributing funds for their construction, including [Joseph Rank](/wiki/Joseph_Rank \"Joseph Rank\"), [Francis Reckitt](/wiki/Francis_Reckitt \"Francis Reckitt\"), [Sir James Reckitt](/wiki/Sir_James_Reckitt \"Sir James Reckitt\"), as well as benefactors from outside Hull including William Richardson, [G Buckston Browne](/wiki/Buckston_Browne \"Buckston Browne\") and [Sir Titus Salt](/wiki/Sir_Titus_Salt \"Sir Titus Salt\"), and contributions from the towns of [Whitby](/wiki/Whitby \"Whitby\") and [Hartlepool](/wiki/Hartlepool \"Hartlepool\"). [St Nicholas Primary School, Hull](/wiki/St_Nicholas_Primary_School%2C_Hull \"St Nicholas Primary School, Hull\") was also built at the site during the period. A hospital, orphanage and surgery were added between 1919 and 1926\\.",
"The large Endsleigh (or Dawson) House (built 1876–77, near Beverley Road) became a convent of the [Sisters of Mercy](/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy \"Sisters of Mercy\") in 1901\\. The site was expanded ({{circa\\|1905}}) with the addition of a chapel and teacher training college.{{sfn\\|Neave\\|Neave\\|2010\\|p\\=159}} The non\\-conformists had a meeting place on Queen's Road: *Bethshan Mission Room* between 1899–1990; from 1903 to 1958 a *Bethshan* was registered on the nearby Prince's Road, (after 1958 *Holiness Hall* was registered on the same street).",
"By 1910 in addition to the orphanage, and partial development of the Newland Park Estate, there had been large amounts of urban development in the area, primarily around Newland Avenue. The area between Newland Avenue and Beverley Road was completely filled with housing, excluding a [nursery](/wiki/Plant_nursery \"Plant nursery\") *Smiddy's Nursery*; and there was development of housing all along west side of Newland Avenue; additionally housing had been built on the opposite side of Beverley Road (just outside the parish) as far as the Newland crossroads; and on the north\\-west side of the crossroads a small estate around Haworth Street had been built; north\\-east of the crossroads more substantial housing had been built on Beresford and Wellesley avenues. By this period the village was no longer distinct from the urban spread of Hull. Additionally a leather works had been established on Cottingham Road.{{refn\\|group\\=\"note\"\\|The firm known as Waddingtons, established by George Waddington in the mid 19th century.{{cite book\\| title \\= A history of Kingston upon Hull: from the earliest times to the present day\\| first \\= Hugh \\|last \\= Calvert \\| year \\= 1978 \\| page \\= 233 }} The works closed in the latter part of the 20th century and the site redeveloped as housing, ''Waddington Court''.Ordnance Survey 1:10000 1982, 1992; 1:25000 2006 }}Ordnance Survey Sheets 226SW, 226SE 1:10560 1908–09",
"In 1909 the [Hull Corporation Trams](/wiki/Hull_Corporation_Trams \"Hull Corporation Trams\") had reached the Newland crossroads on Beverley Road, and a tram depot was established on Cottingham Road.See [Hull City Tramways §Expansion of tram system and infrastructure (1898–1927\\)](/wiki/Trams_in_Kingston_upon_Hull%23Expansion_of_tram_system_and_infrastructure_%281898%E2%80%931927%29 \"Trams in Kingston upon Hull#Expansion of tram system and infrastructure (1898–1927)\").",
"Hull's Northern Cemetery opened at around the end of the 19th century, a chapel was added in 1912\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
Kent Whealy graduated from the [University of Kansas](/wiki/List_of_University_of_Kansas_people "List of University of Kansas people") in 1969[Seeds Savers Week Proclamation](http://lawrenceks.org/assets/agendas/cc/2005/04-19-05/04-19-05H/seed_saver_week_proclamation.html), Office of the Mayor of Lawrence, Kansas, April 19, 2005\. with a degree in journalism.[The Plowboy Interview Kent Whealy](https://archive.today/20130128235801/http://www.motherearthnews.com/article.aspx?id=68184), Mother Earth News, January/February 1982\. He started a family garden in 1975 which through various land acquisitions he helped developed into the Heritage Farm[Food Ark](https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222900/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/07/food-ark/siebert-text), by Charles Sieber, National Geographic Magazine, July 2011\. six miles north of [Decorah, Iowa](/wiki/Decorah%2C_Iowa "Decorah, Iowa") growing nearly 2,000 varieties of vegetables.Seeds of promise, by Alan Pell Crawford, Vegetarian Times, April 1, 2005\.
In 1990, Whealy received a Fellowship from the [MacArthur Fellows Program](/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program "MacArthur Fellows Program") for his work in agriculture.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.macfound.org/fellows/class/august\-1990/\|title\=Meet the 1990 MacArthur Fellows\|date\=August 1990\|accessdate\=18 November 2012}} Whealy was also awarded the N. I. Vavilov medal from the Vavilov Institute in St. Petersburg.
In 1981, Kent Whealy first used the word 'heirloom' in regard to seeds, using it to describe beans that his friend gave him.
### Seed Savers Exchange
Whealy co\-founded [Seed Savers Exchange](/wiki/Seed_Savers_Exchange "Seed Savers Exchange"), Inc. in 1975, with then wife Diane Ott publishing an annual yearbook identifying heirloom seed varieties available for sale in North America.The Plowboy Interview, Mother Earth News, 1982\. The organization evolved into a private seed bank, collecting and saving heirloom varieties of vegetable, fruit and grain seeds. In 1985, the group extended its reach to include maintaining an ancient [rare breed](/wiki/Rare_breed_%28agriculture%29 "Rare breed (agriculture)") of [White Park cattle](/wiki/White_Park_cattle "White Park cattle").Ancient cattle breed preserved at Seed Savers, by Marlene Lucas, Associated Press, April 12, 2004\.
Whealy left Seed Savers board in 2007\.[Kent Whealy’s Speech at the Land Institute September 26, 2010: The Documenting of Heritage Apples – Part 2](http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2010/10/kent-whealys-speech-part-ii-at-land.html), by K. McDonald, Big Picture Agriculture, October 5, 2010 ({{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013170118/http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2010/10/kent\-whealys\-speech\-part\-ii\-at\-land.html\|date\=2013\-10\-13}}). By the time of his split with the organization Whealy and then former wife Dianne Ott were credited with helping to create one of the largest nongovernmental seed banks with more than 25,000 varieties.Sow What? Savings Seeds Ensures Plenty, by Barbara Damrosch, The Washington Post, August 6, 2009\.[Controversy With The Doomsday Vault](http://www.gmo-journal.com/2012/03/22/controversy-with-the-doomsday-vault/), by Deniza Gertzberg, GMO Journal, March 22, 2012\.
### Ceres Trust
In 2009 Whealy became a trustee with the Ceres Trust. Via the Ceres Trust Whealy funds research and advocacy campaigns in support of organic agriculture.[Ceres Trust announces competition for $500,000 in organic research grants](http://www.new-ag.msu.edu/Home/tabid/37/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/43/The-Ceres-Trust-announces-competition-for-500000-in-organic-research-grants.aspx), New Agriculture Network, June 9, 2009 ({{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609081543/http://www.new\-ag.msu.edu/Home/tabid/37/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/43/The\-Ceres\-Trust\-announces\-competition\-for\-500000\-in\-organic\-research\-grants.aspx \|date\=2010\-06\-09 }}).[Ceres Trust Mission Statement](http://www.cerestrust.org), Ceres Trust website, accessed December 2012\. Their initiatives include academic research and [consumer education](/wiki/Consumer_education "Consumer education") campaigns including funding for the production and promotion of documentaries including Sandra Steingraber's movie [Living Downstream](/wiki/Living_Downstream "Living Downstream")[Living Downstream in the Community](http://www.livingdownstream.com/images/uploads/Living_Downstream-In_the_Community.pdf), The People's Picture Company, 2012\. on the dangers of pesticides and The [Vanishing of the Bees](/wiki/Vanishing_of_the_Bees "Vanishing of the Bees")[The Vanishing of the Bees](http://media.gfem.org/node/11329) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013331/http://media.gfem.org/node/11329 \|date\=2013\-10\-05 }}, Grantmakers in Film \& Electronic Media, 2010\. on the role pesticides play in Colony Collapse Disorder, and other advocacy in partnership in support of organic agriculture with the [Pesticide Action Network](/wiki/Pesticide_Action_Network "Pesticide Action Network") advocacy group. [National Organic Coalition 2012 budget](http://www.nationalorganiccoalition.org/NOCDecember2011/NOC2012Budget.pdf){{dead link\|date\=January 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, National Organic Coalition, February 9, 2012\.[Kent Whealy’s Speech at the Land Institute September 26, 2010: The Documenting of Heritage Apples – Part 1](http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2010/10/kent-whealys-speech-part-i-at-land.htm), by K. McDonald, Big Picture Agriculture, October 5, 2010 ({{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013144422/http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2010/10/kent\-whealys\-speech\-part\-i\-at\-land.html\|date\=2013\-10\-13}}).
### JAK KAW Press
In 2015 Kent Whealy formed his own publishing company (JAK KAW Press, LLC) to ensure that Dan Bussey's extensive research on apples and the appropriate pomological watercolors are recorded for posterity. This new publishing venture is dedicated to creating books that celebrate the diversity of our food crops. The Illustrated History of Apples in the United States and Canada, already being heralded as a pomological classic, is designed to comprehensively record and illustrate our food crop heritage in rich detail, thus helping to rescue and popularize the historic varieties that still exist.
### Advocacy
Whealy was an outspoken supporter of [organic agriculture](/wiki/Organic_food "Organic food") and the [Slow Food](/wiki/Slow_Food "Slow Food") movementGenerosity to farmers crops up, by Shiela Stroup, Times Picayune, June 15, 2006\. and critic of pesticides and [genetically modified crops](/wiki/Genetically_modified_crop "Genetically modified crop") calling their use "immoral."New Technology Would Help Seed Companies Protect Research Investments, by Lance Nixon, Knight\-Ridder Tribune Business News (Aberdeen American News), August 8, 1999\. In 2012, he was listed among the largest financial donors in support of a [California ballot initiative](/wiki/California_Proposition_37_%282012%29 "California Proposition 37 (2012)") campaign to label foods derived from genetically engineered plants and animals.[Prop. 37 backers vow to continue food regulation efforts](https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2012-nov-07-la-fi-prop37-genetic-food-labeling-20121108-story.html), by Marc Lifsher, Los Angeles Times, November 7, 2012\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Kent Whealy graduated from the [University of Kansas](/wiki/List_of_University_of_Kansas_people \"List of University of Kansas people\") in 1969[Seeds Savers Week Proclamation](http://lawrenceks.org/assets/agendas/cc/2005/04-19-05/04-19-05H/seed_saver_week_proclamation.html), Office of the Mayor of Lawrence, Kansas, April 19, 2005\\. with a degree in journalism.[The Plowboy Interview Kent Whealy](https://archive.today/20130128235801/http://www.motherearthnews.com/article.aspx?id=68184), Mother Earth News, January/February 1982\\. He started a family garden in 1975 which through various land acquisitions he helped developed into the Heritage Farm[Food Ark](https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222900/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/07/food-ark/siebert-text), by Charles Sieber, National Geographic Magazine, July 2011\\. six miles north of [Decorah, Iowa](/wiki/Decorah%2C_Iowa \"Decorah, Iowa\") growing nearly 2,000 varieties of vegetables.Seeds of promise, by Alan Pell Crawford, Vegetarian Times, April 1, 2005\\.",
"In 1990, Whealy received a Fellowship from the [MacArthur Fellows Program](/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program \"MacArthur Fellows Program\") for his work in agriculture.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.macfound.org/fellows/class/august\\-1990/\\|title\\=Meet the 1990 MacArthur Fellows\\|date\\=August 1990\\|accessdate\\=18 November 2012}} Whealy was also awarded the N. I. Vavilov medal from the Vavilov Institute in St. Petersburg.\nIn 1981, Kent Whealy first used the word 'heirloom' in regard to seeds, using it to describe beans that his friend gave him.",
"### Seed Savers Exchange",
"Whealy co\\-founded [Seed Savers Exchange](/wiki/Seed_Savers_Exchange \"Seed Savers Exchange\"), Inc. in 1975, with then wife Diane Ott publishing an annual yearbook identifying heirloom seed varieties available for sale in North America.The Plowboy Interview, Mother Earth News, 1982\\. The organization evolved into a private seed bank, collecting and saving heirloom varieties of vegetable, fruit and grain seeds. In 1985, the group extended its reach to include maintaining an ancient [rare breed](/wiki/Rare_breed_%28agriculture%29 \"Rare breed (agriculture)\") of [White Park cattle](/wiki/White_Park_cattle \"White Park cattle\").Ancient cattle breed preserved at Seed Savers, by Marlene Lucas, Associated Press, April 12, 2004\\.\nWhealy left Seed Savers board in 2007\\.[Kent Whealy’s Speech at the Land Institute September 26, 2010: The Documenting of Heritage Apples – Part 2](http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2010/10/kent-whealys-speech-part-ii-at-land.html), by K. McDonald, Big Picture Agriculture, October 5, 2010 ({{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013170118/http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2010/10/kent\\-whealys\\-speech\\-part\\-ii\\-at\\-land.html\\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-13}}). By the time of his split with the organization Whealy and then former wife Dianne Ott were credited with helping to create one of the largest nongovernmental seed banks with more than 25,000 varieties.Sow What? Savings Seeds Ensures Plenty, by Barbara Damrosch, The Washington Post, August 6, 2009\\.[Controversy With The Doomsday Vault](http://www.gmo-journal.com/2012/03/22/controversy-with-the-doomsday-vault/), by Deniza Gertzberg, GMO Journal, March 22, 2012\\.",
"### Ceres Trust",
"In 2009 Whealy became a trustee with the Ceres Trust. Via the Ceres Trust Whealy funds research and advocacy campaigns in support of organic agriculture.[Ceres Trust announces competition for $500,000 in organic research grants](http://www.new-ag.msu.edu/Home/tabid/37/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/43/The-Ceres-Trust-announces-competition-for-500000-in-organic-research-grants.aspx), New Agriculture Network, June 9, 2009 ({{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609081543/http://www.new\\-ag.msu.edu/Home/tabid/37/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/43/The\\-Ceres\\-Trust\\-announces\\-competition\\-for\\-500000\\-in\\-organic\\-research\\-grants.aspx \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-09 }}).[Ceres Trust Mission Statement](http://www.cerestrust.org), Ceres Trust website, accessed December 2012\\. Their initiatives include academic research and [consumer education](/wiki/Consumer_education \"Consumer education\") campaigns including funding for the production and promotion of documentaries including Sandra Steingraber's movie [Living Downstream](/wiki/Living_Downstream \"Living Downstream\")[Living Downstream in the Community](http://www.livingdownstream.com/images/uploads/Living_Downstream-In_the_Community.pdf), The People's Picture Company, 2012\\. on the dangers of pesticides and The [Vanishing of the Bees](/wiki/Vanishing_of_the_Bees \"Vanishing of the Bees\")[The Vanishing of the Bees](http://media.gfem.org/node/11329) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013331/http://media.gfem.org/node/11329 \\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-05 }}, Grantmakers in Film \\& Electronic Media, 2010\\. on the role pesticides play in Colony Collapse Disorder, and other advocacy in partnership in support of organic agriculture with the [Pesticide Action Network](/wiki/Pesticide_Action_Network \"Pesticide Action Network\") advocacy group. [National Organic Coalition 2012 budget](http://www.nationalorganiccoalition.org/NOCDecember2011/NOC2012Budget.pdf){{dead link\\|date\\=January 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, National Organic Coalition, February 9, 2012\\.[Kent Whealy’s Speech at the Land Institute September 26, 2010: The Documenting of Heritage Apples – Part 1](http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2010/10/kent-whealys-speech-part-i-at-land.htm), by K. McDonald, Big Picture Agriculture, October 5, 2010 ({{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013144422/http://www.bigpictureagriculture.com/2010/10/kent\\-whealys\\-speech\\-part\\-i\\-at\\-land.html\\|date\\=2013\\-10\\-13}}).",
"### JAK KAW Press",
"In 2015 Kent Whealy formed his own publishing company (JAK KAW Press, LLC) to ensure that Dan Bussey's extensive research on apples and the appropriate pomological watercolors are recorded for posterity. This new publishing venture is dedicated to creating books that celebrate the diversity of our food crops. The Illustrated History of Apples in the United States and Canada, already being heralded as a pomological classic, is designed to comprehensively record and illustrate our food crop heritage in rich detail, thus helping to rescue and popularize the historic varieties that still exist.",
"### Advocacy",
"Whealy was an outspoken supporter of [organic agriculture](/wiki/Organic_food \"Organic food\") and the [Slow Food](/wiki/Slow_Food \"Slow Food\") movementGenerosity to farmers crops up, by Shiela Stroup, Times Picayune, June 15, 2006\\. and critic of pesticides and [genetically modified crops](/wiki/Genetically_modified_crop \"Genetically modified crop\") calling their use \"immoral.\"New Technology Would Help Seed Companies Protect Research Investments, by Lance Nixon, Knight\\-Ridder Tribune Business News (Aberdeen American News), August 8, 1999\\. In 2012, he was listed among the largest financial donors in support of a [California ballot initiative](/wiki/California_Proposition_37_%282012%29 \"California Proposition 37 (2012)\") campaign to label foods derived from genetically engineered plants and animals.[Prop. 37 backers vow to continue food regulation efforts](https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2012-nov-07-la-fi-prop37-genetic-food-labeling-20121108-story.html), by Marc Lifsher, Los Angeles Times, November 7, 2012\\.",
""
] |
Hampshire Premier honours
-------------------------
### Hampshire 1 (1987–1993\)
Originally known as Hampshire 1, it was tier 8 league with promotion up to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_2_South_West "London 2 South West") and relegation down to [Hampshire 2](/wiki/Hampshire_1 "Hampshire 1").
|
| | **Hampshire 1** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |
| 1987–88 | 11 | **[Gosport](/wiki/Gosport_and_Fareham_R.F.C. "Gosport and Fareham R.F.C.")** | [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club "Southampton Rugby Club") | [New Milton \& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC "New Milton & District RFC"), [Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. "Petersfield R.F.C.") |
| 1988–89 | 11 | **[Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club "Southampton Rugby Club")** | [Esso](/wiki/Esso_RFC "Esso RFC") | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club "Fordingbridge Rugby Club"), [Tottonians](/wiki/Tottonians_Rugby_Club "Tottonians Rugby Club") |
| 1989–90 | 11 | **[Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC "Eastleigh RFC")** | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC "Millbrook RFC") | [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC "Fareham Heathens RFC"), [Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC "Andover RFC") |
| 1990–91 | 11 | **[Winchester](/wiki/Winchester_RFC "Winchester RFC")** | [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey_Reds "Jersey Reds") | [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club "Farnborough Rugby Club") |
| 1991–92 | 11 | **[Jersey](/wiki/Jersey_Reds "Jersey Reds")** | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC "Millbrook RFC") | [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC "Fareham Heathens RFC") |
| 1992–93 | 12 | **[Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club "Southampton Rugby Club")** | [Gosport](/wiki/Gosport_and_Fareham_R.F.C. "Gosport and Fareham R.F.C.") | [Esso](/wiki/Esso_RFC "Esso RFC"), [Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey_RFC "Guernsey RFC") |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
### Hampshire 1 (1993–1996\)
The creation of [National 5 South](/wiki/Courage_League_Division_5 "Courage League Division 5") meant that Hampshire 1 dropped from a tier 8 league to a tier 9 league for the years that National 5 South was active. Promotion and relegation continued to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_2_South_West "London 2 South West") and [Hampshire 2](/wiki/Hampshire_1 "Hampshire 1") respectively.
|
| | **Hampshire 1** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |
| 1993–94 | 13 | **[Gosport](/wiki/Gosport_and_Fareham_R.F.C. "Gosport and Fareham R.F.C.")** | [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey_Reds "Jersey Reds") | [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_RUFC "Romsey RUFC"), [Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC "Andover RFC") |
| 1994–95 | 13 | **[Jersey](/wiki/Jersey_Reds "Jersey Reds")** | [United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club "United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club") | [Isle Of Wight](/wiki/Isle_Of_Wight_RFC "Isle Of Wight RFC"), [New Milton \& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC "New Milton & District RFC"), [Sandown \& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC "Sandown & Shanklin RFC") |
| 1995–96 | 13 | **[Winchester](/wiki/Winchester_RFC "Winchester RFC")** | [United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club "United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club") | [Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club "Trojans Rugby Club"), [Esso](/wiki/Esso_RFC "Esso RFC") |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
### Hampshire 1 (1996–2000\)
The cancellation of [National 5 South](/wiki/Courage_League_Division_5 "Courage League Division 5") at the end of the 1995–96 season meant that Hampshire 1 reverted to being a tier 8 league. Promotion and relegation continued to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_2_South_West "London 2 South West") and [Hampshire 2](/wiki/Hampshire_1 "Hampshire 1") respectively.
|
| | **Hampshire 1** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |
| 1996–97 | 12 | **[Esso](/wiki/Esso_RFC "Esso RFC")** | [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club "Southampton Rugby Club"){{efn\|3rd place \[\[Farnborough Rugby Club\|Farnborough]] also promoted.}} | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club "Fordingbridge Rugby Club"), [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC "Ventnor RFC") |
| 1997–98 | 9 | **[Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC "Andover RFC")** | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC "Millbrook RFC") | No relegation{{efn\|As the league was to increase from 9 to 10 teams for the following season, there was no relegation.}} |
| 1998–99{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/1998\-1999/group/9024\|title\=1998\-1999 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Tottonians](/wiki/Tottonians_Rugby_Club "Tottonians Rugby Club")** | [Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club "Trojans Rugby Club") | [Overton](/wiki/Overton_Rugby_Club "Overton Rugby Club"), [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC "Eastleigh RFC") |
| 1999–00{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/1999\-2000/group/9321\|title\=1999\-2000 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club "United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club")** | [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC "Ventnor RFC") | [Isle Of Wight](/wiki/Isle_Of_Wight_RFC "Isle Of Wight RFC") |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
### Hampshire 1 (2000–2009\)
The introduction of [London 4 South West](/wiki/London_3_South_West "London 3 South West") ahead of the 2000–01 season meant Hampshire 1 dropped to become a tier 9 league with promotion to this new division. Relegation continued to [Hampshire 1](/wiki/Hampshire_1 "Hampshire 1").
|
| | **Hampshire 1** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |
| 2000–01{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2000\-2001/group/9646\|title\=2000\-2001 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club "Farnborough Rugby Club")** | [Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club "Trojans Rugby Club") | [New Milton \& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC "New Milton & District RFC"), [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC "Ventnor RFC") |
| 2001–02{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2001\-2002/group/9980\|title\=2001\-2002 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. "Petersfield R.F.C.")** | [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club "Southampton Rugby Club") | [Fawley](/wiki/Fawley_RFC "Fawley RFC") |
| 2002–03{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2002\-2003/group/10315\|title\=2002\-2003 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_RUFC "Romsey RUFC")** | [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club "Farnborough Rugby Club") | [Hamble](/wiki/Hamble_RFC "Hamble RFC"), [Nomads](/wiki/Nomads_RFC "Nomads RFC") |
| 2003–04{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2003\-2004/group/10700\|title\=2003\-2004 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey_RFC "Guernsey RFC")** | [Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club "Trojans Rugby Club") | [Fawley](/wiki/Fawley_RFC "Fawley RFC"), [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC "Eastleigh RFC") |
| 2004–05{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2004\-2005/group/11100\|title\=2004\-2005 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club "Trojans Rugby Club")** | [Sandown \& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC "Sandown & Shanklin RFC") | [Alresford](/wiki/Alresford_RFC "Alresford RFC"), [Nomads](/wiki/Nomads_RFC "Nomads RFC"), [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club "Farnborough Rugby Club") |
| 2005–06{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2005\-2006/group/11456\|title\=2005\-2006 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Sandown \& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC "Sandown & Shanklin RFC")** | [United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club "United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club") | [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_RUFC "Romsey RUFC"), [Isle Of Wight](/wiki/Isle_Of_Wight_RFC "Isle Of Wight RFC"), [Aldershot \& Fleet](/wiki/Aldershot_%26_Fleet_RUFC "Aldershot & Fleet RUFC") |
| 2006–07{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2006\-2007/group/11802\|title\=2006\-2007 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club "Trojans Rugby Club")** | [Ellingham \& Ringwood](/wiki/Ellingham_%26_Ringwood_RFC "Ellingham & Ringwood RFC") | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC "Millbrook RFC"), [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC "Eastleigh RFC") |
| 2007–08{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2007\-2008/group/12210\|title\=2007\-2008 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Ellingham \& Ringwood](/wiki/Ellingham_%26_Ringwood_RFC "Ellingham & Ringwood RFC")** | [Sandown \& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC "Sandown & Shanklin RFC") | [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC "Fareham Heathens RFC") |
| 2008–09{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2008\-2009/group/12693\|title\=2008\-2009 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club "Fordingbridge Rugby Club")** | [Sandown \& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC "Sandown & Shanklin RFC") | No relegation{{efn\|There was no relegation as \[\[East Dorset RFC\|East Dorset]] (who would finish 7th) dropped out of the Hampshire league at the end of the season and joined \[\[Dorset \& Wilts 3 South]].}} |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
### Hampshire 1 (2009–2018\)
Hampshire 1 remained a tier 9 league despite national restructuring by the [RFU](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union "Rugby Football Union"). Promotion was to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_3_South_West "London 3 South West") (formerly London 4 South West) and relegation to [Hampshire 2](/wiki/Hampshire_1 "Hampshire 1").
|
| | **Hampshire 1** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |
| 2009–10{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2009\-2010/group/13646\|title\=2009\-2010 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 11 | **[Alton](/wiki/Alton_RFC "Alton RFC")** | [Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. "Petersfield R.F.C.") | [Aldershot \& Fleet](/wiki/Aldershot_%26_Fleet_RUFC "Aldershot & Fleet RUFC") |
| 2010–11{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2010\-2011/group/14515\|title\=2010\-2011 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 11 | **[Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC "Andover RFC")** | [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC "Eastleigh RFC") | [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC "Fareham Heathens RFC"), [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club "Southampton Rugby Club") |
| 2011–12{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2011\-2012/group/15532\|title\=2011\-2012 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 12 | **[Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC "Eastleigh RFC")** | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club "Fordingbridge Rugby Club") | [Nomads](/wiki/Nomads_RFC "Nomads RFC"), [Lytchett Minster](/wiki/Lytchett_Minster_RFC "Lytchett Minster RFC"), [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC "Ventnor RFC") |
| 2012–13{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2012\-2013/group/16233\|title\=2012\-2013 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 12 | **[New Milton \& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC "New Milton & District RFC")** | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club "Fordingbridge Rugby Club") | [Aldershot \& Fleet](/wiki/Aldershot_%26_Fleet_RUFC "Aldershot & Fleet RUFC"), [Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. "Petersfield R.F.C.") |
| 2013–14{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2013\-2014/group/17250\|title\=2013\-2014 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=1 February 2015}} | 12 | **[Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC "Andover RFC")** | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club "Fordingbridge Rugby Club") | [Overton](/wiki/Overton_Rugby_Club "Overton Rugby Club"), [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club "Southampton Rugby Club") |
| 2014–15{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2014\-2015/group/18339\|title\=2014\-2015 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=3 May 2015}} | 10{{efn\|There was originally 11 teams in the league but \[\[Solent University RFC\|Solent University]] had to withdraw from the league due to difficulties fielding a regular match squad.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.solentjournalism.co.uk/solent\-rugbys\-hampshire\-side\-withdraw\-from\-league\-competition/\|title\=Solent Rugby's Hampshire side withdraw from league competition\|access\-date\=3 May 2015}} {{Dead link\|date\=April 2016}}}} | **[United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club "United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club")** | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_Rugby_Club "Millbrook Rugby Club") | [Alton](/wiki/Alton_RFC "Alton RFC"), [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_Rugby_Club "Romsey Rugby Club") |
| 2015–16{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2015\-2016/group/19832\|title\=2015\-2016 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=25 April 2016}} | 11 | **[Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC "Millbrook RFC")** | [Bognor](/wiki/Bognor_RFC "Bognor RFC") | [Locksheath Pumas](/wiki/Locksheath_Pumas "Locksheath Pumas"){{efn\|Only one team was relegated at the end of the season as \[\[Hampshire 2]] would go from 10 to 9 teams the following seasons.}} |
| 2016–17{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2016\-2017/group/21321\|title\=2016\-2017 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=22 April 2017}} | 11 | **[Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. "Petersfield R.F.C.")** | [New Milton \& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC "New Milton & District RFC") | [Chineham](/wiki/Chineham_RFC "Chineham RFC"), [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_RFC "Farnborough RFC"), [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_RFC "Romsey RFC") |
| 2017–18{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2017\-2018/group/23034\|title\=2017\-2018 London South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=21 April 2018}} | 11 | **[United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club "United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club")** | [Bognor](/wiki/Bognor_RFC "Bognor RFC") | [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC "Ventnor RFC"), [Overton](/wiki/Overton_Rugby_Club "Overton Rugby Club"), [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_RFC "Isle of Wight RFC"), [Ellingham \& Ringwood](/wiki/Ellingham_%26_Ringwood_RFC "Ellingham & Ringwood RFC"){{efn\|The restructuring of the Hampshire leagues for the following season and introduction of 2nd XV teams meant that there were more relegated teams than usual.}} |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
### Hampshire Premier (2018–present)
Restructuring of the Hampshire leagues saw Hampshire 1 renamed as Hampshire Premier. It remained a tier 9 league with promotion to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_3_South_West "London 3 South West") and relegation to the new [Hampshire 1](/wiki/Hampshire_1 "Hampshire 1") (formerly Hampshire 2\).
|
| | **Hampshire Premier** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |
| 2018–19{{cite web\|url\=https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\-and\-results/competitions/london\-se\-division/2018\-2019/group/26592 \|title\=2018\-2019 London \& South\-East Division\|website\=England Rugby\|publisher\=RFU \|access\-date\=13 April 2019}} | 12 | **[Basingstoke](/wiki/Basingstoke_R.F.C. "Basingstoke R.F.C.")** | [Sandown \& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC "Sandown & Shanklin RFC") | [Gosport \& Fareham II](/wiki/Gosport_and_Fareham_R.F.C. "Gosport and Fareham R.F.C."), [Tottonians II](/wiki/Tottonians_RFC "Tottonians RFC"), [Portsmouth II](/wiki/Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club "Portsmouth Rugby Football Club") |
| 2019–20{{cite web\|title\=Men's London \& South East Level 8 and below leagues 2019–20\|url\=https://www.englandrugby.com/dxdam/a9/a93fd8a1\-289e\-4cbe\-8d83\-92a5bfa91aaa/FINAL%20L%26SE%20Level%208%20%26%20below\_v2\.pdf\|website\=England Rugby\|access\-date\=25 April 2020}} | 13 | **[Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. "Petersfield R.F.C.")** | [Alton](/wiki/Alton_RFC "Alton RFC") | [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club "Farnborough Rugby Club"), [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC "Fareham Heathens RFC") |
| 2020–21 | 13 | | | |
| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
[
"Hampshire Premier honours\n-------------------------",
"### Hampshire 1 (1987–1993\\)",
"Originally known as Hampshire 1, it was tier 8 league with promotion up to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_2_South_West \"London 2 South West\") and relegation down to [Hampshire 2](/wiki/Hampshire_1 \"Hampshire 1\").",
"",
"|",
"| | **Hampshire 1** | |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
"",
"| --- | --- | --- |\n| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |\n| 1987–88 | 11 | **[Gosport](/wiki/Gosport_and_Fareham_R.F.C. \"Gosport and Fareham R.F.C.\")** | [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club \"Southampton Rugby Club\") | [New Milton \\& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC \"New Milton & District RFC\"), [Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. \"Petersfield R.F.C.\") |\n| 1988–89 | 11 | **[Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club \"Southampton Rugby Club\")** | [Esso](/wiki/Esso_RFC \"Esso RFC\") | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club \"Fordingbridge Rugby Club\"), [Tottonians](/wiki/Tottonians_Rugby_Club \"Tottonians Rugby Club\") |\n| 1989–90 | 11 | **[Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC \"Eastleigh RFC\")** | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC \"Millbrook RFC\") | [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC \"Fareham Heathens RFC\"), [Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC \"Andover RFC\") |\n| 1990–91 | 11 | **[Winchester](/wiki/Winchester_RFC \"Winchester RFC\")** | [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey_Reds \"Jersey Reds\") | [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club \"Farnborough Rugby Club\") |\n| 1991–92 | 11 | **[Jersey](/wiki/Jersey_Reds \"Jersey Reds\")** | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC \"Millbrook RFC\") | [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC \"Fareham Heathens RFC\") |\n| 1992–93 | 12 | **[Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club \"Southampton Rugby Club\")** | [Gosport](/wiki/Gosport_and_Fareham_R.F.C. \"Gosport and Fareham R.F.C.\") | [Esso](/wiki/Esso_RFC \"Esso RFC\"), [Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey_RFC \"Guernsey RFC\") |\n| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |",
"### Hampshire 1 (1993–1996\\)",
"The creation of [National 5 South](/wiki/Courage_League_Division_5 \"Courage League Division 5\") meant that Hampshire 1 dropped from a tier 8 league to a tier 9 league for the years that National 5 South was active. Promotion and relegation continued to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_2_South_West \"London 2 South West\") and [Hampshire 2](/wiki/Hampshire_1 \"Hampshire 1\") respectively.",
"",
"|",
"| | **Hampshire 1** | |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
"",
"| --- | --- | --- |\n| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |\n| 1993–94 | 13 | **[Gosport](/wiki/Gosport_and_Fareham_R.F.C. \"Gosport and Fareham R.F.C.\")** | [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey_Reds \"Jersey Reds\") | [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_RUFC \"Romsey RUFC\"), [Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC \"Andover RFC\") |\n| 1994–95 | 13 | **[Jersey](/wiki/Jersey_Reds \"Jersey Reds\")** | [United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club \"United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club\") | [Isle Of Wight](/wiki/Isle_Of_Wight_RFC \"Isle Of Wight RFC\"), [New Milton \\& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC \"New Milton & District RFC\"), [Sandown \\& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC \"Sandown & Shanklin RFC\") |\n| 1995–96 | 13 | **[Winchester](/wiki/Winchester_RFC \"Winchester RFC\")** | [United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club \"United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club\") | [Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club \"Trojans Rugby Club\"), [Esso](/wiki/Esso_RFC \"Esso RFC\") |\n| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |",
"### Hampshire 1 (1996–2000\\)",
"The cancellation of [National 5 South](/wiki/Courage_League_Division_5 \"Courage League Division 5\") at the end of the 1995–96 season meant that Hampshire 1 reverted to being a tier 8 league. Promotion and relegation continued to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_2_South_West \"London 2 South West\") and [Hampshire 2](/wiki/Hampshire_1 \"Hampshire 1\") respectively.",
"",
"|",
"| | **Hampshire 1** | |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
"",
"| --- | --- | --- |\n| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |\n| 1996–97 | 12 | **[Esso](/wiki/Esso_RFC \"Esso RFC\")** | [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club \"Southampton Rugby Club\"){{efn\\|3rd place \\[\\[Farnborough Rugby Club\\|Farnborough]] also promoted.}} | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club \"Fordingbridge Rugby Club\"), [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC \"Ventnor RFC\") |\n| 1997–98 | 9 | **[Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC \"Andover RFC\")** | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC \"Millbrook RFC\") | No relegation{{efn\\|As the league was to increase from 9 to 10 teams for the following season, there was no relegation.}} |\n| 1998–99{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/1998\\-1999/group/9024\\|title\\=1998\\-1999 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Tottonians](/wiki/Tottonians_Rugby_Club \"Tottonians Rugby Club\")** | [Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club \"Trojans Rugby Club\") | [Overton](/wiki/Overton_Rugby_Club \"Overton Rugby Club\"), [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC \"Eastleigh RFC\") |\n| 1999–00{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/1999\\-2000/group/9321\\|title\\=1999\\-2000 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club \"United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club\")** | [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC \"Ventnor RFC\") | [Isle Of Wight](/wiki/Isle_Of_Wight_RFC \"Isle Of Wight RFC\") |\n| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |",
"### Hampshire 1 (2000–2009\\)",
"The introduction of [London 4 South West](/wiki/London_3_South_West \"London 3 South West\") ahead of the 2000–01 season meant Hampshire 1 dropped to become a tier 9 league with promotion to this new division. Relegation continued to [Hampshire 1](/wiki/Hampshire_1 \"Hampshire 1\").",
"",
"|",
"| | **Hampshire 1** | |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
"",
"| --- | --- | --- |\n| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |\n| 2000–01{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2000\\-2001/group/9646\\|title\\=2000\\-2001 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club \"Farnborough Rugby Club\")** | [Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club \"Trojans Rugby Club\") | [New Milton \\& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC \"New Milton & District RFC\"), [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC \"Ventnor RFC\") |\n| 2001–02{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2001\\-2002/group/9980\\|title\\=2001\\-2002 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. \"Petersfield R.F.C.\")** | [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club \"Southampton Rugby Club\") | [Fawley](/wiki/Fawley_RFC \"Fawley RFC\") |\n| 2002–03{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2002\\-2003/group/10315\\|title\\=2002\\-2003 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_RUFC \"Romsey RUFC\")** | [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club \"Farnborough Rugby Club\") | [Hamble](/wiki/Hamble_RFC \"Hamble RFC\"), [Nomads](/wiki/Nomads_RFC \"Nomads RFC\") |\n| 2003–04{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2003\\-2004/group/10700\\|title\\=2003\\-2004 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Guernsey](/wiki/Guernsey_RFC \"Guernsey RFC\")** | [Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club \"Trojans Rugby Club\") | [Fawley](/wiki/Fawley_RFC \"Fawley RFC\"), [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC \"Eastleigh RFC\") |\n| 2004–05{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2004\\-2005/group/11100\\|title\\=2004\\-2005 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club \"Trojans Rugby Club\")** | [Sandown \\& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC \"Sandown & Shanklin RFC\") | [Alresford](/wiki/Alresford_RFC \"Alresford RFC\"), [Nomads](/wiki/Nomads_RFC \"Nomads RFC\"), [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club \"Farnborough Rugby Club\") |\n| 2005–06{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2005\\-2006/group/11456\\|title\\=2005\\-2006 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Sandown \\& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC \"Sandown & Shanklin RFC\")** | [United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club \"United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club\") | [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_RUFC \"Romsey RUFC\"), [Isle Of Wight](/wiki/Isle_Of_Wight_RFC \"Isle Of Wight RFC\"), [Aldershot \\& Fleet](/wiki/Aldershot_%26_Fleet_RUFC \"Aldershot & Fleet RUFC\") |\n| 2006–07{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2006\\-2007/group/11802\\|title\\=2006\\-2007 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Trojans](/wiki/Trojans_Rugby_Club \"Trojans Rugby Club\")** | [Ellingham \\& Ringwood](/wiki/Ellingham_%26_Ringwood_RFC \"Ellingham & Ringwood RFC\") | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC \"Millbrook RFC\"), [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC \"Eastleigh RFC\") |\n| 2007–08{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2007\\-2008/group/12210\\|title\\=2007\\-2008 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Ellingham \\& Ringwood](/wiki/Ellingham_%26_Ringwood_RFC \"Ellingham & Ringwood RFC\")** | [Sandown \\& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC \"Sandown & Shanklin RFC\") | [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC \"Fareham Heathens RFC\") |\n| 2008–09{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2008\\-2009/group/12693\\|title\\=2008\\-2009 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 10 | **[Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club \"Fordingbridge Rugby Club\")** | [Sandown \\& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC \"Sandown & Shanklin RFC\") | No relegation{{efn\\|There was no relegation as \\[\\[East Dorset RFC\\|East Dorset]] (who would finish 7th) dropped out of the Hampshire league at the end of the season and joined \\[\\[Dorset \\& Wilts 3 South]].}} |\n| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |",
"### Hampshire 1 (2009–2018\\)",
"Hampshire 1 remained a tier 9 league despite national restructuring by the [RFU](/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union \"Rugby Football Union\"). Promotion was to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_3_South_West \"London 3 South West\") (formerly London 4 South West) and relegation to [Hampshire 2](/wiki/Hampshire_1 \"Hampshire 1\").",
"",
"|",
"| | **Hampshire 1** | |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
"",
"| --- | --- | --- |\n| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |\n| 2009–10{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2009\\-2010/group/13646\\|title\\=2009\\-2010 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 11 | **[Alton](/wiki/Alton_RFC \"Alton RFC\")** | [Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. \"Petersfield R.F.C.\") | [Aldershot \\& Fleet](/wiki/Aldershot_%26_Fleet_RUFC \"Aldershot & Fleet RUFC\") |\n| 2010–11{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2010\\-2011/group/14515\\|title\\=2010\\-2011 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 11 | **[Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC \"Andover RFC\")** | [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC \"Eastleigh RFC\") | [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC \"Fareham Heathens RFC\"), [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club \"Southampton Rugby Club\") |\n| 2011–12{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2011\\-2012/group/15532\\|title\\=2011\\-2012 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 12 | **[Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh_RFC \"Eastleigh RFC\")** | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club \"Fordingbridge Rugby Club\") | [Nomads](/wiki/Nomads_RFC \"Nomads RFC\"), [Lytchett Minster](/wiki/Lytchett_Minster_RFC \"Lytchett Minster RFC\"), [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC \"Ventnor RFC\") |\n| 2012–13{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2012\\-2013/group/16233\\|title\\=2012\\-2013 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 12 | **[New Milton \\& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC \"New Milton & District RFC\")** | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club \"Fordingbridge Rugby Club\") | [Aldershot \\& Fleet](/wiki/Aldershot_%26_Fleet_RUFC \"Aldershot & Fleet RUFC\"), [Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. \"Petersfield R.F.C.\") |\n| 2013–14{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2013\\-2014/group/17250\\|title\\=2013\\-2014 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=1 February 2015}} | 12 | **[Andover](/wiki/Andover_RFC \"Andover RFC\")** | [Fordingbridge](/wiki/Fordingbridge_Rugby_Club \"Fordingbridge Rugby Club\") | [Overton](/wiki/Overton_Rugby_Club \"Overton Rugby Club\"), [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_Rugby_Club \"Southampton Rugby Club\") |\n| 2014–15{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2014\\-2015/group/18339\\|title\\=2014\\-2015 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2015}} | 10{{efn\\|There was originally 11 teams in the league but \\[\\[Solent University RFC\\|Solent University]] had to withdraw from the league due to difficulties fielding a regular match squad.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.solentjournalism.co.uk/solent\\-rugbys\\-hampshire\\-side\\-withdraw\\-from\\-league\\-competition/\\|title\\=Solent Rugby's Hampshire side withdraw from league competition\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2015}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2016}}}} | **[United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club \"United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club\")** | [Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_Rugby_Club \"Millbrook Rugby Club\") | [Alton](/wiki/Alton_RFC \"Alton RFC\"), [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_Rugby_Club \"Romsey Rugby Club\") |\n| 2015–16{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2015\\-2016/group/19832\\|title\\=2015\\-2016 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2016}} | 11 | **[Millbrook](/wiki/Millbrook_RFC \"Millbrook RFC\")** | [Bognor](/wiki/Bognor_RFC \"Bognor RFC\") | [Locksheath Pumas](/wiki/Locksheath_Pumas \"Locksheath Pumas\"){{efn\\|Only one team was relegated at the end of the season as \\[\\[Hampshire 2]] would go from 10 to 9 teams the following seasons.}} |\n| 2016–17{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2016\\-2017/group/21321\\|title\\=2016\\-2017 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=22 April 2017}} | 11 | **[Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. \"Petersfield R.F.C.\")** | [New Milton \\& District](/wiki/New_Milton_%26_District_RFC \"New Milton & District RFC\") | [Chineham](/wiki/Chineham_RFC \"Chineham RFC\"), [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_RFC \"Farnborough RFC\"), [Romsey](/wiki/Romsey_RFC \"Romsey RFC\") |\n| 2017–18{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2017\\-2018/group/23034\\|title\\=2017\\-2018 London South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=21 April 2018}} | 11 | **[United Services Portsmouth](/wiki/United_Services_Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club \"United Services Portsmouth Rugby Football Club\")** | [Bognor](/wiki/Bognor_RFC \"Bognor RFC\") | [Ventnor](/wiki/Ventnor_RFC \"Ventnor RFC\"), [Overton](/wiki/Overton_Rugby_Club \"Overton Rugby Club\"), [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_RFC \"Isle of Wight RFC\"), [Ellingham \\& Ringwood](/wiki/Ellingham_%26_Ringwood_RFC \"Ellingham & Ringwood RFC\"){{efn\\|The restructuring of the Hampshire leagues for the following season and introduction of 2nd XV teams meant that there were more relegated teams than usual.}} |\n| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |",
"### Hampshire Premier (2018–present)",
"Restructuring of the Hampshire leagues saw Hampshire 1 renamed as Hampshire Premier. It remained a tier 9 league with promotion to [London 3 South West](/wiki/London_3_South_West \"London 3 South West\") and relegation to the new [Hampshire 1](/wiki/Hampshire_1 \"Hampshire 1\") (formerly Hampshire 2\\).",
"",
"|",
"| | **Hampshire Premier** | |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
"",
"| --- | --- | --- |\n| Season | No of Teams | Champions | Runners–up | Relegated Teams |\n| 2018–19{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures\\-and\\-results/competitions/london\\-se\\-division/2018\\-2019/group/26592 \\|title\\=2018\\-2019 London \\& South\\-East Division\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|publisher\\=RFU \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2019}} | 12 | **[Basingstoke](/wiki/Basingstoke_R.F.C. \"Basingstoke R.F.C.\")** | [Sandown \\& Shanklin](/wiki/Sandown_%26_Shanklin_RFC \"Sandown & Shanklin RFC\") | [Gosport \\& Fareham II](/wiki/Gosport_and_Fareham_R.F.C. \"Gosport and Fareham R.F.C.\"), [Tottonians II](/wiki/Tottonians_RFC \"Tottonians RFC\"), [Portsmouth II](/wiki/Portsmouth_Rugby_Football_Club \"Portsmouth Rugby Football Club\") |\n| 2019–20{{cite web\\|title\\=Men's London \\& South East Level 8 and below leagues 2019–20\\|url\\=https://www.englandrugby.com/dxdam/a9/a93fd8a1\\-289e\\-4cbe\\-8d83\\-92a5bfa91aaa/FINAL%20L%26SE%20Level%208%20%26%20below\\_v2\\.pdf\\|website\\=England Rugby\\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2020}} | 13 | **[Petersfield](/wiki/Petersfield_R.F.C. \"Petersfield R.F.C.\")** | [Alton](/wiki/Alton_RFC \"Alton RFC\") | [Farnborough](/wiki/Farnborough_Rugby_Club \"Farnborough Rugby Club\"), [Fareham Heathens](/wiki/Fareham_Heathens_RFC \"Fareham Heathens RFC\") |\n| 2020–21 | 13 | | | |\n| Green backgrounds are promotion places. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |",
""
] |
Later career
------------
After leaving Richmond, Hoffbauer obtained additional mural and other art commissions. In May 1921, he received a commission to paint a mural at the recently completed [Missouri State Capitol](/wiki/Missouri_State_Capitol "Missouri State Capitol") (the prior building was destroyed by fire in 1911\). The large mural, located in the House of Representatives, shows Missouri troops in France during World War I. Hoffbauer painted the mural in a studio in France and shipped it to the United States.Hoffbauer, Charles (1905\). “[Glory of Missouri in War](http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_ari_362728)”. Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian American Art Museums. Retrieved April 12, 2015\.“New Capitol of Missouri Beautiful”. (May 10, 1924\). *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*, p. A18\. Hoffbauer's link to obtaining the mural commission may have been Evarts Tracy, who was the commander of the [American Camouflage Corps](/wiki/American_Camouflage_Corps "American Camouflage Corps") and one of the architects of the Missouri capitol.Priddy, Bob (undated). “[A word with Bob Priddy](https://www.missouriartscouncil.org/graphics/assets/documents/959b20de2e81.pdf)”. Missouri Arts Council. Retrieved April 12, 2015\. In 1923, the [Hotel des Invalides](/wiki/Hotel_des_Invalides "Hotel des Invalides") in Paris commissioned Hoffbauer to paint decorations in the *Salle d’Honneur*, for which he later received the Prix de l’Institut de France. He exhibited several works in [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), France, and the United States. He extensively decorated the [Château d'Artigny](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Artigny "Château d'Artigny")' ballroom and library for perfume magnate [François Coty](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty "François Coty"). In 1930, he painted a large mural for the town hall of [Arras, France](/wiki/Arras%2C_France "Arras, France").Gropper, pp. 16, 18\.
In 1935, Hoffbauer attended in Paris a showing of the [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney "Walt Disney") movie *[The Three Little Pigs](/wiki/The_Three_Little_Pigs "The Three Little Pigs")*. After viewing the movie, it occurred to him that his artistic ability would be a good match for the [animation](/wiki/Animation "Animation") field and that [motion pictures](/wiki/Motion_picture "Motion picture") could provide an excellent venue for conveying history. With the idea of making an historical animated movie, over the next two years Hoffbauer researched Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia and drew thousands of sketches. From these sketches, he created 120 [temperas](/wiki/Tempera "Tempera"), which he titled *Napoleon’s Russian Campaign*. In April 1938, Hoffbauer returned to the United States to repair some damage to the Confederate murals and to accept an honorary doctor of fine arts degree awarded by the [University of Richmond](/wiki/University_of_Richmond "University of Richmond"). He visited New York in July and arranged a meeting with Walt Disney. Hoffbauer presented the temperas and the idea of an animated historical motion picture. Disney was impressed but explained that the Napoleonic theme was not consistent with the typical subject matter of his movies. He stated, “Mr. Hoffbauer, I’ll never be the artist you are, but . . . I deal in whimsy.” However, he offered to assist the artist if Hoffbauer came to [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles "Hollywood, Los Angeles").Gropper, p. 20\.
In 1939, Hoffbauer and his wife, Henrietta, moved from Paris to Hollywood. To assist Hoffbauer, Disney prepared a [technicolor](/wiki/Technicolor "Technicolor") [filmstrip](/wiki/Filmstrip "Filmstrip") of the 120 Napoleonic campaign temperas.Gropper, p. 22\. Hoping to further interest in a motion picture based on the paintings, Hoffbauer exhibited the temperas at the Los Angeles Museum and stated, “We artists must . . . use this great contemporary medium \[animation].”Miller, Arthur (March 3, 1940\). "The art thrill of the week". Los Angeles Times, p. C8\. Despite contacts with several motion picture personnel, including actor [Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.](/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks%2C_Jr. "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr."), and producer [Walter Wanger](/wiki/Walter_Wanger "Walter Wanger"), Hoffbauer was unable to generate interest in the material as a movie. Hoffbauer also painted a set of temperas titled *The History of Williamsburg* in the hope of making an educational filmstrip for the [Colonial Williamsburg Foundation](/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg_Foundation "Colonial Williamsburg Foundation"). Even though Dr. [Douglas Southall Freeman](/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman "Douglas Southall Freeman"), the [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize "Pulitzer Prize")\-winning editor of the *[Richmond News Leader](/wiki/Richmond_News_Leader "Richmond News Leader")*, encouraged and endorsed the project, the foundation showed no interest.Dr. Douglas Southall Freeman to Dr. Samuel C. Chew (November 29, 1939\). “Charles Hoffbauer papers, 1891\-1974,” Archives of American Art.
Disney hired Hoffbauer as a research artist for his studio in January 1940\. Hoffbauer worked on *The Life and Stories of [Hans Christian Andersen](/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen "Hans Christian Andersen")*, which combined animation and [live action](/wiki/Live_action "Live action"), a technique pioneered by Disney.“[Walt Disney, 65, dies on coast](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/12/16/issue.html)”. (December 16, 1966\). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, p. 40\. Hoffbauer painted a series of watercolors on [Joan of Arc](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc "Joan of Arc") but was unsuccessful in gaining interest for an animated movie on the subject. In July, the New England Life Insurance Company engaged Hoffbauer to paint eight murals at their headquarters in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"). The murals depict Boston history from 1622 to 1798\. Hoffbauer spent five months in Boston researching the area’s history and, as he had done with the Confederate murals, preparing numerous sketches. He painted the murals in Hollywood and shipped them to Boston when nearly complete. The company installed them in May 1942 for a convention, and then removed them for four months of on\-site finishing by Hoffbauer. His work garnered positive comments, with one reviewer stating, “This artist, who so loves history, has managed to present it, not as a series of theatrical events, but as something alive and breathing today.”“Boston art painted here”. (May 4, 1942\). *Los Angeles Times*, p. A2\.
Hoffbauer, who became a U.S. citizen in 1941, continued his association with Disney for several years. The studio executive sent the Napoleon filmstrip and a project summary to British movie producers [Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_Korda "Alexander Korda") and [Vincent Korda](/wiki/Vincent_Korda "Vincent Korda"). While not opting for the Napoleon endeavor, they offered to employ Hoffbauer on a production of *War and Peace*. However, World War II soon ensued, and the project was cancelled. Hoffbauer later worked for Paramount Studios as a technical consultant on the movie *Monsieur Beaucaire*. In 1948, the Fairbanks Company hired him as a technical advisor and artist. In 1951, at the request of the [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California "University of California"), Hoffbauer gave a lecture in French based on his father’s book *Paris à Travers les Ages* to commemorate the 2,000th anniversary of the founding of Paris. Reviving the possibility of a production of *War and Peace*, Hoffbauer contacted director Fred Zinneman about working on an upcoming [Mike Todd](/wiki/Mike_Todd "Mike Todd") film based on the novel. To Hoffbauer’s disappointment, Italian producer [Dino De Laurentiis](/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis "Dino De Laurentiis") acquired the rights to the story and made the movie without the artist’s assistance. Hoffbauer and his wife left California and moved to [Rockport, Massachusetts](/wiki/Rockport%2C_Massachusetts "Rockport, Massachusetts") in May 1952\. In nearby Boston, Hoffbauer painted an additional mural for the New England Life Insurance Company. For the [Hayden Planetarium](/wiki/Hayden_Planetarium "Hayden Planetarium"), he painted one of his most unusual works—a tempera showing the surface of the Moon with the Earth just above the Moon’s horizon. Hoffbauer continued an active painting career for the remainder of his life.Gropper, pp. 22, 24\-25\.
|
[
"Later career\n------------",
"After leaving Richmond, Hoffbauer obtained additional mural and other art commissions. In May 1921, he received a commission to paint a mural at the recently completed [Missouri State Capitol](/wiki/Missouri_State_Capitol \"Missouri State Capitol\") (the prior building was destroyed by fire in 1911\\). The large mural, located in the House of Representatives, shows Missouri troops in France during World War I. Hoffbauer painted the mural in a studio in France and shipped it to the United States.Hoffbauer, Charles (1905\\). “[Glory of Missouri in War](http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_ari_362728)”. Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian American Art Museums. Retrieved April 12, 2015\\.“New Capitol of Missouri Beautiful”. (May 10, 1924\\). *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*, p. A18\\. Hoffbauer's link to obtaining the mural commission may have been Evarts Tracy, who was the commander of the [American Camouflage Corps](/wiki/American_Camouflage_Corps \"American Camouflage Corps\") and one of the architects of the Missouri capitol.Priddy, Bob (undated). “[A word with Bob Priddy](https://www.missouriartscouncil.org/graphics/assets/documents/959b20de2e81.pdf)”. Missouri Arts Council. Retrieved April 12, 2015\\. In 1923, the [Hotel des Invalides](/wiki/Hotel_des_Invalides \"Hotel des Invalides\") in Paris commissioned Hoffbauer to paint decorations in the *Salle d’Honneur*, for which he later received the Prix de l’Institut de France. He exhibited several works in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), France, and the United States. He extensively decorated the [Château d'Artigny](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Artigny \"Château d'Artigny\")' ballroom and library for perfume magnate [François Coty](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty \"François Coty\"). In 1930, he painted a large mural for the town hall of [Arras, France](/wiki/Arras%2C_France \"Arras, France\").Gropper, pp. 16, 18\\.",
"In 1935, Hoffbauer attended in Paris a showing of the [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney \"Walt Disney\") movie *[The Three Little Pigs](/wiki/The_Three_Little_Pigs \"The Three Little Pigs\")*. After viewing the movie, it occurred to him that his artistic ability would be a good match for the [animation](/wiki/Animation \"Animation\") field and that [motion pictures](/wiki/Motion_picture \"Motion picture\") could provide an excellent venue for conveying history. With the idea of making an historical animated movie, over the next two years Hoffbauer researched Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia and drew thousands of sketches. From these sketches, he created 120 [temperas](/wiki/Tempera \"Tempera\"), which he titled *Napoleon’s Russian Campaign*. In April 1938, Hoffbauer returned to the United States to repair some damage to the Confederate murals and to accept an honorary doctor of fine arts degree awarded by the [University of Richmond](/wiki/University_of_Richmond \"University of Richmond\"). He visited New York in July and arranged a meeting with Walt Disney. Hoffbauer presented the temperas and the idea of an animated historical motion picture. Disney was impressed but explained that the Napoleonic theme was not consistent with the typical subject matter of his movies. He stated, “Mr. Hoffbauer, I’ll never be the artist you are, but . . . I deal in whimsy.” However, he offered to assist the artist if Hoffbauer came to [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\").Gropper, p. 20\\.",
"In 1939, Hoffbauer and his wife, Henrietta, moved from Paris to Hollywood. To assist Hoffbauer, Disney prepared a [technicolor](/wiki/Technicolor \"Technicolor\") [filmstrip](/wiki/Filmstrip \"Filmstrip\") of the 120 Napoleonic campaign temperas.Gropper, p. 22\\. Hoping to further interest in a motion picture based on the paintings, Hoffbauer exhibited the temperas at the Los Angeles Museum and stated, “We artists must . . . use this great contemporary medium \\[animation].”Miller, Arthur (March 3, 1940\\). \"The art thrill of the week\". Los Angeles Times, p. C8\\. Despite contacts with several motion picture personnel, including actor [Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.](/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks%2C_Jr. \"Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.\"), and producer [Walter Wanger](/wiki/Walter_Wanger \"Walter Wanger\"), Hoffbauer was unable to generate interest in the material as a movie. Hoffbauer also painted a set of temperas titled *The History of Williamsburg* in the hope of making an educational filmstrip for the [Colonial Williamsburg Foundation](/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg_Foundation \"Colonial Williamsburg Foundation\"). Even though Dr. [Douglas Southall Freeman](/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman \"Douglas Southall Freeman\"), the [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize \"Pulitzer Prize\")\\-winning editor of the *[Richmond News Leader](/wiki/Richmond_News_Leader \"Richmond News Leader\")*, encouraged and endorsed the project, the foundation showed no interest.Dr. Douglas Southall Freeman to Dr. Samuel C. Chew (November 29, 1939\\). “Charles Hoffbauer papers, 1891\\-1974,” Archives of American Art.",
"Disney hired Hoffbauer as a research artist for his studio in January 1940\\. Hoffbauer worked on *The Life and Stories of [Hans Christian Andersen](/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen \"Hans Christian Andersen\")*, which combined animation and [live action](/wiki/Live_action \"Live action\"), a technique pioneered by Disney.“[Walt Disney, 65, dies on coast](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/12/16/issue.html)”. (December 16, 1966\\). *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, p. 40\\. Hoffbauer painted a series of watercolors on [Joan of Arc](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc \"Joan of Arc\") but was unsuccessful in gaining interest for an animated movie on the subject. In July, the New England Life Insurance Company engaged Hoffbauer to paint eight murals at their headquarters in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"). The murals depict Boston history from 1622 to 1798\\. Hoffbauer spent five months in Boston researching the area’s history and, as he had done with the Confederate murals, preparing numerous sketches. He painted the murals in Hollywood and shipped them to Boston when nearly complete. The company installed them in May 1942 for a convention, and then removed them for four months of on\\-site finishing by Hoffbauer. His work garnered positive comments, with one reviewer stating, “This artist, who so loves history, has managed to present it, not as a series of theatrical events, but as something alive and breathing today.”“Boston art painted here”. (May 4, 1942\\). *Los Angeles Times*, p. A2\\.",
"Hoffbauer, who became a U.S. citizen in 1941, continued his association with Disney for several years. The studio executive sent the Napoleon filmstrip and a project summary to British movie producers [Alexander](/wiki/Alexander_Korda \"Alexander Korda\") and [Vincent Korda](/wiki/Vincent_Korda \"Vincent Korda\"). While not opting for the Napoleon endeavor, they offered to employ Hoffbauer on a production of *War and Peace*. However, World War II soon ensued, and the project was cancelled. Hoffbauer later worked for Paramount Studios as a technical consultant on the movie *Monsieur Beaucaire*. In 1948, the Fairbanks Company hired him as a technical advisor and artist. In 1951, at the request of the [University of California](/wiki/University_of_California \"University of California\"), Hoffbauer gave a lecture in French based on his father’s book *Paris à Travers les Ages* to commemorate the 2,000th anniversary of the founding of Paris. Reviving the possibility of a production of *War and Peace*, Hoffbauer contacted director Fred Zinneman about working on an upcoming [Mike Todd](/wiki/Mike_Todd \"Mike Todd\") film based on the novel. To Hoffbauer’s disappointment, Italian producer [Dino De Laurentiis](/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis \"Dino De Laurentiis\") acquired the rights to the story and made the movie without the artist’s assistance. Hoffbauer and his wife left California and moved to [Rockport, Massachusetts](/wiki/Rockport%2C_Massachusetts \"Rockport, Massachusetts\") in May 1952\\. In nearby Boston, Hoffbauer painted an additional mural for the New England Life Insurance Company. For the [Hayden Planetarium](/wiki/Hayden_Planetarium \"Hayden Planetarium\"), he painted one of his most unusual works—a tempera showing the surface of the Moon with the Earth just above the Moon’s horizon. Hoffbauer continued an active painting career for the remainder of his life.Gropper, pp. 22, 24\\-25\\.",
""
] |
Contents
--------
### "Witnessing the Millennium" by [Pat Cadigan](/wiki/Pat_Cadigan "Pat Cadigan")
People around the world are inexplicably vanishing \\\- and rumour is that the only way to survive is to be seen at all times. As New Year's Ever partygoers fight to be seen on TV cameras around the world, the narrator instead decides to sit alone on a London park bench. He is accosted first by a group of drunk homeless men, then by a TV news crew, leading to a fight that knocks him to the ground. When he recovers to find everyone gone and only the news crew's equipment left, he realises that people are somehow being pulled into the cameras themselves.
### "English Astronaut" by [Nicholas Blincoe](/wiki/Nicholas_Blincoe "Nicholas Blincoe")
Harry, an Englishman, who has seemingly become unhinged by a life of non\-stop, round\-the\-world partying, travels to Jerusalem, believing that if he plays Karen Carpenter's "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" as the new millennium begins, he will ascend into the Heavens. He manages to seize the [Dome of the Rock](/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock "Dome of the Rock"), but is fatally shot by security forces. As he dies, he does indeed feel his spirit moving on.
### "I'm a Policeman" by [Grant Morrison](/wiki/Grant_Morrison "Grant Morrison")
In London, world\-famous author and marketing guru Starorzewski frets about the launch of soft drink brand [Cloaca](/wiki/Cloaca "Cloaca")\-Cola while hedonistically partying in [Buckingham Palace](/wiki/Buckingham_Palace "Buckingham Palace"). As social order breaks down in the face of increasingly self\-recursive media, he pulls off a major stunt \- launching gallons of the filth\-laden liquid on the citizens below, so that it crystallises into snow. (This mirrors an issue from the comic book *[The Invisibles](/wiki/The_Invisibles "The Invisibles")*, scripted by Morrison and entitled "And We're All Policemen" ,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.barbelith.com/bomb/we.htm\|title\=Archived copy\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601084531/http://www.barbelith.com/bomb/we.htm\|archivedate\=2013\-06\-01\|accessdate\=2011\-12\-29}} Accessed 29 December 2011 which is also set at a turn\-of\-an\-epoch party. The protagonist's surname in "I'm a Policeman", Starorzewski, is shared by The Invisibles' *[King Mob](/wiki/King_Mob_%28comics%29 "King Mob (comics)")*.)
### "Identity" by Jonathan Brook
James, an increasingly violent and confused psychopath, stalks the streets of London. A vat\-grown human, he has DNA from all of humanity embedded in his cells, allowing him to psychically access memories and experiences from all over the globe. The scientists who created him try \- and fail \- to stop him from mating, an action that causes reality itself to unspool.
### "Vine of the Soul" by [Poppy Z. Brite](/wiki/Poppy_Z._Brite "Poppy Z. Brite")
Zach and Trevor, an American couple, celebrate New Year's Eve in Amsterdam, culminating in drug\-fuelled hallucinatory sex in a friend's home. The story features characters from Brite's second novel, *[Drawing Blood](/wiki/Drawing_Blood "Drawing Blood").*
### "The Millennium Loop" by Charlie Hall
A pair of nomadic DJs hoping to make their way across Australia for the start of the new millennium find themselves stranded in the wilderness. Desperate, they contact an email address found on the back of a button they picked up in their travels. Down the line comes a voice, seemingly recorded by one of them at a time unknown, warning them not to be trapped in the "millennium loop". As they continue their travels, they pick up an old man who reveals the grim truth: that the world is forever caught in a loop, never leaving the second millennium, always resetting at the end of January 31\. Hoping to eventually break free, they leave a message for their past selves and drive on into the loop.
### "A Short Archeology of the Chemical Age" by Doug Hawes
Counting down to midnight at a Manchester house party, a group of friends come up on [MDMA](/wiki/MDMA "MDMA") in time for the new year.
### "Mama Told Me Not to Come" by [Paul Di Filippo](/wiki/Paul_Di_Filippo "Paul Di Filippo")
Loren's plan to commit suicide at a friend's house party is derailed by a meeting with the god [Bacchus](/wiki/Dionysus "Dionysus") who gifts him with a series of magical artefacts, including a [party horn](/wiki/Party_horn "Party horn") that will let him leap to any shindig in the multiverse \- with the warning that if anyone so transported steps too far from a party, they will explode in a miniature big bang. Loren then skips through the Mad Hatter's tea party from [Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"), a Roman orgy, and a 1960s [bed in](/wiki/Bed-Ins_for_Peace "Bed-Ins for Peace"), acquiring several companions along the way. He jettisons one of them \- who is trying to kill him \- at a dinosaur "party", causing an explosion that means [extinction](/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event") for the beasts, and the group finally end up in his friend's flat 20 years later. His fears that the end of the party will cause them to detonate are unfounded, however: the UK, under a new revolutionary government, is now in a state of 24/7 partying.
### "Gigantic" by [Steve Aylett](/wiki/Steve_Aylett "Steve Aylett")
After accidentally glimpsing the true nature of the universe, Professor Skychum attempts to warn the world of an impending mass disaster. Unfortunately he must compete for airtime with a bunch of genuine crazies, who are made to recount their crackpot ideas as TV entertainment. Eventually his prophecy plays out: "spaceships" appear above major cities and government buildings and begin to drop billions of dead bodies \- the victims of those governments and institutions \- onto them. Skychum, watching the corpses fall on New York from the safety of an out\-of\-town train line, remarks: "Many happy returns."
### "Let's Grind, or How K2 Plant Hire Ltd Went to Work" by [Bill Drummond](/wiki/Bill_Drummond "Bill Drummond")
Drummond recounts how he and other members of [The KLF](/wiki/The_KLF "The KLF") planned to string up the bodies of two slaughtered cows from a pylon as part of a [Discordian](/wiki/Discordianism "Discordianism") art prank at a time when the UK was reeling from [mad cow disease](/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy"). However, after acquiring the two animals, Drummond and crew lose their faith in the project and cancel it. With the end of the millennium approaching, they hatch a new scheme, to grind down the [Rollright Stones](/wiki/Rollright_Stones "Rollright Stones"), mix them with building materials and shave them into perfect cubes that will better withstand the vagaries of time. The story ends with them setting off to work. This story is connected to 2K's [Fuck the Millennium](/wiki/Fuck_the_Millennium "Fuck the Millennium") project.
### "Radiant Flower of The Divine Heavens" by [Martin Millar](/wiki/Martin_Millar "Martin Millar")
Fetish model and club queen Radiant Flower of the Divine Heavens, having stolen a prize flower that will only bloom at the millennium, fends off admirers as she frets over the plant's ailing health and its effect on her home's [feng shui](/wiki/Feng_shui "Feng shui"). One of those spurned admirers steals it and presents it to her arch\-nemesis, club doyenne Venus Beuticia, who destroys it in front of the young woman at a New Year's Eve BDSM party. Radiant Flower pretends that she only stole it to present it to Venus, gaining the upper hand, then resolves to just use some hedge clippings to fix her feng shui instead.
### "Game On" by Helen Mead
A group of friends gather on the island of an enigmatic party planner, Domenico, to welcome in the new year with food, fun, drink and drugs. Nick, one of their member, is paralysed by gloom, but is transformed by the experience and granted a new lease on life by their host's magnanimity.
### "Piece of My Mind" by [Courttia Newland](/wiki/Courttia_Newland "Courttia Newland")
In Liverpool, a group of youths prepare to party into the new year, but two of their number have their own plans: Little Stacey plans to make some cash selling drugs at the city's biggest club bash, while reclusive graffiti artist Nemo plots his biggest and best work yet on the wall of a [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") studio. Stacey's dealing goes awry when he is mugged at knifepoint in the club and Nemo's mural is interrupted first by his friend Vanessa, who demands to tag along, and then by the police. Stacey is saved by bouncers, and Nemo and Vanessa manage to evade the police. Both young men see in the New Year in the arms of the women they love, having put their bad habits behind them.
### "Is Everybody Here?" by [Douglas Rushkoff](/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff "Douglas Rushkoff")
A party host explains in monologue his philosophy on life, pain and salvation, as it emerges he is a cult leader talking his followers into committing suicide as a way to escape [the cycle of rebirth and death](/wiki/Reincarnation "Reincarnation").
### "Pavlovs Bitch and Yoga Cow Reach 2000 " by Tanya Glyde
Sometime lovers Bitch and Yoga Cow take on a drugged\-up romp across London in search of raw steaks \- tricky, since an epidemic of [meat madness](/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy") has led to meat products being banned. After failing to find anything useful at a couple of parties, they break into a secret meat locker beneath [Harrods](/wiki/Harrods "Harrods") using a grenade, then take the meat to their friend Mack, who has been institutionalised. As Mack and Yoga Cow enjoy the meat at midnight, Bitch murders them and slinks away \- possibly a victim of the disease herself.
### "Retoxicity" by Steve Beard
In a [cyberpunk](/wiki/Cyberpunk "Cyberpunk")\-inflected London torn apart by conflict between the Corporation of London and billionaire Hong Kong investors, a mercenary infiltrates a New Year's Eve party being held in the ruins of [Battersea Power Station](/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station "Battersea Power Station") by a cult leader. A paramilitary force is sent in to violently quell the party, but the leader defies all logic by apparently ascending \- as promised \- to a higher plane. (This is an excerpt from Beard's novel, *Digital Leatherette*.)
### "Crunch" by [Neal Stephenson](/wiki/Neal_Stephenson "Neal Stephenson")
In Manila, a man preoccupied by the complexities of ballroom dancing ritualistically makes and consumes breakfast before being ferried on to an unknown future. )This is an excerpt from Stephenson's novel *[Cryptonomicon](/wiki/Cryptonomicon "Cryptonomicon")*.)
### "Dali's Clocks" by [Robert Anton Wilson](/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson "Robert Anton Wilson")
Multiple parallel worlds collide after a [Discordian](/wiki/Discordianism "Discordianism") named Simon the Walking Glitch organises an anti\-millennium party for people who don't like the Christian calendar. Members of three alternate timelines \- a giant superintelligent red ant, a giant superintelligent black ant, and a normal\-sized fairly intelligent human named Abdel \- converge on Simon's reality. The tangled timelines unweave after the red ants devour all of the world's Christians, which in turn leads to a substantial uptick in world peace.
### "Fire at the Ativan Factory" by [Douglas Coupland](/wiki/Douglas_Coupland "Douglas Coupland")
Wyatt, an unhappily married special effects guru, is working through the New Year's Eve celebrations, musing on his inability to impregnate his wife and his addiction to [Ativan](/wiki/Lorazepam "Lorazepam") when he snaps and decides he wants to flush not just the drug, but the whole of the 20th century, out of his system. He goes home and handcuffs himself to a railing on his balcony, throws away all his means of escape, and begins a truly terrible comedown as the millennium ends.
|
[
"Contents\n--------",
"### \"Witnessing the Millennium\" by [Pat Cadigan](/wiki/Pat_Cadigan \"Pat Cadigan\")",
"People around the world are inexplicably vanishing \\\\\\- and rumour is that the only way to survive is to be seen at all times. As New Year's Ever partygoers fight to be seen on TV cameras around the world, the narrator instead decides to sit alone on a London park bench. He is accosted first by a group of drunk homeless men, then by a TV news crew, leading to a fight that knocks him to the ground. When he recovers to find everyone gone and only the news crew's equipment left, he realises that people are somehow being pulled into the cameras themselves.",
"### \"English Astronaut\" by [Nicholas Blincoe](/wiki/Nicholas_Blincoe \"Nicholas Blincoe\")",
"Harry, an Englishman, who has seemingly become unhinged by a life of non\\-stop, round\\-the\\-world partying, travels to Jerusalem, believing that if he plays Karen Carpenter's \"Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft\" as the new millennium begins, he will ascend into the Heavens. He manages to seize the [Dome of the Rock](/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock \"Dome of the Rock\"), but is fatally shot by security forces. As he dies, he does indeed feel his spirit moving on.",
"### \"I'm a Policeman\" by [Grant Morrison](/wiki/Grant_Morrison \"Grant Morrison\")",
"In London, world\\-famous author and marketing guru Starorzewski frets about the launch of soft drink brand [Cloaca](/wiki/Cloaca \"Cloaca\")\\-Cola while hedonistically partying in [Buckingham Palace](/wiki/Buckingham_Palace \"Buckingham Palace\"). As social order breaks down in the face of increasingly self\\-recursive media, he pulls off a major stunt \\- launching gallons of the filth\\-laden liquid on the citizens below, so that it crystallises into snow. (This mirrors an issue from the comic book *[The Invisibles](/wiki/The_Invisibles \"The Invisibles\")*, scripted by Morrison and entitled \"And We're All Policemen\" ,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.barbelith.com/bomb/we.htm\\|title\\=Archived copy\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601084531/http://www.barbelith.com/bomb/we.htm\\|archivedate\\=2013\\-06\\-01\\|accessdate\\=2011\\-12\\-29}} Accessed 29 December 2011 which is also set at a turn\\-of\\-an\\-epoch party. The protagonist's surname in \"I'm a Policeman\", Starorzewski, is shared by The Invisibles' *[King Mob](/wiki/King_Mob_%28comics%29 \"King Mob (comics)\")*.)",
"### \"Identity\" by Jonathan Brook",
"James, an increasingly violent and confused psychopath, stalks the streets of London. A vat\\-grown human, he has DNA from all of humanity embedded in his cells, allowing him to psychically access memories and experiences from all over the globe. The scientists who created him try \\- and fail \\- to stop him from mating, an action that causes reality itself to unspool.",
"### \"Vine of the Soul\" by [Poppy Z. Brite](/wiki/Poppy_Z._Brite \"Poppy Z. Brite\")",
"Zach and Trevor, an American couple, celebrate New Year's Eve in Amsterdam, culminating in drug\\-fuelled hallucinatory sex in a friend's home. The story features characters from Brite's second novel, *[Drawing Blood](/wiki/Drawing_Blood \"Drawing Blood\").*",
"### \"The Millennium Loop\" by Charlie Hall",
"A pair of nomadic DJs hoping to make their way across Australia for the start of the new millennium find themselves stranded in the wilderness. Desperate, they contact an email address found on the back of a button they picked up in their travels. Down the line comes a voice, seemingly recorded by one of them at a time unknown, warning them not to be trapped in the \"millennium loop\". As they continue their travels, they pick up an old man who reveals the grim truth: that the world is forever caught in a loop, never leaving the second millennium, always resetting at the end of January 31\\. Hoping to eventually break free, they leave a message for their past selves and drive on into the loop.",
"### \"A Short Archeology of the Chemical Age\" by Doug Hawes",
"Counting down to midnight at a Manchester house party, a group of friends come up on [MDMA](/wiki/MDMA \"MDMA\") in time for the new year.",
"### \"Mama Told Me Not to Come\" by [Paul Di Filippo](/wiki/Paul_Di_Filippo \"Paul Di Filippo\")",
"Loren's plan to commit suicide at a friend's house party is derailed by a meeting with the god [Bacchus](/wiki/Dionysus \"Dionysus\") who gifts him with a series of magical artefacts, including a [party horn](/wiki/Party_horn \"Party horn\") that will let him leap to any shindig in the multiverse \\- with the warning that if anyone so transported steps too far from a party, they will explode in a miniature big bang. Loren then skips through the Mad Hatter's tea party from [Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\"), a Roman orgy, and a 1960s [bed in](/wiki/Bed-Ins_for_Peace \"Bed-Ins for Peace\"), acquiring several companions along the way. He jettisons one of them \\- who is trying to kill him \\- at a dinosaur \"party\", causing an explosion that means [extinction](/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event \"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event\") for the beasts, and the group finally end up in his friend's flat 20 years later. His fears that the end of the party will cause them to detonate are unfounded, however: the UK, under a new revolutionary government, is now in a state of 24/7 partying.",
"### \"Gigantic\" by [Steve Aylett](/wiki/Steve_Aylett \"Steve Aylett\")",
"After accidentally glimpsing the true nature of the universe, Professor Skychum attempts to warn the world of an impending mass disaster. Unfortunately he must compete for airtime with a bunch of genuine crazies, who are made to recount their crackpot ideas as TV entertainment. Eventually his prophecy plays out: \"spaceships\" appear above major cities and government buildings and begin to drop billions of dead bodies \\- the victims of those governments and institutions \\- onto them. Skychum, watching the corpses fall on New York from the safety of an out\\-of\\-town train line, remarks: \"Many happy returns.\"\n### \"Let's Grind, or How K2 Plant Hire Ltd Went to Work\" by [Bill Drummond](/wiki/Bill_Drummond \"Bill Drummond\")",
"Drummond recounts how he and other members of [The KLF](/wiki/The_KLF \"The KLF\") planned to string up the bodies of two slaughtered cows from a pylon as part of a [Discordian](/wiki/Discordianism \"Discordianism\") art prank at a time when the UK was reeling from [mad cow disease](/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy \"Bovine spongiform encephalopathy\"). However, after acquiring the two animals, Drummond and crew lose their faith in the project and cancel it. With the end of the millennium approaching, they hatch a new scheme, to grind down the [Rollright Stones](/wiki/Rollright_Stones \"Rollright Stones\"), mix them with building materials and shave them into perfect cubes that will better withstand the vagaries of time. The story ends with them setting off to work. This story is connected to 2K's [Fuck the Millennium](/wiki/Fuck_the_Millennium \"Fuck the Millennium\") project.",
"### \"Radiant Flower of The Divine Heavens\" by [Martin Millar](/wiki/Martin_Millar \"Martin Millar\")",
"Fetish model and club queen Radiant Flower of the Divine Heavens, having stolen a prize flower that will only bloom at the millennium, fends off admirers as she frets over the plant's ailing health and its effect on her home's [feng shui](/wiki/Feng_shui \"Feng shui\"). One of those spurned admirers steals it and presents it to her arch\\-nemesis, club doyenne Venus Beuticia, who destroys it in front of the young woman at a New Year's Eve BDSM party. Radiant Flower pretends that she only stole it to present it to Venus, gaining the upper hand, then resolves to just use some hedge clippings to fix her feng shui instead.",
"### \"Game On\" by Helen Mead",
"A group of friends gather on the island of an enigmatic party planner, Domenico, to welcome in the new year with food, fun, drink and drugs. Nick, one of their member, is paralysed by gloom, but is transformed by the experience and granted a new lease on life by their host's magnanimity.",
"### \"Piece of My Mind\" by [Courttia Newland](/wiki/Courttia_Newland \"Courttia Newland\")",
"In Liverpool, a group of youths prepare to party into the new year, but two of their number have their own plans: Little Stacey plans to make some cash selling drugs at the city's biggest club bash, while reclusive graffiti artist Nemo plots his biggest and best work yet on the wall of a [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") studio. Stacey's dealing goes awry when he is mugged at knifepoint in the club and Nemo's mural is interrupted first by his friend Vanessa, who demands to tag along, and then by the police. Stacey is saved by bouncers, and Nemo and Vanessa manage to evade the police. Both young men see in the New Year in the arms of the women they love, having put their bad habits behind them.",
"### \"Is Everybody Here?\" by [Douglas Rushkoff](/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff \"Douglas Rushkoff\")",
"A party host explains in monologue his philosophy on life, pain and salvation, as it emerges he is a cult leader talking his followers into committing suicide as a way to escape [the cycle of rebirth and death](/wiki/Reincarnation \"Reincarnation\").",
"### \"Pavlovs Bitch and Yoga Cow Reach 2000 \" by Tanya Glyde",
"Sometime lovers Bitch and Yoga Cow take on a drugged\\-up romp across London in search of raw steaks \\- tricky, since an epidemic of [meat madness](/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy \"Bovine spongiform encephalopathy\") has led to meat products being banned. After failing to find anything useful at a couple of parties, they break into a secret meat locker beneath [Harrods](/wiki/Harrods \"Harrods\") using a grenade, then take the meat to their friend Mack, who has been institutionalised. As Mack and Yoga Cow enjoy the meat at midnight, Bitch murders them and slinks away \\- possibly a victim of the disease herself.",
"### \"Retoxicity\" by Steve Beard",
"In a [cyberpunk](/wiki/Cyberpunk \"Cyberpunk\")\\-inflected London torn apart by conflict between the Corporation of London and billionaire Hong Kong investors, a mercenary infiltrates a New Year's Eve party being held in the ruins of [Battersea Power Station](/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station \"Battersea Power Station\") by a cult leader. A paramilitary force is sent in to violently quell the party, but the leader defies all logic by apparently ascending \\- as promised \\- to a higher plane. (This is an excerpt from Beard's novel, *Digital Leatherette*.)",
"### \"Crunch\" by [Neal Stephenson](/wiki/Neal_Stephenson \"Neal Stephenson\")",
"In Manila, a man preoccupied by the complexities of ballroom dancing ritualistically makes and consumes breakfast before being ferried on to an unknown future. )This is an excerpt from Stephenson's novel *[Cryptonomicon](/wiki/Cryptonomicon \"Cryptonomicon\")*.)",
"### \"Dali's Clocks\" by [Robert Anton Wilson](/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson \"Robert Anton Wilson\")",
"Multiple parallel worlds collide after a [Discordian](/wiki/Discordianism \"Discordianism\") named Simon the Walking Glitch organises an anti\\-millennium party for people who don't like the Christian calendar. Members of three alternate timelines \\- a giant superintelligent red ant, a giant superintelligent black ant, and a normal\\-sized fairly intelligent human named Abdel \\- converge on Simon's reality. The tangled timelines unweave after the red ants devour all of the world's Christians, which in turn leads to a substantial uptick in world peace.",
"### \"Fire at the Ativan Factory\" by [Douglas Coupland](/wiki/Douglas_Coupland \"Douglas Coupland\")",
"Wyatt, an unhappily married special effects guru, is working through the New Year's Eve celebrations, musing on his inability to impregnate his wife and his addiction to [Ativan](/wiki/Lorazepam \"Lorazepam\") when he snaps and decides he wants to flush not just the drug, but the whole of the 20th century, out of his system. He goes home and handcuffs himself to a railing on his balcony, throws away all his means of escape, and begins a truly terrible comedown as the millennium ends.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Newspaper editor and co\-owner Jim Austin and his wife are fleeing Kennington, where they live and work, so that he may testify before a U.S. Senate Special Committee investigating crime in interstate commerce. They are being pursued by the criminal element from their town and pull off the highway in a place called Warren, where they take refuge in a police station. Austin requests an escort to ensure they arrive safely at the committee location. He also gets permission to use the station's tape recorder, on which he chronicles the events which have brought him to this point.
Austin began investigating bookmaking in town after the suspicious death of private detective Clyde Nelson, who discovered police complicity with illegal gambling while working a divorce case for a Mrs. Sirak. Her ex\-husband, Murray Sirak, happened to be the major bookmaker in Kennington.
Austin questioned the police response to Nelson's death, then began an investigation himself after being goaded by the Chief of Police. Austin discovered that mafia\-affiliated gangster Dominick Fabretti had moved into town, then Sirak attempted to squelch Austin's activity with a bribe, and Austin and his wife were continually harassed.
The city fathers, the police, and the respectable elements of the community all consented to the gambling, arguing that betting is inevitable, and that exposing it would injure the city's reputation. Mrs. Sirak was murdered after she agreed to disclose that Fabretti was responsible for Nelson's murder. Austin's partner at the newspaper dropped his support for Austin because they are losing advertisers and vendors due to his crusade.
To stop Fabretti and his activities, Austin's final recourse was an appeal for help from the local ministers. When even they declined to get involved, Austin decided to appeal to the Senate Crime Commission at the Capital. A grave threat from Sirak spurred Austin and his wife to flee in the middle of the night, followed by Fabretti's henchmen.
They do get the requested police escort, and safely make it to the commission hearing.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Newspaper editor and co\\-owner Jim Austin and his wife are fleeing Kennington, where they live and work, so that he may testify before a U.S. Senate Special Committee investigating crime in interstate commerce. They are being pursued by the criminal element from their town and pull off the highway in a place called Warren, where they take refuge in a police station. Austin requests an escort to ensure they arrive safely at the committee location. He also gets permission to use the station's tape recorder, on which he chronicles the events which have brought him to this point.",
"Austin began investigating bookmaking in town after the suspicious death of private detective Clyde Nelson, who discovered police complicity with illegal gambling while working a divorce case for a Mrs. Sirak. Her ex\\-husband, Murray Sirak, happened to be the major bookmaker in Kennington.",
"Austin questioned the police response to Nelson's death, then began an investigation himself after being goaded by the Chief of Police. Austin discovered that mafia\\-affiliated gangster Dominick Fabretti had moved into town, then Sirak attempted to squelch Austin's activity with a bribe, and Austin and his wife were continually harassed.",
"The city fathers, the police, and the respectable elements of the community all consented to the gambling, arguing that betting is inevitable, and that exposing it would injure the city's reputation. Mrs. Sirak was murdered after she agreed to disclose that Fabretti was responsible for Nelson's murder. Austin's partner at the newspaper dropped his support for Austin because they are losing advertisers and vendors due to his crusade.",
"To stop Fabretti and his activities, Austin's final recourse was an appeal for help from the local ministers. When even they declined to get involved, Austin decided to appeal to the Senate Crime Commission at the Capital. A grave threat from Sirak spurred Austin and his wife to flee in the middle of the night, followed by Fabretti's henchmen.",
"They do get the requested police escort, and safely make it to the commission hearing.",
""
] |
Architecture
------------
{{Main\|Fermi (microarchitecture)\|Kepler (microarchitecture)\|Maxwell (microarchitecture)}}
[thumb\|GeForce GTX 780 [PCB](/wiki/Printed_circuit_board "Printed circuit board") and die](/wiki/File:NVIDIA_GeForce_GTX_780_PCB-Front.jpg "NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 PCB-Front.jpg")
[thumb\|A GTX 780M GPU with MXM socket](/wiki/File:GTX_780M_MXM.jpg "GTX 780M MXM.jpg")
The GeForce 700 series contains features from both GK104 and GK110\. Kepler based members of the 700 series add the following standard features to the GeForce family.
Derived from GK104:
* [PCI Express 3\.0](/wiki/PCI_Express%23PCI_Express_3.0 "PCI Express#PCI Express 3.0") interface
* [DisplayPort](/wiki/DisplayPort "DisplayPort") 1\.2
* [HDMI](/wiki/HDMI "HDMI") 1\.4a 4K x 2K video output
* [Purevideo VP5](/wiki/Purevideo%23The_Fifth_Generation_PureVideo_HD "Purevideo#The Fifth Generation PureVideo HD") hardware video acceleration (up to 4K x 2K H.264 decode)
* Hardware H.264 encoding acceleration block (NVENC)
* Support for up to 4 independent 2D displays, or 3 stereoscopic/3D displays (NV Surround)
* Bindless Textures
* GPU Boost
* TXAA
* Manufactured by [TSMC](/wiki/TSMC "TSMC") on a 28 nm process
New Features from GK110:
* Compute Focus SMX Improvement
* [CUDA](/wiki/CUDA "CUDA") Compute Capability 3\.5
* New Shuffle Instructions
* Dynamic Parallelism
* Hyper\-Q (Hyper\-Q's MPI functionality reserve for Tesla only)
* Grid Management Unit
* Nvidia GPUDirect (GPU Direct's RDMA functionality reserve for Tesla \& Quadro only)
* GPU\-Boost 2\.0
### Compute focus SMX improvement
With GK110, Nvidia opted to increase computational performance. The single biggest change from GK104 is that rather than 8 dedicated FP64 CUDA cores, GK110 has up to 64, giving it 8x the FP64 throughput of a GK104 SMX. The SMX also sees an increase in space for register file. Register file space has increased to 256KB compared to Fermi. The texture cache are also improved. With a 48KB space, the texture cache can become a read\-only cache for compute workloads.
### New shuffle Instructions
At a low level, GK110 sees additional instructions and operations to further improve performance. New shuffle instructions allow for threads within a warp to share data without going back to memory, making the process much quicker than the previous load/share/store method. Atomic operations are also overhauled, speeding up the execution speed of atomic operations and adding some FP64 operations that were previously only available for FP32 data.
### NVENC
{{Main\|Nvidia NVENC}}
### Hyper\-Q
Hyper\-Q expands GK110 hardware work queues from 1 to 32\. The significance of this being that having a single work queue meant that Fermi could be under occupied at times as there wasn't enough work in that queue to fill every SM. By having 32 work queues, GK110 can in many scenarios, achieve higher utilization by being able to put different task streams on what would otherwise be an idle SMX. The simple nature of Hyper\-Q is further reinforced by the fact that it's easily map to MPI, a common message passing interface frequently used in HPC. As legacy MPI\-based algorithms that were originally designed for multi\-CPU systems that became bottlenecked by false dependencies now have a solution. By increasing the number of MPI jobs, it's possible to utilize Hyper\-Q on these algorithms to improve the efficiency all without changing the code itself.
### Microsoft DirectX support
Nvidia Kepler GPUs of the GeForce 700 series fully support DirectX 11\.0\.
### Dynamic parallelism
Dynamic parallelism ability is for kernels to be able to dispatch other kernels. With Fermi, only the CPU could dispatch a kernel, which incurs a certain amount of overhead by having to communicate back to the CPU. By giving kernels the ability to dispatch their own child kernels, GK110 can both save time by not having to go back to the CPU, and in the process free up the CPU to work on other tasks.
|
[
"Architecture\n------------",
"{{Main\\|Fermi (microarchitecture)\\|Kepler (microarchitecture)\\|Maxwell (microarchitecture)}}",
"[thumb\\|GeForce GTX 780 [PCB](/wiki/Printed_circuit_board \"Printed circuit board\") and die](/wiki/File:NVIDIA_GeForce_GTX_780_PCB-Front.jpg \"NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 PCB-Front.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A GTX 780M GPU with MXM socket](/wiki/File:GTX_780M_MXM.jpg \"GTX 780M MXM.jpg\")",
"The GeForce 700 series contains features from both GK104 and GK110\\. Kepler based members of the 700 series add the following standard features to the GeForce family.",
"Derived from GK104:",
"* [PCI Express 3\\.0](/wiki/PCI_Express%23PCI_Express_3.0 \"PCI Express#PCI Express 3.0\") interface\n* [DisplayPort](/wiki/DisplayPort \"DisplayPort\") 1\\.2\n* [HDMI](/wiki/HDMI \"HDMI\") 1\\.4a 4K x 2K video output\n* [Purevideo VP5](/wiki/Purevideo%23The_Fifth_Generation_PureVideo_HD \"Purevideo#The Fifth Generation PureVideo HD\") hardware video acceleration (up to 4K x 2K H.264 decode)\n* Hardware H.264 encoding acceleration block (NVENC)\n* Support for up to 4 independent 2D displays, or 3 stereoscopic/3D displays (NV Surround)\n* Bindless Textures\n* GPU Boost\n* TXAA\n* Manufactured by [TSMC](/wiki/TSMC \"TSMC\") on a 28 nm process",
"New Features from GK110:",
"* Compute Focus SMX Improvement\n* [CUDA](/wiki/CUDA \"CUDA\") Compute Capability 3\\.5\n* New Shuffle Instructions\n* Dynamic Parallelism\n* Hyper\\-Q (Hyper\\-Q's MPI functionality reserve for Tesla only)\n* Grid Management Unit\n* Nvidia GPUDirect (GPU Direct's RDMA functionality reserve for Tesla \\& Quadro only)\n* GPU\\-Boost 2\\.0",
"### Compute focus SMX improvement",
"With GK110, Nvidia opted to increase computational performance. The single biggest change from GK104 is that rather than 8 dedicated FP64 CUDA cores, GK110 has up to 64, giving it 8x the FP64 throughput of a GK104 SMX. The SMX also sees an increase in space for register file. Register file space has increased to 256KB compared to Fermi. The texture cache are also improved. With a 48KB space, the texture cache can become a read\\-only cache for compute workloads.",
"### New shuffle Instructions",
"At a low level, GK110 sees additional instructions and operations to further improve performance. New shuffle instructions allow for threads within a warp to share data without going back to memory, making the process much quicker than the previous load/share/store method. Atomic operations are also overhauled, speeding up the execution speed of atomic operations and adding some FP64 operations that were previously only available for FP32 data.",
"### NVENC",
"{{Main\\|Nvidia NVENC}}",
"### Hyper\\-Q",
"Hyper\\-Q expands GK110 hardware work queues from 1 to 32\\. The significance of this being that having a single work queue meant that Fermi could be under occupied at times as there wasn't enough work in that queue to fill every SM. By having 32 work queues, GK110 can in many scenarios, achieve higher utilization by being able to put different task streams on what would otherwise be an idle SMX. The simple nature of Hyper\\-Q is further reinforced by the fact that it's easily map to MPI, a common message passing interface frequently used in HPC. As legacy MPI\\-based algorithms that were originally designed for multi\\-CPU systems that became bottlenecked by false dependencies now have a solution. By increasing the number of MPI jobs, it's possible to utilize Hyper\\-Q on these algorithms to improve the efficiency all without changing the code itself.",
"### Microsoft DirectX support",
"Nvidia Kepler GPUs of the GeForce 700 series fully support DirectX 11\\.0\\.",
"### Dynamic parallelism",
"Dynamic parallelism ability is for kernels to be able to dispatch other kernels. With Fermi, only the CPU could dispatch a kernel, which incurs a certain amount of overhead by having to communicate back to the CPU. By giving kernels the ability to dispatch their own child kernels, GK110 can both save time by not having to go back to the CPU, and in the process free up the CPU to work on other tasks.",
""
] |
Works
-----
### Novels
Holbrook wrote several novels based on his own life and his family history. These were not [Romans à clef](/wiki/Roman_a_clef "Roman a clef")—most characters were identified by their real names—but they were closely based on real events without the constraints of veracity. The novels were not written in the internal chronological order.
His first novel, *Flesh Wounds* (1966\), told the story of the escapades of Paul Grimmer (Holbrook's fictionalised persona) as a tank officer in the Normandy invasions. The events of Grimmer's adolescent life up to his enlistment were recounted in *A Play of Passion* (1978\), which told of his involvement with the [Maddermarket Theatre](/wiki/Maddermarket_Theatre "Maddermarket Theatre") and its founder [Nugent Monck](/wiki/Nugent_Monck "Nugent Monck").
In *Going Off The Rails* (2003\), Holbrook recreates the Edwardian lives of his paternal grandparents in rural Norfolk. His grandfather William built wagons in the [Midland and Great Northern Railway](/wiki/Midland_and_Great_Northern_Railway "Midland and Great Northern Railway") workshops at [Melton Constable](/wiki/Melton_Constable "Melton Constable"). Holbrook's father worked as a railway booking clerk in [North Walsham](/wiki/North_Walsham "North Walsham"). He moved to Norwich when he was suspected of theft.
His other novels are *Nothing Larger Than Life* (1987\); *Worlds Apart* (1988\); *A Little Athens* (1990\); *Jennifer* (1992\); *The Gold in Father's Heart* (1992\); *Even If They Fail* (1994\); and *Getting It Wrong With Uncle Tom* (1998\).
### Poetry
* *Imaginings*. London: Putnam, 1960 (*Reprinted* 1961\).
* *Against The Cruel Frost*. London: Putnam, 1963\.
* *Object Relations*. London: Methuen \& Co. Ltd., 1967\.
* *Old World New World*. London: Rapp \& Whiting, 1969\. {{ISBN\|0\-85391\-144\-4}}
* *Chance of a Lifetime*. London: Anvil Press, 1978\.
* *Moments in Italy: Poems and Sketches*. Richmond, England: The [Keepsake Press](/wiki/Keepsake_Press "Keepsake Press") (An edition of 280 signed and numbered copies).
* *Selected Poems: 1961–1978* London: Anvil Press, 1980\.
### Criticism
* *The Quest for Love*, 1965;
* *Human Hope and the Death Instinct*, 1971;
* *Sex and Dehumanization*, 1972;
* *The Masks of Hate*, 1972;
* *Dylan Thomas; the Code of Night*, 1972;
* *Gustav Mahler and the Courage to Be*, 1975;
* *Sylvia Plath: Poetry and Existence*, 1977;
* *Lost Bearings in English Poetry*, 1977;
* *[Evolution and the Humanities](/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Humanities "Evolution and the Humanities")*, 1987;
* *The Novel and Authenticity*, 1987;
* *Further Studies in Philosophical Anthropology*, 1988;
* *Images of Woman in Literature*, 1990;
* *The Skeleton in the Wardrobe: the Phantasies of C.S.Lewis*, 1991;
* *Edith Wharton and the Unsatisfactory Man*, 1991;
* *Where Lawrence Was Wrong About Woman*, 1992;
* *Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman*, 1993;
* *Creativity and Popular Culture*, 1994;
* *Tolstoy, Woman and Death*, 1997;
* *Wuthering Heights: A Drama of Being*, 1997;
* *George MacDonald and the Phantom Woman*, 2000;
* *Lewis Carroll: Nonsense Against Sorrow, 2000*
### Words for music
Holbrook worked with composer [Wilfrid Mellers](/wiki/Wilfrid_Mellers "Wilfrid Mellers") on a series of works:
* *Mary Easter* (ballad opera, 1957\)
* *The Borderline* (opera, 1958\)
* *The Hedge of Flowers* , masque (1960\)
* *Dream of the Green Man*, after [Ronald Johnson](/wiki/Ronald_Johnson_%28poet%29 "Ronald Johnson (poet)"), masque 1980
* *The Pentagle Song* for mixed chorus (1981\)
### Education
*English for Maturity* (1961\) is a guide for secondary school English teachers drawing on Holbrook's experience in that role at Bassingbourn.
His other books on education are *English for the Rejected* (1964\); *English in Australia Now* (1964\); *The Exploring Word* (1967\); *Children's Writing* (1967\); *The Secret Places* (1972\); *Education, Nihilism and Survival* (1974\); *Education and Philosophical Anthropology* (1987\); and *English for Meaning* (1980\).
### List of other works
* *Children's Games* (1957\)
* *Imaginings* (1961\) poems
* *Lights in the Sky Country: Mary Easter and Stories of East Anglia* (1962\)
* *Llareggub Revisited. Dylan Thomas and the state of modern poetry* (1962\)
* *Thieves and Angels* (1962\) editor, school drama
* *People and Diamonds* (1962\) editor, school short story anthology
* *Against the Cruel Frost* (1963\) poems
* *Penguin Modern Poets 4* (1963\) with [Christopher Middleton](/wiki/Christopher_Middleton_%28poet%29 "Christopher Middleton (poet)") and [David Wevill](/wiki/David_Wevill "David Wevill")
* *English for the Rejected. Training Literacy in the Lower Streams of the Secondary School* (1964\)
* *English in Australia Now. Notes on a visit to Victoria and other states* (1964\)
* *The Secret Places. Essays on Imaginative Work in English Teaching and on the Culture of the Child* (1964\)
* *Dylan Thomas and Poetic Dissociation* (1964\)
* *The Quest for Love* (1964\)
* *Visions of Life* (1964\) four volumes, editor, prose comprehension
* *Iron, Honey, Gold: The Uses of Verse* (1965\) editor, a poetry anthology
* *Childhood* by Maxim Gorki (1965\) abridged, Gertrude M, Foakes translator
* *Object Relations* (1967\) poems
* *The Exploring Word: Creative Disciplines in the Education of Teachers of English* (1967\)
* *Children's Writing: a sampler for student teachers* (1967\)
* *The Cambridge Hymnal* (1967\) compiler with [Elizabeth Poston](/wiki/Elizabeth_Poston "Elizabeth Poston")
* *Plucking The Rushes* (1968\) editor
* *Old World, New World* (1969\) poems
* *Human Hope and the Death Instinct: An Exploration of Psychoanalytical Theories of Human Nature and their Implications for Culture and Education* (1971\)
* *The Mask of Hate: The Problem of False Solutions in the Culture of an Acquisitive Society* (1972\)
* *Sex \& Dehumanization in Art, Thought, and Life in Our Time* (1972\)
* *Dylan Thomas; the Code of Night* (1972\)
* *The Pseudo\-Revolution* (1972\)
* *The Case Against Pornography* (1973\) editor
* *Education, Nihilism, and Survival* (1974\)
* *Gustav Mahler and The Courage To Be* (1975\)
* *Sylvia Plath: Poetry and Existence* (1976\)
* *A Play of Passion* (1977\) novel
* *Lost Bearings in English Poetry* (1977\)
* *Chance of a Lifetime* (1978\) poems
* *Moments in Italy: Poems and Sketches* (1978\)
* *A Play of Passion* (1978\)
* *Selected Poems* (1980\)
* *English for Meaning* (1980\)
* *Nothing Larger Than Life* (1987\) novel
* *Evolution and the Humanities* (1987\)
* *The Novel and Authenticity* (1987\)
* *Education and Philosophical Anthropology: Toward a New View of Man for the Humanities and English* (1987\)
* *Worlds Apart* (1988\) novel
* *Further Studies in Philosophical Anthropology* (1988\)
* *Images of Woman in Literature* (1989\)
* *What Is It to Be Human?: New Perspectives in Philosophy* (1990\)
* *A Little Athens* (1990\) novel
* *The Skeleton in the Wardrobe: C.S. Lewis's Fantasies: A Phenomenological Study* (1991\)
* *Edith Wharton and the Unsatisfactory Man* (1991\)
* *Where Lawrence Was Wrong About Woman* (1992\)
* *Jennifer* (1992\) novel
* *Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman* (1993\)
* *The Gold In Father's Heart* (1992\) novel
* *Creativity and Popular Culture* (1994\)
* *Even If They Fail* (1994\) novel
* *Tolstoy, Woman, and Death. A Study of War and Peace and Anna Karenina* (1997\)
* *Wuthering Heights: A Drama of Being* (1997\)
* *Getting It Wrong With Uncle Tom* (1998\) novel
* *Bringing Everything Home* (1999\) poems
* *A Study of George MacDonald and the Image of Women* (2000\)
* *Lewis Carroll: Nonsense Against Sorrow*
|
[
"Works\n-----",
"### Novels",
"Holbrook wrote several novels based on his own life and his family history. These were not [Romans à clef](/wiki/Roman_a_clef \"Roman a clef\")—most characters were identified by their real names—but they were closely based on real events without the constraints of veracity. The novels were not written in the internal chronological order.",
"His first novel, *Flesh Wounds* (1966\\), told the story of the escapades of Paul Grimmer (Holbrook's fictionalised persona) as a tank officer in the Normandy invasions. The events of Grimmer's adolescent life up to his enlistment were recounted in *A Play of Passion* (1978\\), which told of his involvement with the [Maddermarket Theatre](/wiki/Maddermarket_Theatre \"Maddermarket Theatre\") and its founder [Nugent Monck](/wiki/Nugent_Monck \"Nugent Monck\").",
"In *Going Off The Rails* (2003\\), Holbrook recreates the Edwardian lives of his paternal grandparents in rural Norfolk. His grandfather William built wagons in the [Midland and Great Northern Railway](/wiki/Midland_and_Great_Northern_Railway \"Midland and Great Northern Railway\") workshops at [Melton Constable](/wiki/Melton_Constable \"Melton Constable\"). Holbrook's father worked as a railway booking clerk in [North Walsham](/wiki/North_Walsham \"North Walsham\"). He moved to Norwich when he was suspected of theft.",
"His other novels are *Nothing Larger Than Life* (1987\\); *Worlds Apart* (1988\\); *A Little Athens* (1990\\); *Jennifer* (1992\\); *The Gold in Father's Heart* (1992\\); *Even If They Fail* (1994\\); and *Getting It Wrong With Uncle Tom* (1998\\).",
"### Poetry",
"* *Imaginings*. London: Putnam, 1960 (*Reprinted* 1961\\).\n* *Against The Cruel Frost*. London: Putnam, 1963\\.\n* *Object Relations*. London: Methuen \\& Co. Ltd., 1967\\.\n* *Old World New World*. London: Rapp \\& Whiting, 1969\\. {{ISBN\\|0\\-85391\\-144\\-4}}\n* *Chance of a Lifetime*. London: Anvil Press, 1978\\.\n* *Moments in Italy: Poems and Sketches*. Richmond, England: The [Keepsake Press](/wiki/Keepsake_Press \"Keepsake Press\") (An edition of 280 signed and numbered copies).\n* *Selected Poems: 1961–1978* London: Anvil Press, 1980\\.",
"### Criticism",
"* *The Quest for Love*, 1965;\n* *Human Hope and the Death Instinct*, 1971;\n* *Sex and Dehumanization*, 1972;\n* *The Masks of Hate*, 1972;\n* *Dylan Thomas; the Code of Night*, 1972;\n* *Gustav Mahler and the Courage to Be*, 1975;\n* *Sylvia Plath: Poetry and Existence*, 1977;\n* *Lost Bearings in English Poetry*, 1977;\n* *[Evolution and the Humanities](/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Humanities \"Evolution and the Humanities\")*, 1987;\n* *The Novel and Authenticity*, 1987;\n* *Further Studies in Philosophical Anthropology*, 1988;\n* *Images of Woman in Literature*, 1990;\n* *The Skeleton in the Wardrobe: the Phantasies of C.S.Lewis*, 1991;\n* *Edith Wharton and the Unsatisfactory Man*, 1991;\n* *Where Lawrence Was Wrong About Woman*, 1992;\n* *Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman*, 1993;\n* *Creativity and Popular Culture*, 1994;\n* *Tolstoy, Woman and Death*, 1997;\n* *Wuthering Heights: A Drama of Being*, 1997;\n* *George MacDonald and the Phantom Woman*, 2000;\n* *Lewis Carroll: Nonsense Against Sorrow, 2000*",
"### Words for music",
"Holbrook worked with composer [Wilfrid Mellers](/wiki/Wilfrid_Mellers \"Wilfrid Mellers\") on a series of works:\n* *Mary Easter* (ballad opera, 1957\\)\n* *The Borderline* (opera, 1958\\)\n* *The Hedge of Flowers* , masque (1960\\)\n* *Dream of the Green Man*, after [Ronald Johnson](/wiki/Ronald_Johnson_%28poet%29 \"Ronald Johnson (poet)\"), masque 1980\n* *The Pentagle Song* for mixed chorus (1981\\)",
"### Education",
"*English for Maturity* (1961\\) is a guide for secondary school English teachers drawing on Holbrook's experience in that role at Bassingbourn.",
"His other books on education are *English for the Rejected* (1964\\); *English in Australia Now* (1964\\); *The Exploring Word* (1967\\); *Children's Writing* (1967\\); *The Secret Places* (1972\\); *Education, Nihilism and Survival* (1974\\); *Education and Philosophical Anthropology* (1987\\); and *English for Meaning* (1980\\).",
"### List of other works",
"* *Children's Games* (1957\\)\n* *Imaginings* (1961\\) poems\n* *Lights in the Sky Country: Mary Easter and Stories of East Anglia* (1962\\)\n* *Llareggub Revisited. Dylan Thomas and the state of modern poetry* (1962\\)\n* *Thieves and Angels* (1962\\) editor, school drama\n* *People and Diamonds* (1962\\) editor, school short story anthology\n* *Against the Cruel Frost* (1963\\) poems\n* *Penguin Modern Poets 4* (1963\\) with [Christopher Middleton](/wiki/Christopher_Middleton_%28poet%29 \"Christopher Middleton (poet)\") and [David Wevill](/wiki/David_Wevill \"David Wevill\")\n* *English for the Rejected. Training Literacy in the Lower Streams of the Secondary School* (1964\\)\n* *English in Australia Now. Notes on a visit to Victoria and other states* (1964\\)\n* *The Secret Places. Essays on Imaginative Work in English Teaching and on the Culture of the Child* (1964\\)\n* *Dylan Thomas and Poetic Dissociation* (1964\\)\n* *The Quest for Love* (1964\\)\n* *Visions of Life* (1964\\) four volumes, editor, prose comprehension\n* *Iron, Honey, Gold: The Uses of Verse* (1965\\) editor, a poetry anthology\n* *Childhood* by Maxim Gorki (1965\\) abridged, Gertrude M, Foakes translator\n* *Object Relations* (1967\\) poems\n* *The Exploring Word: Creative Disciplines in the Education of Teachers of English* (1967\\)\n* *Children's Writing: a sampler for student teachers* (1967\\)\n* *The Cambridge Hymnal* (1967\\) compiler with [Elizabeth Poston](/wiki/Elizabeth_Poston \"Elizabeth Poston\")\n* *Plucking The Rushes* (1968\\) editor\n* *Old World, New World* (1969\\) poems\n* *Human Hope and the Death Instinct: An Exploration of Psychoanalytical Theories of Human Nature and their Implications for Culture and Education* (1971\\)\n* *The Mask of Hate: The Problem of False Solutions in the Culture of an Acquisitive Society* (1972\\)\n* *Sex \\& Dehumanization in Art, Thought, and Life in Our Time* (1972\\)\n* *Dylan Thomas; the Code of Night* (1972\\)\n* *The Pseudo\\-Revolution* (1972\\)\n* *The Case Against Pornography* (1973\\) editor\n* *Education, Nihilism, and Survival* (1974\\)\n* *Gustav Mahler and The Courage To Be* (1975\\)\n* *Sylvia Plath: Poetry and Existence* (1976\\)\n* *A Play of Passion* (1977\\) novel\n* *Lost Bearings in English Poetry* (1977\\)\n* *Chance of a Lifetime* (1978\\) poems\n* *Moments in Italy: Poems and Sketches* (1978\\)\n* *A Play of Passion* (1978\\)\n* *Selected Poems* (1980\\)\n* *English for Meaning* (1980\\)\n* *Nothing Larger Than Life* (1987\\) novel\n* *Evolution and the Humanities* (1987\\)\n* *The Novel and Authenticity* (1987\\)\n* *Education and Philosophical Anthropology: Toward a New View of Man for the Humanities and English* (1987\\)\n* *Worlds Apart* (1988\\) novel\n* *Further Studies in Philosophical Anthropology* (1988\\)\n* *Images of Woman in Literature* (1989\\)\n* *What Is It to Be Human?: New Perspectives in Philosophy* (1990\\)\n* *A Little Athens* (1990\\) novel\n* *The Skeleton in the Wardrobe: C.S. Lewis's Fantasies: A Phenomenological Study* (1991\\)\n* *Edith Wharton and the Unsatisfactory Man* (1991\\)\n* *Where Lawrence Was Wrong About Woman* (1992\\)\n* *Jennifer* (1992\\) novel\n* *Charles Dickens and the Image of Woman* (1993\\)\n* *The Gold In Father's Heart* (1992\\) novel\n* *Creativity and Popular Culture* (1994\\)\n* *Even If They Fail* (1994\\) novel\n* *Tolstoy, Woman, and Death. A Study of War and Peace and Anna Karenina* (1997\\)\n* *Wuthering Heights: A Drama of Being* (1997\\)\n* *Getting It Wrong With Uncle Tom* (1998\\) novel\n* *Bringing Everything Home* (1999\\) poems\n* *A Study of George MacDonald and the Image of Women* (2000\\)\n* *Lewis Carroll: Nonsense Against Sorrow*"
] |
Notable art exhibitions
-----------------------
[thumb\|right\|200px\|One of the first exhibitions held by the gallery, in 1906](/wiki/File:Witcomb_exhibition_gallery.jpg "Witcomb exhibition gallery.jpg")
Between 1897 and 1913 Spanish curator José Artal organised modern art expositions of notable artists from his country.[*Arte y emigración: la pintura española en Buenos Aires, 1880–1930*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gl-bJH8z7koC&dq=jose+artal+witcomb&pg=PA195) by [Ana María Fernández García](/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Garc%C3%ADa "Ana María Fernández García"). Artal designed brochures detailing the pieces to be exhibited, sending them to the media, art collectors and intellectuals.
As during the first years of existence the gallery exhibited European art, in 1902 Martín Mahlharro opened the season with great success. Then president of Argentina [Julio A. Roca](/wiki/Julio_A._Roca "Julio A. Roca") acquired *La Argentina* and [Joaquín V. González](/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_V._Gonz%C3%A1lez "Joaquín V. González") gave his approval to the purchase of *En Plena Naturaleza*, both by Martín Malharro, for the [National Museum of Fine Arts](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes_%28Buenos_Aires%29 "Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)"). In 1908 the "Nexus" Group, which include painters such as [Carlos P. Ripamonte](/wiki/Carlos_P._Ripamonte "Carlos P. Ripamonte"), Justo Lynch, [Pío Collivadino](/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Collivadino "Pío Collivadino"), Alberto Rossi, among others,["Comienzos del siglo XX: el color y la luz en la pintura"](http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD29/contenido/iconoteca/el_color_y_la_luz_en_la_pintura/comienzo_de_siglo_20_movimiento.html) on Educ.ar exhibited 99 works of art with a huge repercussion. Painter [Fernando Fader](/wiki/Fernando_Fader "Fernando Fader") also made exhibitions of his work in 1906, 1907 and 1908\.
In 1907 young artist Lia Gismondi was the first woman to make an individual exhibition, followed by other notable artists such as [Julia Wernicke](/wiki/Julia_Wernicke "Julia Wernicke"), [Andree Moch](/wiki/Andree_Moch "Andree Moch") and French painter [Leonie Matthis](/wiki/Leonie_Matthis "Leonie Matthis"). One year later [Martín Malharro](/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Malharro "Martín Malharro") made his second individual exhibition, and then in 1911 and 1913\.[Martín Malharro biography](http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/m/malharro.htm)
[thumb\|left\|[Benito Quinquela Martín](/wiki/Benito_Quinquela_Mart%C3%ADn "Benito Quinquela Martín") was one of the artists that made their first exhibition at Witcomb gallery.](/wiki/File:Quinquela_Mart%C3%ADn_en_su_estudio_%282%29.jpg "Quinquela Martín en su estudio (2).jpg")
Taking advantage of the good economic situation in [Rosario, Santa Fe](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe "Rosario, Santa Fe"), Witcomb opened an exhibition room in that city, more specifically in the "Souza" room. Meanwhile, several young Argentine artists had also an opportunity to show their art at the Witcomb gallery in Buenos Aires. Some of them were Victoria Aguirre, Francisco Recondo, Ramón Silva, Fray Guillermo Butler, [Raúl Mazza](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Mazza "Raúl Mazza"), Faustino Brughetti, Eduardo Schiaffino (who would later be named as director of the National Museum of Fine Arts), amongst others.
In 1918, a young painter named [Benito Quinquela Martín](/wiki/Benito_Quinquela_Mart%C3%ADn "Benito Quinquela Martín") exhibited in the gallery for the first time, being acclaimed by both, media and public. The main subject of his paintings was his neighborhood, [La Boca](/wiki/La_Boca "La Boca"), the *Isla Maciel* and workers at the docks. In Rosario, a 16\-year\-old painter [Antonio Berni](/wiki/Antonio_Berni "Antonio Berni") exhibited his work in 1921, then repeating in 1922 and 1923\. Due to the good results, one year later Berni featured his artwork at Buenos Aires.
{{multiple image
\|align \=
\|total\_width \= 400
\|image1 \= Emilo\_pettoruti\_detraje.jpg
\|image2 \= Pedro Figari 2\.jpg
\|image3 \= Antonio\_Berni\_by\_Anatole\_Saderman,\_1971\.jpg
\|footer \= Fltr: Emilio Pettoruti, Pedro Figari, and Antonio Berni, some of the artists that made exhibitions at Witcomb Gallery
}}
During the 1920s there were notable exhibitions such as [Emilio Pettoruti](/wiki/Emilio_Pettoruti "Emilio Pettoruti"), Uruguayan [Pedro Figari](/wiki/Pedro_Figari "Pedro Figari"), [Xul Solar](/wiki/Xul_Solar "Xul Solar"), Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós, Luis Macaya, Jorge Larco, Víctor Valdivia, Alberto María Rossi, Luis Tessandori and sculptor [Rogelio Yrurtia](/wiki/Rogelio_Yrurtia "Rogelio Yrurtia"). The 1930 featured the art of [Atilio Malinverno](/wiki/Atilio_Malinverno "Atilio Malinverno"), Juan Sol, Tito Gache, Adam Styka, [Florencio Molina Campos](/wiki/Florencio_Molina_Campos "Florencio Molina Campos"), Rodolfo Franco, Mario Anganuzzi, Ángel della Valle, Alfredo Lazzari. At the end of the decade (1939\) the gallery moved to Florida 760\.
In 1947 Antonio Berni returned to the gallery after 20 years of absence. In the 1950s the gallery remained active with a considerable amount of exhibitions by recognised artists and new talents also. Some of the artists that featured their work were [Raúl Soldi](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Soldi "Raúl Soldi"), Luis Macaya, Enrique Larrañaga, Marcos Tiglio, Florencio Molina Campos, Santiago Cogorno, [Ramón Gómez Cornet](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_G%C3%B3mez_Cornet "Ramón Gómez Cornet"), Raul Russo, [Carlos Alonso](/wiki/Carlos_Alonso "Carlos Alonso"), [Leopoldo Presas](/wiki/Leopoldo_Presas "Leopoldo Presas"), Jorge Larco, [Antonio Berni](/wiki/Antonio_Berni "Antonio Berni"), [Pedro Figari](/wiki/Pedro_Figari "Pedro Figari"), Ginez Parra, Rómulo Macció, Leopoldo Torres Agüero, and Quinquela Martín. In 1953 the gallery held an exhibition in tribute to Figari that was widely covered by the media.
When new [art styles](/wiki/Style_%28visual_arts%29 "Style (visual arts)") ([neo figurative](/wiki/Neo-figurative_art "Neo-figurative art"), [pop art](/wiki/Pop_art "Pop art"), [happening](/wiki/Happening "Happening")) came up in the 1960s, Witcomb did not show more enthusiast about them. Nevertheless, the gallery held some exhibitions p.e. Berni's [collages](/wiki/Collage "Collage") (with Juanito Laguna as his main character). Those collages were badly criticized by some critics, but on the other hand, they were well received by other audiences that approved the artist's evolution.
Some of the artists exhibiting during those years were Alberto Bruzzone, Quinquela Martín, Ricardo Sánchez, Batlle Planas, Pettoruti, Luis Centurión, [Ramón Gómez Cornet](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_G%C3%B3mez_Cornet "Ramón Gómez Cornet"), Cesáreo Quirós, Mario Mollari, César Bustillo. The new generation of artists also had a place to exhibit their art, being [Luis Felipe Noe](/wiki/Luis_Felipe_Noe "Luis Felipe Noe"), [Antonio Seguí](/wiki/Antonio_Segu%C3%AD "Antonio Seguí"), Juan Grela, Lino Palacio, Vito Campanella, Sakai, [Clorindo Testa](/wiki/Clorindo_Testa "Clorindo Testa"), [Jorge de la Vega](/wiki/Jorge_de_la_Vega "Jorge de la Vega"), [Rogelio Polesello](/wiki/Rogelio_Polesello "Rogelio Polesello") among them. In 1968 the gallery celebrated its 100th. anniversary with multiple activities.
In 1970 the gallery held 88 exhibitions (duplicating 1969\) but it had to close in 1971 due to the excessive increase of the rent and the refurbishment of Florida streets that became it a [pedestrian street](/wiki/Pedestrian_zone "Pedestrian zone").
### Art gallery
File:La Argentina \- Martín Malharro.jpg\|''La Argentina'' (Martín Malharro)
File:La\_arboleda\_\-\_Mart%C3%ADn\_Malharro.jpg\|''La Arboleda'' (Malharro)
File:La\_hora\_del\_almuerzo\_\-\_P%C3%ADo\_Collivadino.jpg\|''Lunchtime'' (Pio Collivadino)
File:Fader Caballos.jpg\|''Horses'' (Fernando Fader)
File:Fernando Fader \- Capilla de Ischilín \- Google Art Project.jpg\|''Capilla de Ischillín'' (Fader)
File:13 doble boda Figari.jpg\|''Double Wedding (Pedro Figari)''
|
[
"Notable art exhibitions\n-----------------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|One of the first exhibitions held by the gallery, in 1906](/wiki/File:Witcomb_exhibition_gallery.jpg \"Witcomb exhibition gallery.jpg\")\nBetween 1897 and 1913 Spanish curator José Artal organised modern art expositions of notable artists from his country.[*Arte y emigración: la pintura española en Buenos Aires, 1880–1930*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gl-bJH8z7koC&dq=jose+artal+witcomb&pg=PA195) by [Ana María Fernández García](/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Garc%C3%ADa \"Ana María Fernández García\"). Artal designed brochures detailing the pieces to be exhibited, sending them to the media, art collectors and intellectuals.",
"As during the first years of existence the gallery exhibited European art, in 1902 Martín Mahlharro opened the season with great success. Then president of Argentina [Julio A. Roca](/wiki/Julio_A._Roca \"Julio A. Roca\") acquired *La Argentina* and [Joaquín V. González](/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_V._Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Joaquín V. González\") gave his approval to the purchase of *En Plena Naturaleza*, both by Martín Malharro, for the [National Museum of Fine Arts](/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes_%28Buenos_Aires%29 \"Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)\"). In 1908 the \"Nexus\" Group, which include painters such as [Carlos P. Ripamonte](/wiki/Carlos_P._Ripamonte \"Carlos P. Ripamonte\"), Justo Lynch, [Pío Collivadino](/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Collivadino \"Pío Collivadino\"), Alberto Rossi, among others,[\"Comienzos del siglo XX: el color y la luz en la pintura\"](http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD29/contenido/iconoteca/el_color_y_la_luz_en_la_pintura/comienzo_de_siglo_20_movimiento.html) on Educ.ar exhibited 99 works of art with a huge repercussion. Painter [Fernando Fader](/wiki/Fernando_Fader \"Fernando Fader\") also made exhibitions of his work in 1906, 1907 and 1908\\.",
"In 1907 young artist Lia Gismondi was the first woman to make an individual exhibition, followed by other notable artists such as [Julia Wernicke](/wiki/Julia_Wernicke \"Julia Wernicke\"), [Andree Moch](/wiki/Andree_Moch \"Andree Moch\") and French painter [Leonie Matthis](/wiki/Leonie_Matthis \"Leonie Matthis\"). One year later [Martín Malharro](/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Malharro \"Martín Malharro\") made his second individual exhibition, and then in 1911 and 1913\\.[Martín Malharro biography](http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/m/malharro.htm)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Benito Quinquela Martín](/wiki/Benito_Quinquela_Mart%C3%ADn \"Benito Quinquela Martín\") was one of the artists that made their first exhibition at Witcomb gallery.](/wiki/File:Quinquela_Mart%C3%ADn_en_su_estudio_%282%29.jpg \"Quinquela Martín en su estudio (2).jpg\")\nTaking advantage of the good economic situation in [Rosario, Santa Fe](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe \"Rosario, Santa Fe\"), Witcomb opened an exhibition room in that city, more specifically in the \"Souza\" room. Meanwhile, several young Argentine artists had also an opportunity to show their art at the Witcomb gallery in Buenos Aires. Some of them were Victoria Aguirre, Francisco Recondo, Ramón Silva, Fray Guillermo Butler, [Raúl Mazza](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Mazza \"Raúl Mazza\"), Faustino Brughetti, Eduardo Schiaffino (who would later be named as director of the National Museum of Fine Arts), amongst others.",
"In 1918, a young painter named [Benito Quinquela Martín](/wiki/Benito_Quinquela_Mart%C3%ADn \"Benito Quinquela Martín\") exhibited in the gallery for the first time, being acclaimed by both, media and public. The main subject of his paintings was his neighborhood, [La Boca](/wiki/La_Boca \"La Boca\"), the *Isla Maciel* and workers at the docks. In Rosario, a 16\\-year\\-old painter [Antonio Berni](/wiki/Antonio_Berni \"Antonio Berni\") exhibited his work in 1921, then repeating in 1922 and 1923\\. Due to the good results, one year later Berni featured his artwork at Buenos Aires.",
"{{multiple image\n\\|align \\= \n\\|total\\_width \\= 400\n\\|image1 \\= Emilo\\_pettoruti\\_detraje.jpg\n\\|image2 \\= Pedro Figari 2\\.jpg\n\\|image3 \\= Antonio\\_Berni\\_by\\_Anatole\\_Saderman,\\_1971\\.jpg\n\\|footer \\= Fltr: Emilio Pettoruti, Pedro Figari, and Antonio Berni, some of the artists that made exhibitions at Witcomb Gallery\n}}\nDuring the 1920s there were notable exhibitions such as [Emilio Pettoruti](/wiki/Emilio_Pettoruti \"Emilio Pettoruti\"), Uruguayan [Pedro Figari](/wiki/Pedro_Figari \"Pedro Figari\"), [Xul Solar](/wiki/Xul_Solar \"Xul Solar\"), Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós, Luis Macaya, Jorge Larco, Víctor Valdivia, Alberto María Rossi, Luis Tessandori and sculptor [Rogelio Yrurtia](/wiki/Rogelio_Yrurtia \"Rogelio Yrurtia\"). The 1930 featured the art of [Atilio Malinverno](/wiki/Atilio_Malinverno \"Atilio Malinverno\"), Juan Sol, Tito Gache, Adam Styka, [Florencio Molina Campos](/wiki/Florencio_Molina_Campos \"Florencio Molina Campos\"), Rodolfo Franco, Mario Anganuzzi, Ángel della Valle, Alfredo Lazzari. At the end of the decade (1939\\) the gallery moved to Florida 760\\.",
"In 1947 Antonio Berni returned to the gallery after 20 years of absence. In the 1950s the gallery remained active with a considerable amount of exhibitions by recognised artists and new talents also. Some of the artists that featured their work were [Raúl Soldi](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Soldi \"Raúl Soldi\"), Luis Macaya, Enrique Larrañaga, Marcos Tiglio, Florencio Molina Campos, Santiago Cogorno, [Ramón Gómez Cornet](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_G%C3%B3mez_Cornet \"Ramón Gómez Cornet\"), Raul Russo, [Carlos Alonso](/wiki/Carlos_Alonso \"Carlos Alonso\"), [Leopoldo Presas](/wiki/Leopoldo_Presas \"Leopoldo Presas\"), Jorge Larco, [Antonio Berni](/wiki/Antonio_Berni \"Antonio Berni\"), [Pedro Figari](/wiki/Pedro_Figari \"Pedro Figari\"), Ginez Parra, Rómulo Macció, Leopoldo Torres Agüero, and Quinquela Martín. In 1953 the gallery held an exhibition in tribute to Figari that was widely covered by the media.",
"When new [art styles](/wiki/Style_%28visual_arts%29 \"Style (visual arts)\") ([neo figurative](/wiki/Neo-figurative_art \"Neo-figurative art\"), [pop art](/wiki/Pop_art \"Pop art\"), [happening](/wiki/Happening \"Happening\")) came up in the 1960s, Witcomb did not show more enthusiast about them. Nevertheless, the gallery held some exhibitions p.e. Berni's [collages](/wiki/Collage \"Collage\") (with Juanito Laguna as his main character). Those collages were badly criticized by some critics, but on the other hand, they were well received by other audiences that approved the artist's evolution.",
"Some of the artists exhibiting during those years were Alberto Bruzzone, Quinquela Martín, Ricardo Sánchez, Batlle Planas, Pettoruti, Luis Centurión, [Ramón Gómez Cornet](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_G%C3%B3mez_Cornet \"Ramón Gómez Cornet\"), Cesáreo Quirós, Mario Mollari, César Bustillo. The new generation of artists also had a place to exhibit their art, being [Luis Felipe Noe](/wiki/Luis_Felipe_Noe \"Luis Felipe Noe\"), [Antonio Seguí](/wiki/Antonio_Segu%C3%AD \"Antonio Seguí\"), Juan Grela, Lino Palacio, Vito Campanella, Sakai, [Clorindo Testa](/wiki/Clorindo_Testa \"Clorindo Testa\"), [Jorge de la Vega](/wiki/Jorge_de_la_Vega \"Jorge de la Vega\"), [Rogelio Polesello](/wiki/Rogelio_Polesello \"Rogelio Polesello\") among them. In 1968 the gallery celebrated its 100th. anniversary with multiple activities.",
"In 1970 the gallery held 88 exhibitions (duplicating 1969\\) but it had to close in 1971 due to the excessive increase of the rent and the refurbishment of Florida streets that became it a [pedestrian street](/wiki/Pedestrian_zone \"Pedestrian zone\").",
"### Art gallery",
"",
"File:La Argentina \\- Martín Malharro.jpg\\|''La Argentina'' (Martín Malharro)\nFile:La\\_arboleda\\_\\-\\_Mart%C3%ADn\\_Malharro.jpg\\|''La Arboleda'' (Malharro)",
"File:La\\_hora\\_del\\_almuerzo\\_\\-\\_P%C3%ADo\\_Collivadino.jpg\\|''Lunchtime'' (Pio Collivadino)\nFile:Fader Caballos.jpg\\|''Horses'' (Fernando Fader)\nFile:Fernando Fader \\- Capilla de Ischilín \\- Google Art Project.jpg\\|''Capilla de Ischillín'' (Fader)\nFile:13 doble boda Figari.jpg\\|''Double Wedding (Pedro Figari)''"
] |
Season summary
--------------
Early in the season NRL matches involving the Bulldogs were marred by off\-field violence from the club's supporters.{{cite news
\| last \= Mercer
\| first \= Phil
\| title \= Australia's game of shame
\| work \= BBC News
\| place \=UK
\| publisher \= BBC
\| date \= 2001\-04\-25
\| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby\_league/1296079\.stm
\| access\-date \= 2010\-01\-01}}
The [Parramatta Eels](/wiki/Parramatta_Eels "Parramatta Eels") looked set to break their fifteen\-year premiership drought as they compiled one of the most dominant season records in rugby league history, losing just four of their 26 regular season games with the League's best attack and defensive record. In 2001 they established the standing record for most points by a club in a season with 943, blitzing the [Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos "Brisbane Broncos")' previous record tally of 871 set in [1998](/wiki/National_Rugby_League_season_1998 "National Rugby League season 1998"). The Eels tally was significantly contributed to by [Jason Taylor](/wiki/Jason_Taylor_%28rugby_league%29 "Jason Taylor (rugby league)"), who that year surpassed [Daryl Halligan](/wiki/Daryl_Halligan "Daryl Halligan")'s mark of 2,034 to become the greatest point\-scorer in the history of club competition in Australia.{{cite news\|last\=Aubrey\|first\=Jane\|title\=2001: Bennett's Coup \- 'Operation Alfie'\|url\=http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id\=925222\|access\-date\=7 March 2014\|newspaper\=wwos.ninemsn.com.au\|date\=10 October 2001\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307024803/http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id\=925222\|archive\-date\=2014\-03\-07\|url\-status\=dead}}
The Warriors made the finals for the first time in their seven\-year history under rookie coach [Daniel Anderson](/wiki/Daniel_Anderson_%28rugby_league%29 "Daniel Anderson (rugby league)"), but were hammered 56\-12 by the aforementioned minor premiers.
After [Warren Ryan](/wiki/Warren_Ryan "Warren Ryan") retired in 2000, the Newcastle Knights appointed former player [Michael Hagan](/wiki/Michael_Hagan "Michael Hagan") to the coaching position. Hagan proceeded to become the first coach since [Phil Gould](/wiki/Phil_Gould_%28rugby_league%29 "Phil Gould (rugby league)") in [1988](/wiki/NSWRL_season_1988 "NSWRL season 1988") to win a premiership in his first season as coach. [Ricky Stuart](/wiki/Ricky_Stuart "Ricky Stuart") would follow suit with the Roosters the following season. [Tim Sheens](/wiki/Tim_Sheens "Tim Sheens") was sacked as the coach of the [North Queensland Cowboys](/wiki/North_Queensland_Cowboys "North Queensland Cowboys") during the season and was replaced by [Murray Hurst](/wiki/Murray_Hurst "Murray Hurst"). [Mal Meninga](/wiki/Mal_Meninga "Mal Meninga") resigned as Canberra coach following the club's disappointing season and in turn was replaced by [Matthew Elliott](/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_%28rugby_league%29 "Matthew Elliott (rugby league)").
[Preston Campbell](/wiki/Preston_Campbell "Preston Campbell") was a deserved winner of the [Dally M medal](/wiki/Dally_M_medal "Dally M medal") after being an instrumental player in the [Sharks'](/wiki/Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks "Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks") rise to fourth position on the table. Newcastle's [Andrew Johns](/wiki/Andrew_Johns "Andrew Johns") would have been clear winner but was not in contention due to missing two matches through suspension. [Brian Smith](/wiki/Brian_Smith_%28rugby_league%2C_born_1954%29 "Brian Smith (rugby league, born 1954)") was recognised as Coach of the Year whilst [Braith Anasta](/wiki/Braith_Anasta "Braith Anasta") won Rookie of the Year.
It was during the 2001 finals series that the new NRL Telstra Premiership logo was used, first seen on the field in the first qualifying final between the Sharks and the Broncos. That logo was to be used until the end of the [2006 season](/wiki/2006_NRL_season "2006 NRL season"). Coincidentally, the [Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos "Brisbane Broncos") were also involved in the last match to use that logo, albeit in a modified finals version seen on the ground in the [2006 NRL Grand Final](/wiki/2006_NRL_Grand_Final "2006 NRL Grand Final").
At the end of the season a squad of players from the NRL premiership went on the [2001 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/2001_Kangaroo_tour "2001 Kangaroo tour").
Every team except Penrith played at least one drawn match during the course of the season. The Bulldogs had three drawn matches, the most of any team during the season.
### Teams
[Auckland](/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors "New Zealand Warriors") were renamed the New Zealand Warriors for the 2001 season.
|
| |
|**[Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos "Brisbane Broncos")**
[14th season](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos_2001 "Brisbane Broncos 2001")
Ground: [QSAC](/wiki/QSAC "QSAC")
Coach: [Wayne Bennett](/wiki/Wayne_Bennett_%28rugby_league%29 "Wayne Bennett (rugby league)")
Captain: [Gorden Tallis](/wiki/Gorden_Tallis "Gorden Tallis")
**[Bulldogs](/wiki/Bulldogs_RLFC "Bulldogs RLFC")**
[67th season](/wiki/Bulldogs_Rugby_League_Football_Club_2001 "Bulldogs Rugby League Football Club 2001")
Ground: [Sydney Showground](/wiki/Sydney_Showground_%28Homebush_Bay%29 "Sydney Showground (Homebush Bay)")
Coach: [Steve Folkes](/wiki/Steve_Folkes "Steve Folkes")
Captain: [Darren Britt](/wiki/Darren_Britt "Darren Britt")
**[Canberra Raiders](/wiki/Canberra_Raiders "Canberra Raiders")**
[20th season](/wiki/Canberra_Raiders_2001 "Canberra Raiders 2001")
Ground: [Canberra Stadium](/wiki/Canberra_Stadium "Canberra Stadium")
Coach: [Mal Meninga](/wiki/Mal_Meninga "Mal Meninga")
Captain: [Simon Woolford](/wiki/Simon_Woolford "Simon Woolford")
**[Melbourne Storm](/wiki/Melbourne_Storm "Melbourne Storm")**
[4th season](/wiki/2001_Melbourne_Storm_season "2001 Melbourne Storm season")
Ground [Docklands Stadium](/wiki/Docklands_Stadium "Docklands Stadium")
Coach: [Chris Anderson](/wiki/Chris_Anderson_%28rugby_league%29 "Chris Anderson (rugby league)") → [Mark Murray](/wiki/Mark_Murray_%28rugby_league%29 "Mark Murray (rugby league)")
Captain: [Robbie Kearns](/wiki/Robbie_Kearns "Robbie Kearns") \& [Rodney Howe](/wiki/Rodney_Howe "Rodney Howe")
**[New Zealand Warriors](/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors "New Zealand Warriors")**
[7th season](/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors_2001 "New Zealand Warriors 2001")
Ground: [Ericsson Stadium](/wiki/Mt_Smart_Stadium "Mt Smart Stadium")
Coach: [Daniel Anderson](/wiki/Daniel_Anderson_%28rugby_league%29 "Daniel Anderson (rugby league)")
Captain: [Stacey Jones](/wiki/Stacey_Jones "Stacey Jones") \& [Kevin Campion](/wiki/Kevin_Campion_%28rugby_league%29 "Kevin Campion (rugby league)")
|**[Newcastle Knights](/wiki/Newcastle_Knights "Newcastle Knights")**
[14th season](/wiki/2001_Newcastle_Knights_season "2001 Newcastle Knights season")
Ground: [EnergyAustralia Stadium](/wiki/EnergyAustralia_Stadium "EnergyAustralia Stadium")
Coach: [Michael Hagan](/wiki/Michael_Hagan "Michael Hagan")
Captain: [Andrew Johns](/wiki/Andrew_Johns "Andrew Johns")
**[North Queensland Cowboys](/wiki/North_Queensland_Cowboys "North Queensland Cowboys")**
[7th season](/wiki/2001_North_Queensland_Cowboys_season "2001 North Queensland Cowboys season")
Ground: [Dairy Farmers Stadium](/wiki/Dairy_Farmers_Stadium "Dairy Farmers Stadium")
Coach: [Tim Sheens](/wiki/Tim_Sheens "Tim Sheens") → [Murray Hurst](/wiki/Murray_Hurst "Murray Hurst")
Captain: [Paul Bowman](/wiki/Paul_Bowman_%28rugby_league%29 "Paul Bowman (rugby league)")
**[Northern Eagles](/wiki/Northern_Eagles "Northern Eagles")**
[2nd season](/wiki/Northern_Eagles_2001 "Northern Eagles 2001")
Ground: [Brookvale Oval](/wiki/Brookvale_Oval "Brookvale Oval") \& [Grahame Park](/wiki/Bluetongue_Stadium "Bluetongue Stadium")
Coach: [Peter Sharp](/wiki/Peter_Sharp "Peter Sharp")
Captain: [Geoff Toovey](/wiki/Geoff_Toovey "Geoff Toovey")
**[Parramatta Eels](/wiki/Parramatta_Eels "Parramatta Eels")**
[55th season](/wiki/Parramatta_Eels_2001 "Parramatta Eels 2001")
Ground: [Parramatta Stadium](/wiki/Parramatta_Stadium "Parramatta Stadium")
Coach: [Brian Smith](/wiki/Brian_Smith_%28rugby_league%2C_born_1954%29 "Brian Smith (rugby league, born 1954)")
Captain: [Nathan Cayless](/wiki/Nathan_Cayless "Nathan Cayless")
**[Penrith Panthers](/wiki/Penrith_Panthers "Penrith Panthers")**
[35th season](/wiki/Penrith_Panthers_2001 "Penrith Panthers 2001")
Ground: [CUA Stadium](/wiki/CUA_Stadium "CUA Stadium")
Coach: [Royce Simmons](/wiki/Royce_Simmons "Royce Simmons")
Captain: [Craig Gower](/wiki/Craig_Gower "Craig Gower")
|**[Sharks](/wiki/Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks "Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks")**
[37th season](/wiki/Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks_2001 "Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 2001")
Ground: [Shark Park](/wiki/Shark_Park "Shark Park")
Coach: [John Lang](/wiki/John_Lang_%28Australian_rugby_league%29 "John Lang (Australian rugby league)")
Captain: [Jason Stevens](/wiki/Jason_Stevens "Jason Stevens")
**[St. George Illawarra Dragons](/wiki/St._George_Illawarra_Dragons "St. George Illawarra Dragons")**
[3rd season](/wiki/St._George_Illawarra_Dragons_2001 "St. George Illawarra Dragons 2001")
Ground: [Kogarah Oval](/wiki/Jubilee_Oval "Jubilee Oval") \& [WIN Stadium](/wiki/WIN_Stadium "WIN Stadium")
Coach: [Andrew Farrar](/wiki/Andrew_Farrar "Andrew Farrar")
Captain: [Craig Smith](/wiki/Craig_Smith_%28rugby_league_born_1971%29 "Craig Smith (rugby league born 1971)")
**[Sydney Roosters](/wiki/Sydney_Roosters "Sydney Roosters")**
[94th season](/wiki/Sydney_Roosters_2001 "Sydney Roosters 2001")
Ground: [Sydney Football Stadium](/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_%281988%29 "Sydney Football Stadium (1988)")
Coach: [Graham Murray](/wiki/Graham_Murray "Graham Murray")
Captain: [Brad Fittler](/wiki/Brad_Fittler "Brad Fittler")
**[Wests Tigers](/wiki/Wests_Tigers "Wests Tigers")**
[2nd season](/wiki/Wests_Tigers_2001 "Wests Tigers 2001")
Ground: [Campbelltown Stadium](/wiki/Campbelltown_Stadium "Campbelltown Stadium") \& [Leichhardt Oval](/wiki/Leichhardt_Oval "Leichhardt Oval")
Coach: [Terry Lamb](/wiki/Terry_Lamb "Terry Lamb")
Captain: [Darren Senter](/wiki/Darren_Senter "Darren Senter")
|
### Advertising
With a new CEO in [David Moffat](/wiki/David_Moffat_%28rugby_league%29 "David Moffat (rugby league)") from 2000 the [NRL](/wiki/National_Rugby_League "National Rugby League") late that year moved their account to a new advertising agency in [Saatchi \& Saatchi](/wiki/Saatchi_%26_Saatchi "Saatchi & Saatchi") Sydney.
There was no umbrella campaign in 2001, no season launch gala ad. NRL Marketing Director, Mark Wallace insisted that the League's marketing budget remained the same as in prior years but that the focus was to be on promoting individual games and complementing the clubs' own marketing activities.Wallace interview B\&T Magazine March 2001
An ad was produced to promote certain key games. The scene is a deserted, eerie CBD street. The sound of a squeaky wheel gets louder until a clown rides into the middle of shot on a tricycle and turns to camera pouting and frowning. The voice over comes up: "This Easter long weekend the Dragons v Roosters at Sydney Football Stadium. You'd be a clown to miss it".
|
[
"Season summary\n--------------",
"Early in the season NRL matches involving the Bulldogs were marred by off\\-field violence from the club's supporters.{{cite news\n \\| last \\= Mercer\n \\| first \\= Phil\n \\| title \\= Australia's game of shame\n \\| work \\= BBC News\n \\| place \\=UK\n \\| publisher \\= BBC\n \\| date \\= 2001\\-04\\-25\n \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby\\_league/1296079\\.stm\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-01\\-01}}",
"The [Parramatta Eels](/wiki/Parramatta_Eels \"Parramatta Eels\") looked set to break their fifteen\\-year premiership drought as they compiled one of the most dominant season records in rugby league history, losing just four of their 26 regular season games with the League's best attack and defensive record. In 2001 they established the standing record for most points by a club in a season with 943, blitzing the [Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos \"Brisbane Broncos\")' previous record tally of 871 set in [1998](/wiki/National_Rugby_League_season_1998 \"National Rugby League season 1998\"). The Eels tally was significantly contributed to by [Jason Taylor](/wiki/Jason_Taylor_%28rugby_league%29 \"Jason Taylor (rugby league)\"), who that year surpassed [Daryl Halligan](/wiki/Daryl_Halligan \"Daryl Halligan\")'s mark of 2,034 to become the greatest point\\-scorer in the history of club competition in Australia.{{cite news\\|last\\=Aubrey\\|first\\=Jane\\|title\\=2001: Bennett's Coup \\- 'Operation Alfie'\\|url\\=http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id\\=925222\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2014\\|newspaper\\=wwos.ninemsn.com.au\\|date\\=10 October 2001\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307024803/http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id\\=925222\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-07\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The Warriors made the finals for the first time in their seven\\-year history under rookie coach [Daniel Anderson](/wiki/Daniel_Anderson_%28rugby_league%29 \"Daniel Anderson (rugby league)\"), but were hammered 56\\-12 by the aforementioned minor premiers.",
"After [Warren Ryan](/wiki/Warren_Ryan \"Warren Ryan\") retired in 2000, the Newcastle Knights appointed former player [Michael Hagan](/wiki/Michael_Hagan \"Michael Hagan\") to the coaching position. Hagan proceeded to become the first coach since [Phil Gould](/wiki/Phil_Gould_%28rugby_league%29 \"Phil Gould (rugby league)\") in [1988](/wiki/NSWRL_season_1988 \"NSWRL season 1988\") to win a premiership in his first season as coach. [Ricky Stuart](/wiki/Ricky_Stuart \"Ricky Stuart\") would follow suit with the Roosters the following season. [Tim Sheens](/wiki/Tim_Sheens \"Tim Sheens\") was sacked as the coach of the [North Queensland Cowboys](/wiki/North_Queensland_Cowboys \"North Queensland Cowboys\") during the season and was replaced by [Murray Hurst](/wiki/Murray_Hurst \"Murray Hurst\"). [Mal Meninga](/wiki/Mal_Meninga \"Mal Meninga\") resigned as Canberra coach following the club's disappointing season and in turn was replaced by [Matthew Elliott](/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_%28rugby_league%29 \"Matthew Elliott (rugby league)\").",
"[Preston Campbell](/wiki/Preston_Campbell \"Preston Campbell\") was a deserved winner of the [Dally M medal](/wiki/Dally_M_medal \"Dally M medal\") after being an instrumental player in the [Sharks'](/wiki/Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks \"Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks\") rise to fourth position on the table. Newcastle's [Andrew Johns](/wiki/Andrew_Johns \"Andrew Johns\") would have been clear winner but was not in contention due to missing two matches through suspension. [Brian Smith](/wiki/Brian_Smith_%28rugby_league%2C_born_1954%29 \"Brian Smith (rugby league, born 1954)\") was recognised as Coach of the Year whilst [Braith Anasta](/wiki/Braith_Anasta \"Braith Anasta\") won Rookie of the Year.",
"It was during the 2001 finals series that the new NRL Telstra Premiership logo was used, first seen on the field in the first qualifying final between the Sharks and the Broncos. That logo was to be used until the end of the [2006 season](/wiki/2006_NRL_season \"2006 NRL season\"). Coincidentally, the [Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos \"Brisbane Broncos\") were also involved in the last match to use that logo, albeit in a modified finals version seen on the ground in the [2006 NRL Grand Final](/wiki/2006_NRL_Grand_Final \"2006 NRL Grand Final\").",
"At the end of the season a squad of players from the NRL premiership went on the [2001 Kangaroo tour](/wiki/2001_Kangaroo_tour \"2001 Kangaroo tour\").",
"Every team except Penrith played at least one drawn match during the course of the season. The Bulldogs had three drawn matches, the most of any team during the season.",
"### Teams",
"[Auckland](/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors \"New Zealand Warriors\") were renamed the New Zealand Warriors for the 2001 season.",
"|",
"",
"",
"",
"| |\n|**[Brisbane Broncos](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos \"Brisbane Broncos\")** \n [14th season](/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos_2001 \"Brisbane Broncos 2001\") \nGround: [QSAC](/wiki/QSAC \"QSAC\") \nCoach: [Wayne Bennett](/wiki/Wayne_Bennett_%28rugby_league%29 \"Wayne Bennett (rugby league)\") \nCaptain: [Gorden Tallis](/wiki/Gorden_Tallis \"Gorden Tallis\")",
"**[Bulldogs](/wiki/Bulldogs_RLFC \"Bulldogs RLFC\")** \n [67th season](/wiki/Bulldogs_Rugby_League_Football_Club_2001 \"Bulldogs Rugby League Football Club 2001\") \nGround: [Sydney Showground](/wiki/Sydney_Showground_%28Homebush_Bay%29 \"Sydney Showground (Homebush Bay)\") \nCoach: [Steve Folkes](/wiki/Steve_Folkes \"Steve Folkes\") \nCaptain: [Darren Britt](/wiki/Darren_Britt \"Darren Britt\")",
"**[Canberra Raiders](/wiki/Canberra_Raiders \"Canberra Raiders\")** \n [20th season](/wiki/Canberra_Raiders_2001 \"Canberra Raiders 2001\") \nGround: [Canberra Stadium](/wiki/Canberra_Stadium \"Canberra Stadium\") \nCoach: [Mal Meninga](/wiki/Mal_Meninga \"Mal Meninga\") \nCaptain: [Simon Woolford](/wiki/Simon_Woolford \"Simon Woolford\")",
"**[Melbourne Storm](/wiki/Melbourne_Storm \"Melbourne Storm\")** \n [4th season](/wiki/2001_Melbourne_Storm_season \"2001 Melbourne Storm season\") \nGround [Docklands Stadium](/wiki/Docklands_Stadium \"Docklands Stadium\") \nCoach: [Chris Anderson](/wiki/Chris_Anderson_%28rugby_league%29 \"Chris Anderson (rugby league)\") → [Mark Murray](/wiki/Mark_Murray_%28rugby_league%29 \"Mark Murray (rugby league)\") \nCaptain: [Robbie Kearns](/wiki/Robbie_Kearns \"Robbie Kearns\") \\& [Rodney Howe](/wiki/Rodney_Howe \"Rodney Howe\")",
"**[New Zealand Warriors](/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors \"New Zealand Warriors\")** \n [7th season](/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors_2001 \"New Zealand Warriors 2001\") \nGround: [Ericsson Stadium](/wiki/Mt_Smart_Stadium \"Mt Smart Stadium\") \nCoach: [Daniel Anderson](/wiki/Daniel_Anderson_%28rugby_league%29 \"Daniel Anderson (rugby league)\") \nCaptain: [Stacey Jones](/wiki/Stacey_Jones \"Stacey Jones\") \\& [Kevin Campion](/wiki/Kevin_Campion_%28rugby_league%29 \"Kevin Campion (rugby league)\")",
"|**[Newcastle Knights](/wiki/Newcastle_Knights \"Newcastle Knights\")** \n [14th season](/wiki/2001_Newcastle_Knights_season \"2001 Newcastle Knights season\") \nGround: [EnergyAustralia Stadium](/wiki/EnergyAustralia_Stadium \"EnergyAustralia Stadium\") \nCoach: [Michael Hagan](/wiki/Michael_Hagan \"Michael Hagan\") \nCaptain: [Andrew Johns](/wiki/Andrew_Johns \"Andrew Johns\")",
"**[North Queensland Cowboys](/wiki/North_Queensland_Cowboys \"North Queensland Cowboys\")** \n [7th season](/wiki/2001_North_Queensland_Cowboys_season \"2001 North Queensland Cowboys season\") \nGround: [Dairy Farmers Stadium](/wiki/Dairy_Farmers_Stadium \"Dairy Farmers Stadium\") \nCoach: [Tim Sheens](/wiki/Tim_Sheens \"Tim Sheens\") → [Murray Hurst](/wiki/Murray_Hurst \"Murray Hurst\") \nCaptain: [Paul Bowman](/wiki/Paul_Bowman_%28rugby_league%29 \"Paul Bowman (rugby league)\")",
"**[Northern Eagles](/wiki/Northern_Eagles \"Northern Eagles\")** \n [2nd season](/wiki/Northern_Eagles_2001 \"Northern Eagles 2001\") \nGround: [Brookvale Oval](/wiki/Brookvale_Oval \"Brookvale Oval\") \\& [Grahame Park](/wiki/Bluetongue_Stadium \"Bluetongue Stadium\") \nCoach: [Peter Sharp](/wiki/Peter_Sharp \"Peter Sharp\") \nCaptain: [Geoff Toovey](/wiki/Geoff_Toovey \"Geoff Toovey\")",
"**[Parramatta Eels](/wiki/Parramatta_Eels \"Parramatta Eels\")** \n [55th season](/wiki/Parramatta_Eels_2001 \"Parramatta Eels 2001\") \nGround: [Parramatta Stadium](/wiki/Parramatta_Stadium \"Parramatta Stadium\") \nCoach: [Brian Smith](/wiki/Brian_Smith_%28rugby_league%2C_born_1954%29 \"Brian Smith (rugby league, born 1954)\") \nCaptain: [Nathan Cayless](/wiki/Nathan_Cayless \"Nathan Cayless\")",
"**[Penrith Panthers](/wiki/Penrith_Panthers \"Penrith Panthers\")** \n [35th season](/wiki/Penrith_Panthers_2001 \"Penrith Panthers 2001\") \nGround: [CUA Stadium](/wiki/CUA_Stadium \"CUA Stadium\") \nCoach: [Royce Simmons](/wiki/Royce_Simmons \"Royce Simmons\") \nCaptain: [Craig Gower](/wiki/Craig_Gower \"Craig Gower\")",
"|**[Sharks](/wiki/Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks \"Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks\")** \n [37th season](/wiki/Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks_2001 \"Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 2001\") \nGround: [Shark Park](/wiki/Shark_Park \"Shark Park\") \nCoach: [John Lang](/wiki/John_Lang_%28Australian_rugby_league%29 \"John Lang (Australian rugby league)\") \nCaptain: [Jason Stevens](/wiki/Jason_Stevens \"Jason Stevens\")",
"**[St. George Illawarra Dragons](/wiki/St._George_Illawarra_Dragons \"St. George Illawarra Dragons\")** \n [3rd season](/wiki/St._George_Illawarra_Dragons_2001 \"St. George Illawarra Dragons 2001\") \nGround: [Kogarah Oval](/wiki/Jubilee_Oval \"Jubilee Oval\") \\& [WIN Stadium](/wiki/WIN_Stadium \"WIN Stadium\") \nCoach: [Andrew Farrar](/wiki/Andrew_Farrar \"Andrew Farrar\") \nCaptain: [Craig Smith](/wiki/Craig_Smith_%28rugby_league_born_1971%29 \"Craig Smith (rugby league born 1971)\")",
"**[Sydney Roosters](/wiki/Sydney_Roosters \"Sydney Roosters\")** \n [94th season](/wiki/Sydney_Roosters_2001 \"Sydney Roosters 2001\") \nGround: [Sydney Football Stadium](/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_%281988%29 \"Sydney Football Stadium (1988)\") \nCoach: [Graham Murray](/wiki/Graham_Murray \"Graham Murray\") \nCaptain: [Brad Fittler](/wiki/Brad_Fittler \"Brad Fittler\")",
"**[Wests Tigers](/wiki/Wests_Tigers \"Wests Tigers\")** \n [2nd season](/wiki/Wests_Tigers_2001 \"Wests Tigers 2001\") \nGround: [Campbelltown Stadium](/wiki/Campbelltown_Stadium \"Campbelltown Stadium\") \\& [Leichhardt Oval](/wiki/Leichhardt_Oval \"Leichhardt Oval\") \nCoach: [Terry Lamb](/wiki/Terry_Lamb \"Terry Lamb\") \nCaptain: [Darren Senter](/wiki/Darren_Senter \"Darren Senter\")",
"|",
"",
"### Advertising",
"With a new CEO in [David Moffat](/wiki/David_Moffat_%28rugby_league%29 \"David Moffat (rugby league)\") from 2000 the [NRL](/wiki/National_Rugby_League \"National Rugby League\") late that year moved their account to a new advertising agency in [Saatchi \\& Saatchi](/wiki/Saatchi_%26_Saatchi \"Saatchi & Saatchi\") Sydney.",
"There was no umbrella campaign in 2001, no season launch gala ad. NRL Marketing Director, Mark Wallace insisted that the League's marketing budget remained the same as in prior years but that the focus was to be on promoting individual games and complementing the clubs' own marketing activities.Wallace interview B\\&T Magazine March 2001",
"An ad was produced to promote certain key games. The scene is a deserted, eerie CBD street. The sound of a squeaky wheel gets louder until a clown rides into the middle of shot on a tricycle and turns to camera pouting and frowning. The voice over comes up: \"This Easter long weekend the Dragons v Roosters at Sydney Football Stadium. You'd be a clown to miss it\".",
""
] |
World War I
-----------
### Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war in August 1914, the units of the South Midland Division had just arrived at [Rhyl](/wiki/Rhyl "Rhyl") for annual training when orders recalled them to their home depots for mobilisation. 5th Battalion mobilised at Thorps Street under the command of Lt\-Col A.I. Parkes.Jeff, p. 24\.Jeff, p. 100\. The Warwickshire Brigade first went to its war station at [Portland](/wiki/Isle_of_Portland "Isle of Portland"). The division then concentrated around [Chelmsford](/wiki/Chelmsford "Chelmsford"), where it formed part of [Central Force](/wiki/Central_Force_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Central Force (United Kingdom)"). While the battalions trained for overseas service, so\-called 2nd\-Line battalions were authorised on 31 August to be formed at the home depots from men who either had not volunteered for overseas service or were unfit, together with the recruits flooding in. Thus the parent battalion at Chelmsford was designated the 1/5th Battalion, that at Thorp Street was the 2/5th Battalion. Later, a 3rd\-Line or reserve battalion was also formed to train drafts for the other two.Jeff. p. 19\.[Royal Warwicks at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-warwickshire-regiment/)[48 Division at Long, Long Trail](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/48th-south-midland-division/)[Royal Warwicks at Warpath](https://web.archive.org/web/20031103231115/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/r_warwicks.htm)Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6\.
### 1/5th Royal Warwicks
The South Midland Division was selected to proceed to France to join the [British Expeditionary Force](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_I%29 "British Expeditionary Force (World War I)") (BEF) early in 1915\. Lt\-Col A.C. Stewart, [Corps of Guides](/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_%28India%29 "Corps of Guides (India)"), took over command of 1/5th Warwicks in February 1915\. The battalion embarked at [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton "Southampton") for [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre") on 22 March 1915\. Within days it began learning the routine of trench warfare around St Yves, [Messines](/wiki/Mesen "Mesen") and [Ploegsteert](/wiki/Ploegsteert "Ploegsteert"). On 12 May, the division was designated the [48th (South Midland) Division](/wiki/48th_%28South_Midland%29_Division "48th (South Midland) Division") and the brigade became numbered as the [143rd (1/1st Warwickshire) Brigade](/wiki/143rd_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)").
On 12 July 1915, Captain G.C. Sladen, [Rifle Brigade](/wiki/Rifle_Brigade "Rifle Brigade"), assumed command with the rank of Temporary Lt\-Col. The battalion moved south to a section of the line around [Hébuterne](/wiki/H%C3%A9buterne "Hébuterne"), [Foncquevillers](/wiki/Foncquevillers "Foncquevillers") and [Gommecourt](/wiki/Gommecourt%2C_Pas-de-Calais "Gommecourt, Pas-de-Calais").Jeff, p. 26\.
#### Somme
The first offensive operation of the 1/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was on 1 July 1916 at the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme"). Together with 1/7th, the battalion held a two\-mile stretch of trench adjoining the attack of [31st Division](/wiki/31st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "31st Division (United Kingdom)") towards [Serre](/wiki/Serre-l%C3%A8s-Puisieux "Serre-lès-Puisieux"). They were not to attack, but made simulated preparations for doing so. The enemy wire was cut, and they released smoke just before zero hour, but no assembly trenches had been dug nor was the British wire cut, and the German defenders were not fooled. 31st Division was dreadfully cut up, as was the rest of 143 Brigade, which had attacked with [4th Division](/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)").Edmonds, pp. 426–27\.
During the [Battle of Bazentin Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge "Battle of Bazentin Ridge"), the battalion captured [Ovillers\-la\-Boisselle](/wiki/Ovillers-la-Boisselle "Ovillers-la-Boisselle") on the night of 15/16 July. The prospects for the attack were unpromising: the troops were exhausted before the attack and were suffering from the effects of [lachrymatory gas shells](/wiki/Tear_gas "Tear gas"); the men were too closely bunched and the waves too close together; and there was no artillery support. Nevertheless, in the dark, a party of the 1/5th Battalion led by [Charles Carrington](/wiki/Charles_Carrington_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Charles Carrington (British Army officer)") hit on a weak spot in the German defences with no machine gun cover, and captured a trench well behind the German main position without losing a man. Carrington persuaded his superiors not to withdraw his men, and the following morning the cut\-off main German position surrendered.Griffiths, pp 59–60\.
The 1/5th Battalion was involved in the following further operations during the Battle of the Somme:
* [Battle of Pozières Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res "Battle of Pozières"), 23–27 July and 13–28 August 1916
* [Battle of the Ancre Heights](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights "Battle of the Ancre Heights"), 3–11 November 1916
* [Battle of the Ancre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre "Battle of the Ancre"), 13–18 November 1916
Lt\-Col Sladen was promoted to command 143rd Bde, and Lt\-Col C. Retallack was appointed to succeed him as CO on 4 September. By December the battalion occupied trenches at [Le Sars](/wiki/Le_Sars "Le Sars"). Casualties during the Somme campaign had been heavy. [Company Serjeant\-Major](/wiki/Company_sergeant_major "Company sergeant major") F. Townley was awarded the [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross "Military Cross") (MC) after he had twice taken command of A Company when all the officers became casualties.Jeff, p. 33\.
The 1/5th Battalion was involved in the following operations during the German Retreat to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line "Hindenburg Line") in March and April 1917:
* Occupation of [Peronne](/wiki/Peronne%2C_Somme "Peronne, Somme"), 18 March 1916
* The battalion advanced on [Épehy](/wiki/%C3%89pehy "Épehy") in April
#### Ypres
In July the battalion entrained at [Authie](/wiki/Authie%2C_Somme "Authie, Somme") for [Proven](/wiki/Proven "Proven") in Belgium. After a short period of training it took part in the [Third Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele "Battle of Passchendaele")
* [Battle of Langemarck](/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_%281917%29 "Battle of Langemarck (1917)"), 16–18 August 1917: Serious losses were suffered in an impossible situation near [St Julien](/wiki/Saint-Julien%2C_Langemark "Saint-Julien, Langemark"); Lt\-Col Retallack was severely wounded, leaving Capt W.H. Bloomer in temporary command
* [Battle of Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood "Battle of Polygon Wood"), 28 September–3 October 1917
* [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde "Battle of Broodseinde"), 4 October 1917: Lt\-Col [W.C.C. Gell](/wiki/William_Gell_%28RAF_officer%29 "William Gell (RAF officer)"), who had assumed command in September, led another attack at St Julien, which was an outstanding success
* [Battle of Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle "Battle of Poelcappelle"), 9 October 1917
The battalion was moved to [Vimy](/wiki/Vimy "Vimy") and returned to trench duty and rest periods.
#### Italy
On 10 November 1917, the 48th Division received orders to move to Italy. The battalion entrained at [Ligny\-Saint\-Flochel](/wiki/Ligny-Saint-Flochel "Ligny-Saint-Flochel"); HQ and C Companies travelled via the [Mont Cenis Tunnel](/wiki/Mont_Cenis_Tunnel "Mont Cenis Tunnel"), A, B and D Companies by the [Riviera](/wiki/Italian_Riviera "Italian Riviera") route. They detrained at [Bovolone](/wiki/Bovolone "Bovolone") near [Verona](/wiki/Verona "Verona") on 27 November.Jeff, p. 28\. By 1 December the division had concentrated around [Legnago](/wiki/Legnago "Legnago") on the [Adige](/wiki/Adige "Adige"). On 1 March 1918, the division relieved [7th Division](/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "7th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)") in the front line of the Montello sector on the Piave Front, and held the line until 16 March. On 1 April, it moved westward into reserve for the middle sector of the [Asiago Plateau](/wiki/Asiago "Asiago") Front.
When the [Austrians](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army "Austro-Hungarian Army") attacked the Asiago Plateau during the [Battle of the Piave River](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Piave_River "Battle of the Piave River") on 15 June, 1/5th Bn was occupying the [Cesuna](/wiki/Roana "Roana") re\-entrant. The understrength D Company occupied the right front, with partly obscured fields of fire, while B Company on the left had good fields of fire. A and C Companies were in support between the Cesuna switch trench and Battalion HQ at Perghele Farm., a high promontory with steep clear slopes to the front and sides. D Company was quickly overrun and its commander captured. The neighbouring battalions were also driven back, opening a potentially dangerous breach in the line. When Battalion HQ went forward to investigate, the acting CO, second\-in\-command, adjutant and intelligence officer all became casualties, leaving [Regimental Serjeant\-Major](/wiki/Regimental_sergeant_major "Regimental sergeant major") Townley to take charge once more. He organised a defensive post of battalion cooks and orderlies at Perghele Farm, even though the farmhouse had been captured, and held out for 4 {{frac\|2}} hours until relieved by a company of 1/6th Warwicks, while 1/7th Warwicks restored the line. The following day 143rd Bde went over to the counter\-attack and regained all the lost ground. 1/6th Battalion was relieved on 17 June and went into reserve at Busibello where Lt\-Col Gell returned to take command. The 1/5th Battalion took part in other engagements during August and September in the Mount Kaberlaba sector, returning to Granezza between each tour of duty.Jeff, pp. 30–32\.
At the end of October, the Austrians began to withdraw (the [Battle of Vittorio Veneto](/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto "Battle of Vittorio Veneto")) and 143rd Bde followed up along the Valle d'Assa, covering up to {{convert\|14\|mi\|km}} per day. Led by 1/5th Bn, it reached Osteria del Termine on 2 November, being the first British formation to enter enemy territory on the European fronts. The following day the 48th Division surrounded and captured a large force of Austrian troops including the corps commander and three divisional commanders. By 15\.00 on 4 November, when the Armistice with Austria came into force, the division had pushed forward into the Trentino with 1/5th Bn at Faida. After the conclusion of hostilities the division was withdrawn to Italy for the winter.
[Demobilisation](/wiki/Demobilization "Demobilization") for 1/5th Bn began on 23 December and parties left at intervals. On 3 April 1919, the residual [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 "Cadre (military)") of battalion under Maj Bloomer marched through Birmingham from [New Street Station](/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station "Birmingham New Street railway station") to Thorp Street by torchlight.Jeff, p. 39\. The battalion was formally disembodied on 2 May 1919\.
### 2/5th Royal Warwicks
The 2/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was formed in Birmingham in October 1914, but at first the men lived at home, and little or nothing was available in terms of uniforms, arms or equipment. It was not until the 2nd South Midland Division concentrated at [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton "Northampton") in January 1915 that the men were issued with [.256\-in Japanese Ariska rifles](/wiki/6.5%C3%9750mmSR_Arisaka "6.5×50mmSR Arisaka") with which to train. Here they formed part of [First Army](/wiki/First_Army_%28Home_Forces%29 "First Army (Home Forces)") of Central Force, but when the 1st South Midland Division went to France, the 2nd took its place at Chelmsford and became part of [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28Home_Forces%29 "Third Army (Home Forces)") of Central Force, with a definite role in Home Defence. The battalions formed their machine gun sections while at Chelmsford, but the strength of the battalions fluctuated widely as they were drawn upon for drafts for their 1st\-Line battalions. In August 1915 the division was numbered as the [61st (2nd South Midland) Division](/wiki/61st_%282nd_South_Midland%29_Division "61st (2nd South Midland) Division") and the brigade became the [182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade](/wiki/182nd_%282nd_Warwickshire%29_Brigade "182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade").Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 33–39\.[61 Division at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/61st-2nd-south-midland-division/)
In February and March 1916 the units of 61st Division moved to [Salisbury Plain](/wiki/Salisbury_Plain "Salisbury Plain") to begin final training for overseas service. Here they were issued with [.303 SMLE rifles](/wiki/Lee-Enfield_rifle "Lee-Enfield rifle") in place of the Japanese weapons, and [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun "Lewis gun") in place of dummy guns and antique [Maxim guns](/wiki/Maxim_gun "Maxim gun"). Final leave was granted in April and May and the division entrained for France, concentrating at [IX Corps'](/wiki/IX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "IX Corps (United Kingdom)") rest area by 28 May.
The 2/5th Battalion's first action was the [Battle of Fromelles](/wiki/Battle_of_Fromelles "Battle of Fromelles") on 19 July 1916, a diversionary attack in support of the Somme Offensive. The attack was badly handled and casualties were heavy. The 61st Division was so badly mauled that it was not used offensively again in 1916\.
Thereafter, the battalion was involved in the following operations:
* Operations on the Ancre, 11–15 January 1917
* German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line, 14 March–5 April 1917
* Battle of Langemarck, 16–18 August 1917
* [Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_%281917%29 "Battle of Cambrai (1917)"):
+ German counter\-attacks, 1–3 December 1917\.
Due to the manpower shortage being suffered by the BEF, 2/5th Bn Royal Warwickshire Regiment was disbanded on 20 February 1918; some of the men being drafted into the 2/6th Bn, the rest into 24th [Entrenching Battalion](/wiki/Entrenching_battalions "Entrenching battalions").
### 3/5th Royal Warwicks
The 3/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment formed in Birmingham in May 1915 and joined the South Midland Reserve Group, moving to [Weston\-super\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare "Weston-super-Mare") in [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset "Somerset"). It became the 5th (Reserve) Battalion, Royal Warwicks, on 8 April 1916, moved to [Ludgershall, Wiltshire](/wiki/Ludgershall%2C_Wiltshire "Ludgershall, Wiltshire"), and absorbed the 6th Reserve Battalion on 1 September that year, when the reserve group was entitled the [South Midland Reserve Brigade](/wiki/South_Midland_Reserve_Brigade "South Midland Reserve Brigade") in the Training Reserve. It spent the winter of 1916–17 at [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham "Cheltenham") in [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire "Gloucestershire"), moving to [Catterick](/wiki/Catterick_Garrison "Catterick Garrison"), [North Yorkshire](/wiki/North_Yorkshire "North Yorkshire"), by March. In the summer of 1917, it moved to [Northumberland](/wiki/Northumberland "Northumberland") and remained in [Blyth](/wiki/Blyth%2C_Northumberland "Blyth, Northumberland") as part of the [Tyne Garrison](/wiki/River_Tyne "River Tyne") until the end of the war. It was disbanded on 17 April 1919 at [Cramlington](/wiki/Cramlington "Cramlington").
### 18th Royal Warwicks
The remaining Home Service men were separated from the 3rd Line battalions in May 1915 and formed into Provisional Battalions for home defence. The men of the four TF Bns of the Royal Warwicks (5th, 6th, 7th and 8th) formed **81st Provisional Battalion** in [10th Provisional Brigade](/wiki/10th_Provisional_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "10th Provisional Brigade (United Kingdom)").Army Council Instructions, January 1916, Appendix 18\.[Porter](https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/175475-the-10-provisional-brigades/)
The [Military Service Act 1916](/wiki/Military_Service_Act_1916 "Military Service Act 1916") swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Battalions thus became anomalous, and on 1 January 1917 became numbered battalions of their parent units, the 81st becoming **18th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment**, at [Bath, Somerset](/wiki/Bath%2C_Somerset "Bath, Somerset"), and transferred to [215th Brigade](/wiki/215th_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "215th Brigade (United Kingdom)") in [72nd Division](/wiki/72nd_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "72nd Division (United Kingdom)"). It moved to [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford "Bedford") later in January, and then to [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich "Ipswich") in May 1917\. Part of the unit's role was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting oversea, and 18th Royal Warwicks remained in the East Coast defences for the rest of its service. It was disbanded on 19 January 1918\.Army Council Instructions, December 1916, Appendix 204\.
|
[
"World War I\n-----------",
"### Mobilisation",
"On the outbreak of war in August 1914, the units of the South Midland Division had just arrived at [Rhyl](/wiki/Rhyl \"Rhyl\") for annual training when orders recalled them to their home depots for mobilisation. 5th Battalion mobilised at Thorps Street under the command of Lt\\-Col A.I. Parkes.Jeff, p. 24\\.Jeff, p. 100\\. The Warwickshire Brigade first went to its war station at [Portland](/wiki/Isle_of_Portland \"Isle of Portland\"). The division then concentrated around [Chelmsford](/wiki/Chelmsford \"Chelmsford\"), where it formed part of [Central Force](/wiki/Central_Force_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Central Force (United Kingdom)\"). While the battalions trained for overseas service, so\\-called 2nd\\-Line battalions were authorised on 31 August to be formed at the home depots from men who either had not volunteered for overseas service or were unfit, together with the recruits flooding in. Thus the parent battalion at Chelmsford was designated the 1/5th Battalion, that at Thorp Street was the 2/5th Battalion. Later, a 3rd\\-Line or reserve battalion was also formed to train drafts for the other two.Jeff. p. 19\\.[Royal Warwicks at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-warwickshire-regiment/)[48 Division at Long, Long Trail](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/48th-south-midland-division/)[Royal Warwicks at Warpath](https://web.archive.org/web/20031103231115/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/regts/r_warwicks.htm)Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6\\.",
"### 1/5th Royal Warwicks",
"The South Midland Division was selected to proceed to France to join the [British Expeditionary Force](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_I%29 \"British Expeditionary Force (World War I)\") (BEF) early in 1915\\. Lt\\-Col A.C. Stewart, [Corps of Guides](/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_%28India%29 \"Corps of Guides (India)\"), took over command of 1/5th Warwicks in February 1915\\. The battalion embarked at [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton \"Southampton\") for [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\") on 22 March 1915\\. Within days it began learning the routine of trench warfare around St Yves, [Messines](/wiki/Mesen \"Mesen\") and [Ploegsteert](/wiki/Ploegsteert \"Ploegsteert\"). On 12 May, the division was designated the [48th (South Midland) Division](/wiki/48th_%28South_Midland%29_Division \"48th (South Midland) Division\") and the brigade became numbered as the [143rd (1/1st Warwickshire) Brigade](/wiki/143rd_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\").",
"On 12 July 1915, Captain G.C. Sladen, [Rifle Brigade](/wiki/Rifle_Brigade \"Rifle Brigade\"), assumed command with the rank of Temporary Lt\\-Col. The battalion moved south to a section of the line around [Hébuterne](/wiki/H%C3%A9buterne \"Hébuterne\"), [Foncquevillers](/wiki/Foncquevillers \"Foncquevillers\") and [Gommecourt](/wiki/Gommecourt%2C_Pas-de-Calais \"Gommecourt, Pas-de-Calais\").Jeff, p. 26\\.",
"#### Somme",
"The first offensive operation of the 1/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was on 1 July 1916 at the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\"). Together with 1/7th, the battalion held a two\\-mile stretch of trench adjoining the attack of [31st Division](/wiki/31st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"31st Division (United Kingdom)\") towards [Serre](/wiki/Serre-l%C3%A8s-Puisieux \"Serre-lès-Puisieux\"). They were not to attack, but made simulated preparations for doing so. The enemy wire was cut, and they released smoke just before zero hour, but no assembly trenches had been dug nor was the British wire cut, and the German defenders were not fooled. 31st Division was dreadfully cut up, as was the rest of 143 Brigade, which had attacked with [4th Division](/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\").Edmonds, pp. 426–27\\.",
"During the [Battle of Bazentin Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge \"Battle of Bazentin Ridge\"), the battalion captured [Ovillers\\-la\\-Boisselle](/wiki/Ovillers-la-Boisselle \"Ovillers-la-Boisselle\") on the night of 15/16 July. The prospects for the attack were unpromising: the troops were exhausted before the attack and were suffering from the effects of [lachrymatory gas shells](/wiki/Tear_gas \"Tear gas\"); the men were too closely bunched and the waves too close together; and there was no artillery support. Nevertheless, in the dark, a party of the 1/5th Battalion led by [Charles Carrington](/wiki/Charles_Carrington_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Charles Carrington (British Army officer)\") hit on a weak spot in the German defences with no machine gun cover, and captured a trench well behind the German main position without losing a man. Carrington persuaded his superiors not to withdraw his men, and the following morning the cut\\-off main German position surrendered.Griffiths, pp 59–60\\.",
"The 1/5th Battalion was involved in the following further operations during the Battle of the Somme:\n* [Battle of Pozières Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res \"Battle of Pozières\"), 23–27 July and 13–28 August 1916\n* [Battle of the Ancre Heights](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights \"Battle of the Ancre Heights\"), 3–11 November 1916\n* [Battle of the Ancre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre \"Battle of the Ancre\"), 13–18 November 1916\nLt\\-Col Sladen was promoted to command 143rd Bde, and Lt\\-Col C. Retallack was appointed to succeed him as CO on 4 September. By December the battalion occupied trenches at [Le Sars](/wiki/Le_Sars \"Le Sars\"). Casualties during the Somme campaign had been heavy. [Company Serjeant\\-Major](/wiki/Company_sergeant_major \"Company sergeant major\") F. Townley was awarded the [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross \"Military Cross\") (MC) after he had twice taken command of A Company when all the officers became casualties.Jeff, p. 33\\.",
"The 1/5th Battalion was involved in the following operations during the German Retreat to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line \"Hindenburg Line\") in March and April 1917:\n* Occupation of [Peronne](/wiki/Peronne%2C_Somme \"Peronne, Somme\"), 18 March 1916\n* The battalion advanced on [Épehy](/wiki/%C3%89pehy \"Épehy\") in April",
"#### Ypres",
"In July the battalion entrained at [Authie](/wiki/Authie%2C_Somme \"Authie, Somme\") for [Proven](/wiki/Proven \"Proven\") in Belgium. After a short period of training it took part in the [Third Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele \"Battle of Passchendaele\")\n* [Battle of Langemarck](/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_%281917%29 \"Battle of Langemarck (1917)\"), 16–18 August 1917: Serious losses were suffered in an impossible situation near [St Julien](/wiki/Saint-Julien%2C_Langemark \"Saint-Julien, Langemark\"); Lt\\-Col Retallack was severely wounded, leaving Capt W.H. Bloomer in temporary command\n* [Battle of Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood \"Battle of Polygon Wood\"), 28 September–3 October 1917\n* [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde \"Battle of Broodseinde\"), 4 October 1917: Lt\\-Col [W.C.C. Gell](/wiki/William_Gell_%28RAF_officer%29 \"William Gell (RAF officer)\"), who had assumed command in September, led another attack at St Julien, which was an outstanding success\n* [Battle of Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle \"Battle of Poelcappelle\"), 9 October 1917",
"The battalion was moved to [Vimy](/wiki/Vimy \"Vimy\") and returned to trench duty and rest periods.",
"#### Italy",
"On 10 November 1917, the 48th Division received orders to move to Italy. The battalion entrained at [Ligny\\-Saint\\-Flochel](/wiki/Ligny-Saint-Flochel \"Ligny-Saint-Flochel\"); HQ and C Companies travelled via the [Mont Cenis Tunnel](/wiki/Mont_Cenis_Tunnel \"Mont Cenis Tunnel\"), A, B and D Companies by the [Riviera](/wiki/Italian_Riviera \"Italian Riviera\") route. They detrained at [Bovolone](/wiki/Bovolone \"Bovolone\") near [Verona](/wiki/Verona \"Verona\") on 27 November.Jeff, p. 28\\. By 1 December the division had concentrated around [Legnago](/wiki/Legnago \"Legnago\") on the [Adige](/wiki/Adige \"Adige\"). On 1 March 1918, the division relieved [7th Division](/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"7th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\") in the front line of the Montello sector on the Piave Front, and held the line until 16 March. On 1 April, it moved westward into reserve for the middle sector of the [Asiago Plateau](/wiki/Asiago \"Asiago\") Front.",
"When the [Austrians](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army \"Austro-Hungarian Army\") attacked the Asiago Plateau during the [Battle of the Piave River](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Piave_River \"Battle of the Piave River\") on 15 June, 1/5th Bn was occupying the [Cesuna](/wiki/Roana \"Roana\") re\\-entrant. The understrength D Company occupied the right front, with partly obscured fields of fire, while B Company on the left had good fields of fire. A and C Companies were in support between the Cesuna switch trench and Battalion HQ at Perghele Farm., a high promontory with steep clear slopes to the front and sides. D Company was quickly overrun and its commander captured. The neighbouring battalions were also driven back, opening a potentially dangerous breach in the line. When Battalion HQ went forward to investigate, the acting CO, second\\-in\\-command, adjutant and intelligence officer all became casualties, leaving [Regimental Serjeant\\-Major](/wiki/Regimental_sergeant_major \"Regimental sergeant major\") Townley to take charge once more. He organised a defensive post of battalion cooks and orderlies at Perghele Farm, even though the farmhouse had been captured, and held out for 4 {{frac\\|2}} hours until relieved by a company of 1/6th Warwicks, while 1/7th Warwicks restored the line. The following day 143rd Bde went over to the counter\\-attack and regained all the lost ground. 1/6th Battalion was relieved on 17 June and went into reserve at Busibello where Lt\\-Col Gell returned to take command. The 1/5th Battalion took part in other engagements during August and September in the Mount Kaberlaba sector, returning to Granezza between each tour of duty.Jeff, pp. 30–32\\.",
"At the end of October, the Austrians began to withdraw (the [Battle of Vittorio Veneto](/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto \"Battle of Vittorio Veneto\")) and 143rd Bde followed up along the Valle d'Assa, covering up to {{convert\\|14\\|mi\\|km}} per day. Led by 1/5th Bn, it reached Osteria del Termine on 2 November, being the first British formation to enter enemy territory on the European fronts. The following day the 48th Division surrounded and captured a large force of Austrian troops including the corps commander and three divisional commanders. By 15\\.00 on 4 November, when the Armistice with Austria came into force, the division had pushed forward into the Trentino with 1/5th Bn at Faida. After the conclusion of hostilities the division was withdrawn to Italy for the winter.",
"[Demobilisation](/wiki/Demobilization \"Demobilization\") for 1/5th Bn began on 23 December and parties left at intervals. On 3 April 1919, the residual [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 \"Cadre (military)\") of battalion under Maj Bloomer marched through Birmingham from [New Street Station](/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station \"Birmingham New Street railway station\") to Thorp Street by torchlight.Jeff, p. 39\\. The battalion was formally disembodied on 2 May 1919\\.",
"### 2/5th Royal Warwicks",
"The 2/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was formed in Birmingham in October 1914, but at first the men lived at home, and little or nothing was available in terms of uniforms, arms or equipment. It was not until the 2nd South Midland Division concentrated at [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton \"Northampton\") in January 1915 that the men were issued with [.256\\-in Japanese Ariska rifles](/wiki/6.5%C3%9750mmSR_Arisaka \"6.5×50mmSR Arisaka\") with which to train. Here they formed part of [First Army](/wiki/First_Army_%28Home_Forces%29 \"First Army (Home Forces)\") of Central Force, but when the 1st South Midland Division went to France, the 2nd took its place at Chelmsford and became part of [Third Army](/wiki/Third_Army_%28Home_Forces%29 \"Third Army (Home Forces)\") of Central Force, with a definite role in Home Defence. The battalions formed their machine gun sections while at Chelmsford, but the strength of the battalions fluctuated widely as they were drawn upon for drafts for their 1st\\-Line battalions. In August 1915 the division was numbered as the [61st (2nd South Midland) Division](/wiki/61st_%282nd_South_Midland%29_Division \"61st (2nd South Midland) Division\") and the brigade became the [182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade](/wiki/182nd_%282nd_Warwickshire%29_Brigade \"182nd (2nd Warwickshire) Brigade\").Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 33–39\\.[61 Division at Long, Long Trail.](http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/61st-2nd-south-midland-division/)",
"In February and March 1916 the units of 61st Division moved to [Salisbury Plain](/wiki/Salisbury_Plain \"Salisbury Plain\") to begin final training for overseas service. Here they were issued with [.303 SMLE rifles](/wiki/Lee-Enfield_rifle \"Lee-Enfield rifle\") in place of the Japanese weapons, and [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun \"Lewis gun\") in place of dummy guns and antique [Maxim guns](/wiki/Maxim_gun \"Maxim gun\"). Final leave was granted in April and May and the division entrained for France, concentrating at [IX Corps'](/wiki/IX_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"IX Corps (United Kingdom)\") rest area by 28 May.",
"The 2/5th Battalion's first action was the [Battle of Fromelles](/wiki/Battle_of_Fromelles \"Battle of Fromelles\") on 19 July 1916, a diversionary attack in support of the Somme Offensive. The attack was badly handled and casualties were heavy. The 61st Division was so badly mauled that it was not used offensively again in 1916\\.",
"Thereafter, the battalion was involved in the following operations:",
"* Operations on the Ancre, 11–15 January 1917\n* German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line, 14 March–5 April 1917\n* Battle of Langemarck, 16–18 August 1917\n* [Battle of Cambrai](/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_%281917%29 \"Battle of Cambrai (1917)\"):\n\t+ German counter\\-attacks, 1–3 December 1917\\.",
"Due to the manpower shortage being suffered by the BEF, 2/5th Bn Royal Warwickshire Regiment was disbanded on 20 February 1918; some of the men being drafted into the 2/6th Bn, the rest into 24th [Entrenching Battalion](/wiki/Entrenching_battalions \"Entrenching battalions\").",
"### 3/5th Royal Warwicks",
"The 3/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment formed in Birmingham in May 1915 and joined the South Midland Reserve Group, moving to [Weston\\-super\\-Mare](/wiki/Weston-super-Mare \"Weston-super-Mare\") in [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset \"Somerset\"). It became the 5th (Reserve) Battalion, Royal Warwicks, on 8 April 1916, moved to [Ludgershall, Wiltshire](/wiki/Ludgershall%2C_Wiltshire \"Ludgershall, Wiltshire\"), and absorbed the 6th Reserve Battalion on 1 September that year, when the reserve group was entitled the [South Midland Reserve Brigade](/wiki/South_Midland_Reserve_Brigade \"South Midland Reserve Brigade\") in the Training Reserve. It spent the winter of 1916–17 at [Cheltenham](/wiki/Cheltenham \"Cheltenham\") in [Gloucestershire](/wiki/Gloucestershire \"Gloucestershire\"), moving to [Catterick](/wiki/Catterick_Garrison \"Catterick Garrison\"), [North Yorkshire](/wiki/North_Yorkshire \"North Yorkshire\"), by March. In the summer of 1917, it moved to [Northumberland](/wiki/Northumberland \"Northumberland\") and remained in [Blyth](/wiki/Blyth%2C_Northumberland \"Blyth, Northumberland\") as part of the [Tyne Garrison](/wiki/River_Tyne \"River Tyne\") until the end of the war. It was disbanded on 17 April 1919 at [Cramlington](/wiki/Cramlington \"Cramlington\").",
"### 18th Royal Warwicks",
"The remaining Home Service men were separated from the 3rd Line battalions in May 1915 and formed into Provisional Battalions for home defence. The men of the four TF Bns of the Royal Warwicks (5th, 6th, 7th and 8th) formed **81st Provisional Battalion** in [10th Provisional Brigade](/wiki/10th_Provisional_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"10th Provisional Brigade (United Kingdom)\").Army Council Instructions, January 1916, Appendix 18\\.[Porter](https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/175475-the-10-provisional-brigades/)",
"The [Military Service Act 1916](/wiki/Military_Service_Act_1916 \"Military Service Act 1916\") swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Battalions thus became anomalous, and on 1 January 1917 became numbered battalions of their parent units, the 81st becoming **18th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment**, at [Bath, Somerset](/wiki/Bath%2C_Somerset \"Bath, Somerset\"), and transferred to [215th Brigade](/wiki/215th_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"215th Brigade (United Kingdom)\") in [72nd Division](/wiki/72nd_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"72nd Division (United Kingdom)\"). It moved to [Bedford](/wiki/Bedford \"Bedford\") later in January, and then to [Ipswich](/wiki/Ipswich \"Ipswich\") in May 1917\\. Part of the unit's role was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting oversea, and 18th Royal Warwicks remained in the East Coast defences for the rest of its service. It was disbanded on 19 January 1918\\.Army Council Instructions, December 1916, Appendix 204\\.",
""
] |
### 1/5th Royal Warwicks
The South Midland Division was selected to proceed to France to join the [British Expeditionary Force](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_I%29 "British Expeditionary Force (World War I)") (BEF) early in 1915\. Lt\-Col A.C. Stewart, [Corps of Guides](/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_%28India%29 "Corps of Guides (India)"), took over command of 1/5th Warwicks in February 1915\. The battalion embarked at [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton "Southampton") for [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre "Le Havre") on 22 March 1915\. Within days it began learning the routine of trench warfare around St Yves, [Messines](/wiki/Mesen "Mesen") and [Ploegsteert](/wiki/Ploegsteert "Ploegsteert"). On 12 May, the division was designated the [48th (South Midland) Division](/wiki/48th_%28South_Midland%29_Division "48th (South Midland) Division") and the brigade became numbered as the [143rd (1/1st Warwickshire) Brigade](/wiki/143rd_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)").
On 12 July 1915, Captain G.C. Sladen, [Rifle Brigade](/wiki/Rifle_Brigade "Rifle Brigade"), assumed command with the rank of Temporary Lt\-Col. The battalion moved south to a section of the line around [Hébuterne](/wiki/H%C3%A9buterne "Hébuterne"), [Foncquevillers](/wiki/Foncquevillers "Foncquevillers") and [Gommecourt](/wiki/Gommecourt%2C_Pas-de-Calais "Gommecourt, Pas-de-Calais").Jeff, p. 26\.
#### Somme
The first offensive operation of the 1/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was on 1 July 1916 at the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme "Battle of the Somme"). Together with 1/7th, the battalion held a two\-mile stretch of trench adjoining the attack of [31st Division](/wiki/31st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "31st Division (United Kingdom)") towards [Serre](/wiki/Serre-l%C3%A8s-Puisieux "Serre-lès-Puisieux"). They were not to attack, but made simulated preparations for doing so. The enemy wire was cut, and they released smoke just before zero hour, but no assembly trenches had been dug nor was the British wire cut, and the German defenders were not fooled. 31st Division was dreadfully cut up, as was the rest of 143 Brigade, which had attacked with [4th Division](/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)").Edmonds, pp. 426–27\.
During the [Battle of Bazentin Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge "Battle of Bazentin Ridge"), the battalion captured [Ovillers\-la\-Boisselle](/wiki/Ovillers-la-Boisselle "Ovillers-la-Boisselle") on the night of 15/16 July. The prospects for the attack were unpromising: the troops were exhausted before the attack and were suffering from the effects of [lachrymatory gas shells](/wiki/Tear_gas "Tear gas"); the men were too closely bunched and the waves too close together; and there was no artillery support. Nevertheless, in the dark, a party of the 1/5th Battalion led by [Charles Carrington](/wiki/Charles_Carrington_%28British_Army_officer%29 "Charles Carrington (British Army officer)") hit on a weak spot in the German defences with no machine gun cover, and captured a trench well behind the German main position without losing a man. Carrington persuaded his superiors not to withdraw his men, and the following morning the cut\-off main German position surrendered.Griffiths, pp 59–60\.
The 1/5th Battalion was involved in the following further operations during the Battle of the Somme:
* [Battle of Pozières Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res "Battle of Pozières"), 23–27 July and 13–28 August 1916
* [Battle of the Ancre Heights](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights "Battle of the Ancre Heights"), 3–11 November 1916
* [Battle of the Ancre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre "Battle of the Ancre"), 13–18 November 1916
Lt\-Col Sladen was promoted to command 143rd Bde, and Lt\-Col C. Retallack was appointed to succeed him as CO on 4 September. By December the battalion occupied trenches at [Le Sars](/wiki/Le_Sars "Le Sars"). Casualties during the Somme campaign had been heavy. [Company Serjeant\-Major](/wiki/Company_sergeant_major "Company sergeant major") F. Townley was awarded the [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross "Military Cross") (MC) after he had twice taken command of A Company when all the officers became casualties.Jeff, p. 33\.
The 1/5th Battalion was involved in the following operations during the German Retreat to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line "Hindenburg Line") in March and April 1917:
* Occupation of [Peronne](/wiki/Peronne%2C_Somme "Peronne, Somme"), 18 March 1916
* The battalion advanced on [Épehy](/wiki/%C3%89pehy "Épehy") in April
#### Ypres
In July the battalion entrained at [Authie](/wiki/Authie%2C_Somme "Authie, Somme") for [Proven](/wiki/Proven "Proven") in Belgium. After a short period of training it took part in the [Third Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele "Battle of Passchendaele")
* [Battle of Langemarck](/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_%281917%29 "Battle of Langemarck (1917)"), 16–18 August 1917: Serious losses were suffered in an impossible situation near [St Julien](/wiki/Saint-Julien%2C_Langemark "Saint-Julien, Langemark"); Lt\-Col Retallack was severely wounded, leaving Capt W.H. Bloomer in temporary command
* [Battle of Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood "Battle of Polygon Wood"), 28 September–3 October 1917
* [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde "Battle of Broodseinde"), 4 October 1917: Lt\-Col [W.C.C. Gell](/wiki/William_Gell_%28RAF_officer%29 "William Gell (RAF officer)"), who had assumed command in September, led another attack at St Julien, which was an outstanding success
* [Battle of Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle "Battle of Poelcappelle"), 9 October 1917
The battalion was moved to [Vimy](/wiki/Vimy "Vimy") and returned to trench duty and rest periods.
#### Italy
On 10 November 1917, the 48th Division received orders to move to Italy. The battalion entrained at [Ligny\-Saint\-Flochel](/wiki/Ligny-Saint-Flochel "Ligny-Saint-Flochel"); HQ and C Companies travelled via the [Mont Cenis Tunnel](/wiki/Mont_Cenis_Tunnel "Mont Cenis Tunnel"), A, B and D Companies by the [Riviera](/wiki/Italian_Riviera "Italian Riviera") route. They detrained at [Bovolone](/wiki/Bovolone "Bovolone") near [Verona](/wiki/Verona "Verona") on 27 November.Jeff, p. 28\. By 1 December the division had concentrated around [Legnago](/wiki/Legnago "Legnago") on the [Adige](/wiki/Adige "Adige"). On 1 March 1918, the division relieved [7th Division](/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "7th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)") in the front line of the Montello sector on the Piave Front, and held the line until 16 March. On 1 April, it moved westward into reserve for the middle sector of the [Asiago Plateau](/wiki/Asiago "Asiago") Front.
When the [Austrians](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army "Austro-Hungarian Army") attacked the Asiago Plateau during the [Battle of the Piave River](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Piave_River "Battle of the Piave River") on 15 June, 1/5th Bn was occupying the [Cesuna](/wiki/Roana "Roana") re\-entrant. The understrength D Company occupied the right front, with partly obscured fields of fire, while B Company on the left had good fields of fire. A and C Companies were in support between the Cesuna switch trench and Battalion HQ at Perghele Farm., a high promontory with steep clear slopes to the front and sides. D Company was quickly overrun and its commander captured. The neighbouring battalions were also driven back, opening a potentially dangerous breach in the line. When Battalion HQ went forward to investigate, the acting CO, second\-in\-command, adjutant and intelligence officer all became casualties, leaving [Regimental Serjeant\-Major](/wiki/Regimental_sergeant_major "Regimental sergeant major") Townley to take charge once more. He organised a defensive post of battalion cooks and orderlies at Perghele Farm, even though the farmhouse had been captured, and held out for 4 {{frac\|2}} hours until relieved by a company of 1/6th Warwicks, while 1/7th Warwicks restored the line. The following day 143rd Bde went over to the counter\-attack and regained all the lost ground. 1/6th Battalion was relieved on 17 June and went into reserve at Busibello where Lt\-Col Gell returned to take command. The 1/5th Battalion took part in other engagements during August and September in the Mount Kaberlaba sector, returning to Granezza between each tour of duty.Jeff, pp. 30–32\.
At the end of October, the Austrians began to withdraw (the [Battle of Vittorio Veneto](/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto "Battle of Vittorio Veneto")) and 143rd Bde followed up along the Valle d'Assa, covering up to {{convert\|14\|mi\|km}} per day. Led by 1/5th Bn, it reached Osteria del Termine on 2 November, being the first British formation to enter enemy territory on the European fronts. The following day the 48th Division surrounded and captured a large force of Austrian troops including the corps commander and three divisional commanders. By 15\.00 on 4 November, when the Armistice with Austria came into force, the division had pushed forward into the Trentino with 1/5th Bn at Faida. After the conclusion of hostilities the division was withdrawn to Italy for the winter.
[Demobilisation](/wiki/Demobilization "Demobilization") for 1/5th Bn began on 23 December and parties left at intervals. On 3 April 1919, the residual [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 "Cadre (military)") of battalion under Maj Bloomer marched through Birmingham from [New Street Station](/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station "Birmingham New Street railway station") to Thorp Street by torchlight.Jeff, p. 39\. The battalion was formally disembodied on 2 May 1919\.
|
[
"### 1/5th Royal Warwicks",
"The South Midland Division was selected to proceed to France to join the [British Expeditionary Force](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_I%29 \"British Expeditionary Force (World War I)\") (BEF) early in 1915\\. Lt\\-Col A.C. Stewart, [Corps of Guides](/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_%28India%29 \"Corps of Guides (India)\"), took over command of 1/5th Warwicks in February 1915\\. The battalion embarked at [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton \"Southampton\") for [Le Havre](/wiki/Le_Havre \"Le Havre\") on 22 March 1915\\. Within days it began learning the routine of trench warfare around St Yves, [Messines](/wiki/Mesen \"Mesen\") and [Ploegsteert](/wiki/Ploegsteert \"Ploegsteert\"). On 12 May, the division was designated the [48th (South Midland) Division](/wiki/48th_%28South_Midland%29_Division \"48th (South Midland) Division\") and the brigade became numbered as the [143rd (1/1st Warwickshire) Brigade](/wiki/143rd_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\").",
"On 12 July 1915, Captain G.C. Sladen, [Rifle Brigade](/wiki/Rifle_Brigade \"Rifle Brigade\"), assumed command with the rank of Temporary Lt\\-Col. The battalion moved south to a section of the line around [Hébuterne](/wiki/H%C3%A9buterne \"Hébuterne\"), [Foncquevillers](/wiki/Foncquevillers \"Foncquevillers\") and [Gommecourt](/wiki/Gommecourt%2C_Pas-de-Calais \"Gommecourt, Pas-de-Calais\").Jeff, p. 26\\.",
"#### Somme",
"The first offensive operation of the 1/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was on 1 July 1916 at the [Battle of the Somme](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme \"Battle of the Somme\"). Together with 1/7th, the battalion held a two\\-mile stretch of trench adjoining the attack of [31st Division](/wiki/31st_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"31st Division (United Kingdom)\") towards [Serre](/wiki/Serre-l%C3%A8s-Puisieux \"Serre-lès-Puisieux\"). They were not to attack, but made simulated preparations for doing so. The enemy wire was cut, and they released smoke just before zero hour, but no assembly trenches had been dug nor was the British wire cut, and the German defenders were not fooled. 31st Division was dreadfully cut up, as was the rest of 143 Brigade, which had attacked with [4th Division](/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\").Edmonds, pp. 426–27\\.",
"During the [Battle of Bazentin Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge \"Battle of Bazentin Ridge\"), the battalion captured [Ovillers\\-la\\-Boisselle](/wiki/Ovillers-la-Boisselle \"Ovillers-la-Boisselle\") on the night of 15/16 July. The prospects for the attack were unpromising: the troops were exhausted before the attack and were suffering from the effects of [lachrymatory gas shells](/wiki/Tear_gas \"Tear gas\"); the men were too closely bunched and the waves too close together; and there was no artillery support. Nevertheless, in the dark, a party of the 1/5th Battalion led by [Charles Carrington](/wiki/Charles_Carrington_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"Charles Carrington (British Army officer)\") hit on a weak spot in the German defences with no machine gun cover, and captured a trench well behind the German main position without losing a man. Carrington persuaded his superiors not to withdraw his men, and the following morning the cut\\-off main German position surrendered.Griffiths, pp 59–60\\.",
"The 1/5th Battalion was involved in the following further operations during the Battle of the Somme:\n* [Battle of Pozières Ridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res \"Battle of Pozières\"), 23–27 July and 13–28 August 1916\n* [Battle of the Ancre Heights](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights \"Battle of the Ancre Heights\"), 3–11 November 1916\n* [Battle of the Ancre](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre \"Battle of the Ancre\"), 13–18 November 1916\nLt\\-Col Sladen was promoted to command 143rd Bde, and Lt\\-Col C. Retallack was appointed to succeed him as CO on 4 September. By December the battalion occupied trenches at [Le Sars](/wiki/Le_Sars \"Le Sars\"). Casualties during the Somme campaign had been heavy. [Company Serjeant\\-Major](/wiki/Company_sergeant_major \"Company sergeant major\") F. Townley was awarded the [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross \"Military Cross\") (MC) after he had twice taken command of A Company when all the officers became casualties.Jeff, p. 33\\.",
"The 1/5th Battalion was involved in the following operations during the German Retreat to the [Hindenburg Line](/wiki/Hindenburg_Line \"Hindenburg Line\") in March and April 1917:\n* Occupation of [Peronne](/wiki/Peronne%2C_Somme \"Peronne, Somme\"), 18 March 1916\n* The battalion advanced on [Épehy](/wiki/%C3%89pehy \"Épehy\") in April",
"#### Ypres",
"In July the battalion entrained at [Authie](/wiki/Authie%2C_Somme \"Authie, Somme\") for [Proven](/wiki/Proven \"Proven\") in Belgium. After a short period of training it took part in the [Third Battle of Ypres](/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele \"Battle of Passchendaele\")\n* [Battle of Langemarck](/wiki/Battle_of_Langemarck_%281917%29 \"Battle of Langemarck (1917)\"), 16–18 August 1917: Serious losses were suffered in an impossible situation near [St Julien](/wiki/Saint-Julien%2C_Langemark \"Saint-Julien, Langemark\"); Lt\\-Col Retallack was severely wounded, leaving Capt W.H. Bloomer in temporary command\n* [Battle of Polygon Wood](/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood \"Battle of Polygon Wood\"), 28 September–3 October 1917\n* [Battle of Broodseinde](/wiki/Battle_of_Broodseinde \"Battle of Broodseinde\"), 4 October 1917: Lt\\-Col [W.C.C. Gell](/wiki/William_Gell_%28RAF_officer%29 \"William Gell (RAF officer)\"), who had assumed command in September, led another attack at St Julien, which was an outstanding success\n* [Battle of Poelcappelle](/wiki/Battle_of_Poelcappelle \"Battle of Poelcappelle\"), 9 October 1917",
"The battalion was moved to [Vimy](/wiki/Vimy \"Vimy\") and returned to trench duty and rest periods.",
"#### Italy",
"On 10 November 1917, the 48th Division received orders to move to Italy. The battalion entrained at [Ligny\\-Saint\\-Flochel](/wiki/Ligny-Saint-Flochel \"Ligny-Saint-Flochel\"); HQ and C Companies travelled via the [Mont Cenis Tunnel](/wiki/Mont_Cenis_Tunnel \"Mont Cenis Tunnel\"), A, B and D Companies by the [Riviera](/wiki/Italian_Riviera \"Italian Riviera\") route. They detrained at [Bovolone](/wiki/Bovolone \"Bovolone\") near [Verona](/wiki/Verona \"Verona\") on 27 November.Jeff, p. 28\\. By 1 December the division had concentrated around [Legnago](/wiki/Legnago \"Legnago\") on the [Adige](/wiki/Adige \"Adige\"). On 1 March 1918, the division relieved [7th Division](/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"7th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\") in the front line of the Montello sector on the Piave Front, and held the line until 16 March. On 1 April, it moved westward into reserve for the middle sector of the [Asiago Plateau](/wiki/Asiago \"Asiago\") Front.",
"When the [Austrians](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army \"Austro-Hungarian Army\") attacked the Asiago Plateau during the [Battle of the Piave River](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Piave_River \"Battle of the Piave River\") on 15 June, 1/5th Bn was occupying the [Cesuna](/wiki/Roana \"Roana\") re\\-entrant. The understrength D Company occupied the right front, with partly obscured fields of fire, while B Company on the left had good fields of fire. A and C Companies were in support between the Cesuna switch trench and Battalion HQ at Perghele Farm., a high promontory with steep clear slopes to the front and sides. D Company was quickly overrun and its commander captured. The neighbouring battalions were also driven back, opening a potentially dangerous breach in the line. When Battalion HQ went forward to investigate, the acting CO, second\\-in\\-command, adjutant and intelligence officer all became casualties, leaving [Regimental Serjeant\\-Major](/wiki/Regimental_sergeant_major \"Regimental sergeant major\") Townley to take charge once more. He organised a defensive post of battalion cooks and orderlies at Perghele Farm, even though the farmhouse had been captured, and held out for 4 {{frac\\|2}} hours until relieved by a company of 1/6th Warwicks, while 1/7th Warwicks restored the line. The following day 143rd Bde went over to the counter\\-attack and regained all the lost ground. 1/6th Battalion was relieved on 17 June and went into reserve at Busibello where Lt\\-Col Gell returned to take command. The 1/5th Battalion took part in other engagements during August and September in the Mount Kaberlaba sector, returning to Granezza between each tour of duty.Jeff, pp. 30–32\\.",
"At the end of October, the Austrians began to withdraw (the [Battle of Vittorio Veneto](/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto \"Battle of Vittorio Veneto\")) and 143rd Bde followed up along the Valle d'Assa, covering up to {{convert\\|14\\|mi\\|km}} per day. Led by 1/5th Bn, it reached Osteria del Termine on 2 November, being the first British formation to enter enemy territory on the European fronts. The following day the 48th Division surrounded and captured a large force of Austrian troops including the corps commander and three divisional commanders. By 15\\.00 on 4 November, when the Armistice with Austria came into force, the division had pushed forward into the Trentino with 1/5th Bn at Faida. After the conclusion of hostilities the division was withdrawn to Italy for the winter.",
"[Demobilisation](/wiki/Demobilization \"Demobilization\") for 1/5th Bn began on 23 December and parties left at intervals. On 3 April 1919, the residual [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 \"Cadre (military)\") of battalion under Maj Bloomer marched through Birmingham from [New Street Station](/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station \"Birmingham New Street railway station\") to Thorp Street by torchlight.Jeff, p. 39\\. The battalion was formally disembodied on 2 May 1919\\.",
""
] |
World War II
------------
### Mobilisation
The TA's AA units, including 45th AA Bn, were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the [Munich Crisis](/wiki/Munich_Crisis "Munich Crisis"), with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October.Routledge, pp. 62–63\. In February 1939, the existing AA defences came under the control of a new [Anti\-Aircraft Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command "Anti-Aircraft Command"). In June, a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. The battalion was mobilised on 15 July and until 15 August it manned a S/L layout in the East Midlands.Jeff, p. 45\. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations, with 45th AA Bn manning 50 S/L sites around Birmingham by 27 August.Routledge, pp. 65–66, 371\.
### 45th Searchlight Regiment
#### Home Defence
On the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), 45th AA Bn was assigned to a new [54th AA Brigade](/wiki/54th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "54th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)") being formed at [Sutton Coldfield](/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield "Sutton Coldfield") near Birmingham, as part of [4th AA Division](/wiki/4th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "4th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\=Sections\&req\=viewarticle\&artid\=6697\&page\=1 \|title\=AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files \|access\-date\=23 December 2014 \|archive\-date\=19 May 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519093737/http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\=Sections\&req\=viewarticle\&artid\=6697\&page\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }}[4 AA Division 1939 at British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194912/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/4-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1939-.pdf)Routledge Table LX, p. 378\. The battalion established its HQ at Kingstanding Drill Hall, and the S/L sites were manned by 380 and 381 AA Companies, with HQs at [Halesowen](/wiki/Halesowen "Halesowen") and [Maxstoke Castle](/wiki/Maxstoke_Castle "Maxstoke Castle") respectively. Meanwhile, 378 and 379 AA Companies manned [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun "Lewis gun") in the Light Anti\-Aircraft (LAA) role to defend various vital points (VPs), including [Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory](/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly "Castle Bromwich Assembly"), [RAF Cosford](/wiki/RAF_Cosford "RAF Cosford"), [RAF Shawbury](/wiki/RAF_Shawbury "RAF Shawbury") and [RAF Ternhill](/wiki/RAF_Ternhill "RAF Ternhill").
By mid\-December, the commitments at the VPs had been handed over to specialist LAA units, and the battalion was wholly engaged in S/L duties, with company HQs distributed as follows:
* 378 at Maxstoke Castle, later at [Sheldon](/wiki/Sheldon%2C_West_Midlands "Sheldon, West Midlands") and then [Shenstone](/wiki/Shenstone%2C_Staffordshire "Shenstone, Staffordshire") during 1940–41
* 379 at Halesowen
* 380 at [Shirley](/wiki/Shirley%2C_West_Midlands "Shirley, West Midlands"), with a temporary operational HQ at [Hewell Grange](/wiki/Hewell_Grange "Hewell Grange") in November–December 1940
* 381 at [Pendeford Hill](/wiki/Pendeford "Pendeford"), later at Shenstone, [Wightwick Hall](/wiki/Wightwick "Wightwick"), [Weston Park](/wiki/Weston_Park "Weston Park") and finally [Arbury Park](/wiki/Orchard_Park%2C_Cambridgeshire "Orchard Park, Cambridgeshire")
In August 1940, the remaining AA units of the RE were transferred to the RA, the unit being redesignated **45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA**, and the AA companies becoming S/L batteries.Litchfield, pp. 242–43\.[45 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/45-the-royal-warwickshire-regiment-searchlight-regiment-rata)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex M, pp. 338–39\.
In a reorganisation of [AA Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command "Anti-Aircraft Command") in November 1940, 54 AA Bde assumed responsibility for searchlight provision for the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) of the West Midlands under a new [11th AA Division](/wiki/11th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)").[11 AA Division British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194839/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/11-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1940-.pdf)[11 AA Division at RA 39–45](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/11-anti-aircraft-division)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex D, p. 260\.Routledge Table LXV, p. 396\.
[thumb\|right\|11th AA Divisional sign](/wiki/File:11th_AA_div.jpg "11th AA div.jpg")
After the initial deployment, the periods of greatest activity for 45th S/L Rgt were in August 1940, when it suffered five casualties in the first raids of the [Birmingham Blitz](/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz "Birmingham Blitz"), in November when there were heavy raids on Birmingham and [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry_Blitz "Coventry Blitz"), and again in March and April 1941\.
The regiment supplied a [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 "Cadre (military)") of experienced officers and men to 237th S/L Training Rgt at [Holywood](/wiki/Holywood%2C_County_Down "Holywood, County Down"), [County Down](/wiki/County_Down "County Down"), where it provided the basis for a new 552 S/L Bty formed on 16 January 1941\. This battery later joined a newly\-forming [91st S/L Rgt](/wiki/91st_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "91st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery").Frederick, p. 862\.
The S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3500 yards, but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6000 yards by September 1940\. In November this was changed to clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards apart. Each S/L Troop manned two clusters. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighter "Night fighter"). Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with SLC radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.Routledge, pp. 388–89, 93\.
In May 1941, site BGo 31 at Shirley was credited with bringing down a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 "Heinkel He 111") bomber. The Troop officer, Lt P.A.G. Osler, described how the Heinkel flew over the site four times, being illuminated by the lights and engaged with small arms fire (each S/L site was equipped with Lewis guns). After the fourth run the aircraft veered away and crashed into trees, where its bombload exploded. In June 1941, two S/L sites received direct hits and three men were wounded, but there was little activity of the rest of the year.Jeff, p. 46\.
On 1 September 1941, Brevet Colonel A.W. Ward\-Walker, [TD](/wiki/Territorial_Decoration "Territorial Decoration"), who had been Commanding Officer since 16 February 1934, relinquished command and was succeeded by Lt\-Col C.D. Oliver, promoted from [44th (Leicestershire Regiment) S/L Rgt](/wiki/Leicester_Town_Rifles "Leicester Town Rifles").Jeff, p. 105\.
In 1941, the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the GDAs around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.Routledge, p. 399\. The regiment was undergoing redeployment in December 1941 when it was announced that it was being considered for conversion to the LAA gun role. This opportunity for greater involvement was welcomed by the regiment, which handed over its S/L sites to [80th S/L Rgt](/wiki/80th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "80th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery") in December and January 1942\.
### 122nd Light Anti\-Aircraft Regiment
A [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 "Cadre (military)") of six officers and 30 other ranks went to [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford "Bradford") for training on [Bofors guns](/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60 "Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60") before the regiment formally converted on 2 February 1942 as **122nd (Royal Warwickshire) Light Anti\-Aircraft Regiment**, with the batteries renumbered as 400–403 LAA Batteries.Frederick, pp. 806–7, 839\.[122 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/light-anti-aircraft-regiments/122-warwickshire-regiment-light-anti-aircraft-regiment-rata) The rest of the regiment went for training on 12 February and a month later the batteries moved from Bradford to various practice camps. In April they took over defence of VPs, three batteries in [North Staffordshire](/wiki/North_Staffordshire "North Staffordshire") and one on [Anglesey](/wiki/Anglesey "Anglesey"), with RHQ near [Chester](/wiki/Chester "Chester").
[thumb\|right\|A Bofors gun featuring the 'Stiffkey Sight'.](/wiki/File:Bofors-p004596.jpg "Bofors-p004596.jpg")
During the spring of 1942, the *[Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe")* began a new tactic of 'hit and run' raids by single\-engined [Fighter\-bombers](/wiki/Fighter-bomber "Fighter-bomber") against targets along the South Coast of England, and AA Command moved LAA units south to deal with this threat. In July, 122nd LAA Rgt moved from 54 AA Bde to join [71 AA Bde](/wiki/71st_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "71st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)") in [Kent](/wiki/Kent "Kent"), deployed as follows:Routledge, pp. 402–03\.Order of Battle of Non\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, with amendments, [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The National Archives (United Kingdom)"), file WO 212/81\.
* RHQ at [Shepherdswell](/wiki/Shepherdswell "Shepherdswell")
* 400 LAA Bty at [Rye, East Sussex](/wiki/Rye%2C_East_Sussex "Rye, East Sussex")
* 401 LAA Bty at [Betteshanger](/wiki/Betteshanger "Betteshanger")
* 402 LAA Bty at [Minster\-in\-Thanet](/wiki/Minster-in-Thanet "Minster-in-Thanet"), later at Rye, where it was awarded a Category 1 'kill' on 12 October
* 403 LAA Bty at Shepherdswell.
122nd LAA Rgt was now selected for overseas service. On 3 October, 403 LAA Bty was re\-regimented with a newly formed [143rd LAA Rgt](/wiki/143rd_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "143rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery") and the rest of the regiment, now with the three\-battery organisation of a mobile AA unit, left AA Command and moved to Dropmore Hall, [Burnham, Buckinghamshire](/wiki/Burnham%2C_Buckinghamshire "Burnham, Buckinghamshire"), for battle training. A month later it went for mobile training at [Leigh\-on\-Sea](/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea "Leigh-on-Sea"), [Essex](/wiki/Essex "Essex"). While awaiting overseas postings, AA units were usually loaned back to AA Command, and on 22 December the regiment took over operational sites in [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall "Cornwall") under [63 AA Bde](/wiki/63rd_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "63rd Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)"), with RHQ at [Perranporth](/wiki/Perranporth "Perranporth") and sites at [RAF St Eval](/wiki/RAF_St_Eval "RAF St Eval"), [St Austell](/wiki/St_Austell "St Austell") and [Porthcothan](/wiki/Porthcothan "Porthcothan"). In January–February 1943, it attended No 13 AA Practice Camp at [Aberaeron](/wiki/Aberaeron "Aberaeron"), before coming under [War Office](/wiki/War_Office "War Office") Control. On 14 February, it moved to [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds "Leeds") under orders to mobilise for a tropical climate.Jeff, p. 49\.Order of Battle of Non\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/82\.Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non\-Divisional Units), 18 February 1943, TNA file WO 212/9 and WO 33/1987\.
#### India
The regiment embarked at [Gourock](/wiki/Gourock "Gourock") on the [Firth of Clyde](/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde "Firth of Clyde") on 10 March 1943 aboard [HM Transport *Strathnaver*](/wiki/RMS_Strathnaver "RMS Strathnaver"). It docked at [Durban](/wiki/Durban "Durban") on 14 April and the regiment went into camp for six weeks before re\-embarking on [HMT *Strathmore*](/wiki/RMS_Strathmore "RMS Strathmore") on 14 May, to land at [Bombay](/wiki/Bombay "Bombay") on 10 June. The regiment then travelled across [India](/wiki/British_Raj "British Raj") to [Ranchi](/wiki/Ranchi "Ranchi") to join [7th Indian Infantry Division](/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Division "7th Indian Infantry Division"). On 20 August the regiment moved to Khumbargaon and joined [36th Indian Infantry Division](/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)"). Early in September the regiment received its lorries and Bofors guns and began intensive training. On 30 November the regiment underwent a major change in organisation and role. Two of its LAA batteries, 400 and the newly formed 'X' Bty, joined 100 ([Gordon Highlanders](/wiki/Gordon_Highlanders "Gordon Highlanders")) Anti\-Tank Regiment, RA, and in exchange it received 168 and 321 A/T Btys (the latter being newly formed) equipped with [6\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder "Ordnance QF 6-pounder") A/T guns. The regiment was subsequently redesignated **122 LAA/AT Regiment**.Frederick, pp. 927–8\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/light\-anti\-aircraft\-anti\-tank\-regiments/122\-light\-anti\-aircraft\-anti\-tank\-regiment\-ra \|title\=122 LAA/AT Rgt at RA 39–45\.}}Joslen, pp. 526–27\.Jeff, p. 50\.Farndale, *Far East*, Annex K.Farndale, *Far East*, p. 174\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, Appendix 15\.[36 Indian Division at British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194908/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf)
[thumb\|right\|36th Indian Division formation sign](/wiki/File:36_inf_div_-vector.svg "36 inf div -vector.svg")
The division was training for Operation Porpoise, a projected amphibious assault,Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, pp. 6, 66, 119, 127\. but the opening of the [Japanese offensive in the Arakan](/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944 "Burma Campaign 1944") in February 1944 changed everything, and elements of the division (including 168 A/T Bty serving with [130th Field Rgt](/wiki/130th_Field_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "130th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery")) were employed in mopping up after the attack had been stopped.Jeff, p. 51\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, pp. 117, 147, 155, 267–69\.Farndale, *Far East*, p. 182\.
The amphibious plans were cancelled and, in May 1944, 122 LAA/AT Rgt moved by rail and riverboat to [Shillong](/wiki/Shillong "Shillong"), where it was rejoined by 168 A/T Bty and where 36th Indian Division reorganised as a standard infantry division.Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, pp. 252, 274\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, p. 25 and Appendix 18\. Early in July 1944, infantry units of the division started to fly from [Ledo](/wiki/Ledo%2C_Assam "Ledo, Assam") into [Myitkyina airfield](/wiki/Nampong_Air_Force_Base "Nampong Air Force Base") in North Burma to reinforce the US\-led [Northern Combat Area Command](/wiki/Northern_Combat_Area_Command "Northern Combat Area Command"). They saw much bitter fighting in the following campaign, but left the divisional artillery behind. However, 321 A/T Bty did move up to Ledo under the command of [178th Field Rgt](/wiki/178th_Field_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "178th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery"), ready to move into the forward area; it returned to the regiment at Shillong in September. The division was recategorised as British on 1 September 1944, becoming 36th British Infantry Division.Joslen, pp. 63–64\.
### 122nd Anti\-Tank Regiment
#### Burma
[thumb\|left\|3\-inch Mortar in action during the Burma Campaign.](/wiki/File:British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg "British 3-inch mortar detachments support the 19th Indian Division's advance along the Mawchi Road, east of Toungoo, Burma.jpg")
Meanwhile, 122 LAA/AT Rgt was redesignated **122 (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) A/T Rgt** on 14 September, and lost its LAA guns, reorganising into three batteries, each composed of twelve 6\-pounder A/T guns and twelve 3\-inch mortars, still commanded by Lt\-Col Oliver.Frederick, p. 928\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/anti\-tank\-regiments/122\-royal\-warwickshire\-regiment\-anti\-tank\-regiment\-rata \|title\=122 A/T Rgt at RA 39–45\.}} Once it rejoined, it served as the divisional anti\-tank regiment in 36th Division until the end of the war.
On 29 October 1944, 168 Bty moved to Moran and three days later was flown to the forward area. Under the command of [26 Indian Bde](/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade "26th Indian Infantry Brigade") it remained in contact with the enemy until the closing weeks of the campaign. It distinguished itself on 1–2 February 1945 supporting 2nd Bn [The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)](/wiki/The_Buffs_%28Royal_East_Kent_Regiment%29 "The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)") at Myitson where an attempt to infiltrate over the [Shweli River](/wiki/Shweli_River "Shweli River") had miscarried, but suffered its heaviest casualties on 3 February.Jeff, pp. 52–53\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 196, 275\.
The main body of the regiment (RHQ, F Troop of 321 Bty and 402 Bty) remained at Shillong until 12 November, when it was moved by road to the Ledo area and began intensive training. On 22 December, it left Ledo in convoy and moved up to join he forward troops of 36th Division. It crossed the [Irrawaddy River](/wiki/Irrawaddy_River "Irrawaddy River") between 13 and 16 January 1945\.
During early February 1945, a further reorganisation took place: 168 and 402 Btys were now wholly equipped with 3\-inch mortars, leaving only F Trp, 321 Bty, with 6\-pounders. The regiment was now also engaged in the attempts to cross the Shweli, where the Japanese were well dug\-in. It crossed between 25 February and 2 March, having fired 9500 mortar rounds and 120 6\-pounder rounds in a month of supporting the infantry units held up on the far bank, sometimes dropping mortar bombs accurately only a few yards in front of them.
During the advance, 26th Indian Bde converged with the rest of 36th Indian Division on the Shweli River, until 168 Bty was back in touch with the regiment. It was relieved by 402 Bty on 12 March. During March and April, F Trp operated firstly with [72 Bde](/wiki/72nd_Indian_Infantry_Brigade "72nd Indian Infantry Brigade") and later with [29 Bde](/wiki/29th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)") at [Thazi Township](/wiki/Thazi_Township "Thazi Township"), frequently firing its A/T guns over the river into Japanese bunkers.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 276–78\.
It was not possible to maintain all the divisions in Burma, and many troops from 36th Division were due for repatriation to the UK under the 'Python' scheme, having served in the Far East for longer than 3 years and 8 months. The division was therefore sent back to India. 122nd A/T Regiment was flown from [Meiktila](/wiki/Meiktila "Meiktila") to [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal "Imphal") and [Chittagong](/wiki/Chittagong "Chittagong"), then began the long journey by road and rail to [Poona](/wiki/Poona "Poona") on 6 May.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 27, 325\.
Once at Poona, the regiment rested and reorganised, while 36th Division where it went into training for [Operation Zipper](/wiki/Operation_Zipper "Operation Zipper"), the proposed amphibious invasion of [Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya"). However, the war had ended with the [Surrender of Japan](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan "Surrender of Japan") on 15 August, Lieutenant\-Colonel Oliver relinquished the command on 26 June, being replaced on 20 August by Lt\-Col J.W. Calver from 21st West African A/T Rgt. The regiment was transferred from 36th Division to [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XV Corps (United Kingdom)") at [Coimbatore](/wiki/Coimbatore "Coimbatore") and re\-equipped with [4\.2\-inch mortars](/wiki/Ordnance_ML_4.2_inch_Mortar "Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar") in place of the 3\-inch. Demobilisation began in October 1954 and the regiment was placed in suspended animation on 15 September 1946\.Jeff, p. 54\.
|
[
"World War II\n------------",
"### Mobilisation",
"The TA's AA units, including 45th AA Bn, were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the [Munich Crisis](/wiki/Munich_Crisis \"Munich Crisis\"), with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October.Routledge, pp. 62–63\\. In February 1939, the existing AA defences came under the control of a new [Anti\\-Aircraft Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command \"Anti-Aircraft Command\"). In June, a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. The battalion was mobilised on 15 July and until 15 August it manned a S/L layout in the East Midlands.Jeff, p. 45\\. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations, with 45th AA Bn manning 50 S/L sites around Birmingham by 27 August.Routledge, pp. 65–66, 371\\.",
"### 45th Searchlight Regiment",
"#### Home Defence",
"On the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), 45th AA Bn was assigned to a new [54th AA Brigade](/wiki/54th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"54th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\") being formed at [Sutton Coldfield](/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield \"Sutton Coldfield\") near Birmingham, as part of [4th AA Division](/wiki/4th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"4th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\\=Sections\\&req\\=viewarticle\\&artid\\=6697\\&page\\=1 \\|title\\=AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files \\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519093737/http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\\=Sections\\&req\\=viewarticle\\&artid\\=6697\\&page\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[4 AA Division 1939 at British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194912/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/4-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1939-.pdf)Routledge Table LX, p. 378\\. The battalion established its HQ at Kingstanding Drill Hall, and the S/L sites were manned by 380 and 381 AA Companies, with HQs at [Halesowen](/wiki/Halesowen \"Halesowen\") and [Maxstoke Castle](/wiki/Maxstoke_Castle \"Maxstoke Castle\") respectively. Meanwhile, 378 and 379 AA Companies manned [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun \"Lewis gun\") in the Light Anti\\-Aircraft (LAA) role to defend various vital points (VPs), including [Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory](/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly \"Castle Bromwich Assembly\"), [RAF Cosford](/wiki/RAF_Cosford \"RAF Cosford\"), [RAF Shawbury](/wiki/RAF_Shawbury \"RAF Shawbury\") and [RAF Ternhill](/wiki/RAF_Ternhill \"RAF Ternhill\").",
"By mid\\-December, the commitments at the VPs had been handed over to specialist LAA units, and the battalion was wholly engaged in S/L duties, with company HQs distributed as follows:\n* 378 at Maxstoke Castle, later at [Sheldon](/wiki/Sheldon%2C_West_Midlands \"Sheldon, West Midlands\") and then [Shenstone](/wiki/Shenstone%2C_Staffordshire \"Shenstone, Staffordshire\") during 1940–41\n* 379 at Halesowen\n* 380 at [Shirley](/wiki/Shirley%2C_West_Midlands \"Shirley, West Midlands\"), with a temporary operational HQ at [Hewell Grange](/wiki/Hewell_Grange \"Hewell Grange\") in November–December 1940\n* 381 at [Pendeford Hill](/wiki/Pendeford \"Pendeford\"), later at Shenstone, [Wightwick Hall](/wiki/Wightwick \"Wightwick\"), [Weston Park](/wiki/Weston_Park \"Weston Park\") and finally [Arbury Park](/wiki/Orchard_Park%2C_Cambridgeshire \"Orchard Park, Cambridgeshire\")",
"In August 1940, the remaining AA units of the RE were transferred to the RA, the unit being redesignated **45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA**, and the AA companies becoming S/L batteries.Litchfield, pp. 242–43\\.[45 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/45-the-royal-warwickshire-regiment-searchlight-regiment-rata)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex M, pp. 338–39\\.",
"In a reorganisation of [AA Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command \"Anti-Aircraft Command\") in November 1940, 54 AA Bde assumed responsibility for searchlight provision for the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) of the West Midlands under a new [11th AA Division](/wiki/11th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\").[11 AA Division British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194839/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/11-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1940-.pdf)[11 AA Division at RA 39–45](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/11-anti-aircraft-division)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex D, p. 260\\.Routledge Table LXV, p. 396\\.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|11th AA Divisional sign](/wiki/File:11th_AA_div.jpg \"11th AA div.jpg\")\nAfter the initial deployment, the periods of greatest activity for 45th S/L Rgt were in August 1940, when it suffered five casualties in the first raids of the [Birmingham Blitz](/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz \"Birmingham Blitz\"), in November when there were heavy raids on Birmingham and [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry_Blitz \"Coventry Blitz\"), and again in March and April 1941\\.",
"The regiment supplied a [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 \"Cadre (military)\") of experienced officers and men to 237th S/L Training Rgt at [Holywood](/wiki/Holywood%2C_County_Down \"Holywood, County Down\"), [County Down](/wiki/County_Down \"County Down\"), where it provided the basis for a new 552 S/L Bty formed on 16 January 1941\\. This battery later joined a newly\\-forming [91st S/L Rgt](/wiki/91st_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"91st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\").Frederick, p. 862\\.",
"The S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3500 yards, but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6000 yards by September 1940\\. In November this was changed to clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards apart. Each S/L Troop manned two clusters. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighter \"Night fighter\"). Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with SLC radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.Routledge, pp. 388–89, 93\\.",
"In May 1941, site BGo 31 at Shirley was credited with bringing down a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 \"Heinkel He 111\") bomber. The Troop officer, Lt P.A.G. Osler, described how the Heinkel flew over the site four times, being illuminated by the lights and engaged with small arms fire (each S/L site was equipped with Lewis guns). After the fourth run the aircraft veered away and crashed into trees, where its bombload exploded. In June 1941, two S/L sites received direct hits and three men were wounded, but there was little activity of the rest of the year.Jeff, p. 46\\.",
"On 1 September 1941, Brevet Colonel A.W. Ward\\-Walker, [TD](/wiki/Territorial_Decoration \"Territorial Decoration\"), who had been Commanding Officer since 16 February 1934, relinquished command and was succeeded by Lt\\-Col C.D. Oliver, promoted from [44th (Leicestershire Regiment) S/L Rgt](/wiki/Leicester_Town_Rifles \"Leicester Town Rifles\").Jeff, p. 105\\.",
"In 1941, the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the GDAs around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.Routledge, p. 399\\. The regiment was undergoing redeployment in December 1941 when it was announced that it was being considered for conversion to the LAA gun role. This opportunity for greater involvement was welcomed by the regiment, which handed over its S/L sites to [80th S/L Rgt](/wiki/80th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"80th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\") in December and January 1942\\.",
"### 122nd Light Anti\\-Aircraft Regiment",
"A [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 \"Cadre (military)\") of six officers and 30 other ranks went to [Bradford](/wiki/Bradford \"Bradford\") for training on [Bofors guns](/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60 \"Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60\") before the regiment formally converted on 2 February 1942 as **122nd (Royal Warwickshire) Light Anti\\-Aircraft Regiment**, with the batteries renumbered as 400–403 LAA Batteries.Frederick, pp. 806–7, 839\\.[122 LAA Rgt at RA 39–45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/light-anti-aircraft-regiments/122-warwickshire-regiment-light-anti-aircraft-regiment-rata) The rest of the regiment went for training on 12 February and a month later the batteries moved from Bradford to various practice camps. In April they took over defence of VPs, three batteries in [North Staffordshire](/wiki/North_Staffordshire \"North Staffordshire\") and one on [Anglesey](/wiki/Anglesey \"Anglesey\"), with RHQ near [Chester](/wiki/Chester \"Chester\").",
"[thumb\\|right\\|A Bofors gun featuring the 'Stiffkey Sight'.](/wiki/File:Bofors-p004596.jpg \"Bofors-p004596.jpg\")\nDuring the spring of 1942, the *[Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\")* began a new tactic of 'hit and run' raids by single\\-engined [Fighter\\-bombers](/wiki/Fighter-bomber \"Fighter-bomber\") against targets along the South Coast of England, and AA Command moved LAA units south to deal with this threat. In July, 122nd LAA Rgt moved from 54 AA Bde to join [71 AA Bde](/wiki/71st_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"71st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\") in [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\"), deployed as follows:Routledge, pp. 402–03\\.Order of Battle of Non\\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, with amendments, [The National Archives (TNA), Kew](/wiki/The_National_Archives_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The National Archives (United Kingdom)\"), file WO 212/81\\.\n* RHQ at [Shepherdswell](/wiki/Shepherdswell \"Shepherdswell\")\n* 400 LAA Bty at [Rye, East Sussex](/wiki/Rye%2C_East_Sussex \"Rye, East Sussex\")\n* 401 LAA Bty at [Betteshanger](/wiki/Betteshanger \"Betteshanger\")\n* 402 LAA Bty at [Minster\\-in\\-Thanet](/wiki/Minster-in-Thanet \"Minster-in-Thanet\"), later at Rye, where it was awarded a Category 1 'kill' on 12 October\n* 403 LAA Bty at Shepherdswell.",
"122nd LAA Rgt was now selected for overseas service. On 3 October, 403 LAA Bty was re\\-regimented with a newly formed [143rd LAA Rgt](/wiki/143rd_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"143rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\") and the rest of the regiment, now with the three\\-battery organisation of a mobile AA unit, left AA Command and moved to Dropmore Hall, [Burnham, Buckinghamshire](/wiki/Burnham%2C_Buckinghamshire \"Burnham, Buckinghamshire\"), for battle training. A month later it went for mobile training at [Leigh\\-on\\-Sea](/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea \"Leigh-on-Sea\"), [Essex](/wiki/Essex \"Essex\"). While awaiting overseas postings, AA units were usually loaned back to AA Command, and on 22 December the regiment took over operational sites in [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall \"Cornwall\") under [63 AA Bde](/wiki/63rd_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"63rd Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\"), with RHQ at [Perranporth](/wiki/Perranporth \"Perranporth\") and sites at [RAF St Eval](/wiki/RAF_St_Eval \"RAF St Eval\"), [St Austell](/wiki/St_Austell \"St Austell\") and [Porthcothan](/wiki/Porthcothan \"Porthcothan\"). In January–February 1943, it attended No 13 AA Practice Camp at [Aberaeron](/wiki/Aberaeron \"Aberaeron\"), before coming under [War Office](/wiki/War_Office \"War Office\") Control. On 14 February, it moved to [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\") under orders to mobilise for a tropical climate.Jeff, p. 49\\.Order of Battle of Non\\-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/82\\.Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non\\-Divisional Units), 18 February 1943, TNA file WO 212/9 and WO 33/1987\\.",
"#### India",
"The regiment embarked at [Gourock](/wiki/Gourock \"Gourock\") on the [Firth of Clyde](/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde \"Firth of Clyde\") on 10 March 1943 aboard [HM Transport *Strathnaver*](/wiki/RMS_Strathnaver \"RMS Strathnaver\"). It docked at [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\") on 14 April and the regiment went into camp for six weeks before re\\-embarking on [HMT *Strathmore*](/wiki/RMS_Strathmore \"RMS Strathmore\") on 14 May, to land at [Bombay](/wiki/Bombay \"Bombay\") on 10 June. The regiment then travelled across [India](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\") to [Ranchi](/wiki/Ranchi \"Ranchi\") to join [7th Indian Infantry Division](/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Division \"7th Indian Infantry Division\"). On 20 August the regiment moved to Khumbargaon and joined [36th Indian Infantry Division](/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\"). Early in September the regiment received its lorries and Bofors guns and began intensive training. On 30 November the regiment underwent a major change in organisation and role. Two of its LAA batteries, 400 and the newly formed 'X' Bty, joined 100 ([Gordon Highlanders](/wiki/Gordon_Highlanders \"Gordon Highlanders\")) Anti\\-Tank Regiment, RA, and in exchange it received 168 and 321 A/T Btys (the latter being newly formed) equipped with [6\\-pounder](/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder \"Ordnance QF 6-pounder\") A/T guns. The regiment was subsequently redesignated **122 LAA/AT Regiment**.Frederick, pp. 927–8\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/light\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-anti\\-tank\\-regiments/122\\-light\\-anti\\-aircraft\\-anti\\-tank\\-regiment\\-ra \\|title\\=122 LAA/AT Rgt at RA 39–45\\.}}Joslen, pp. 526–27\\.Jeff, p. 50\\.Farndale, *Far East*, Annex K.Farndale, *Far East*, p. 174\\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, Appendix 15\\.[36 Indian Division at British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194908/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf)",
"[thumb\\|right\\|36th Indian Division formation sign](/wiki/File:36_inf_div_-vector.svg \"36 inf div -vector.svg\")\nThe division was training for Operation Porpoise, a projected amphibious assault,Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, pp. 6, 66, 119, 127\\. but the opening of the [Japanese offensive in the Arakan](/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944 \"Burma Campaign 1944\") in February 1944 changed everything, and elements of the division (including 168 A/T Bty serving with [130th Field Rgt](/wiki/130th_Field_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"130th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery\")) were employed in mopping up after the attack had been stopped.Jeff, p. 51\\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, pp. 117, 147, 155, 267–69\\.Farndale, *Far East*, p. 182\\.",
"The amphibious plans were cancelled and, in May 1944, 122 LAA/AT Rgt moved by rail and riverboat to [Shillong](/wiki/Shillong \"Shillong\"), where it was rejoined by 168 A/T Bty and where 36th Indian Division reorganised as a standard infantry division.Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, pp. 252, 274\\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, p. 25 and Appendix 18\\. Early in July 1944, infantry units of the division started to fly from [Ledo](/wiki/Ledo%2C_Assam \"Ledo, Assam\") into [Myitkyina airfield](/wiki/Nampong_Air_Force_Base \"Nampong Air Force Base\") in North Burma to reinforce the US\\-led [Northern Combat Area Command](/wiki/Northern_Combat_Area_Command \"Northern Combat Area Command\"). They saw much bitter fighting in the following campaign, but left the divisional artillery behind. However, 321 A/T Bty did move up to Ledo under the command of [178th Field Rgt](/wiki/178th_Field_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"178th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery\"), ready to move into the forward area; it returned to the regiment at Shillong in September. The division was recategorised as British on 1 September 1944, becoming 36th British Infantry Division.Joslen, pp. 63–64\\.",
"### 122nd Anti\\-Tank Regiment",
"#### Burma",
"[thumb\\|left\\|3\\-inch Mortar in action during the Burma Campaign.](/wiki/File:British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg \"British 3-inch mortar detachments support the 19th Indian Division's advance along the Mawchi Road, east of Toungoo, Burma.jpg\")\nMeanwhile, 122 LAA/AT Rgt was redesignated **122 (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) A/T Rgt** on 14 September, and lost its LAA guns, reorganising into three batteries, each composed of twelve 6\\-pounder A/T guns and twelve 3\\-inch mortars, still commanded by Lt\\-Col Oliver.Frederick, p. 928\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/anti\\-tank\\-regiments/122\\-royal\\-warwickshire\\-regiment\\-anti\\-tank\\-regiment\\-rata \\|title\\=122 A/T Rgt at RA 39–45\\.}} Once it rejoined, it served as the divisional anti\\-tank regiment in 36th Division until the end of the war.",
"On 29 October 1944, 168 Bty moved to Moran and three days later was flown to the forward area. Under the command of [26 Indian Bde](/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade \"26th Indian Infantry Brigade\") it remained in contact with the enemy until the closing weeks of the campaign. It distinguished itself on 1–2 February 1945 supporting 2nd Bn [The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)](/wiki/The_Buffs_%28Royal_East_Kent_Regiment%29 \"The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)\") at Myitson where an attempt to infiltrate over the [Shweli River](/wiki/Shweli_River \"Shweli River\") had miscarried, but suffered its heaviest casualties on 3 February.Jeff, pp. 52–53\\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 196, 275\\.",
"The main body of the regiment (RHQ, F Troop of 321 Bty and 402 Bty) remained at Shillong until 12 November, when it was moved by road to the Ledo area and began intensive training. On 22 December, it left Ledo in convoy and moved up to join he forward troops of 36th Division. It crossed the [Irrawaddy River](/wiki/Irrawaddy_River \"Irrawaddy River\") between 13 and 16 January 1945\\.",
"During early February 1945, a further reorganisation took place: 168 and 402 Btys were now wholly equipped with 3\\-inch mortars, leaving only F Trp, 321 Bty, with 6\\-pounders. The regiment was now also engaged in the attempts to cross the Shweli, where the Japanese were well dug\\-in. It crossed between 25 February and 2 March, having fired 9500 mortar rounds and 120 6\\-pounder rounds in a month of supporting the infantry units held up on the far bank, sometimes dropping mortar bombs accurately only a few yards in front of them.",
"During the advance, 26th Indian Bde converged with the rest of 36th Indian Division on the Shweli River, until 168 Bty was back in touch with the regiment. It was relieved by 402 Bty on 12 March. During March and April, F Trp operated firstly with [72 Bde](/wiki/72nd_Indian_Infantry_Brigade \"72nd Indian Infantry Brigade\") and later with [29 Bde](/wiki/29th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\") at [Thazi Township](/wiki/Thazi_Township \"Thazi Township\"), frequently firing its A/T guns over the river into Japanese bunkers.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 276–78\\.",
"It was not possible to maintain all the divisions in Burma, and many troops from 36th Division were due for repatriation to the UK under the 'Python' scheme, having served in the Far East for longer than 3 years and 8 months. The division was therefore sent back to India. 122nd A/T Regiment was flown from [Meiktila](/wiki/Meiktila \"Meiktila\") to [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal \"Imphal\") and [Chittagong](/wiki/Chittagong \"Chittagong\"), then began the long journey by road and rail to [Poona](/wiki/Poona \"Poona\") on 6 May.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 27, 325\\.",
"Once at Poona, the regiment rested and reorganised, while 36th Division where it went into training for [Operation Zipper](/wiki/Operation_Zipper \"Operation Zipper\"), the proposed amphibious invasion of [Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya \"British Malaya\"). However, the war had ended with the [Surrender of Japan](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan \"Surrender of Japan\") on 15 August, Lieutenant\\-Colonel Oliver relinquished the command on 26 June, being replaced on 20 August by Lt\\-Col J.W. Calver from 21st West African A/T Rgt. The regiment was transferred from 36th Division to [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XV Corps (United Kingdom)\") at [Coimbatore](/wiki/Coimbatore \"Coimbatore\") and re\\-equipped with [4\\.2\\-inch mortars](/wiki/Ordnance_ML_4.2_inch_Mortar \"Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar\") in place of the 3\\-inch. Demobilisation began in October 1954 and the regiment was placed in suspended animation on 15 September 1946\\.Jeff, p. 54\\.",
""
] |
### 45th Searchlight Regiment
#### Home Defence
On the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), 45th AA Bn was assigned to a new [54th AA Brigade](/wiki/54th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "54th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)") being formed at [Sutton Coldfield](/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield "Sutton Coldfield") near Birmingham, as part of [4th AA Division](/wiki/4th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "4th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\=Sections\&req\=viewarticle\&artid\=6697\&page\=1 \|title\=AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files \|access\-date\=23 December 2014 \|archive\-date\=19 May 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519093737/http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\=Sections\&req\=viewarticle\&artid\=6697\&page\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }}[4 AA Division 1939 at British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194912/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/4-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1939-.pdf)Routledge Table LX, p. 378\. The battalion established its HQ at Kingstanding Drill Hall, and the S/L sites were manned by 380 and 381 AA Companies, with HQs at [Halesowen](/wiki/Halesowen "Halesowen") and [Maxstoke Castle](/wiki/Maxstoke_Castle "Maxstoke Castle") respectively. Meanwhile, 378 and 379 AA Companies manned [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun "Lewis gun") in the Light Anti\-Aircraft (LAA) role to defend various vital points (VPs), including [Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory](/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly "Castle Bromwich Assembly"), [RAF Cosford](/wiki/RAF_Cosford "RAF Cosford"), [RAF Shawbury](/wiki/RAF_Shawbury "RAF Shawbury") and [RAF Ternhill](/wiki/RAF_Ternhill "RAF Ternhill").
By mid\-December, the commitments at the VPs had been handed over to specialist LAA units, and the battalion was wholly engaged in S/L duties, with company HQs distributed as follows:
* 378 at Maxstoke Castle, later at [Sheldon](/wiki/Sheldon%2C_West_Midlands "Sheldon, West Midlands") and then [Shenstone](/wiki/Shenstone%2C_Staffordshire "Shenstone, Staffordshire") during 1940–41
* 379 at Halesowen
* 380 at [Shirley](/wiki/Shirley%2C_West_Midlands "Shirley, West Midlands"), with a temporary operational HQ at [Hewell Grange](/wiki/Hewell_Grange "Hewell Grange") in November–December 1940
* 381 at [Pendeford Hill](/wiki/Pendeford "Pendeford"), later at Shenstone, [Wightwick Hall](/wiki/Wightwick "Wightwick"), [Weston Park](/wiki/Weston_Park "Weston Park") and finally [Arbury Park](/wiki/Orchard_Park%2C_Cambridgeshire "Orchard Park, Cambridgeshire")
In August 1940, the remaining AA units of the RE were transferred to the RA, the unit being redesignated **45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA**, and the AA companies becoming S/L batteries.Litchfield, pp. 242–43\.[45 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/45-the-royal-warwickshire-regiment-searchlight-regiment-rata)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex M, pp. 338–39\.
In a reorganisation of [AA Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command "Anti-Aircraft Command") in November 1940, 54 AA Bde assumed responsibility for searchlight provision for the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) of the West Midlands under a new [11th AA Division](/wiki/11th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)").[11 AA Division British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194839/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/11-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1940-.pdf)[11 AA Division at RA 39–45](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/11-anti-aircraft-division)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex D, p. 260\.Routledge Table LXV, p. 396\.
[thumb\|right\|11th AA Divisional sign](/wiki/File:11th_AA_div.jpg "11th AA div.jpg")
After the initial deployment, the periods of greatest activity for 45th S/L Rgt were in August 1940, when it suffered five casualties in the first raids of the [Birmingham Blitz](/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz "Birmingham Blitz"), in November when there were heavy raids on Birmingham and [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry_Blitz "Coventry Blitz"), and again in March and April 1941\.
The regiment supplied a [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 "Cadre (military)") of experienced officers and men to 237th S/L Training Rgt at [Holywood](/wiki/Holywood%2C_County_Down "Holywood, County Down"), [County Down](/wiki/County_Down "County Down"), where it provided the basis for a new 552 S/L Bty formed on 16 January 1941\. This battery later joined a newly\-forming [91st S/L Rgt](/wiki/91st_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "91st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery").Frederick, p. 862\.
The S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3500 yards, but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6000 yards by September 1940\. In November this was changed to clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards apart. Each S/L Troop manned two clusters. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighter "Night fighter"). Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with SLC radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.Routledge, pp. 388–89, 93\.
In May 1941, site BGo 31 at Shirley was credited with bringing down a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 "Heinkel He 111") bomber. The Troop officer, Lt P.A.G. Osler, described how the Heinkel flew over the site four times, being illuminated by the lights and engaged with small arms fire (each S/L site was equipped with Lewis guns). After the fourth run the aircraft veered away and crashed into trees, where its bombload exploded. In June 1941, two S/L sites received direct hits and three men were wounded, but there was little activity of the rest of the year.Jeff, p. 46\.
On 1 September 1941, Brevet Colonel A.W. Ward\-Walker, [TD](/wiki/Territorial_Decoration "Territorial Decoration"), who had been Commanding Officer since 16 February 1934, relinquished command and was succeeded by Lt\-Col C.D. Oliver, promoted from [44th (Leicestershire Regiment) S/L Rgt](/wiki/Leicester_Town_Rifles "Leicester Town Rifles").Jeff, p. 105\.
In 1941, the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the GDAs around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.Routledge, p. 399\. The regiment was undergoing redeployment in December 1941 when it was announced that it was being considered for conversion to the LAA gun role. This opportunity for greater involvement was welcomed by the regiment, which handed over its S/L sites to [80th S/L Rgt](/wiki/80th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "80th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery") in December and January 1942\.
|
[
"### 45th Searchlight Regiment",
"#### Home Defence",
"On the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), 45th AA Bn was assigned to a new [54th AA Brigade](/wiki/54th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"54th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\") being formed at [Sutton Coldfield](/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield \"Sutton Coldfield\") near Birmingham, as part of [4th AA Division](/wiki/4th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"4th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\\=Sections\\&req\\=viewarticle\\&artid\\=6697\\&page\\=1 \\|title\\=AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files \\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519093737/http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\\=Sections\\&req\\=viewarticle\\&artid\\=6697\\&page\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[4 AA Division 1939 at British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194912/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/4-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1939-.pdf)Routledge Table LX, p. 378\\. The battalion established its HQ at Kingstanding Drill Hall, and the S/L sites were manned by 380 and 381 AA Companies, with HQs at [Halesowen](/wiki/Halesowen \"Halesowen\") and [Maxstoke Castle](/wiki/Maxstoke_Castle \"Maxstoke Castle\") respectively. Meanwhile, 378 and 379 AA Companies manned [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun \"Lewis gun\") in the Light Anti\\-Aircraft (LAA) role to defend various vital points (VPs), including [Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory](/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly \"Castle Bromwich Assembly\"), [RAF Cosford](/wiki/RAF_Cosford \"RAF Cosford\"), [RAF Shawbury](/wiki/RAF_Shawbury \"RAF Shawbury\") and [RAF Ternhill](/wiki/RAF_Ternhill \"RAF Ternhill\").",
"By mid\\-December, the commitments at the VPs had been handed over to specialist LAA units, and the battalion was wholly engaged in S/L duties, with company HQs distributed as follows:\n* 378 at Maxstoke Castle, later at [Sheldon](/wiki/Sheldon%2C_West_Midlands \"Sheldon, West Midlands\") and then [Shenstone](/wiki/Shenstone%2C_Staffordshire \"Shenstone, Staffordshire\") during 1940–41\n* 379 at Halesowen\n* 380 at [Shirley](/wiki/Shirley%2C_West_Midlands \"Shirley, West Midlands\"), with a temporary operational HQ at [Hewell Grange](/wiki/Hewell_Grange \"Hewell Grange\") in November–December 1940\n* 381 at [Pendeford Hill](/wiki/Pendeford \"Pendeford\"), later at Shenstone, [Wightwick Hall](/wiki/Wightwick \"Wightwick\"), [Weston Park](/wiki/Weston_Park \"Weston Park\") and finally [Arbury Park](/wiki/Orchard_Park%2C_Cambridgeshire \"Orchard Park, Cambridgeshire\")",
"In August 1940, the remaining AA units of the RE were transferred to the RA, the unit being redesignated **45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA**, and the AA companies becoming S/L batteries.Litchfield, pp. 242–43\\.[45 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/45-the-royal-warwickshire-regiment-searchlight-regiment-rata)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex M, pp. 338–39\\.",
"In a reorganisation of [AA Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command \"Anti-Aircraft Command\") in November 1940, 54 AA Bde assumed responsibility for searchlight provision for the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) of the West Midlands under a new [11th AA Division](/wiki/11th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\").[11 AA Division British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194839/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/11-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1940-.pdf)[11 AA Division at RA 39–45](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/11-anti-aircraft-division)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex D, p. 260\\.Routledge Table LXV, p. 396\\.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|11th AA Divisional sign](/wiki/File:11th_AA_div.jpg \"11th AA div.jpg\")\nAfter the initial deployment, the periods of greatest activity for 45th S/L Rgt were in August 1940, when it suffered five casualties in the first raids of the [Birmingham Blitz](/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz \"Birmingham Blitz\"), in November when there were heavy raids on Birmingham and [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry_Blitz \"Coventry Blitz\"), and again in March and April 1941\\.",
"The regiment supplied a [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 \"Cadre (military)\") of experienced officers and men to 237th S/L Training Rgt at [Holywood](/wiki/Holywood%2C_County_Down \"Holywood, County Down\"), [County Down](/wiki/County_Down \"County Down\"), where it provided the basis for a new 552 S/L Bty formed on 16 January 1941\\. This battery later joined a newly\\-forming [91st S/L Rgt](/wiki/91st_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"91st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\").Frederick, p. 862\\.",
"The S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3500 yards, but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6000 yards by September 1940\\. In November this was changed to clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards apart. Each S/L Troop manned two clusters. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighter \"Night fighter\"). Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with SLC radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.Routledge, pp. 388–89, 93\\.",
"In May 1941, site BGo 31 at Shirley was credited with bringing down a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 \"Heinkel He 111\") bomber. The Troop officer, Lt P.A.G. Osler, described how the Heinkel flew over the site four times, being illuminated by the lights and engaged with small arms fire (each S/L site was equipped with Lewis guns). After the fourth run the aircraft veered away and crashed into trees, where its bombload exploded. In June 1941, two S/L sites received direct hits and three men were wounded, but there was little activity of the rest of the year.Jeff, p. 46\\.",
"On 1 September 1941, Brevet Colonel A.W. Ward\\-Walker, [TD](/wiki/Territorial_Decoration \"Territorial Decoration\"), who had been Commanding Officer since 16 February 1934, relinquished command and was succeeded by Lt\\-Col C.D. Oliver, promoted from [44th (Leicestershire Regiment) S/L Rgt](/wiki/Leicester_Town_Rifles \"Leicester Town Rifles\").Jeff, p. 105\\.",
"In 1941, the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the GDAs around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.Routledge, p. 399\\. The regiment was undergoing redeployment in December 1941 when it was announced that it was being considered for conversion to the LAA gun role. This opportunity for greater involvement was welcomed by the regiment, which handed over its S/L sites to [80th S/L Rgt](/wiki/80th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"80th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\") in December and January 1942\\.",
""
] |
#### Home Defence
On the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), 45th AA Bn was assigned to a new [54th AA Brigade](/wiki/54th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "54th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)") being formed at [Sutton Coldfield](/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield "Sutton Coldfield") near Birmingham, as part of [4th AA Division](/wiki/4th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "4th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\=Sections\&req\=viewarticle\&artid\=6697\&page\=1 \|title\=AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files \|access\-date\=23 December 2014 \|archive\-date\=19 May 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519093737/http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\=Sections\&req\=viewarticle\&artid\=6697\&page\=1 \|url\-status\=dead }}[4 AA Division 1939 at British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194912/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/4-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1939-.pdf)Routledge Table LX, p. 378\. The battalion established its HQ at Kingstanding Drill Hall, and the S/L sites were manned by 380 and 381 AA Companies, with HQs at [Halesowen](/wiki/Halesowen "Halesowen") and [Maxstoke Castle](/wiki/Maxstoke_Castle "Maxstoke Castle") respectively. Meanwhile, 378 and 379 AA Companies manned [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun "Lewis gun") in the Light Anti\-Aircraft (LAA) role to defend various vital points (VPs), including [Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory](/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly "Castle Bromwich Assembly"), [RAF Cosford](/wiki/RAF_Cosford "RAF Cosford"), [RAF Shawbury](/wiki/RAF_Shawbury "RAF Shawbury") and [RAF Ternhill](/wiki/RAF_Ternhill "RAF Ternhill").
By mid\-December, the commitments at the VPs had been handed over to specialist LAA units, and the battalion was wholly engaged in S/L duties, with company HQs distributed as follows:
* 378 at Maxstoke Castle, later at [Sheldon](/wiki/Sheldon%2C_West_Midlands "Sheldon, West Midlands") and then [Shenstone](/wiki/Shenstone%2C_Staffordshire "Shenstone, Staffordshire") during 1940–41
* 379 at Halesowen
* 380 at [Shirley](/wiki/Shirley%2C_West_Midlands "Shirley, West Midlands"), with a temporary operational HQ at [Hewell Grange](/wiki/Hewell_Grange "Hewell Grange") in November–December 1940
* 381 at [Pendeford Hill](/wiki/Pendeford "Pendeford"), later at Shenstone, [Wightwick Hall](/wiki/Wightwick "Wightwick"), [Weston Park](/wiki/Weston_Park "Weston Park") and finally [Arbury Park](/wiki/Orchard_Park%2C_Cambridgeshire "Orchard Park, Cambridgeshire")
In August 1940, the remaining AA units of the RE were transferred to the RA, the unit being redesignated **45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA**, and the AA companies becoming S/L batteries.Litchfield, pp. 242–43\.[45 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/45-the-royal-warwickshire-regiment-searchlight-regiment-rata)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex M, pp. 338–39\.
In a reorganisation of [AA Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command "Anti-Aircraft Command") in November 1940, 54 AA Bde assumed responsibility for searchlight provision for the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) of the West Midlands under a new [11th AA Division](/wiki/11th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)").[11 AA Division British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194839/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/11-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1940-.pdf)[11 AA Division at RA 39–45](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/11-anti-aircraft-division)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex D, p. 260\.Routledge Table LXV, p. 396\.
[thumb\|right\|11th AA Divisional sign](/wiki/File:11th_AA_div.jpg "11th AA div.jpg")
After the initial deployment, the periods of greatest activity for 45th S/L Rgt were in August 1940, when it suffered five casualties in the first raids of the [Birmingham Blitz](/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz "Birmingham Blitz"), in November when there were heavy raids on Birmingham and [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry_Blitz "Coventry Blitz"), and again in March and April 1941\.
The regiment supplied a [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 "Cadre (military)") of experienced officers and men to 237th S/L Training Rgt at [Holywood](/wiki/Holywood%2C_County_Down "Holywood, County Down"), [County Down](/wiki/County_Down "County Down"), where it provided the basis for a new 552 S/L Bty formed on 16 January 1941\. This battery later joined a newly\-forming [91st S/L Rgt](/wiki/91st_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "91st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery").Frederick, p. 862\.
The S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3500 yards, but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6000 yards by September 1940\. In November this was changed to clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards apart. Each S/L Troop manned two clusters. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighter "Night fighter"). Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with SLC radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.Routledge, pp. 388–89, 93\.
In May 1941, site BGo 31 at Shirley was credited with bringing down a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 "Heinkel He 111") bomber. The Troop officer, Lt P.A.G. Osler, described how the Heinkel flew over the site four times, being illuminated by the lights and engaged with small arms fire (each S/L site was equipped with Lewis guns). After the fourth run the aircraft veered away and crashed into trees, where its bombload exploded. In June 1941, two S/L sites received direct hits and three men were wounded, but there was little activity of the rest of the year.Jeff, p. 46\.
On 1 September 1941, Brevet Colonel A.W. Ward\-Walker, [TD](/wiki/Territorial_Decoration "Territorial Decoration"), who had been Commanding Officer since 16 February 1934, relinquished command and was succeeded by Lt\-Col C.D. Oliver, promoted from [44th (Leicestershire Regiment) S/L Rgt](/wiki/Leicester_Town_Rifles "Leicester Town Rifles").Jeff, p. 105\.
In 1941, the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the GDAs around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.Routledge, p. 399\. The regiment was undergoing redeployment in December 1941 when it was announced that it was being considered for conversion to the LAA gun role. This opportunity for greater involvement was welcomed by the regiment, which handed over its S/L sites to [80th S/L Rgt](/wiki/80th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery "80th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery") in December and January 1942\.
|
[
"#### Home Defence",
"On the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), 45th AA Bn was assigned to a new [54th AA Brigade](/wiki/54th_Anti-Aircraft_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"54th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\") being formed at [Sutton Coldfield](/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield \"Sutton Coldfield\") near Birmingham, as part of [4th AA Division](/wiki/4th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"4th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\\=Sections\\&req\\=viewarticle\\&artid\\=6697\\&page\\=1 \\|title\\=AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files \\|access\\-date\\=23 December 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519093737/http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name\\=Sections\\&req\\=viewarticle\\&artid\\=6697\\&page\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[4 AA Division 1939 at British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194912/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/4-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1939-.pdf)Routledge Table LX, p. 378\\. The battalion established its HQ at Kingstanding Drill Hall, and the S/L sites were manned by 380 and 381 AA Companies, with HQs at [Halesowen](/wiki/Halesowen \"Halesowen\") and [Maxstoke Castle](/wiki/Maxstoke_Castle \"Maxstoke Castle\") respectively. Meanwhile, 378 and 379 AA Companies manned [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun \"Lewis gun\") in the Light Anti\\-Aircraft (LAA) role to defend various vital points (VPs), including [Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory](/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly \"Castle Bromwich Assembly\"), [RAF Cosford](/wiki/RAF_Cosford \"RAF Cosford\"), [RAF Shawbury](/wiki/RAF_Shawbury \"RAF Shawbury\") and [RAF Ternhill](/wiki/RAF_Ternhill \"RAF Ternhill\").",
"By mid\\-December, the commitments at the VPs had been handed over to specialist LAA units, and the battalion was wholly engaged in S/L duties, with company HQs distributed as follows:\n* 378 at Maxstoke Castle, later at [Sheldon](/wiki/Sheldon%2C_West_Midlands \"Sheldon, West Midlands\") and then [Shenstone](/wiki/Shenstone%2C_Staffordshire \"Shenstone, Staffordshire\") during 1940–41\n* 379 at Halesowen\n* 380 at [Shirley](/wiki/Shirley%2C_West_Midlands \"Shirley, West Midlands\"), with a temporary operational HQ at [Hewell Grange](/wiki/Hewell_Grange \"Hewell Grange\") in November–December 1940\n* 381 at [Pendeford Hill](/wiki/Pendeford \"Pendeford\"), later at Shenstone, [Wightwick Hall](/wiki/Wightwick \"Wightwick\"), [Weston Park](/wiki/Weston_Park \"Weston Park\") and finally [Arbury Park](/wiki/Orchard_Park%2C_Cambridgeshire \"Orchard Park, Cambridgeshire\")",
"In August 1940, the remaining AA units of the RE were transferred to the RA, the unit being redesignated **45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA**, and the AA companies becoming S/L batteries.Litchfield, pp. 242–43\\.[45 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45\\.](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/45-the-royal-warwickshire-regiment-searchlight-regiment-rata)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex M, pp. 338–39\\.",
"In a reorganisation of [AA Command](/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command \"Anti-Aircraft Command\") in November 1940, 54 AA Bde assumed responsibility for searchlight provision for the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) of the West Midlands under a new [11th AA Division](/wiki/11th_Anti-Aircraft_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"11th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\").[11 AA Division British Military History](https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194839/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/11-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1940-.pdf)[11 AA Division at RA 39–45](https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/air-defence-great-britain/11-anti-aircraft-division)Farndale, *Years of Defeat*, Annex D, p. 260\\.Routledge Table LXV, p. 396\\.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|11th AA Divisional sign](/wiki/File:11th_AA_div.jpg \"11th AA div.jpg\")\nAfter the initial deployment, the periods of greatest activity for 45th S/L Rgt were in August 1940, when it suffered five casualties in the first raids of the [Birmingham Blitz](/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz \"Birmingham Blitz\"), in November when there were heavy raids on Birmingham and [Coventry](/wiki/Coventry_Blitz \"Coventry Blitz\"), and again in March and April 1941\\.",
"The regiment supplied a [cadre](/wiki/Cadre_%28military%29 \"Cadre (military)\") of experienced officers and men to 237th S/L Training Rgt at [Holywood](/wiki/Holywood%2C_County_Down \"Holywood, County Down\"), [County Down](/wiki/County_Down \"County Down\"), where it provided the basis for a new 552 S/L Bty formed on 16 January 1941\\. This battery later joined a newly\\-forming [91st S/L Rgt](/wiki/91st_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"91st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\").Frederick, p. 862\\.",
"The S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3500 yards, but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6000 yards by September 1940\\. In November this was changed to clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards apart. Each S/L Troop manned two clusters. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or [Night fighters](/wiki/Night_fighter \"Night fighter\"). Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with SLC radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.Routledge, pp. 388–89, 93\\.",
"In May 1941, site BGo 31 at Shirley was credited with bringing down a [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 \"Heinkel He 111\") bomber. The Troop officer, Lt P.A.G. Osler, described how the Heinkel flew over the site four times, being illuminated by the lights and engaged with small arms fire (each S/L site was equipped with Lewis guns). After the fourth run the aircraft veered away and crashed into trees, where its bombload exploded. In June 1941, two S/L sites received direct hits and three men were wounded, but there was little activity of the rest of the year.Jeff, p. 46\\.",
"On 1 September 1941, Brevet Colonel A.W. Ward\\-Walker, [TD](/wiki/Territorial_Decoration \"Territorial Decoration\"), who had been Commanding Officer since 16 February 1934, relinquished command and was succeeded by Lt\\-Col C.D. Oliver, promoted from [44th (Leicestershire Regiment) S/L Rgt](/wiki/Leicester_Town_Rifles \"Leicester Town Rifles\").Jeff, p. 105\\.",
"In 1941, the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the GDAs around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.Routledge, p. 399\\. The regiment was undergoing redeployment in December 1941 when it was announced that it was being considered for conversion to the LAA gun role. This opportunity for greater involvement was welcomed by the regiment, which handed over its S/L sites to [80th S/L Rgt](/wiki/80th_Searchlight_Regiment%2C_Royal_Artillery \"80th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\") in December and January 1942\\.",
""
] |
### 122nd Anti\-Tank Regiment
#### Burma
[thumb\|left\|3\-inch Mortar in action during the Burma Campaign.](/wiki/File:British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg "British 3-inch mortar detachments support the 19th Indian Division's advance along the Mawchi Road, east of Toungoo, Burma.jpg")
Meanwhile, 122 LAA/AT Rgt was redesignated **122 (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) A/T Rgt** on 14 September, and lost its LAA guns, reorganising into three batteries, each composed of twelve 6\-pounder A/T guns and twelve 3\-inch mortars, still commanded by Lt\-Col Oliver.Frederick, p. 928\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/anti\-tank\-regiments/122\-royal\-warwickshire\-regiment\-anti\-tank\-regiment\-rata \|title\=122 A/T Rgt at RA 39–45\.}} Once it rejoined, it served as the divisional anti\-tank regiment in 36th Division until the end of the war.
On 29 October 1944, 168 Bty moved to Moran and three days later was flown to the forward area. Under the command of [26 Indian Bde](/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade "26th Indian Infantry Brigade") it remained in contact with the enemy until the closing weeks of the campaign. It distinguished itself on 1–2 February 1945 supporting 2nd Bn [The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)](/wiki/The_Buffs_%28Royal_East_Kent_Regiment%29 "The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)") at Myitson where an attempt to infiltrate over the [Shweli River](/wiki/Shweli_River "Shweli River") had miscarried, but suffered its heaviest casualties on 3 February.Jeff, pp. 52–53\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 196, 275\.
The main body of the regiment (RHQ, F Troop of 321 Bty and 402 Bty) remained at Shillong until 12 November, when it was moved by road to the Ledo area and began intensive training. On 22 December, it left Ledo in convoy and moved up to join he forward troops of 36th Division. It crossed the [Irrawaddy River](/wiki/Irrawaddy_River "Irrawaddy River") between 13 and 16 January 1945\.
During early February 1945, a further reorganisation took place: 168 and 402 Btys were now wholly equipped with 3\-inch mortars, leaving only F Trp, 321 Bty, with 6\-pounders. The regiment was now also engaged in the attempts to cross the Shweli, where the Japanese were well dug\-in. It crossed between 25 February and 2 March, having fired 9500 mortar rounds and 120 6\-pounder rounds in a month of supporting the infantry units held up on the far bank, sometimes dropping mortar bombs accurately only a few yards in front of them.
During the advance, 26th Indian Bde converged with the rest of 36th Indian Division on the Shweli River, until 168 Bty was back in touch with the regiment. It was relieved by 402 Bty on 12 March. During March and April, F Trp operated firstly with [72 Bde](/wiki/72nd_Indian_Infantry_Brigade "72nd Indian Infantry Brigade") and later with [29 Bde](/wiki/29th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)") at [Thazi Township](/wiki/Thazi_Township "Thazi Township"), frequently firing its A/T guns over the river into Japanese bunkers.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 276–78\.
It was not possible to maintain all the divisions in Burma, and many troops from 36th Division were due for repatriation to the UK under the 'Python' scheme, having served in the Far East for longer than 3 years and 8 months. The division was therefore sent back to India. 122nd A/T Regiment was flown from [Meiktila](/wiki/Meiktila "Meiktila") to [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal "Imphal") and [Chittagong](/wiki/Chittagong "Chittagong"), then began the long journey by road and rail to [Poona](/wiki/Poona "Poona") on 6 May.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 27, 325\.
Once at Poona, the regiment rested and reorganised, while 36th Division where it went into training for [Operation Zipper](/wiki/Operation_Zipper "Operation Zipper"), the proposed amphibious invasion of [Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya"). However, the war had ended with the [Surrender of Japan](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan "Surrender of Japan") on 15 August, Lieutenant\-Colonel Oliver relinquished the command on 26 June, being replaced on 20 August by Lt\-Col J.W. Calver from 21st West African A/T Rgt. The regiment was transferred from 36th Division to [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XV Corps (United Kingdom)") at [Coimbatore](/wiki/Coimbatore "Coimbatore") and re\-equipped with [4\.2\-inch mortars](/wiki/Ordnance_ML_4.2_inch_Mortar "Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar") in place of the 3\-inch. Demobilisation began in October 1954 and the regiment was placed in suspended animation on 15 September 1946\.Jeff, p. 54\.
|
[
"### 122nd Anti\\-Tank Regiment",
"#### Burma",
"[thumb\\|left\\|3\\-inch Mortar in action during the Burma Campaign.](/wiki/File:British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg \"British 3-inch mortar detachments support the 19th Indian Division's advance along the Mawchi Road, east of Toungoo, Burma.jpg\")\nMeanwhile, 122 LAA/AT Rgt was redesignated **122 (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) A/T Rgt** on 14 September, and lost its LAA guns, reorganising into three batteries, each composed of twelve 6\\-pounder A/T guns and twelve 3\\-inch mortars, still commanded by Lt\\-Col Oliver.Frederick, p. 928\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/anti\\-tank\\-regiments/122\\-royal\\-warwickshire\\-regiment\\-anti\\-tank\\-regiment\\-rata \\|title\\=122 A/T Rgt at RA 39–45\\.}} Once it rejoined, it served as the divisional anti\\-tank regiment in 36th Division until the end of the war.",
"On 29 October 1944, 168 Bty moved to Moran and three days later was flown to the forward area. Under the command of [26 Indian Bde](/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade \"26th Indian Infantry Brigade\") it remained in contact with the enemy until the closing weeks of the campaign. It distinguished itself on 1–2 February 1945 supporting 2nd Bn [The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)](/wiki/The_Buffs_%28Royal_East_Kent_Regiment%29 \"The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)\") at Myitson where an attempt to infiltrate over the [Shweli River](/wiki/Shweli_River \"Shweli River\") had miscarried, but suffered its heaviest casualties on 3 February.Jeff, pp. 52–53\\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 196, 275\\.",
"The main body of the regiment (RHQ, F Troop of 321 Bty and 402 Bty) remained at Shillong until 12 November, when it was moved by road to the Ledo area and began intensive training. On 22 December, it left Ledo in convoy and moved up to join he forward troops of 36th Division. It crossed the [Irrawaddy River](/wiki/Irrawaddy_River \"Irrawaddy River\") between 13 and 16 January 1945\\.",
"During early February 1945, a further reorganisation took place: 168 and 402 Btys were now wholly equipped with 3\\-inch mortars, leaving only F Trp, 321 Bty, with 6\\-pounders. The regiment was now also engaged in the attempts to cross the Shweli, where the Japanese were well dug\\-in. It crossed between 25 February and 2 March, having fired 9500 mortar rounds and 120 6\\-pounder rounds in a month of supporting the infantry units held up on the far bank, sometimes dropping mortar bombs accurately only a few yards in front of them.",
"During the advance, 26th Indian Bde converged with the rest of 36th Indian Division on the Shweli River, until 168 Bty was back in touch with the regiment. It was relieved by 402 Bty on 12 March. During March and April, F Trp operated firstly with [72 Bde](/wiki/72nd_Indian_Infantry_Brigade \"72nd Indian Infantry Brigade\") and later with [29 Bde](/wiki/29th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\") at [Thazi Township](/wiki/Thazi_Township \"Thazi Township\"), frequently firing its A/T guns over the river into Japanese bunkers.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 276–78\\.",
"It was not possible to maintain all the divisions in Burma, and many troops from 36th Division were due for repatriation to the UK under the 'Python' scheme, having served in the Far East for longer than 3 years and 8 months. The division was therefore sent back to India. 122nd A/T Regiment was flown from [Meiktila](/wiki/Meiktila \"Meiktila\") to [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal \"Imphal\") and [Chittagong](/wiki/Chittagong \"Chittagong\"), then began the long journey by road and rail to [Poona](/wiki/Poona \"Poona\") on 6 May.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 27, 325\\.",
"Once at Poona, the regiment rested and reorganised, while 36th Division where it went into training for [Operation Zipper](/wiki/Operation_Zipper \"Operation Zipper\"), the proposed amphibious invasion of [Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya \"British Malaya\"). However, the war had ended with the [Surrender of Japan](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan \"Surrender of Japan\") on 15 August, Lieutenant\\-Colonel Oliver relinquished the command on 26 June, being replaced on 20 August by Lt\\-Col J.W. Calver from 21st West African A/T Rgt. The regiment was transferred from 36th Division to [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XV Corps (United Kingdom)\") at [Coimbatore](/wiki/Coimbatore \"Coimbatore\") and re\\-equipped with [4\\.2\\-inch mortars](/wiki/Ordnance_ML_4.2_inch_Mortar \"Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar\") in place of the 3\\-inch. Demobilisation began in October 1954 and the regiment was placed in suspended animation on 15 September 1946\\.Jeff, p. 54\\.",
""
] |
#### Burma
[thumb\|left\|3\-inch Mortar in action during the Burma Campaign.](/wiki/File:British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg "British 3-inch mortar detachments support the 19th Indian Division's advance along the Mawchi Road, east of Toungoo, Burma.jpg")
Meanwhile, 122 LAA/AT Rgt was redesignated **122 (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) A/T Rgt** on 14 September, and lost its LAA guns, reorganising into three batteries, each composed of twelve 6\-pounder A/T guns and twelve 3\-inch mortars, still commanded by Lt\-Col Oliver.Frederick, p. 928\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://ra39\-45\.co.uk/units/anti\-tank\-regiments/122\-royal\-warwickshire\-regiment\-anti\-tank\-regiment\-rata \|title\=122 A/T Rgt at RA 39–45\.}} Once it rejoined, it served as the divisional anti\-tank regiment in 36th Division until the end of the war.
On 29 October 1944, 168 Bty moved to Moran and three days later was flown to the forward area. Under the command of [26 Indian Bde](/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade "26th Indian Infantry Brigade") it remained in contact with the enemy until the closing weeks of the campaign. It distinguished itself on 1–2 February 1945 supporting 2nd Bn [The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)](/wiki/The_Buffs_%28Royal_East_Kent_Regiment%29 "The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)") at Myitson where an attempt to infiltrate over the [Shweli River](/wiki/Shweli_River "Shweli River") had miscarried, but suffered its heaviest casualties on 3 February.Jeff, pp. 52–53\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 196, 275\.
The main body of the regiment (RHQ, F Troop of 321 Bty and 402 Bty) remained at Shillong until 12 November, when it was moved by road to the Ledo area and began intensive training. On 22 December, it left Ledo in convoy and moved up to join he forward troops of 36th Division. It crossed the [Irrawaddy River](/wiki/Irrawaddy_River "Irrawaddy River") between 13 and 16 January 1945\.
During early February 1945, a further reorganisation took place: 168 and 402 Btys were now wholly equipped with 3\-inch mortars, leaving only F Trp, 321 Bty, with 6\-pounders. The regiment was now also engaged in the attempts to cross the Shweli, where the Japanese were well dug\-in. It crossed between 25 February and 2 March, having fired 9500 mortar rounds and 120 6\-pounder rounds in a month of supporting the infantry units held up on the far bank, sometimes dropping mortar bombs accurately only a few yards in front of them.
During the advance, 26th Indian Bde converged with the rest of 36th Indian Division on the Shweli River, until 168 Bty was back in touch with the regiment. It was relieved by 402 Bty on 12 March. During March and April, F Trp operated firstly with [72 Bde](/wiki/72nd_Indian_Infantry_Brigade "72nd Indian Infantry Brigade") and later with [29 Bde](/wiki/29th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 "29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)") at [Thazi Township](/wiki/Thazi_Township "Thazi Township"), frequently firing its A/T guns over the river into Japanese bunkers.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 276–78\.
It was not possible to maintain all the divisions in Burma, and many troops from 36th Division were due for repatriation to the UK under the 'Python' scheme, having served in the Far East for longer than 3 years and 8 months. The division was therefore sent back to India. 122nd A/T Regiment was flown from [Meiktila](/wiki/Meiktila "Meiktila") to [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal "Imphal") and [Chittagong](/wiki/Chittagong "Chittagong"), then began the long journey by road and rail to [Poona](/wiki/Poona "Poona") on 6 May.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 27, 325\.
Once at Poona, the regiment rested and reorganised, while 36th Division where it went into training for [Operation Zipper](/wiki/Operation_Zipper "Operation Zipper"), the proposed amphibious invasion of [Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya "British Malaya"). However, the war had ended with the [Surrender of Japan](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan "Surrender of Japan") on 15 August, Lieutenant\-Colonel Oliver relinquished the command on 26 June, being replaced on 20 August by Lt\-Col J.W. Calver from 21st West African A/T Rgt. The regiment was transferred from 36th Division to [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 "XV Corps (United Kingdom)") at [Coimbatore](/wiki/Coimbatore "Coimbatore") and re\-equipped with [4\.2\-inch mortars](/wiki/Ordnance_ML_4.2_inch_Mortar "Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar") in place of the 3\-inch. Demobilisation began in October 1954 and the regiment was placed in suspended animation on 15 September 1946\.Jeff, p. 54\.
|
[
"#### Burma",
"[thumb\\|left\\|3\\-inch Mortar in action during the Burma Campaign.](/wiki/File:British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg \"British 3-inch mortar detachments support the 19th Indian Division's advance along the Mawchi Road, east of Toungoo, Burma.jpg\")\nMeanwhile, 122 LAA/AT Rgt was redesignated **122 (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) A/T Rgt** on 14 September, and lost its LAA guns, reorganising into three batteries, each composed of twelve 6\\-pounder A/T guns and twelve 3\\-inch mortars, still commanded by Lt\\-Col Oliver.Frederick, p. 928\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://ra39\\-45\\.co.uk/units/anti\\-tank\\-regiments/122\\-royal\\-warwickshire\\-regiment\\-anti\\-tank\\-regiment\\-rata \\|title\\=122 A/T Rgt at RA 39–45\\.}} Once it rejoined, it served as the divisional anti\\-tank regiment in 36th Division until the end of the war.",
"On 29 October 1944, 168 Bty moved to Moran and three days later was flown to the forward area. Under the command of [26 Indian Bde](/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade \"26th Indian Infantry Brigade\") it remained in contact with the enemy until the closing weeks of the campaign. It distinguished itself on 1–2 February 1945 supporting 2nd Bn [The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)](/wiki/The_Buffs_%28Royal_East_Kent_Regiment%29 \"The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)\") at Myitson where an attempt to infiltrate over the [Shweli River](/wiki/Shweli_River \"Shweli River\") had miscarried, but suffered its heaviest casualties on 3 February.Jeff, pp. 52–53\\.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 196, 275\\.",
"The main body of the regiment (RHQ, F Troop of 321 Bty and 402 Bty) remained at Shillong until 12 November, when it was moved by road to the Ledo area and began intensive training. On 22 December, it left Ledo in convoy and moved up to join he forward troops of 36th Division. It crossed the [Irrawaddy River](/wiki/Irrawaddy_River \"Irrawaddy River\") between 13 and 16 January 1945\\.",
"During early February 1945, a further reorganisation took place: 168 and 402 Btys were now wholly equipped with 3\\-inch mortars, leaving only F Trp, 321 Bty, with 6\\-pounders. The regiment was now also engaged in the attempts to cross the Shweli, where the Japanese were well dug\\-in. It crossed between 25 February and 2 March, having fired 9500 mortar rounds and 120 6\\-pounder rounds in a month of supporting the infantry units held up on the far bank, sometimes dropping mortar bombs accurately only a few yards in front of them.",
"During the advance, 26th Indian Bde converged with the rest of 36th Indian Division on the Shweli River, until 168 Bty was back in touch with the regiment. It was relieved by 402 Bty on 12 March. During March and April, F Trp operated firstly with [72 Bde](/wiki/72nd_Indian_Infantry_Brigade \"72nd Indian Infantry Brigade\") and later with [29 Bde](/wiki/29th_Infantry_Brigade_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\") at [Thazi Township](/wiki/Thazi_Township \"Thazi Township\"), frequently firing its A/T guns over the river into Japanese bunkers.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 276–78\\.",
"It was not possible to maintain all the divisions in Burma, and many troops from 36th Division were due for repatriation to the UK under the 'Python' scheme, having served in the Far East for longer than 3 years and 8 months. The division was therefore sent back to India. 122nd A/T Regiment was flown from [Meiktila](/wiki/Meiktila \"Meiktila\") to [Imphal](/wiki/Imphal \"Imphal\") and [Chittagong](/wiki/Chittagong \"Chittagong\"), then began the long journey by road and rail to [Poona](/wiki/Poona \"Poona\") on 6 May.Woodburn Kirby, Vol IV, pp. 27, 325\\.",
"Once at Poona, the regiment rested and reorganised, while 36th Division where it went into training for [Operation Zipper](/wiki/Operation_Zipper \"Operation Zipper\"), the proposed amphibious invasion of [Malaya](/wiki/British_Malaya \"British Malaya\"). However, the war had ended with the [Surrender of Japan](/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan \"Surrender of Japan\") on 15 August, Lieutenant\\-Colonel Oliver relinquished the command on 26 June, being replaced on 20 August by Lt\\-Col J.W. Calver from 21st West African A/T Rgt. The regiment was transferred from 36th Division to [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"XV Corps (United Kingdom)\") at [Coimbatore](/wiki/Coimbatore \"Coimbatore\") and re\\-equipped with [4\\.2\\-inch mortars](/wiki/Ordnance_ML_4.2_inch_Mortar \"Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar\") in place of the 3\\-inch. Demobilisation began in October 1954 and the regiment was placed in suspended animation on 15 September 1946\\.Jeff, p. 54\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
Windows Live Writer was based on Onfolio Writer,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/writer\-is\-microsofts\-first\-live\-killer\-app/199\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114075900/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/writer\-is\-microsofts\-first\-live\-killer\-app/199\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=November 14, 2010\|title\=Writer is Microsoft's first Live killer app\|first\=Phil\|last\=Wainewright\|date\=August 14, 2006\|work\=\[\[ZDNet]]\|publisher\=\[\[CBS Interactive]]}} a product Microsoft obtained from the acquisition of [Onfolio](/wiki/Onfolio "Onfolio").
On November 6, 2007, version 2008 was released. It includes inline spell checking, table editing, ability to add categories, page authoring for [WordPress](/wiki/WordPress "WordPress") and [TypePad](/wiki/TypePad "TypePad"), support for excerpts and extended entries, improved hyperlinking and image insertion, and a new "Paste Special" function. Also improved integration to [SharePoint 2007](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_SharePoint_Server_2007 "Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007") support, new [APIs](/wiki/API "API") enabling custom extensions by weblog providers, automatic synchronization of local and online edits, integration with [Windows Live Gallery](/wiki/Windows_Live_Gallery "Windows Live Gallery"), and support for "Blogger Labels".
On December 15, 2008, Windows Live Writer version 2009 was released as part of the [Windows Live Essentials](/wiki/Windows_Live_Essentials "Windows Live Essentials") suite.
Released on September 30, 2010, Windows Live Writer 2011 introduced the new [Ribbon](/wiki/Ribbon_%28computing%29 "Ribbon (computing)") user interface.
On August 7, 2012, Windows Live Writer 2012 was released as part of the [Windows Essentials](/wiki/Windows_Essentials "Windows Essentials") 2012 suite. Version 2012 became the last major update to both the Windows Essentials suite and the Writer app.
On January 10, 2017, Windows Essentials 2012 and all its apps, including Windows Live Writer, reached the end of support, meaning it would no longer receive new features, bug fixes, and security updates. The software itself is also no longer available for download from Microsoft.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Windows Live Writer was based on Onfolio Writer,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/writer\\-is\\-microsofts\\-first\\-live\\-killer\\-app/199\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114075900/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/writer\\-is\\-microsofts\\-first\\-live\\-killer\\-app/199\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=November 14, 2010\\|title\\=Writer is Microsoft's first Live killer app\\|first\\=Phil\\|last\\=Wainewright\\|date\\=August 14, 2006\\|work\\=\\[\\[ZDNet]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBS Interactive]]}} a product Microsoft obtained from the acquisition of [Onfolio](/wiki/Onfolio \"Onfolio\").",
"On November 6, 2007, version 2008 was released. It includes inline spell checking, table editing, ability to add categories, page authoring for [WordPress](/wiki/WordPress \"WordPress\") and [TypePad](/wiki/TypePad \"TypePad\"), support for excerpts and extended entries, improved hyperlinking and image insertion, and a new \"Paste Special\" function. Also improved integration to [SharePoint 2007](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_SharePoint_Server_2007 \"Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007\") support, new [APIs](/wiki/API \"API\") enabling custom extensions by weblog providers, automatic synchronization of local and online edits, integration with [Windows Live Gallery](/wiki/Windows_Live_Gallery \"Windows Live Gallery\"), and support for \"Blogger Labels\".",
"On December 15, 2008, Windows Live Writer version 2009 was released as part of the [Windows Live Essentials](/wiki/Windows_Live_Essentials \"Windows Live Essentials\") suite.",
"Released on September 30, 2010, Windows Live Writer 2011 introduced the new [Ribbon](/wiki/Ribbon_%28computing%29 \"Ribbon (computing)\") user interface.",
"On August 7, 2012, Windows Live Writer 2012 was released as part of the [Windows Essentials](/wiki/Windows_Essentials \"Windows Essentials\") 2012 suite. Version 2012 became the last major update to both the Windows Essentials suite and the Writer app.",
"On January 10, 2017, Windows Essentials 2012 and all its apps, including Windows Live Writer, reached the end of support, meaning it would no longer receive new features, bug fixes, and security updates. The software itself is also no longer available for download from Microsoft.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early years (1922–1967\)
Effective December 1, 1921, the Department of Commerce, which regulated radio at this time, adopted regulations setting aside two wavelengths for use by broadcasting stations: 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment" programs, and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather" reports.["Amendments to Regulations"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066705633&view=1up&seq=200), *Radio Service Bulletin*, January 3, 1922, page 10\.
The station was first licensed on May 16, 1922, as WDAF, to the *Kansas City Star*, for operation on 360 meters.["New Stations"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221816&view=1up&seq=661), *Radio Service Bulletin*, June 1, 1922, page 3\. Three month license, Limited Commercial, Serial \#382, issued May 16, 1922 to the Kansas City Star, for operation on 360 meters. The WDAF call sign was randomly assigned from a sequential list of available [call letters](/wiki/Call_sign "Call sign"). Currently most stations west of the Mississippi River have call letters beginning with "K". However, WDAF was licensed before the government changed the dividing line between W and K call signs. Prior to the January 1923 establishment of the Mississippi River as the boundary, call letters beginning with "W" were generally assigned to stations east of an irregular line formed by the western state borders from North Dakota south to Texas, with calls beginning with "K" going only to stations in states west of that line.["'K' Calls Are Western"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015050612020&view=1up&seq=479), *The Wireless Age*, April 1923, page 25\.
WDAF made its debut broadcast on June 5, 1922\."WDAF in Ether Debut", *Kansas City Star*, June 6, 1922, page 1 It bounced around various frequencies, including 750, 730, 680, 820 and 810 kHz. It moved to 610 kHz in 1928, splitting time with station WOQ, before becoming the sole occupant of 610 AM in Kansas City. WDAF became an [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") [affiliate](/wiki/Network_affiliate "Network affiliate") just before moving to 610 kHz. It carried programs from both the [NBC Red Network](/wiki/NBC_Red_Network "NBC Red Network") and the [Blue Network](/wiki/Blue_Network "Blue Network") up until 1930, when WDAF became a primary NBC Red affiliate.[KCSP (AM) History](http://kcradio.tripod.com/610.html)
WDAF increased power to 5,000 watts daytime in 1935, and 5,000 watts nighttime in 1940\. In 1949, co\-owned television station WDAF\-TV came on the air.[*Broadcasting Yearbook 1977* page B\-114\. Retrieved Aug. 10, 2024\.](https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1977/B%20Section%20TV%20Broadcasting%20Yearbook%201977%20P-5.pdf) It was the second TV station in Missouri and the first in Kansas City. Like WDAF (AM), it primarily was an NBC affiliate, although it carried shows from other networks as well. WDAF\-TV became a [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Television_Network "Fox Television Network") affiliate in 1994\.
In 1958, the Kansas City Star sold WDAF\-AM\-TV to National Missouri TV. In 1960, National Missouri TV merged with Transcontinent Television. On March 5, 1961, Transcontinent signed on an [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting "FM broadcasting") station at 102\.1 MHz, which today is [KCKC](/wiki/KCKC "KCKC"). [Taft Broadcasting](/wiki/Taft_Broadcasting "Taft Broadcasting") merged with Transcontinent in 1965, bringing WDAF\-AM\-FM\-TV under its control.
### Middle of the road music (1967–1977\)
Taft changed 610 WDAF to a [full service](/wiki/Full_service_%28radio_format%29 "Full service (radio format)") [middle of the road music](/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_music "Middle of the road music") format on April 30, 1967\. WDAF carried news from the [ABC American Information Radio Network](/wiki/ABC_News_Radio "ABC News Radio"), mainly owing to the company's very good relationship with [its television counterpart](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company"). It became a secondary [CBS](/wiki/CBS_Radio_News "CBS Radio News") affiliate in 1974, airing programming such as the *[CBS Radio Mystery Theater](/wiki/CBS_Radio_Mystery_Theater "CBS Radio Mystery Theater")*.
### 61 Country (1977–2003\)
WDAF flipped to [country music](/wiki/Country_music "Country music") in February 1977, calling itself "61 Country". Although Kansas City had several country stations, WDAF programmed its country music in an uptempo way, as if it were [Top 40](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio "Contemporary hit radio"). Taft Broadcasting owned it until 1987, when a [hostile takeover](/wiki/Hostile_takeover "Hostile takeover") put it under Great American Communications ownership. After a financial restructuring, Great American sold WDAF\-TV and became known as Citicasters, owning AM 610 and FM 102\.1 until 1997\.
Entercom bought WDAF (AM) in October 1997\. The FM was sold off in June, first to [American Radio Systems](/wiki/American_Radio_Systems "American Radio Systems"), then [Westinghouse](/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation "Westinghouse Electric Corporation")/[CBS Radio](/wiki/CBS_Radio "CBS Radio"). (It is currently owned by Steel City Media.)[Broadcasting \& Cable Yearbook 1998 page D\-256](https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1998/1998-BC-YB.pdf) Despite having as many as three full power FM competitors at various times, WDAF remained the top\-rated country station in Kansas City. From 1992 to 1995, WDAF also held the Royals broadcast rights. In 2002, the station picked up the rights to [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri "University of Missouri") [football](/wiki/College_football "College football") and basketball. David Lawrence, Phil Young, and Ted Cramer were among the longtime personalities on 61 Country, along with newscasters Charles Gray, Frank Haynes, and Caroline Rooney.
### 610 Sports (2003–2024\)
[thumb\|Logo as "610 Sports"](/wiki/File:KCSP_%28AM%29_610_Sports.png "KCSP (AM) 610 Sports.png")
[thumb\|alt\=The 610 Sports Radio Mobile Studio at Kauffman Stadium.\|The 610 Sports Radio Mobile Studio at [Kauffman Stadium](/wiki/Kauffman_Stadium "Kauffman Stadium").](/wiki/File:610_Sports_Radio_Mobile_Studio.png "610 Sports Radio Mobile Studio.png")
In 2003, Entercom announced it would move WDAF to [106\.5](/wiki/WDAF-FM "WDAF-FM") on the FM dial, and would flip AM 610 to [sports talk](/wiki/Sports_talk "Sports talk") to compete against [WHB](/wiki/WHB "WHB"). Beginning August 10, 2003, the country programming was [simulcast](/wiki/Simulcast "Simulcast") on both frequencies until the new sports station was ready. At 2 p.m. on September 10, 2003, the station became KCSP, "61 Sports" (later "610 Sports").Hearne Christopher, Jr., "Radio station to drop 'smooth jazz' format", *The Kansas City Star*, July 19, 2003\.Jeffrey Flanagan, "CBS analysts say the AFC West race too close to call", *The Kansas City Star*, September 7, 2003\.Jeffrey Flanagan, "Entercom plans to keep Jayhawks on KMBZ", *The Kansas City Star*, September 4, 2003\.Jeffrey Flanagan, "Enjoy KC's three all\-sports stations now because they may not last", *The Kansas City Star*, September 26, 2003\. Leading up to the premiere, Entercom had swiped Jason Whitlock, Bill Maas and Tim Grunhard from WHB, though all three have since moved on. *[The Jim Rome Show](/wiki/The_Jim_Rome_Show "The Jim Rome Show")* moved to KCSP in December. Kansas Jayhawk sports moved to KCSP in September 2006\. Kansas City Royals baseball began airing on KCSP in the 2008 season. In 2011, KCSP beat WHB in the ratings for the first time. In 2012, KCSP dropped *The Jim Rome Show* in favor of expanding its local programming.
### 96\.5 The Fan (KFNZ\-FM simulcast)
On August 8, 2024, at 10 a.m., KCSP announced that it would begin simulcasting on FM sister station KRBZ beginning August 15, and rebrand as "96\.5 The Fan". The FM side, which adopted the [KFNZ\-FM](/wiki/KFNZ-FM "KFNZ-FM") callsign, would become the new flagship station for the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs") (which had been on WDAF\-FM) and the Royals with the move.[Sports Comes to FM in Kansas City with Launch of 96\.5 The Fan](https://radioinsight.com/headlines/277472/sports-comes-to-fm-in-kansas-city-with-launch-of-96-5-the-fan/) Some Royals games would remain solely on 610 AM, which would also take on the KFNZ call sign.{{cite news \|last1\=Grathoff \|first1\=Pete \|title\=Kansas City Chiefs and Royals games will have a new radio home starting next week \|url\=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/spt\-columns\-blogs/for\-petes\-sake/article290861049\.html \|access\-date\=August 9, 2024 \|work\=\[\[The Kansas City Star]] \|date\=August 8, 2024}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early years (1922–1967\\)",
"Effective December 1, 1921, the Department of Commerce, which regulated radio at this time, adopted regulations setting aside two wavelengths for use by broadcasting stations: 360 meters (833 kHz) for \"entertainment\" programs, and 485 meters (619 kHz) for \"market and weather\" reports.[\"Amendments to Regulations\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066705633&view=1up&seq=200), *Radio Service Bulletin*, January 3, 1922, page 10\\.",
"The station was first licensed on May 16, 1922, as WDAF, to the *Kansas City Star*, for operation on 360 meters.[\"New Stations\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221816&view=1up&seq=661), *Radio Service Bulletin*, June 1, 1922, page 3\\. Three month license, Limited Commercial, Serial \\#382, issued May 16, 1922 to the Kansas City Star, for operation on 360 meters. The WDAF call sign was randomly assigned from a sequential list of available [call letters](/wiki/Call_sign \"Call sign\"). Currently most stations west of the Mississippi River have call letters beginning with \"K\". However, WDAF was licensed before the government changed the dividing line between W and K call signs. Prior to the January 1923 establishment of the Mississippi River as the boundary, call letters beginning with \"W\" were generally assigned to stations east of an irregular line formed by the western state borders from North Dakota south to Texas, with calls beginning with \"K\" going only to stations in states west of that line.[\"'K' Calls Are Western\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015050612020&view=1up&seq=479), *The Wireless Age*, April 1923, page 25\\.",
"WDAF made its debut broadcast on June 5, 1922\\.\"WDAF in Ether Debut\", *Kansas City Star*, June 6, 1922, page 1 It bounced around various frequencies, including 750, 730, 680, 820 and 810 kHz. It moved to 610 kHz in 1928, splitting time with station WOQ, before becoming the sole occupant of 610 AM in Kansas City. WDAF became an [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") [affiliate](/wiki/Network_affiliate \"Network affiliate\") just before moving to 610 kHz. It carried programs from both the [NBC Red Network](/wiki/NBC_Red_Network \"NBC Red Network\") and the [Blue Network](/wiki/Blue_Network \"Blue Network\") up until 1930, when WDAF became a primary NBC Red affiliate.[KCSP (AM) History](http://kcradio.tripod.com/610.html)",
"WDAF increased power to 5,000 watts daytime in 1935, and 5,000 watts nighttime in 1940\\. In 1949, co\\-owned television station WDAF\\-TV came on the air.[*Broadcasting Yearbook 1977* page B\\-114\\. Retrieved Aug. 10, 2024\\.](https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1977/B%20Section%20TV%20Broadcasting%20Yearbook%201977%20P-5.pdf) It was the second TV station in Missouri and the first in Kansas City. Like WDAF (AM), it primarily was an NBC affiliate, although it carried shows from other networks as well. WDAF\\-TV became a [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Television_Network \"Fox Television Network\") affiliate in 1994\\.",
"In 1958, the Kansas City Star sold WDAF\\-AM\\-TV to National Missouri TV. In 1960, National Missouri TV merged with Transcontinent Television. On March 5, 1961, Transcontinent signed on an [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting \"FM broadcasting\") station at 102\\.1 MHz, which today is [KCKC](/wiki/KCKC \"KCKC\"). [Taft Broadcasting](/wiki/Taft_Broadcasting \"Taft Broadcasting\") merged with Transcontinent in 1965, bringing WDAF\\-AM\\-FM\\-TV under its control.",
"### Middle of the road music (1967–1977\\)",
"Taft changed 610 WDAF to a [full service](/wiki/Full_service_%28radio_format%29 \"Full service (radio format)\") [middle of the road music](/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_music \"Middle of the road music\") format on April 30, 1967\\. WDAF carried news from the [ABC American Information Radio Network](/wiki/ABC_News_Radio \"ABC News Radio\"), mainly owing to the company's very good relationship with [its television counterpart](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\"). It became a secondary [CBS](/wiki/CBS_Radio_News \"CBS Radio News\") affiliate in 1974, airing programming such as the *[CBS Radio Mystery Theater](/wiki/CBS_Radio_Mystery_Theater \"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\")*.",
"### 61 Country (1977–2003\\)",
"WDAF flipped to [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\") in February 1977, calling itself \"61 Country\". Although Kansas City had several country stations, WDAF programmed its country music in an uptempo way, as if it were [Top 40](/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio \"Contemporary hit radio\"). Taft Broadcasting owned it until 1987, when a [hostile takeover](/wiki/Hostile_takeover \"Hostile takeover\") put it under Great American Communications ownership. After a financial restructuring, Great American sold WDAF\\-TV and became known as Citicasters, owning AM 610 and FM 102\\.1 until 1997\\.",
"Entercom bought WDAF (AM) in October 1997\\. The FM was sold off in June, first to [American Radio Systems](/wiki/American_Radio_Systems \"American Radio Systems\"), then [Westinghouse](/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation \"Westinghouse Electric Corporation\")/[CBS Radio](/wiki/CBS_Radio \"CBS Radio\"). (It is currently owned by Steel City Media.)[Broadcasting \\& Cable Yearbook 1998 page D\\-256](https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1998/1998-BC-YB.pdf) Despite having as many as three full power FM competitors at various times, WDAF remained the top\\-rated country station in Kansas City. From 1992 to 1995, WDAF also held the Royals broadcast rights. In 2002, the station picked up the rights to [University of Missouri](/wiki/University_of_Missouri \"University of Missouri\") [football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") and basketball. David Lawrence, Phil Young, and Ted Cramer were among the longtime personalities on 61 Country, along with newscasters Charles Gray, Frank Haynes, and Caroline Rooney.",
"### 610 Sports (2003–2024\\)",
"[thumb\\|Logo as \"610 Sports\"](/wiki/File:KCSP_%28AM%29_610_Sports.png \"KCSP (AM) 610 Sports.png\")\n[thumb\\|alt\\=The 610 Sports Radio Mobile Studio at Kauffman Stadium.\\|The 610 Sports Radio Mobile Studio at [Kauffman Stadium](/wiki/Kauffman_Stadium \"Kauffman Stadium\").](/wiki/File:610_Sports_Radio_Mobile_Studio.png \"610 Sports Radio Mobile Studio.png\")\nIn 2003, Entercom announced it would move WDAF to [106\\.5](/wiki/WDAF-FM \"WDAF-FM\") on the FM dial, and would flip AM 610 to [sports talk](/wiki/Sports_talk \"Sports talk\") to compete against [WHB](/wiki/WHB \"WHB\"). Beginning August 10, 2003, the country programming was [simulcast](/wiki/Simulcast \"Simulcast\") on both frequencies until the new sports station was ready. At 2 p.m. on September 10, 2003, the station became KCSP, \"61 Sports\" (later \"610 Sports\").Hearne Christopher, Jr., \"Radio station to drop 'smooth jazz' format\", *The Kansas City Star*, July 19, 2003\\.Jeffrey Flanagan, \"CBS analysts say the AFC West race too close to call\", *The Kansas City Star*, September 7, 2003\\.Jeffrey Flanagan, \"Entercom plans to keep Jayhawks on KMBZ\", *The Kansas City Star*, September 4, 2003\\.Jeffrey Flanagan, \"Enjoy KC's three all\\-sports stations now because they may not last\", *The Kansas City Star*, September 26, 2003\\. Leading up to the premiere, Entercom had swiped Jason Whitlock, Bill Maas and Tim Grunhard from WHB, though all three have since moved on. *[The Jim Rome Show](/wiki/The_Jim_Rome_Show \"The Jim Rome Show\")* moved to KCSP in December. Kansas Jayhawk sports moved to KCSP in September 2006\\. Kansas City Royals baseball began airing on KCSP in the 2008 season. In 2011, KCSP beat WHB in the ratings for the first time. In 2012, KCSP dropped *The Jim Rome Show* in favor of expanding its local programming.",
"### 96\\.5 The Fan (KFNZ\\-FM simulcast)",
"On August 8, 2024, at 10 a.m., KCSP announced that it would begin simulcasting on FM sister station KRBZ beginning August 15, and rebrand as \"96\\.5 The Fan\". The FM side, which adopted the [KFNZ\\-FM](/wiki/KFNZ-FM \"KFNZ-FM\") callsign, would become the new flagship station for the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\") (which had been on WDAF\\-FM) and the Royals with the move.[Sports Comes to FM in Kansas City with Launch of 96\\.5 The Fan](https://radioinsight.com/headlines/277472/sports-comes-to-fm-in-kansas-city-with-launch-of-96-5-the-fan/) Some Royals games would remain solely on 610 AM, which would also take on the KFNZ call sign.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Grathoff \\|first1\\=Pete \\|title\\=Kansas City Chiefs and Royals games will have a new radio home starting next week \\|url\\=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/spt\\-columns\\-blogs/for\\-petes\\-sake/article290861049\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2024 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Kansas City Star]] \\|date\\=August 8, 2024}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The Redlynch to the Crooked Creek Bridge portion of the Cairns\-to\-Kuranda railway constitutes most of the second section (Redlynch to [Myola](/wiki/Myola%2C_Queensland "Myola, Queensland")) of a planned railway line to [Herberton](/wiki/Herberton%2C_Queensland "Herberton, Queensland"). It ascends the coastal range and travels around Stoney Creek Gorge and through the [Barron Gorge](/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park "Barron Gorge National Park"), to a height of {{convert\|327\.7\|m}} at [Barron Falls railway station](/wiki/Barron_Falls_railway_station "Barron Falls railway station"). It proceeds through Kuranda railway station {{convert\|21\.7\|km}} from Redlynch, to Crooked Creek Bridge {{convert\|23\.2\|km}} from Redlynch. Built between April 1887 and June 1891 through a steep and slip\-prone landscape, the section is a feat of engineering which in 2011 included 15 concrete\-lined tunnels and 39 timber or steel bridges (from Redlynch up to and including Crooked Creek Bridge).
Mining provided the original impetus for building a railway line up to the [Atherton Tablelands](/wiki/Atherton_Tablelands "Atherton Tablelands") from Cairns. [Cooktown](/wiki/Cooktown%2C_Queensland "Cooktown, Queensland") thrived as a port for the [Palmer River](/wiki/Palmer_River "Palmer River") goldfield, discovered in 1873, but it was too far from the [Hodgkinson goldfield](/wiki/Hodgkinson_goldfield "Hodgkinson goldfield"), discovered further south in early 1876\. [Trinity Bay](/wiki/Trinity_Bay_%28Queensland%29 "Trinity Bay (Queensland)") was chosen as the port for the Hodgkinson; the first settlers arrived in October 1876 and Cairns became a [port of entry](/wiki/Port_of_entry "Port of entry") on 1 November 1876\. However, the founding of [Port Douglas](/wiki/Port_Douglas%2C_Queensland "Port Douglas, Queensland") in 1877 almost stifled Cairns, as the former provided an easier access route to the Hodgkinson. When tin was discovered on the Wild River in 1880, the road from Port Douglas to Herberton was also preferred to the pack tracks from Cairns.
Cairns salvaged its economy after a heavy wet season in early 1882 closed the road from Port Douglas, resulting in calls for a railway from Herberton to the coast. Linking mining areas to ports by railway was already [Queensland Government](/wiki/Government_of_Queensland "Government of Queensland") policy. In August 1877 the Queensland government had approved three railways to connect mining towns to their principal ports: [Charters Towers](/wiki/Charters_Towers "Charters Towers") to [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville "Townsville") ([Great Northern railway line](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28Mt_Isa_line%29 "Great Northern Railway (Mt Isa line)")); [Mount Perry](/wiki/Mount_Perry%2C_Queensland "Mount Perry, Queensland") to [Bundaberg](/wiki/Bundaberg "Bundaberg") ([Mount Perry railway line](/wiki/Mount_Perry_railway_line "Mount Perry railway line")); and [Gympie](/wiki/Gympie "Gympie") to [Maryborough](/wiki/Maryborough%2C_Queensland "Maryborough, Queensland") ([North Coast railway line](/wiki/North_Coast_railway_line%2C_Queensland "North Coast railway line, Queensland")).
The [Minister for Works](/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_%28Queensland%29 "Department of Public Works (Queensland)"), [John Macrossan](/wiki/John_Macrossan "John Macrossan"), commissioned the explorer [Christie Palmerston](/wiki/Christie_Palmerston "Christie Palmerston") to find a route from Herberton to Cairns or Port Douglas; but in August 1882 Palmerston reported that there was no natural route. The [Johnstone Divisional Board](/wiki/Johnstone_Divisional_Board "Johnstone Divisional Board") commissioned Palmerston to find a route to [Mourilyan Harbour](/wiki/Mourilyan_Harbour "Mourilyan Harbour") during late 1882, but as the Board failed to pay him, Palmerston did not report his findings.
The search for a rail route continued, with the [Railway Department's](/wiki/Queensland_Rail "Queensland Rail") surveyor, [George William Monk](/wiki/George_William_Monk "George William Monk"), arriving in Cairns in April 1883\. Surveys of the various possible routes to Cairns, Port Douglas and Mourilyan were carried out by Monk and other surveyors and in late 1884 [Robert Ballard](/wiki/Robert_Ballard "Robert Ballard"), the Railway Department's Chief Engineer (Central and Northern Railway Division) reported to the Commissioner for Railways the cost would be the same from any of the three rival termini, but Cairns was the better port. The preferred route from Cairns was via the [Barron Gorge](/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park "Barron Gorge National Park"), although the [Mulgrave River](/wiki/Mulgrave_River "Mulgrave River") had also been considered. The government's decision in favour of Cairns was announced, much to the outrage of Port Douglas residents, on 10 September 1884\. The decision to build the railway from Cairns ensured that it became the preeminent town in far north Queensland; yet the Barron Gorge was chosen in ignorance of its unstable geology, which later proved costly in both money and lives.
Parliament approved plans for the first {{convert\|24\|mi}} of the Cairns to Herberton railway in late 1885 but the contract let to Messrs PC Smith and Co. on 1 April 1886 was only for the first {{convert\|8\|mi}}. On 10 May 1886, the [Premier](/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland "Premier of Queensland") Sir [Samuel Griffith](/wiki/Samuel_Griffith "Samuel Griffith") turned the first sod. Smith lacked the experience for even such a short section and McBride and Co took over the contract in November 1886\. The government then had to take over from McBride in July 1887\. The first section opened on 8 October 1887 and the terminus was soon named Redlynch. In 1911 a deviation shortened the first section, meaning that Redlynch was no longer at the eight\-mile mark from Cairns.
When the railway line opened, there were a number of railway sidings along the line: Stratford (5 miles from Cairns), Lily Bank (6 miles from Cairns), and Richmond (7 miles from Cairns). Richmond Siding was renamed Freshwater Siding (later [Freshwater railway station](/wiki/Freshwater_railway_station%2C_Queensland "Freshwater railway station, Queensland")) in January 1890\.{{Cite web\|last\=Craig\|first\=Winder\|date\=17 May 2019\|title\=The Cairns Range Railway\|url\=https://www.qldtravel.com.au/history\-of\-the\-cairns\-range\-railway/\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=19 March 2021 \|access\-date\=2 March 2021\|website\=QLD Travel\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319045915/https://www.qldtravel.com.au/history\-of\-the\-cairns\-range\-railway/ }} The development of the railway line had encouraged land developers to release a land subdivision called Richmond Park Estate near the railway line and Freshwater Creek, which was sold from 1886 with advertising featuring the forthcoming Richmond Park railway station and its ten\-minute rail journey to Cairns; this explains the original name of the siding.{{cite news\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article39431975\|title\=Advertising\|date\=8 April 1886\|newspaper\=\[\[Cairns Post]]\|accessdate\=24 September 2018\|issue\=152\|location\=Queensland, Australia\|volume\=III\|page\=3\|via\=National Library of Australia\|archive\-date\=15 December 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215100555/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/39431975\|url\-status\=live}}
The ascent of the range to Kuranda began with the awarding of the {{convert\|15\|mi}} second section of the contract (Redlynch to Myola) to [John Robb](/wiki/John_Robb_%28civil_engineer%29 "John Robb (civil engineer)") of Melbourne in January 1887 for {{A£\|290,984}}. Robb was an experienced contractor, and brought hundreds of men to the job. Robb also had mining, rural and business interests in [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia "South Australia"), [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales") and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), where he was a founding director of the [Federal Bank](/wiki/Federal_Bank_of_Australia "Federal Bank of Australia") in 1881\. The Kuranda ascent was his most significant work, but his company's other contracts included [Tasmania's](/wiki/Tasmania "Tasmania") and [Western Australia's](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia") first railways. He returned home to [Toorak](/wiki/Toorak%2C_Victoria "Toorak, Victoria") when he left Cairns, was declared insolvent in October 1894 and died in May 1896, aged 62\.
Work on the second section began in April 1887\. To aid construction Robb built a {{convert\|2\|km}} branch line from Redlynch to the main construction camp at [Kamerunga](/wiki/Kamerunga%2C_Queensland "Kamerunga, Queensland") beside the [Barron River](/wiki/Barron_River_%28Queensland%29 "Barron River (Queensland)"), and public trains extended to Kamerunga from 20 October 1888\. Robb planned to work at various points along the line simultaneously, and tracks ran from Kamerunga to the sites for tunnels 2, 3, 6 and 9, to the Stoney Creek Bridge site and to The Springs.
[thumb\|Barron Falls seen from the station, circa 1906](/wiki/File:StateLibQld_2_139464_Barron_Falls_seen_from_the_station%2C_Cairns_railway%2C_Queensland.jpg "StateLibQld 2 139464 Barron Falls seen from the station, Cairns railway, Queensland.jpg")
[thumb\|Barron Falls, 2012](/wiki/File:Barron_Falls_Kuranda.JPG "Barron Falls Kuranda.JPG")
One feature of interest near the beginning of section two is Horseshoe Bend, located after the third timber bridge from Redlynch. In December 1888 the embankment at the bend was described as {{convert\|51\|ft}} high, {{convert\|15\|ft}} wide at the top, and {{convert\|170\|ft}} wide at the base, and was sown with Couch grass ([Cynodon dactylon](/wiki/Cynodon_dactylon "Cynodon dactylon")) on the sides. The embankment has since been widened using landslide material. Section two used Horseshoe Bend to gain height, followed by the line ascending to the top of [Barron Falls](/wiki/Barron_Falls "Barron Falls"). The section then followed the Barron River to Kuranda, terminating at Myola, almost {{convert\|3\|km}} past Kuranda. Nineteen tunnels had been originally planned between Horseshoe Bend and Barron Falls Station, but four (two between Stoney Creek and Tunnel 14 and two at Red Bluff) were subsequently replaced by cuttings. Sand from the bed of the Barron River was used as the base material for concrete work on the second section; all the tunnels were concrete lined, and culverts and drains were also built in concrete.
The Cairns Railway's range ascent tunnels represent the largest group of tunnels in Queensland and were the 24th to 38th of the 64 tunnels opened in Queensland from 1866 to 1996\. By 30 January 1889 tunnels 1 and 2 were finished; Tunnel 3 was in a forward state, while 4–9 and 12–13 were ready for lining. Tunnels 10 and 11 had headings through only, while tunnels 16 and 19 were not yet opened. Work was authorised on the redesigned and lengthened Tunnel 19 in December 1889\. Due to the cancellation of four tunnels, tunnels 16 and 19 were renumbered as today's tunnels 14 and 15\.
As well as tunnels, bridgework was a major element of the construction work on the second section. The total length of steel required to complete the bridgework was around {{convert\|800\|ft}}. The steel work was all cut, fitted and partly riveted by Walkers Ltd of Maryborough. In 2011 the steel bridges between Redlynch and Kuranda included: six with lattice girders; plus Bridge 42 (1890\), where fishbelly plate cross\- girders have been reused as main span members; Bridge 50 over Mervyn Creek (which replaced an earlier timber bridge in the 1920s); and Jumrum Creek Bridge (Bridge 51\), which although mainly timber has a steel central span (the bridge was reconstructed in 1962\). There were also five very short steel bridges by 2011\. About {{convert\|1\.5\|km}} past Kuranda is Crooked Creek Bridge, which in about 1900 reused (shortened) plate girders from the 1867 Bridge 51 on the [Main Range](/wiki/Main_Range%2C_Queensland "Main Range, Queensland"). The bridge has been strengthened with new steel piers either side of the concrete pier, and its replacement steel cross girders also originally came from Bridge 51 on the Main Range.
There were 24 timber trestle bridges extant in 2011, but none of these retain their original timber. The local scrub hickory originally used in the bridges was of poor quality, requiring replacement work in the 1890s to 1900s. Components of the timber bridges are also gradually being replaced with steel, due to the scarcity of suitable hardwood, and over the years some bridges have been replaced with concrete culverts.
The steel bridges have retained their integrity to a greater degree. The bridges with highest heritage significance are the steel lattice\-girder bridges; all built during the construction of the second section. Three are located at Stoney Creek, Surprise Creek, and Christmas Creek. The other three are Bridge 21, the first steel bridge on the section, located between Tunnel 3 and Tunnel 4; Bridge 23, after Tunnel 9; and Bridge 29 between Stoney Creek Station and the Stoney Creek Bridge. The bridges have been renumbered since construction: for example, today's Bridge 21 was originally called Bridge 11\.
### Stoney Creek Bridge
[thumb\|Building Stoney Creek Bridge,1890](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_3384_Building_Stoney_Creek_Bridge_for_the_Cairns_to_Kuranda_Railway_1890.png "Queensland State Archives 3384 Building Stoney Creek Bridge for the Cairns to Kuranda Railway 1890.png")
[thumb\|Stoney Creek bridge and falls, 2005](/wiki/File:Stoney_creek_falls.jpg "Stoney creek falls.jpg")
Stoney Creek Bridge (originally bridge number 26, now bridge 30\), in front of [Stoney Creek Falls](/wiki/Stoney_Creek_Falls "Stoney Creek Falls"), is built on a {{convert\|4\|chain\|adj\=on}} radius curve and was designed by the government engineer John Gwynneth. The design is unique in Queensland, the curve being the only way to avoid tunnelling. By the end of 1887 the concrete foundations on which the wrought iron trestles (Phoenix columns) were erected were well underway. It is one of only two Queensland railway bridges constructed with wrought iron trestles, the other being Christmas Creek Bridge, further up the line. A visit to Cairns by the [Governor of Queensland](/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland "Governor of Queensland"), Sir [Henry Wylie Norman](/wiki/Henry_Wylie_Norman "Henry Wylie Norman"), in April 1890 was taken as an opportunity to inspect the construction works. A marquee, covering a banquet table and open to the waterfall, had been set up on the almost completed Stoney Creek Bridge with planks laid over the sleepers. There were no speeches due to the roar of the waterfall immediately behind the bridge. The bridge passed load testing on 30 June 1890\.
In the period of the early 1900s large quantities of rock in the vicinity of the bridge were removed, due to the risk of rock falls. Work was carried out in 1916 to strengthen riveted connections, and in 1922 timber longitudinals were substituted for the ballast flooring of the original bridge, to reduce corrosion problems.
Stoney Creek Bridge is one of the most photographed bridges in Australia due to the spectacular beauty of its location. Historian John Kerr called it "the best\-known structure on a line with the most spectacular scenery on the Queensland Railways". Trains would halt on the bridge and passengers could leave the train to walk along the bridge for a short period of time. In order to strengthen and improve the safety of the bridge, in the late 1990s new steel longitudinals were added under the bridge, the timber decking was replaced with steel grating and the walkways at the sides of the bridge were widened to improve maintenance access. The legs of the iron trestles were also reinforced.
### Surprise Creek Bridge
[thumb\|Surprise Creek Bridge, 1897](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_2216_Surprise_Creek_Bridge_CairnsHerberton_Railway_1897.png "Queensland State Archives 2216 Surprise Creek Bridge CairnsHerberton Railway 1897.png")
Surprise Creek Bridge (originally number 36, now number 46\) was constructed in 1890–91\. Originally the main span had timber approaches, but these were replaced in the late 1890s by pin\-jointed steel lattice trusses recycled from an older bridge. New interior steel longitudinals were added under the bridge in the late 1990s.
Christmas Creek Bridge (originally number 37, now 48\) was built in 1891\. Some cross girders have been replaced after they rusted out.
The construction of the section's tunnels and bridges required a lot of labour. Queensland signed a special treaty with Italy in order to obtain indentured Italian workers, and many Irishmen were employed. At the height of construction up to 1500 workers were employed along the length of line.
The tunnelling work was done by hand. The usual danger from the extensive use of explosives in the tunnels and cuttings was increased by the unstable nature of the rock and the steep drop down the side of the Barron Gorge. The average slope of the ground was 45 degrees, covered with a disjointed layer of decomposed soil and rock varying in depth from {{convert\|5\|to\|8\|m}}. Robb had to dig deep into hillsides to find solid ground, and multiple deviations from the original surveyed route also increased his costs. Red Bluff and Glacier Rock were exposed when earth, rocks and trees were removed, again by hand, from above the line (escarpments had to be cleared and levelled back).
At least 23 accidental deaths occurred during construction of the second section, the main causes being premature blasting, injuries from rock falls and cave\-ins, and falling. One man, Giovanni Zappa, fell {{convert\|250\|m}} into the Barron Gorge in September 1888\. Other deaths resulted from malaria, ticks, scrub typhus (mites), dysentery, fevers, and snakes. Hundreds of men were injured, but despite the existence of the Queensland Employers' Liability Act 1886, only one worker was compensated. Other labour issues led to the formation of a trade union \- the United Sons of Toil, which called a strike in late 1890\.
During construction navvies' camps were established at most of the cuttings and at each of the bridges or tunnels along the range section. The main townships other than Kamerunga included New Cairns (later Jungara); Rocky Creek Falls (between tunnels 8 and 9\); Stoney Creek; The Springs (between tunnels 14 and 15\); Red Bluff; and Camp Oven Creek (just past Tunnel 15\). There were also small towns at Tunnel 3, Surprise Creek, and Gray's Pocket on Rainbow Creek above the falls. These small townships of tents and portable buildings usually had at least one hotel, a general store, and a boarding house for single men. At Stoney Creek Falls, Patrick Paton's hotel possessed a billiard room, dining room, bar, ballroom and 28 double rooms, while New Cairns below the Horseshoe Bend had a hotel, sawmill, and at least two general stores. In all 26 hotels were licensed to operate from Kamerunga and Redlynch to Kuranda from 1886 to 1888\.
Due to the difficulty of the project both the contract price and the completion date of 26 July 1888 were greatly exceeded. After a very wet season in 1891 there was major damage to the track; about {{convert\|140\|m}} of ground slipped and an embankment at one tunnel collapsed and required the ground to be drained.
When Tunnel 15 and Surprise Creek Bridge were completed by 14 March 1891, it marked the end of major works. The last rails were laid for the second section in May 1891 and the line opened for goods traffic to Myola on 15 June; and for passengers 10 days later.
Despite the difficulties encountered during construction, the line proved to be well built, a tribute to [Willoughby Hannam](/wiki/Willoughby_Hannam "Willoughby Hannam"), Chief Engineer for Railways, Northern and Carpentaria Division (from 1885 to 1889\), who had to survey many deviations when the original route proved impossible to construct. Hannam was succeeded by Chief Engineer Annett.
In common with all railway contracts, the price was calculated by multiplying the quantity of each type of work required by the quoted price and summing up the individual amounts. If the survey was altered to require more excavation, the government paid for the extra at the schedule rate. The unstable nature of the terrain in the second section meant that the slopes of cuttings and banks had to be reduced. As Robb had to remove five times as much material as originally estimated for cuttings and tunnels, he was eventually paid {{A£\|880,406}}. He claimed a further {{A£\|262,311}}, but only received {{A£\|20,807}} of this after arbitration. With rails and other costs, the second section cost the Queensland Government {{A£\|1,007,857}}; the most expensive line in Queensland.
The huge cost overrun on the second section, along with the financial depression of the early 1890s, delayed the Cairns Railway's extension to Herberton. The contract for section three (Myola to Granite Creek/[Mareeba](/wiki/Mareeba "Mareeba")) was awarded to Alexander McKenzie \& Co. in early 1891 (Robb's tender failed) and this section was opened on 1 August 1893\. A lack of funding meant that the line stopped at Mareeba for some time. It did not open to Atherton until 1903 and to Herberton until October 1910\. By this time timber and agriculture, rather than tin, drove the railway's extension and the line was extended past Herberton. It opened to Tumoulin in July 1911 and finally to Cedar Creek ([Ravenshoe](/wiki/Ravenshoe%2C_Queensland "Ravenshoe, Queensland")) in December 1916\. Meanwhile, a branch line from [Tolga](/wiki/Tolga%2C_Queensland "Tolga, Queensland") opened to [Yungaburra](/wiki/Yungaburra%2C_Queensland "Yungaburra, Queensland") in March 1910, to [Malanda](/wiki/Malanda%2C_Queensland "Malanda, Queensland") in December 1910, and to [Millaa Millaa](/wiki/Millaa_Millaa%2C_Queensland "Millaa Millaa, Queensland") in December 1921\.
[thumb\|Kuranda railway station, 2015](/wiki/File:Kuranda_railway_station%2C_2015_%2802%29.JPG "Kuranda railway station, 2015 (02).JPG")
### Kuranda railway station
[thumb\|Kuranda railway station, 2007](/wiki/File:Kuranda_Railway_Station_01.jpg "Kuranda Railway Station 01.jpg")
[thumb\|Kuranda railway station, circa 1935](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_1238_Railway_Station_Kuranda_NQ_c_1935.png "Queensland State Archives 1238 Railway Station Kuranda NQ c 1935.png")
By 1891 Kuranda Station was the most important station on the second section. It had also become a tourist destination due to its proximity to the Barron Falls. Kuranda was surveyed in 1888 in anticipation of development which would accompany the arrival of the railway and the first station buildings were relocated from Kamerunga after services to the latter location ended in 1891\. The station master's house from Kamerunga was also moved to Kuranda, in 1908\. By 1913 Kuranda Station included (from north\-west to south\-east) the office, a separate refreshment room (operated by the proprietor of the Kuranda Hotel from 1894\), men's and women's toilets and a goods shed. Construction of the [Chillagoe](/wiki/Chillagoe%2C_Queensland "Chillagoe, Queensland") Company's private railway lines from Mareeba to Chillagoe and [Forsayth](/wiki/Forsayth%2C_Queensland "Forsayth, Queensland"), during 1898\-1901 and 1907\-1910 respectively, increased freight traffic through Kuranda, and tourist traffic was also increasing prior to [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").
[thumb\|Kuranda railway station, 2015](/wiki/File:Kuranda_railway_station%2C_2015_%2803%29.JPG "Kuranda railway station, 2015 (03).JPG")
A 1910 report had recommended a new station building at Kuranda on an island platform that could be made ornamental by planting trees. [Vincent](/wiki/Vincent%2C_Queensland "Vincent, Queensland") Price was in charge of the architectural section of the Railway Department's Chief Engineer's Office when the passenger station block, described by the Chief Engineer as "after the style of a Swiss Chalet, the idea being to make Kuranda a show station", was designed in 1911\. Modified plans were drawn in 1913–14, and included the main station building (with booking lobby, booking office, waiting shed, ladies' toilets, passage, refreshment room, kitchen, pantry, scullery and kitchen yard); a signal cabin; and a utilities block (with men's toilet, porter's room, store room, and lamp room). Each of these three buildings was constructed of precast concrete units, in a Federation style with a [Marseilles terracotta tile roof](/wiki/Marseilles_tile "Marseilles tile").
Expansion of the station began in 1913 and continued into 1915\. Changes involved the extension of the platform and yard, the signalling and interlocking of the station and the construction of a timber overbridge and new station buildings. The main station building was "nearing completion" by September 1914\. Its main spaces survive, although the former refreshment room and kitchen are now the gift shop and cafe, and the former kitchen yard is now a lean\-to extension.
One of the earliest stations to be built in Australia using standard precast concrete units, Kuranda is the second oldest remaining example of its type in Queensland. Two earlier examples at [Northgate](/wiki/Northgate%2C_Queensland "Northgate, Queensland") (1911–12\) and [Chelmer](/wiki/Chelmer%2C_Queensland "Chelmer, Queensland") (1913\) in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") have both been demolished, while another example opened at [Ascot](/wiki/Ascot%2C_Queensland "Ascot, Queensland") ([Eagle Farm Racecourse](/wiki/Eagle_Farm_Racecourse "Eagle Farm Racecourse")) in February 1914 survives. A luggage lift from the overbridge to the platform, installed in 1915, was demolished after 1939, but a new lift with a shed at its base has been built since 1994\.
The signal cabin included a fully interlocking McKenzie and Holland 37\-lever mechanical signal frame (still extant). Before railway "safeworking" systems were computerised and centralised in Queensland, mechanical signals were controlled from signal cabins, which dealt with the traffic on a particular block of railway line. Signal cabins coordinated signals that indicated whether or not a section of track was clear of other traffic. Early signals were mechanical, while later signals were operated electrically. The most common form of mechanical signal was the semaphore signal. These consisted of a metal framed tower with one or more arms that could be inclined at different angles, with the arm at the horizontal signalling "danger", or do not proceed. Examples of this form of signalling system survive at Kuranda Station. At night, lights were necessary, and kerosene lamps with movable coloured spectacles displayed different colours, including green (proceed), yellow (prepare to find next signal red), and red (stop).
To coordinate signals so that it is impossible to give a "clear" signal to a train unless the route is actually clear, the signals could be interlocked. An interlocked yard is a railway yard where semaphore or coloured light signals are controlled in such a way that the signals will not allow a train to proceed unless the points that operate in conjunction with the signals are correctly set. A mechanical interlocking device, located under a mechanical signal frame, is a system of rods, sliding bars and levers that are configured so that points cannot be changed in conflict, thus preventing movements that may cause a collision or other accident.
Although 169 Queensland railway stations had interlocking by 1918, mechanical interlocking technology eventually became obsolete, as electrical interlocking or electro\-pneumatic systems replaced it. Computerised Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) signalling systems now control most of the network.
As well as the station buildings, signals and interlocking, the station was beautified. The ornamental planting proposed in the 1910 scheme was developed by George Wreidt and Bert Wickham, both station masters at Kuranda. The tropical vegetation in the platform's gardens and under the platform shelters helped to soften the lines of the station, which first won the Northern Division of the Railways' Annual Garden Competition in 1915 and was so often the winner in subsequent years that it became folklore that Kuranda won every year.
By 1927 the station included a goods shed to the south\-east of the main platform, and a turntable at the north\-west end of the station. The current turntable is apparently smaller than the original, which was relocated to Port Douglas. Elements that were present in 1932 which no longer exist include a motor shed by the turntable, and signalman's, ganger's and waitresses' quarters to the south of the station near Arara Street.
Due to the position of the station at the top of the range climb the station played a key role in freight handling. Extra trains would usually run to Kuranda where their load was transferred, as trains operating west of Kuranda were able to haul double the load they could carry up the range.
As well as freight services, tourist trains ran to Kuranda, although the tourist service was not a formal part of the public timetable of the Queensland Railways until the 1960s. The tourist potential of the second section was recognised early on, with Cairns Alderman Macnamara in September 1887 calling it a great engineering feat, which "would prove a great attraction to tourists from all parts of the globe". In 1893 local representatives from the [Barron Divisional Board](/wiki/Barron_Divisional_Board "Barron Divisional Board") met with the Railway Commissioners to discuss a proposed viewing stop on the line for the Barron Falls.
The growth of tourism in Kuranda was linked to the popularity of the passenger services of the [Adelaide Steamship Company](/wiki/Adelaide_Steamship_Company "Adelaide Steamship Company"), the [Australian United Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Australian_United_Steam_Navigation_Company "Australian United Steam Navigation Company") and Australian Steamships ([Howard Smith Ltd](/wiki/Howard_Smith_Limited "Howard Smith Limited")). Travellers from Brisbane, [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") came to Cairns by ship until the opening of the rail line to Brisbane in 1924\. In the early 20th century Queensland Railways published a brochure called "Train Trips While the Steamer Waits" which urged tourists not to miss the unsurpassable natural beauty of the mountains, best seen by taking the train to Kuranda. Another early tourist booklet "The Glory of Kuranda" describes the station as the most picturesque in Queensland. In the late 1930s a "Grandstand Train" ran to Kuranda. This had special carriages with two rows of tiered seats both looking out the same side, through scenic windows.
Tourist travel stopped during the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). However, Kuranda was one of the busiest stations at this time handling freight for the many troops which were stationed on the Atherton Tablelands from early 1943 for rest, rehabilitation and training in a malaria\-free environment close to New Guinea. Traffic at this time was so great that the road from Cairns to Kuranda was constructed to relieve congestion.
Diesel\-electric locomotives were introduced onto the Cairns\-Kuranda railway in 1959, and tourism recovered after World War II, with a 100 percent increase in passengers between 1965 and 1975\. During the 1960s Kuranda became an alternative lifestyle centre, and the Sunday Markets which began in the late 1970s boosted tourism to the town and the railway station, as did the building of the [Skyrail Rainforest Cableway](/wiki/Skyrail_Rainforest_Cableway "Skyrail Rainforest Cableway") in the mid\-1990s. By 2003 some 500,000 people visited [Barron Gorge National Park](/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park "Barron Gorge National Park") each year via the [Kuranda Scenic Railway](/wiki/Kuranda_Scenic_Railway "Kuranda Scenic Railway"), often returning on the Skyrail.
The tiled roofs of the station buildings were replaced with plain iron sheet in 1961 which was in turn replaced by ribbed metal sheeting in 1989–90\. The southern section of the foot bridge was rebuilt in steel in 1990, and the northern section has since also been replaced in steel. The station master's house survives just to the northwest of the railway station, although its verandahs have been enclosed.
Over time, other stations between Redlynch and Myola have included Jungara, Stoney Creek, The Springs, Barron Falls, Hydro, and Fairyland. Only Redlynch, Stoney Creek, Barron Falls and Kuranda retain any built structures, and those at Barron Falls are modern.
### Redlynch railway station
[thumb\|Redlynch railway station (fenced off), 2018](/wiki/File:Redlynch_railway_station_%28fenced_off%29%2C_2018_02.jpg "Redlynch railway station (fenced off), 2018 02.jpg")
In 2011 the remaining infrastructure at Redlynch Station included a station building with garden area, a men's toilet, and a loading bank. The core of the station building existed by 1890, although it originally had a curved roof. The building may date from the opening of the first section of the Cairns Railway in 1887, as in August 1888 plans were afoot to erect station buildings at Kamerunga "similar to those at Redlynch". The Kamerunga station building also had a curved roof and was later moved to Kuranda when the second section was opened in 1891\. The steel pipe framing under the current verandah at Redlynch was once used to hang pot plants.
An 1899 plan of the Redlynch station building included a store ({{convert\|2\.4\|m}}), waiting shed ({{convert\|3\|m}}) and an office ({{convert\|3\|m}}). Around this time the office was extended another {{convert\|2\.4\|m}} to the south\-west, with a ladies room ({{convert\|3\.7\|m}}) added at the south\-west end of the building. There was a partition for a toilet in the latter, which seems to have survived when the ladies room was converted into a goods area {{circa\|1954}}. At this time the store at the north\-east end of the building became the new ladies room, and a separate men's room was constructed north\-east of the station building.
The wall between the office and the former ladies room has since been removed, and the roof is now gabled rather than curved. A World War II photo of the building shows weatherboard cladding at the north\-east end. A goods shed present in the 1954 site plan, north\-east of the shelter shed, is no longer extant. A timber stage was located west of the shelter shed at the end of a siding, on the site of the present car park. A station master's cottage was located within the turning triangle to the south\-west of the shelter shed, but this has been replaced by modern buildings for a [Queensland Rail](/wiki/Queensland_Rail "Queensland Rail") (QR) maintenance gang.
As at 2018, the station building still exists but is fenced off preventing public access.
### Stoney Creek railway station
At Stoney Creek Station, a gatehouse was erected in 1909\. By 1911 the complex included an open shelter shed with an enclosed office, plus a ladies' room with a curved roof to the east. By 1936 the complex consisted of the shelter shed; ladies' room; a water tank for steam trains, supplied from Stoney Creek Falls and a sand shed (west end of station); plus two fettler's camping quarters and a trolley and tool shed (either side of track, east end of station). Only the shelter shed, the water tank and the sand shed survive. The latter was once used to refill sandboxes on trains, which enabled dry sand to be dropped onto the tracks to assist traction. In the 1980s a telephone line and its poles were removed. The siding is used by QR maintenance gangs to wait for tourist trains to pass, and the shelter shed is used when it is raining. Exotic plantings in the station's gardens have being replaced by natives, in keeping with the National Park, although mature mango trees of heritage significance have been retained.
For many years, Stoney Creek was notable for its gardens of coloured tropical foliage. This site was always expected to have tourism value \- during construction, a piano was laboriously brought up the range to the Stoney Creek Hotel. The owner optimistically expected that future tourists would stay at his hotel to view the falls. The Kuranda Scenic Railway (running from Cairns to Kuranda) no longer stops at this station.
Since construction of the second section, the weather and geology have continued to impact on the line. There were landslides during 1894, 1896, 1904, 1909 and 1910, but the biggest disruption occurred in the summer of 1910–11\. Slips in December 1910 resulted in a tramway being built to bypass Tunnel 10, which was blocked on the Kuranda side, and the line was closed for 10 weeks. There were more slips and washouts in late March 1911, with interruptions to traffic until the end of April 1911\.
In 1939 {{convert\|18\|m}} of the Cairns end of Tunnel 14 required reinforcing, and the thinner concrete formwork is visible. There were also serious disruptions in March–April 1954 due to a landslide. The continued threat of rock falls and slips have meant that rock anchors have been deployed on boulders above the Stoney Creek Falls, and large barrier fences have been erected in places above the line.
The original rails were replaced in the 1990s, from {{convert\|60\|lb}} per {{convert\|1\|yard}}) weight, to {{convert\|41\|kg}} per {{convert\|1\|m}}. One in every four sleepers are now steel, with a one in two ratio on curves with a radius under {{convert\|120\|m}}. Some cuttings were also widened in the 1980s and 1990s. Most cuttings are in earth or rock, but some have concrete lining or stone pitching in parts. Some timber bridge components, such as the piles or headstocks of trestles, have been replaced by steel, or whole trestles have been replaced by concrete piers. There are a large number of small open concrete drains passing under the line. Early cast concrete pipes and culverts (not reinforced) along the line will be replaced with reinforced concrete pipes if the originals collapse.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Redlynch to the Crooked Creek Bridge portion of the Cairns\\-to\\-Kuranda railway constitutes most of the second section (Redlynch to [Myola](/wiki/Myola%2C_Queensland \"Myola, Queensland\")) of a planned railway line to [Herberton](/wiki/Herberton%2C_Queensland \"Herberton, Queensland\"). It ascends the coastal range and travels around Stoney Creek Gorge and through the [Barron Gorge](/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park \"Barron Gorge National Park\"), to a height of {{convert\\|327\\.7\\|m}} at [Barron Falls railway station](/wiki/Barron_Falls_railway_station \"Barron Falls railway station\"). It proceeds through Kuranda railway station {{convert\\|21\\.7\\|km}} from Redlynch, to Crooked Creek Bridge {{convert\\|23\\.2\\|km}} from Redlynch. Built between April 1887 and June 1891 through a steep and slip\\-prone landscape, the section is a feat of engineering which in 2011 included 15 concrete\\-lined tunnels and 39 timber or steel bridges (from Redlynch up to and including Crooked Creek Bridge).",
"Mining provided the original impetus for building a railway line up to the [Atherton Tablelands](/wiki/Atherton_Tablelands \"Atherton Tablelands\") from Cairns. [Cooktown](/wiki/Cooktown%2C_Queensland \"Cooktown, Queensland\") thrived as a port for the [Palmer River](/wiki/Palmer_River \"Palmer River\") goldfield, discovered in 1873, but it was too far from the [Hodgkinson goldfield](/wiki/Hodgkinson_goldfield \"Hodgkinson goldfield\"), discovered further south in early 1876\\. [Trinity Bay](/wiki/Trinity_Bay_%28Queensland%29 \"Trinity Bay (Queensland)\") was chosen as the port for the Hodgkinson; the first settlers arrived in October 1876 and Cairns became a [port of entry](/wiki/Port_of_entry \"Port of entry\") on 1 November 1876\\. However, the founding of [Port Douglas](/wiki/Port_Douglas%2C_Queensland \"Port Douglas, Queensland\") in 1877 almost stifled Cairns, as the former provided an easier access route to the Hodgkinson. When tin was discovered on the Wild River in 1880, the road from Port Douglas to Herberton was also preferred to the pack tracks from Cairns.",
"Cairns salvaged its economy after a heavy wet season in early 1882 closed the road from Port Douglas, resulting in calls for a railway from Herberton to the coast. Linking mining areas to ports by railway was already [Queensland Government](/wiki/Government_of_Queensland \"Government of Queensland\") policy. In August 1877 the Queensland government had approved three railways to connect mining towns to their principal ports: [Charters Towers](/wiki/Charters_Towers \"Charters Towers\") to [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville \"Townsville\") ([Great Northern railway line](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28Mt_Isa_line%29 \"Great Northern Railway (Mt Isa line)\")); [Mount Perry](/wiki/Mount_Perry%2C_Queensland \"Mount Perry, Queensland\") to [Bundaberg](/wiki/Bundaberg \"Bundaberg\") ([Mount Perry railway line](/wiki/Mount_Perry_railway_line \"Mount Perry railway line\")); and [Gympie](/wiki/Gympie \"Gympie\") to [Maryborough](/wiki/Maryborough%2C_Queensland \"Maryborough, Queensland\") ([North Coast railway line](/wiki/North_Coast_railway_line%2C_Queensland \"North Coast railway line, Queensland\")).",
"The [Minister for Works](/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_%28Queensland%29 \"Department of Public Works (Queensland)\"), [John Macrossan](/wiki/John_Macrossan \"John Macrossan\"), commissioned the explorer [Christie Palmerston](/wiki/Christie_Palmerston \"Christie Palmerston\") to find a route from Herberton to Cairns or Port Douglas; but in August 1882 Palmerston reported that there was no natural route. The [Johnstone Divisional Board](/wiki/Johnstone_Divisional_Board \"Johnstone Divisional Board\") commissioned Palmerston to find a route to [Mourilyan Harbour](/wiki/Mourilyan_Harbour \"Mourilyan Harbour\") during late 1882, but as the Board failed to pay him, Palmerston did not report his findings.",
"The search for a rail route continued, with the [Railway Department's](/wiki/Queensland_Rail \"Queensland Rail\") surveyor, [George William Monk](/wiki/George_William_Monk \"George William Monk\"), arriving in Cairns in April 1883\\. Surveys of the various possible routes to Cairns, Port Douglas and Mourilyan were carried out by Monk and other surveyors and in late 1884 [Robert Ballard](/wiki/Robert_Ballard \"Robert Ballard\"), the Railway Department's Chief Engineer (Central and Northern Railway Division) reported to the Commissioner for Railways the cost would be the same from any of the three rival termini, but Cairns was the better port. The preferred route from Cairns was via the [Barron Gorge](/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park \"Barron Gorge National Park\"), although the [Mulgrave River](/wiki/Mulgrave_River \"Mulgrave River\") had also been considered. The government's decision in favour of Cairns was announced, much to the outrage of Port Douglas residents, on 10 September 1884\\. The decision to build the railway from Cairns ensured that it became the preeminent town in far north Queensland; yet the Barron Gorge was chosen in ignorance of its unstable geology, which later proved costly in both money and lives.",
"Parliament approved plans for the first {{convert\\|24\\|mi}} of the Cairns to Herberton railway in late 1885 but the contract let to Messrs PC Smith and Co. on 1 April 1886 was only for the first {{convert\\|8\\|mi}}. On 10 May 1886, the [Premier](/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland \"Premier of Queensland\") Sir [Samuel Griffith](/wiki/Samuel_Griffith \"Samuel Griffith\") turned the first sod. Smith lacked the experience for even such a short section and McBride and Co took over the contract in November 1886\\. The government then had to take over from McBride in July 1887\\. The first section opened on 8 October 1887 and the terminus was soon named Redlynch. In 1911 a deviation shortened the first section, meaning that Redlynch was no longer at the eight\\-mile mark from Cairns.",
"When the railway line opened, there were a number of railway sidings along the line: Stratford (5 miles from Cairns), Lily Bank (6 miles from Cairns), and Richmond (7 miles from Cairns). Richmond Siding was renamed Freshwater Siding (later [Freshwater railway station](/wiki/Freshwater_railway_station%2C_Queensland \"Freshwater railway station, Queensland\")) in January 1890\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Craig\\|first\\=Winder\\|date\\=17 May 2019\\|title\\=The Cairns Range Railway\\|url\\=https://www.qldtravel.com.au/history\\-of\\-the\\-cairns\\-range\\-railway/\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=19 March 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2021\\|website\\=QLD Travel\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319045915/https://www.qldtravel.com.au/history\\-of\\-the\\-cairns\\-range\\-railway/ }} The development of the railway line had encouraged land developers to release a land subdivision called Richmond Park Estate near the railway line and Freshwater Creek, which was sold from 1886 with advertising featuring the forthcoming Richmond Park railway station and its ten\\-minute rail journey to Cairns; this explains the original name of the siding.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article39431975\\|title\\=Advertising\\|date\\=8 April 1886\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Cairns Post]]\\|accessdate\\=24 September 2018\\|issue\\=152\\|location\\=Queensland, Australia\\|volume\\=III\\|page\\=3\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|archive\\-date\\=15 December 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215100555/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/39431975\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The ascent of the range to Kuranda began with the awarding of the {{convert\\|15\\|mi}} second section of the contract (Redlynch to Myola) to [John Robb](/wiki/John_Robb_%28civil_engineer%29 \"John Robb (civil engineer)\") of Melbourne in January 1887 for {{A£\\|290,984}}. Robb was an experienced contractor, and brought hundreds of men to the job. Robb also had mining, rural and business interests in [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\"), [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\") and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), where he was a founding director of the [Federal Bank](/wiki/Federal_Bank_of_Australia \"Federal Bank of Australia\") in 1881\\. The Kuranda ascent was his most significant work, but his company's other contracts included [Tasmania's](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\") and [Western Australia's](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\") first railways. He returned home to [Toorak](/wiki/Toorak%2C_Victoria \"Toorak, Victoria\") when he left Cairns, was declared insolvent in October 1894 and died in May 1896, aged 62\\.",
"Work on the second section began in April 1887\\. To aid construction Robb built a {{convert\\|2\\|km}} branch line from Redlynch to the main construction camp at [Kamerunga](/wiki/Kamerunga%2C_Queensland \"Kamerunga, Queensland\") beside the [Barron River](/wiki/Barron_River_%28Queensland%29 \"Barron River (Queensland)\"), and public trains extended to Kamerunga from 20 October 1888\\. Robb planned to work at various points along the line simultaneously, and tracks ran from Kamerunga to the sites for tunnels 2, 3, 6 and 9, to the Stoney Creek Bridge site and to The Springs.\n[thumb\\|Barron Falls seen from the station, circa 1906](/wiki/File:StateLibQld_2_139464_Barron_Falls_seen_from_the_station%2C_Cairns_railway%2C_Queensland.jpg \"StateLibQld 2 139464 Barron Falls seen from the station, Cairns railway, Queensland.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Barron Falls, 2012](/wiki/File:Barron_Falls_Kuranda.JPG \"Barron Falls Kuranda.JPG\")\nOne feature of interest near the beginning of section two is Horseshoe Bend, located after the third timber bridge from Redlynch. In December 1888 the embankment at the bend was described as {{convert\\|51\\|ft}} high, {{convert\\|15\\|ft}} wide at the top, and {{convert\\|170\\|ft}} wide at the base, and was sown with Couch grass ([Cynodon dactylon](/wiki/Cynodon_dactylon \"Cynodon dactylon\")) on the sides. The embankment has since been widened using landslide material. Section two used Horseshoe Bend to gain height, followed by the line ascending to the top of [Barron Falls](/wiki/Barron_Falls \"Barron Falls\"). The section then followed the Barron River to Kuranda, terminating at Myola, almost {{convert\\|3\\|km}} past Kuranda. Nineteen tunnels had been originally planned between Horseshoe Bend and Barron Falls Station, but four (two between Stoney Creek and Tunnel 14 and two at Red Bluff) were subsequently replaced by cuttings. Sand from the bed of the Barron River was used as the base material for concrete work on the second section; all the tunnels were concrete lined, and culverts and drains were also built in concrete.",
"The Cairns Railway's range ascent tunnels represent the largest group of tunnels in Queensland and were the 24th to 38th of the 64 tunnels opened in Queensland from 1866 to 1996\\. By 30 January 1889 tunnels 1 and 2 were finished; Tunnel 3 was in a forward state, while 4–9 and 12–13 were ready for lining. Tunnels 10 and 11 had headings through only, while tunnels 16 and 19 were not yet opened. Work was authorised on the redesigned and lengthened Tunnel 19 in December 1889\\. Due to the cancellation of four tunnels, tunnels 16 and 19 were renumbered as today's tunnels 14 and 15\\.",
"As well as tunnels, bridgework was a major element of the construction work on the second section. The total length of steel required to complete the bridgework was around {{convert\\|800\\|ft}}. The steel work was all cut, fitted and partly riveted by Walkers Ltd of Maryborough. In 2011 the steel bridges between Redlynch and Kuranda included: six with lattice girders; plus Bridge 42 (1890\\), where fishbelly plate cross\\- girders have been reused as main span members; Bridge 50 over Mervyn Creek (which replaced an earlier timber bridge in the 1920s); and Jumrum Creek Bridge (Bridge 51\\), which although mainly timber has a steel central span (the bridge was reconstructed in 1962\\). There were also five very short steel bridges by 2011\\. About {{convert\\|1\\.5\\|km}} past Kuranda is Crooked Creek Bridge, which in about 1900 reused (shortened) plate girders from the 1867 Bridge 51 on the [Main Range](/wiki/Main_Range%2C_Queensland \"Main Range, Queensland\"). The bridge has been strengthened with new steel piers either side of the concrete pier, and its replacement steel cross girders also originally came from Bridge 51 on the Main Range.",
"There were 24 timber trestle bridges extant in 2011, but none of these retain their original timber. The local scrub hickory originally used in the bridges was of poor quality, requiring replacement work in the 1890s to 1900s. Components of the timber bridges are also gradually being replaced with steel, due to the scarcity of suitable hardwood, and over the years some bridges have been replaced with concrete culverts.",
"The steel bridges have retained their integrity to a greater degree. The bridges with highest heritage significance are the steel lattice\\-girder bridges; all built during the construction of the second section. Three are located at Stoney Creek, Surprise Creek, and Christmas Creek. The other three are Bridge 21, the first steel bridge on the section, located between Tunnel 3 and Tunnel 4; Bridge 23, after Tunnel 9; and Bridge 29 between Stoney Creek Station and the Stoney Creek Bridge. The bridges have been renumbered since construction: for example, today's Bridge 21 was originally called Bridge 11\\.",
"### Stoney Creek Bridge",
"[thumb\\|Building Stoney Creek Bridge,1890](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_3384_Building_Stoney_Creek_Bridge_for_the_Cairns_to_Kuranda_Railway_1890.png \"Queensland State Archives 3384 Building Stoney Creek Bridge for the Cairns to Kuranda Railway 1890.png\")\n[thumb\\|Stoney Creek bridge and falls, 2005](/wiki/File:Stoney_creek_falls.jpg \"Stoney creek falls.jpg\")\nStoney Creek Bridge (originally bridge number 26, now bridge 30\\), in front of [Stoney Creek Falls](/wiki/Stoney_Creek_Falls \"Stoney Creek Falls\"), is built on a {{convert\\|4\\|chain\\|adj\\=on}} radius curve and was designed by the government engineer John Gwynneth. The design is unique in Queensland, the curve being the only way to avoid tunnelling. By the end of 1887 the concrete foundations on which the wrought iron trestles (Phoenix columns) were erected were well underway. It is one of only two Queensland railway bridges constructed with wrought iron trestles, the other being Christmas Creek Bridge, further up the line. A visit to Cairns by the [Governor of Queensland](/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland \"Governor of Queensland\"), Sir [Henry Wylie Norman](/wiki/Henry_Wylie_Norman \"Henry Wylie Norman\"), in April 1890 was taken as an opportunity to inspect the construction works. A marquee, covering a banquet table and open to the waterfall, had been set up on the almost completed Stoney Creek Bridge with planks laid over the sleepers. There were no speeches due to the roar of the waterfall immediately behind the bridge. The bridge passed load testing on 30 June 1890\\.",
"In the period of the early 1900s large quantities of rock in the vicinity of the bridge were removed, due to the risk of rock falls. Work was carried out in 1916 to strengthen riveted connections, and in 1922 timber longitudinals were substituted for the ballast flooring of the original bridge, to reduce corrosion problems.",
"Stoney Creek Bridge is one of the most photographed bridges in Australia due to the spectacular beauty of its location. Historian John Kerr called it \"the best\\-known structure on a line with the most spectacular scenery on the Queensland Railways\". Trains would halt on the bridge and passengers could leave the train to walk along the bridge for a short period of time. In order to strengthen and improve the safety of the bridge, in the late 1990s new steel longitudinals were added under the bridge, the timber decking was replaced with steel grating and the walkways at the sides of the bridge were widened to improve maintenance access. The legs of the iron trestles were also reinforced.",
"### Surprise Creek Bridge",
"[thumb\\|Surprise Creek Bridge, 1897](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_2216_Surprise_Creek_Bridge_CairnsHerberton_Railway_1897.png \"Queensland State Archives 2216 Surprise Creek Bridge CairnsHerberton Railway 1897.png\")\nSurprise Creek Bridge (originally number 36, now number 46\\) was constructed in 1890–91\\. Originally the main span had timber approaches, but these were replaced in the late 1890s by pin\\-jointed steel lattice trusses recycled from an older bridge. New interior steel longitudinals were added under the bridge in the late 1990s.",
"Christmas Creek Bridge (originally number 37, now 48\\) was built in 1891\\. Some cross girders have been replaced after they rusted out.",
"The construction of the section's tunnels and bridges required a lot of labour. Queensland signed a special treaty with Italy in order to obtain indentured Italian workers, and many Irishmen were employed. At the height of construction up to 1500 workers were employed along the length of line.",
"The tunnelling work was done by hand. The usual danger from the extensive use of explosives in the tunnels and cuttings was increased by the unstable nature of the rock and the steep drop down the side of the Barron Gorge. The average slope of the ground was 45 degrees, covered with a disjointed layer of decomposed soil and rock varying in depth from {{convert\\|5\\|to\\|8\\|m}}. Robb had to dig deep into hillsides to find solid ground, and multiple deviations from the original surveyed route also increased his costs. Red Bluff and Glacier Rock were exposed when earth, rocks and trees were removed, again by hand, from above the line (escarpments had to be cleared and levelled back).",
"At least 23 accidental deaths occurred during construction of the second section, the main causes being premature blasting, injuries from rock falls and cave\\-ins, and falling. One man, Giovanni Zappa, fell {{convert\\|250\\|m}} into the Barron Gorge in September 1888\\. Other deaths resulted from malaria, ticks, scrub typhus (mites), dysentery, fevers, and snakes. Hundreds of men were injured, but despite the existence of the Queensland Employers' Liability Act 1886, only one worker was compensated. Other labour issues led to the formation of a trade union \\- the United Sons of Toil, which called a strike in late 1890\\.",
"During construction navvies' camps were established at most of the cuttings and at each of the bridges or tunnels along the range section. The main townships other than Kamerunga included New Cairns (later Jungara); Rocky Creek Falls (between tunnels 8 and 9\\); Stoney Creek; The Springs (between tunnels 14 and 15\\); Red Bluff; and Camp Oven Creek (just past Tunnel 15\\). There were also small towns at Tunnel 3, Surprise Creek, and Gray's Pocket on Rainbow Creek above the falls. These small townships of tents and portable buildings usually had at least one hotel, a general store, and a boarding house for single men. At Stoney Creek Falls, Patrick Paton's hotel possessed a billiard room, dining room, bar, ballroom and 28 double rooms, while New Cairns below the Horseshoe Bend had a hotel, sawmill, and at least two general stores. In all 26 hotels were licensed to operate from Kamerunga and Redlynch to Kuranda from 1886 to 1888\\.",
"Due to the difficulty of the project both the contract price and the completion date of 26 July 1888 were greatly exceeded. After a very wet season in 1891 there was major damage to the track; about {{convert\\|140\\|m}} of ground slipped and an embankment at one tunnel collapsed and required the ground to be drained.",
"When Tunnel 15 and Surprise Creek Bridge were completed by 14 March 1891, it marked the end of major works. The last rails were laid for the second section in May 1891 and the line opened for goods traffic to Myola on 15 June; and for passengers 10 days later.",
"Despite the difficulties encountered during construction, the line proved to be well built, a tribute to [Willoughby Hannam](/wiki/Willoughby_Hannam \"Willoughby Hannam\"), Chief Engineer for Railways, Northern and Carpentaria Division (from 1885 to 1889\\), who had to survey many deviations when the original route proved impossible to construct. Hannam was succeeded by Chief Engineer Annett.",
"In common with all railway contracts, the price was calculated by multiplying the quantity of each type of work required by the quoted price and summing up the individual amounts. If the survey was altered to require more excavation, the government paid for the extra at the schedule rate. The unstable nature of the terrain in the second section meant that the slopes of cuttings and banks had to be reduced. As Robb had to remove five times as much material as originally estimated for cuttings and tunnels, he was eventually paid {{A£\\|880,406}}. He claimed a further {{A£\\|262,311}}, but only received {{A£\\|20,807}} of this after arbitration. With rails and other costs, the second section cost the Queensland Government {{A£\\|1,007,857}}; the most expensive line in Queensland.",
"The huge cost overrun on the second section, along with the financial depression of the early 1890s, delayed the Cairns Railway's extension to Herberton. The contract for section three (Myola to Granite Creek/[Mareeba](/wiki/Mareeba \"Mareeba\")) was awarded to Alexander McKenzie \\& Co. in early 1891 (Robb's tender failed) and this section was opened on 1 August 1893\\. A lack of funding meant that the line stopped at Mareeba for some time. It did not open to Atherton until 1903 and to Herberton until October 1910\\. By this time timber and agriculture, rather than tin, drove the railway's extension and the line was extended past Herberton. It opened to Tumoulin in July 1911 and finally to Cedar Creek ([Ravenshoe](/wiki/Ravenshoe%2C_Queensland \"Ravenshoe, Queensland\")) in December 1916\\. Meanwhile, a branch line from [Tolga](/wiki/Tolga%2C_Queensland \"Tolga, Queensland\") opened to [Yungaburra](/wiki/Yungaburra%2C_Queensland \"Yungaburra, Queensland\") in March 1910, to [Malanda](/wiki/Malanda%2C_Queensland \"Malanda, Queensland\") in December 1910, and to [Millaa Millaa](/wiki/Millaa_Millaa%2C_Queensland \"Millaa Millaa, Queensland\") in December 1921\\.\n[thumb\\|Kuranda railway station, 2015](/wiki/File:Kuranda_railway_station%2C_2015_%2802%29.JPG \"Kuranda railway station, 2015 (02).JPG\")",
"### Kuranda railway station",
"[thumb\\|Kuranda railway station, 2007](/wiki/File:Kuranda_Railway_Station_01.jpg \"Kuranda Railway Station 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Kuranda railway station, circa 1935](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_1238_Railway_Station_Kuranda_NQ_c_1935.png \"Queensland State Archives 1238 Railway Station Kuranda NQ c 1935.png\")\nBy 1891 Kuranda Station was the most important station on the second section. It had also become a tourist destination due to its proximity to the Barron Falls. Kuranda was surveyed in 1888 in anticipation of development which would accompany the arrival of the railway and the first station buildings were relocated from Kamerunga after services to the latter location ended in 1891\\. The station master's house from Kamerunga was also moved to Kuranda, in 1908\\. By 1913 Kuranda Station included (from north\\-west to south\\-east) the office, a separate refreshment room (operated by the proprietor of the Kuranda Hotel from 1894\\), men's and women's toilets and a goods shed. Construction of the [Chillagoe](/wiki/Chillagoe%2C_Queensland \"Chillagoe, Queensland\") Company's private railway lines from Mareeba to Chillagoe and [Forsayth](/wiki/Forsayth%2C_Queensland \"Forsayth, Queensland\"), during 1898\\-1901 and 1907\\-1910 respectively, increased freight traffic through Kuranda, and tourist traffic was also increasing prior to [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").\n[thumb\\|Kuranda railway station, 2015](/wiki/File:Kuranda_railway_station%2C_2015_%2803%29.JPG \"Kuranda railway station, 2015 (03).JPG\")\nA 1910 report had recommended a new station building at Kuranda on an island platform that could be made ornamental by planting trees. [Vincent](/wiki/Vincent%2C_Queensland \"Vincent, Queensland\") Price was in charge of the architectural section of the Railway Department's Chief Engineer's Office when the passenger station block, described by the Chief Engineer as \"after the style of a Swiss Chalet, the idea being to make Kuranda a show station\", was designed in 1911\\. Modified plans were drawn in 1913–14, and included the main station building (with booking lobby, booking office, waiting shed, ladies' toilets, passage, refreshment room, kitchen, pantry, scullery and kitchen yard); a signal cabin; and a utilities block (with men's toilet, porter's room, store room, and lamp room). Each of these three buildings was constructed of precast concrete units, in a Federation style with a [Marseilles terracotta tile roof](/wiki/Marseilles_tile \"Marseilles tile\").",
"Expansion of the station began in 1913 and continued into 1915\\. Changes involved the extension of the platform and yard, the signalling and interlocking of the station and the construction of a timber overbridge and new station buildings. The main station building was \"nearing completion\" by September 1914\\. Its main spaces survive, although the former refreshment room and kitchen are now the gift shop and cafe, and the former kitchen yard is now a lean\\-to extension.",
"One of the earliest stations to be built in Australia using standard precast concrete units, Kuranda is the second oldest remaining example of its type in Queensland. Two earlier examples at [Northgate](/wiki/Northgate%2C_Queensland \"Northgate, Queensland\") (1911–12\\) and [Chelmer](/wiki/Chelmer%2C_Queensland \"Chelmer, Queensland\") (1913\\) in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") have both been demolished, while another example opened at [Ascot](/wiki/Ascot%2C_Queensland \"Ascot, Queensland\") ([Eagle Farm Racecourse](/wiki/Eagle_Farm_Racecourse \"Eagle Farm Racecourse\")) in February 1914 survives. A luggage lift from the overbridge to the platform, installed in 1915, was demolished after 1939, but a new lift with a shed at its base has been built since 1994\\.",
"The signal cabin included a fully interlocking McKenzie and Holland 37\\-lever mechanical signal frame (still extant). Before railway \"safeworking\" systems were computerised and centralised in Queensland, mechanical signals were controlled from signal cabins, which dealt with the traffic on a particular block of railway line. Signal cabins coordinated signals that indicated whether or not a section of track was clear of other traffic. Early signals were mechanical, while later signals were operated electrically. The most common form of mechanical signal was the semaphore signal. These consisted of a metal framed tower with one or more arms that could be inclined at different angles, with the arm at the horizontal signalling \"danger\", or do not proceed. Examples of this form of signalling system survive at Kuranda Station. At night, lights were necessary, and kerosene lamps with movable coloured spectacles displayed different colours, including green (proceed), yellow (prepare to find next signal red), and red (stop).",
"To coordinate signals so that it is impossible to give a \"clear\" signal to a train unless the route is actually clear, the signals could be interlocked. An interlocked yard is a railway yard where semaphore or coloured light signals are controlled in such a way that the signals will not allow a train to proceed unless the points that operate in conjunction with the signals are correctly set. A mechanical interlocking device, located under a mechanical signal frame, is a system of rods, sliding bars and levers that are configured so that points cannot be changed in conflict, thus preventing movements that may cause a collision or other accident.",
"Although 169 Queensland railway stations had interlocking by 1918, mechanical interlocking technology eventually became obsolete, as electrical interlocking or electro\\-pneumatic systems replaced it. Computerised Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) signalling systems now control most of the network.",
"As well as the station buildings, signals and interlocking, the station was beautified. The ornamental planting proposed in the 1910 scheme was developed by George Wreidt and Bert Wickham, both station masters at Kuranda. The tropical vegetation in the platform's gardens and under the platform shelters helped to soften the lines of the station, which first won the Northern Division of the Railways' Annual Garden Competition in 1915 and was so often the winner in subsequent years that it became folklore that Kuranda won every year.",
"By 1927 the station included a goods shed to the south\\-east of the main platform, and a turntable at the north\\-west end of the station. The current turntable is apparently smaller than the original, which was relocated to Port Douglas. Elements that were present in 1932 which no longer exist include a motor shed by the turntable, and signalman's, ganger's and waitresses' quarters to the south of the station near Arara Street.",
"Due to the position of the station at the top of the range climb the station played a key role in freight handling. Extra trains would usually run to Kuranda where their load was transferred, as trains operating west of Kuranda were able to haul double the load they could carry up the range.",
"As well as freight services, tourist trains ran to Kuranda, although the tourist service was not a formal part of the public timetable of the Queensland Railways until the 1960s. The tourist potential of the second section was recognised early on, with Cairns Alderman Macnamara in September 1887 calling it a great engineering feat, which \"would prove a great attraction to tourists from all parts of the globe\". In 1893 local representatives from the [Barron Divisional Board](/wiki/Barron_Divisional_Board \"Barron Divisional Board\") met with the Railway Commissioners to discuss a proposed viewing stop on the line for the Barron Falls.",
"The growth of tourism in Kuranda was linked to the popularity of the passenger services of the [Adelaide Steamship Company](/wiki/Adelaide_Steamship_Company \"Adelaide Steamship Company\"), the [Australian United Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Australian_United_Steam_Navigation_Company \"Australian United Steam Navigation Company\") and Australian Steamships ([Howard Smith Ltd](/wiki/Howard_Smith_Limited \"Howard Smith Limited\")). Travellers from Brisbane, [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") came to Cairns by ship until the opening of the rail line to Brisbane in 1924\\. In the early 20th century Queensland Railways published a brochure called \"Train Trips While the Steamer Waits\" which urged tourists not to miss the unsurpassable natural beauty of the mountains, best seen by taking the train to Kuranda. Another early tourist booklet \"The Glory of Kuranda\" describes the station as the most picturesque in Queensland. In the late 1930s a \"Grandstand Train\" ran to Kuranda. This had special carriages with two rows of tiered seats both looking out the same side, through scenic windows.",
"Tourist travel stopped during the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). However, Kuranda was one of the busiest stations at this time handling freight for the many troops which were stationed on the Atherton Tablelands from early 1943 for rest, rehabilitation and training in a malaria\\-free environment close to New Guinea. Traffic at this time was so great that the road from Cairns to Kuranda was constructed to relieve congestion.",
"Diesel\\-electric locomotives were introduced onto the Cairns\\-Kuranda railway in 1959, and tourism recovered after World War II, with a 100 percent increase in passengers between 1965 and 1975\\. During the 1960s Kuranda became an alternative lifestyle centre, and the Sunday Markets which began in the late 1970s boosted tourism to the town and the railway station, as did the building of the [Skyrail Rainforest Cableway](/wiki/Skyrail_Rainforest_Cableway \"Skyrail Rainforest Cableway\") in the mid\\-1990s. By 2003 some 500,000 people visited [Barron Gorge National Park](/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park \"Barron Gorge National Park\") each year via the [Kuranda Scenic Railway](/wiki/Kuranda_Scenic_Railway \"Kuranda Scenic Railway\"), often returning on the Skyrail.",
"The tiled roofs of the station buildings were replaced with plain iron sheet in 1961 which was in turn replaced by ribbed metal sheeting in 1989–90\\. The southern section of the foot bridge was rebuilt in steel in 1990, and the northern section has since also been replaced in steel. The station master's house survives just to the northwest of the railway station, although its verandahs have been enclosed.",
"Over time, other stations between Redlynch and Myola have included Jungara, Stoney Creek, The Springs, Barron Falls, Hydro, and Fairyland. Only Redlynch, Stoney Creek, Barron Falls and Kuranda retain any built structures, and those at Barron Falls are modern.",
"### Redlynch railway station",
"[thumb\\|Redlynch railway station (fenced off), 2018](/wiki/File:Redlynch_railway_station_%28fenced_off%29%2C_2018_02.jpg \"Redlynch railway station (fenced off), 2018 02.jpg\")\nIn 2011 the remaining infrastructure at Redlynch Station included a station building with garden area, a men's toilet, and a loading bank. The core of the station building existed by 1890, although it originally had a curved roof. The building may date from the opening of the first section of the Cairns Railway in 1887, as in August 1888 plans were afoot to erect station buildings at Kamerunga \"similar to those at Redlynch\". The Kamerunga station building also had a curved roof and was later moved to Kuranda when the second section was opened in 1891\\. The steel pipe framing under the current verandah at Redlynch was once used to hang pot plants.",
"An 1899 plan of the Redlynch station building included a store ({{convert\\|2\\.4\\|m}}), waiting shed ({{convert\\|3\\|m}}) and an office ({{convert\\|3\\|m}}). Around this time the office was extended another {{convert\\|2\\.4\\|m}} to the south\\-west, with a ladies room ({{convert\\|3\\.7\\|m}}) added at the south\\-west end of the building. There was a partition for a toilet in the latter, which seems to have survived when the ladies room was converted into a goods area {{circa\\|1954}}. At this time the store at the north\\-east end of the building became the new ladies room, and a separate men's room was constructed north\\-east of the station building.",
"The wall between the office and the former ladies room has since been removed, and the roof is now gabled rather than curved. A World War II photo of the building shows weatherboard cladding at the north\\-east end. A goods shed present in the 1954 site plan, north\\-east of the shelter shed, is no longer extant. A timber stage was located west of the shelter shed at the end of a siding, on the site of the present car park. A station master's cottage was located within the turning triangle to the south\\-west of the shelter shed, but this has been replaced by modern buildings for a [Queensland Rail](/wiki/Queensland_Rail \"Queensland Rail\") (QR) maintenance gang.",
"As at 2018, the station building still exists but is fenced off preventing public access.",
"### Stoney Creek railway station",
"At Stoney Creek Station, a gatehouse was erected in 1909\\. By 1911 the complex included an open shelter shed with an enclosed office, plus a ladies' room with a curved roof to the east. By 1936 the complex consisted of the shelter shed; ladies' room; a water tank for steam trains, supplied from Stoney Creek Falls and a sand shed (west end of station); plus two fettler's camping quarters and a trolley and tool shed (either side of track, east end of station). Only the shelter shed, the water tank and the sand shed survive. The latter was once used to refill sandboxes on trains, which enabled dry sand to be dropped onto the tracks to assist traction. In the 1980s a telephone line and its poles were removed. The siding is used by QR maintenance gangs to wait for tourist trains to pass, and the shelter shed is used when it is raining. Exotic plantings in the station's gardens have being replaced by natives, in keeping with the National Park, although mature mango trees of heritage significance have been retained.",
"For many years, Stoney Creek was notable for its gardens of coloured tropical foliage. This site was always expected to have tourism value \\- during construction, a piano was laboriously brought up the range to the Stoney Creek Hotel. The owner optimistically expected that future tourists would stay at his hotel to view the falls. The Kuranda Scenic Railway (running from Cairns to Kuranda) no longer stops at this station.",
"Since construction of the second section, the weather and geology have continued to impact on the line. There were landslides during 1894, 1896, 1904, 1909 and 1910, but the biggest disruption occurred in the summer of 1910–11\\. Slips in December 1910 resulted in a tramway being built to bypass Tunnel 10, which was blocked on the Kuranda side, and the line was closed for 10 weeks. There were more slips and washouts in late March 1911, with interruptions to traffic until the end of April 1911\\.",
"In 1939 {{convert\\|18\\|m}} of the Cairns end of Tunnel 14 required reinforcing, and the thinner concrete formwork is visible. There were also serious disruptions in March–April 1954 due to a landslide. The continued threat of rock falls and slips have meant that rock anchors have been deployed on boulders above the Stoney Creek Falls, and large barrier fences have been erected in places above the line.",
"The original rails were replaced in the 1990s, from {{convert\\|60\\|lb}} per {{convert\\|1\\|yard}}) weight, to {{convert\\|41\\|kg}} per {{convert\\|1\\|m}}. One in every four sleepers are now steel, with a one in two ratio on curves with a radius under {{convert\\|120\\|m}}. Some cuttings were also widened in the 1980s and 1990s. Most cuttings are in earth or rock, but some have concrete lining or stone pitching in parts. Some timber bridge components, such as the piles or headstocks of trestles, have been replaced by steel, or whole trestles have been replaced by concrete piers. There are a large number of small open concrete drains passing under the line. Early cast concrete pipes and culverts (not reinforced) along the line will be replaced with reinforced concrete pipes if the originals collapse.",
""
] |
### Surprise Creek Bridge
[thumb\|Surprise Creek Bridge, 1897](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_2216_Surprise_Creek_Bridge_CairnsHerberton_Railway_1897.png "Queensland State Archives 2216 Surprise Creek Bridge CairnsHerberton Railway 1897.png")
Surprise Creek Bridge (originally number 36, now number 46\) was constructed in 1890–91\. Originally the main span had timber approaches, but these were replaced in the late 1890s by pin\-jointed steel lattice trusses recycled from an older bridge. New interior steel longitudinals were added under the bridge in the late 1990s.
Christmas Creek Bridge (originally number 37, now 48\) was built in 1891\. Some cross girders have been replaced after they rusted out.
The construction of the section's tunnels and bridges required a lot of labour. Queensland signed a special treaty with Italy in order to obtain indentured Italian workers, and many Irishmen were employed. At the height of construction up to 1500 workers were employed along the length of line.
The tunnelling work was done by hand. The usual danger from the extensive use of explosives in the tunnels and cuttings was increased by the unstable nature of the rock and the steep drop down the side of the Barron Gorge. The average slope of the ground was 45 degrees, covered with a disjointed layer of decomposed soil and rock varying in depth from {{convert\|5\|to\|8\|m}}. Robb had to dig deep into hillsides to find solid ground, and multiple deviations from the original surveyed route also increased his costs. Red Bluff and Glacier Rock were exposed when earth, rocks and trees were removed, again by hand, from above the line (escarpments had to be cleared and levelled back).
At least 23 accidental deaths occurred during construction of the second section, the main causes being premature blasting, injuries from rock falls and cave\-ins, and falling. One man, Giovanni Zappa, fell {{convert\|250\|m}} into the Barron Gorge in September 1888\. Other deaths resulted from malaria, ticks, scrub typhus (mites), dysentery, fevers, and snakes. Hundreds of men were injured, but despite the existence of the Queensland Employers' Liability Act 1886, only one worker was compensated. Other labour issues led to the formation of a trade union \- the United Sons of Toil, which called a strike in late 1890\.
During construction navvies' camps were established at most of the cuttings and at each of the bridges or tunnels along the range section. The main townships other than Kamerunga included New Cairns (later Jungara); Rocky Creek Falls (between tunnels 8 and 9\); Stoney Creek; The Springs (between tunnels 14 and 15\); Red Bluff; and Camp Oven Creek (just past Tunnel 15\). There were also small towns at Tunnel 3, Surprise Creek, and Gray's Pocket on Rainbow Creek above the falls. These small townships of tents and portable buildings usually had at least one hotel, a general store, and a boarding house for single men. At Stoney Creek Falls, Patrick Paton's hotel possessed a billiard room, dining room, bar, ballroom and 28 double rooms, while New Cairns below the Horseshoe Bend had a hotel, sawmill, and at least two general stores. In all 26 hotels were licensed to operate from Kamerunga and Redlynch to Kuranda from 1886 to 1888\.
Due to the difficulty of the project both the contract price and the completion date of 26 July 1888 were greatly exceeded. After a very wet season in 1891 there was major damage to the track; about {{convert\|140\|m}} of ground slipped and an embankment at one tunnel collapsed and required the ground to be drained.
When Tunnel 15 and Surprise Creek Bridge were completed by 14 March 1891, it marked the end of major works. The last rails were laid for the second section in May 1891 and the line opened for goods traffic to Myola on 15 June; and for passengers 10 days later.
Despite the difficulties encountered during construction, the line proved to be well built, a tribute to [Willoughby Hannam](/wiki/Willoughby_Hannam "Willoughby Hannam"), Chief Engineer for Railways, Northern and Carpentaria Division (from 1885 to 1889\), who had to survey many deviations when the original route proved impossible to construct. Hannam was succeeded by Chief Engineer Annett.
In common with all railway contracts, the price was calculated by multiplying the quantity of each type of work required by the quoted price and summing up the individual amounts. If the survey was altered to require more excavation, the government paid for the extra at the schedule rate. The unstable nature of the terrain in the second section meant that the slopes of cuttings and banks had to be reduced. As Robb had to remove five times as much material as originally estimated for cuttings and tunnels, he was eventually paid {{A£\|880,406}}. He claimed a further {{A£\|262,311}}, but only received {{A£\|20,807}} of this after arbitration. With rails and other costs, the second section cost the Queensland Government {{A£\|1,007,857}}; the most expensive line in Queensland.
The huge cost overrun on the second section, along with the financial depression of the early 1890s, delayed the Cairns Railway's extension to Herberton. The contract for section three (Myola to Granite Creek/[Mareeba](/wiki/Mareeba "Mareeba")) was awarded to Alexander McKenzie \& Co. in early 1891 (Robb's tender failed) and this section was opened on 1 August 1893\. A lack of funding meant that the line stopped at Mareeba for some time. It did not open to Atherton until 1903 and to Herberton until October 1910\. By this time timber and agriculture, rather than tin, drove the railway's extension and the line was extended past Herberton. It opened to Tumoulin in July 1911 and finally to Cedar Creek ([Ravenshoe](/wiki/Ravenshoe%2C_Queensland "Ravenshoe, Queensland")) in December 1916\. Meanwhile, a branch line from [Tolga](/wiki/Tolga%2C_Queensland "Tolga, Queensland") opened to [Yungaburra](/wiki/Yungaburra%2C_Queensland "Yungaburra, Queensland") in March 1910, to [Malanda](/wiki/Malanda%2C_Queensland "Malanda, Queensland") in December 1910, and to [Millaa Millaa](/wiki/Millaa_Millaa%2C_Queensland "Millaa Millaa, Queensland") in December 1921\.
[thumb\|Kuranda railway station, 2015](/wiki/File:Kuranda_railway_station%2C_2015_%2802%29.JPG "Kuranda railway station, 2015 (02).JPG")
|
[
"### Surprise Creek Bridge",
"[thumb\\|Surprise Creek Bridge, 1897](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_2216_Surprise_Creek_Bridge_CairnsHerberton_Railway_1897.png \"Queensland State Archives 2216 Surprise Creek Bridge CairnsHerberton Railway 1897.png\")\nSurprise Creek Bridge (originally number 36, now number 46\\) was constructed in 1890–91\\. Originally the main span had timber approaches, but these were replaced in the late 1890s by pin\\-jointed steel lattice trusses recycled from an older bridge. New interior steel longitudinals were added under the bridge in the late 1990s.",
"Christmas Creek Bridge (originally number 37, now 48\\) was built in 1891\\. Some cross girders have been replaced after they rusted out.",
"The construction of the section's tunnels and bridges required a lot of labour. Queensland signed a special treaty with Italy in order to obtain indentured Italian workers, and many Irishmen were employed. At the height of construction up to 1500 workers were employed along the length of line.",
"The tunnelling work was done by hand. The usual danger from the extensive use of explosives in the tunnels and cuttings was increased by the unstable nature of the rock and the steep drop down the side of the Barron Gorge. The average slope of the ground was 45 degrees, covered with a disjointed layer of decomposed soil and rock varying in depth from {{convert\\|5\\|to\\|8\\|m}}. Robb had to dig deep into hillsides to find solid ground, and multiple deviations from the original surveyed route also increased his costs. Red Bluff and Glacier Rock were exposed when earth, rocks and trees were removed, again by hand, from above the line (escarpments had to be cleared and levelled back).",
"At least 23 accidental deaths occurred during construction of the second section, the main causes being premature blasting, injuries from rock falls and cave\\-ins, and falling. One man, Giovanni Zappa, fell {{convert\\|250\\|m}} into the Barron Gorge in September 1888\\. Other deaths resulted from malaria, ticks, scrub typhus (mites), dysentery, fevers, and snakes. Hundreds of men were injured, but despite the existence of the Queensland Employers' Liability Act 1886, only one worker was compensated. Other labour issues led to the formation of a trade union \\- the United Sons of Toil, which called a strike in late 1890\\.",
"During construction navvies' camps were established at most of the cuttings and at each of the bridges or tunnels along the range section. The main townships other than Kamerunga included New Cairns (later Jungara); Rocky Creek Falls (between tunnels 8 and 9\\); Stoney Creek; The Springs (between tunnels 14 and 15\\); Red Bluff; and Camp Oven Creek (just past Tunnel 15\\). There were also small towns at Tunnel 3, Surprise Creek, and Gray's Pocket on Rainbow Creek above the falls. These small townships of tents and portable buildings usually had at least one hotel, a general store, and a boarding house for single men. At Stoney Creek Falls, Patrick Paton's hotel possessed a billiard room, dining room, bar, ballroom and 28 double rooms, while New Cairns below the Horseshoe Bend had a hotel, sawmill, and at least two general stores. In all 26 hotels were licensed to operate from Kamerunga and Redlynch to Kuranda from 1886 to 1888\\.",
"Due to the difficulty of the project both the contract price and the completion date of 26 July 1888 were greatly exceeded. After a very wet season in 1891 there was major damage to the track; about {{convert\\|140\\|m}} of ground slipped and an embankment at one tunnel collapsed and required the ground to be drained.",
"When Tunnel 15 and Surprise Creek Bridge were completed by 14 March 1891, it marked the end of major works. The last rails were laid for the second section in May 1891 and the line opened for goods traffic to Myola on 15 June; and for passengers 10 days later.",
"Despite the difficulties encountered during construction, the line proved to be well built, a tribute to [Willoughby Hannam](/wiki/Willoughby_Hannam \"Willoughby Hannam\"), Chief Engineer for Railways, Northern and Carpentaria Division (from 1885 to 1889\\), who had to survey many deviations when the original route proved impossible to construct. Hannam was succeeded by Chief Engineer Annett.",
"In common with all railway contracts, the price was calculated by multiplying the quantity of each type of work required by the quoted price and summing up the individual amounts. If the survey was altered to require more excavation, the government paid for the extra at the schedule rate. The unstable nature of the terrain in the second section meant that the slopes of cuttings and banks had to be reduced. As Robb had to remove five times as much material as originally estimated for cuttings and tunnels, he was eventually paid {{A£\\|880,406}}. He claimed a further {{A£\\|262,311}}, but only received {{A£\\|20,807}} of this after arbitration. With rails and other costs, the second section cost the Queensland Government {{A£\\|1,007,857}}; the most expensive line in Queensland.",
"The huge cost overrun on the second section, along with the financial depression of the early 1890s, delayed the Cairns Railway's extension to Herberton. The contract for section three (Myola to Granite Creek/[Mareeba](/wiki/Mareeba \"Mareeba\")) was awarded to Alexander McKenzie \\& Co. in early 1891 (Robb's tender failed) and this section was opened on 1 August 1893\\. A lack of funding meant that the line stopped at Mareeba for some time. It did not open to Atherton until 1903 and to Herberton until October 1910\\. By this time timber and agriculture, rather than tin, drove the railway's extension and the line was extended past Herberton. It opened to Tumoulin in July 1911 and finally to Cedar Creek ([Ravenshoe](/wiki/Ravenshoe%2C_Queensland \"Ravenshoe, Queensland\")) in December 1916\\. Meanwhile, a branch line from [Tolga](/wiki/Tolga%2C_Queensland \"Tolga, Queensland\") opened to [Yungaburra](/wiki/Yungaburra%2C_Queensland \"Yungaburra, Queensland\") in March 1910, to [Malanda](/wiki/Malanda%2C_Queensland \"Malanda, Queensland\") in December 1910, and to [Millaa Millaa](/wiki/Millaa_Millaa%2C_Queensland \"Millaa Millaa, Queensland\") in December 1921\\.\n[thumb\\|Kuranda railway station, 2015](/wiki/File:Kuranda_railway_station%2C_2015_%2802%29.JPG \"Kuranda railway station, 2015 (02).JPG\")",
""
] |
### Kuranda railway station
[thumb\|Kuranda railway station, 2007](/wiki/File:Kuranda_Railway_Station_01.jpg "Kuranda Railway Station 01.jpg")
[thumb\|Kuranda railway station, circa 1935](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_1238_Railway_Station_Kuranda_NQ_c_1935.png "Queensland State Archives 1238 Railway Station Kuranda NQ c 1935.png")
By 1891 Kuranda Station was the most important station on the second section. It had also become a tourist destination due to its proximity to the Barron Falls. Kuranda was surveyed in 1888 in anticipation of development which would accompany the arrival of the railway and the first station buildings were relocated from Kamerunga after services to the latter location ended in 1891\. The station master's house from Kamerunga was also moved to Kuranda, in 1908\. By 1913 Kuranda Station included (from north\-west to south\-east) the office, a separate refreshment room (operated by the proprietor of the Kuranda Hotel from 1894\), men's and women's toilets and a goods shed. Construction of the [Chillagoe](/wiki/Chillagoe%2C_Queensland "Chillagoe, Queensland") Company's private railway lines from Mareeba to Chillagoe and [Forsayth](/wiki/Forsayth%2C_Queensland "Forsayth, Queensland"), during 1898\-1901 and 1907\-1910 respectively, increased freight traffic through Kuranda, and tourist traffic was also increasing prior to [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").
[thumb\|Kuranda railway station, 2015](/wiki/File:Kuranda_railway_station%2C_2015_%2803%29.JPG "Kuranda railway station, 2015 (03).JPG")
A 1910 report had recommended a new station building at Kuranda on an island platform that could be made ornamental by planting trees. [Vincent](/wiki/Vincent%2C_Queensland "Vincent, Queensland") Price was in charge of the architectural section of the Railway Department's Chief Engineer's Office when the passenger station block, described by the Chief Engineer as "after the style of a Swiss Chalet, the idea being to make Kuranda a show station", was designed in 1911\. Modified plans were drawn in 1913–14, and included the main station building (with booking lobby, booking office, waiting shed, ladies' toilets, passage, refreshment room, kitchen, pantry, scullery and kitchen yard); a signal cabin; and a utilities block (with men's toilet, porter's room, store room, and lamp room). Each of these three buildings was constructed of precast concrete units, in a Federation style with a [Marseilles terracotta tile roof](/wiki/Marseilles_tile "Marseilles tile").
Expansion of the station began in 1913 and continued into 1915\. Changes involved the extension of the platform and yard, the signalling and interlocking of the station and the construction of a timber overbridge and new station buildings. The main station building was "nearing completion" by September 1914\. Its main spaces survive, although the former refreshment room and kitchen are now the gift shop and cafe, and the former kitchen yard is now a lean\-to extension.
One of the earliest stations to be built in Australia using standard precast concrete units, Kuranda is the second oldest remaining example of its type in Queensland. Two earlier examples at [Northgate](/wiki/Northgate%2C_Queensland "Northgate, Queensland") (1911–12\) and [Chelmer](/wiki/Chelmer%2C_Queensland "Chelmer, Queensland") (1913\) in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") have both been demolished, while another example opened at [Ascot](/wiki/Ascot%2C_Queensland "Ascot, Queensland") ([Eagle Farm Racecourse](/wiki/Eagle_Farm_Racecourse "Eagle Farm Racecourse")) in February 1914 survives. A luggage lift from the overbridge to the platform, installed in 1915, was demolished after 1939, but a new lift with a shed at its base has been built since 1994\.
The signal cabin included a fully interlocking McKenzie and Holland 37\-lever mechanical signal frame (still extant). Before railway "safeworking" systems were computerised and centralised in Queensland, mechanical signals were controlled from signal cabins, which dealt with the traffic on a particular block of railway line. Signal cabins coordinated signals that indicated whether or not a section of track was clear of other traffic. Early signals were mechanical, while later signals were operated electrically. The most common form of mechanical signal was the semaphore signal. These consisted of a metal framed tower with one or more arms that could be inclined at different angles, with the arm at the horizontal signalling "danger", or do not proceed. Examples of this form of signalling system survive at Kuranda Station. At night, lights were necessary, and kerosene lamps with movable coloured spectacles displayed different colours, including green (proceed), yellow (prepare to find next signal red), and red (stop).
To coordinate signals so that it is impossible to give a "clear" signal to a train unless the route is actually clear, the signals could be interlocked. An interlocked yard is a railway yard where semaphore or coloured light signals are controlled in such a way that the signals will not allow a train to proceed unless the points that operate in conjunction with the signals are correctly set. A mechanical interlocking device, located under a mechanical signal frame, is a system of rods, sliding bars and levers that are configured so that points cannot be changed in conflict, thus preventing movements that may cause a collision or other accident.
Although 169 Queensland railway stations had interlocking by 1918, mechanical interlocking technology eventually became obsolete, as electrical interlocking or electro\-pneumatic systems replaced it. Computerised Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) signalling systems now control most of the network.
As well as the station buildings, signals and interlocking, the station was beautified. The ornamental planting proposed in the 1910 scheme was developed by George Wreidt and Bert Wickham, both station masters at Kuranda. The tropical vegetation in the platform's gardens and under the platform shelters helped to soften the lines of the station, which first won the Northern Division of the Railways' Annual Garden Competition in 1915 and was so often the winner in subsequent years that it became folklore that Kuranda won every year.
By 1927 the station included a goods shed to the south\-east of the main platform, and a turntable at the north\-west end of the station. The current turntable is apparently smaller than the original, which was relocated to Port Douglas. Elements that were present in 1932 which no longer exist include a motor shed by the turntable, and signalman's, ganger's and waitresses' quarters to the south of the station near Arara Street.
Due to the position of the station at the top of the range climb the station played a key role in freight handling. Extra trains would usually run to Kuranda where their load was transferred, as trains operating west of Kuranda were able to haul double the load they could carry up the range.
As well as freight services, tourist trains ran to Kuranda, although the tourist service was not a formal part of the public timetable of the Queensland Railways until the 1960s. The tourist potential of the second section was recognised early on, with Cairns Alderman Macnamara in September 1887 calling it a great engineering feat, which "would prove a great attraction to tourists from all parts of the globe". In 1893 local representatives from the [Barron Divisional Board](/wiki/Barron_Divisional_Board "Barron Divisional Board") met with the Railway Commissioners to discuss a proposed viewing stop on the line for the Barron Falls.
The growth of tourism in Kuranda was linked to the popularity of the passenger services of the [Adelaide Steamship Company](/wiki/Adelaide_Steamship_Company "Adelaide Steamship Company"), the [Australian United Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Australian_United_Steam_Navigation_Company "Australian United Steam Navigation Company") and Australian Steamships ([Howard Smith Ltd](/wiki/Howard_Smith_Limited "Howard Smith Limited")). Travellers from Brisbane, [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") came to Cairns by ship until the opening of the rail line to Brisbane in 1924\. In the early 20th century Queensland Railways published a brochure called "Train Trips While the Steamer Waits" which urged tourists not to miss the unsurpassable natural beauty of the mountains, best seen by taking the train to Kuranda. Another early tourist booklet "The Glory of Kuranda" describes the station as the most picturesque in Queensland. In the late 1930s a "Grandstand Train" ran to Kuranda. This had special carriages with two rows of tiered seats both looking out the same side, through scenic windows.
Tourist travel stopped during the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). However, Kuranda was one of the busiest stations at this time handling freight for the many troops which were stationed on the Atherton Tablelands from early 1943 for rest, rehabilitation and training in a malaria\-free environment close to New Guinea. Traffic at this time was so great that the road from Cairns to Kuranda was constructed to relieve congestion.
Diesel\-electric locomotives were introduced onto the Cairns\-Kuranda railway in 1959, and tourism recovered after World War II, with a 100 percent increase in passengers between 1965 and 1975\. During the 1960s Kuranda became an alternative lifestyle centre, and the Sunday Markets which began in the late 1970s boosted tourism to the town and the railway station, as did the building of the [Skyrail Rainforest Cableway](/wiki/Skyrail_Rainforest_Cableway "Skyrail Rainforest Cableway") in the mid\-1990s. By 2003 some 500,000 people visited [Barron Gorge National Park](/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park "Barron Gorge National Park") each year via the [Kuranda Scenic Railway](/wiki/Kuranda_Scenic_Railway "Kuranda Scenic Railway"), often returning on the Skyrail.
The tiled roofs of the station buildings were replaced with plain iron sheet in 1961 which was in turn replaced by ribbed metal sheeting in 1989–90\. The southern section of the foot bridge was rebuilt in steel in 1990, and the northern section has since also been replaced in steel. The station master's house survives just to the northwest of the railway station, although its verandahs have been enclosed.
Over time, other stations between Redlynch and Myola have included Jungara, Stoney Creek, The Springs, Barron Falls, Hydro, and Fairyland. Only Redlynch, Stoney Creek, Barron Falls and Kuranda retain any built structures, and those at Barron Falls are modern.
|
[
"### Kuranda railway station",
"[thumb\\|Kuranda railway station, 2007](/wiki/File:Kuranda_Railway_Station_01.jpg \"Kuranda Railway Station 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Kuranda railway station, circa 1935](/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_1238_Railway_Station_Kuranda_NQ_c_1935.png \"Queensland State Archives 1238 Railway Station Kuranda NQ c 1935.png\")\nBy 1891 Kuranda Station was the most important station on the second section. It had also become a tourist destination due to its proximity to the Barron Falls. Kuranda was surveyed in 1888 in anticipation of development which would accompany the arrival of the railway and the first station buildings were relocated from Kamerunga after services to the latter location ended in 1891\\. The station master's house from Kamerunga was also moved to Kuranda, in 1908\\. By 1913 Kuranda Station included (from north\\-west to south\\-east) the office, a separate refreshment room (operated by the proprietor of the Kuranda Hotel from 1894\\), men's and women's toilets and a goods shed. Construction of the [Chillagoe](/wiki/Chillagoe%2C_Queensland \"Chillagoe, Queensland\") Company's private railway lines from Mareeba to Chillagoe and [Forsayth](/wiki/Forsayth%2C_Queensland \"Forsayth, Queensland\"), during 1898\\-1901 and 1907\\-1910 respectively, increased freight traffic through Kuranda, and tourist traffic was also increasing prior to [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").\n[thumb\\|Kuranda railway station, 2015](/wiki/File:Kuranda_railway_station%2C_2015_%2803%29.JPG \"Kuranda railway station, 2015 (03).JPG\")\nA 1910 report had recommended a new station building at Kuranda on an island platform that could be made ornamental by planting trees. [Vincent](/wiki/Vincent%2C_Queensland \"Vincent, Queensland\") Price was in charge of the architectural section of the Railway Department's Chief Engineer's Office when the passenger station block, described by the Chief Engineer as \"after the style of a Swiss Chalet, the idea being to make Kuranda a show station\", was designed in 1911\\. Modified plans were drawn in 1913–14, and included the main station building (with booking lobby, booking office, waiting shed, ladies' toilets, passage, refreshment room, kitchen, pantry, scullery and kitchen yard); a signal cabin; and a utilities block (with men's toilet, porter's room, store room, and lamp room). Each of these three buildings was constructed of precast concrete units, in a Federation style with a [Marseilles terracotta tile roof](/wiki/Marseilles_tile \"Marseilles tile\").",
"Expansion of the station began in 1913 and continued into 1915\\. Changes involved the extension of the platform and yard, the signalling and interlocking of the station and the construction of a timber overbridge and new station buildings. The main station building was \"nearing completion\" by September 1914\\. Its main spaces survive, although the former refreshment room and kitchen are now the gift shop and cafe, and the former kitchen yard is now a lean\\-to extension.",
"One of the earliest stations to be built in Australia using standard precast concrete units, Kuranda is the second oldest remaining example of its type in Queensland. Two earlier examples at [Northgate](/wiki/Northgate%2C_Queensland \"Northgate, Queensland\") (1911–12\\) and [Chelmer](/wiki/Chelmer%2C_Queensland \"Chelmer, Queensland\") (1913\\) in [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") have both been demolished, while another example opened at [Ascot](/wiki/Ascot%2C_Queensland \"Ascot, Queensland\") ([Eagle Farm Racecourse](/wiki/Eagle_Farm_Racecourse \"Eagle Farm Racecourse\")) in February 1914 survives. A luggage lift from the overbridge to the platform, installed in 1915, was demolished after 1939, but a new lift with a shed at its base has been built since 1994\\.",
"The signal cabin included a fully interlocking McKenzie and Holland 37\\-lever mechanical signal frame (still extant). Before railway \"safeworking\" systems were computerised and centralised in Queensland, mechanical signals were controlled from signal cabins, which dealt with the traffic on a particular block of railway line. Signal cabins coordinated signals that indicated whether or not a section of track was clear of other traffic. Early signals were mechanical, while later signals were operated electrically. The most common form of mechanical signal was the semaphore signal. These consisted of a metal framed tower with one or more arms that could be inclined at different angles, with the arm at the horizontal signalling \"danger\", or do not proceed. Examples of this form of signalling system survive at Kuranda Station. At night, lights were necessary, and kerosene lamps with movable coloured spectacles displayed different colours, including green (proceed), yellow (prepare to find next signal red), and red (stop).",
"To coordinate signals so that it is impossible to give a \"clear\" signal to a train unless the route is actually clear, the signals could be interlocked. An interlocked yard is a railway yard where semaphore or coloured light signals are controlled in such a way that the signals will not allow a train to proceed unless the points that operate in conjunction with the signals are correctly set. A mechanical interlocking device, located under a mechanical signal frame, is a system of rods, sliding bars and levers that are configured so that points cannot be changed in conflict, thus preventing movements that may cause a collision or other accident.",
"Although 169 Queensland railway stations had interlocking by 1918, mechanical interlocking technology eventually became obsolete, as electrical interlocking or electro\\-pneumatic systems replaced it. Computerised Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) signalling systems now control most of the network.",
"As well as the station buildings, signals and interlocking, the station was beautified. The ornamental planting proposed in the 1910 scheme was developed by George Wreidt and Bert Wickham, both station masters at Kuranda. The tropical vegetation in the platform's gardens and under the platform shelters helped to soften the lines of the station, which first won the Northern Division of the Railways' Annual Garden Competition in 1915 and was so often the winner in subsequent years that it became folklore that Kuranda won every year.",
"By 1927 the station included a goods shed to the south\\-east of the main platform, and a turntable at the north\\-west end of the station. The current turntable is apparently smaller than the original, which was relocated to Port Douglas. Elements that were present in 1932 which no longer exist include a motor shed by the turntable, and signalman's, ganger's and waitresses' quarters to the south of the station near Arara Street.",
"Due to the position of the station at the top of the range climb the station played a key role in freight handling. Extra trains would usually run to Kuranda where their load was transferred, as trains operating west of Kuranda were able to haul double the load they could carry up the range.",
"As well as freight services, tourist trains ran to Kuranda, although the tourist service was not a formal part of the public timetable of the Queensland Railways until the 1960s. The tourist potential of the second section was recognised early on, with Cairns Alderman Macnamara in September 1887 calling it a great engineering feat, which \"would prove a great attraction to tourists from all parts of the globe\". In 1893 local representatives from the [Barron Divisional Board](/wiki/Barron_Divisional_Board \"Barron Divisional Board\") met with the Railway Commissioners to discuss a proposed viewing stop on the line for the Barron Falls.",
"The growth of tourism in Kuranda was linked to the popularity of the passenger services of the [Adelaide Steamship Company](/wiki/Adelaide_Steamship_Company \"Adelaide Steamship Company\"), the [Australian United Steam Navigation Company](/wiki/Australian_United_Steam_Navigation_Company \"Australian United Steam Navigation Company\") and Australian Steamships ([Howard Smith Ltd](/wiki/Howard_Smith_Limited \"Howard Smith Limited\")). Travellers from Brisbane, [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") and [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") came to Cairns by ship until the opening of the rail line to Brisbane in 1924\\. In the early 20th century Queensland Railways published a brochure called \"Train Trips While the Steamer Waits\" which urged tourists not to miss the unsurpassable natural beauty of the mountains, best seen by taking the train to Kuranda. Another early tourist booklet \"The Glory of Kuranda\" describes the station as the most picturesque in Queensland. In the late 1930s a \"Grandstand Train\" ran to Kuranda. This had special carriages with two rows of tiered seats both looking out the same side, through scenic windows.",
"Tourist travel stopped during the [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). However, Kuranda was one of the busiest stations at this time handling freight for the many troops which were stationed on the Atherton Tablelands from early 1943 for rest, rehabilitation and training in a malaria\\-free environment close to New Guinea. Traffic at this time was so great that the road from Cairns to Kuranda was constructed to relieve congestion.",
"Diesel\\-electric locomotives were introduced onto the Cairns\\-Kuranda railway in 1959, and tourism recovered after World War II, with a 100 percent increase in passengers between 1965 and 1975\\. During the 1960s Kuranda became an alternative lifestyle centre, and the Sunday Markets which began in the late 1970s boosted tourism to the town and the railway station, as did the building of the [Skyrail Rainforest Cableway](/wiki/Skyrail_Rainforest_Cableway \"Skyrail Rainforest Cableway\") in the mid\\-1990s. By 2003 some 500,000 people visited [Barron Gorge National Park](/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park \"Barron Gorge National Park\") each year via the [Kuranda Scenic Railway](/wiki/Kuranda_Scenic_Railway \"Kuranda Scenic Railway\"), often returning on the Skyrail.",
"The tiled roofs of the station buildings were replaced with plain iron sheet in 1961 which was in turn replaced by ribbed metal sheeting in 1989–90\\. The southern section of the foot bridge was rebuilt in steel in 1990, and the northern section has since also been replaced in steel. The station master's house survives just to the northwest of the railway station, although its verandahs have been enclosed.",
"Over time, other stations between Redlynch and Myola have included Jungara, Stoney Creek, The Springs, Barron Falls, Hydro, and Fairyland. Only Redlynch, Stoney Creek, Barron Falls and Kuranda retain any built structures, and those at Barron Falls are modern.",
""
] |
### Stoney Creek railway station
At Stoney Creek Station, a gatehouse was erected in 1909\. By 1911 the complex included an open shelter shed with an enclosed office, plus a ladies' room with a curved roof to the east. By 1936 the complex consisted of the shelter shed; ladies' room; a water tank for steam trains, supplied from Stoney Creek Falls and a sand shed (west end of station); plus two fettler's camping quarters and a trolley and tool shed (either side of track, east end of station). Only the shelter shed, the water tank and the sand shed survive. The latter was once used to refill sandboxes on trains, which enabled dry sand to be dropped onto the tracks to assist traction. In the 1980s a telephone line and its poles were removed. The siding is used by QR maintenance gangs to wait for tourist trains to pass, and the shelter shed is used when it is raining. Exotic plantings in the station's gardens have being replaced by natives, in keeping with the National Park, although mature mango trees of heritage significance have been retained.
For many years, Stoney Creek was notable for its gardens of coloured tropical foliage. This site was always expected to have tourism value \- during construction, a piano was laboriously brought up the range to the Stoney Creek Hotel. The owner optimistically expected that future tourists would stay at his hotel to view the falls. The Kuranda Scenic Railway (running from Cairns to Kuranda) no longer stops at this station.
Since construction of the second section, the weather and geology have continued to impact on the line. There were landslides during 1894, 1896, 1904, 1909 and 1910, but the biggest disruption occurred in the summer of 1910–11\. Slips in December 1910 resulted in a tramway being built to bypass Tunnel 10, which was blocked on the Kuranda side, and the line was closed for 10 weeks. There were more slips and washouts in late March 1911, with interruptions to traffic until the end of April 1911\.
In 1939 {{convert\|18\|m}} of the Cairns end of Tunnel 14 required reinforcing, and the thinner concrete formwork is visible. There were also serious disruptions in March–April 1954 due to a landslide. The continued threat of rock falls and slips have meant that rock anchors have been deployed on boulders above the Stoney Creek Falls, and large barrier fences have been erected in places above the line.
The original rails were replaced in the 1990s, from {{convert\|60\|lb}} per {{convert\|1\|yard}}) weight, to {{convert\|41\|kg}} per {{convert\|1\|m}}. One in every four sleepers are now steel, with a one in two ratio on curves with a radius under {{convert\|120\|m}}. Some cuttings were also widened in the 1980s and 1990s. Most cuttings are in earth or rock, but some have concrete lining or stone pitching in parts. Some timber bridge components, such as the piles or headstocks of trestles, have been replaced by steel, or whole trestles have been replaced by concrete piers. There are a large number of small open concrete drains passing under the line. Early cast concrete pipes and culverts (not reinforced) along the line will be replaced with reinforced concrete pipes if the originals collapse.
|
[
"### Stoney Creek railway station",
"At Stoney Creek Station, a gatehouse was erected in 1909\\. By 1911 the complex included an open shelter shed with an enclosed office, plus a ladies' room with a curved roof to the east. By 1936 the complex consisted of the shelter shed; ladies' room; a water tank for steam trains, supplied from Stoney Creek Falls and a sand shed (west end of station); plus two fettler's camping quarters and a trolley and tool shed (either side of track, east end of station). Only the shelter shed, the water tank and the sand shed survive. The latter was once used to refill sandboxes on trains, which enabled dry sand to be dropped onto the tracks to assist traction. In the 1980s a telephone line and its poles were removed. The siding is used by QR maintenance gangs to wait for tourist trains to pass, and the shelter shed is used when it is raining. Exotic plantings in the station's gardens have being replaced by natives, in keeping with the National Park, although mature mango trees of heritage significance have been retained.",
"For many years, Stoney Creek was notable for its gardens of coloured tropical foliage. This site was always expected to have tourism value \\- during construction, a piano was laboriously brought up the range to the Stoney Creek Hotel. The owner optimistically expected that future tourists would stay at his hotel to view the falls. The Kuranda Scenic Railway (running from Cairns to Kuranda) no longer stops at this station.",
"Since construction of the second section, the weather and geology have continued to impact on the line. There were landslides during 1894, 1896, 1904, 1909 and 1910, but the biggest disruption occurred in the summer of 1910–11\\. Slips in December 1910 resulted in a tramway being built to bypass Tunnel 10, which was blocked on the Kuranda side, and the line was closed for 10 weeks. There were more slips and washouts in late March 1911, with interruptions to traffic until the end of April 1911\\.",
"In 1939 {{convert\\|18\\|m}} of the Cairns end of Tunnel 14 required reinforcing, and the thinner concrete formwork is visible. There were also serious disruptions in March–April 1954 due to a landslide. The continued threat of rock falls and slips have meant that rock anchors have been deployed on boulders above the Stoney Creek Falls, and large barrier fences have been erected in places above the line.",
"The original rails were replaced in the 1990s, from {{convert\\|60\\|lb}} per {{convert\\|1\\|yard}}) weight, to {{convert\\|41\\|kg}} per {{convert\\|1\\|m}}. One in every four sleepers are now steel, with a one in two ratio on curves with a radius under {{convert\\|120\\|m}}. Some cuttings were also widened in the 1980s and 1990s. Most cuttings are in earth or rock, but some have concrete lining or stone pitching in parts. Some timber bridge components, such as the piles or headstocks of trestles, have been replaced by steel, or whole trestles have been replaced by concrete piers. There are a large number of small open concrete drains passing under the line. Early cast concrete pipes and culverts (not reinforced) along the line will be replaced with reinforced concrete pipes if the originals collapse.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
The section of the Cairns Railway from Redlynch to Crooked Creek Bridge commences at Redlynch railway station, which is located to the north\-west of the Cairns CBD, at a distance of {{convert\|11\.6\|km}} by rail from Cairns Railway Station.
### Redlynch railway station
Redlynch railway station is located at the intersection of Kamerunga Road and Redlynch Intake Road. The main station building (unused in 2011\), north\-east of the intersection, is adjacent to Kamerunga Road and faces away from the road towards the railway line. The building is elevated on steel poles from street level to the level of the platform, and is rectangular, timber framed and chamferboard clad. Its gabled roof extends on the railway side to form a verandah, which has extra support in the form of steel pipe framing.
Inside, the walls are single skinned. The south\-west end of the building contains the office and the former goods room, with a small walled cubicle at the south\-west (goods room) end. The partition wall between the office and the goods room has been removed. There are two windows (one casement and one with timber louvres) at the south\-west end of the space, along with a door to the platform and a casement window to the south\-east (Kamerunga Road) elevation. The office space, which retains some timber counters, has a casement window and a modern sliding window on the south\-east side, two sash windows on the north\-west elevation, and a stable door and ticket window on the north\-east side, through to the waiting [shed](/wiki/Shed "Shed"). The waiting shed retains its bench seating, and has a glass\-louvre window to the south\-east elevation and a timber double folding door to the platform. North\-east of the waiting shed is the ladies toilet, with a doorway to the platform and a small glass louvre window to the south\-east. The remains of gardens, with concrete retaining walls to Kamerunga Road, are located south\- west of the station building.
Just north\-east of the station building is a separate men's toilet block, timber framed and clad with [chamferboard](/wiki/Chamferboard "Chamferboard"). It is elevated on concrete stumps and has a [skillion](/wiki/Mono-pitched_roof "Mono-pitched roof") roof. A doorway towards the platform is shielded by a corrugated iron clad entrance [porch](/wiki/Porch "Porch"), and there is a glass louvre window on the south\-east elevation.
North\-east of the station building and men's toilet block and north of the railway line, is an earth loading bank with a concrete retaining wall. To the south\-west of the station building, past the railway crossing, the western arm of a turning triangle survives, with modern buildings within the triangle. These modern buildings are not of cultural heritage significance.
From Redlynch Station, the railway line heads south past Jungara to Horseshoe Bend, before heading north along the eastern side of the Lamb Range and turning west into Stoney Creek Gorge. Between Redlynch and Stoney Creek Station there are 13 tunnels and 16 bridges. The first bridge (deck type) is located at a distance of {{convert\|12\.06\|km}} from Cairns. It uses timber girders on timber trestles (some trestle piles and headstocks have already been replaced with steel); this is the form used by the majority of timber bridges on the section, although some use single\-span timber girders between concrete abutments. A second timber bridge, with a concrete pier, exists at {{convert\|13\.05\|km}}. The site of Jungara Station is passed at {{convert\|13\.82\|km}}, with a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\|14\.77\|km}}, just before Horseshoe Bend, a {{convert\|5\|chain}} curve with a large earth embankment. There are two more timber trestle bridges at {{convert\|15\.31\|km}} and {{convert\|16\.55\|km}}, plus a single span timber girder bridge between concrete abutments at {{convert\|16\.95\|km}}, before reaching the first tunnel at {{convert\|17\.12\|km}}. Tunnel 1 is concrete lined (as are all the tunnels), straight and {{convert\|66\|m}} long. Tunnel 2, located at {{convert\|18\.42\|km}}, is straight with a left curve at the uphill end and {{convert\|76\|m}} long; while Tunnel 3 is at {{convert\|19\.11\|km}} (curve left, then straight, {{convert\|109\|m}}).
The bridge at {{convert\|19\.31\|km}} (Bridge 21\) is a deck\-type steel lattice girder bridge with timber trestles on the approach [spans](/wiki/Span_%28architecture%29 "Span (architecture)"), and [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron "Wrought iron") piers. It is immediately followed by Tunnel 4 at {{convert\|19\.39\|km}} (straight, {{convert\|93\|m}}). Tunnel 5 is located at {{convert\|19\.64\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\|92\|m}} long); Tunnel 6 at {{convert\|19\.91\|km}} (straight, {{convert\|111\|m}}); and Tunnel 7 at {{convert\|20\.06\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\|50\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge just before Tunnel 8, the latter being located at {{convert\|20\.25\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\|103\|m}}), and Tunnel 9 is at {{convert\|20\.53\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\|179\|m}}). There is a high embankment between tunnels 8 and 9\.
Travelling west along the southern side of the Stoney Creek Gorge, at {{convert\|20\.72\|km}} there is a second steel lattice girder bridge (Bridge 23\), with timber trestles on the approaches and two concrete piers, which is followed by two timber trestle bridges (the first also has one concrete pier) prior to Tunnel 10 at {{convert\|21\.06\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\|119\|m}}). Tunnel 11 is at {{convert\|21\.30\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\|83\|m}}), and is followed by two very small single span steel bridges over concrete drains at {{convert\|21\.58\|km}} and {{convert\|21\.60\|km}}. Kelly's Leap follows, where a modern rock fall barrier has been erected near an early open concrete drain. These are followed by timber trestle bridges at {{convert\|21\.76\|km}} and {{convert\|21\.92\|km}}, and then Tunnel 12 at {{convert\|22\.04\|km}} (curve right then straight, {{convert\|81\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\|22\.18\|km}}, followed by Tunnel 13 at {{convert\|22\.47\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\|88\|m}}).
### Stoney Creek railway station
Soon after Tunnel 13, Stoney Creek Station is reached, at {{convert\|22\.53\|km}}. Within a cutting a siding branches off the main line and runs parallel and to the south of the main line, rejoining at the west end of the station. A shelter shed with an enclosed office in its south\-east corner is located between the siding and the main line. The shed has an earth floor and a hipped roof, and the timber walls and posts are mounted on concrete wall and post bases. The timber framed walls of the office section are single skinned, and are clad with chamferboards. The office has open window frames on the south and west sides, a pivoting timber window to the east side and a timber door on the north side. The main open space of the shed has a single skinned timber wall (with a gap above the concrete wall base) on the south side, which has an open window frame.
South of the siding, at either end of the station, are large stone\-pitched open drains. At the west end of the station, uphill of where the siding rejoins the main line, is a water tower, with a sand shed to its west. The two\-tier cast iron square water tank stands on timber supports, with its disconnected jib lying underneath. The skillion\- roofed sand shed is clad in corrugated iron, with two doors at the front, and stands on concrete base walls.
### Stoney Creek bridge
Between Stoney Creek Station and Kuranda there are another two tunnels, and 22 bridges. After leaving Stoney Creek Station there is a steel lattice girder bridge (Bridge 29\) with wrought iron piers on concrete bases at {{convert\|22\.92\|km}}. This is followed by Stoney Creek Bridge (Bridge 30\) at {{convert\|23\.15\|km}}, with seven spans of steel lattice girders supported by wrought iron trestles on concrete footings. A concrete pier and two timber trestles support the uphill approach spans. This bridge has a total length of {{convert\|88\.4\|m}}, with a curved track.
After Stoney Creek Bridge the line proceeds north\-east along the northern side of the Stoney Creek Gorge, over two timber trestle bridges at {{convert\|23\.39\|and\|23\.78\|km}}, plus a single span timber bridge at {{convert\|23\.89\|km}} and a single span steel bridge at {{convert\|24\.54\|km}}, before entering Tunnel 14 at {{convert\|24\.69\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\|85\|m}}). Glacier Rock looms to the north of the line at this point. The line then passes the site of The Springs Station before cutting alongside The Red Bluff and entering the Barron Gorge. There is a single span steel bridge at {{convert\|25\.49\|km}}, and a modern footbridge over the line (Douglas Track) before two timber trestle bridges at 25\. km and {{convert\|25\.95\|km}}. By this point the line has turned to the north\-west.
Another timber trestle bridge is encountered at {{convert\|26\.27\|km}}, before Tunnel 15 at (in its middle) {{convert\|26\.55\|km}} (curve left, straight, curve right, straight, curve left, {{convert\|430\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\|26\.98\|km}}, followed by a timber bridge with a concrete pier at {{convert\|27\.55\|km}}. At {{convert\|27\.72\|km}} is a small steel deck\-type bridge using fishbelly plate girders (Bridge 42\) supported mid span by a concrete pier; this is followed by a single span steel bridge at {{convert\|27\.86\|km}} and two single span timber bridges at {{convert\|28\.22\|and\|28\.53\|km}}.
### Surprise Creek bridge
The Surprise Creek Bridge, at {{convert\|28\.7\|km}}, is a {{convert\|72\.54\|m}} long steel lattice girder bridge set on tall concrete piers at the head of a waterfall. The approach spans are pin jointed. This is followed by a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\|29\.16\|km}}, and then Christmas Creek Bridge at {{convert\|29\.23\|km}}. The sixth and final steel lattice girder bridge on the section, the Christmas Creek Bridge is {{convert\|39\.6\|m}} long, with wrought iron trestles.
The line continues north past Forwards Lookout and then passes Robb's Monument, a stone monolith east of the track. There is a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\|29\.93\|km}}, before Bridge 50 over Mervyn Creek at {{convert\|30\.18\|km}}, with steel girders on concrete piers. Barron Falls Station, between {{convert\|30\.65\|km}} and {{convert\|30\.82\|km}}, includes a modern platform, shelter shed and lookout over the Barron Falls, as well as a footbridge over the line at the south end of the station. The shelter shed has a similar timber roof frame to the shelter at Stoney Creek Station, although it uses steel posts. The line continues along the west bank of the Barron River past the site of Hydro Station, to Jumrum Creek Bridge at {{convert\|32\.54\|km}}. This bridge has timber trestles at each end, with a central span of steel broad flanged beams between concrete piers.
### Kuranda railway station
The line continues along the west bank of the Barron River to Kuranda Station, at {{convert\|33\.23\|km}}. The northernmost operating station in Queensland, Kuranda Station is aligned north\-west to south\-east, on the north\-east boundary of the town of Kuranda.
Built on a raised island platform (one track southwest of Platform 1, three tracks to the northeast of Platform 2\), the station consists of a number of detached buildings, the largest being the passenger station building.
The Federation style station building is a single storeyed rectangular structure with a hipped [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") roof. The building, centrally located on the island platform, has two cantilevered upswept [awnings](/wiki/Awnings "Awnings") with bullnose leading edges, supported on steel lattice [trusses](/wiki/Trusses "Trusses"), covering the adjacent platform areas. The roof has three metal Boyle's ventilators mounted along the ridge, with hipped [gables](/wiki/Gable "Gable") protruding from the slope to either side of each ventilator. The building houses a semi\-enclosed booking lobby at the northwest end, a station master's office, a waiting shed open to platforms 1 and 2, ladies toilets, a passage between platforms 1 and 2, and at the easternmost end a gift shop and cafe, with an attached kitchen in a lean\-to extension.
[thumb\|Kuranda Signal Cabin, 2011](/wiki/File:Kuranda_Signal_Cabin%2C_2011.jpg "Kuranda Signal Cabin, 2011.jpg")
Concrete walls to window sill height support the precast concrete planking above. The passenger station building, signal cabin and utilities block are all constructed using a precast concrete system consisting of reinforced concrete planks slotted horizontally into a concrete frame, supported on concrete walls. Their timber framed roofs are clad in ribbed metal sheeting.
Openings in the station building are fitted with timber framed doors and double hung windows. The ticket windows between the booking lobby and the office are of double hung casements with decorative steel [grilles](/wiki/Grille_%28architecture%29 "Grille (architecture)"). A crafted timber World War I Roll of Honour commemorating Kuranda School Past Pupils is located between the ticket windows. Entrances into the booking lobby, waiting shed and passage are ornamented with timber valances which form arches. Internal finishes in the station building are generally painted concrete walls, concrete floors and timber boarded ceilings. The building is enhanced by potted palms, ferns and hanging baskets of tropical rainforest plants.
Subsidiary structures located on the island platform south\-east of the main station building include: a modern shade structure (not of cultural heritage significance); a signal cabin; and a utilities block containing men's toilets, accessible toilet (former lamp room) and two store rooms.
The signal cabin is a small rectangular single\-roomed building with a timber\-framed gabled hipped roof. Timber casement windows are continuous on three elevations. On the north\-west elevation there is only a centrally positioned timber panelled door. The building has a suspended timber floor elevated above the platform level. Concrete walls to floor level support the concrete plank walls above. The single internal space has a painted timber ceiling and contains a McKenzie and Holland 37\-lever mechanical signal frame. Significant elements of the interlocked signalling system include the signal frame and its mechanism, plus all linkages, points, points indicators and signal towers located around the station yard.
The utilities block has double hung windows with concrete walls to sill height, with concrete planks above. The gabled hipped roof has a small hipped extension on the western corner over the entrance to the men's toilets.
North\-west of the station building is a steel\-framed pedestrian overbridge and a luggage lift, both replacements for the original items, which are not of cultural heritage significance. North\-west of the luggage lift is a 2005 stone cairn memorial to the building of the Kuranda Range Railway. A series of large garden beds continue along the platform to the north\-west. An old steel telephone pole is located near the overbridge, on the town side. The former station master's residence is located north\-west of the station platform, on the west side of the line. It is a timber building, clad in chamferboard with enclosed front and side verandahs and a hipped metal roof. A railway turntable is located further north\-west.
At the south\-east end of the main station platform is another garden. Further south\-east to the west of the line is a corrugated iron clad goods shed with a gabled roof. It stands on timber stumps, although its timber loading platform is supported on steel poles. Opposite the goods shed, east of the line, is a modern driver's quarters (not of cultural heritage significance). Further to the south\-east, east of the line, are located: an old steel carriage used for storage (not of cultural heritage significance); a skillion\-roofed three\-bay trolley shed (pre 1982\) clad in corrugated iron; plus a two\-lever ground frame with attached signals and points.
Four semaphore signal towers, which include kerosene lanterns with coloured lenses, are located south\-east of the station platform, including one at the south\-east elevation of the goods shed and a three arm tower near the trolley shed. There is another signal tower outside the station towards Cairns. There are also two semaphore towers north\-west of the station, including a second three arm tower.
### Crooked Creek bridge
On leaving Kuranda Station, the line continues to follow the Barron River, reaching the Crooked Creek Bridge at {{convert\|34\.75\|km}}. This consists of deck\-type steel plate girders, supported on a concrete pier with later steel piers near the abutments.
Modern features of no cultural heritage significance located at the railway stations and along the line between Redlynch and Crooked Creek Bridge include: modern QR buildings and [sheds](/wiki/Sheds "Sheds"); bitumen access points to rails for vehicles; modern fencing; weather stations; helipads; fire fighting water tanks; solar powered telecommunication units; rock fall barriers (large stones in mesh cages and large steel\-ring fences); rock anchors in high outcrops above Stoney Creek Bridge; modern footbridges over the line; and modern elements at Barron Falls Station.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"The section of the Cairns Railway from Redlynch to Crooked Creek Bridge commences at Redlynch railway station, which is located to the north\\-west of the Cairns CBD, at a distance of {{convert\\|11\\.6\\|km}} by rail from Cairns Railway Station.",
"### Redlynch railway station",
"Redlynch railway station is located at the intersection of Kamerunga Road and Redlynch Intake Road. The main station building (unused in 2011\\), north\\-east of the intersection, is adjacent to Kamerunga Road and faces away from the road towards the railway line. The building is elevated on steel poles from street level to the level of the platform, and is rectangular, timber framed and chamferboard clad. Its gabled roof extends on the railway side to form a verandah, which has extra support in the form of steel pipe framing.",
"Inside, the walls are single skinned. The south\\-west end of the building contains the office and the former goods room, with a small walled cubicle at the south\\-west (goods room) end. The partition wall between the office and the goods room has been removed. There are two windows (one casement and one with timber louvres) at the south\\-west end of the space, along with a door to the platform and a casement window to the south\\-east (Kamerunga Road) elevation. The office space, which retains some timber counters, has a casement window and a modern sliding window on the south\\-east side, two sash windows on the north\\-west elevation, and a stable door and ticket window on the north\\-east side, through to the waiting [shed](/wiki/Shed \"Shed\"). The waiting shed retains its bench seating, and has a glass\\-louvre window to the south\\-east elevation and a timber double folding door to the platform. North\\-east of the waiting shed is the ladies toilet, with a doorway to the platform and a small glass louvre window to the south\\-east. The remains of gardens, with concrete retaining walls to Kamerunga Road, are located south\\- west of the station building.",
"Just north\\-east of the station building is a separate men's toilet block, timber framed and clad with [chamferboard](/wiki/Chamferboard \"Chamferboard\"). It is elevated on concrete stumps and has a [skillion](/wiki/Mono-pitched_roof \"Mono-pitched roof\") roof. A doorway towards the platform is shielded by a corrugated iron clad entrance [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\"), and there is a glass louvre window on the south\\-east elevation.",
"North\\-east of the station building and men's toilet block and north of the railway line, is an earth loading bank with a concrete retaining wall. To the south\\-west of the station building, past the railway crossing, the western arm of a turning triangle survives, with modern buildings within the triangle. These modern buildings are not of cultural heritage significance.",
"From Redlynch Station, the railway line heads south past Jungara to Horseshoe Bend, before heading north along the eastern side of the Lamb Range and turning west into Stoney Creek Gorge. Between Redlynch and Stoney Creek Station there are 13 tunnels and 16 bridges. The first bridge (deck type) is located at a distance of {{convert\\|12\\.06\\|km}} from Cairns. It uses timber girders on timber trestles (some trestle piles and headstocks have already been replaced with steel); this is the form used by the majority of timber bridges on the section, although some use single\\-span timber girders between concrete abutments. A second timber bridge, with a concrete pier, exists at {{convert\\|13\\.05\\|km}}. The site of Jungara Station is passed at {{convert\\|13\\.82\\|km}}, with a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\\|14\\.77\\|km}}, just before Horseshoe Bend, a {{convert\\|5\\|chain}} curve with a large earth embankment. There are two more timber trestle bridges at {{convert\\|15\\.31\\|km}} and {{convert\\|16\\.55\\|km}}, plus a single span timber girder bridge between concrete abutments at {{convert\\|16\\.95\\|km}}, before reaching the first tunnel at {{convert\\|17\\.12\\|km}}. Tunnel 1 is concrete lined (as are all the tunnels), straight and {{convert\\|66\\|m}} long. Tunnel 2, located at {{convert\\|18\\.42\\|km}}, is straight with a left curve at the uphill end and {{convert\\|76\\|m}} long; while Tunnel 3 is at {{convert\\|19\\.11\\|km}} (curve left, then straight, {{convert\\|109\\|m}}).",
"The bridge at {{convert\\|19\\.31\\|km}} (Bridge 21\\) is a deck\\-type steel lattice girder bridge with timber trestles on the approach [spans](/wiki/Span_%28architecture%29 \"Span (architecture)\"), and [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron \"Wrought iron\") piers. It is immediately followed by Tunnel 4 at {{convert\\|19\\.39\\|km}} (straight, {{convert\\|93\\|m}}). Tunnel 5 is located at {{convert\\|19\\.64\\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\\|92\\|m}} long); Tunnel 6 at {{convert\\|19\\.91\\|km}} (straight, {{convert\\|111\\|m}}); and Tunnel 7 at {{convert\\|20\\.06\\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\\|50\\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge just before Tunnel 8, the latter being located at {{convert\\|20\\.25\\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\\|103\\|m}}), and Tunnel 9 is at {{convert\\|20\\.53\\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\\|179\\|m}}). There is a high embankment between tunnels 8 and 9\\.",
"Travelling west along the southern side of the Stoney Creek Gorge, at {{convert\\|20\\.72\\|km}} there is a second steel lattice girder bridge (Bridge 23\\), with timber trestles on the approaches and two concrete piers, which is followed by two timber trestle bridges (the first also has one concrete pier) prior to Tunnel 10 at {{convert\\|21\\.06\\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\\|119\\|m}}). Tunnel 11 is at {{convert\\|21\\.30\\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\\|83\\|m}}), and is followed by two very small single span steel bridges over concrete drains at {{convert\\|21\\.58\\|km}} and {{convert\\|21\\.60\\|km}}. Kelly's Leap follows, where a modern rock fall barrier has been erected near an early open concrete drain. These are followed by timber trestle bridges at {{convert\\|21\\.76\\|km}} and {{convert\\|21\\.92\\|km}}, and then Tunnel 12 at {{convert\\|22\\.04\\|km}} (curve right then straight, {{convert\\|81\\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\\|22\\.18\\|km}}, followed by Tunnel 13 at {{convert\\|22\\.47\\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\\|88\\|m}}).",
"### Stoney Creek railway station",
"Soon after Tunnel 13, Stoney Creek Station is reached, at {{convert\\|22\\.53\\|km}}. Within a cutting a siding branches off the main line and runs parallel and to the south of the main line, rejoining at the west end of the station. A shelter shed with an enclosed office in its south\\-east corner is located between the siding and the main line. The shed has an earth floor and a hipped roof, and the timber walls and posts are mounted on concrete wall and post bases. The timber framed walls of the office section are single skinned, and are clad with chamferboards. The office has open window frames on the south and west sides, a pivoting timber window to the east side and a timber door on the north side. The main open space of the shed has a single skinned timber wall (with a gap above the concrete wall base) on the south side, which has an open window frame.",
"South of the siding, at either end of the station, are large stone\\-pitched open drains. At the west end of the station, uphill of where the siding rejoins the main line, is a water tower, with a sand shed to its west. The two\\-tier cast iron square water tank stands on timber supports, with its disconnected jib lying underneath. The skillion\\- roofed sand shed is clad in corrugated iron, with two doors at the front, and stands on concrete base walls.",
"### Stoney Creek bridge",
"Between Stoney Creek Station and Kuranda there are another two tunnels, and 22 bridges. After leaving Stoney Creek Station there is a steel lattice girder bridge (Bridge 29\\) with wrought iron piers on concrete bases at {{convert\\|22\\.92\\|km}}. This is followed by Stoney Creek Bridge (Bridge 30\\) at {{convert\\|23\\.15\\|km}}, with seven spans of steel lattice girders supported by wrought iron trestles on concrete footings. A concrete pier and two timber trestles support the uphill approach spans. This bridge has a total length of {{convert\\|88\\.4\\|m}}, with a curved track.",
"After Stoney Creek Bridge the line proceeds north\\-east along the northern side of the Stoney Creek Gorge, over two timber trestle bridges at {{convert\\|23\\.39\\|and\\|23\\.78\\|km}}, plus a single span timber bridge at {{convert\\|23\\.89\\|km}} and a single span steel bridge at {{convert\\|24\\.54\\|km}}, before entering Tunnel 14 at {{convert\\|24\\.69\\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\\|85\\|m}}). Glacier Rock looms to the north of the line at this point. The line then passes the site of The Springs Station before cutting alongside The Red Bluff and entering the Barron Gorge. There is a single span steel bridge at {{convert\\|25\\.49\\|km}}, and a modern footbridge over the line (Douglas Track) before two timber trestle bridges at 25\\. km and {{convert\\|25\\.95\\|km}}. By this point the line has turned to the north\\-west.",
"Another timber trestle bridge is encountered at {{convert\\|26\\.27\\|km}}, before Tunnel 15 at (in its middle) {{convert\\|26\\.55\\|km}} (curve left, straight, curve right, straight, curve left, {{convert\\|430\\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\\|26\\.98\\|km}}, followed by a timber bridge with a concrete pier at {{convert\\|27\\.55\\|km}}. At {{convert\\|27\\.72\\|km}} is a small steel deck\\-type bridge using fishbelly plate girders (Bridge 42\\) supported mid span by a concrete pier; this is followed by a single span steel bridge at {{convert\\|27\\.86\\|km}} and two single span timber bridges at {{convert\\|28\\.22\\|and\\|28\\.53\\|km}}.",
"### Surprise Creek bridge",
"The Surprise Creek Bridge, at {{convert\\|28\\.7\\|km}}, is a {{convert\\|72\\.54\\|m}} long steel lattice girder bridge set on tall concrete piers at the head of a waterfall. The approach spans are pin jointed. This is followed by a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\\|29\\.16\\|km}}, and then Christmas Creek Bridge at {{convert\\|29\\.23\\|km}}. The sixth and final steel lattice girder bridge on the section, the Christmas Creek Bridge is {{convert\\|39\\.6\\|m}} long, with wrought iron trestles.",
"The line continues north past Forwards Lookout and then passes Robb's Monument, a stone monolith east of the track. There is a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\\|29\\.93\\|km}}, before Bridge 50 over Mervyn Creek at {{convert\\|30\\.18\\|km}}, with steel girders on concrete piers. Barron Falls Station, between {{convert\\|30\\.65\\|km}} and {{convert\\|30\\.82\\|km}}, includes a modern platform, shelter shed and lookout over the Barron Falls, as well as a footbridge over the line at the south end of the station. The shelter shed has a similar timber roof frame to the shelter at Stoney Creek Station, although it uses steel posts. The line continues along the west bank of the Barron River past the site of Hydro Station, to Jumrum Creek Bridge at {{convert\\|32\\.54\\|km}}. This bridge has timber trestles at each end, with a central span of steel broad flanged beams between concrete piers.",
"### Kuranda railway station",
"The line continues along the west bank of the Barron River to Kuranda Station, at {{convert\\|33\\.23\\|km}}. The northernmost operating station in Queensland, Kuranda Station is aligned north\\-west to south\\-east, on the north\\-east boundary of the town of Kuranda.",
"Built on a raised island platform (one track southwest of Platform 1, three tracks to the northeast of Platform 2\\), the station consists of a number of detached buildings, the largest being the passenger station building.",
"The Federation style station building is a single storeyed rectangular structure with a hipped [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") roof. The building, centrally located on the island platform, has two cantilevered upswept [awnings](/wiki/Awnings \"Awnings\") with bullnose leading edges, supported on steel lattice [trusses](/wiki/Trusses \"Trusses\"), covering the adjacent platform areas. The roof has three metal Boyle's ventilators mounted along the ridge, with hipped [gables](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") protruding from the slope to either side of each ventilator. The building houses a semi\\-enclosed booking lobby at the northwest end, a station master's office, a waiting shed open to platforms 1 and 2, ladies toilets, a passage between platforms 1 and 2, and at the easternmost end a gift shop and cafe, with an attached kitchen in a lean\\-to extension.\n[thumb\\|Kuranda Signal Cabin, 2011](/wiki/File:Kuranda_Signal_Cabin%2C_2011.jpg \"Kuranda Signal Cabin, 2011.jpg\")\nConcrete walls to window sill height support the precast concrete planking above. The passenger station building, signal cabin and utilities block are all constructed using a precast concrete system consisting of reinforced concrete planks slotted horizontally into a concrete frame, supported on concrete walls. Their timber framed roofs are clad in ribbed metal sheeting.",
"Openings in the station building are fitted with timber framed doors and double hung windows. The ticket windows between the booking lobby and the office are of double hung casements with decorative steel [grilles](/wiki/Grille_%28architecture%29 \"Grille (architecture)\"). A crafted timber World War I Roll of Honour commemorating Kuranda School Past Pupils is located between the ticket windows. Entrances into the booking lobby, waiting shed and passage are ornamented with timber valances which form arches. Internal finishes in the station building are generally painted concrete walls, concrete floors and timber boarded ceilings. The building is enhanced by potted palms, ferns and hanging baskets of tropical rainforest plants.",
"Subsidiary structures located on the island platform south\\-east of the main station building include: a modern shade structure (not of cultural heritage significance); a signal cabin; and a utilities block containing men's toilets, accessible toilet (former lamp room) and two store rooms.",
"The signal cabin is a small rectangular single\\-roomed building with a timber\\-framed gabled hipped roof. Timber casement windows are continuous on three elevations. On the north\\-west elevation there is only a centrally positioned timber panelled door. The building has a suspended timber floor elevated above the platform level. Concrete walls to floor level support the concrete plank walls above. The single internal space has a painted timber ceiling and contains a McKenzie and Holland 37\\-lever mechanical signal frame. Significant elements of the interlocked signalling system include the signal frame and its mechanism, plus all linkages, points, points indicators and signal towers located around the station yard.",
"The utilities block has double hung windows with concrete walls to sill height, with concrete planks above. The gabled hipped roof has a small hipped extension on the western corner over the entrance to the men's toilets.",
"North\\-west of the station building is a steel\\-framed pedestrian overbridge and a luggage lift, both replacements for the original items, which are not of cultural heritage significance. North\\-west of the luggage lift is a 2005 stone cairn memorial to the building of the Kuranda Range Railway. A series of large garden beds continue along the platform to the north\\-west. An old steel telephone pole is located near the overbridge, on the town side. The former station master's residence is located north\\-west of the station platform, on the west side of the line. It is a timber building, clad in chamferboard with enclosed front and side verandahs and a hipped metal roof. A railway turntable is located further north\\-west.",
"At the south\\-east end of the main station platform is another garden. Further south\\-east to the west of the line is a corrugated iron clad goods shed with a gabled roof. It stands on timber stumps, although its timber loading platform is supported on steel poles. Opposite the goods shed, east of the line, is a modern driver's quarters (not of cultural heritage significance). Further to the south\\-east, east of the line, are located: an old steel carriage used for storage (not of cultural heritage significance); a skillion\\-roofed three\\-bay trolley shed (pre 1982\\) clad in corrugated iron; plus a two\\-lever ground frame with attached signals and points.",
"Four semaphore signal towers, which include kerosene lanterns with coloured lenses, are located south\\-east of the station platform, including one at the south\\-east elevation of the goods shed and a three arm tower near the trolley shed. There is another signal tower outside the station towards Cairns. There are also two semaphore towers north\\-west of the station, including a second three arm tower.",
"### Crooked Creek bridge",
"On leaving Kuranda Station, the line continues to follow the Barron River, reaching the Crooked Creek Bridge at {{convert\\|34\\.75\\|km}}. This consists of deck\\-type steel plate girders, supported on a concrete pier with later steel piers near the abutments.",
"Modern features of no cultural heritage significance located at the railway stations and along the line between Redlynch and Crooked Creek Bridge include: modern QR buildings and [sheds](/wiki/Sheds \"Sheds\"); bitumen access points to rails for vehicles; modern fencing; weather stations; helipads; fire fighting water tanks; solar powered telecommunication units; rock fall barriers (large stones in mesh cages and large steel\\-ring fences); rock anchors in high outcrops above Stoney Creek Bridge; modern footbridges over the line; and modern elements at Barron Falls Station.",
""
] |
### Redlynch railway station
Redlynch railway station is located at the intersection of Kamerunga Road and Redlynch Intake Road. The main station building (unused in 2011\), north\-east of the intersection, is adjacent to Kamerunga Road and faces away from the road towards the railway line. The building is elevated on steel poles from street level to the level of the platform, and is rectangular, timber framed and chamferboard clad. Its gabled roof extends on the railway side to form a verandah, which has extra support in the form of steel pipe framing.
Inside, the walls are single skinned. The south\-west end of the building contains the office and the former goods room, with a small walled cubicle at the south\-west (goods room) end. The partition wall between the office and the goods room has been removed. There are two windows (one casement and one with timber louvres) at the south\-west end of the space, along with a door to the platform and a casement window to the south\-east (Kamerunga Road) elevation. The office space, which retains some timber counters, has a casement window and a modern sliding window on the south\-east side, two sash windows on the north\-west elevation, and a stable door and ticket window on the north\-east side, through to the waiting [shed](/wiki/Shed "Shed"). The waiting shed retains its bench seating, and has a glass\-louvre window to the south\-east elevation and a timber double folding door to the platform. North\-east of the waiting shed is the ladies toilet, with a doorway to the platform and a small glass louvre window to the south\-east. The remains of gardens, with concrete retaining walls to Kamerunga Road, are located south\- west of the station building.
Just north\-east of the station building is a separate men's toilet block, timber framed and clad with [chamferboard](/wiki/Chamferboard "Chamferboard"). It is elevated on concrete stumps and has a [skillion](/wiki/Mono-pitched_roof "Mono-pitched roof") roof. A doorway towards the platform is shielded by a corrugated iron clad entrance [porch](/wiki/Porch "Porch"), and there is a glass louvre window on the south\-east elevation.
North\-east of the station building and men's toilet block and north of the railway line, is an earth loading bank with a concrete retaining wall. To the south\-west of the station building, past the railway crossing, the western arm of a turning triangle survives, with modern buildings within the triangle. These modern buildings are not of cultural heritage significance.
From Redlynch Station, the railway line heads south past Jungara to Horseshoe Bend, before heading north along the eastern side of the Lamb Range and turning west into Stoney Creek Gorge. Between Redlynch and Stoney Creek Station there are 13 tunnels and 16 bridges. The first bridge (deck type) is located at a distance of {{convert\|12\.06\|km}} from Cairns. It uses timber girders on timber trestles (some trestle piles and headstocks have already been replaced with steel); this is the form used by the majority of timber bridges on the section, although some use single\-span timber girders between concrete abutments. A second timber bridge, with a concrete pier, exists at {{convert\|13\.05\|km}}. The site of Jungara Station is passed at {{convert\|13\.82\|km}}, with a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\|14\.77\|km}}, just before Horseshoe Bend, a {{convert\|5\|chain}} curve with a large earth embankment. There are two more timber trestle bridges at {{convert\|15\.31\|km}} and {{convert\|16\.55\|km}}, plus a single span timber girder bridge between concrete abutments at {{convert\|16\.95\|km}}, before reaching the first tunnel at {{convert\|17\.12\|km}}. Tunnel 1 is concrete lined (as are all the tunnels), straight and {{convert\|66\|m}} long. Tunnel 2, located at {{convert\|18\.42\|km}}, is straight with a left curve at the uphill end and {{convert\|76\|m}} long; while Tunnel 3 is at {{convert\|19\.11\|km}} (curve left, then straight, {{convert\|109\|m}}).
The bridge at {{convert\|19\.31\|km}} (Bridge 21\) is a deck\-type steel lattice girder bridge with timber trestles on the approach [spans](/wiki/Span_%28architecture%29 "Span (architecture)"), and [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron "Wrought iron") piers. It is immediately followed by Tunnel 4 at {{convert\|19\.39\|km}} (straight, {{convert\|93\|m}}). Tunnel 5 is located at {{convert\|19\.64\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\|92\|m}} long); Tunnel 6 at {{convert\|19\.91\|km}} (straight, {{convert\|111\|m}}); and Tunnel 7 at {{convert\|20\.06\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\|50\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge just before Tunnel 8, the latter being located at {{convert\|20\.25\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\|103\|m}}), and Tunnel 9 is at {{convert\|20\.53\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\|179\|m}}). There is a high embankment between tunnels 8 and 9\.
Travelling west along the southern side of the Stoney Creek Gorge, at {{convert\|20\.72\|km}} there is a second steel lattice girder bridge (Bridge 23\), with timber trestles on the approaches and two concrete piers, which is followed by two timber trestle bridges (the first also has one concrete pier) prior to Tunnel 10 at {{convert\|21\.06\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\|119\|m}}). Tunnel 11 is at {{convert\|21\.30\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\|83\|m}}), and is followed by two very small single span steel bridges over concrete drains at {{convert\|21\.58\|km}} and {{convert\|21\.60\|km}}. Kelly's Leap follows, where a modern rock fall barrier has been erected near an early open concrete drain. These are followed by timber trestle bridges at {{convert\|21\.76\|km}} and {{convert\|21\.92\|km}}, and then Tunnel 12 at {{convert\|22\.04\|km}} (curve right then straight, {{convert\|81\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\|22\.18\|km}}, followed by Tunnel 13 at {{convert\|22\.47\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\|88\|m}}).
|
[
"### Redlynch railway station",
"Redlynch railway station is located at the intersection of Kamerunga Road and Redlynch Intake Road. The main station building (unused in 2011\\), north\\-east of the intersection, is adjacent to Kamerunga Road and faces away from the road towards the railway line. The building is elevated on steel poles from street level to the level of the platform, and is rectangular, timber framed and chamferboard clad. Its gabled roof extends on the railway side to form a verandah, which has extra support in the form of steel pipe framing.",
"Inside, the walls are single skinned. The south\\-west end of the building contains the office and the former goods room, with a small walled cubicle at the south\\-west (goods room) end. The partition wall between the office and the goods room has been removed. There are two windows (one casement and one with timber louvres) at the south\\-west end of the space, along with a door to the platform and a casement window to the south\\-east (Kamerunga Road) elevation. The office space, which retains some timber counters, has a casement window and a modern sliding window on the south\\-east side, two sash windows on the north\\-west elevation, and a stable door and ticket window on the north\\-east side, through to the waiting [shed](/wiki/Shed \"Shed\"). The waiting shed retains its bench seating, and has a glass\\-louvre window to the south\\-east elevation and a timber double folding door to the platform. North\\-east of the waiting shed is the ladies toilet, with a doorway to the platform and a small glass louvre window to the south\\-east. The remains of gardens, with concrete retaining walls to Kamerunga Road, are located south\\- west of the station building.",
"Just north\\-east of the station building is a separate men's toilet block, timber framed and clad with [chamferboard](/wiki/Chamferboard \"Chamferboard\"). It is elevated on concrete stumps and has a [skillion](/wiki/Mono-pitched_roof \"Mono-pitched roof\") roof. A doorway towards the platform is shielded by a corrugated iron clad entrance [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\"), and there is a glass louvre window on the south\\-east elevation.",
"North\\-east of the station building and men's toilet block and north of the railway line, is an earth loading bank with a concrete retaining wall. To the south\\-west of the station building, past the railway crossing, the western arm of a turning triangle survives, with modern buildings within the triangle. These modern buildings are not of cultural heritage significance.",
"From Redlynch Station, the railway line heads south past Jungara to Horseshoe Bend, before heading north along the eastern side of the Lamb Range and turning west into Stoney Creek Gorge. Between Redlynch and Stoney Creek Station there are 13 tunnels and 16 bridges. The first bridge (deck type) is located at a distance of {{convert\\|12\\.06\\|km}} from Cairns. It uses timber girders on timber trestles (some trestle piles and headstocks have already been replaced with steel); this is the form used by the majority of timber bridges on the section, although some use single\\-span timber girders between concrete abutments. A second timber bridge, with a concrete pier, exists at {{convert\\|13\\.05\\|km}}. The site of Jungara Station is passed at {{convert\\|13\\.82\\|km}}, with a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\\|14\\.77\\|km}}, just before Horseshoe Bend, a {{convert\\|5\\|chain}} curve with a large earth embankment. There are two more timber trestle bridges at {{convert\\|15\\.31\\|km}} and {{convert\\|16\\.55\\|km}}, plus a single span timber girder bridge between concrete abutments at {{convert\\|16\\.95\\|km}}, before reaching the first tunnel at {{convert\\|17\\.12\\|km}}. Tunnel 1 is concrete lined (as are all the tunnels), straight and {{convert\\|66\\|m}} long. Tunnel 2, located at {{convert\\|18\\.42\\|km}}, is straight with a left curve at the uphill end and {{convert\\|76\\|m}} long; while Tunnel 3 is at {{convert\\|19\\.11\\|km}} (curve left, then straight, {{convert\\|109\\|m}}).",
"The bridge at {{convert\\|19\\.31\\|km}} (Bridge 21\\) is a deck\\-type steel lattice girder bridge with timber trestles on the approach [spans](/wiki/Span_%28architecture%29 \"Span (architecture)\"), and [wrought iron](/wiki/Wrought_iron \"Wrought iron\") piers. It is immediately followed by Tunnel 4 at {{convert\\|19\\.39\\|km}} (straight, {{convert\\|93\\|m}}). Tunnel 5 is located at {{convert\\|19\\.64\\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\\|92\\|m}} long); Tunnel 6 at {{convert\\|19\\.91\\|km}} (straight, {{convert\\|111\\|m}}); and Tunnel 7 at {{convert\\|20\\.06\\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\\|50\\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge just before Tunnel 8, the latter being located at {{convert\\|20\\.25\\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\\|103\\|m}}), and Tunnel 9 is at {{convert\\|20\\.53\\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\\|179\\|m}}). There is a high embankment between tunnels 8 and 9\\.",
"Travelling west along the southern side of the Stoney Creek Gorge, at {{convert\\|20\\.72\\|km}} there is a second steel lattice girder bridge (Bridge 23\\), with timber trestles on the approaches and two concrete piers, which is followed by two timber trestle bridges (the first also has one concrete pier) prior to Tunnel 10 at {{convert\\|21\\.06\\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\\|119\\|m}}). Tunnel 11 is at {{convert\\|21\\.30\\|km}} (curve left, {{convert\\|83\\|m}}), and is followed by two very small single span steel bridges over concrete drains at {{convert\\|21\\.58\\|km}} and {{convert\\|21\\.60\\|km}}. Kelly's Leap follows, where a modern rock fall barrier has been erected near an early open concrete drain. These are followed by timber trestle bridges at {{convert\\|21\\.76\\|km}} and {{convert\\|21\\.92\\|km}}, and then Tunnel 12 at {{convert\\|22\\.04\\|km}} (curve right then straight, {{convert\\|81\\|m}}). There is a timber trestle bridge at {{convert\\|22\\.18\\|km}}, followed by Tunnel 13 at {{convert\\|22\\.47\\|km}} (straight then curve left, {{convert\\|88\\|m}}).",
""
] |
### Kuranda railway station
The line continues along the west bank of the Barron River to Kuranda Station, at {{convert\|33\.23\|km}}. The northernmost operating station in Queensland, Kuranda Station is aligned north\-west to south\-east, on the north\-east boundary of the town of Kuranda.
Built on a raised island platform (one track southwest of Platform 1, three tracks to the northeast of Platform 2\), the station consists of a number of detached buildings, the largest being the passenger station building.
The Federation style station building is a single storeyed rectangular structure with a hipped [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable") roof. The building, centrally located on the island platform, has two cantilevered upswept [awnings](/wiki/Awnings "Awnings") with bullnose leading edges, supported on steel lattice [trusses](/wiki/Trusses "Trusses"), covering the adjacent platform areas. The roof has three metal Boyle's ventilators mounted along the ridge, with hipped [gables](/wiki/Gable "Gable") protruding from the slope to either side of each ventilator. The building houses a semi\-enclosed booking lobby at the northwest end, a station master's office, a waiting shed open to platforms 1 and 2, ladies toilets, a passage between platforms 1 and 2, and at the easternmost end a gift shop and cafe, with an attached kitchen in a lean\-to extension.
[thumb\|Kuranda Signal Cabin, 2011](/wiki/File:Kuranda_Signal_Cabin%2C_2011.jpg "Kuranda Signal Cabin, 2011.jpg")
Concrete walls to window sill height support the precast concrete planking above. The passenger station building, signal cabin and utilities block are all constructed using a precast concrete system consisting of reinforced concrete planks slotted horizontally into a concrete frame, supported on concrete walls. Their timber framed roofs are clad in ribbed metal sheeting.
Openings in the station building are fitted with timber framed doors and double hung windows. The ticket windows between the booking lobby and the office are of double hung casements with decorative steel [grilles](/wiki/Grille_%28architecture%29 "Grille (architecture)"). A crafted timber World War I Roll of Honour commemorating Kuranda School Past Pupils is located between the ticket windows. Entrances into the booking lobby, waiting shed and passage are ornamented with timber valances which form arches. Internal finishes in the station building are generally painted concrete walls, concrete floors and timber boarded ceilings. The building is enhanced by potted palms, ferns and hanging baskets of tropical rainforest plants.
Subsidiary structures located on the island platform south\-east of the main station building include: a modern shade structure (not of cultural heritage significance); a signal cabin; and a utilities block containing men's toilets, accessible toilet (former lamp room) and two store rooms.
The signal cabin is a small rectangular single\-roomed building with a timber\-framed gabled hipped roof. Timber casement windows are continuous on three elevations. On the north\-west elevation there is only a centrally positioned timber panelled door. The building has a suspended timber floor elevated above the platform level. Concrete walls to floor level support the concrete plank walls above. The single internal space has a painted timber ceiling and contains a McKenzie and Holland 37\-lever mechanical signal frame. Significant elements of the interlocked signalling system include the signal frame and its mechanism, plus all linkages, points, points indicators and signal towers located around the station yard.
The utilities block has double hung windows with concrete walls to sill height, with concrete planks above. The gabled hipped roof has a small hipped extension on the western corner over the entrance to the men's toilets.
North\-west of the station building is a steel\-framed pedestrian overbridge and a luggage lift, both replacements for the original items, which are not of cultural heritage significance. North\-west of the luggage lift is a 2005 stone cairn memorial to the building of the Kuranda Range Railway. A series of large garden beds continue along the platform to the north\-west. An old steel telephone pole is located near the overbridge, on the town side. The former station master's residence is located north\-west of the station platform, on the west side of the line. It is a timber building, clad in chamferboard with enclosed front and side verandahs and a hipped metal roof. A railway turntable is located further north\-west.
At the south\-east end of the main station platform is another garden. Further south\-east to the west of the line is a corrugated iron clad goods shed with a gabled roof. It stands on timber stumps, although its timber loading platform is supported on steel poles. Opposite the goods shed, east of the line, is a modern driver's quarters (not of cultural heritage significance). Further to the south\-east, east of the line, are located: an old steel carriage used for storage (not of cultural heritage significance); a skillion\-roofed three\-bay trolley shed (pre 1982\) clad in corrugated iron; plus a two\-lever ground frame with attached signals and points.
Four semaphore signal towers, which include kerosene lanterns with coloured lenses, are located south\-east of the station platform, including one at the south\-east elevation of the goods shed and a three arm tower near the trolley shed. There is another signal tower outside the station towards Cairns. There are also two semaphore towers north\-west of the station, including a second three arm tower.
|
[
"### Kuranda railway station",
"The line continues along the west bank of the Barron River to Kuranda Station, at {{convert\\|33\\.23\\|km}}. The northernmost operating station in Queensland, Kuranda Station is aligned north\\-west to south\\-east, on the north\\-east boundary of the town of Kuranda.",
"Built on a raised island platform (one track southwest of Platform 1, three tracks to the northeast of Platform 2\\), the station consists of a number of detached buildings, the largest being the passenger station building.",
"The Federation style station building is a single storeyed rectangular structure with a hipped [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") roof. The building, centrally located on the island platform, has two cantilevered upswept [awnings](/wiki/Awnings \"Awnings\") with bullnose leading edges, supported on steel lattice [trusses](/wiki/Trusses \"Trusses\"), covering the adjacent platform areas. The roof has three metal Boyle's ventilators mounted along the ridge, with hipped [gables](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") protruding from the slope to either side of each ventilator. The building houses a semi\\-enclosed booking lobby at the northwest end, a station master's office, a waiting shed open to platforms 1 and 2, ladies toilets, a passage between platforms 1 and 2, and at the easternmost end a gift shop and cafe, with an attached kitchen in a lean\\-to extension.\n[thumb\\|Kuranda Signal Cabin, 2011](/wiki/File:Kuranda_Signal_Cabin%2C_2011.jpg \"Kuranda Signal Cabin, 2011.jpg\")\nConcrete walls to window sill height support the precast concrete planking above. The passenger station building, signal cabin and utilities block are all constructed using a precast concrete system consisting of reinforced concrete planks slotted horizontally into a concrete frame, supported on concrete walls. Their timber framed roofs are clad in ribbed metal sheeting.",
"Openings in the station building are fitted with timber framed doors and double hung windows. The ticket windows between the booking lobby and the office are of double hung casements with decorative steel [grilles](/wiki/Grille_%28architecture%29 \"Grille (architecture)\"). A crafted timber World War I Roll of Honour commemorating Kuranda School Past Pupils is located between the ticket windows. Entrances into the booking lobby, waiting shed and passage are ornamented with timber valances which form arches. Internal finishes in the station building are generally painted concrete walls, concrete floors and timber boarded ceilings. The building is enhanced by potted palms, ferns and hanging baskets of tropical rainforest plants.",
"Subsidiary structures located on the island platform south\\-east of the main station building include: a modern shade structure (not of cultural heritage significance); a signal cabin; and a utilities block containing men's toilets, accessible toilet (former lamp room) and two store rooms.",
"The signal cabin is a small rectangular single\\-roomed building with a timber\\-framed gabled hipped roof. Timber casement windows are continuous on three elevations. On the north\\-west elevation there is only a centrally positioned timber panelled door. The building has a suspended timber floor elevated above the platform level. Concrete walls to floor level support the concrete plank walls above. The single internal space has a painted timber ceiling and contains a McKenzie and Holland 37\\-lever mechanical signal frame. Significant elements of the interlocked signalling system include the signal frame and its mechanism, plus all linkages, points, points indicators and signal towers located around the station yard.",
"The utilities block has double hung windows with concrete walls to sill height, with concrete planks above. The gabled hipped roof has a small hipped extension on the western corner over the entrance to the men's toilets.",
"North\\-west of the station building is a steel\\-framed pedestrian overbridge and a luggage lift, both replacements for the original items, which are not of cultural heritage significance. North\\-west of the luggage lift is a 2005 stone cairn memorial to the building of the Kuranda Range Railway. A series of large garden beds continue along the platform to the north\\-west. An old steel telephone pole is located near the overbridge, on the town side. The former station master's residence is located north\\-west of the station platform, on the west side of the line. It is a timber building, clad in chamferboard with enclosed front and side verandahs and a hipped metal roof. A railway turntable is located further north\\-west.",
"At the south\\-east end of the main station platform is another garden. Further south\\-east to the west of the line is a corrugated iron clad goods shed with a gabled roof. It stands on timber stumps, although its timber loading platform is supported on steel poles. Opposite the goods shed, east of the line, is a modern driver's quarters (not of cultural heritage significance). Further to the south\\-east, east of the line, are located: an old steel carriage used for storage (not of cultural heritage significance); a skillion\\-roofed three\\-bay trolley shed (pre 1982\\) clad in corrugated iron; plus a two\\-lever ground frame with attached signals and points.",
"Four semaphore signal towers, which include kerosene lanterns with coloured lenses, are located south\\-east of the station platform, including one at the south\\-east elevation of the goods shed and a three arm tower near the trolley shed. There is another signal tower outside the station towards Cairns. There are also two semaphore towers north\\-west of the station, including a second three arm tower.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
The section from Redlynch to Crooked Creek Bridge on the Cairns railway was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**
The portion of the Cairns Railway between Redlynch and Crooked Creek Bridge was built 1887\-91 as part of a railway to the tin\-mining town of Herberton. The railway's ascent of the coastal range demonstrates the Queensland Government's policy of building railways from ports to inland mining centres to promote economic growth.
The Cairns Railway is closely associated with the economic development of Cairns and the surrounding region. As a result of its selection as Herberton's port, Cairns became the largest town in Far North Queensland. Although the railway did not reach Herberton until 1910, the ascent of the range facilitated timber getting and then farming on the Atherton Tableland.
The place is also closely associated with the development of tourism in Far North Queensland. From 1891 the second section of the Cairns Railway facilitated visits to Stoney Creek Falls and the Barron Falls, and Stoney Creek Station and Kuranda Station became important stops for visitors. The township of Kuranda and Kuranda Railway Station remain major tourist attractions.
Redlynch Railway Station is significant as it contains early infrastructure located at the end of the first section of the Cairns Railway (built 1886–1887\), and is the start of the ascent to Kuranda.
**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**
Kuranda Railway Station includes three early (c.1914\) surviving Queensland examples of pre\-cast concrete railway station buildings, and has one of the few mechanically interlocked signal cabins still commissioned in Queensland. The complex is also a rare surviving resort station, comparable with those at [Spring Bluff](/wiki/Spring_Bluff%2C_Queensland "Spring Bluff, Queensland") ([Main Range Railway](/wiki/Main_Range_Railway "Main Range Railway")) and [Yeppoon railway station](/wiki/Yeppoon_railway_station "Yeppoon railway station").
Stoney Creek Station has a rare combination of scenic beauty and evidence of its past role as a service point for steam trains climbing the coastal range. The water tank provides rare surviving evidence of the age of steam trains in Queensland, and the sand shed is also rare.
The design of the curved, steel lattice girder Stoney Creek Bridge is unique in Queensland's railways. It and Christmas Creek Bridge are also the only two Queensland railway bridges constructed with wrought iron trestles.
Bridge 42 employs reused fishbelly plate cross\-girders as its main span members, which is rare.
Surprise Creek Bridge is one of a small group of bridges extant in Queensland with pin jointed spans.
Christmas Creek Bridge is a rare example using both lattice girder and lattice truss span members.
**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.**
The sites of former camps and townships within the railway reserve between Redlynch and Crooked Creek Bridge have the archaeological potential to reveal information on the organisation and domestic life of 1880s railway camps in Queensland.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a railway range crossing, incorporating 15 tunnels, 15 steel bridges and 24 timber bridges. The line's tight curves, embankments, cuttings, culverts and drains are also characteristic of the engineering techniques needed to traverse steep, unstable terrain. The culverts and drains are vital in a tropical climate with a high rainfall.
Kuranda Railway Station is an intact station complex and is an excellent example of the work of the architectural section of the Railway Department's Chief Engineer's Office under Vincent Price.
The main elements of Kuranda Station which contribute to an understanding of how the complex functioned include the concrete main station building, its platform and garden beds; the concrete male toilet block; the concrete signal cabin with its associated mechanical signal frame, linkages, semaphore signal towers, points, and points indicators; the goods shed; the trolley shed; the Station Master's residence; and the turntable.
Stoney Creek Bridge has remained substantially unchanged since it was built and is an important example of large metal truss bridges, which played an important role in creating the Queensland rail transport network.
The plate girder main spans of Crooked Creek Bridge are the oldest of their type still in use in Queensland, being a reuse of girders from an original 1867 bridge on the Main Range (Ipswich to Toowoomba line).
**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**
The train trip through the Barron Falls National Park is a highly popular tourist attraction, due to the rugged beauty of the terrain, the many bridges and tunnels, and the views from the railway.
Stoney Creek Station is a location of scenic beauty where day trippers once stopped to view Stoney Creek Falls and Stoney Creek Bridge. The latter is one of the most photographed railway bridges in Australia due to its remarkable location across a deep ravine with a waterfall backdrop. Photographs of the falls and the bridge have featured in railway advertising over many decades.
Kuranda Railway Station is renowned for its dramatic setting, established gardens and showpiece station buildings. Harmoniously combined, these elements create a picturesque aesthetic effect.
**The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.**
The ascent to a height of {{convert\|327\.7\|m}} at Barron Falls Station is an outstanding engineering achievement in a tropical environment, cut through unstable and rugged terrain. It demonstrates the nature of the challenge surmounted by John Robb, his workers and government engineers such as Willoughby Hannam and John Gwynneth. There were numerous deviations to the surveyed line during construction, and the railway utilises cuttings, embankments, tight curves, and multiple bridges, tunnels, culverts and drains.
The place contains the largest collection of late nineteenth century tunnels and timber and metal span bridges of any other section of railway in Queensland of comparable length.
Stoney Creek Bridge is a spectacular feat of civil engineering, with an {{convert\|80\|m}} radius curve, mounted on wrought iron trestles, passing in front of a waterfall. It is of technical significance for its degree of complexity on a difficult site.
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
The train trip from Cairns to Kuranda, in particular the ascent past Redlynch, is a socially significant scenic railway attracting thousands of local, national and international visitors each year.
Stoney Creek Bridge and its accompanying waterfall has been an attraction for tourists visiting north Queensland since the 1890s, while Kuranda Railway Station is one of Australia's most popular tourist destinations and is known worldwide.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"The section from Redlynch to Crooked Creek Bridge on the Cairns railway was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**",
"The portion of the Cairns Railway between Redlynch and Crooked Creek Bridge was built 1887\\-91 as part of a railway to the tin\\-mining town of Herberton. The railway's ascent of the coastal range demonstrates the Queensland Government's policy of building railways from ports to inland mining centres to promote economic growth.",
"The Cairns Railway is closely associated with the economic development of Cairns and the surrounding region. As a result of its selection as Herberton's port, Cairns became the largest town in Far North Queensland. Although the railway did not reach Herberton until 1910, the ascent of the range facilitated timber getting and then farming on the Atherton Tableland.",
"The place is also closely associated with the development of tourism in Far North Queensland. From 1891 the second section of the Cairns Railway facilitated visits to Stoney Creek Falls and the Barron Falls, and Stoney Creek Station and Kuranda Station became important stops for visitors. The township of Kuranda and Kuranda Railway Station remain major tourist attractions.",
"Redlynch Railway Station is significant as it contains early infrastructure located at the end of the first section of the Cairns Railway (built 1886–1887\\), and is the start of the ascent to Kuranda.",
"**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**",
"Kuranda Railway Station includes three early (c.1914\\) surviving Queensland examples of pre\\-cast concrete railway station buildings, and has one of the few mechanically interlocked signal cabins still commissioned in Queensland. The complex is also a rare surviving resort station, comparable with those at [Spring Bluff](/wiki/Spring_Bluff%2C_Queensland \"Spring Bluff, Queensland\") ([Main Range Railway](/wiki/Main_Range_Railway \"Main Range Railway\")) and [Yeppoon railway station](/wiki/Yeppoon_railway_station \"Yeppoon railway station\").",
"Stoney Creek Station has a rare combination of scenic beauty and evidence of its past role as a service point for steam trains climbing the coastal range. The water tank provides rare surviving evidence of the age of steam trains in Queensland, and the sand shed is also rare.",
"The design of the curved, steel lattice girder Stoney Creek Bridge is unique in Queensland's railways. It and Christmas Creek Bridge are also the only two Queensland railway bridges constructed with wrought iron trestles.",
"Bridge 42 employs reused fishbelly plate cross\\-girders as its main span members, which is rare.",
"Surprise Creek Bridge is one of a small group of bridges extant in Queensland with pin jointed spans.",
"Christmas Creek Bridge is a rare example using both lattice girder and lattice truss span members.",
"**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.**",
"The sites of former camps and townships within the railway reserve between Redlynch and Crooked Creek Bridge have the archaeological potential to reveal information on the organisation and domestic life of 1880s railway camps in Queensland.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**",
"The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a railway range crossing, incorporating 15 tunnels, 15 steel bridges and 24 timber bridges. The line's tight curves, embankments, cuttings, culverts and drains are also characteristic of the engineering techniques needed to traverse steep, unstable terrain. The culverts and drains are vital in a tropical climate with a high rainfall.",
"Kuranda Railway Station is an intact station complex and is an excellent example of the work of the architectural section of the Railway Department's Chief Engineer's Office under Vincent Price.",
"The main elements of Kuranda Station which contribute to an understanding of how the complex functioned include the concrete main station building, its platform and garden beds; the concrete male toilet block; the concrete signal cabin with its associated mechanical signal frame, linkages, semaphore signal towers, points, and points indicators; the goods shed; the trolley shed; the Station Master's residence; and the turntable.",
"Stoney Creek Bridge has remained substantially unchanged since it was built and is an important example of large metal truss bridges, which played an important role in creating the Queensland rail transport network.",
"The plate girder main spans of Crooked Creek Bridge are the oldest of their type still in use in Queensland, being a reuse of girders from an original 1867 bridge on the Main Range (Ipswich to Toowoomba line).",
"**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**",
"The train trip through the Barron Falls National Park is a highly popular tourist attraction, due to the rugged beauty of the terrain, the many bridges and tunnels, and the views from the railway.",
"Stoney Creek Station is a location of scenic beauty where day trippers once stopped to view Stoney Creek Falls and Stoney Creek Bridge. The latter is one of the most photographed railway bridges in Australia due to its remarkable location across a deep ravine with a waterfall backdrop. Photographs of the falls and the bridge have featured in railway advertising over many decades.",
"Kuranda Railway Station is renowned for its dramatic setting, established gardens and showpiece station buildings. Harmoniously combined, these elements create a picturesque aesthetic effect.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.**",
"The ascent to a height of {{convert\\|327\\.7\\|m}} at Barron Falls Station is an outstanding engineering achievement in a tropical environment, cut through unstable and rugged terrain. It demonstrates the nature of the challenge surmounted by John Robb, his workers and government engineers such as Willoughby Hannam and John Gwynneth. There were numerous deviations to the surveyed line during construction, and the railway utilises cuttings, embankments, tight curves, and multiple bridges, tunnels, culverts and drains.",
"The place contains the largest collection of late nineteenth century tunnels and timber and metal span bridges of any other section of railway in Queensland of comparable length.",
"Stoney Creek Bridge is a spectacular feat of civil engineering, with an {{convert\\|80\\|m}} radius curve, mounted on wrought iron trestles, passing in front of a waterfall. It is of technical significance for its degree of complexity on a difficult site.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"The train trip from Cairns to Kuranda, in particular the ascent past Redlynch, is a socially significant scenic railway attracting thousands of local, national and international visitors each year.",
"Stoney Creek Bridge and its accompanying waterfall has been an attraction for tourists visiting north Queensland since the 1890s, while Kuranda Railway Station is one of Australia's most popular tourist destinations and is known worldwide.",
""
] |
History
-------
Bowen Park is a {{convert\|1\.774\|ha}} remnant of a parcel of land of almost {{convert\|40\|acre}} bordered by O'Connell Terrace, Bowen Bridge Road, [Gregory Terrace](/wiki/Gregory_Terrace "Gregory Terrace") and Brooke Street. The park is important for its survival and continued use since 1863 as a park for public pleasure in inner\-city [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), an area under pressure to accommodate increased urban development and consolidation. The [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government "Queensland Government") granted land to the [Queensland Acclimatisation Society](/wiki/Queensland_Acclimatisation_Society "Queensland Acclimatisation Society") (QAS) in two parcels in 1863 and 1866, this site was then well out of town on the edge of development and had been worked as a brickfield. Part of this land lay along the watercourse of [York's Hollow](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Brisbane "Victoria Park, Brisbane") and the remainder was remnant bushland and brickworks. The site was not ideal for establishing a garden, the soil being of poor quality and rocky in parts, and required substantial reclamation work to form the gardens.
The society named the Gardens after [George Bowen](/wiki/Sir_George_Ferguson_Bowen "Sir George Ferguson Bowen"), the [Governor of Queensland](/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland "Governor of Queensland") and their patron. Over the years parts of the land were progressively leased, sold and resumed for other purposes, resulting in only {{convert\|17,740\|m2}} remaining by 1955 in the north\-western corner of the original site (on the corner of O'Connell Terrace and Bowen Bridge Road).
The Bowen Park of 1862 consisted of a series of clay holes and rough bush with a wretched bush track leading from the city across the [Fortitude Valley](/wiki/Fortitude_Valley%2C_Queensland "Fortitude Valley, Queensland"). The area became an attractive and popular recreational venue from 1863 when the QAS established its gardens which extended from the creek to Bowen Bridge Road. The gardens were named Bowen Park, Acclimatisation Society Gardens in honour of the first [Governor of Queensland](/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland "Governor of Queensland") and initial patron of the QAS, Sir George Ferguson Bowen, who was active in the establishment of the QAS.
The QAS was formed in 1862 and was most active during its first thirty years introducing, testing, propagating and distributing new plant materials. From its gardens in Bowen Park, it played an important role in commercial agriculture in Queensland and introduced or trialed many crops including mango trees, ginger plants, sugar cane, olive trees and choko vines. There was also some experimental work with specialty crops including cocaine. The Society played an important role in the development of civic and domestic landscapes in Queensland through its concern with ornamental and garden trees and shrubs. From Bowen Park, the Society provided plants to towns, churches and cemeteries. The society also organised educational meetings on botanical subjects. Whereas the Acclimatisation Societies in New South Wales and Victoria placed a considerable emphasis on animals, the QAS focussed on plants though at various times deer, llamas, rabbits, Chinese sheep, Angora goats, pheasants, partridges and a variety of songbirds were on show at Bowen Park.
It is not clear how the QAS used all parts of their land holding but it appears that the main display gardens visited by the public were on the northern and lower parts of their land. The northern portion is within the surviving remnant. The QAS used the site to grow and propagate plants and seeds obtained from other parts of the colony and around the world. They built an office and boardroom, bush\-house and glasshouse and established an orchard and formed gardens with ornamental plants. Their plantings were extensive and by 1871 the gardens were recognised as a place of public instruction and recreation. William Soutter was overseer at Bowen Park from 1885 it 1898\. Known for his scientific experimentation, horticultural skill and design sense, he was instrumental in Bowen Park achieving a reputation as both an experimental and a recreational/display garden.
The other major botanical garden in Brisbane was the [Brisbane City Botanical Gardens](/wiki/Brisbane_City_Botanical_Gardens "Brisbane City Botanical Gardens") (BCBG) established in 1855\. Both gardens shared common botanical interests but differed considerably in arrangement and visual character. Both were places for public use and enjoyment. The QAS Gardens were considered to eclipse the BCBG and English nurseryman, James Veitch, in 1880 claimed that the QAS Gardens contained the best collection of tropical trees outside the tropics. An early catalogue indicates an equal diversity of plants in the two gardens. At BCBG the design incorporated simple straight pathways, uninterrupted lines of single species of plants and elements of a gardenesque design approach which featured individual plants. In contrast, the character of the QAS Gardens was that of a picturesque and exuberant tropical garden. The many decorative features in the QAS Gardens vied with the special plantings for attention.
These decorative elements included a four\-metre high coral\-stone grotto\-like ornamental fountain encrusted with shells, ferns and lichen, four pieces of neo\-classical statuary (the four seasons), a gift from [Joseph Oppenheimer](/wiki/Joseph_Oppenheimer "Joseph Oppenheimer") {{Cite news \|date\=1874\-04\-18 \|title\=Acclimatisation Society. \|work\=Queenslander \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article18330453 \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-20 \|archive\-date\=20 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090001/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18330453 \|url\-status\=live }} urns and various planting pots, several giant clam shells; all complemented by complex carpet bedding displays on and around a quatrefoil\-shaped island within a lagoon with a bamboo grove backdrop. The dense, exuberant Victorian planting was massed in shrubberies and borders interspersed with winding paths creating a wild woodland cum exotic jungle ambience.
[thumb\|Whale bone archway entrance to the Acclimatisation Gardens at Bowen Park, circa 1880\|left](/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_Acclimatisation_Gardens_at_Bowen_Park%2C_Brisbane%2C_circa_1880.jpg "Entrance to the Acclimatisation Gardens at Bowen Park, Brisbane, circa 1880.jpg")
In August 1872, an {{Convert\|84\|ft\|adj\=on}} long black whale was found stranded on Woody Island in [Hervey Bay](/wiki/Hervey_Bay_%28Queensland%29 "Hervey Bay (Queensland)"). It was the largest whale ever seen in the area. Although the original plan was to tow the whale carcass to [Maryborough](/wiki/Maryborough%2C_Queensland "Maryborough, Queensland") to extract the whale oil, it was decided that extract the oil from the whale at Woody Island and the ship *Effie* set forth from Maryborough with men and barrels for the job. The boiling\-down of the whale yielded {{Convert\|1500\|impgal}} of oil. The Queensland Government requested that the skeleton be preserved to be kept as a scientific specimen.{{cite news \|date\=10 August 1872 \|title\=THE LATE BOILER EXPLOSION. \|page\=2 \|newspaper\=\[\[Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser]] \|issue\=1250 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article148331735 \|accessdate\=20 August 2022 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=20 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090049/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148331735 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|date\=13 August 1872 \|title\=(From the Courier.) \|page\=2 \|newspaper\=\[\[Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser]] \|issue\=1251 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article148330544 \|accessdate\=20 August 2022 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=20 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090031/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148330544 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|date\=24 August 1872 \|title\=LATEST TELEGRAMS. \|page\=2 \|newspaper\=\[\[Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser]] \|issue\=1256 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article148331548 \|accessdate\=20 August 2022 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=20 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090011/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148331548 \|url\-status\=live }} Some of the whale bones were donated to the acclimatization society in January 1887\.{{cite news \|date\=22 January 1887 \|title\=Acclimatisation Society. \|volume\=XXXI \|page\=139 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Queenslander]] \|issue\=591 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article19922321 \|accessdate\=20 August 2022 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=20 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090012/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/19922321 \|url\-status\=live }} The [jawbones](/wiki/Jawbones "Jawbones") were used to create a archway for the entrance to Bowen Park; it was {{Convert\|22\|ft}} high.{{cite news \|date\=12 July 1901 \|title\=Bowen Park \|volume\=II \|page\=17 \|newspaper\=\[\[Queensland Country Life]] \|issue\=17 \|location\=Queensland, Australia \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article101453219 \|accessdate\=20 August 2022 \|via\=National Library of Australia \|archive\-date\=20 August 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090008/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/101453219 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-11\-26 \|title\=Whalebone arch at Bowen Park \|url\=https://queenslandhistory.org/2020/11/whalebone\-arch\-at\-bowen\-park/ \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-20 \|website\=The Royal Historical Society of Queensland \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=12 March 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312161553/https://queenslandhistory.org/2020/11/whalebone\-arch\-at\-bowen\-park/ \|url\-status\=live }}
The [Queensland National Agricultural an Industrial Association](/wiki/Queensland_National_Agricultural_and_Industrial_Association "Queensland National Agricultural and Industrial Association") was formed in 1875 and {{convert\|17\|acre}} of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society's land was leased to the National Association as a venue for exhibitions. In 1876 this exhibition area was fenced off, the first exhibition building erected and the first [Intercolonial Exhibition](/wiki/Intercolonial_Exhibition "Intercolonial Exhibition") was staged.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ekka.com.au/about\-ekka/history.aspx\|title\=History\|publisher\=Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland\|accessdate\=26 June 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527110607/http://ekka.com.au/about\-ekka/history.aspx\|archive\-date\=27 May 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} In 1881, {{convert\|12\|acre}} were resumed from the Society's holding to construct the railway line from Brisbane to [Sandgate](/wiki/Sandgate%2C_Queensland "Sandgate, Queensland"). From 1879 {{convert\|23\|acre}} of land from the QAS holding was leased to the National Association for fifty years for use as an exhibition ground.
As the National Association continued with its annual exhibition (now known informally as the [Ekka](/wiki/Ekka "Ekka")), the QAS diminished. The former continued to acquire land until the QAS held only {{convert\|4\|acre}}. During its most vigorous period many prominent Queensland pastoralists, professional and business people were members of the QAS. As commercial plant nurseries grew and as a range of other public enterprises in horticulture and agriculture were established support for the QAS declined. The [1890s depression](/wiki/1890s_depression_in_Australia "1890s depression in Australia") affected the maintenance of the QAS Gardens and many plants were sold or transferred to the BCBG.
Relations between the National Association and the QAS were not harmonious and their dealings were hampered by distrust and jealousy. The National Association had become the more important organisation with a considerable annual turnover and reluctantly remained a tenant of the QAS. These difficulties were resolved by the passage of the National Association and Acclimatisation Society Act of 1890 under which the Queensland Government resumed the land occupied by the National Association from the QAS and granted it to the Association. By 1906, the QAS was relocating its operations to [Lawnton](/wiki/Lawnton%2C_Queensland "Lawnton, Queensland") on the [North Pine River](/wiki/North_Pine_River "North Pine River") and the Brisbane Municipal Council held the former Acclimatisation Gardens as a reserve for a public park under the Acclimatisation Act of 1907\.
By 1914 the QAS had removed its diminished operations to depots at Lawnton and [Wellington Point](/wiki/Wellington_Point%2C_Queensland "Wellington Point, Queensland"). The [Brisbane Municipal Council](/wiki/Brisbane_Municipal_Council "Brisbane Municipal Council") purchased the Society's remaining holding in Bowen Park and officially opened the gardens as a public recreational reserve on 11 June 1914\. The Council regarded Bowen Park as both a public park for pleasure and recreation and as a nursery for their parks and reserves. Under the supervision of the Council's first Parks Superintendent, Henry Moore, substantial works and improvements were undertaken, including the erection of a bandstand rotunda, introduction of a water service, repair of the glass house and bush house, filling in of the lagoon and construction of new entrance gates. Landscaping work was undertaken including the establishment of eighteen flower beds, five of which formed a rondel around a palm tree on the southern sloping. A number of rose beds were planted out and four statues that had been part of the Acclimatisation Society gardens' fountain were relocated in open lawns. A cottage was erected on O'Connell Terrace for the Council's chauffeur and in 1915 the public toilets on the Bowen Bridge Road boundary were constructed. The path configuration was consolidated during this period of work with secondary paths to the Bowen Bridge Road edge added later under Oakman.
From 1930 to 1950 further parcels of land were sold to the now Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association (RNA) and in 1940 the widening of Bowen Bridge Road reclaimed a further {{convert\|13\.3\|sqperch}}. There was considerable opposition to attempts by the RNA to claim more land from Bowen Park during the 1950s but {{convert\|8\.9\|sqperch}} was reclaimed for the wood chopping stadium in 1955\.
Between 1950 and 1959 Harry Oakman, Parks Superintendent for Brisbane City Council, oversaw changes to the park,
During 1950 to 1959, Harry Oakman, Parks Superintendent for [Brisbane City Council](/wiki/Brisbane_City_Council "Brisbane City Council"), prepared a plan for additional works in Bowen Park, including the addition of paths and drinking fountains, and the redesign of garden beds. His intention was to present colourful patterned displays on the lawns to passing traffic and tram passengers and to patients and staff in the [Royal Brisbane Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Brisbane_Hospital "Royal Brisbane Hospital") (across Bowen Bridge Road). He retained most of the major trees planted during 1914\-1917 and those remaining from the QAS period including fig trees ([Ficus benjamina](/wiki/Ficus_benjamina "Ficus benjamina")) in the centre, bunya ([Araucaria bidwilli](/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii "Araucaria bidwillii")), hoop ([Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii "Araucaria cunninghamii")) and Cook ([Araucaria columnaris](/wiki/Araucaria_columnaris "Araucaria columnaris")) pines, phoenix palm (Phoenix sp), an English oak ([Quercus robus](/wiki/Quercus_robusta "Quercus robusta")), a rubber tree ([Ficus elastica](/wiki/Ficus_elastica "Ficus elastica")), frangipanis ([Plumeria obtusa](/wiki/Plumeria_obtusa "Plumeria obtusa")) and poincianas ([Delonix regia](/wiki/Delonix_regia "Delonix regia")). He replaced the circular flower beds on the southern sloping lawn with decorative shaped colourful beds. On the cleared northern terrace he planted a large circular arrangement of flower beds surrounded by a hedge. He added paths and modified the Bowen Bridge Road edge to include extensive flower beds. A drinking fountain was included at the south entrance off Bowen Bridge Road. His plant vocabulary included [acalyphas](/wiki/Acalypha_wilkesiana "Acalypha wilkesiana"), [crotons](/wiki/Crotons "Crotons"), [plumbago](/wiki/Plumbago "Plumbago"), [belerperone](/wiki/Justicia_brandegeeana "Justicia brandegeeana") and [ginger](/wiki/Ginger "Ginger") \- plants used in many of his Brisbane park designs.
Since 1960 the Brisbane City Council park management has maintained the park structure and layout of paths and retained the trees. Many display beds for annuals have been removed. The large round bedding display in the north section has been removed and perennials planted in the central beds. The edge of the Park to Bowen Bridge Road has been altered with road widenings and the addition of a tram shelter (c.1920s) and bus shelters (c.1990s). The lower stone walls, Acalypha hedging and some flower displays remain.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Bowen Park is a {{convert\\|1\\.774\\|ha}} remnant of a parcel of land of almost {{convert\\|40\\|acre}} bordered by O'Connell Terrace, Bowen Bridge Road, [Gregory Terrace](/wiki/Gregory_Terrace \"Gregory Terrace\") and Brooke Street. The park is important for its survival and continued use since 1863 as a park for public pleasure in inner\\-city [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"), an area under pressure to accommodate increased urban development and consolidation. The [Queensland Government](/wiki/Queensland_Government \"Queensland Government\") granted land to the [Queensland Acclimatisation Society](/wiki/Queensland_Acclimatisation_Society \"Queensland Acclimatisation Society\") (QAS) in two parcels in 1863 and 1866, this site was then well out of town on the edge of development and had been worked as a brickfield. Part of this land lay along the watercourse of [York's Hollow](/wiki/Victoria_Park%2C_Brisbane \"Victoria Park, Brisbane\") and the remainder was remnant bushland and brickworks. The site was not ideal for establishing a garden, the soil being of poor quality and rocky in parts, and required substantial reclamation work to form the gardens.",
"The society named the Gardens after [George Bowen](/wiki/Sir_George_Ferguson_Bowen \"Sir George Ferguson Bowen\"), the [Governor of Queensland](/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland \"Governor of Queensland\") and their patron. Over the years parts of the land were progressively leased, sold and resumed for other purposes, resulting in only {{convert\\|17,740\\|m2}} remaining by 1955 in the north\\-western corner of the original site (on the corner of O'Connell Terrace and Bowen Bridge Road).",
"The Bowen Park of 1862 consisted of a series of clay holes and rough bush with a wretched bush track leading from the city across the [Fortitude Valley](/wiki/Fortitude_Valley%2C_Queensland \"Fortitude Valley, Queensland\"). The area became an attractive and popular recreational venue from 1863 when the QAS established its gardens which extended from the creek to Bowen Bridge Road. The gardens were named Bowen Park, Acclimatisation Society Gardens in honour of the first [Governor of Queensland](/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland \"Governor of Queensland\") and initial patron of the QAS, Sir George Ferguson Bowen, who was active in the establishment of the QAS.",
"The QAS was formed in 1862 and was most active during its first thirty years introducing, testing, propagating and distributing new plant materials. From its gardens in Bowen Park, it played an important role in commercial agriculture in Queensland and introduced or trialed many crops including mango trees, ginger plants, sugar cane, olive trees and choko vines. There was also some experimental work with specialty crops including cocaine. The Society played an important role in the development of civic and domestic landscapes in Queensland through its concern with ornamental and garden trees and shrubs. From Bowen Park, the Society provided plants to towns, churches and cemeteries. The society also organised educational meetings on botanical subjects. Whereas the Acclimatisation Societies in New South Wales and Victoria placed a considerable emphasis on animals, the QAS focussed on plants though at various times deer, llamas, rabbits, Chinese sheep, Angora goats, pheasants, partridges and a variety of songbirds were on show at Bowen Park.",
"It is not clear how the QAS used all parts of their land holding but it appears that the main display gardens visited by the public were on the northern and lower parts of their land. The northern portion is within the surviving remnant. The QAS used the site to grow and propagate plants and seeds obtained from other parts of the colony and around the world. They built an office and boardroom, bush\\-house and glasshouse and established an orchard and formed gardens with ornamental plants. Their plantings were extensive and by 1871 the gardens were recognised as a place of public instruction and recreation. William Soutter was overseer at Bowen Park from 1885 it 1898\\. Known for his scientific experimentation, horticultural skill and design sense, he was instrumental in Bowen Park achieving a reputation as both an experimental and a recreational/display garden.",
"The other major botanical garden in Brisbane was the [Brisbane City Botanical Gardens](/wiki/Brisbane_City_Botanical_Gardens \"Brisbane City Botanical Gardens\") (BCBG) established in 1855\\. Both gardens shared common botanical interests but differed considerably in arrangement and visual character. Both were places for public use and enjoyment. The QAS Gardens were considered to eclipse the BCBG and English nurseryman, James Veitch, in 1880 claimed that the QAS Gardens contained the best collection of tropical trees outside the tropics. An early catalogue indicates an equal diversity of plants in the two gardens. At BCBG the design incorporated simple straight pathways, uninterrupted lines of single species of plants and elements of a gardenesque design approach which featured individual plants. In contrast, the character of the QAS Gardens was that of a picturesque and exuberant tropical garden. The many decorative features in the QAS Gardens vied with the special plantings for attention.",
"These decorative elements included a four\\-metre high coral\\-stone grotto\\-like ornamental fountain encrusted with shells, ferns and lichen, four pieces of neo\\-classical statuary (the four seasons), a gift from [Joseph Oppenheimer](/wiki/Joseph_Oppenheimer \"Joseph Oppenheimer\") {{Cite news \\|date\\=1874\\-04\\-18 \\|title\\=Acclimatisation Society. \\|work\\=Queenslander \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article18330453 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090001/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18330453 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} urns and various planting pots, several giant clam shells; all complemented by complex carpet bedding displays on and around a quatrefoil\\-shaped island within a lagoon with a bamboo grove backdrop. The dense, exuberant Victorian planting was massed in shrubberies and borders interspersed with winding paths creating a wild woodland cum exotic jungle ambience.\n[thumb\\|Whale bone archway entrance to the Acclimatisation Gardens at Bowen Park, circa 1880\\|left](/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_Acclimatisation_Gardens_at_Bowen_Park%2C_Brisbane%2C_circa_1880.jpg \"Entrance to the Acclimatisation Gardens at Bowen Park, Brisbane, circa 1880.jpg\")\nIn August 1872, an {{Convert\\|84\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} long black whale was found stranded on Woody Island in [Hervey Bay](/wiki/Hervey_Bay_%28Queensland%29 \"Hervey Bay (Queensland)\"). It was the largest whale ever seen in the area. Although the original plan was to tow the whale carcass to [Maryborough](/wiki/Maryborough%2C_Queensland \"Maryborough, Queensland\") to extract the whale oil, it was decided that extract the oil from the whale at Woody Island and the ship *Effie* set forth from Maryborough with men and barrels for the job. The boiling\\-down of the whale yielded {{Convert\\|1500\\|impgal}} of oil. The Queensland Government requested that the skeleton be preserved to be kept as a scientific specimen.{{cite news \\|date\\=10 August 1872 \\|title\\=THE LATE BOILER EXPLOSION. \\|page\\=2 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser]] \\|issue\\=1250 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article148331735 \\|accessdate\\=20 August 2022 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=20 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090049/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148331735 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|date\\=13 August 1872 \\|title\\=(From the Courier.) \\|page\\=2 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser]] \\|issue\\=1251 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article148330544 \\|accessdate\\=20 August 2022 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=20 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090031/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148330544 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|date\\=24 August 1872 \\|title\\=LATEST TELEGRAMS. \\|page\\=2 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser]] \\|issue\\=1256 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article148331548 \\|accessdate\\=20 August 2022 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=20 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090011/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148331548 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Some of the whale bones were donated to the acclimatization society in January 1887\\.{{cite news \\|date\\=22 January 1887 \\|title\\=Acclimatisation Society. \\|volume\\=XXXI \\|page\\=139 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Queenslander]] \\|issue\\=591 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article19922321 \\|accessdate\\=20 August 2022 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=20 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090012/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/19922321 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The [jawbones](/wiki/Jawbones \"Jawbones\") were used to create a archway for the entrance to Bowen Park; it was {{Convert\\|22\\|ft}} high.{{cite news \\|date\\=12 July 1901 \\|title\\=Bowen Park \\|volume\\=II \\|page\\=17 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Queensland Country Life]] \\|issue\\=17 \\|location\\=Queensland, Australia \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article101453219 \\|accessdate\\=20 August 2022 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia \\|archive\\-date\\=20 August 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090008/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/101453219 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-11\\-26 \\|title\\=Whalebone arch at Bowen Park \\|url\\=https://queenslandhistory.org/2020/11/whalebone\\-arch\\-at\\-bowen\\-park/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-20 \\|website\\=The Royal Historical Society of Queensland \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=12 March 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312161553/https://queenslandhistory.org/2020/11/whalebone\\-arch\\-at\\-bowen\\-park/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The [Queensland National Agricultural an Industrial Association](/wiki/Queensland_National_Agricultural_and_Industrial_Association \"Queensland National Agricultural and Industrial Association\") was formed in 1875 and {{convert\\|17\\|acre}} of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society's land was leased to the National Association as a venue for exhibitions. In 1876 this exhibition area was fenced off, the first exhibition building erected and the first [Intercolonial Exhibition](/wiki/Intercolonial_Exhibition \"Intercolonial Exhibition\") was staged.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ekka.com.au/about\\-ekka/history.aspx\\|title\\=History\\|publisher\\=Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland\\|accessdate\\=26 June 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527110607/http://ekka.com.au/about\\-ekka/history.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 1881, {{convert\\|12\\|acre}} were resumed from the Society's holding to construct the railway line from Brisbane to [Sandgate](/wiki/Sandgate%2C_Queensland \"Sandgate, Queensland\"). From 1879 {{convert\\|23\\|acre}} of land from the QAS holding was leased to the National Association for fifty years for use as an exhibition ground.",
"As the National Association continued with its annual exhibition (now known informally as the [Ekka](/wiki/Ekka \"Ekka\")), the QAS diminished. The former continued to acquire land until the QAS held only {{convert\\|4\\|acre}}. During its most vigorous period many prominent Queensland pastoralists, professional and business people were members of the QAS. As commercial plant nurseries grew and as a range of other public enterprises in horticulture and agriculture were established support for the QAS declined. The [1890s depression](/wiki/1890s_depression_in_Australia \"1890s depression in Australia\") affected the maintenance of the QAS Gardens and many plants were sold or transferred to the BCBG.",
"Relations between the National Association and the QAS were not harmonious and their dealings were hampered by distrust and jealousy. The National Association had become the more important organisation with a considerable annual turnover and reluctantly remained a tenant of the QAS. These difficulties were resolved by the passage of the National Association and Acclimatisation Society Act of 1890 under which the Queensland Government resumed the land occupied by the National Association from the QAS and granted it to the Association. By 1906, the QAS was relocating its operations to [Lawnton](/wiki/Lawnton%2C_Queensland \"Lawnton, Queensland\") on the [North Pine River](/wiki/North_Pine_River \"North Pine River\") and the Brisbane Municipal Council held the former Acclimatisation Gardens as a reserve for a public park under the Acclimatisation Act of 1907\\.",
"By 1914 the QAS had removed its diminished operations to depots at Lawnton and [Wellington Point](/wiki/Wellington_Point%2C_Queensland \"Wellington Point, Queensland\"). The [Brisbane Municipal Council](/wiki/Brisbane_Municipal_Council \"Brisbane Municipal Council\") purchased the Society's remaining holding in Bowen Park and officially opened the gardens as a public recreational reserve on 11 June 1914\\. The Council regarded Bowen Park as both a public park for pleasure and recreation and as a nursery for their parks and reserves. Under the supervision of the Council's first Parks Superintendent, Henry Moore, substantial works and improvements were undertaken, including the erection of a bandstand rotunda, introduction of a water service, repair of the glass house and bush house, filling in of the lagoon and construction of new entrance gates. Landscaping work was undertaken including the establishment of eighteen flower beds, five of which formed a rondel around a palm tree on the southern sloping. A number of rose beds were planted out and four statues that had been part of the Acclimatisation Society gardens' fountain were relocated in open lawns. A cottage was erected on O'Connell Terrace for the Council's chauffeur and in 1915 the public toilets on the Bowen Bridge Road boundary were constructed. The path configuration was consolidated during this period of work with secondary paths to the Bowen Bridge Road edge added later under Oakman.",
"From 1930 to 1950 further parcels of land were sold to the now Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association (RNA) and in 1940 the widening of Bowen Bridge Road reclaimed a further {{convert\\|13\\.3\\|sqperch}}. There was considerable opposition to attempts by the RNA to claim more land from Bowen Park during the 1950s but {{convert\\|8\\.9\\|sqperch}} was reclaimed for the wood chopping stadium in 1955\\.",
"Between 1950 and 1959 Harry Oakman, Parks Superintendent for Brisbane City Council, oversaw changes to the park,",
"During 1950 to 1959, Harry Oakman, Parks Superintendent for [Brisbane City Council](/wiki/Brisbane_City_Council \"Brisbane City Council\"), prepared a plan for additional works in Bowen Park, including the addition of paths and drinking fountains, and the redesign of garden beds. His intention was to present colourful patterned displays on the lawns to passing traffic and tram passengers and to patients and staff in the [Royal Brisbane Hospital](/wiki/Royal_Brisbane_Hospital \"Royal Brisbane Hospital\") (across Bowen Bridge Road). He retained most of the major trees planted during 1914\\-1917 and those remaining from the QAS period including fig trees ([Ficus benjamina](/wiki/Ficus_benjamina \"Ficus benjamina\")) in the centre, bunya ([Araucaria bidwilli](/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii \"Araucaria bidwillii\")), hoop ([Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii \"Araucaria cunninghamii\")) and Cook ([Araucaria columnaris](/wiki/Araucaria_columnaris \"Araucaria columnaris\")) pines, phoenix palm (Phoenix sp), an English oak ([Quercus robus](/wiki/Quercus_robusta \"Quercus robusta\")), a rubber tree ([Ficus elastica](/wiki/Ficus_elastica \"Ficus elastica\")), frangipanis ([Plumeria obtusa](/wiki/Plumeria_obtusa \"Plumeria obtusa\")) and poincianas ([Delonix regia](/wiki/Delonix_regia \"Delonix regia\")). He replaced the circular flower beds on the southern sloping lawn with decorative shaped colourful beds. On the cleared northern terrace he planted a large circular arrangement of flower beds surrounded by a hedge. He added paths and modified the Bowen Bridge Road edge to include extensive flower beds. A drinking fountain was included at the south entrance off Bowen Bridge Road. His plant vocabulary included [acalyphas](/wiki/Acalypha_wilkesiana \"Acalypha wilkesiana\"), [crotons](/wiki/Crotons \"Crotons\"), [plumbago](/wiki/Plumbago \"Plumbago\"), [belerperone](/wiki/Justicia_brandegeeana \"Justicia brandegeeana\") and [ginger](/wiki/Ginger \"Ginger\") \\- plants used in many of his Brisbane park designs.",
"Since 1960 the Brisbane City Council park management has maintained the park structure and layout of paths and retained the trees. Many display beds for annuals have been removed. The large round bedding display in the north section has been removed and perennials planted in the central beds. The edge of the Park to Bowen Bridge Road has been altered with road widenings and the addition of a tram shelter (c.1920s) and bus shelters (c.1990s). The lower stone walls, Acalypha hedging and some flower displays remain.",
""
] |
Description
-----------
[thumb\|Major trees, 2005](/wiki/File:Bowen-Park-2.jpg "Bowen-Park-2.jpg")
Located on a major arterial road linking [Brisbane City](/wiki/Brisbane_CBD "Brisbane CBD") with the northern suburbs and the [Bruce Highway](/wiki/Bruce_Highway "Bruce Highway"), Bowen Park occupies a prominent position on the northern edge of Brisbane's commercial centre. The Park is bounded by Bowen Bridge Road, O'Connell Terrace and the Royal National Association (RNA) showgrounds with pedestrian access from Bowen Bridge Road between the Park and the RNA Bowen Bridge Road entry gate.
A peaceful retreat in stark contrast to its surrounds and neighbours, it has undergone three distinct phases of development with evidence of each phase surviving. The park retains trees considered to be part of the QAS major plantings from the 1860s to the 1890s, evidence of the extensive design work and extensive planting undertaken in 1914 to 1917 by Henry Moore for the Brisbane Municipal Council and work undertaken during the third phase of development by Harry Oakman for the Brisbane City Council from 1950 to 1959\.
The Bowen Bridge Road edge has survived over the history of the landholding and formed the boundary of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society's Gardens from 1863\. The principal Park entries lie along this edge: to the south, marked by a mature hoop pine (*[Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii "Araucaria cunninghamii")*), a concrete and [Brisbane tuff](/wiki/Brisbane_tuff "Brisbane tuff") stairway descends through beds edged with tuff; the arched entry; the entry at the circular annuals bed; and to the north, the tree canopy path between tuff garden walls. This edge of Bowen Park also contains simple, medium height planting of hedges and borders, beds of annuals, strips of lawn, the secondary paths installed by Oakman and the toilet block. The adjacent footpath has a clutter of tram/bus shelters. The openness of this edge affords passersby a view across the park.
A decorative iron arch containing the words BOWEN PARK springs from freestanding painted concrete piers to form the main entrance to the Park. A freestanding pier to the north and south form narrower entrance ways.
[thumb\|Pathway to the toilets, 2005](/wiki/File:Bowen-Park-pathway.jpg "Bowen-Park-pathway.jpg")
The toilet block on the Bowen Bridge Road boundary is a small single\- storey loadbearing brick structure with a tiled roof with a timber battened [soffit](/wiki/Soffit "Soffit"). It sits on a base of face brick finishing at a header course of dark bricks. The upper portion of the external walls is finished in a roughcast cement render. The entrance to the male section is to the north and to the female side is entered from the south.
The tram/bus shelters are on the footpath adjacent to the park and do not form part of the park but do impact on the integrity of the garden edge and views across and into the park. An early timber\-framed tram shelter has been truncated to accommodate the widening of Bowen Bridge Road and recent steel framed bus shelters clutter along the park edge.
O'Connell Terrace forms the northern edge of the park and was part of the boundary of the QAS grounds. Two bauhinias (*[Bauhinia](/wiki/Bauhinia "Bauhinia")* sp.) survive from an earlier row of street trees on the footpath. The park edge is defined by low stone wall and hedges (*[Acalypha](/wiki/Acalypha "Acalypha")* sp. and *[Spiraea](/wiki/Spiraea "Spiraea")* sp.). Clumped palms (*[Chrysalidocarpus lutescens](/wiki/Chrysalidocarpus_lutescens "Chrysalidocarpus lutescens")* and *[Syagrus romanzoffiana](/wiki/Syagrus_romanzoffiana "Syagrus romanzoffiana")*) mark two pedestrian entries onto pathways through the park.
[thumb\|Lawns, 2005](/wiki/File:Bowen-Park-1.jpg "Bowen-Park-1.jpg")
The northern lawns segment extends from the O'Connell Terrace edge across the park to the impressive edge formed by the fig trees (*[Ficus benjamina](/wiki/Ficus_benjamina "Ficus benjamina")*) and associated exuberant planting and from Bowen Bridge Road to the eastern pedestrian entry. A set of Brisbane tuff [stairs](/wiki/Stairs "Stairs") ascends from O'Connell Terrace at the north\-west corner to a now open level lawn area which was the site of the Superintendent's cottage from 1914 to 1949\. It was later established as a series of circular ornamental beds planted with annuals and surrounded by hedging under Oakman's management. The lawn area is edged by the early plantings of leopard (*[Flindersia maculosa](/wiki/Flindersia_maculosa "Flindersia maculosa")*), bauhinia (*[Bauhinia hookeri](/wiki/Bauhinia_hookeri "Bauhinia hookeri")*), flame (*[Brachychiton acerifolius](/wiki/Brachychiton_acerifolius "Brachychiton acerifolius")*) and fig ([*Ficus microcarpa* var. *hillii*](/wiki/Ficus_microcarpa_var._hillii "Ficus microcarpa var. hillii")) trees with their associated underplanting that frame the north entrance off Bowen Bridge Road. The central sloping lawn is bisected by a path and planted randomly with a variety of palms. Many of the palms are plantings from the early twentieth century. This portion of the park, formerly containing the glasshouse, cottage and associated nursery activities, served as a separate area to the primary display and recreation areas of the QAS Gardens and the Brisbane Municipal Council's 1914 redevelopment. The Figs (Ficus benjamina) and associated understorey planting may have served as a separation between the areas.
In the Figs/Rockery central garden area the large fig trees (*Ficus benjamina*) form a massive canopy shading the pathway and tuff edged gardens planted with an understorey of subtropical foliage plants. These fig trees (*Ficus benjamina*) were in the park prior to the Council's substantial works in 1914 and 1915 and may have been planted for the QAS Gardens.
A line of Chinese celtis (*[Celtis sinensis](/wiki/Celtis_sinensis "Celtis sinensis")*) and an overgrowth of trees and shrubs choke the RNA/Bowen Park Boundary. The Cook pine (*[Araucaria columnaris](/wiki/Araucaria_columnaris "Araucaria columnaris")*) and coral tree (*[Erythrina hendersonii](/wiki/Erythrina_hendersonii "Erythrina hendersonii")*) are possibly remnants from QAS plantings.
The trees and shrubs on the RNA northern boundary form a screen and edge to the eastern spaces of the Park. A gravel vehicle path from O'Connell Terrace to the Brisbane City Council depot runs beside the curved edge boundary bed which contains a mature rubber tree (*[Ficus elastica](/wiki/Ficus_elastica "Ficus elastica")*). The depot is housed in the space beneath the RNA grandstand built to this boundary. The curved bed and the kidney shaped beds in the area are planted with hedges (*Acalypha* sp.) and shrubs. Prominent trees include the English oak tree (*[Quercus robur](/wiki/Quercus_robur "Quercus robur")*), Phoenix palm (*Phoenix* sp.) and English elm ([*Ulmus* sp.](/wiki/Ulmus "Ulmus")). A pair of ornamental beds planted with colourful cannas (*Canna* sp.) edges the lower path into the Park.
The Rotunda lawns and beds, in association with the fig tree/rockery backdrop, are the primary focus and identity of the Park. The lawns slope down from the Bowen Bridge Road edge to the shrubbery border along the RNA showgrounds. The main path curves through the lower half from the southern corner at Bowen Bridge Road to the eastern corner at O'Connell Terrace. The bandstand rotunda and colourful central flower beds are the focal points of this area. This area contains evidence of the three major phases of garden development for the Park. The bunya (*[Araucaria bidwillii](/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii "Araucaria bidwillii")*), hoop (*[Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii "Araucaria cunninghamii")*) and Cook (*[Araucaria columnaris](/wiki/Araucaria_columnaris "Araucaria columnaris")*) pines remain from the time of the QAS Gardens. The semi\-circle of poinciana (*[Delonix regia](/wiki/Delonix_regia "Delonix regia")*) was established during the 1914 Council refurbishment and sits around an ornamental circular flower bed redesigned by Harry Oakman in the late 1950s.
The free standing, octagonal, timber\-framed rotunda stands on face brick piers with brick infill panels. Eight hardwood posts support a bell shaped roof clad with fibre cement shingles. The timber lined ceiling of eight triangular panels falls towards the centre of the rotunda. A decorative timber valance with a harp motif fringes the roof and the rotunda has a timber balustrade containing a tulip motif. The rotunda provides a shady retreat for garden visitors and an elegant platform for band concerts or other performances. The structure was erected in 1914 to a design by Alfred Foster, architectural assistant to the City Engineer. It is similar to the rotunda in [New Farm Park](/wiki/New_Farm_Park "New Farm Park") also designed by Foster and constructed in 1915\.
|
[
"Description\n-----------",
"[thumb\\|Major trees, 2005](/wiki/File:Bowen-Park-2.jpg \"Bowen-Park-2.jpg\")\nLocated on a major arterial road linking [Brisbane City](/wiki/Brisbane_CBD \"Brisbane CBD\") with the northern suburbs and the [Bruce Highway](/wiki/Bruce_Highway \"Bruce Highway\"), Bowen Park occupies a prominent position on the northern edge of Brisbane's commercial centre. The Park is bounded by Bowen Bridge Road, O'Connell Terrace and the Royal National Association (RNA) showgrounds with pedestrian access from Bowen Bridge Road between the Park and the RNA Bowen Bridge Road entry gate.",
"A peaceful retreat in stark contrast to its surrounds and neighbours, it has undergone three distinct phases of development with evidence of each phase surviving. The park retains trees considered to be part of the QAS major plantings from the 1860s to the 1890s, evidence of the extensive design work and extensive planting undertaken in 1914 to 1917 by Henry Moore for the Brisbane Municipal Council and work undertaken during the third phase of development by Harry Oakman for the Brisbane City Council from 1950 to 1959\\.",
"The Bowen Bridge Road edge has survived over the history of the landholding and formed the boundary of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society's Gardens from 1863\\. The principal Park entries lie along this edge: to the south, marked by a mature hoop pine (*[Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii \"Araucaria cunninghamii\")*), a concrete and [Brisbane tuff](/wiki/Brisbane_tuff \"Brisbane tuff\") stairway descends through beds edged with tuff; the arched entry; the entry at the circular annuals bed; and to the north, the tree canopy path between tuff garden walls. This edge of Bowen Park also contains simple, medium height planting of hedges and borders, beds of annuals, strips of lawn, the secondary paths installed by Oakman and the toilet block. The adjacent footpath has a clutter of tram/bus shelters. The openness of this edge affords passersby a view across the park.",
"A decorative iron arch containing the words BOWEN PARK springs from freestanding painted concrete piers to form the main entrance to the Park. A freestanding pier to the north and south form narrower entrance ways.\n[thumb\\|Pathway to the toilets, 2005](/wiki/File:Bowen-Park-pathway.jpg \"Bowen-Park-pathway.jpg\")\nThe toilet block on the Bowen Bridge Road boundary is a small single\\- storey loadbearing brick structure with a tiled roof with a timber battened [soffit](/wiki/Soffit \"Soffit\"). It sits on a base of face brick finishing at a header course of dark bricks. The upper portion of the external walls is finished in a roughcast cement render. The entrance to the male section is to the north and to the female side is entered from the south.",
"The tram/bus shelters are on the footpath adjacent to the park and do not form part of the park but do impact on the integrity of the garden edge and views across and into the park. An early timber\\-framed tram shelter has been truncated to accommodate the widening of Bowen Bridge Road and recent steel framed bus shelters clutter along the park edge.",
"O'Connell Terrace forms the northern edge of the park and was part of the boundary of the QAS grounds. Two bauhinias (*[Bauhinia](/wiki/Bauhinia \"Bauhinia\")* sp.) survive from an earlier row of street trees on the footpath. The park edge is defined by low stone wall and hedges (*[Acalypha](/wiki/Acalypha \"Acalypha\")* sp. and *[Spiraea](/wiki/Spiraea \"Spiraea\")* sp.). Clumped palms (*[Chrysalidocarpus lutescens](/wiki/Chrysalidocarpus_lutescens \"Chrysalidocarpus lutescens\")* and *[Syagrus romanzoffiana](/wiki/Syagrus_romanzoffiana \"Syagrus romanzoffiana\")*) mark two pedestrian entries onto pathways through the park.\n[thumb\\|Lawns, 2005](/wiki/File:Bowen-Park-1.jpg \"Bowen-Park-1.jpg\")\nThe northern lawns segment extends from the O'Connell Terrace edge across the park to the impressive edge formed by the fig trees (*[Ficus benjamina](/wiki/Ficus_benjamina \"Ficus benjamina\")*) and associated exuberant planting and from Bowen Bridge Road to the eastern pedestrian entry. A set of Brisbane tuff [stairs](/wiki/Stairs \"Stairs\") ascends from O'Connell Terrace at the north\\-west corner to a now open level lawn area which was the site of the Superintendent's cottage from 1914 to 1949\\. It was later established as a series of circular ornamental beds planted with annuals and surrounded by hedging under Oakman's management. The lawn area is edged by the early plantings of leopard (*[Flindersia maculosa](/wiki/Flindersia_maculosa \"Flindersia maculosa\")*), bauhinia (*[Bauhinia hookeri](/wiki/Bauhinia_hookeri \"Bauhinia hookeri\")*), flame (*[Brachychiton acerifolius](/wiki/Brachychiton_acerifolius \"Brachychiton acerifolius\")*) and fig ([*Ficus microcarpa* var. *hillii*](/wiki/Ficus_microcarpa_var._hillii \"Ficus microcarpa var. hillii\")) trees with their associated underplanting that frame the north entrance off Bowen Bridge Road. The central sloping lawn is bisected by a path and planted randomly with a variety of palms. Many of the palms are plantings from the early twentieth century. This portion of the park, formerly containing the glasshouse, cottage and associated nursery activities, served as a separate area to the primary display and recreation areas of the QAS Gardens and the Brisbane Municipal Council's 1914 redevelopment. The Figs (Ficus benjamina) and associated understorey planting may have served as a separation between the areas.",
"In the Figs/Rockery central garden area the large fig trees (*Ficus benjamina*) form a massive canopy shading the pathway and tuff edged gardens planted with an understorey of subtropical foliage plants. These fig trees (*Ficus benjamina*) were in the park prior to the Council's substantial works in 1914 and 1915 and may have been planted for the QAS Gardens.",
"A line of Chinese celtis (*[Celtis sinensis](/wiki/Celtis_sinensis \"Celtis sinensis\")*) and an overgrowth of trees and shrubs choke the RNA/Bowen Park Boundary. The Cook pine (*[Araucaria columnaris](/wiki/Araucaria_columnaris \"Araucaria columnaris\")*) and coral tree (*[Erythrina hendersonii](/wiki/Erythrina_hendersonii \"Erythrina hendersonii\")*) are possibly remnants from QAS plantings.",
"The trees and shrubs on the RNA northern boundary form a screen and edge to the eastern spaces of the Park. A gravel vehicle path from O'Connell Terrace to the Brisbane City Council depot runs beside the curved edge boundary bed which contains a mature rubber tree (*[Ficus elastica](/wiki/Ficus_elastica \"Ficus elastica\")*). The depot is housed in the space beneath the RNA grandstand built to this boundary. The curved bed and the kidney shaped beds in the area are planted with hedges (*Acalypha* sp.) and shrubs. Prominent trees include the English oak tree (*[Quercus robur](/wiki/Quercus_robur \"Quercus robur\")*), Phoenix palm (*Phoenix* sp.) and English elm ([*Ulmus* sp.](/wiki/Ulmus \"Ulmus\")). A pair of ornamental beds planted with colourful cannas (*Canna* sp.) edges the lower path into the Park.",
"The Rotunda lawns and beds, in association with the fig tree/rockery backdrop, are the primary focus and identity of the Park. The lawns slope down from the Bowen Bridge Road edge to the shrubbery border along the RNA showgrounds. The main path curves through the lower half from the southern corner at Bowen Bridge Road to the eastern corner at O'Connell Terrace. The bandstand rotunda and colourful central flower beds are the focal points of this area. This area contains evidence of the three major phases of garden development for the Park. The bunya (*[Araucaria bidwillii](/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii \"Araucaria bidwillii\")*), hoop (*[Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii \"Araucaria cunninghamii\")*) and Cook (*[Araucaria columnaris](/wiki/Araucaria_columnaris \"Araucaria columnaris\")*) pines remain from the time of the QAS Gardens. The semi\\-circle of poinciana (*[Delonix regia](/wiki/Delonix_regia \"Delonix regia\")*) was established during the 1914 Council refurbishment and sits around an ornamental circular flower bed redesigned by Harry Oakman in the late 1950s.",
"The free standing, octagonal, timber\\-framed rotunda stands on face brick piers with brick infill panels. Eight hardwood posts support a bell shaped roof clad with fibre cement shingles. The timber lined ceiling of eight triangular panels falls towards the centre of the rotunda. A decorative timber valance with a harp motif fringes the roof and the rotunda has a timber balustrade containing a tulip motif. The rotunda provides a shady retreat for garden visitors and an elegant platform for band concerts or other performances. The structure was erected in 1914 to a design by Alfred Foster, architectural assistant to the City Engineer. It is similar to the rotunda in [New Farm Park](/wiki/New_Farm_Park \"New Farm Park\") also designed by Foster and constructed in 1915\\.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
Bowen Park was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 26 February 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**
Bowen Park survives as part of the site of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society's (QAS) grounds and gardens from 1863 to 1914\. Remnant planting from this time is important in demonstrating the operations of the QAS and its contribution to the development of commercial agriculture and civic and domestic landscapes in Queensland.
As one of the first parks established by the Brisbane Municipal Council, Bowen Park demonstrates the importance the Council placed on the provision of recreational parks and gardens. The Park is important for its association with the Council nursery activities associated with the gardens and the contribution these activities made to the maintenance and improvement of Bowen Park and other parks and reserves under Council jurisdiction.
Bowen Park is an integral element within an historic precinct situated around York's Hollow and along Bowen Bridge Road between Gregory Terrace and Breakfast Creek, which has been important in the evolution of Brisbane's and Queensland's history. This area includes the residential, ecclesiastic and educational structures along Gregory Terrace overlooking Victoria Park, Bowen Park, an early tram shelter shed adjacent to Bowen Park along Bowen Bridge Road, the RNA Grounds, the former Exhibition Building at the northeast corner of Gregory Terrace and Bowen Bridge Road, the Exhibition Railway, Victoria Park, Centenary Pool, the Electricity Sub\-station at the northwest corner of Bowen Bridge Road and Gregory Terrace, Victoria Park Golf Course, the former Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse, Royal Brisbane Hospital, and the Herston Medical School.
**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**
Bowen Park is important for its various historical layers of design, demonstrating the development of garden design and the changes in focus and priorities of the garden activities. The Park is important for its design and aesthetic expression of the gardenesque, Edwardian and Modern park styles. The ornamental flower beds remaining from the 1914–1917 period designed by Henry Moore and the 1950s work by Harry Oakman are substantially intact and demonstrate the decorative features popular in garden and park development of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The location, style and planting of garden beds associated with shrubberies and hedges demonstrate the decorative Edwardian style and the Modern subtropical planting style of garden design.
**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**
Bowen Park occupies a prominent gateway location to the inner\-city. Its ornamental planting beds, stone walls and attractive entrance gates contribute a bold and colourful presence to the streetscape. Other elements contributing to the historical and aesthetic qualities of the place include a 1914 bandstand rotunda, 1915 toilet block \[one of the earliest municipal toilet blocks surviving in Brisbane], stone stairs and the northern and southern ends of the park, and drinking fountains thought to date to the 1950s.
**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
Bowen Park is important as one of Brisbane's first public gardens and has been in continuous use as a cultural and recreational destination since 1863\.
**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**
Bowen Park is important for its association with Sir George Ferguson Bowen, the first governor of Queensland and first patron of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society.
Bowen Park is important for its association with William Soutter, overseer of the QAS gardens at Bowen Park from 1885 to 1898\. Soutter influenced the development of horticulture in Queensland through his experimental work for the QAS, his contributions to shows and international exhibitions and his publications.
Bowen Park is important for its association with the professional landscape gardener and horticulturist, Henry Moore. His design work in Brisbane includes areas of New Farm Park and Newstead Park.
Bowen Park is important for its association with Harry Oakman, Parks Superintendent for the Brisbane City Council 1948\-63\. Oakman was the first purpose\-trained landscape architect to be employed by a government in Queensland. His contribution to the form and character of tropical landscape has influenced the design of most of the established public parks in Brisbane as well as Queen's Park, Townsville. His design work is typified in Bowen Park.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"Bowen Park was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 26 February 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**",
"Bowen Park survives as part of the site of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society's (QAS) grounds and gardens from 1863 to 1914\\. Remnant planting from this time is important in demonstrating the operations of the QAS and its contribution to the development of commercial agriculture and civic and domestic landscapes in Queensland.",
"As one of the first parks established by the Brisbane Municipal Council, Bowen Park demonstrates the importance the Council placed on the provision of recreational parks and gardens. The Park is important for its association with the Council nursery activities associated with the gardens and the contribution these activities made to the maintenance and improvement of Bowen Park and other parks and reserves under Council jurisdiction.",
"Bowen Park is an integral element within an historic precinct situated around York's Hollow and along Bowen Bridge Road between Gregory Terrace and Breakfast Creek, which has been important in the evolution of Brisbane's and Queensland's history. This area includes the residential, ecclesiastic and educational structures along Gregory Terrace overlooking Victoria Park, Bowen Park, an early tram shelter shed adjacent to Bowen Park along Bowen Bridge Road, the RNA Grounds, the former Exhibition Building at the northeast corner of Gregory Terrace and Bowen Bridge Road, the Exhibition Railway, Victoria Park, Centenary Pool, the Electricity Sub\\-station at the northwest corner of Bowen Bridge Road and Gregory Terrace, Victoria Park Golf Course, the former Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse, Royal Brisbane Hospital, and the Herston Medical School.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**",
"Bowen Park is important for its various historical layers of design, demonstrating the development of garden design and the changes in focus and priorities of the garden activities. The Park is important for its design and aesthetic expression of the gardenesque, Edwardian and Modern park styles. The ornamental flower beds remaining from the 1914–1917 period designed by Henry Moore and the 1950s work by Harry Oakman are substantially intact and demonstrate the decorative features popular in garden and park development of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The location, style and planting of garden beds associated with shrubberies and hedges demonstrate the decorative Edwardian style and the Modern subtropical planting style of garden design.",
"**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**",
"Bowen Park occupies a prominent gateway location to the inner\\-city. Its ornamental planting beds, stone walls and attractive entrance gates contribute a bold and colourful presence to the streetscape. Other elements contributing to the historical and aesthetic qualities of the place include a 1914 bandstand rotunda, 1915 toilet block \\[one of the earliest municipal toilet blocks surviving in Brisbane], stone stairs and the northern and southern ends of the park, and drinking fountains thought to date to the 1950s.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"Bowen Park is important as one of Brisbane's first public gardens and has been in continuous use as a cultural and recreational destination since 1863\\.",
"**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**",
"Bowen Park is important for its association with Sir George Ferguson Bowen, the first governor of Queensland and first patron of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society.",
"Bowen Park is important for its association with William Soutter, overseer of the QAS gardens at Bowen Park from 1885 to 1898\\. Soutter influenced the development of horticulture in Queensland through his experimental work for the QAS, his contributions to shows and international exhibitions and his publications.\nBowen Park is important for its association with the professional landscape gardener and horticulturist, Henry Moore. His design work in Brisbane includes areas of New Farm Park and Newstead Park.",
"Bowen Park is important for its association with Harry Oakman, Parks Superintendent for the Brisbane City Council 1948\\-63\\. Oakman was the first purpose\\-trained landscape architect to be employed by a government in Queensland. His contribution to the form and character of tropical landscape has influenced the design of most of the established public parks in Brisbane as well as Queen's Park, Townsville. His design work is typified in Bowen Park.",
""
] |
Hyperbolastic regressions
-------------------------
[thumb\|Cumulative Distribution Function of Hyperbolastic Type I, Logistic, and Hyperbolastic Type II](/wiki/File:Cumulative_Distribution_Function_of_Hyperbolastic_Type_I%2C_Logistic%2C_and_Hyperbolastic_Type_II.png "Cumulative Distribution Function of Hyperbolastic Type I, Logistic, and Hyperbolastic Type II.png")
[thumb\|PDF of H1, Logistic, and H2](/wiki/File:PDF_of_H1_Logistic_and_H2.png "PDF of H1 Logistic and H2.png")
**Hyperbolastic regressions** are [statistical models](/wiki/Statistical_models "Statistical models") that utilize standard **hyperbolastic functions** to model a [dichotomous](/wiki/Dichotomous "Dichotomous") or [multinomial](/wiki/Multinomial_logistic_regression "Multinomial logistic regression") outcome variable. The purpose of hyperbolastic regression is to predict an outcome using a set of explanatory (independent) variables. These types of regressions are routinely used in many areas including medical, public health, dental, biomedical, as well as social, behavioral, and engineering sciences. For instance, binary regression analysis has been used to predict [endoscopic](/wiki/Endoscopic "Endoscopic") lesions in iron deficiency [anemia](/wiki/Anemia "Anemia").{{Cite journal \|doi \= 10\.1186/1471\-230X\-8\-52\|title \= Predictors of gastrointestinal lesions on endoscopy in iron deficiency anemia without gastrointestinal symptoms\|year \= 2008\|last1 \= Majid\|first1 \= Shahid\|last2 \= Salih\|first2 \= Mohammad\|last3 \= Wasaya\|first3 \= Rozina\|last4 \= Jafri\|first4 \= Wasim\|journal \= BMC Gastroenterology\|volume \= 8\|pages \= 52\|pmid \= 18992171\|pmc \= 2613391 \| doi\-access\=free }} In addition, binary regression was applied to differentiate between malignant and benign [adnexal mass](/wiki/Adnexal_mass "Adnexal mass") prior to surgery.{{Cite journal \|doi \= 10\.1200/JCO.2005\.01\.7632\|title \= Logistic Regression Model to Distinguish Between the Benign and Malignant Adnexal Mass Before Surgery: A Multicenter Study by the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis Group\|year \= 2005\|last1 \= Timmerman\|first1 \= Dirk\|last2 \= Testa\|first2 \= Antonia C.\|last3 \= Bourne\|first3 \= Tom\|last4 \= Ferrazzi\|first4 \= Enrico\|last5 \= Ameye\|first5 \= Lieveke\|last6 \= Konstantinovic\|first6 \= Maja L.\|last7 \= Van Calster\|first7 \= Ben\|last8 \= Collins\|first8 \= William P.\|last9 \= Vergote\|first9 \= Ignace\|last10 \= Van Huffel\|first10 \= Sabine\|last11 \= Valentin\|first11 \= Lil\|journal \= Journal of Clinical Oncology\|volume \= 23\|issue \= 34\|pages \= 8794–8801\|pmid \= 16314639\|doi\-access \= free}}
### The binary hyperbolastic regression of type I
Let Y be a binary outcome variable which can assume one of two mutually exclusive values, success or failure. If we code success as Y\=1 and failure as Y\=0, then for parameter \\theta \\geq \-1, the hyperbolastic success probability of type I with a sample of size n as a function of parameter \\theta and parameter vector \\boldsymbol{\\beta} \= (\\beta\_0, \\beta\_1,\\ldots, \\beta\_p) given a p\-dimensional vector of explanatory variables is defined as \\mathbf{x}\_i\=(x\_{i1},\\ x\_{i2},\\ldots ,\\ x\_{ip})^T, where i \= 1,2,\\ldots,n, is given by
\\pi(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}) \= P(y\_i\=1\|\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=\\frac{1}{1\+e^{\-(\\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}{\\beta\_s x\_{is}})\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(\\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}{\\beta\_s x\_{is}}) } }.
The odds of success is the ratio of the probability of success to the probability of failure. For binary hyperbolastic regression of type I, the odds of success is denoted by Odds\_{H1} and expressed by the equation
Odds\_{H1}\=e^{\\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}{\\beta\_s x\_{is}}\+\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(\\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}{\\beta\_s x\_{is}}) }.
The logarithm of Odds\_{H1} is called the [logit](/wiki/Logit "Logit") of binary hyperbolastic regression of type I. The logit transformation is denoted by L\_{H1} and can be written as
L\_{H1}\=\\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}{\\beta\_s x\_{is}} \+\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}\[\\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}{\\beta\_s x\_{is}}] .
#### Shannon information for binary hyperbolastic of type I (H1\)
The [Shannon information](/wiki/Shannon_information "Shannon information") for the random variable Y is defined as
I(y)\=\-{log}\_bP(y)
where the base of logarithm b \> 0 and b \\neq 1. For binary outcome, b is equal to 2.
For the binary hyperbolastic regression of type I, the information I(y) is given by
I(y)\=
\\begin{cases}
\-log\_b\\frac{1}{1\+e^{\-Z\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}} \& y \= 1 ,\\\\
\-log\_b\\frac{e^{\-Z\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}}{1\+e^{\-Z\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}} \& y \= 0
\\end{cases}
,
where Z\= \\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}\\beta\_sx\_s, and x\_s is the s^{th} input data.
For a random sample of binary outcomes of size n, the average empirical information for hyperbolastic H1 can be estimated by
\\overline{I(y)}\=
\\begin{cases}
\-\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{log\_b\\frac{1}{1\+e^{\-Z\_i\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\_i)}}} \& y \= 1 ,\\\\
\-\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{log\_b\\frac{e^{\-Z\_i\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\_i)}}{1\+e^{\-Z\_i\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\_i)}}} \& y \= 0
\\end{cases}
,
where Z\_i\= \\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}\\beta\_sx\_{is}, and x\_{is} is the s^{th} input data for the i^{th} observation.
#### Information Entropy for hyperbolastic H1
[Information entropy](/wiki/Information_entropy "Information entropy") measures the loss of information in a transmitted message or signal. In machine learning applications, it is the number of bits necessary to transmit a randomly selected event from a probability distribution. For a discrete random variable Y, the information entropy H is defined as
H\=\-\\sum\_{y\\in Y}{P(y)\\ {log}\_bP(y)}
where P(y) is the probability mass function for the random variable Y.
The information entropy is the mathematical expectation of I(y) with respect to probability mass function P(y). The Information entropy has many applications in machine learning and artificial intelligence such as classification modeling and decision trees. For the hyperbolastic H1, the entropy H is equal to
\\begin{align}
H \& \= \-\\sum\_{y \\in \\{0,1\\}}{P(Y\=y;\\mathbf{x},\\boldsymbol{\\beta})log\_b(P(Y\=y;\\mathbf{x},\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))} \\\\
\& \= \-\[\\pi(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\\ log\_b(\\pi(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\+(1\-\\pi(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))log\_b(1\-\\pi(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))] \\\\
\& \= {log}\_b(1\+e^{\-Z\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)})\-\\frac{e^{\-Z\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}{log}\_b(e^{\-Z\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)})}{1\+e^{\-Z\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}}
\\end{align}
The estimated average entropy for hyperbolastic H1 is denoted by \\bar{H} and is given by
\\bar{H}\=\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{\[log\_b(1\+e^{{\-Z}\_i\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\_i)})\-}\\frac{e^{{\-Z}\_i\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\_i)}\\ {log}\_b(e^{{\-Z}\_i\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}((Z\_i)})}{1\+e^{{\-Z}\_i\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\_i)}}]
#### Binary Cross\-entropy for hyperbolastic H1
The binary [cross\-entropy](/wiki/Cross-entropy "Cross-entropy") compares the observed y \\in \\{0,1\\} with the predicted probabilities. The average binary cross\-entropy for hyperbolastic H1 is denoted by \\overline{C} and is equal to
\\begin{align}
\\overline{C} \& \=\-\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{{\[y}\_i log\_b(\\pi(x\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))\+}{(1\-y}\_i)log\_b(1\-\\pi(x\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))] \\\\
\&\=\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{\[log\_b(1\+e^{{\-Z}\_i\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\_i)})\-}{(1\-y}\_i)log\_b(e^{{\-Z}\_i\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\_i)})]
\\end{align}
### The binary hyperbolastic regression of type II
The hyperbolastic regression of type II is an alternative method for the analysis of binary data with robust properties. For the binary outcome variable Y, the hyperbolastic success probability of type II is a function of a p\-dimensional vector of explanatory variables \\mathbf{x}\_i given by
\\pi(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}) \= P(y\_i\=1\|\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\= \\frac{1}{1 \+ \\operatorname{arsinh}\[e^{ \- (\\beta\_0 \+ \\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}{\\beta\_s x\_{is}}) }]} ,
For the binary hyperbolastic regression of type II, the odds of success is denoted by Odds\_{H2} and is defined as
Odds\_{H2} \= \\frac{1}{\\operatorname{arsinh}\[e^{\-(\\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}{\\beta\_s x\_{is}}) } ] }.
The logit transformation L\_{H2} is given by
L\_{H2}\= \- \\log{( \\operatorname{arsinh}\[ e^{\-(\\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}{\\beta\_s x\_{is}})}])}
#### Shannon information for binary hyperbolastic of type II (H2\)
For the binary hyperbolastic regression H2, the Shannon information I(y) is given by
I(y) \=
\\begin{cases}
\-log\_b \\frac{1}{1\+arsinh(e^{\-Z})} \& y \= 1 \\\\
\-log\_b \\frac{arsinh(e^{\-Z})}{1\+arsinh(e^{\-Z})} \& y \= 0
\\end{cases}
where Z\= \\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p}\\beta\_sx\_s, and x\_s is the s^{th} input data.
For a random sample of binary outcomes of size n, the average empirical information for hyperbolastic H2 is estimated by
\\overline{I(y)}\=
\\begin{cases}
\-\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}log\_b \\frac{1}{1\+arsinh(e^{\-Z\_i})} \& y \= 1 \\\\
\-\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}log\_b \\frac{arsinh(e^{\-Z\_i})}{1\+arsinh(e^{\-Z\_i})} \& y\=0
\\end{cases}
where Z\_i\= \\beta\_0\+\\sum\_{s\=1}^{p} \\beta\_sx\_{is}, and x\_{is} is the s^{th} input data for the i^{th} observation.
#### Information Entropy for hyperbolastic H2
For the hyperbolastic H2, the information entropy H is equal to
\\begin{align}
H\& \= \-\\sum\_{y\\in \\{0,1\\}}{P(Y\=y;\\mathbf{x} , \\boldsymbol{\\beta}) log\_b(P(Y\=y;\\mathbf{x} ,\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))} \\\\
\& \=\-\[\\pi(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\\ log\_b(\\pi(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))\+(1\-\\pi(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))log\_b(1\-\\pi(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))] \\\\
\& \=log\_b(1\+arsinh(e^{\-Z}))\-\\frac{arsinh(e^{\-Z}) log\_b (arsinh(e^{\-Z}))}{1\+arsinh(e^{\-Z})}
\\end{align}
and the estimated average entropy \\bar{H} for hyperbolastic H2 is
\\bar{H}\=\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{\[log\_b(1\+{arsinh(e}^{{\-Z}\_i}))\-}\\frac{{arsinh(e}^{{\-Z}\_i})\\ {log}\_b{(arsinh(e}^{{\-Z}\_i}))}{1\+{arsinh(e}^{{\-Z}\_i})}]
#### Binary Cross\-entropy for hyperbolastic H2
The average binary cross\-entropy \\overline{C} for hyperbolastic H2 is
\\begin{align}
\\overline{C} \& \=\-\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{{\[y}\_ilog\_b(\\pi(x\_i;\\beta))\+}{(1\-y}\_i)log\_b(1\-\\pi(x\_i;\\beta))] \\\\
\& \=\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{\[log\_b(1\+{arsinh(e}^{{\-Z}\_i}))\-}{(1\-y}\_i)log\_b({arsinh(e}^{{\-Z}\_i}))]
\\end{align}
### Parameter estimation for the binary hyperbolastic regression of type I and II
The estimate of the parameter vector \\boldsymbol{\\beta} can be obtained by maximizing the log\-likelihood function
\\hat{\\beta} \= \\underset{\\boldsymbol{\\beta}}\\operatorname{argmax}{\\sum\_{i \= 1}^{n}\[y\_iln(\\pi(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))\+(1\-y\_i)ln(1\-\\pi(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))]}
where \\pi(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}) is defined according to one of the two types of hyberbolastic functions used.
### The multinomial hyperbolastic regression of type I and II
The generalization of the binary hyperbolastic regression to multinomial hyperbolastic regression has a response variable y\_i for individual i with k categories (i.e. y\_i \\in \\{1,2,\\ldots,k\\}). When k\=2, this model reduces to a binary hyperbolastic regression.
For each i\=1,2,\\ldots,n, we form k indicator variables y\_{ij} where
y\_{ij}\=
\\begin{cases}
1 \& \\text{if } y\_i \= j,\\\\
0 \& \\text{if } y\_i \\neq j
\\end{cases}
,
meaning that y\_{ij}\=1 whenever the i^{th} response is in category j and 0 otherwise.
Define parameter vector \\boldsymbol{\\beta}\_j\=(\\beta\_{j0},\\beta\_{j1},\\ldots,\\beta\_{jp}) in a p\+1\-dimensional Euclidean space and \\boldsymbol{\\beta}\=(\\boldsymbol{\\beta}\_1,\\ldots,\\boldsymbol{\\beta}\_{k\-1})^T.
Using category 1 as a reference and \\pi\_1(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}) as its corresponding probability function, the multinomial hyperbolastic regression of type I probabilities are defined as
\\pi\_1(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=P(y\_i\=1\|\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=\\frac{1}{1\+\\sum\_{s\=2}^{k}e^{\-\\eta\_s(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}\[\\eta\_s(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})]}}
and for j \= 2,\\ldots,k,
\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=P(y\_i\=j\|\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=\\frac{e^{\-\\eta\_j(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}\[\\eta\_j(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})]}}{1\+\\sum\_{s\=2}^{k}e^{\-\\eta\_s(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\-\\theta \\operatorname{arsinh}\[\\eta\_s(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})]}}
Similarly, for the multinomial hyperbolastic regression of type II we have
\\pi\_1(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=P(y\_i\=1\|\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=\\frac{1}{1\+\\sum\_{s\=2}^{k}arsinh\[e^{\-\\eta\_s(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})}]}
and for j \= 2,\\ldots,k,
\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=P(y\_i\=j\|\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=\\frac{arsinh\[e^{\-\\eta\_j(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})}]}{1\+\\sum\_{s\=2}^{k}arsinh\[e^{\-\\eta\_s(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})}]}
where \\eta\_s(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})\=\\beta\_{s0}\+\\sum\_{l\=1}^{p}\\beta\_{sl}x\_{il} with s \= 2, \\dots, k and i \= 1,\\dots,n.
The choice of \\pi\_i(\\mathbf{x\_i};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}) is dependent on the choice of hyperbolastic H1 or H2\.
#### Shannon Information for multiclass hyperbolastic H1 or H2
For the multiclass (j\=1, 2, \\dots, k), the Shannon information I\_j is
I\_j\=\-log\_b(\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta})).
For a random sample of size n, the empirical multiclass information can be estimated by
\\overline{I\_j}\=\-\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{log\_b(\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x\_i};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))}.
#### Multiclass Entropy in Information Theory
For a discrete random variable Y, the multiclass information entropy is defined as
H\=\-\\sum\_{y \\in Y}{P(y)\\ {log}\_bP(y)}
where P(y) is the probability mass function for the multiclass random variable Y.
For the hyperbolastic H1 or H2, the multiclass entropy H is equal to
H\=\-\\sum\_{j\=1}^{k}{\[\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}) log\_b(\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))]}
The estimated average multiclass entropy \\overline{H} is equal to
\\overline{H}\=\-\\frac{1}{n}\\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{\\sum\_{j\=1}^{k}{\[\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x\_i};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}) log\_b(\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x\_i};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))]}}
#### Multiclass Cross\-entropy for hyperbolastic H1 or H2
Multiclass cross\-entropy compares the observed multiclass output with the predicted probabilities. For a random sample of multiclass outcomes of size n, the average multiclass cross\-entropy \\overline{C} for hyperbolastic H1 or H2 can be estimated by
\\overline{C}\=\-\\frac{1}{n} \\sum\_{i\=1}^{n}{\\sum\_{j\=1}^{k}{\[y\_{ij} log\_b(\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x\_i};\\boldsymbol{\\beta}))]}}
The log\-odds of membership in category j versus the reference category 1, denoted by \\omicron\_j(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}), is equal to
\\omicron\_j(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta}) \= ln\[\\frac{\\pi\_j(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})}{\\pi\_1(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})}]
where j\=2,\\ldots,k and i\=1,\\ldots,n. The estimated parameter matrix \\hat\\boldsymbol{\\beta} of multinomial hyperbolastic regression is obtained by maximizing the log\-likelihood function. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameter matrix \\boldsymbol\\beta is
\\boldsymbol{\\hat{\\beta}} \= \\underset{\\boldsymbol{\\beta}}\\operatorname{argmax}{\\sum\_{i\=1}^n(y\_{i1}ln\[\\pi\_1(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})]\+y\_{i2}ln\[\\pi\_2(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})]\+\\ldots\+y\_{ik}ln\[\\pi\_k(\\mathbf{x}\_i;\\boldsymbol{\\beta})])}
|
[
"Hyperbolastic regressions\n-------------------------",
"[thumb\\|Cumulative Distribution Function of Hyperbolastic Type I, Logistic, and Hyperbolastic Type II](/wiki/File:Cumulative_Distribution_Function_of_Hyperbolastic_Type_I%2C_Logistic%2C_and_Hyperbolastic_Type_II.png \"Cumulative Distribution Function of Hyperbolastic Type I, Logistic, and Hyperbolastic Type II.png\")\n[thumb\\|PDF of H1, Logistic, and H2](/wiki/File:PDF_of_H1_Logistic_and_H2.png \"PDF of H1 Logistic and H2.png\")",
"**Hyperbolastic regressions** are [statistical models](/wiki/Statistical_models \"Statistical models\") that utilize standard **hyperbolastic functions** to model a [dichotomous](/wiki/Dichotomous \"Dichotomous\") or [multinomial](/wiki/Multinomial_logistic_regression \"Multinomial logistic regression\") outcome variable. The purpose of hyperbolastic regression is to predict an outcome using a set of explanatory (independent) variables. These types of regressions are routinely used in many areas including medical, public health, dental, biomedical, as well as social, behavioral, and engineering sciences. For instance, binary regression analysis has been used to predict [endoscopic](/wiki/Endoscopic \"Endoscopic\") lesions in iron deficiency [anemia](/wiki/Anemia \"Anemia\").{{Cite journal \\|doi \\= 10\\.1186/1471\\-230X\\-8\\-52\\|title \\= Predictors of gastrointestinal lesions on endoscopy in iron deficiency anemia without gastrointestinal symptoms\\|year \\= 2008\\|last1 \\= Majid\\|first1 \\= Shahid\\|last2 \\= Salih\\|first2 \\= Mohammad\\|last3 \\= Wasaya\\|first3 \\= Rozina\\|last4 \\= Jafri\\|first4 \\= Wasim\\|journal \\= BMC Gastroenterology\\|volume \\= 8\\|pages \\= 52\\|pmid \\= 18992171\\|pmc \\= 2613391 \\| doi\\-access\\=free }} In addition, binary regression was applied to differentiate between malignant and benign [adnexal mass](/wiki/Adnexal_mass \"Adnexal mass\") prior to surgery.{{Cite journal \\|doi \\= 10\\.1200/JCO.2005\\.01\\.7632\\|title \\= Logistic Regression Model to Distinguish Between the Benign and Malignant Adnexal Mass Before Surgery: A Multicenter Study by the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis Group\\|year \\= 2005\\|last1 \\= Timmerman\\|first1 \\= Dirk\\|last2 \\= Testa\\|first2 \\= Antonia C.\\|last3 \\= Bourne\\|first3 \\= Tom\\|last4 \\= Ferrazzi\\|first4 \\= Enrico\\|last5 \\= Ameye\\|first5 \\= Lieveke\\|last6 \\= Konstantinovic\\|first6 \\= Maja L.\\|last7 \\= Van Calster\\|first7 \\= Ben\\|last8 \\= Collins\\|first8 \\= William P.\\|last9 \\= Vergote\\|first9 \\= Ignace\\|last10 \\= Van Huffel\\|first10 \\= Sabine\\|last11 \\= Valentin\\|first11 \\= Lil\\|journal \\= Journal of Clinical Oncology\\|volume \\= 23\\|issue \\= 34\\|pages \\= 8794–8801\\|pmid \\= 16314639\\|doi\\-access \\= free}}",
"### The binary hyperbolastic regression of type I",
"Let Y be a binary outcome variable which can assume one of two mutually exclusive values, success or failure. If we code success as Y\\=1 and failure as Y\\=0, then for parameter \\\\theta \\\\geq \\-1, the hyperbolastic success probability of type I with a sample of size n as a function of parameter \\\\theta and parameter vector \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta} \\= (\\\\beta\\_0, \\\\beta\\_1,\\\\ldots, \\\\beta\\_p) given a p\\-dimensional vector of explanatory variables is defined as \\\\mathbf{x}\\_i\\=(x\\_{i1},\\\\ x\\_{i2},\\\\ldots ,\\\\ x\\_{ip})^T, where i \\= 1,2,\\\\ldots,n, is given by",
"\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}) \\= P(y\\_i\\=1\\|\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=\\\\frac{1}{1\\+e^{\\-(\\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}{\\\\beta\\_s x\\_{is}})\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(\\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}{\\\\beta\\_s x\\_{is}}) } }. \nThe odds of success is the ratio of the probability of success to the probability of failure. For binary hyperbolastic regression of type I, the odds of success is denoted by Odds\\_{H1} and expressed by the equation\nOdds\\_{H1}\\=e^{\\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}{\\\\beta\\_s x\\_{is}}\\+\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(\\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}{\\\\beta\\_s x\\_{is}}) }.\nThe logarithm of Odds\\_{H1} is called the [logit](/wiki/Logit \"Logit\") of binary hyperbolastic regression of type I. The logit transformation is denoted by L\\_{H1} and can be written as",
"L\\_{H1}\\=\\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}{\\\\beta\\_s x\\_{is}} \\+\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}\\[\\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}{\\\\beta\\_s x\\_{is}}] .\n#### Shannon information for binary hyperbolastic of type I (H1\\)",
"The [Shannon information](/wiki/Shannon_information \"Shannon information\") for the random variable Y is defined as",
"I(y)\\=\\-{log}\\_bP(y)\nwhere the base of logarithm b \\> 0 and b \\\\neq 1. For binary outcome, b is equal to 2.",
"For the binary hyperbolastic regression of type I, the information I(y) is given by",
"I(y)\\=\n\\\\begin{cases}\n\\-log\\_b\\\\frac{1}{1\\+e^{\\-Z\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}} \\& y \\= 1 ,\\\\\\\\\n\\-log\\_b\\\\frac{e^{\\-Z\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}}{1\\+e^{\\-Z\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}} \\& y \\= 0\n\\\\end{cases}\n,\nwhere Z\\= \\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}\\\\beta\\_sx\\_s, and x\\_s is the s^{th} input data.\nFor a random sample of binary outcomes of size n, the average empirical information for hyperbolastic H1 can be estimated by",
"\\\\overline{I(y)}\\=\n\\\\begin{cases}\n\\-\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{log\\_b\\\\frac{1}{1\\+e^{\\-Z\\_i\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\\_i)}}} \\& y \\= 1 ,\\\\\\\\\n\\-\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{log\\_b\\\\frac{e^{\\-Z\\_i\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\\_i)}}{1\\+e^{\\-Z\\_i\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\\_i)}}} \\& y \\= 0\n\\\\end{cases}\n,\nwhere Z\\_i\\= \\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}\\\\beta\\_sx\\_{is}, and x\\_{is} is the s^{th} input data for the i^{th} observation.",
"#### Information Entropy for hyperbolastic H1",
"[Information entropy](/wiki/Information_entropy \"Information entropy\") measures the loss of information in a transmitted message or signal. In machine learning applications, it is the number of bits necessary to transmit a randomly selected event from a probability distribution. For a discrete random variable Y, the information entropy H is defined as",
"H\\=\\-\\\\sum\\_{y\\\\in Y}{P(y)\\\\ {log}\\_bP(y)}\nwhere P(y) is the probability mass function for the random variable Y.\nThe information entropy is the mathematical expectation of I(y) with respect to probability mass function P(y). The Information entropy has many applications in machine learning and artificial intelligence such as classification modeling and decision trees. For the hyperbolastic H1, the entropy H is equal to",
"",
"\\\\begin{align}\nH \\& \\= \\-\\\\sum\\_{y \\\\in \\\\{0,1\\\\}}{P(Y\\=y;\\\\mathbf{x},\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})log\\_b(P(Y\\=y;\\\\mathbf{x},\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))} \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\= \\-\\[\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\\\ log\\_b(\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\+(1\\-\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))log\\_b(1\\-\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))] \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\= {log}\\_b(1\\+e^{\\-Z\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)})\\-\\\\frac{e^{\\-Z\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}{log}\\_b(e^{\\-Z\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)})}{1\\+e^{\\-Z\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z)}}\n\\\\end{align}",
"The estimated average entropy for hyperbolastic H1 is denoted by \\\\bar{H} and is given by",
"",
"\\\\bar{H}\\=\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{\\[log\\_b(1\\+e^{{\\-Z}\\_i\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\\_i)})\\-}\\\\frac{e^{{\\-Z}\\_i\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\\_i)}\\\\ {log}\\_b(e^{{\\-Z}\\_i\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}((Z\\_i)})}{1\\+e^{{\\-Z}\\_i\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\\_i)}}]",
"#### Binary Cross\\-entropy for hyperbolastic H1",
"The binary [cross\\-entropy](/wiki/Cross-entropy \"Cross-entropy\") compares the observed y \\\\in \\\\{0,1\\\\} with the predicted probabilities. The average binary cross\\-entropy for hyperbolastic H1 is denoted by \\\\overline{C} and is equal to",
"\\\\begin{align}\n\\\\overline{C} \\& \\=\\-\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{{\\[y}\\_i log\\_b(\\\\pi(x\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))\\+}{(1\\-y}\\_i)log\\_b(1\\-\\\\pi(x\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))] \\\\\\\\\n\\&\\=\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{\\[log\\_b(1\\+e^{{\\-Z}\\_i\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\\_i)})\\-}{(1\\-y}\\_i)log\\_b(e^{{\\-Z}\\_i\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}(Z\\_i)})]\n\\\\end{align}",
"",
"### The binary hyperbolastic regression of type II",
"The hyperbolastic regression of type II is an alternative method for the analysis of binary data with robust properties. For the binary outcome variable Y, the hyperbolastic success probability of type II is a function of a p\\-dimensional vector of explanatory variables \\\\mathbf{x}\\_i given by",
"\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}) \\= P(y\\_i\\=1\\|\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\= \\\\frac{1}{1 \\+ \\\\operatorname{arsinh}\\[e^{ \\- (\\\\beta\\_0 \\+ \\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}{\\\\beta\\_s x\\_{is}}) }]} , \nFor the binary hyperbolastic regression of type II, the odds of success is denoted by Odds\\_{H2} and is defined as",
"Odds\\_{H2} \\= \\\\frac{1}{\\\\operatorname{arsinh}\\[e^{\\-(\\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}{\\\\beta\\_s x\\_{is}}) } ] }. \nThe logit transformation L\\_{H2} is given by",
"L\\_{H2}\\= \\- \\\\log{( \\\\operatorname{arsinh}\\[ e^{\\-(\\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}{\\\\beta\\_s x\\_{is}})}])}\n#### Shannon information for binary hyperbolastic of type II (H2\\)",
"For the binary hyperbolastic regression H2, the Shannon information I(y) is given by",
"I(y) \\=\n\\\\begin{cases}\n\\-log\\_b \\\\frac{1}{1\\+arsinh(e^{\\-Z})} \\& y \\= 1 \\\\\\\\\n\\-log\\_b \\\\frac{arsinh(e^{\\-Z})}{1\\+arsinh(e^{\\-Z})} \\& y \\= 0\n\\\\end{cases}",
"where Z\\= \\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p}\\\\beta\\_sx\\_s, and x\\_s is the s^{th} input data.\nFor a random sample of binary outcomes of size n, the average empirical information for hyperbolastic H2 is estimated by",
"\\\\overline{I(y)}\\=\n\\\\begin{cases}\n\\-\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}log\\_b \\\\frac{1}{1\\+arsinh(e^{\\-Z\\_i})} \\& y \\= 1 \\\\\\\\\n\\-\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}log\\_b \\\\frac{arsinh(e^{\\-Z\\_i})}{1\\+arsinh(e^{\\-Z\\_i})} \\& y\\=0\n\\\\end{cases}",
"where Z\\_i\\= \\\\beta\\_0\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=1}^{p} \\\\beta\\_sx\\_{is}, and x\\_{is} is the s^{th} input data for the i^{th} observation.",
"#### Information Entropy for hyperbolastic H2",
"For the hyperbolastic H2, the information entropy H is equal to",
"",
"\\\\begin{align}\nH\\& \\= \\-\\\\sum\\_{y\\\\in \\\\{0,1\\\\}}{P(Y\\=y;\\\\mathbf{x} , \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}) log\\_b(P(Y\\=y;\\\\mathbf{x} ,\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))} \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\=\\-\\[\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\\\ log\\_b(\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))\\+(1\\-\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))log\\_b(1\\-\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))] \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\=log\\_b(1\\+arsinh(e^{\\-Z}))\\-\\\\frac{arsinh(e^{\\-Z}) log\\_b (arsinh(e^{\\-Z}))}{1\\+arsinh(e^{\\-Z})}\n\\\\end{align}",
"and the estimated average entropy \\\\bar{H} for hyperbolastic H2 is",
"",
"\\\\bar{H}\\=\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{\\[log\\_b(1\\+{arsinh(e}^{{\\-Z}\\_i}))\\-}\\\\frac{{arsinh(e}^{{\\-Z}\\_i})\\\\ {log}\\_b{(arsinh(e}^{{\\-Z}\\_i}))}{1\\+{arsinh(e}^{{\\-Z}\\_i})}]",
"#### Binary Cross\\-entropy for hyperbolastic H2",
"The average binary cross\\-entropy \\\\overline{C} for hyperbolastic H2 is",
"",
"\\\\begin{align}\n\\\\overline{C} \\& \\=\\-\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{{\\[y}\\_ilog\\_b(\\\\pi(x\\_i;\\\\beta))\\+}{(1\\-y}\\_i)log\\_b(1\\-\\\\pi(x\\_i;\\\\beta))] \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\=\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{\\[log\\_b(1\\+{arsinh(e}^{{\\-Z}\\_i}))\\-}{(1\\-y}\\_i)log\\_b({arsinh(e}^{{\\-Z}\\_i}))]\n\\\\end{align}",
"### Parameter estimation for the binary hyperbolastic regression of type I and II",
"The estimate of the parameter vector \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta} can be obtained by maximizing the log\\-likelihood function",
"\\\\hat{\\\\beta} \\= \\\\underset{\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}}\\\\operatorname{argmax}{\\\\sum\\_{i \\= 1}^{n}\\[y\\_iln(\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))\\+(1\\-y\\_i)ln(1\\-\\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))]} \nwhere \\\\pi(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}) is defined according to one of the two types of hyberbolastic functions used.",
"### The multinomial hyperbolastic regression of type I and II",
"The generalization of the binary hyperbolastic regression to multinomial hyperbolastic regression has a response variable y\\_i for individual i with k categories (i.e. y\\_i \\\\in \\\\{1,2,\\\\ldots,k\\\\}). When k\\=2, this model reduces to a binary hyperbolastic regression.\nFor each i\\=1,2,\\\\ldots,n, we form k indicator variables y\\_{ij} where",
"y\\_{ij}\\=\n\\\\begin{cases}\n1 \\& \\\\text{if } y\\_i \\= j,\\\\\\\\\n0 \\& \\\\text{if } y\\_i \\\\neq j\n\\\\end{cases}\n,\nmeaning that y\\_{ij}\\=1 whenever the i^{th} response is in category j and 0 otherwise.",
"Define parameter vector \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}\\_j\\=(\\\\beta\\_{j0},\\\\beta\\_{j1},\\\\ldots,\\\\beta\\_{jp}) in a p\\+1\\-dimensional Euclidean space and \\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}\\=(\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}\\_1,\\\\ldots,\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}\\_{k\\-1})^T.",
"Using category 1 as a reference and \\\\pi\\_1(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}) as its corresponding probability function, the multinomial hyperbolastic regression of type I probabilities are defined as",
"\\\\pi\\_1(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=P(y\\_i\\=1\\|\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=\\\\frac{1}{1\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=2}^{k}e^{\\-\\\\eta\\_s(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}\\[\\\\eta\\_s(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})]}}\nand for j \\= 2,\\\\ldots,k,",
"\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=P(y\\_i\\=j\\|\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=\\\\frac{e^{\\-\\\\eta\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}\\[\\\\eta\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})]}}{1\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=2}^{k}e^{\\-\\\\eta\\_s(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\-\\\\theta \\\\operatorname{arsinh}\\[\\\\eta\\_s(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})]}}\nSimilarly, for the multinomial hyperbolastic regression of type II we have",
"\\\\pi\\_1(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=P(y\\_i\\=1\\|\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=\\\\frac{1}{1\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=2}^{k}arsinh\\[e^{\\-\\\\eta\\_s(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})}]}\nand for j \\= 2,\\\\ldots,k,",
"\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=P(y\\_i\\=j\\|\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=\\\\frac{arsinh\\[e^{\\-\\\\eta\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})}]}{1\\+\\\\sum\\_{s\\=2}^{k}arsinh\\[e^{\\-\\\\eta\\_s(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})}]}\nwhere \\\\eta\\_s(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})\\=\\\\beta\\_{s0}\\+\\\\sum\\_{l\\=1}^{p}\\\\beta\\_{sl}x\\_{il} with s \\= 2, \\\\dots, k and i \\= 1,\\\\dots,n.",
"The choice of \\\\pi\\_i(\\\\mathbf{x\\_i};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}) is dependent on the choice of hyperbolastic H1 or H2\\.",
"#### Shannon Information for multiclass hyperbolastic H1 or H2",
"For the multiclass (j\\=1, 2, \\\\dots, k), the Shannon information I\\_j is",
"I\\_j\\=\\-log\\_b(\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})).\nFor a random sample of size n, the empirical multiclass information can be estimated by\n\\\\overline{I\\_j}\\=\\-\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{log\\_b(\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x\\_i};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))}.",
"#### Multiclass Entropy in Information Theory",
"For a discrete random variable Y, the multiclass information entropy is defined as",
"H\\=\\-\\\\sum\\_{y \\\\in Y}{P(y)\\\\ {log}\\_bP(y)}\nwhere P(y) is the probability mass function for the multiclass random variable Y.",
"For the hyperbolastic H1 or H2, the multiclass entropy H is equal to",
"H\\=\\-\\\\sum\\_{j\\=1}^{k}{\\[\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}) log\\_b(\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))]}\nThe estimated average multiclass entropy \\\\overline{H} is equal to",
"\\\\overline{H}\\=\\-\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{\\\\sum\\_{j\\=1}^{k}{\\[\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x\\_i};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}) log\\_b(\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x\\_i};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))]}}\n#### Multiclass Cross\\-entropy for hyperbolastic H1 or H2",
"Multiclass cross\\-entropy compares the observed multiclass output with the predicted probabilities. For a random sample of multiclass outcomes of size n, the average multiclass cross\\-entropy \\\\overline{C} for hyperbolastic H1 or H2 can be estimated by",
"\\\\overline{C}\\=\\-\\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^{n}{\\\\sum\\_{j\\=1}^{k}{\\[y\\_{ij} log\\_b(\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x\\_i};\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}))]}}\nThe log\\-odds of membership in category j versus the reference category 1, denoted by \\\\omicron\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}), is equal to",
"\\\\omicron\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}) \\= ln\\[\\\\frac{\\\\pi\\_j(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})}{\\\\pi\\_1(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})}]\nwhere j\\=2,\\\\ldots,k and i\\=1,\\\\ldots,n. The estimated parameter matrix \\\\hat\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta} of multinomial hyperbolastic regression is obtained by maximizing the log\\-likelihood function. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameter matrix \\\\boldsymbol\\\\beta is",
"\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\hat{\\\\beta}} \\= \\\\underset{\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta}}\\\\operatorname{argmax}{\\\\sum\\_{i\\=1}^n(y\\_{i1}ln\\[\\\\pi\\_1(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})]\\+y\\_{i2}ln\\[\\\\pi\\_2(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})]\\+\\\\ldots\\+y\\_{ik}ln\\[\\\\pi\\_k(\\\\mathbf{x}\\_i;\\\\boldsymbol{\\\\beta})])}"
] |
Biography
---------
A former student of the [École Normale Supérieure](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure "École Normale Supérieure") (1974\-1977\), Frédéric Berthet is a resident at the [Bibliothèque nationale de France](/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France "Bibliothèque nationale de France") where he notably worked on the "fonds [Barrès](/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s "Maurice Barrès")".
Frédéric Berthet was [cultural attaché in New York](/wiki/Consulate_General_of_France_in_New_York "Consulate General of France in New York") from 1984 to 1987\. [Pierre Bayard](/wiki/Pierre_Bayard "Pierre Bayard"),
One of his comrades in the École Normale and friend, said of him: "He had a fascinating aura, thanks to his prestigious associations:[Barthes](/wiki/Roland_Barthes "Roland Barthes"), [Sollers](/wiki/Philippe_Sollers "Philippe Sollers"), [Julia Kristeva](/wiki/Julia_Kristeva "Julia Kristeva")... But most of all, he was very funny. \[...] Thanks to him I discovered [Fitzgerald](/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald "F. Scott Fitzgerald"), [Philip Roth](/wiki/Philip_Roth "Philip Roth"), [Brautigan](/wiki/Richard_Brautigan "Richard Brautigan"), [Evelyn Waugh](/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh "Evelyn Waugh")".Quoted by François Gorin, *L'ami Berthet retrouvé*, *[Télérama](/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9rama "Télérama")*, n° 3187, 9 février 2011 [online](http://www.telerama.fr/livre/l-ami-berthet-retrouve,65450.php). Disappeared in 2003, this brilliant author, dandy à la Fitzgerald, was adopted by the literary gotha. This is evidenced by the rich correspondence gathered by a close relative, Norbert Cassegrain....
Five books were published during his lifetime, in the space of ten years. *Simple journée d'été*, which the author himself defined as a "suite" of short stories, in the musical sense of the term, appeared in Denoël's [L'Infini](/wiki/L%27Infini "L'Infini") series in January 1986\. Notably, this first publication contained no mention of genre or literary format. *Daimler s'en va*, a new incursion into the "romanesque territory," according to his own terms, was published in the same series, now at [Gallimard](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard "Éditions Gallimard"), in May 1988\. The book, praised in particular in *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde "Le Monde")* by [Bertrand Poirot\-Delpech](/wiki/Bertrand_Poirot-Delpech "Bertrand Poirot-Delpech"), who devoted the work his entire column,*Les nouveaux dandys*, *Le Monde*, Friday 24 June 1988\. Bertrand Poirot\-Delpech concluded his article: "He gives the reader this valuable gift: something to discover oneself more original than one believed, at least, more singular." experienced a critical success. From then on, and although the title of this novel invited to reflection like the last word of his narrative to silence, each of Frédéric Berthet's books was awaited with curiosity.
In January 1993, appeared simultaneously *Felicidad*, his second collection of short stories (L'Infini's headline read "Nouvelles du front"), and *Paris\-Berry* (that of the "Blanche Collection" read "Counter\-attack"), a short story as unclassifiable as the preceding ones, but which aroused in the press a wave of interrogations, if not indignations: a bit casual, was this irruption in the mythical collection of Gallimard a provocation?
His last book, *Le Retour de Bouvard et Pécuchet* was published by [Éditions du Rocher](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Rocher "Éditions du Rocher") in March 1996\.
The literary work of Frédéric Berthet, however, began in 1970\. He was 16 years old. Over the course of these thirty\-three years, his literary activity was carried out in various forms: essays, lectures, communications, interviews, translations, articles and press columns... Their reading reveals today that each of these events participated of the same topicality of thought: the realization of a "program" formulated since 1970 and remained in suspense the day after his disappearance.
Frédéric Berthet lived in [Chambon\-sur\-Voueize](/wiki/Chambon-sur-Voueize "Chambon-sur-Voueize") since 1993\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"A former student of the [École Normale Supérieure](/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure \"École Normale Supérieure\") (1974\\-1977\\), Frédéric Berthet is a resident at the [Bibliothèque nationale de France](/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France \"Bibliothèque nationale de France\") where he notably worked on the \"fonds [Barrès](/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s \"Maurice Barrès\")\".",
"Frédéric Berthet was [cultural attaché in New York](/wiki/Consulate_General_of_France_in_New_York \"Consulate General of France in New York\") from 1984 to 1987\\. [Pierre Bayard](/wiki/Pierre_Bayard \"Pierre Bayard\"), \nOne of his comrades in the École Normale and friend, said of him: \"He had a fascinating aura, thanks to his prestigious associations:[Barthes](/wiki/Roland_Barthes \"Roland Barthes\"), [Sollers](/wiki/Philippe_Sollers \"Philippe Sollers\"), [Julia Kristeva](/wiki/Julia_Kristeva \"Julia Kristeva\")... But most of all, he was very funny. \\[...] Thanks to him I discovered [Fitzgerald](/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald \"F. Scott Fitzgerald\"), [Philip Roth](/wiki/Philip_Roth \"Philip Roth\"), [Brautigan](/wiki/Richard_Brautigan \"Richard Brautigan\"), [Evelyn Waugh](/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh \"Evelyn Waugh\")\".Quoted by François Gorin, *L'ami Berthet retrouvé*, *[Télérama](/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9rama \"Télérama\")*, n° 3187, 9 février 2011 [online](http://www.telerama.fr/livre/l-ami-berthet-retrouve,65450.php). Disappeared in 2003, this brilliant author, dandy à la Fitzgerald, was adopted by the literary gotha. This is evidenced by the rich correspondence gathered by a close relative, Norbert Cassegrain....",
"Five books were published during his lifetime, in the space of ten years. *Simple journée d'été*, which the author himself defined as a \"suite\" of short stories, in the musical sense of the term, appeared in Denoël's [L'Infini](/wiki/L%27Infini \"L'Infini\") series in January 1986\\. Notably, this first publication contained no mention of genre or literary format. *Daimler s'en va*, a new incursion into the \"romanesque territory,\" according to his own terms, was published in the same series, now at [Gallimard](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard \"Éditions Gallimard\"), in May 1988\\. The book, praised in particular in *[Le Monde](/wiki/Le_Monde \"Le Monde\")* by [Bertrand Poirot\\-Delpech](/wiki/Bertrand_Poirot-Delpech \"Bertrand Poirot-Delpech\"), who devoted the work his entire column,*Les nouveaux dandys*, *Le Monde*, Friday 24 June 1988\\. Bertrand Poirot\\-Delpech concluded his article: \"He gives the reader this valuable gift: something to discover oneself more original than one believed, at least, more singular.\" experienced a critical success. From then on, and although the title of this novel invited to reflection like the last word of his narrative to silence, each of Frédéric Berthet's books was awaited with curiosity.",
"In January 1993, appeared simultaneously *Felicidad*, his second collection of short stories (L'Infini's headline read \"Nouvelles du front\"), and *Paris\\-Berry* (that of the \"Blanche Collection\" read \"Counter\\-attack\"), a short story as unclassifiable as the preceding ones, but which aroused in the press a wave of interrogations, if not indignations: a bit casual, was this irruption in the mythical collection of Gallimard a provocation?",
"His last book, *Le Retour de Bouvard et Pécuchet* was published by [Éditions du Rocher](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Rocher \"Éditions du Rocher\") in March 1996\\.",
"The literary work of Frédéric Berthet, however, began in 1970\\. He was 16 years old. Over the course of these thirty\\-three years, his literary activity was carried out in various forms: essays, lectures, communications, interviews, translations, articles and press columns... Their reading reveals today that each of these events participated of the same topicality of thought: the realization of a \"program\" formulated since 1970 and remained in suspense the day after his disappearance.",
"Frédéric Berthet lived in [Chambon\\-sur\\-Voueize](/wiki/Chambon-sur-Voueize \"Chambon-sur-Voueize\") since 1993\\.",
""
] |
Overview
--------
Before the 2023–24 season, the [Russian Second League](/wiki/Russian_Second_League "Russian Second League") was reorganized and split into two tiers \- third\-tier Russian Second League Division A and fourth\-tier Russian Second League Division B.{{cite web\|publisher\=Russian Football Union\|url\=https://rfs.ru/news/218076\|title\=Бюро исполкома РФС утвердило реформу Второй лиги\|date\=10 May 2023\|language\=ru}}
Division A consists of two groups of 10 teams each.
The Gold Group initially includes:
* 3 teams relegated from the [2023–24 Russian First League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_First_League "2023–24 Russian First League") ([FC Leningradets Leningrad Oblast](/wiki/FC_Leningradets_Leningrad_Oblast "FC Leningradets Leningrad Oblast"), [FC Volgar Astrakhan](/wiki/FC_Volgar_Astrakhan "FC Volgar Astrakhan") and [FC Kuban Krasnodar](/wiki/FC_Kuban_Krasnodar_%282018%29 "FC Kuban Krasnodar (2018)"))
* 3 teams from the Top 6 of the [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A "2023–24 Russian Second League Division A") Second stage Gold Group that were not promoted to the [Russian First League](/wiki/Russian_First_League "Russian First League") (including FC Novosibirsk, who were renamed to [FC Sibir Novosibirsk](/wiki/FC_Sibir_Novosibirsk_%282019%29 "FC Sibir Novosibirsk (2019)"))
* Top 4 teams from the [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A "2023–24 Russian Second League Division A") Second stage Silver Group
The Silver Group includes:
* Bottom 4 teams from the [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A "2023–24 Russian Second League Division A") Second stage Gold Group.
* Bottom 6 teams from the [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A "2023–24 Russian Second League Division A") Second stage Silver Group.
In the first part of the season (summer/autumn 2024\), each team in the Gold and Silver groups will play each other team in the same group twice, home\-and\-away, for 18 games in total for each team.
For the second part of the season (spring/summer 2025\), groups will be re\-constituted.
Top 6 teams of the First stage Gold Group and top 4 teams of the First stage Silver Group will qualify for the Second stage Gold Group. Bottom 4 teams of the First stage Gold Group will be moved to the Second stage Silver Group.
Bottom 2 teams of the First stage Silver Group will be automatically relegated to the [2025 Division B](/wiki/2025_Russian_Second_League_Division_B "2025 Russian Second League Division B"). Four winners of the [2024 Division B](/wiki/2024_Russian_Second_League_Division_B "2024 Russian Second League Division B") zones would be promoted to the Second stage Silver Group.
Teams that finish 7th and 8th in the First stage Silver Group would qualify for the relegation play\-offs (two games, home\-and\-away) against the teams that finished 9th and 10th in the Second stage Silver Group of the [2023–24 Russian Second League Division A](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A "2023–24 Russian Second League Division A") ([FC Torpedo Miass](/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Miass "FC Torpedo Miass") and [FC Dynamo Bryansk](/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Bryansk "FC Dynamo Bryansk")). If Torpedo Miass and Dynamo Bryansk finish in 5th and 6th place in the First stage Silver Group, the 5th\-placed team will play the 8th\-placed team and the 6th\-placed team will play the 7th\-placed team in the relegation play\-offs. If only one team out of Torpedo/Dynamo finish in 5th or 6th place, that team will play in relegation play\-offs against the 7th\-placed team, and the 8th\-placed team will be relegated automatically. If neither Torpedo Miass nor Dynamo Bryansk finish in 5th or 6th place, the relegation play\-offs will not be held, and the 7th and 8th\-placed teams would be relegated automatically. The losers of the relegation play\-offs would be relegated to the [2025 Division B](/wiki/2025_Russian_Second_League_Division_B "2025 Russian Second League Division B"), the winners would be included in the Second stage Silver Group.
The teams in re\-constituted groups will play each other twice more for 18 more games. Top 2 Gold Group teams at the end of the season will be promoted to the [Russian First League](/wiki/Russian_First_League "Russian First League") for the 2025–26 season.
The 3rd\-placed Second stage Gold Group team will play in promotion play\-offs (two games, home\-and\-away). Their opponent will be:
1. The 1st\-placed First stage Gold Group team, unless that team finishes in the Top 2 or in the bottom 4 in the second stage; if 3rd\-placed Second stage team was 1st in the First stage, it would get promoted automatically; otherwise
2. The 2nd\-placed First stage Gold Group team, unless that team finishes in the Top 2 or in the bottom 4 in the second stage; if 3rd\-placed Second stage team was 2nd in the First stage, it would get promoted automatically; otherwise
3. The 3rd\-placed First stage Gold Group team, unless that team finishes in the Top 2 or in the bottom 4 in the second stage; if 3rd\-placed Second stage team was 3rd in the First stage, it would get promoted automatically.
The winner of those play\-offs will also be promoted to the [Russian First League](/wiki/Russian_First_League "Russian First League").{{cite web\|publisher\=Russian Second League\|url\=https://2fnl.com/upload/s4y\_docs/161/Link/Reglament\_LEON\-Vtoroj\_Ligi\_A\_2024\-2025\.pdf\|title\=Russian Second League regulations 2024\-25 \- paragraph 3\.17\|access\-date\=13 July 2024\|language\=ru}}
If none of the top\-3 First stage Gold Group teams qualify for the promotion play\-offs under the conditions described above, the play\-offs would not be held and the 3rd\-place Second stage Gold Group team would be promoted to the [Russian First League](/wiki/Russian_First_League "Russian First League") automatically.
The bottom four teams in the Gold Group at the end of the season would be moved to Silver Group for the 2025–26 season, and the top four teams in the Silver Group would be moved to Gold Group. The bottom two teams in the Silver Group would qualify for the 2025–26 relegation play\-offs.
The rotation between Division A and Division B will be happening in the winter going forward, as Division B switched to spring\-to\-autumn, March\-to\-November cycle for their seasons. There will no relegation from Division A or promotion to it immediately at the end of the 2024–25 season.
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"Before the 2023–24 season, the [Russian Second League](/wiki/Russian_Second_League \"Russian Second League\") was reorganized and split into two tiers \\- third\\-tier Russian Second League Division A and fourth\\-tier Russian Second League Division B.{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Russian Football Union\\|url\\=https://rfs.ru/news/218076\\|title\\=Бюро исполкома РФС утвердило реформу Второй лиги\\|date\\=10 May 2023\\|language\\=ru}}",
"Division A consists of two groups of 10 teams each.",
"The Gold Group initially includes:",
"* 3 teams relegated from the [2023–24 Russian First League](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_First_League \"2023–24 Russian First League\") ([FC Leningradets Leningrad Oblast](/wiki/FC_Leningradets_Leningrad_Oblast \"FC Leningradets Leningrad Oblast\"), [FC Volgar Astrakhan](/wiki/FC_Volgar_Astrakhan \"FC Volgar Astrakhan\") and [FC Kuban Krasnodar](/wiki/FC_Kuban_Krasnodar_%282018%29 \"FC Kuban Krasnodar (2018)\"))\n* 3 teams from the Top 6 of the [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A \"2023–24 Russian Second League Division A\") Second stage Gold Group that were not promoted to the [Russian First League](/wiki/Russian_First_League \"Russian First League\") (including FC Novosibirsk, who were renamed to [FC Sibir Novosibirsk](/wiki/FC_Sibir_Novosibirsk_%282019%29 \"FC Sibir Novosibirsk (2019)\"))\n* Top 4 teams from the [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A \"2023–24 Russian Second League Division A\") Second stage Silver Group",
"The Silver Group includes:",
"* Bottom 4 teams from the [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A \"2023–24 Russian Second League Division A\") Second stage Gold Group.\n* Bottom 6 teams from the [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A \"2023–24 Russian Second League Division A\") Second stage Silver Group.",
"In the first part of the season (summer/autumn 2024\\), each team in the Gold and Silver groups will play each other team in the same group twice, home\\-and\\-away, for 18 games in total for each team.",
"For the second part of the season (spring/summer 2025\\), groups will be re\\-constituted.",
"Top 6 teams of the First stage Gold Group and top 4 teams of the First stage Silver Group will qualify for the Second stage Gold Group. Bottom 4 teams of the First stage Gold Group will be moved to the Second stage Silver Group.",
"Bottom 2 teams of the First stage Silver Group will be automatically relegated to the [2025 Division B](/wiki/2025_Russian_Second_League_Division_B \"2025 Russian Second League Division B\"). Four winners of the [2024 Division B](/wiki/2024_Russian_Second_League_Division_B \"2024 Russian Second League Division B\") zones would be promoted to the Second stage Silver Group.",
"Teams that finish 7th and 8th in the First stage Silver Group would qualify for the relegation play\\-offs (two games, home\\-and\\-away) against the teams that finished 9th and 10th in the Second stage Silver Group of the [2023–24 Russian Second League Division A](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Russian_Second_League_Division_A \"2023–24 Russian Second League Division A\") ([FC Torpedo Miass](/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Miass \"FC Torpedo Miass\") and [FC Dynamo Bryansk](/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Bryansk \"FC Dynamo Bryansk\")). If Torpedo Miass and Dynamo Bryansk finish in 5th and 6th place in the First stage Silver Group, the 5th\\-placed team will play the 8th\\-placed team and the 6th\\-placed team will play the 7th\\-placed team in the relegation play\\-offs. If only one team out of Torpedo/Dynamo finish in 5th or 6th place, that team will play in relegation play\\-offs against the 7th\\-placed team, and the 8th\\-placed team will be relegated automatically. If neither Torpedo Miass nor Dynamo Bryansk finish in 5th or 6th place, the relegation play\\-offs will not be held, and the 7th and 8th\\-placed teams would be relegated automatically. The losers of the relegation play\\-offs would be relegated to the [2025 Division B](/wiki/2025_Russian_Second_League_Division_B \"2025 Russian Second League Division B\"), the winners would be included in the Second stage Silver Group.",
"The teams in re\\-constituted groups will play each other twice more for 18 more games. Top 2 Gold Group teams at the end of the season will be promoted to the [Russian First League](/wiki/Russian_First_League \"Russian First League\") for the 2025–26 season.",
"The 3rd\\-placed Second stage Gold Group team will play in promotion play\\-offs (two games, home\\-and\\-away). Their opponent will be: \n1. The 1st\\-placed First stage Gold Group team, unless that team finishes in the Top 2 or in the bottom 4 in the second stage; if 3rd\\-placed Second stage team was 1st in the First stage, it would get promoted automatically; otherwise\n2. The 2nd\\-placed First stage Gold Group team, unless that team finishes in the Top 2 or in the bottom 4 in the second stage; if 3rd\\-placed Second stage team was 2nd in the First stage, it would get promoted automatically; otherwise\n3. The 3rd\\-placed First stage Gold Group team, unless that team finishes in the Top 2 or in the bottom 4 in the second stage; if 3rd\\-placed Second stage team was 3rd in the First stage, it would get promoted automatically.",
"The winner of those play\\-offs will also be promoted to the [Russian First League](/wiki/Russian_First_League \"Russian First League\").{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Russian Second League\\|url\\=https://2fnl.com/upload/s4y\\_docs/161/Link/Reglament\\_LEON\\-Vtoroj\\_Ligi\\_A\\_2024\\-2025\\.pdf\\|title\\=Russian Second League regulations 2024\\-25 \\- paragraph 3\\.17\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2024\\|language\\=ru}}",
"If none of the top\\-3 First stage Gold Group teams qualify for the promotion play\\-offs under the conditions described above, the play\\-offs would not be held and the 3rd\\-place Second stage Gold Group team would be promoted to the [Russian First League](/wiki/Russian_First_League \"Russian First League\") automatically.",
"The bottom four teams in the Gold Group at the end of the season would be moved to Silver Group for the 2025–26 season, and the top four teams in the Silver Group would be moved to Gold Group. The bottom two teams in the Silver Group would qualify for the 2025–26 relegation play\\-offs.",
"The rotation between Division A and Division B will be happening in the winter going forward, as Division B switched to spring\\-to\\-autumn, March\\-to\\-November cycle for their seasons. There will no relegation from Division A or promotion to it immediately at the end of the 2024–25 season.",
""
] |
Indian Independence Committee
-----------------------------
{{more citations needed section\|date\= November 2022}}
{{See also\|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}
Pillai then established close contacts with the few Indians in Germany including [Virendranath Chattopadhyaya](/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya "Virendranath Chattopadhyaya"), immediate younger brother of [Sarojini Naidu](/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu "Sarojini Naidu"), [Bhupendranath Datta](/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta "Bhupendranath Datta"), younger brother of Narendranath Dutta[Swami Vivekananda](/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda "Swami Vivekananda"), [M. Prabhakar](/wiki/M._Prabhakar "M. Prabhakar"), [Raja Mahendra Pratap](/wiki/Raja_Mahendra_Pratap "Raja Mahendra Pratap"), who became the President of the exile Government of India in Afghanistan during the First World War of 1914–18 and the renowned expatriate [Chempakaraman Pillai](/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai "Chempakaraman Pillai"), from Thiruvananthapuram. Chempakaraman Pillai wrote "I am extremely pleased of your broadminded patriotic sentiments. I did not know you as such until I made your personal acquaintance."[Chempakaraman Pillai](/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai "Chempakaraman Pillai") A. R. Pillai along with all these compatriots was imprisoned by the German Government on the ground that they were British subjects. However, they were later released when the few Indians there together formed the India Independence Committee in Berlin under the chairmanship of Virendranath Chattopadhyaya (referred, in short, as Chatto). *"*I assure you I have a great regard for you and a sincere feeling of comradeship especially since we are in the same boat. Please keep us informed of your literary activities.... We must carry out the idea of a book on the National Movement on the lines I suggested", wrote Chatto.Unpublished letter in the archives of Rosscote Krishna Pillai On the request of the India Independence Committee, A. R. Pillai regularly wrote and published articles condemning [British Imperialism](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") and canvassing support for India's struggle for freedom (see copies of letters below). He had also corresponded with veteran freedom fighters of other countries like Sir [Roger Casement](/wiki/Roger_Casement "Roger Casement") of Ireland, then under British rule, trying to make common cause for India's freedom struggle abroad. Sir Roger in his letter to A.R. Pillai said: "I can do more than thank you warmly for your letter and express my sincere and deep respect for all like you who set their country's cause above self interest."Unpublished letter in the archives of Rosscote Krishna Pillai
During the War, A. R. Pillai wrote several articles in German newspapers and gave lectures in various places in Germany, at various universities and other institutions, on Indian history, culture and architecture. Bhupendranath Datta of the India Independence Committee wrote *We want brochures on economic, political, social, religious, etc., showing how British rule is injuring and hindering the development of the Indian people on the above\-mentioned lines. Of course the books or booklets will be published in the name of the Committee* . Among them was an article in *Westermanns Monatshefte* of December 1914 which called for German support for the Indian struggle for freedom under the title "Indien Und Die Europaische Krisis" (India and the European Crisis\- in translation.{{cite book\|last\=Leifer\|first\=Walter\|title\=India and the Germans – 500 Years of Indo\-German Contact \|year\=1971\|publisher\=Shakuntala Publishing House\|location\=Bombay\|page\=281}} Some of these articles and the texts of the lectures were later brought out in book form; eight of these books are listed in the Authors' Catalogue in the Library of the University of Göttingen.{{cite book\|last\=Pillai\|first\=A.R\|title\=Architektur\|year\=1924\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=\_lEQHAAACAAJ}}{{cite book\|last\=Pillai\|first\=A.R\|title\=Klassische und mittellateinische Philologie\|year\=1924\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=k5sGHAAACAAJ}}Yearly Writers' Directory, 1922–27, Stadtarchiv, Gottingen One of these books is entitled Deutschland\- Indiens Hoffnung (Germany – India's Hope – in translation).{{cite book\|last\=Pillai\|first\=A. R. Pillai\|title\=Deutschland – Indiens Hoffnung\|year\=1914\|publisher\=Spielmeyer\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VWjZtgAACAAJ}} He also wrote and published articles on various aspects of life in Germany like Education in Germany, etc., in the then\-famous Indian magazine, *The Modern Review*, of Calcutta.
When on 21 February 1918 the Bund der Freunde Indiens (Union of Friends of India) was founded in Berlin for the spreading of knowledge about India, A. R. Pillai along with other prominent Indians including Chempakaraman Pillai, [Bhupendranath Datta](/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta "Bhupendranath Datta"), Mahendra Pratap and Naik and Germans like Admiral Recke, Hermann von Staden and L. Viereck joined the Bund.{{cite book\|last\=Leifer\|first\=Walter\|title\=India and the Germans\|year\=1971\|publisher\=Shankuntala Publishing House\|location\=Bombay\|page\=285}} The first public activity of this new organisation was a reception held in honour of Raja Mahendra Pratap, "the most colourful Indian personality then in Germany" (also called "The Marco Polo of the East") on 13 April 1918\. In a letter to A. R. Pillai, Mahendra Pratap wrote: "I am glad to hear that you are doing a useful service both to your country and mankind at large since the literary service to science is beneficial all round. I am also trying my best to serve our mutual cause according to my light."Unpublished letter in the archives of Rosscote Krishna Pillai When the World War ended in the defeat of Germany and its allies, the Indian Independence Committee of Berlin wrote to A.R. Pillai (see letters below), saying that the Committee could not thereafter give him any financial aid or support to continue living in Germany and that he had to fend for himself. The British even after the War continued to prevent any letters or money from his home reaching him or his letters reaching anyone in India, considering him as an enemy of the [British Crown](/wiki/British_Crown "British Crown"); they would not also allow him to return to India unless he recanted and apologized, which he considered shameful and would not do.
A. R. Pillai then wanted to complete his course of studies for PhD at the University of Göttingen; however, his straitened circumstances forced him to discontinue his studies and work for earning his livelihood there. Thus he set up a business firm in partnership with a few German friends for selling and publishing books; this firm was called Firma A. R. Pillai \& Co., A. G., Göttingen.
Soon, however, some of his German partners fell out with him and he had to approach the judiciary there but he lost the case. Thereupon he founded another company called A. Raman Pillai, Export\-Buchhandlung, Göttingen, and imported books from publishers and booksellers all over the world and also published books in German. A prestigious tome in German that his firm published is mentioned in his reply to his father\-in\-law, C. V. Raman Pillai, who asked him to come back to India. After tackling enormous agonizing problems in giving up his firm and getting a fresh passport from the British after undertaking not to involve in local politics in India and not to correspond with Germany any more, A. R. Pillai could return to Trivandrum only in October 1926, four and a half years after C. V.'s death on 21 March 1922\.
On his return to Trivandrum via Colombo in October 1926 after 18 years abroad, A. R. Pillai was kept under surveillance and spied by the British for quite some time at Rosscote where he lived with his wife and children. (Rosscote is the house built by C. V. and named after his Guru, John Ross, a Scotsman and the first Principal of H.H.The Maharaja's College – now called the [University College](/wiki/University_College_Thiruvananthapuram "University College Thiruvananthapuram") – in [Trivandrum](/wiki/Trivandrum "Trivandrum")). He was denied the headship of the undivided matriarchal family, which was his due, and access to the family properties.
He resumed his social activities in Trivandrum. He was on the executive of the All India Exhibition, Fair and Amusement Park in 1934 and all the annual Sree Chitra Exhibitions before and after. In fact, in all these exhibitions, he did the lay\-out and gardening and designed the Ravanan Kotta. He then gradually began to correspond with well\-known automobile manufacturing and other business firms in Germany and other European countries with a view to start his own business firm in Thiruvananthapuram. Pillai acquired the sole agency for the sale of [Mercedes\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz "Mercedes-Benz") cars in South India, but before he could formally launch his firm and execute the order for the limousine, he died a year before the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") broke out; within a few months, A.R. Pillai died on 7 September 1938, eight months past the age of 58 years. He had lived only for about 12 years after coming back home. He was survived by his wife Gouri Amma, and five children, Thankamma, Kesavan Nair, Rosscote Krishna Pillai, Suseela Bai and Padmanabhan Nair, the last three children having been born to him after his return from Germany.
|
[
"Indian Independence Committee\n-----------------------------",
"{{more citations needed section\\|date\\= November 2022}}\n{{See also\\|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}\nPillai then established close contacts with the few Indians in Germany including [Virendranath Chattopadhyaya](/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya \"Virendranath Chattopadhyaya\"), immediate younger brother of [Sarojini Naidu](/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu \"Sarojini Naidu\"), [Bhupendranath Datta](/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta \"Bhupendranath Datta\"), younger brother of Narendranath Dutta[Swami Vivekananda](/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda \"Swami Vivekananda\"), [M. Prabhakar](/wiki/M._Prabhakar \"M. Prabhakar\"), [Raja Mahendra Pratap](/wiki/Raja_Mahendra_Pratap \"Raja Mahendra Pratap\"), who became the President of the exile Government of India in Afghanistan during the First World War of 1914–18 and the renowned expatriate [Chempakaraman Pillai](/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai \"Chempakaraman Pillai\"), from Thiruvananthapuram. Chempakaraman Pillai wrote \"I am extremely pleased of your broadminded patriotic sentiments. I did not know you as such until I made your personal acquaintance.\"[Chempakaraman Pillai](/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai \"Chempakaraman Pillai\") A. R. Pillai along with all these compatriots was imprisoned by the German Government on the ground that they were British subjects. However, they were later released when the few Indians there together formed the India Independence Committee in Berlin under the chairmanship of Virendranath Chattopadhyaya (referred, in short, as Chatto). *\"*I assure you I have a great regard for you and a sincere feeling of comradeship especially since we are in the same boat. Please keep us informed of your literary activities.... We must carry out the idea of a book on the National Movement on the lines I suggested\", wrote Chatto.Unpublished letter in the archives of Rosscote Krishna Pillai On the request of the India Independence Committee, A. R. Pillai regularly wrote and published articles condemning [British Imperialism](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\") and canvassing support for India's struggle for freedom (see copies of letters below). He had also corresponded with veteran freedom fighters of other countries like Sir [Roger Casement](/wiki/Roger_Casement \"Roger Casement\") of Ireland, then under British rule, trying to make common cause for India's freedom struggle abroad. Sir Roger in his letter to A.R. Pillai said: \"I can do more than thank you warmly for your letter and express my sincere and deep respect for all like you who set their country's cause above self interest.\"Unpublished letter in the archives of Rosscote Krishna Pillai",
"During the War, A. R. Pillai wrote several articles in German newspapers and gave lectures in various places in Germany, at various universities and other institutions, on Indian history, culture and architecture. Bhupendranath Datta of the India Independence Committee wrote *We want brochures on economic, political, social, religious, etc., showing how British rule is injuring and hindering the development of the Indian people on the above\\-mentioned lines. Of course the books or booklets will be published in the name of the Committee* . Among them was an article in *Westermanns Monatshefte* of December 1914 which called for German support for the Indian struggle for freedom under the title \"Indien Und Die Europaische Krisis\" (India and the European Crisis\\- in translation.{{cite book\\|last\\=Leifer\\|first\\=Walter\\|title\\=India and the Germans – 500 Years of Indo\\-German Contact \\|year\\=1971\\|publisher\\=Shakuntala Publishing House\\|location\\=Bombay\\|page\\=281}} Some of these articles and the texts of the lectures were later brought out in book form; eight of these books are listed in the Authors' Catalogue in the Library of the University of Göttingen.{{cite book\\|last\\=Pillai\\|first\\=A.R\\|title\\=Architektur\\|year\\=1924\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=\\_lEQHAAACAAJ}}{{cite book\\|last\\=Pillai\\|first\\=A.R\\|title\\=Klassische und mittellateinische Philologie\\|year\\=1924\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=k5sGHAAACAAJ}}Yearly Writers' Directory, 1922–27, Stadtarchiv, Gottingen One of these books is entitled Deutschland\\- Indiens Hoffnung (Germany – India's Hope – in translation).{{cite book\\|last\\=Pillai\\|first\\=A. R. Pillai\\|title\\=Deutschland – Indiens Hoffnung\\|year\\=1914\\|publisher\\=Spielmeyer\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VWjZtgAACAAJ}} He also wrote and published articles on various aspects of life in Germany like Education in Germany, etc., in the then\\-famous Indian magazine, *The Modern Review*, of Calcutta.",
"When on 21 February 1918 the Bund der Freunde Indiens (Union of Friends of India) was founded in Berlin for the spreading of knowledge about India, A. R. Pillai along with other prominent Indians including Chempakaraman Pillai, [Bhupendranath Datta](/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta \"Bhupendranath Datta\"), Mahendra Pratap and Naik and Germans like Admiral Recke, Hermann von Staden and L. Viereck joined the Bund.{{cite book\\|last\\=Leifer\\|first\\=Walter\\|title\\=India and the Germans\\|year\\=1971\\|publisher\\=Shankuntala Publishing House\\|location\\=Bombay\\|page\\=285}} The first public activity of this new organisation was a reception held in honour of Raja Mahendra Pratap, \"the most colourful Indian personality then in Germany\" (also called \"The Marco Polo of the East\") on 13 April 1918\\. In a letter to A. R. Pillai, Mahendra Pratap wrote: \"I am glad to hear that you are doing a useful service both to your country and mankind at large since the literary service to science is beneficial all round. I am also trying my best to serve our mutual cause according to my light.\"Unpublished letter in the archives of Rosscote Krishna Pillai When the World War ended in the defeat of Germany and its allies, the Indian Independence Committee of Berlin wrote to A.R. Pillai (see letters below), saying that the Committee could not thereafter give him any financial aid or support to continue living in Germany and that he had to fend for himself. The British even after the War continued to prevent any letters or money from his home reaching him or his letters reaching anyone in India, considering him as an enemy of the [British Crown](/wiki/British_Crown \"British Crown\"); they would not also allow him to return to India unless he recanted and apologized, which he considered shameful and would not do.",
"A. R. Pillai then wanted to complete his course of studies for PhD at the University of Göttingen; however, his straitened circumstances forced him to discontinue his studies and work for earning his livelihood there. Thus he set up a business firm in partnership with a few German friends for selling and publishing books; this firm was called Firma A. R. Pillai \\& Co., A. G., Göttingen.",
"Soon, however, some of his German partners fell out with him and he had to approach the judiciary there but he lost the case. Thereupon he founded another company called A. Raman Pillai, Export\\-Buchhandlung, Göttingen, and imported books from publishers and booksellers all over the world and also published books in German. A prestigious tome in German that his firm published is mentioned in his reply to his father\\-in\\-law, C. V. Raman Pillai, who asked him to come back to India. After tackling enormous agonizing problems in giving up his firm and getting a fresh passport from the British after undertaking not to involve in local politics in India and not to correspond with Germany any more, A. R. Pillai could return to Trivandrum only in October 1926, four and a half years after C. V.'s death on 21 March 1922\\.",
"On his return to Trivandrum via Colombo in October 1926 after 18 years abroad, A. R. Pillai was kept under surveillance and spied by the British for quite some time at Rosscote where he lived with his wife and children. (Rosscote is the house built by C. V. and named after his Guru, John Ross, a Scotsman and the first Principal of H.H.The Maharaja's College – now called the [University College](/wiki/University_College_Thiruvananthapuram \"University College Thiruvananthapuram\") – in [Trivandrum](/wiki/Trivandrum \"Trivandrum\")). He was denied the headship of the undivided matriarchal family, which was his due, and access to the family properties.",
"He resumed his social activities in Trivandrum. He was on the executive of the All India Exhibition, Fair and Amusement Park in 1934 and all the annual Sree Chitra Exhibitions before and after. In fact, in all these exhibitions, he did the lay\\-out and gardening and designed the Ravanan Kotta. He then gradually began to correspond with well\\-known automobile manufacturing and other business firms in Germany and other European countries with a view to start his own business firm in Thiruvananthapuram. Pillai acquired the sole agency for the sale of [Mercedes\\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz \"Mercedes-Benz\") cars in South India, but before he could formally launch his firm and execute the order for the limousine, he died a year before the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") broke out; within a few months, A.R. Pillai died on 7 September 1938, eight months past the age of 58 years. He had lived only for about 12 years after coming back home. He was survived by his wife Gouri Amma, and five children, Thankamma, Kesavan Nair, Rosscote Krishna Pillai, Suseela Bai and Padmanabhan Nair, the last three children having been born to him after his return from Germany.",
""
] |
History of Palace Pier site
---------------------------
Prior to 1927, the site was home to the Wimbleton House Hotel ({{circa\|1860s}}), then as Crow's Hotel ({{circa\|1900}}), and as a beach remained for many years after known as Crow's or Crowes Beach.{{Cite web\|url\=http://cec.chebucto.org/ClosPark/CrowBech.html\|title \= CEC: Closed Canadian Parks \- Crow's Beach}} A lifeguard station was located at the mouth of the Humber (built in 1920 and similar to Leuty in the Beach area){{cite web\| url \= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/leuty\-lifeguard\-station\-100\-years\-1\.5669259\| title \= Looking back on 100 years of Toronto's Leuty Lifeguard Station}} and disappeared with the construction of Palace Pier complex.
The name for the Palace Pier complex comes from an amusement pier, which was located on the site of the current towers.
Costing $1\.25 million in 1927 dollars, the pier development was proclaimed as one of the biggest landmarks to ever be built on the Toronto waterfront and would be similar to the many amusement piers found along the coast in [England](/wiki/England "England"). However, it was to be much more costly to construct and certainly more impressive than [its namesake](/wiki/Brighton_Palace_Pier "Brighton Palace Pier") in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton "Brighton"), England – according to the promoters at the time. The structure was designed by architects [Craig and Madill](/wiki/Craig_and_Madill "Craig and Madill").{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/1628\|title \= Craig, James Henry \| Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada}}
The development was to be financed with public funds raised by an England\-based company, Provincial Improvement Corporation. The financial prospectus, used to finance the project by the public sale of $10 shares, described the new four\-structure facility as a “Palace of Fun” \- sitting atop an illuminated pier stretching nearly a third of a mile out into Lake Ontario.
The proposed pier would include a {{convert\|30000\|sqft\|m2\|abbr\=on}} ballroom that would accommodate 3,000 couples, a roller rink (converted for ice skating in the winter months), 1,400\-seat theatre, an outdoor Band Pavilion seating 1,500, and several restaurants and souvenir stores. The pier would also allow for steamer ships to dock alongside the structure, easing congestion for the 50,000 people a day the prospectus claimed would attend the amusement facility.
[thumb\|left\|A 1936 aerial photograph shows the only portion of the pier constructed.](/wiki/File:HumberAerial1936.jpg "HumberAerial1936.jpg")
The financing of the project went slowly, with the cornerstone of the first building being dedicated by former Canadian prime minister [Arthur Meighen](/wiki/Arthur_Meighen "Arthur Meighen") in 1931\. However, as with many projects of the time, financial difficulties would affect the project and in the end, only a few hundred feet of pier was built.
Only the first phase of the redesigned amusement pier, 90 metres long, was opened on June 10, 1941 and it became popular as a major dance hall of the big band era during World War II and the postwar years. Hollywood celebrity [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope"), who was in town promoting his latest film, officially opened the new Palace Pier by doing a few laps around the roller rink in front of fans. As big band music faded away, boxing and wrestling matches, religious revival meetings, country and western concerts, and high school proms became the major events to frequent the Palace Pier.
The pier was designed by Craig \& Madill with various structures in a flamboyant Moroccan style of architecture. The firm was better known for the many cathedrals and public buildings they built, frequently in the Georgian Revival style.
The pier was destroyed by fire in 1963, and the site later redeveloped into condominiums and a public park. A 1994 Etobicoke Historical Board plaque on the Waterfront Trail just west of the mouth of the Humber River is attached to what is left of the original Palace Pier dance hall.
|
[
"History of Palace Pier site\n---------------------------",
"Prior to 1927, the site was home to the Wimbleton House Hotel ({{circa\\|1860s}}), then as Crow's Hotel ({{circa\\|1900}}), and as a beach remained for many years after known as Crow's or Crowes Beach.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://cec.chebucto.org/ClosPark/CrowBech.html\\|title \\= CEC: Closed Canadian Parks \\- Crow's Beach}} A lifeguard station was located at the mouth of the Humber (built in 1920 and similar to Leuty in the Beach area){{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/leuty\\-lifeguard\\-station\\-100\\-years\\-1\\.5669259\\| title \\= Looking back on 100 years of Toronto's Leuty Lifeguard Station}} and disappeared with the construction of Palace Pier complex.",
"The name for the Palace Pier complex comes from an amusement pier, which was located on the site of the current towers.",
"Costing $1\\.25 million in 1927 dollars, the pier development was proclaimed as one of the biggest landmarks to ever be built on the Toronto waterfront and would be similar to the many amusement piers found along the coast in [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). However, it was to be much more costly to construct and certainly more impressive than [its namesake](/wiki/Brighton_Palace_Pier \"Brighton Palace Pier\") in [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), England – according to the promoters at the time. The structure was designed by architects [Craig and Madill](/wiki/Craig_and_Madill \"Craig and Madill\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/1628\\|title \\= Craig, James Henry \\| Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada}}",
"The development was to be financed with public funds raised by an England\\-based company, Provincial Improvement Corporation. The financial prospectus, used to finance the project by the public sale of $10 shares, described the new four\\-structure facility as a “Palace of Fun” \\- sitting atop an illuminated pier stretching nearly a third of a mile out into Lake Ontario.",
"The proposed pier would include a {{convert\\|30000\\|sqft\\|m2\\|abbr\\=on}} ballroom that would accommodate 3,000 couples, a roller rink (converted for ice skating in the winter months), 1,400\\-seat theatre, an outdoor Band Pavilion seating 1,500, and several restaurants and souvenir stores. The pier would also allow for steamer ships to dock alongside the structure, easing congestion for the 50,000 people a day the prospectus claimed would attend the amusement facility.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|A 1936 aerial photograph shows the only portion of the pier constructed.](/wiki/File:HumberAerial1936.jpg \"HumberAerial1936.jpg\")\nThe financing of the project went slowly, with the cornerstone of the first building being dedicated by former Canadian prime minister [Arthur Meighen](/wiki/Arthur_Meighen \"Arthur Meighen\") in 1931\\. However, as with many projects of the time, financial difficulties would affect the project and in the end, only a few hundred feet of pier was built.",
"Only the first phase of the redesigned amusement pier, 90 metres long, was opened on June 10, 1941 and it became popular as a major dance hall of the big band era during World War II and the postwar years. Hollywood celebrity [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope \"Bob Hope\"), who was in town promoting his latest film, officially opened the new Palace Pier by doing a few laps around the roller rink in front of fans. As big band music faded away, boxing and wrestling matches, religious revival meetings, country and western concerts, and high school proms became the major events to frequent the Palace Pier.",
"The pier was designed by Craig \\& Madill with various structures in a flamboyant Moroccan style of architecture. The firm was better known for the many cathedrals and public buildings they built, frequently in the Georgian Revival style.",
"The pier was destroyed by fire in 1963, and the site later redeveloped into condominiums and a public park. A 1994 Etobicoke Historical Board plaque on the Waterfront Trail just west of the mouth of the Humber River is attached to what is left of the original Palace Pier dance hall.",
""
] |
Life
----
[thumb\|Sculpture without title by Ingo Maurer in [Groningen](/wiki/Groningen "Groningen"), [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands")](/wiki/File:Ingo_Maurer_-_Maupertuus.jpg "Ingo Maurer - Maupertuus.jpg")
[thumb\|Lighting fixture "My New Flame" by Moritz Waldemeyer for Ingo Maurer](/wiki/File:INGO_MAURER_My_New_Flame.jpg "INGO MAURER My New Flame.jpg")
Maurer was born in [Reichenau Island](/wiki/Reichenau_Island "Reichenau Island"), [Lake Constance](/wiki/Lake_Constance "Lake Constance"), Germany, and was the son of a fisherman and grew up there with four siblings. After an apprenticeship as typesetter, he studied graphic design in [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"). In 1960 Maurer left Germany for the U.S., where he worked in New York and San Francisco as a freelance graphic designer, including for [IBM](/wiki/IBM "IBM"). In 1963, he moved back to Germany, founding Design M, a company developing and manufacturing lamps after his own designs. The company was later renamed to "Ingo Maurer GmbH". One of his first designs, the [Bulb](/wiki/Bulb_Lamp "Bulb Lamp") (1969\), was included in the design collection of the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art") in 1969\.
In 1984 he presented the low\-voltage wire system YaYaHo, consisting of two horizontally fixed metal ropes and a series of adjustable lighting elements with halogen bulbs; it became an instant success. Maurer was asked to create special YaYaHo installations for the exhibition "Lumières je pense à vous" ("Lights I think of you") at Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Villa Medici in Rome, and the Institut Francais d'Architecture in Paris.
In 1989 Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain (*Cartier Foundation for Contemporary Art*) in Jouy\-en\-Josas near Paris organized the exhibition "Ingo Maurer: Lumière Hasard Réflexion" (*Ingo Maurer: Light Chance Reflection*). For this exhibition, Maurer created lighting objects and installations that were not meant for serial production for the first time.
Since 1989, his design and objects have been presented in a series of exhibitions, including the [Stedelijk Museum](/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum "Stedelijk Museum") in Amsterdam (1993\). In 2002 the [Vitra Design Museum](/wiki/Vitra_Design_Museum "Vitra Design Museum") organized *Ingo Maurer – Light – Reaching for the Moon*, a travelling exhibition with several shows in Europe and in Japan. In 2007 the [Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum](/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt%2C_Smithsonian_Design_Museum "Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum") in New York presented the exhibition *Provoking Magic: Lighting of Ingo Maurer*.
Maurer created many objects using LEDs. The first was the lighting object Bellissima Brutta in 1996\. In 2001 he presented a table lamp with LEDs with the name EL.E.Dee. Since 2006, he is also experimenting with [organic light\-emitting diodes](/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode "Organic light-emitting diode"), presenting two objects in 2006, and a table lamp as limited edition.
Besides the design of lamps for serial production, Ingo Maurer created and planned light installation for public or private spaces. In Munich, he created light installations at Westfriedhof subway station (1998\), and the renovation and lighting concept for [Münchner Freiheit U\-Bahn station](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit_%28Munich_U-Bahn%29 "Münchner Freiheit (Munich U-Bahn)") opened in December 2009\. For [Issey Miyake](/wiki/Issey_Miyake "Issey Miyake") he realised an installation for a fashion show in Paris (1999\). From 2003–05 he designed an entrance and lighting objects for the [Kruisherenhotel](/wiki/Crosier_Monastery%2C_Maastricht "Crosier Monastery, Maastricht") in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht "Maastricht"). In 2006 he created lighting objects and installations for the interior of the [Atomium](/wiki/Atomium "Atomium") in Brussels.
Among his most well\-known designs are the winged bulb *Lucellino* (1989\) and *Porca Miseria!* (1994\), a suspension lamp made with porcelain shards. From the early 1980s on Maurer worked with a team of younger designers and developers.
In 2011, the redesign for the underground area of the [Marienplatz U\-Bahn station](/wiki/Marienplatz_%28Munich_U-Bahn%29 "Marienplatz (Munich U-Bahn)") in Munich, Germany, was awarded to Maurer with [Allmann Sattler Wappner](/wiki/Allmann_Sattler_Wappner "Allmann Sattler Wappner"). Ingo Maurer GmbH had two showrooms, one in Munich and the other in New York. He died in a Munich hospital on 21 October 2019\.
Maurer opposed the European Union's [ban of incandescent light bulbs](/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs "Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs") and predicted that it would cause a "drastic reduction in quality of life" and a "boom for psychiatrists."{{cite web\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-13\|author\=Oliver Herwig\|date\=2010\-05\-17\|language\=de\|title\="Ein Boom für Psychiater"\|url\=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/leben/gesellschaft\-ohne\-gluehbirne\-ein\-boom\-fuer\-psychiater\-1\.377662\|website\=Süddeutsche Zeitung}}{{cite web\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-13\|author\=Mark Spörrle\|date\=2010\-02\-10\|title\=Das perfekte Licht\|url\=https://www.zeit.de/zeit\-wissen/2010/02/Das\-perfekte\-Licht/komplettansicht\|website\=Zeit Online}} He unsuccessfully advocated for declaring light bulbs as world cultural heritage.{{cite web\|access\-date\=2023\-05\-13\|author\=Laura Weißmüller\|language\=de\|title\=Zum Tod von Ingo Maurer – Meister Lampe\|url\=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ingo\-maurer\-lichtdesigner\-nachruf\-1\.4651242}}
|
[
"Life\n----",
"[thumb\\|Sculpture without title by Ingo Maurer in [Groningen](/wiki/Groningen \"Groningen\"), [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\")](/wiki/File:Ingo_Maurer_-_Maupertuus.jpg \"Ingo Maurer - Maupertuus.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Lighting fixture \"My New Flame\" by Moritz Waldemeyer for Ingo Maurer](/wiki/File:INGO_MAURER_My_New_Flame.jpg \"INGO MAURER My New Flame.jpg\")\nMaurer was born in [Reichenau Island](/wiki/Reichenau_Island \"Reichenau Island\"), [Lake Constance](/wiki/Lake_Constance \"Lake Constance\"), Germany, and was the son of a fisherman and grew up there with four siblings. After an apprenticeship as typesetter, he studied graphic design in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"). In 1960 Maurer left Germany for the U.S., where he worked in New York and San Francisco as a freelance graphic designer, including for [IBM](/wiki/IBM \"IBM\"). In 1963, he moved back to Germany, founding Design M, a company developing and manufacturing lamps after his own designs. The company was later renamed to \"Ingo Maurer GmbH\". One of his first designs, the [Bulb](/wiki/Bulb_Lamp \"Bulb Lamp\") (1969\\), was included in the design collection of the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\") in 1969\\.",
"In 1984 he presented the low\\-voltage wire system YaYaHo, consisting of two horizontally fixed metal ropes and a series of adjustable lighting elements with halogen bulbs; it became an instant success. Maurer was asked to create special YaYaHo installations for the exhibition \"Lumières je pense à vous\" (\"Lights I think of you\") at Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Villa Medici in Rome, and the Institut Francais d'Architecture in Paris.",
"In 1989 Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain (*Cartier Foundation for Contemporary Art*) in Jouy\\-en\\-Josas near Paris organized the exhibition \"Ingo Maurer: Lumière Hasard Réflexion\" (*Ingo Maurer: Light Chance Reflection*). For this exhibition, Maurer created lighting objects and installations that were not meant for serial production for the first time.",
"Since 1989, his design and objects have been presented in a series of exhibitions, including the [Stedelijk Museum](/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum \"Stedelijk Museum\") in Amsterdam (1993\\). In 2002 the [Vitra Design Museum](/wiki/Vitra_Design_Museum \"Vitra Design Museum\") organized *Ingo Maurer – Light – Reaching for the Moon*, a travelling exhibition with several shows in Europe and in Japan. In 2007 the [Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum](/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt%2C_Smithsonian_Design_Museum \"Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum\") in New York presented the exhibition *Provoking Magic: Lighting of Ingo Maurer*.",
"Maurer created many objects using LEDs. The first was the lighting object Bellissima Brutta in 1996\\. In 2001 he presented a table lamp with LEDs with the name EL.E.Dee. Since 2006, he is also experimenting with [organic light\\-emitting diodes](/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode \"Organic light-emitting diode\"), presenting two objects in 2006, and a table lamp as limited edition.",
"Besides the design of lamps for serial production, Ingo Maurer created and planned light installation for public or private spaces. In Munich, he created light installations at Westfriedhof subway station (1998\\), and the renovation and lighting concept for [Münchner Freiheit U\\-Bahn station](/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit_%28Munich_U-Bahn%29 \"Münchner Freiheit (Munich U-Bahn)\") opened in December 2009\\. For [Issey Miyake](/wiki/Issey_Miyake \"Issey Miyake\") he realised an installation for a fashion show in Paris (1999\\). From 2003–05 he designed an entrance and lighting objects for the [Kruisherenhotel](/wiki/Crosier_Monastery%2C_Maastricht \"Crosier Monastery, Maastricht\") in [Maastricht](/wiki/Maastricht \"Maastricht\"). In 2006 he created lighting objects and installations for the interior of the [Atomium](/wiki/Atomium \"Atomium\") in Brussels.",
"Among his most well\\-known designs are the winged bulb *Lucellino* (1989\\) and *Porca Miseria!* (1994\\), a suspension lamp made with porcelain shards. From the early 1980s on Maurer worked with a team of younger designers and developers.",
"In 2011, the redesign for the underground area of the [Marienplatz U\\-Bahn station](/wiki/Marienplatz_%28Munich_U-Bahn%29 \"Marienplatz (Munich U-Bahn)\") in Munich, Germany, was awarded to Maurer with [Allmann Sattler Wappner](/wiki/Allmann_Sattler_Wappner \"Allmann Sattler Wappner\"). Ingo Maurer GmbH had two showrooms, one in Munich and the other in New York. He died in a Munich hospital on 21 October 2019\\.",
"Maurer opposed the European Union's [ban of incandescent light bulbs](/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs \"Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs\") and predicted that it would cause a \"drastic reduction in quality of life\" and a \"boom for psychiatrists.\"{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-13\\|author\\=Oliver Herwig\\|date\\=2010\\-05\\-17\\|language\\=de\\|title\\=\"Ein Boom für Psychiater\"\\|url\\=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/leben/gesellschaft\\-ohne\\-gluehbirne\\-ein\\-boom\\-fuer\\-psychiater\\-1\\.377662\\|website\\=Süddeutsche Zeitung}}{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-13\\|author\\=Mark Spörrle\\|date\\=2010\\-02\\-10\\|title\\=Das perfekte Licht\\|url\\=https://www.zeit.de/zeit\\-wissen/2010/02/Das\\-perfekte\\-Licht/komplettansicht\\|website\\=Zeit Online}} He unsuccessfully advocated for declaring light bulbs as world cultural heritage.{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-13\\|author\\=Laura Weißmüller\\|language\\=de\\|title\\=Zum Tod von Ingo Maurer – Meister Lampe\\|url\\=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ingo\\-maurer\\-lichtdesigner\\-nachruf\\-1\\.4651242}}",
""
] |
History
-------
[thumb\|left\|Jardin de las Rosas Garden and Park](/wiki/File:Jardin_de_las_rosas.JPG "Jardin de las rosas.JPG")
[thumb\|right\|Street and [Cathedral of Morelia](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Morelia "Cathedral of Morelia")](/wiki/File:Calle_del_centro_de_morelia.jpg "Calle del centro de morelia.jpg")
Human settlements in the [Guayangareo Valley](/wiki/Guayangareo_Valley "Guayangareo Valley") in which Morelia is located have been dated back as far as the 7th century. Artifacts found here have shown [Teotihuacán](/wiki/Teotihuac%C3%A1n "Teotihuacán") culture influence on early cultures in this area. In the 12th century, the [Purépecha](/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people "Purépecha people") arrived in the valley. They dominated it politically for the rest of the pre\-Hispanic period but did not build any major settlements here. Between the 12th and the 15th centuries, Matlatzincas moved into the area with permission of the Purépechas, who were based around nearby Pátzcuaro Lake {{cite web\|url\=https://www.tusbuenasnoticias.com/mexico/general/michoacan\-plantara\-15\-millones\-de\-arboles\-para\-salvar\-lago\-de\-patzcuaro/34460 \|title\=¡Qué buena noticia! Michoacán plantará 1\.5 millones de árboles para salvar el lago de Pátzcuaro \|publisher\=Tus Buenas Noticias \|location\=Morelia, Mexico \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=Patzcuaro \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-21}}
. The main Matlatzinca settlement was where Júarez Plaza in the city is today.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.morelia.gob.mx/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=23\&Itemid\=77 \|title\=Historia \|publisher\=H.Ayuntamiento de Morelia \|location\=Morelia, Mexico \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=History \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428193616/http://www.morelia.gob.mx/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=23\&Itemid\=77 \|archive\-date\=April 28, 2009 }}
The Spanish pushed into the Guayangareo Valley between 1525 and 1526, headed by Gonzalo Gómez. In the 1530s, the area was evangelized by [Franciscans](/wiki/Franciscans "Franciscans") such as Juan de San Miguel and Antonio de Lisboa.
What would become the city of Morelia was founded by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza and a number of [encomenderos](/wiki/Encomenderos "Encomenderos") in 1541, who first named it Nueva Ciudad de Michoacán (New City of Michoacán). The newly founded settlement grew quickly, prompting [Vasco de Quiroga](/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga "Vasco de Quiroga") to go to Spain and procure for rival settlement Pátzcuaro the title of city and a seal, to prevent the “new city” from becoming the capital of Michoacán. The action also required that the new settlement change its name to Guayangareo. In 1545, Guayangareo gained city status from Charles V with the name of "Valladolid," after [the hometown](/wiki/Valladolid%2C_Spain "Valladolid, Spain") of Antonio de Mendoza. This was part of a power struggle between Antonio de Mendoza and Vasco de Quiroga over the province of Michoacán. During Quiroga's lifetime, he managed to keep political and ecclesiastical power in Pátzcuaro despite the viceroy's and encomenderos’ objections. Quiroga died in 1565, however, and by 1580, both political and [religious authority](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Morelia "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Morelia") ([Episcopal see](/wiki/Episcopal_see "Episcopal see")) had been transferred to the city of Valladolid, moving the College of San Nicolás, which Vasco founded and laying the groundwork for establishing a new cathedral for the province.
The 17th century saw growth for Valladolid, with the construction of the cathedral and aqueduct. The cathedral was begun in 1640 (finished in 1744\) and the aqueduct in 1657\. Both of these structures would later be worked on in the 18th century by Master Architect of Valladolid, [Diego Durán](/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n_%28Architect%29 "Diego Durán (Architect)").{{cite book \|last1\=von Germeten \|first1\=Nicole \|title\=Black Blood Brothers: Confraternities and Social Mobility for Afro\-Mexicans \|date\=2006 \|publisher\=The University Press of Florida \|location\=Gainesville \|isbn\=0\-8130\-2942\-2 \|pages\=119–121}} During the 17th century, many of the city's large churches and monasteries were established, such as the monasteries of San Francisco, San Agustin, El Carmen, and La Merced as well as the convents of Las Rosas, Las Monjas and Capuchinas. Churches include La Compañía, San Juan, and La Cruz, but the most important structure built during this time period was the cathedral. The location of this cathedral defined the composition and development of the city from then on.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/2468\-El\-Centro\-Hist%F3rico\-de\-Morelia,\-Michoac%E1n \|title\=El Centro Histórico de Morelia, Michoacán \|publisher\=Mexico Desconocido \|location\=Mexico \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=The Historic Center of Morelia, Michoacan \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 }}{{dead link\|date\=June 2017 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
At the end of the viceregal period, Valladolid was a small city with about 20,000 inhabitants. It was also an educational center with four important schools such as the College of San Nicolás. These schools would turn out scholars such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and [José María Morelos y Pavón](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos "José María Morelos"), who were sympathetic to the new republican ideas coming out of [post\-revolution France](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution") and the United States. Demonstrations against Spanish rule had been occurring in the town in 1809, culminating in the Conspiracy of 1809\. This plot was discovered, with the main conspirators were arrested and sent to other parts of New Spain, which helped to spread republican ideas.
One year later, after forming his army in [Guanajuato](/wiki/Guanajuato "Guanajuato") state, [Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla](/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla") arrived and took over the city, proclaiming the end of slavery in Mexico. The city was taken back by royalist forces soon after. Morelos came here to try and dislodge the royalists but was defeated by [Agustín de Iturbide](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide "Agustín de Iturbide"). Another prominent figure in the war, [Mariano Matamoros](/wiki/Mariano_Matamoros "Mariano Matamoros") was shot by firing squad on the city's main square in 1814\. The city remained in royalist's hands until 1821, Iturbide, who had switched sides, and [Vicente Guerrero](/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero "Vicente Guerrero") entered the city with the [Trigarante Army](/wiki/Army_of_the_Three_Guarantees "Army of the Three Guarantees").
In 1828, the newly created state of Michoacán changed the name of the city from Valladolid to Morelia, in honor of [José María Morelos y Pavón](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos "José María Morelos"). This is the official name it retains today, although its Purépecha name remains Uaianarhio and has had nicknames such as City of Pink (Cantera) Stone, the City of Open Doors, The Rose of the Winds, The Garden of [New Spain](/wiki/New_Spain "New Spain") and religiously as Morelia of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The city became a municipality in 1831\.
The later 19th century is marked by struggles between liberal and conservatives forces in Mexico. During the [Revolution of Ayutla](/wiki/Revolution_of_Ayutla "Revolution of Ayutla"), the city was taken by rebel forces under Epitacio Huerta and General García Pueblita, but was taken back in 1855 by forces under [Antonio López de Santa Anna](/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna "Antonio López de Santa Anna"). Rebels attacked Santa Anna's troops again a year later. French troops imposing imperial rule entered the city in 1863, with the republican forces moving the capital of Michoacán to [Uruapan](/wiki/Uruapan "Uruapan") while conservative families in Morelia pledged support for emperor [Maximilian I](/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico "Maximilian I of Mexico"), who then visited the city. In 1867, the city was taken by republican general Nicolás de Régules and the capital of Michoacán returned to Morelia. In 1869, during a rebellion against [Benito Juárez](/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez "Benito Juárez")’s government, General Epitacio Huerta attacked government positions in the city but were beaten back by forces under [Mariano Escobedo](/wiki/Mariano_Escobedo "Mariano Escobedo").
[thumb\|right\|Filling water jars at a fountain in Morelia, 1906](/wiki/File:Filling_water_jars_at_a_fountain_in_Morelia%2C_Mexico_%281906%29.jpg "Filling water jars at a fountain in Morelia, Mexico (1906).jpg")
The first factories were opened in the city between 1868 and 1870, along with the first [telegraph](/wiki/Telegraph "Telegraph") line. The railroad followed in 1883, as well as streetcars.
In 1910, celebrations are held for the centennial of Independence but tensions are high in the city due to the shortage of grain and the continuation of President [Porfirio Diaz](/wiki/Porfirio_Diaz "Porfirio Diaz") in power. One year later, revolutionaries loyal to [Francisco I. Madero](/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero "Francisco I. Madero") are welcomed into the city. In 1914, the capital was moved from Morelia to the city of [Tacámbaro](/wiki/Tac%C3%A1mbaro "Tacámbaro"). The city was then taken by forces under General Sánchez in the same year, and by forces loyal to [Francisco Villa](/wiki/Francisco_Villa "Francisco Villa") in 1915\.
In 1920, the Palace of the State Government was briefly taken over by farmworkers and others from all over the state. Isaac Arriaga is assassinated here in 1921\. The city is attacked again by rebels calling themselves “Delahuertistas” in 1924\. The fight mostly occurs in the main plaza with the city defended by General Lopez, Garcia, and Avila Camacho.
Morelia was the location for the 1958 film *[The Bravados](/wiki/The_Bravados "The Bravados")* starring [Gregory Peck](/wiki/Gregory_Peck "Gregory Peck") and [Joan Collins](/wiki/Joan_Collins "Joan Collins"). Filming was difficult because it was unusually rainy and cold for the region.
During the 1960s the street vendors were removed from the historic center of the city, and palm trees that lined the Avenida Madero, the main east\-west road, were cut down. In 1966, there was a student revolt at the state university which was put down by the army.
The 1970s and 1980s are marked by construction including the Periferico bypass ring around the city. During the 1980s, damage due to geographic faults, exacerbated by falling water tables from groundwater pumping is noticed. This problem is similar to problems faced by other cities on the [Trans\-Mexican Volcanic Belt](/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt "Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt") such as [Querétaro](/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro%2C_Quer%C3%A9taro "Querétaro, Querétaro") and [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City").{{cite journal \|last\=Avila\-Olivera \|first\=Jorge A. \|author2\=Victor H. Garduño\-Monroy \|date\=2008\-06\-27 \|title\= A GPR study of subsidence\-creep\-fault processes in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico \|journal\=Engineering Geology \|volume\=100 \|issue\=1–2 \|pages\=69–81 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.enggeo.2008\.03\.003\|bibcode\=2008EngGe.100\...69A }}
In 1991, the city was declared a [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") World Heritage Site due to its well\-preserved architecture. In 2001, street vendors were moved again from the historic center to make the area more tourist\-friendly. Traffic was rerouted from here as well with the construction of new bypasses. In 2006 and 2007, many of the plazas and gardens in the historic center were remodeled.
In 2008, eight people [were killed](/wiki/Morelia_grenade_attacks "Morelia grenade attacks") in a [grenade](/wiki/Grenade "Grenade") attack.
In 2009, the Morelia metropolitan area was tentatively established as consisting of the municipalities of [Zinapécuaro](/wiki/Zinap%C3%A9cuaro "Zinapécuaro"), [Álvaro Obregón](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n%2C_Michoac%C3%A1n "Álvaro Obregón, Michoacán"), [Charo](/wiki/Charo%2C_Michoac%C3%A1n "Charo, Michoacán"), Tarímbaro and Morelia. This initial determination was made by the Secretary of Urbanism and Environment, with further refinements to be made as the municipal presidents of these entities meets to discuss limits, strategies and further actions.{{cite news \|title\= Avanzados los trámites para ampliar la zona metropolitana de Morelia: SUMA \|first\=Gladis \|last\=Leon Gonzalez \|url\=http://www.lajornadamichoacan.com.mx/2009/05/25/index.php?section\=politica\&article\=006n1pol \|newspaper\=La Jornada Michoacan \|location\=Morelia, Mexico \|date\=2009\-05\-25 \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=Advances in the paperwork to amplify the metropolitana rea of Morelia: SUMA }} One of these actions has been to establish a formal commission to administer the area.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/SUMA/Unifican\_criterios\_para\_la\_zona\_metropolitana\_de\_Morelia \|title\=Unifican criterios para la zona metropolitana de Morelia State of Michoacán \|date\=2009\-07\-28 \|publisher\=State of Michoacan \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=Unify criteria for the metropolitana rea of Morelia \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920055510/http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/SUMA/Unifican\_criterios\_para\_la\_zona\_metropolitana\_de\_Morelia \|archive\-date\=2010\-09\-20 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Jardin de las Rosas Garden and Park](/wiki/File:Jardin_de_las_rosas.JPG \"Jardin de las rosas.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Street and [Cathedral of Morelia](/wiki/Cathedral_of_Morelia \"Cathedral of Morelia\")](/wiki/File:Calle_del_centro_de_morelia.jpg \"Calle del centro de morelia.jpg\")",
"Human settlements in the [Guayangareo Valley](/wiki/Guayangareo_Valley \"Guayangareo Valley\") in which Morelia is located have been dated back as far as the 7th century. Artifacts found here have shown [Teotihuacán](/wiki/Teotihuac%C3%A1n \"Teotihuacán\") culture influence on early cultures in this area. In the 12th century, the [Purépecha](/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people \"Purépecha people\") arrived in the valley. They dominated it politically for the rest of the pre\\-Hispanic period but did not build any major settlements here. Between the 12th and the 15th centuries, Matlatzincas moved into the area with permission of the Purépechas, who were based around nearby Pátzcuaro Lake {{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tusbuenasnoticias.com/mexico/general/michoacan\\-plantara\\-15\\-millones\\-de\\-arboles\\-para\\-salvar\\-lago\\-de\\-patzcuaro/34460 \\|title\\=¡Qué buena noticia! Michoacán plantará 1\\.5 millones de árboles para salvar el lago de Pátzcuaro \\|publisher\\=Tus Buenas Noticias \\|location\\=Morelia, Mexico \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=Patzcuaro \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-21}}\n. The main Matlatzinca settlement was where Júarez Plaza in the city is today.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.morelia.gob.mx/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=23\\&Itemid\\=77 \\|title\\=Historia \\|publisher\\=H.Ayuntamiento de Morelia \\|location\\=Morelia, Mexico \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=History \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428193616/http://www.morelia.gob.mx/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=23\\&Itemid\\=77 \\|archive\\-date\\=April 28, 2009 }}",
"The Spanish pushed into the Guayangareo Valley between 1525 and 1526, headed by Gonzalo Gómez. In the 1530s, the area was evangelized by [Franciscans](/wiki/Franciscans \"Franciscans\") such as Juan de San Miguel and Antonio de Lisboa.",
"What would become the city of Morelia was founded by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza and a number of [encomenderos](/wiki/Encomenderos \"Encomenderos\") in 1541, who first named it Nueva Ciudad de Michoacán (New City of Michoacán). The newly founded settlement grew quickly, prompting [Vasco de Quiroga](/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga \"Vasco de Quiroga\") to go to Spain and procure for rival settlement Pátzcuaro the title of city and a seal, to prevent the “new city” from becoming the capital of Michoacán. The action also required that the new settlement change its name to Guayangareo. In 1545, Guayangareo gained city status from Charles V with the name of \"Valladolid,\" after [the hometown](/wiki/Valladolid%2C_Spain \"Valladolid, Spain\") of Antonio de Mendoza. This was part of a power struggle between Antonio de Mendoza and Vasco de Quiroga over the province of Michoacán. During Quiroga's lifetime, he managed to keep political and ecclesiastical power in Pátzcuaro despite the viceroy's and encomenderos’ objections. Quiroga died in 1565, however, and by 1580, both political and [religious authority](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Morelia \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Morelia\") ([Episcopal see](/wiki/Episcopal_see \"Episcopal see\")) had been transferred to the city of Valladolid, moving the College of San Nicolás, which Vasco founded and laying the groundwork for establishing a new cathedral for the province.",
"The 17th century saw growth for Valladolid, with the construction of the cathedral and aqueduct. The cathedral was begun in 1640 (finished in 1744\\) and the aqueduct in 1657\\. Both of these structures would later be worked on in the 18th century by Master Architect of Valladolid, [Diego Durán](/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n_%28Architect%29 \"Diego Durán (Architect)\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=von Germeten \\|first1\\=Nicole \\|title\\=Black Blood Brothers: Confraternities and Social Mobility for Afro\\-Mexicans \\|date\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=The University Press of Florida \\|location\\=Gainesville \\|isbn\\=0\\-8130\\-2942\\-2 \\|pages\\=119–121}} During the 17th century, many of the city's large churches and monasteries were established, such as the monasteries of San Francisco, San Agustin, El Carmen, and La Merced as well as the convents of Las Rosas, Las Monjas and Capuchinas. Churches include La Compañía, San Juan, and La Cruz, but the most important structure built during this time period was the cathedral. The location of this cathedral defined the composition and development of the city from then on.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/2468\\-El\\-Centro\\-Hist%F3rico\\-de\\-Morelia,\\-Michoac%E1n \\|title\\=El Centro Histórico de Morelia, Michoacán \\|publisher\\=Mexico Desconocido \\|location\\=Mexico \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=The Historic Center of Morelia, Michoacan \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 }}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2017 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"At the end of the viceregal period, Valladolid was a small city with about 20,000 inhabitants. It was also an educational center with four important schools such as the College of San Nicolás. These schools would turn out scholars such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and [José María Morelos y Pavón](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos \"José María Morelos\"), who were sympathetic to the new republican ideas coming out of [post\\-revolution France](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\") and the United States. Demonstrations against Spanish rule had been occurring in the town in 1809, culminating in the Conspiracy of 1809\\. This plot was discovered, with the main conspirators were arrested and sent to other parts of New Spain, which helped to spread republican ideas.",
"One year later, after forming his army in [Guanajuato](/wiki/Guanajuato \"Guanajuato\") state, [Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla](/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla \"Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla\") arrived and took over the city, proclaiming the end of slavery in Mexico. The city was taken back by royalist forces soon after. Morelos came here to try and dislodge the royalists but was defeated by [Agustín de Iturbide](/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide \"Agustín de Iturbide\"). Another prominent figure in the war, [Mariano Matamoros](/wiki/Mariano_Matamoros \"Mariano Matamoros\") was shot by firing squad on the city's main square in 1814\\. The city remained in royalist's hands until 1821, Iturbide, who had switched sides, and [Vicente Guerrero](/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero \"Vicente Guerrero\") entered the city with the [Trigarante Army](/wiki/Army_of_the_Three_Guarantees \"Army of the Three Guarantees\").",
"In 1828, the newly created state of Michoacán changed the name of the city from Valladolid to Morelia, in honor of [José María Morelos y Pavón](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos \"José María Morelos\"). This is the official name it retains today, although its Purépecha name remains Uaianarhio and has had nicknames such as City of Pink (Cantera) Stone, the City of Open Doors, The Rose of the Winds, The Garden of [New Spain](/wiki/New_Spain \"New Spain\") and religiously as Morelia of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The city became a municipality in 1831\\.",
"The later 19th century is marked by struggles between liberal and conservatives forces in Mexico. During the [Revolution of Ayutla](/wiki/Revolution_of_Ayutla \"Revolution of Ayutla\"), the city was taken by rebel forces under Epitacio Huerta and General García Pueblita, but was taken back in 1855 by forces under [Antonio López de Santa Anna](/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna \"Antonio López de Santa Anna\"). Rebels attacked Santa Anna's troops again a year later. French troops imposing imperial rule entered the city in 1863, with the republican forces moving the capital of Michoacán to [Uruapan](/wiki/Uruapan \"Uruapan\") while conservative families in Morelia pledged support for emperor [Maximilian I](/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico \"Maximilian I of Mexico\"), who then visited the city. In 1867, the city was taken by republican general Nicolás de Régules and the capital of Michoacán returned to Morelia. In 1869, during a rebellion against [Benito Juárez](/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez \"Benito Juárez\")’s government, General Epitacio Huerta attacked government positions in the city but were beaten back by forces under [Mariano Escobedo](/wiki/Mariano_Escobedo \"Mariano Escobedo\").",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Filling water jars at a fountain in Morelia, 1906](/wiki/File:Filling_water_jars_at_a_fountain_in_Morelia%2C_Mexico_%281906%29.jpg \"Filling water jars at a fountain in Morelia, Mexico (1906).jpg\")\nThe first factories were opened in the city between 1868 and 1870, along with the first [telegraph](/wiki/Telegraph \"Telegraph\") line. The railroad followed in 1883, as well as streetcars.",
"In 1910, celebrations are held for the centennial of Independence but tensions are high in the city due to the shortage of grain and the continuation of President [Porfirio Diaz](/wiki/Porfirio_Diaz \"Porfirio Diaz\") in power. One year later, revolutionaries loyal to [Francisco I. Madero](/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero \"Francisco I. Madero\") are welcomed into the city. In 1914, the capital was moved from Morelia to the city of [Tacámbaro](/wiki/Tac%C3%A1mbaro \"Tacámbaro\"). The city was then taken by forces under General Sánchez in the same year, and by forces loyal to [Francisco Villa](/wiki/Francisco_Villa \"Francisco Villa\") in 1915\\.",
"In 1920, the Palace of the State Government was briefly taken over by farmworkers and others from all over the state. Isaac Arriaga is assassinated here in 1921\\. The city is attacked again by rebels calling themselves “Delahuertistas” in 1924\\. The fight mostly occurs in the main plaza with the city defended by General Lopez, Garcia, and Avila Camacho.",
"Morelia was the location for the 1958 film *[The Bravados](/wiki/The_Bravados \"The Bravados\")* starring [Gregory Peck](/wiki/Gregory_Peck \"Gregory Peck\") and [Joan Collins](/wiki/Joan_Collins \"Joan Collins\"). Filming was difficult because it was unusually rainy and cold for the region.",
"During the 1960s the street vendors were removed from the historic center of the city, and palm trees that lined the Avenida Madero, the main east\\-west road, were cut down. In 1966, there was a student revolt at the state university which was put down by the army.",
"The 1970s and 1980s are marked by construction including the Periferico bypass ring around the city. During the 1980s, damage due to geographic faults, exacerbated by falling water tables from groundwater pumping is noticed. This problem is similar to problems faced by other cities on the [Trans\\-Mexican Volcanic Belt](/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt \"Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt\") such as [Querétaro](/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro%2C_Quer%C3%A9taro \"Querétaro, Querétaro\") and [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\").{{cite journal \\|last\\=Avila\\-Olivera \\|first\\=Jorge A. \\|author2\\=Victor H. Garduño\\-Monroy \\|date\\=2008\\-06\\-27 \\|title\\= A GPR study of subsidence\\-creep\\-fault processes in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico \\|journal\\=Engineering Geology \\|volume\\=100 \\|issue\\=1–2 \\|pages\\=69–81 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.enggeo.2008\\.03\\.003\\|bibcode\\=2008EngGe.100\\...69A }}",
"In 1991, the city was declared a [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\") World Heritage Site due to its well\\-preserved architecture. In 2001, street vendors were moved again from the historic center to make the area more tourist\\-friendly. Traffic was rerouted from here as well with the construction of new bypasses. In 2006 and 2007, many of the plazas and gardens in the historic center were remodeled.",
"In 2008, eight people [were killed](/wiki/Morelia_grenade_attacks \"Morelia grenade attacks\") in a [grenade](/wiki/Grenade \"Grenade\") attack.",
"In 2009, the Morelia metropolitan area was tentatively established as consisting of the municipalities of [Zinapécuaro](/wiki/Zinap%C3%A9cuaro \"Zinapécuaro\"), [Álvaro Obregón](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n%2C_Michoac%C3%A1n \"Álvaro Obregón, Michoacán\"), [Charo](/wiki/Charo%2C_Michoac%C3%A1n \"Charo, Michoacán\"), Tarímbaro and Morelia. This initial determination was made by the Secretary of Urbanism and Environment, with further refinements to be made as the municipal presidents of these entities meets to discuss limits, strategies and further actions.{{cite news \\|title\\= Avanzados los trámites para ampliar la zona metropolitana de Morelia: SUMA \\|first\\=Gladis \\|last\\=Leon Gonzalez \\|url\\=http://www.lajornadamichoacan.com.mx/2009/05/25/index.php?section\\=politica\\&article\\=006n1pol \\|newspaper\\=La Jornada Michoacan \\|location\\=Morelia, Mexico \\|date\\=2009\\-05\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=Advances in the paperwork to amplify the metropolitana rea of Morelia: SUMA }} One of these actions has been to establish a formal commission to administer the area.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/SUMA/Unifican\\_criterios\\_para\\_la\\_zona\\_metropolitana\\_de\\_Morelia \\|title\\=Unifican criterios para la zona metropolitana de Morelia State of Michoacán \\|date\\=2009\\-07\\-28 \\|publisher\\=State of Michoacan \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=Unify criteria for the metropolitana rea of Morelia \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920055510/http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/SUMA/Unifican\\_criterios\\_para\\_la\\_zona\\_metropolitana\\_de\\_Morelia \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-09\\-20 }}",
""
] |
Notable sites
-------------
[thumb\|City Sign at Cathedral Plaza](/wiki/File:MoreliaSignCathedral.jpg "MoreliaSignCathedral.jpg")
Almost all of Morelia's notable sites lie in its historic center. This historic center is roughly equivalent to the original layout of the city when it was founded in 1541, and most of this layout has survived intact to the present day. Anticipating growth, this original layout had very wide streets and plazas for the time, with streets systematically arranged to allow for elongation. The streets are systematically laid out, but not rigidly squared, with most having gentle curves designed into them. Most of the grandest structures were completed during the 18th century, including the facade and bell towers of the cathedral, the Colegio Seminario (today the State Government Palace), La Alhóndiga (today part of the Palace of Justice) and numerous private mansions. During the same time period, infrastructure such as the city's aqueduct and various plaza fountains were constructed. The Mexican federal government lists 1,113 buildings built from the 16th to the 20th centuries as having historical value. The buildings encompass the various architectural styles that have been fashionable in Mexico, but nearly all are built of pink Cantera stone, which gives the city a unified appearance. Several measures were taken in the 20th century to preserve this part of the city. In 1956, the city enacted regulations to preserve the historic center's colonial buildings. In 1990, President [Carlos Salinas de Gortari](/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari "Carlos Salinas de Gortari") issued a decree making the historic center of Morelia a national historic monument. In 1991, the same area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, which covers 200 of the area's historic buildings.{{cite encyclopedia \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380156/Michoacan \|title\= Michoacán de Ocampo \|encyclopedia\=Encyclopædia Britannica \|trans\-title\=Cathedral \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 }}
[thumb\|[Morelia Cathedral](/wiki/Morelia_Cathedral "Morelia Cathedral")](/wiki/File:Catedral_of_morelia.JPG "Catedral of morelia.JPG")
The heart of the historic center is the cathedral and its surrounding plazas: the Plaza de Armas, also known as the Plaza de los Mártires, the Juárez Plaza and the Melchor Ocampo Plaza. The largest plaza is the Plaza de Armas, which has been remodeled several times since it was designed in the 16th century. It has been renamed several times as well, from “de la Constitución,” “de la República” to the current official name of “de los Mártires” but popularly it retains the name of “Plaza de Armas.” The alternate name, Plaza de los Mártires (Plaza of the Martyrs) is in honor of people like Mariano Matamoros, Guadalupe el Salto and others who were executed here during the Mexican War of Independence and later in 1830 during political unrest.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.folklorico.com/lugares/plaza\-de\-armas\-morelia.html \|title\=Morelia, Michoacán\-Plaza de Armas \|first\=David \|last\=Rojas \|publisher\=Instituto Cultural “Raices Mexicancas” \|language\=es \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530014052/http://www.folklorico.com/lugares/plaza\-de\-armas\-morelia.html \|archive\-date\=May 30, 2009 }} The plaza is surrounded by portals, and colonial era buildings such as the Banca Promex, the Virrey de Mendoza Hotel, the Juan de Dios Gomez House and the old town hall, also called the Michelena House. Until the late 19th century, a monument to Morelos had been here, but this was removed along with the fountain and replaced by a [kiosk](/wiki/Kiosk "Kiosk") that was brought from London and remains to this day. The last remodeling of the plaza occurred in the mid\-20th century under the direction of architect and painter [Juan O'Gorman](/wiki/Juan_O%27Gorman "Juan O'Gorman"). The [Melchor Ocampo](/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo "Melchor Ocampo") Plaza was originally named “Plaza de la Paz.” In the late 19th century, this plaza was remodeled and a monument to Ocampo sculpted by [Primitivo Miranda](/wiki/Primitivo_Miranda "Primitivo Miranda") was placed here. Another statue by Miranda, this one of Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon was placed in the small plaza on the west side of the cathedral and named the Morelos Plaza.
The first church on the Cathedral site was built in 1577, which was a modest structure of adobe and wood. Many years later, this structure would be almost completely destroyed by a fire. Originally, the Cathedral of Michoacán was in Pátzcuaro in a church that now is the Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Salud. When cathedral status was moved from there to Valladolid in 1580, the city became the civil, religious, and cultural capital of the territory. In 1660, Bishop Marcos Ramírez del Prado, placed the first stone of the new cathedral, which was designed by Vicenzo Barocco. Of the major churches of the early colonial period, only this and the [Mexico City Cathedral](/wiki/Mexico_City_Cathedral "Mexico City Cathedral") do not face west, as was customary. The Cathedral of Michoacán is also unique in that it is dedicated to the [Transfiguration of Jesus](/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus "Transfiguration of Jesus"), rather than some form of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary "Virgin Mary"). The cathedral was consecrated in 1705, even though it was not yet finished. The facade as a relief of the Transfiguration of Christ and the east [nave](/wiki/Nave "Nave") is dedicated to the sheepherders and [Wise Men](/wiki/Biblical_Magi "Biblical Magi") of the [Nativity](/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus "Nativity of Jesus"). Built of pink Cantera stone, the cathedral's two {{convert\|60\|m\|ft\|adj\=mid\|\-high\|sp\=us}} towers still dominate the skyline of the city,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sacred\-destinations.com/mexico/morelia\-cathedral.htm \|title\=Morelia Cathedral, Morelia \|publisher\=Sacred Destinations \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713220845/http://www.sacred\-destinations.com/mexico/morelia\-cathedral.htm \|archive\-date\=2009\-07\-13 }} and are the second tallest Baroque towers in Mexico.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.visitmichoacan.com.mx/attractions/?id\=45 \|title\=Catedral \|publisher\=State of Michoacan \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=Cathedral \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618005909/http://www.visitmichoacan.com.mx/attractions/?id\=45 \|archive\-date\=2009\-06\-18 }}
[thumb\|Decorated Plaza next to Cathedral in Morelia](/wiki/File:DecoratedPlazanexttoCathedralMorelia.jpg "DecoratedPlazanexttoCathedralMorelia.jpg")
The cathedral's official name is Cathedral of the Divine Savior of Morelia. Since it was built over the 17th and 18th centuries, elements of [Neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture"), Herreresque, and [Baroque architecture](/wiki/Baroque_architecture "Baroque architecture") can be seen in the building. The facade of the cathedral is mostly decorated in [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster "Pilaster") rather than columns and relieves rather than sculptures. There are more than two hundred pilasters but no columns, the only church built this way during the colonial period.
Inside, there are a number of elements that stand out. The [baptismal font](/wiki/Baptismal_font "Baptismal font") was made of silver in the 19th century and was used to baptize Mexico's first emperor, Agustín de Iturbide. A {{convert\|3\|m\|ft\|adj\=mid\|\-tall\|spell\=in\|sp\=us}} monstrance made of pure silver adorns the main altar and is unique in that it can be disassembled and reassembled. Also on the altar is a 16th\-century cornstalk paste image of the Señor de la Sacristía (Lord of the [Sacristy](/wiki/Sacristy "Sacristy")), whose gold crown was a gift from [Philip II of Spain](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain "Philip II of Spain"). A newer addition is the organ from Germany, which has 4,600 pipes and is one of the largest in Latin America. On Saturdays at 8:45 pm the cathedral sponsors a sound\-and\-light show.
In front of the cathedral is the old Seminario Tridentino de San Pedro, one of the educational institutions of the colonial city. Today it is the Palace of the State Government. It was constructed by Thomás de Huerta in the late 18th century. The school had graduates such as José María Morelos and Melchor Ocampo. The facade is mostly original, with only the [seal of Mexico](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico "Coat of arms of Mexico") having been added in the mid\-19th century, when this building was converted for use as the seat of the Michoacán state government. Inside are three courtyards with the walls of the first courtyard covered in murals done by [Alfredo Zalce](/wiki/Alfredo_Zalce "Alfredo Zalce") in the 1960s.
[thumb\|[Church of San Francisco](/wiki/Church_of_San_Francisco%2C_Morelia "Church of San Francisco, Morelia")](/wiki/File:Templo_de_san_francisco_en_morelia.JPG "Templo de san francisco en morelia.JPG")
Traslado de las Monjas in the museum of the Casa de la Cultura is also the home of the Instituto Michoacano de Cultura (Michoacan Institute of Culture) and the State Secretary of Culture. It is in the former monastery of Nuestra Señora del Carmen Descalzo, which was established in 1593\. The church building was probably finished in 1619, the date inscribed on the south portal, but monastery construction continued into the 17th century. In the 19th century, the [Reform Laws](/wiki/Reform_War "Reform War") expropriated the [cloisters](/wiki/Cloister "Cloister") and living quarters but left the church to its religious function, which continues to this day. After expropriation, the monastery area was first used as the home of the Primer Cuerpo de Caballería del Estado (First Cavalry Corps of the State). Over time the church fell into disrepair but was restored in the 1940s. The rest of the complex was restored and converted to its present function starting in 1977\.{{cite web \|url\=http://cultura.michoacan.gob.mx/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=358\&Itemid\=285 \|title\= Casa de la Cultura de \|publisher\= Secretaria de la Cultura\-Michoacán \|location\=Morelia \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=House of Culture \- Michoacan \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 }}
The Orquidario of Morelia is an [orchid](/wiki/Orchid "Orchid") museum which houses approximately 3,400 species of the flower. The botanical garden consists of three greenhouses with some outside space. The museum is managed by [SEMARNAT](/wiki/SEMARNAT "SEMARNAT") as part of a program to preserve wild species. The botanical garden has a surface area of over {{Convert\|990\|m2\|ft2\|sp\=us}} and was founded in 1980\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/publicaciones/publi\_prodigios/orquidario/orquidario.htm \|title\=Orquidario de Morelia Michoacán. \|publisher\=\[\[Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa]] \|location\=Mexico City \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=Orchid museum of Morelia, Michoacan \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 \|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910052134/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/publicaciones/publi\_prodigios/orquidario/orquidario.htm \|archive\-date\=September 10, 2010 }}
The Museo Regional Michoacano (Regional Museum of Michoacán) was founded in 1886 and its design was heavily influenced by French ideas of museum design of the time. It is housed in a building that belonged to Emperor Maximilian I, and is of ornate Baroque design. Most of the exhibits are about the history of the region with rooms dedicated to pre\-Hispanic artifacts and colonial art. One noted piece is the painting called “Traslado de las Monjas” which is considered to be the finest work produced in Michoacán during the colonial period. Other important works include the original volume of the Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, edited in Paris in 1807 and the murals done by Alfredo Zalce, [Federico Cantú](/wiki/Federico_Cant%C3%BA "Federico Cantú") and [Grace Greenwood](/wiki/Grace_Greenwood_Ames "Grace Greenwood Ames"). There are also interactive exhibits on the origins of the earth and life. The museum also has conference rooms, a library, and a reading room.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.enjoymexico.net/mexico/morelia\-museos\-mexico.php \|title\=Museo en Morelia México \|publisher\=Enjoy Mexico \|language\=es \|trans\-title\=Museums in Morelia, Mexico \|access\-date\=2009\-11\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612012237/http://www.enjoymexico.net/mexico/morelia\-museos\-mexico.php \|archive\-date\=2010\-06\-12 \|url\-status \= dead}}
The Museo del Estado (The State Museum) is dedicated to the state's past and present. It was opened in 1986 and divided into three sections – archeology, history and ethnology of the state. There is also an exhibit of the old Mier Pharmacy with its equipment from 1868\. The museum is a mansion dating from the 18th century.
The Museo de Arte Colonial (Museum of Colonial Art) holds a collection of documents, old books, religious ornaments and maps from the colonial period. The museum's main attraction is its collection of more than 100 figures of Christ done in cornstalk paste. These figures were created by indigenous artists, starting under the direction of Vasco de Quiroga, between the 16th and 19th centuries. There are also paintings done by [Miguel Cabrera](/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera "Miguel Cabrera") and [José Padilla](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Padilla_%28painter%29 "José Padilla (painter)") from the 18th century. The museum is in an old Baroque residence from the 18th century. Prior to the building's use as a museum, it was the site of the first official government press in the state, founded in 1821\.
The Casa Museum [José María Morelos](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos "José María Morelos") y Pavón ([José María Morelos](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos "José María Morelos") y Pavón House Museum) contains a collection of items from the colonial and early independence periods of Mexico's history, including articles that belonged to Morelos himself. Morelos bought the house in 1802, but did not live there much, especially in the years just before and during the Mexican War of Independence because of his involvement with the movement. In 1933, the house was declared a national monument and in 1939 became the property of [INAH](/wiki/INAH "INAH") to be converted into this museum. Later, the building underwent another round of restoration work and was re\-inaugurated in 1991\. The lower level is mostly dedicated to Morelos with the rooms on the upper level dedicated to the war in general. The museum is also the archive of the Bishopric of Michoacán and contains documents from the 16th to the 20th centuries.
[thumb\|left\|Morelos' birthplace](/wiki/File:Museo_de_Sitio_y_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Casa_de_Morelos_Morelia_4.jpg "Museo de Sitio y Archivo Histórico Casa de Morelos Morelia 4.jpg")
The Casa Natal de Morelos (Morelos’ Birthplace) is the house where José María Morelos y Pavón was born in 1765\. The building is a large mansion with a Neoclassic facade and a Baroque interior. In 1888, the original building was destroyed to build a farmhouse. This is the building that has been restored and turned into a museum in 1964, for the coming bicentennial of Morelos’ birth. The museum contains documents and belongings of Morelos including ones he signed, money he had coined, paintings and a large library.
The Museo de la Máscara (Mask Museum) presents two different mask collections, totaling more than 165 examples from cultures in twenty Mexican states. It is located in the Casa de Artesanias de Morelia (Handcraft House of Morelia).
The Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Alfredo Zalce (Alfredo Zalce Museum of Contemporary Art) mostly contains works done by Alfredo Zalce and [Efraín Vargas](/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_Vargas "Efraín Vargas"), both renowned Michoacán painters. It also holds temporary exhibits by Mexican and international artists.
The [Plaza Monumental de Morelia](/wiki/Plaza_Monumental_de_Morelia "Plaza Monumental de Morelia") was established in 1951, which was destined exclusively for [bullfights](/wiki/Bullfights "Bullfights"). Nowadays, the ring also hosts concerts, [lucha libre](/wiki/Lucha_libre "Lucha libre"), and weddings.{{cite web \|last1\=Michoacán \|first1\=Secretaría de Turismo de \|title\=Bullring Monumental de Morelia · Places \|url\=http://michoacan.travel/en/places/bullring\-monumental\-de\-morelia.html \|website\=michoacan.travel \|access\-date\=16 April 2020 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=4 August 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804073221/http://michoacan.travel/en/places/bullring\-monumental\-de\-morelia.html \|url\-status\=dead }}
The {{ill\|Morelia Aqueduct\|lt\=city's aqueduct\|es\|Acueducto de Morelia}} was first documented in 1549\. It was used to transport fresh water to the required destination so that the inhabitants of the city could access it. The water system was made of used wood from canoes in the area to create the base structure during its construction. As years passed with the use of the aqueduct constantly changing, there was an incident that occurred in 1784\. The incident was that part of the Morelia aqueduct foundation collapsed, leaving hundreds without access to the water. On October 21, 1785, a document detailed the reconstruction of the aqueduct, and a man named Fray Antonio de San Miguel volunteered to make a plan for the reconstruction of the structure. With Fray Antonio's plans, they completely reconstructed the arches and added fixtures to repair the previous damage. As the repairs were completed the aqueduct remained in use until it stopped functioning in 1910; it remains standing to this day. The whole Aqueduct structure consisted of 253 arches (some of which have collapsed over the years), at a height of {{Convert\|700\|m\|ft\|sp\=us}}.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.espejel.com/el\-acueducto\-de\-valladolid\-morelia/ \|title \= El Acueducto de Valladolid\-Morelia}}{{Cite journal \|doi \= 10\.1177/0956247806063969\|title \= Water, society and environment in the history of one Mexican city\|journal \= Environment and Urbanization\|volume \= 18\|pages \= 129–140\|year \= 2006\|last1 \= Garcia\|first1 \= Patricia Avila\| issue\=1 \| bibcode\=2006EnUrb..18\..129G \|s2cid \= 144105112}}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.cambiodemichoacan.com.mx/nota\-n3153 \|title \= El Acueducto monumento civil más importante de Morelia}}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.moreliainvita.com/acueducto\-de\-morelia/ \|title \= Acueducto de Morelia – Morelia Invita}}{{Cite journal \| url\=https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/108915 \|doi \= 10\.4995/loggia.2000\.5199\|title \= El monumento como documento para su historia Restauración del Acueducto de Morelia en México\|journal \= Loggia, Arquitectura \& Restauración\|issue \= 10\|pages \= 72–79\|year \= 2000\|last1 \= Cabrera Acevea\|first1 \= Juan\|last2 \= Ettinger\|first2 \= Catherine R.\|doi\-access \= free\|hdl \= 10251/108915\|hdl\-access \= free}}
In front of the Aqueduct is the *[Fuente de las Tarascas](/wiki/Fuente_de_las_Tarascas "Fuente de las Tarascas")*, one of the most popular fountains in the city. The current version was installed in 1984\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.debate.com.mx/mexico/\-Las\-Tarascas\-fuente\-emblematica\-de\-Morelia\-20170806\-0283\.html\|title\='Las Tarascas'; fuente emblemática de Morelia\|date\=6 August 2017\|language\=es\|access\-date\=30 December 2021\|work\=El Debate\|location\=Morelia}}
|
[
"Notable sites\n-------------",
"[thumb\\|City Sign at Cathedral Plaza](/wiki/File:MoreliaSignCathedral.jpg \"MoreliaSignCathedral.jpg\")\nAlmost all of Morelia's notable sites lie in its historic center. This historic center is roughly equivalent to the original layout of the city when it was founded in 1541, and most of this layout has survived intact to the present day. Anticipating growth, this original layout had very wide streets and plazas for the time, with streets systematically arranged to allow for elongation. The streets are systematically laid out, but not rigidly squared, with most having gentle curves designed into them. Most of the grandest structures were completed during the 18th century, including the facade and bell towers of the cathedral, the Colegio Seminario (today the State Government Palace), La Alhóndiga (today part of the Palace of Justice) and numerous private mansions. During the same time period, infrastructure such as the city's aqueduct and various plaza fountains were constructed. The Mexican federal government lists 1,113 buildings built from the 16th to the 20th centuries as having historical value. The buildings encompass the various architectural styles that have been fashionable in Mexico, but nearly all are built of pink Cantera stone, which gives the city a unified appearance. Several measures were taken in the 20th century to preserve this part of the city. In 1956, the city enacted regulations to preserve the historic center's colonial buildings. In 1990, President [Carlos Salinas de Gortari](/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari \"Carlos Salinas de Gortari\") issued a decree making the historic center of Morelia a national historic monument. In 1991, the same area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, which covers 200 of the area's historic buildings.{{cite encyclopedia \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380156/Michoacan \\|title\\= Michoacán de Ocampo \\|encyclopedia\\=Encyclopædia Britannica \\|trans\\-title\\=Cathedral \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 }}",
"[thumb\\|[Morelia Cathedral](/wiki/Morelia_Cathedral \"Morelia Cathedral\")](/wiki/File:Catedral_of_morelia.JPG \"Catedral of morelia.JPG\")\nThe heart of the historic center is the cathedral and its surrounding plazas: the Plaza de Armas, also known as the Plaza de los Mártires, the Juárez Plaza and the Melchor Ocampo Plaza. The largest plaza is the Plaza de Armas, which has been remodeled several times since it was designed in the 16th century. It has been renamed several times as well, from “de la Constitución,” “de la República” to the current official name of “de los Mártires” but popularly it retains the name of “Plaza de Armas.” The alternate name, Plaza de los Mártires (Plaza of the Martyrs) is in honor of people like Mariano Matamoros, Guadalupe el Salto and others who were executed here during the Mexican War of Independence and later in 1830 during political unrest.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.folklorico.com/lugares/plaza\\-de\\-armas\\-morelia.html \\|title\\=Morelia, Michoacán\\-Plaza de Armas \\|first\\=David \\|last\\=Rojas \\|publisher\\=Instituto Cultural “Raices Mexicancas” \\|language\\=es \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530014052/http://www.folklorico.com/lugares/plaza\\-de\\-armas\\-morelia.html \\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2009 }} The plaza is surrounded by portals, and colonial era buildings such as the Banca Promex, the Virrey de Mendoza Hotel, the Juan de Dios Gomez House and the old town hall, also called the Michelena House. Until the late 19th century, a monument to Morelos had been here, but this was removed along with the fountain and replaced by a [kiosk](/wiki/Kiosk \"Kiosk\") that was brought from London and remains to this day. The last remodeling of the plaza occurred in the mid\\-20th century under the direction of architect and painter [Juan O'Gorman](/wiki/Juan_O%27Gorman \"Juan O'Gorman\"). The [Melchor Ocampo](/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo \"Melchor Ocampo\") Plaza was originally named “Plaza de la Paz.” In the late 19th century, this plaza was remodeled and a monument to Ocampo sculpted by [Primitivo Miranda](/wiki/Primitivo_Miranda \"Primitivo Miranda\") was placed here. Another statue by Miranda, this one of Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon was placed in the small plaza on the west side of the cathedral and named the Morelos Plaza.",
"The first church on the Cathedral site was built in 1577, which was a modest structure of adobe and wood. Many years later, this structure would be almost completely destroyed by a fire. Originally, the Cathedral of Michoacán was in Pátzcuaro in a church that now is the Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Salud. When cathedral status was moved from there to Valladolid in 1580, the city became the civil, religious, and cultural capital of the territory. In 1660, Bishop Marcos Ramírez del Prado, placed the first stone of the new cathedral, which was designed by Vicenzo Barocco. Of the major churches of the early colonial period, only this and the [Mexico City Cathedral](/wiki/Mexico_City_Cathedral \"Mexico City Cathedral\") do not face west, as was customary. The Cathedral of Michoacán is also unique in that it is dedicated to the [Transfiguration of Jesus](/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus \"Transfiguration of Jesus\"), rather than some form of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary \"Virgin Mary\"). The cathedral was consecrated in 1705, even though it was not yet finished. The facade as a relief of the Transfiguration of Christ and the east [nave](/wiki/Nave \"Nave\") is dedicated to the sheepherders and [Wise Men](/wiki/Biblical_Magi \"Biblical Magi\") of the [Nativity](/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus \"Nativity of Jesus\"). Built of pink Cantera stone, the cathedral's two {{convert\\|60\\|m\\|ft\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-high\\|sp\\=us}} towers still dominate the skyline of the city,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sacred\\-destinations.com/mexico/morelia\\-cathedral.htm \\|title\\=Morelia Cathedral, Morelia \\|publisher\\=Sacred Destinations \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713220845/http://www.sacred\\-destinations.com/mexico/morelia\\-cathedral.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-13 }} and are the second tallest Baroque towers in Mexico.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.visitmichoacan.com.mx/attractions/?id\\=45 \\|title\\=Catedral \\|publisher\\=State of Michoacan \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=Cathedral \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618005909/http://www.visitmichoacan.com.mx/attractions/?id\\=45 \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-18 }}\n[thumb\\|Decorated Plaza next to Cathedral in Morelia](/wiki/File:DecoratedPlazanexttoCathedralMorelia.jpg \"DecoratedPlazanexttoCathedralMorelia.jpg\")\nThe cathedral's official name is Cathedral of the Divine Savior of Morelia. Since it was built over the 17th and 18th centuries, elements of [Neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\"), Herreresque, and [Baroque architecture](/wiki/Baroque_architecture \"Baroque architecture\") can be seen in the building. The facade of the cathedral is mostly decorated in [pilasters](/wiki/Pilaster \"Pilaster\") rather than columns and relieves rather than sculptures. There are more than two hundred pilasters but no columns, the only church built this way during the colonial period.",
"Inside, there are a number of elements that stand out. The [baptismal font](/wiki/Baptismal_font \"Baptismal font\") was made of silver in the 19th century and was used to baptize Mexico's first emperor, Agustín de Iturbide. A {{convert\\|3\\|m\\|ft\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-tall\\|spell\\=in\\|sp\\=us}} monstrance made of pure silver adorns the main altar and is unique in that it can be disassembled and reassembled. Also on the altar is a 16th\\-century cornstalk paste image of the Señor de la Sacristía (Lord of the [Sacristy](/wiki/Sacristy \"Sacristy\")), whose gold crown was a gift from [Philip II of Spain](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain \"Philip II of Spain\"). A newer addition is the organ from Germany, which has 4,600 pipes and is one of the largest in Latin America. On Saturdays at 8:45 pm the cathedral sponsors a sound\\-and\\-light show.",
"In front of the cathedral is the old Seminario Tridentino de San Pedro, one of the educational institutions of the colonial city. Today it is the Palace of the State Government. It was constructed by Thomás de Huerta in the late 18th century. The school had graduates such as José María Morelos and Melchor Ocampo. The facade is mostly original, with only the [seal of Mexico](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico \"Coat of arms of Mexico\") having been added in the mid\\-19th century, when this building was converted for use as the seat of the Michoacán state government. Inside are three courtyards with the walls of the first courtyard covered in murals done by [Alfredo Zalce](/wiki/Alfredo_Zalce \"Alfredo Zalce\") in the 1960s.",
"[thumb\\|[Church of San Francisco](/wiki/Church_of_San_Francisco%2C_Morelia \"Church of San Francisco, Morelia\")](/wiki/File:Templo_de_san_francisco_en_morelia.JPG \"Templo de san francisco en morelia.JPG\")\nTraslado de las Monjas in the museum of the Casa de la Cultura is also the home of the Instituto Michoacano de Cultura (Michoacan Institute of Culture) and the State Secretary of Culture. It is in the former monastery of Nuestra Señora del Carmen Descalzo, which was established in 1593\\. The church building was probably finished in 1619, the date inscribed on the south portal, but monastery construction continued into the 17th century. In the 19th century, the [Reform Laws](/wiki/Reform_War \"Reform War\") expropriated the [cloisters](/wiki/Cloister \"Cloister\") and living quarters but left the church to its religious function, which continues to this day. After expropriation, the monastery area was first used as the home of the Primer Cuerpo de Caballería del Estado (First Cavalry Corps of the State). Over time the church fell into disrepair but was restored in the 1940s. The rest of the complex was restored and converted to its present function starting in 1977\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://cultura.michoacan.gob.mx/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=358\\&Itemid\\=285 \\|title\\= Casa de la Cultura de \\|publisher\\= Secretaria de la Cultura\\-Michoacán \\|location\\=Morelia \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=House of Culture \\- Michoacan \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 }}",
"The Orquidario of Morelia is an [orchid](/wiki/Orchid \"Orchid\") museum which houses approximately 3,400 species of the flower. The botanical garden consists of three greenhouses with some outside space. The museum is managed by [SEMARNAT](/wiki/SEMARNAT \"SEMARNAT\") as part of a program to preserve wild species. The botanical garden has a surface area of over {{Convert\\|990\\|m2\\|ft2\\|sp\\=us}} and was founded in 1980\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/publicaciones/publi\\_prodigios/orquidario/orquidario.htm \\|title\\=Orquidario de Morelia Michoacán. \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa]] \\|location\\=Mexico City \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=Orchid museum of Morelia, Michoacan \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 \\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910052134/http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/publicaciones/publi\\_prodigios/orquidario/orquidario.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=September 10, 2010 }}",
"The Museo Regional Michoacano (Regional Museum of Michoacán) was founded in 1886 and its design was heavily influenced by French ideas of museum design of the time. It is housed in a building that belonged to Emperor Maximilian I, and is of ornate Baroque design. Most of the exhibits are about the history of the region with rooms dedicated to pre\\-Hispanic artifacts and colonial art. One noted piece is the painting called “Traslado de las Monjas” which is considered to be the finest work produced in Michoacán during the colonial period. Other important works include the original volume of the Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, edited in Paris in 1807 and the murals done by Alfredo Zalce, [Federico Cantú](/wiki/Federico_Cant%C3%BA \"Federico Cantú\") and [Grace Greenwood](/wiki/Grace_Greenwood_Ames \"Grace Greenwood Ames\"). There are also interactive exhibits on the origins of the earth and life. The museum also has conference rooms, a library, and a reading room.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.enjoymexico.net/mexico/morelia\\-museos\\-mexico.php \\|title\\=Museo en Morelia México \\|publisher\\=Enjoy Mexico \\|language\\=es \\|trans\\-title\\=Museums in Morelia, Mexico \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-11\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612012237/http://www.enjoymexico.net/mexico/morelia\\-museos\\-mexico.php \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-06\\-12 \\|url\\-status \\= dead}}",
"The Museo del Estado (The State Museum) is dedicated to the state's past and present. It was opened in 1986 and divided into three sections – archeology, history and ethnology of the state. There is also an exhibit of the old Mier Pharmacy with its equipment from 1868\\. The museum is a mansion dating from the 18th century.",
"The Museo de Arte Colonial (Museum of Colonial Art) holds a collection of documents, old books, religious ornaments and maps from the colonial period. The museum's main attraction is its collection of more than 100 figures of Christ done in cornstalk paste. These figures were created by indigenous artists, starting under the direction of Vasco de Quiroga, between the 16th and 19th centuries. There are also paintings done by [Miguel Cabrera](/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera \"Miguel Cabrera\") and [José Padilla](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Padilla_%28painter%29 \"José Padilla (painter)\") from the 18th century. The museum is in an old Baroque residence from the 18th century. Prior to the building's use as a museum, it was the site of the first official government press in the state, founded in 1821\\.",
"The Casa Museum [José María Morelos](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos \"José María Morelos\") y Pavón ([José María Morelos](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos \"José María Morelos\") y Pavón House Museum) contains a collection of items from the colonial and early independence periods of Mexico's history, including articles that belonged to Morelos himself. Morelos bought the house in 1802, but did not live there much, especially in the years just before and during the Mexican War of Independence because of his involvement with the movement. In 1933, the house was declared a national monument and in 1939 became the property of [INAH](/wiki/INAH \"INAH\") to be converted into this museum. Later, the building underwent another round of restoration work and was re\\-inaugurated in 1991\\. The lower level is mostly dedicated to Morelos with the rooms on the upper level dedicated to the war in general. The museum is also the archive of the Bishopric of Michoacán and contains documents from the 16th to the 20th centuries.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Morelos' birthplace](/wiki/File:Museo_de_Sitio_y_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Casa_de_Morelos_Morelia_4.jpg \"Museo de Sitio y Archivo Histórico Casa de Morelos Morelia 4.jpg\")\nThe Casa Natal de Morelos (Morelos’ Birthplace) is the house where José María Morelos y Pavón was born in 1765\\. The building is a large mansion with a Neoclassic facade and a Baroque interior. In 1888, the original building was destroyed to build a farmhouse. This is the building that has been restored and turned into a museum in 1964, for the coming bicentennial of Morelos’ birth. The museum contains documents and belongings of Morelos including ones he signed, money he had coined, paintings and a large library.",
"The Museo de la Máscara (Mask Museum) presents two different mask collections, totaling more than 165 examples from cultures in twenty Mexican states. It is located in the Casa de Artesanias de Morelia (Handcraft House of Morelia).",
"The Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Alfredo Zalce (Alfredo Zalce Museum of Contemporary Art) mostly contains works done by Alfredo Zalce and [Efraín Vargas](/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_Vargas \"Efraín Vargas\"), both renowned Michoacán painters. It also holds temporary exhibits by Mexican and international artists.",
"The [Plaza Monumental de Morelia](/wiki/Plaza_Monumental_de_Morelia \"Plaza Monumental de Morelia\") was established in 1951, which was destined exclusively for [bullfights](/wiki/Bullfights \"Bullfights\"). Nowadays, the ring also hosts concerts, [lucha libre](/wiki/Lucha_libre \"Lucha libre\"), and weddings.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Michoacán \\|first1\\=Secretaría de Turismo de \\|title\\=Bullring Monumental de Morelia · Places \\|url\\=http://michoacan.travel/en/places/bullring\\-monumental\\-de\\-morelia.html \\|website\\=michoacan.travel \\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2020 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=4 August 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804073221/http://michoacan.travel/en/places/bullring\\-monumental\\-de\\-morelia.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"The {{ill\\|Morelia Aqueduct\\|lt\\=city's aqueduct\\|es\\|Acueducto de Morelia}} was first documented in 1549\\. It was used to transport fresh water to the required destination so that the inhabitants of the city could access it. The water system was made of used wood from canoes in the area to create the base structure during its construction. As years passed with the use of the aqueduct constantly changing, there was an incident that occurred in 1784\\. The incident was that part of the Morelia aqueduct foundation collapsed, leaving hundreds without access to the water. On October 21, 1785, a document detailed the reconstruction of the aqueduct, and a man named Fray Antonio de San Miguel volunteered to make a plan for the reconstruction of the structure. With Fray Antonio's plans, they completely reconstructed the arches and added fixtures to repair the previous damage. As the repairs were completed the aqueduct remained in use until it stopped functioning in 1910; it remains standing to this day. The whole Aqueduct structure consisted of 253 arches (some of which have collapsed over the years), at a height of {{Convert\\|700\\|m\\|ft\\|sp\\=us}}.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.espejel.com/el\\-acueducto\\-de\\-valladolid\\-morelia/ \\|title \\= El Acueducto de Valladolid\\-Morelia}}{{Cite journal \\|doi \\= 10\\.1177/0956247806063969\\|title \\= Water, society and environment in the history of one Mexican city\\|journal \\= Environment and Urbanization\\|volume \\= 18\\|pages \\= 129–140\\|year \\= 2006\\|last1 \\= Garcia\\|first1 \\= Patricia Avila\\| issue\\=1 \\| bibcode\\=2006EnUrb..18\\..129G \\|s2cid \\= 144105112}}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.cambiodemichoacan.com.mx/nota\\-n3153 \\|title \\= El Acueducto monumento civil más importante de Morelia}}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.moreliainvita.com/acueducto\\-de\\-morelia/ \\|title \\= Acueducto de Morelia – Morelia Invita}}{{Cite journal \\| url\\=https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/108915 \\|doi \\= 10\\.4995/loggia.2000\\.5199\\|title \\= El monumento como documento para su historia Restauración del Acueducto de Morelia en México\\|journal \\= Loggia, Arquitectura \\& Restauración\\|issue \\= 10\\|pages \\= 72–79\\|year \\= 2000\\|last1 \\= Cabrera Acevea\\|first1 \\= Juan\\|last2 \\= Ettinger\\|first2 \\= Catherine R.\\|doi\\-access \\= free\\|hdl \\= 10251/108915\\|hdl\\-access \\= free}}",
"In front of the Aqueduct is the *[Fuente de las Tarascas](/wiki/Fuente_de_las_Tarascas \"Fuente de las Tarascas\")*, one of the most popular fountains in the city. The current version was installed in 1984\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.debate.com.mx/mexico/\\-Las\\-Tarascas\\-fuente\\-emblematica\\-de\\-Morelia\\-20170806\\-0283\\.html\\|title\\='Las Tarascas'; fuente emblemática de Morelia\\|date\\=6 August 2017\\|language\\=es\\|access\\-date\\=30 December 2021\\|work\\=El Debate\\|location\\=Morelia}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
While working towards his B.A. in [physics](/wiki/Physics "Physics") at [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College "Harvard College") in 1967, Sproull met [Ivan Sutherland](/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland "Ivan Sutherland"). Together, they worked on [head\-mounted displays](/wiki/Head-mounted_display "Head-mounted display"), which led the way for 3\-dimensional [virtual reality](/wiki/Virtual_reality "Virtual reality").
Sproull received his master's degree in [Computer Science](/wiki/Computer_Science "Computer Science") from [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University") in 1970, and Doctorate in Computer Science from Stanford in 1977\.
Sproull worked as a researcher for [Xerox Palo Alto Research Center](/wiki/Xerox_PARC "Xerox PARC") from December 1973 to August 1977\.
While at Xerox PARC, he worked on the design of the [Alto](/wiki/Alto_%28computer%29 "Alto (computer)") personal computer,{{Citation
\| title \= Alto: a personal computer
\| url \= http://research.microsoft.com/Lampson/25\-Alto/25\-AltoOCR.htm
\| year \= 1982
\| journal \= Computer Structures: Principles and Examples
\| pages \= 549–572
\| last1 \= Thacker \| first1 \= C.P. \| authorlink1 \= Charles P. Thacker
\| last2 \= McCreight \| first2 \= E.M. \| authorlink2 \= Edward M. McCreight
\| last3 \= Lampson \| first3 \= B.W. \| authorlink3 \= Butler Lampson
\| last4 \= Sproull \| first4 \= R.F. \| last5 \= Boggs \| first5 \= D.R. \| authorlink5 \= David Boggs
\| access\-date \= 2010\-09\-02 }}
the first [laser printers](/wiki/Laser_printers "Laser printers"), page description languages and the initial PC\-type [operating systems](/wiki/Operating_systems "Operating systems").
In 1973, Sproull and [William M. Newman](/wiki/William_M._Newman "William M. Newman") wrote *Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics*; a second edition was published in 1979\. This was the first comprehensive textbook on computer graphics, and was regarded as the graphics "bible," until it was succeeded by [Foley](/wiki/James_D._Foley "James D. Foley") and [van Dam](/wiki/Andries_van_Dam "Andries van Dam")'s *[Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice](/wiki/Computer_Graphics:Principles_and_Practice "Principles and Practice")*.
Sproull was an Associate Professor of Computer Science at [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University "Carnegie Mellon University").
In 1980, Bob Sproull and Ivan Sutherland founded a consulting firm, Sutherland, Sproull and Associates.
In 1990, [Sun Microsystems](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems "Sun Microsystems") bought out Sutherland, Sproull and Associates for its patents and key people. This led to the creation of [Sun Microsystems Laboratories](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems_Laboratories "Sun Microsystems Laboratories"), where Sproull worked on [asynchronous](/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit "Asynchronous circuit") processor design. In 2006 he became director of the laboratories.{{cite news \|title\= Newsmaker: Sun Labs' new boss \|work\= cnet news \|url\= http://news.cnet.com/Sun\-Labs\-new\-boss/2008\-1008\_3\-6081333\.html \|author\= Charles Cooper \|date\= June 8, 2006 \|access\-date\= April 1, 2011 }} In 2010 after [Sun was purchased](/wiki/Sun_acquisition_by_Oracle "Sun acquisition by Oracle") by [Oracle Corporation](/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation"), it became Oracle Labs.{{cite web \|title\= Bob Sproull \|work\= The People at Oracle Labs \|url\= http://labs.oracle.com/people/mybio.php?c\=204 \|access\-date\= April 1, 2011 }}
Sproull is also a member of the [National Academy of Engineering](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering "National Academy of Engineering"), a Fellow of the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences "American Academy of Arts and Sciences"), and has served on the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force "US Air Force") Scientific Advisory Board. He currently chairs the [United States National Research Council](/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council "United States National Research Council")'s [Computer Science and Telecommunications Board](/wiki/Computer_Science_and_Telecommunications_Board "Computer Science and Telecommunications Board") (CSTB).{{cite web\|url\=http://sites.nationalacademies.org/CSTB/CSTB\_042202 \|title\=Membership of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board \|publisher\=\[\[National Academy of Sciences]] \|access\-date\=March 23, 2012}} He has co\-authored several books in addition to *Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics*, such as *Logical Effort*, and holds 7 patents.{{Citation needed\|date\=October 2020\|reason\=What's the source of the patents claim? https://patents.google.com/?inventor\=Robert\+F\+Sproull lists 10 patents.}}
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"While working towards his B.A. in [physics](/wiki/Physics \"Physics\") at [Harvard College](/wiki/Harvard_College \"Harvard College\") in 1967, Sproull met [Ivan Sutherland](/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland \"Ivan Sutherland\"). Together, they worked on [head\\-mounted displays](/wiki/Head-mounted_display \"Head-mounted display\"), which led the way for 3\\-dimensional [virtual reality](/wiki/Virtual_reality \"Virtual reality\").",
"Sproull received his master's degree in [Computer Science](/wiki/Computer_Science \"Computer Science\") from [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\") in 1970, and Doctorate in Computer Science from Stanford in 1977\\.",
"Sproull worked as a researcher for [Xerox Palo Alto Research Center](/wiki/Xerox_PARC \"Xerox PARC\") from December 1973 to August 1977\\.\nWhile at Xerox PARC, he worked on the design of the [Alto](/wiki/Alto_%28computer%29 \"Alto (computer)\") personal computer,{{Citation\n \\| title \\= Alto: a personal computer\n \\| url \\= http://research.microsoft.com/Lampson/25\\-Alto/25\\-AltoOCR.htm\n \\| year \\= 1982\n \\| journal \\= Computer Structures: Principles and Examples\n \\| pages \\= 549–572\n \\| last1 \\= Thacker \\| first1 \\= C.P. \\| authorlink1 \\= Charles P. Thacker\n \\| last2 \\= McCreight \\| first2 \\= E.M. \\| authorlink2 \\= Edward M. McCreight\n \\| last3 \\= Lampson \\| first3 \\= B.W. \\| authorlink3 \\= Butler Lampson\n \\| last4 \\= Sproull \\| first4 \\= R.F. \\| last5 \\= Boggs \\| first5 \\= D.R. \\| authorlink5 \\= David Boggs\n \\| access\\-date \\= 2010\\-09\\-02 }}\nthe first [laser printers](/wiki/Laser_printers \"Laser printers\"), page description languages and the initial PC\\-type [operating systems](/wiki/Operating_systems \"Operating systems\").",
"In 1973, Sproull and [William M. Newman](/wiki/William_M._Newman \"William M. Newman\") wrote *Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics*; a second edition was published in 1979\\. This was the first comprehensive textbook on computer graphics, and was regarded as the graphics \"bible,\" until it was succeeded by [Foley](/wiki/James_D._Foley \"James D. Foley\") and [van Dam](/wiki/Andries_van_Dam \"Andries van Dam\")'s *[Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice](/wiki/Computer_Graphics:Principles_and_Practice \"Principles and Practice\")*.",
"Sproull was an Associate Professor of Computer Science at [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University \"Carnegie Mellon University\"). \nIn 1980, Bob Sproull and Ivan Sutherland founded a consulting firm, Sutherland, Sproull and Associates.",
"In 1990, [Sun Microsystems](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems \"Sun Microsystems\") bought out Sutherland, Sproull and Associates for its patents and key people. This led to the creation of [Sun Microsystems Laboratories](/wiki/Sun_Microsystems_Laboratories \"Sun Microsystems Laboratories\"), where Sproull worked on [asynchronous](/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit \"Asynchronous circuit\") processor design. In 2006 he became director of the laboratories.{{cite news \\|title\\= Newsmaker: Sun Labs' new boss \\|work\\= cnet news \\|url\\= http://news.cnet.com/Sun\\-Labs\\-new\\-boss/2008\\-1008\\_3\\-6081333\\.html \\|author\\= Charles Cooper \\|date\\= June 8, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\= April 1, 2011 }} In 2010 after [Sun was purchased](/wiki/Sun_acquisition_by_Oracle \"Sun acquisition by Oracle\") by [Oracle Corporation](/wiki/Oracle_Corporation \"Oracle Corporation\"), it became Oracle Labs.{{cite web \\|title\\= Bob Sproull \\|work\\= The People at Oracle Labs \\|url\\= http://labs.oracle.com/people/mybio.php?c\\=204 \\|access\\-date\\= April 1, 2011 }}",
"Sproull is also a member of the [National Academy of Engineering](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering \"National Academy of Engineering\"), a Fellow of the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"American Academy of Arts and Sciences\"), and has served on the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force \"US Air Force\") Scientific Advisory Board. He currently chairs the [United States National Research Council](/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council \"United States National Research Council\")'s [Computer Science and Telecommunications Board](/wiki/Computer_Science_and_Telecommunications_Board \"Computer Science and Telecommunications Board\") (CSTB).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://sites.nationalacademies.org/CSTB/CSTB\\_042202 \\|title\\=Membership of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Academy of Sciences]] \\|access\\-date\\=March 23, 2012}} He has co\\-authored several books in addition to *Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics*, such as *Logical Effort*, and holds 7 patents.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=October 2020\\|reason\\=What's the source of the patents claim? https://patents.google.com/?inventor\\=Robert\\+F\\+Sproull lists 10 patents.}}",
""
] |
Politics
--------
Following the war, Carroll resumed his business career in Nashville. In 1818, he became part owner of the New Orleans steamboat, the *General Jackson*. On March 11, 1819, after a treacherous journey up the Mississippi, Ohio and Cumberland rivers, the *General Jackson* became the first steamboat to reach Nashville.Paul Bergeron, Stephen Ash, and Jeanette Keith, *[Tennesseans and Their History](https://books.google.com/books?id=Og_9Q5RWJtYC&dq=%22general+jackson%22+steamboat+william+carroll&pg=PA113)* (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1999\), p. 113\. During the [Panic of 1819](/wiki/Panic_of_1819 "Panic of 1819"), Carroll's business failed, and he was forced into bankruptcy.
In 1821, Carroll, still immensely popular from his War of 1812 endeavors, ran for governor. Although his opponent, [Edward Ward](/wiki/Edward_Ward_%28businessman%29 "Edward Ward (businessman)"), was backed by the state's political elite, including Andrew Jackson, [Hugh Lawson White](/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White "Hugh Lawson White") and [Joseph McMinn](/wiki/Joseph_McMinn "Joseph McMinn"), Carroll gained the support of Jackson foes [John Williams](/wiki/John_Williams_%28Tennessee_politician%29 "John Williams (Tennessee politician)") and [Davy Crockett](/wiki/Davy_Crockett "Davy Crockett"), and was able to harness the anti\-establishment sentiment that had arisen in the wake of the financial crisis. He easily defeated Ward on election day, 32,290 votes to 7,294\. He immediately set out to reform the state's tax laws, but his call for a constitutional convention was defeated by the legislature.
As Tennessee's economy improved, Carroll's popularity soared. He ran unopposed for reelection in 1823 and 1825\. {{citation needed\|date\=November 2017}}
In 1827, at the end of his third two\-year term, constitutional [term limits](/wiki/Term_limits "Term limits") prevented him from serving a fourth consecutive term. He was succeeded by [Sam Houston](/wiki/Sam_Houston "Sam Houston").
After he was passed over for a U. S. Senate seat, he became wary of the Jacksonites, and ran against Houston in 1829\. Houston resigned following a scandal shortly after Carroll announced his campaign, however, and [William Hall](/wiki/William_Hall_%28governor%29 "William Hall (governor)"), as Speaker of the Senate, succeeded him. Hall refused to run for reelection, and Carroll was easily elected.
Carroll successfully sought the office again in 1831 and 1833, and was elected without opposition.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past\-governors\-bios/page\_tennessee/col2\-content/main\-content\-list/title\_carroll\_william.html\|title\= Tennessee Governor William Carroll\|publisher\= National Governors Association\|access\-date\=September 19, 2012}}
Carrol's governorship was noted for the establishment of a more progressive (for the era) [Penal Code](/wiki/Penal_Code "Penal Code"), which replaced corporal punishment with a state prison system, as well as the establishment of an insane asylum and the establishment of a [Chancery Court](/wiki/Tennessee_Chancery_and_Probate_Courts "Tennessee Chancery and Probate Courts").
He also persistently advocated for government\-funded internal improvements, which helped the state's businesses. During his final term, the [state constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Tennessee "Constitution of Tennessee") of 1796 was supplanted by a new one which gave more executive power to the governor; although this document was technically superseded by the current one in 1870, that document carries over very many of the provisions of the 1834 constitution, upon which it was largely based.
Popular provisions in the new constitution included an equitable land tax (which benefited small farmers) and the requirement that county officials be popularly elected, rather than appointed.
Carroll claimed that the new constitution allowed him to seek a fourth consecutive term. He was doomed by rising [Whig](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28United_States%29 "Whig Party (United States)") sentiment in the state, however, and lost the gubernatorial election to [Newton Cannon](/wiki/Newton_Cannon "Newton Cannon") by a vote of 41,970 to 31,205\. He persistently campaigned for one of the state's U. S. Senate seats in subsequent years, but was never successful.
Carroll served as governor of Tennessee longer than anyone else has to this point, even fellow six\-term governor Sevier. Sevier's first term was unusually short due to the time of year of the admission of Tennessee into the Union. Carroll's gubernatorial service totaled twelve years and twelve days.
|
[
"Politics\n--------",
"Following the war, Carroll resumed his business career in Nashville. In 1818, he became part owner of the New Orleans steamboat, the *General Jackson*. On March 11, 1819, after a treacherous journey up the Mississippi, Ohio and Cumberland rivers, the *General Jackson* became the first steamboat to reach Nashville.Paul Bergeron, Stephen Ash, and Jeanette Keith, *[Tennesseans and Their History](https://books.google.com/books?id=Og_9Q5RWJtYC&dq=%22general+jackson%22+steamboat+william+carroll&pg=PA113)* (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1999\\), p. 113\\. During the [Panic of 1819](/wiki/Panic_of_1819 \"Panic of 1819\"), Carroll's business failed, and he was forced into bankruptcy.",
"In 1821, Carroll, still immensely popular from his War of 1812 endeavors, ran for governor. Although his opponent, [Edward Ward](/wiki/Edward_Ward_%28businessman%29 \"Edward Ward (businessman)\"), was backed by the state's political elite, including Andrew Jackson, [Hugh Lawson White](/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White \"Hugh Lawson White\") and [Joseph McMinn](/wiki/Joseph_McMinn \"Joseph McMinn\"), Carroll gained the support of Jackson foes [John Williams](/wiki/John_Williams_%28Tennessee_politician%29 \"John Williams (Tennessee politician)\") and [Davy Crockett](/wiki/Davy_Crockett \"Davy Crockett\"), and was able to harness the anti\\-establishment sentiment that had arisen in the wake of the financial crisis. He easily defeated Ward on election day, 32,290 votes to 7,294\\. He immediately set out to reform the state's tax laws, but his call for a constitutional convention was defeated by the legislature.",
"As Tennessee's economy improved, Carroll's popularity soared. He ran unopposed for reelection in 1823 and 1825\\. {{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2017}}",
"In 1827, at the end of his third two\\-year term, constitutional [term limits](/wiki/Term_limits \"Term limits\") prevented him from serving a fourth consecutive term. He was succeeded by [Sam Houston](/wiki/Sam_Houston \"Sam Houston\").",
"After he was passed over for a U. S. Senate seat, he became wary of the Jacksonites, and ran against Houston in 1829\\. Houston resigned following a scandal shortly after Carroll announced his campaign, however, and [William Hall](/wiki/William_Hall_%28governor%29 \"William Hall (governor)\"), as Speaker of the Senate, succeeded him. Hall refused to run for reelection, and Carroll was easily elected.",
"Carroll successfully sought the office again in 1831 and 1833, and was elected without opposition.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past\\-governors\\-bios/page\\_tennessee/col2\\-content/main\\-content\\-list/title\\_carroll\\_william.html\\|title\\= Tennessee Governor William Carroll\\|publisher\\= National Governors Association\\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2012}}",
"Carrol's governorship was noted for the establishment of a more progressive (for the era) [Penal Code](/wiki/Penal_Code \"Penal Code\"), which replaced corporal punishment with a state prison system, as well as the establishment of an insane asylum and the establishment of a [Chancery Court](/wiki/Tennessee_Chancery_and_Probate_Courts \"Tennessee Chancery and Probate Courts\").",
"He also persistently advocated for government\\-funded internal improvements, which helped the state's businesses. During his final term, the [state constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Tennessee \"Constitution of Tennessee\") of 1796 was supplanted by a new one which gave more executive power to the governor; although this document was technically superseded by the current one in 1870, that document carries over very many of the provisions of the 1834 constitution, upon which it was largely based.",
"Popular provisions in the new constitution included an equitable land tax (which benefited small farmers) and the requirement that county officials be popularly elected, rather than appointed.",
"Carroll claimed that the new constitution allowed him to seek a fourth consecutive term. He was doomed by rising [Whig](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Whig Party (United States)\") sentiment in the state, however, and lost the gubernatorial election to [Newton Cannon](/wiki/Newton_Cannon \"Newton Cannon\") by a vote of 41,970 to 31,205\\. He persistently campaigned for one of the state's U. S. Senate seats in subsequent years, but was never successful.",
"Carroll served as governor of Tennessee longer than anyone else has to this point, even fellow six\\-term governor Sevier. Sevier's first term was unusually short due to the time of year of the admission of Tennessee into the Union. Carroll's gubernatorial service totaled twelve years and twelve days.",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
By was born in [Lambeth](/wiki/Lambeth "Lambeth"), Surrey, the second of three sons of George By, of the London Customs House, and Mary Bryan. Nothing certain is known about By’s early education; Andrews suggests that it could have been at [Sir Thomas Rich's School](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Rich%27s_School "Sir Thomas Rich's School") in [Longlevens](/wiki/Longlevens "Longlevens"). He gained a good knowledge of arithmetic and writing; competence in English, French and Latin; and some drawing skills, as he was admitted at age 13 to the [Royal Military Academy, Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy%2C_Woolwich "Royal Military Academy, Woolwich"). He graduated from the academy in 1799\.
In August of that year, he was gazetted a second lieutenant in the [Royal Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Artillery "Royal Artillery"); by the end of the year he had transferred to the [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers "Royal Engineers").{{cite book\|author1\=Lance Day\|author2\=Ian McNeil\|title\=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=m8TsygLyfSMC\&pg\=PA210\|year\=2013\|publisher\=Routledge\|isbn\=978\-1\-134\-65020\-0\|pages\=210–211}} In 1800 he was posted to the fortifications at [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth "Plymouth"), which were being modernised.
In July 1802 By was posted to Canada, where he worked on the fortification of [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City") and on improving the navigability of the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River "Saint Lawrence River").
In early 1811 By returned to England. He was almost immediately posted to Portugal, where he served during the [Napoleonic wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_wars "Napoleonic wars") before falling ill (probably with [malaria](/wiki/Malaria "Malaria")); he was back in England in August. The [Royal Engineers' Window](/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral%23King%27s_Engineers "Rochester Cathedral#King's Engineers") in Rochester Cathedral indicates that By served without injury during the conflicts.
In 1812, By was appointed Commanding Royal Engineer of the [Royal Gunpowder Mills](/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_Royal_Gunpowder_Mills "Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills") in [Waltham Abbey](/wiki/Waltham_Abbey "Waltham Abbey"). A huge explosion had occurred there on 27 November 1811,{{Cite book\|title\=The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politics, and Literature, of the Year M\>DCCC.XI\|publisher\=C \& J Rivington\|page\=147\|year\=1811}} when “no. 4 Press House and the adjoining Corning House blew up, killing seven workmen and breaking windows in Hackney ten miles away.”{{Cite book\|last\=Harvey\|first\=A D\|title\=Collision of Empires: Britain in Three World Wars, 1793\-1945\|publisher\=Bloomsbury Publishing\|pages\=54–55\|date\=1993}} By directed the reconstruction of the corning houseA place where powder is corned or granulated and built two new gunpowder mills. He also introduced two new presses to replace the twelve that had been lost. The new presses, and a new design of charcoal press, proved to be more efficient and cheaper to run.
At the end of the war, By retired from the military. In 1826, because of his engineering experience in Canada, he was recalled and assigned there to supervise the construction of the [Rideau Canal](/wiki/Rideau_Canal "Rideau Canal") between Ottawa and Kingston.{{cite book\|author\=Marion Van de Wetering\|title\=An Ottawa Album: Glimpses of the Way We Were\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4tS3TfOfXnEC\&pg\=PA105\|year\=1997\|publisher\=Dundurn\|isbn\=978\-1\-77070\-014\-7\|page\=105}} Since the canal was to begin in the wild and sparsely populated [Ottawa River](/wiki/Ottawa_River "Ottawa River") valley, his first task was the construction of a town to house the workmen and labourers of associated services. The resulting settlement, called Bytown in his honour, was later renamed after the river.{{cite book\|author\=Dave Mullington\|title\=Chain of Office: Biographic Sketches of Ottawa's Mayors (1847–1948\)\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=SKxwbOUKZYEC\&pg\=PA3\|year\=2005\|publisher\=GeneralStore PublishingHouse\|isbn\=978\-1\-897113\-17\-2\|page\=3}} It was designated as the capital of Canada.
The canal was completed in six years, and was acclaimed as an engineering triumph.{{cite book\|author\=Peter Conroy\|title\=Our Canal: The Rideau Canal in Ottawa\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=07RL62rkhhkC\&pg\=PA2\|year\=2002\|publisher\=GeneralStore PublishingHouse\|isbn\=978\-1\-894263\-63\-4\|page\=2}} It had huge cost overruns, however, and became a political scandal for the Board of Ordnance. Colonel By was recalled to London, where he was accused of having made unauthorised expenditures. The charges were spurious, and a parliamentary committee exonerated him. By petitioned Wellington and other military leaders to review his case, but the damage was done. He was forced to retire and never received a formal commendation for his great achievement on the canal.{{Cite book\| last \= Legget \| first \= Robert\| title \= Rideau Waterway\| url \= https://archive.org/details/rideauwaterway0000legg \| url\-access \= registration \| publisher \= University of Toronto Press\| year \= 1955 \| location \= Toronto \| page \=\[https://archive.org/details/rideauwaterway0000legg/page/64 64] }} By retired to [Frant](/wiki/Frant "Frant") in Sussex[Lieutenant Colonel John By](https://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/lieutenant-colonel-john-by) Retrieved 28/4/21\. and died in 1836,{{cite web \|last1\=Deachman \|first1\=Bruce \|title\=The Capital Builders: Lt.\-Col. John By, spending scapegoat \|url\=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local\-news/the\-capital\-builders\-lt\-col\-john\-by\-spending\-scapegoat/ \|website\=Ottawa Citizen \|publisher\=ottawacitizen.com \|access\-date\=13 May 2020}} and is buried in the village of Frant.
### Family
[thumb\|upright\|Sculpture marking location of his residence in [Major's Hill Park](/wiki/Major%27s_Hill_Park "Major's Hill Park"), Ottawa](/wiki/File:Sculpture_to_John_By%27s_residence%2C_Major%27s_Hill_Park.jpg "Sculpture to John By's residence, Major's Hill Park.jpg")
John By married twice. He first married Elizabeth Johnson Baines, daughter of a naval captain, at [Madron](/wiki/Madron "Madron") on 12 November 1801\. Elizabeth died in December 1814 and was buried on December 16 at [Cheshunt](/wiki/Cheshunt "Cheshunt").
Secondly, he married Esther March in Cheshunt on 14 March 1818\. John and Esther had two daughters: Harriet Martha, born on 14 March 1821 in [Frant](/wiki/Frant "Frant").Baptism records at East Sussex Record Office She died unmarried on 2 October 1842 and was buried at St. Alban's churchyard in Frant. Her parents were later buried there near her.
The second daughter was Esther March, born on 18 February 1819 in Marylebone, She married Percy Ashburnham, a younger son of the [George, 3rd Earl of Ashburnham](/wiki/George_Ashburnham%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Ashburnham "George Ashburnham, 3rd Earl of Ashburnham"), in Ticehurst in 1838, and had two children: Esther Harriet in 1844, who died the following year; and Mary Catherine in 1847, who died aged three. Esther March Ashburnham died on 6 February 1848 and was also buried at Frant.
By was survived by two brothers:{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rideau\-info.com/canal/tales/bye\-by.html \|title\=Tales of the Rideau – Bye By – The Story of Lieutenant\-Colonel John By, R.E \|publisher\=Rideau\-info.com \|date\=27 May 1915 \|access\-date\=4 September 2013}}
* George By – born 1779, died 1840, without children
* Henry By – born 1780, married; died 1852\. He was buried in [West Hoathly](/wiki/West_Hoathly "West Hoathly"). He was predeceased by his son in 1847 (who had no children).
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"By was born in [Lambeth](/wiki/Lambeth \"Lambeth\"), Surrey, the second of three sons of George By, of the London Customs House, and Mary Bryan. Nothing certain is known about By’s early education; Andrews suggests that it could have been at [Sir Thomas Rich's School](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Rich%27s_School \"Sir Thomas Rich's School\") in [Longlevens](/wiki/Longlevens \"Longlevens\"). He gained a good knowledge of arithmetic and writing; competence in English, French and Latin; and some drawing skills, as he was admitted at age 13 to the [Royal Military Academy, Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy%2C_Woolwich \"Royal Military Academy, Woolwich\"). He graduated from the academy in 1799\\.",
"In August of that year, he was gazetted a second lieutenant in the [Royal Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Artillery \"Royal Artillery\"); by the end of the year he had transferred to the [Royal Engineers](/wiki/Royal_Engineers \"Royal Engineers\").{{cite book\\|author1\\=Lance Day\\|author2\\=Ian McNeil\\|title\\=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=m8TsygLyfSMC\\&pg\\=PA210\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-134\\-65020\\-0\\|pages\\=210–211}} In 1800 he was posted to the fortifications at [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth \"Plymouth\"), which were being modernised.",
"In July 1802 By was posted to Canada, where he worked on the fortification of [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City \"Quebec City\") and on improving the navigability of the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\"). \nIn early 1811 By returned to England. He was almost immediately posted to Portugal, where he served during the [Napoleonic wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_wars \"Napoleonic wars\") before falling ill (probably with [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\")); he was back in England in August. The [Royal Engineers' Window](/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral%23King%27s_Engineers \"Rochester Cathedral#King's Engineers\") in Rochester Cathedral indicates that By served without injury during the conflicts.",
"In 1812, By was appointed Commanding Royal Engineer of the [Royal Gunpowder Mills](/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_Royal_Gunpowder_Mills \"Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills\") in [Waltham Abbey](/wiki/Waltham_Abbey \"Waltham Abbey\"). A huge explosion had occurred there on 27 November 1811,{{Cite book\\|title\\=The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politics, and Literature, of the Year M\\>DCCC.XI\\|publisher\\=C \\& J Rivington\\|page\\=147\\|year\\=1811}} when “no. 4 Press House and the adjoining Corning House blew up, killing seven workmen and breaking windows in Hackney ten miles away.”{{Cite book\\|last\\=Harvey\\|first\\=A D\\|title\\=Collision of Empires: Britain in Three World Wars, 1793\\-1945\\|publisher\\=Bloomsbury Publishing\\|pages\\=54–55\\|date\\=1993}} By directed the reconstruction of the corning houseA place where powder is corned or granulated and built two new gunpowder mills. He also introduced two new presses to replace the twelve that had been lost. The new presses, and a new design of charcoal press, proved to be more efficient and cheaper to run.",
"At the end of the war, By retired from the military. In 1826, because of his engineering experience in Canada, he was recalled and assigned there to supervise the construction of the [Rideau Canal](/wiki/Rideau_Canal \"Rideau Canal\") between Ottawa and Kingston.{{cite book\\|author\\=Marion Van de Wetering\\|title\\=An Ottawa Album: Glimpses of the Way We Were\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4tS3TfOfXnEC\\&pg\\=PA105\\|year\\=1997\\|publisher\\=Dundurn\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-77070\\-014\\-7\\|page\\=105}} Since the canal was to begin in the wild and sparsely populated [Ottawa River](/wiki/Ottawa_River \"Ottawa River\") valley, his first task was the construction of a town to house the workmen and labourers of associated services. The resulting settlement, called Bytown in his honour, was later renamed after the river.{{cite book\\|author\\=Dave Mullington\\|title\\=Chain of Office: Biographic Sketches of Ottawa's Mayors (1847–1948\\)\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=SKxwbOUKZYEC\\&pg\\=PA3\\|year\\=2005\\|publisher\\=GeneralStore PublishingHouse\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-897113\\-17\\-2\\|page\\=3}} It was designated as the capital of Canada.",
"The canal was completed in six years, and was acclaimed as an engineering triumph.{{cite book\\|author\\=Peter Conroy\\|title\\=Our Canal: The Rideau Canal in Ottawa\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=07RL62rkhhkC\\&pg\\=PA2\\|year\\=2002\\|publisher\\=GeneralStore PublishingHouse\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-894263\\-63\\-4\\|page\\=2}} It had huge cost overruns, however, and became a political scandal for the Board of Ordnance. Colonel By was recalled to London, where he was accused of having made unauthorised expenditures. The charges were spurious, and a parliamentary committee exonerated him. By petitioned Wellington and other military leaders to review his case, but the damage was done. He was forced to retire and never received a formal commendation for his great achievement on the canal.{{Cite book\\| last \\= Legget \\| first \\= Robert\\| title \\= Rideau Waterway\\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/rideauwaterway0000legg \\| url\\-access \\= registration \\| publisher \\= University of Toronto Press\\| year \\= 1955 \\| location \\= Toronto \\| page \\=\\[https://archive.org/details/rideauwaterway0000legg/page/64 64] }} By retired to [Frant](/wiki/Frant \"Frant\") in Sussex[Lieutenant Colonel John By](https://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/lieutenant-colonel-john-by) Retrieved 28/4/21\\. and died in 1836,{{cite web \\|last1\\=Deachman \\|first1\\=Bruce \\|title\\=The Capital Builders: Lt.\\-Col. John By, spending scapegoat \\|url\\=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local\\-news/the\\-capital\\-builders\\-lt\\-col\\-john\\-by\\-spending\\-scapegoat/ \\|website\\=Ottawa Citizen \\|publisher\\=ottawacitizen.com \\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2020}} and is buried in the village of Frant.",
"### Family",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Sculpture marking location of his residence in [Major's Hill Park](/wiki/Major%27s_Hill_Park \"Major's Hill Park\"), Ottawa](/wiki/File:Sculpture_to_John_By%27s_residence%2C_Major%27s_Hill_Park.jpg \"Sculpture to John By's residence, Major's Hill Park.jpg\")",
"John By married twice. He first married Elizabeth Johnson Baines, daughter of a naval captain, at [Madron](/wiki/Madron \"Madron\") on 12 November 1801\\. Elizabeth died in December 1814 and was buried on December 16 at [Cheshunt](/wiki/Cheshunt \"Cheshunt\").",
"Secondly, he married Esther March in Cheshunt on 14 March 1818\\. John and Esther had two daughters: Harriet Martha, born on 14 March 1821 in [Frant](/wiki/Frant \"Frant\").Baptism records at East Sussex Record Office She died unmarried on 2 October 1842 and was buried at St. Alban's churchyard in Frant. Her parents were later buried there near her.",
"The second daughter was Esther March, born on 18 February 1819 in Marylebone, She married Percy Ashburnham, a younger son of the [George, 3rd Earl of Ashburnham](/wiki/George_Ashburnham%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Ashburnham \"George Ashburnham, 3rd Earl of Ashburnham\"), in Ticehurst in 1838, and had two children: Esther Harriet in 1844, who died the following year; and Mary Catherine in 1847, who died aged three. Esther March Ashburnham died on 6 February 1848 and was also buried at Frant.",
"By was survived by two brothers:{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rideau\\-info.com/canal/tales/bye\\-by.html \\|title\\=Tales of the Rideau – Bye By – The Story of Lieutenant\\-Colonel John By, R.E \\|publisher\\=Rideau\\-info.com \\|date\\=27 May 1915 \\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2013}}\n* George By – born 1779, died 1840, without children\n* Henry By – born 1780, married; died 1852\\. He was buried in [West Hoathly](/wiki/West_Hoathly \"West Hoathly\"). He was predeceased by his son in 1847 (who had no children).",
""
] |
Randomized mechanisms
---------------------
There is a trivial randomized truthful mechanism for [fair cake\-cutting](/wiki/Fair_cake-cutting "Fair cake-cutting"): select a single agent uniformly at random, and give him/her the entire cake. This mechanism is trivially truthful because it asks no questions. Moreover, it is fair in expectation: the expected value of each partner is exactly 1/*n*. However, the resulting allocation is not fair. The challenge is to develop truthful mechanisms that are fair ex\-post and not just ex\-ante. Several such mechanisms have been developed.
### Exact division mechanism
An *[exact division](/wiki/Exact_division "Exact division")* (aka *consensus division*) is a partition of the cake into *n* pieces such that each agent values each piece at exactly 1/*n*. The existence of such a division is [a corollary of the Dubins–Spanier convexity theorem](/wiki/Dubins%E2%80%93Spanier_theorems%23Consensus_partition "Dubins–Spanier theorems#Consensus partition"). Moreover, there exists such a division with at most n(n\-1\)^2 cuts; this is a corollary of the [Stromquist–Woodall theorem](/wiki/Stromquist%E2%80%93Woodall_theorem "Stromquist–Woodall theorem") and the [necklace splitting theorem](/wiki/Necklace_splitting_problem "Necklace splitting problem").
In general, an exact division cannot be found by a finite algorithm. However, it can be found in some special cases, for example when all agents have piecewise\-linear valuations. Suppose we have a non\-truthful algorithm (or oracle) for finding an exact division. It can be used to construct a *randomized* mechanism that is truthful in expectation.**{{cite conference
\| last1 \= Mossel \| first1 \= Elchanan
\| last2 \= Tamuz \| first2 \= Omer
\| editor1\-last \= Kontogiannis \| editor1\-first \= Spyros C.
\| editor2\-last \= Koutsoupias \| editor2\-first \= Elias
\| editor3\-last \= Spirakis \| editor3\-first \= Paul G.
\| arxiv \= 1003\.5480
\| bibcode \= 2010LNCS.6386\..288M
\| contribution \= Truthful fair division
\| doi \= 10\.1007/978\-3\-642\-16170\-4\_25
\| isbn \= 9783642161704
\| pages \= 288–299
\| publisher \= Springer
\| s2cid \= 11732339
\| series \= Lecture Notes in Computer Science
\| title \= Algorithmic Game Theory – Third International Symposium, SAGT 2010, Athens, Greece, October 18–20, 2010\. Proceedings
\| volume \= 6386
\| year \= 2010}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Chen\|first1\=Yiling\|author1\-link\=Yiling Chen\|last2\=Lai\|first2\=John K.\|last3\=Parkes\|first3\=David C.\|last4\=Procaccia\|first4\=Ariel D.\|date\=2013\-01\-01\|title\=Truth, justice, and cake cutting\|journal\=Games and Economic Behavior\|volume\=77\|issue\=1\|pages\=284–297\|doi\=10\.1016/j.geb.2012\.10\.009\|s2cid\=2096977 \|issn\=0899\-8256\|url\=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/8896229/1/truth\_justice\_and\_cake.pdf }}** The randomized mechanism is a [direct\-revelation mechanism](/wiki/Direct-revelation_mechanism "Direct-revelation mechanism") \- it starts by asking all agents to reveal their entire value\-measures:
1. Ask the agents to report their value measures.
2. Use the existing algorithm/oracle to generate an exact division.
3. Perform a random permutation on the consensus partition and give each partner one of the pieces.
Here, the expected value of each agent is always 1/*n* regardless of the reported value function. Hence, the mechanism is truthful – no agent can gain anything from lying. Moreover, a truthful partner is guaranteed a value of exactly 1/*n* with probability 1 (not only in expectation). Hence the partners have an incentive to reveal their true value functions.
### Super\-proportional mechanism
A [super\-proportional division](/wiki/Super-proportional_division "Super-proportional division") is a cake\-division in which each agent receives strictly more than 1/*n* by their own value measures. Such a division is known to exist if and only if there are at least two agents that have different valuations to at least one piece of the cake. Any *deterministic* mechanism that always returns a proportional division, and always returns a super\-proportional division when it exists, cannot be truthful.
**Mossel and Tamuz** present a super\-proportional *randomized* mechanism that is truthful in expectation:
1. Pick a division from a certain distribution *D* over divisions.
2. Ask each agent to evaluate his/her piece.
3. If all *n* evaluations are more than 1/*n*, then implement the allocation and finish.
4. Otherwise, use the exact\-division mechanism.
The distribution *D* in step 1 should be chosen such that, regardless of the agents' valuations, there is a positive probability that a super\-proportional division be selected iff it exists. Then, in step 2 it is optimal for each agent to report the true value: reporting a lower value either has no effect or might cause the agent's value to drop from super\-proportional to just proportional (in step 4\); reporting a higher value either has no effect or might cause the agent's value to drop from proportional to less than 1/*n* (in step 3\).
### Approximate exact division using queries
Suppose that, rather than directly revealing their valuations, the agents reveal their values indirectly by answering *mark* and *eval* queries (as in the Robertson\-Webb model).
**Branzei and Miltersen** show that the exact\-division mechanism can be "discretized" and executed in the query model. This yields, for any \\epsilon\>0, a *randomized* query\-based protocol, that asks at most O(n^2/\\epsilon) queries, is truthful in expectation, and allocates each agent a piece of value between 1/n\-\\epsilon and 1/n\+\\epsilon, by the valuations of all agents.
On the other hand, they prove that, in any *deterministic* truthful query\-based protocol, if all agents value all parts of the cake positively, there is at least one agent who gets the empty piece. This implies that, if there are only two agents, then at least one agent is a "dictator" and gets the entire cake. Obviously, any such mechanism cannot be envy\-free.
### Randomized mechanism for piecewise\-constant valuations
Suppose all agents have [piecewise\-constant valuations](/wiki/Piecewise-constant_valuation "Piecewise-constant valuation"). This means that, for each agent, the cake is partitioned into finitely many subsets, and the agent's value density in each subset is constant. For this case, **Aziz and Ye** present a randomized algorithm that is more economically\-efficient: **Constrained Serial Dictatorship** is truthful in expectation, robust proportional, and satisfies a property called *unanimity*: if each agent's most preferred 1/*n* length of the cake is disjoint from other agents, then each agent gets their most preferred 1/*n* length of the cake. This is a weak form of efficiency that is not satisfied by the mechanisms based on exact division. When there are only two agents, it is also polynomial\-time and robust envy\-free.{{cite conference
\| last1 \= Aziz \| first1 \= Haris
\| last2 \= Ye \| first2 \= Chun
\| editor1\-last \= Liu \| editor1\-first \= Tie\-Yan
\| editor2\-last \= Qi \| editor2\-first \= Qi
\| editor3\-last \= Ye \| editor3\-first \= Yinyu
\| contribution \= Cake Cutting Algorithms for Piecewise Constant and Piecewise Uniform Valuations
\| doi \= 10\.1007/978\-3\-319\-13129\-0\_1
\| pages \= 1–14
\| publisher \= Springer
\| series \= Lecture Notes in Computer Science
\| title \= Web and Internet Economics – 10th International Conference, WINE 2014, Beijing, China, December 14–17, 2014\. Proceedings
\| volume \= 8877
\| year \= 2014\| arxiv \= 1307\.2908
}}
|
[
"Randomized mechanisms\n---------------------",
"There is a trivial randomized truthful mechanism for [fair cake\\-cutting](/wiki/Fair_cake-cutting \"Fair cake-cutting\"): select a single agent uniformly at random, and give him/her the entire cake. This mechanism is trivially truthful because it asks no questions. Moreover, it is fair in expectation: the expected value of each partner is exactly 1/*n*. However, the resulting allocation is not fair. The challenge is to develop truthful mechanisms that are fair ex\\-post and not just ex\\-ante. Several such mechanisms have been developed.",
"### Exact division mechanism",
"An *[exact division](/wiki/Exact_division \"Exact division\")* (aka *consensus division*) is a partition of the cake into *n* pieces such that each agent values each piece at exactly 1/*n*. The existence of such a division is [a corollary of the Dubins–Spanier convexity theorem](/wiki/Dubins%E2%80%93Spanier_theorems%23Consensus_partition \"Dubins–Spanier theorems#Consensus partition\"). Moreover, there exists such a division with at most n(n\\-1\\)^2 cuts; this is a corollary of the [Stromquist–Woodall theorem](/wiki/Stromquist%E2%80%93Woodall_theorem \"Stromquist–Woodall theorem\") and the [necklace splitting theorem](/wiki/Necklace_splitting_problem \"Necklace splitting problem\").",
"In general, an exact division cannot be found by a finite algorithm. However, it can be found in some special cases, for example when all agents have piecewise\\-linear valuations. Suppose we have a non\\-truthful algorithm (or oracle) for finding an exact division. It can be used to construct a *randomized* mechanism that is truthful in expectation.**{{cite conference\n \\| last1 \\= Mossel \\| first1 \\= Elchanan\n \\| last2 \\= Tamuz \\| first2 \\= Omer\n \\| editor1\\-last \\= Kontogiannis \\| editor1\\-first \\= Spyros C.\n \\| editor2\\-last \\= Koutsoupias \\| editor2\\-first \\= Elias\n \\| editor3\\-last \\= Spirakis \\| editor3\\-first \\= Paul G.\n \\| arxiv \\= 1003\\.5480\n \\| bibcode \\= 2010LNCS.6386\\..288M\n \\| contribution \\= Truthful fair division\n \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-642\\-16170\\-4\\_25\n \\| isbn \\= 9783642161704\n \\| pages \\= 288–299\n \\| publisher \\= Springer\n \\| s2cid \\= 11732339\n \\| series \\= Lecture Notes in Computer Science\n \\| title \\= Algorithmic Game Theory – Third International Symposium, SAGT 2010, Athens, Greece, October 18–20, 2010\\. Proceedings\n \\| volume \\= 6386\n \\| year \\= 2010}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Chen\\|first1\\=Yiling\\|author1\\-link\\=Yiling Chen\\|last2\\=Lai\\|first2\\=John K.\\|last3\\=Parkes\\|first3\\=David C.\\|last4\\=Procaccia\\|first4\\=Ariel D.\\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-01\\|title\\=Truth, justice, and cake cutting\\|journal\\=Games and Economic Behavior\\|volume\\=77\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=284–297\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.geb.2012\\.10\\.009\\|s2cid\\=2096977 \\|issn\\=0899\\-8256\\|url\\=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/8896229/1/truth\\_justice\\_and\\_cake.pdf }}** The randomized mechanism is a [direct\\-revelation mechanism](/wiki/Direct-revelation_mechanism \"Direct-revelation mechanism\") \\- it starts by asking all agents to reveal their entire value\\-measures:",
"1. Ask the agents to report their value measures.\n2. Use the existing algorithm/oracle to generate an exact division.\n3. Perform a random permutation on the consensus partition and give each partner one of the pieces.",
"Here, the expected value of each agent is always 1/*n* regardless of the reported value function. Hence, the mechanism is truthful – no agent can gain anything from lying. Moreover, a truthful partner is guaranteed a value of exactly 1/*n* with probability 1 (not only in expectation). Hence the partners have an incentive to reveal their true value functions.",
"### Super\\-proportional mechanism",
"A [super\\-proportional division](/wiki/Super-proportional_division \"Super-proportional division\") is a cake\\-division in which each agent receives strictly more than 1/*n* by their own value measures. Such a division is known to exist if and only if there are at least two agents that have different valuations to at least one piece of the cake. Any *deterministic* mechanism that always returns a proportional division, and always returns a super\\-proportional division when it exists, cannot be truthful.",
"**Mossel and Tamuz** present a super\\-proportional *randomized* mechanism that is truthful in expectation:",
"1. Pick a division from a certain distribution *D* over divisions.\n2. Ask each agent to evaluate his/her piece.\n3. If all *n* evaluations are more than 1/*n*, then implement the allocation and finish.\n4. Otherwise, use the exact\\-division mechanism.",
"The distribution *D* in step 1 should be chosen such that, regardless of the agents' valuations, there is a positive probability that a super\\-proportional division be selected iff it exists. Then, in step 2 it is optimal for each agent to report the true value: reporting a lower value either has no effect or might cause the agent's value to drop from super\\-proportional to just proportional (in step 4\\); reporting a higher value either has no effect or might cause the agent's value to drop from proportional to less than 1/*n* (in step 3\\).",
"### Approximate exact division using queries",
"Suppose that, rather than directly revealing their valuations, the agents reveal their values indirectly by answering *mark* and *eval* queries (as in the Robertson\\-Webb model).",
"**Branzei and Miltersen** show that the exact\\-division mechanism can be \"discretized\" and executed in the query model. This yields, for any \\\\epsilon\\>0, a *randomized* query\\-based protocol, that asks at most O(n^2/\\\\epsilon) queries, is truthful in expectation, and allocates each agent a piece of value between 1/n\\-\\\\epsilon and 1/n\\+\\\\epsilon, by the valuations of all agents.",
"On the other hand, they prove that, in any *deterministic* truthful query\\-based protocol, if all agents value all parts of the cake positively, there is at least one agent who gets the empty piece. This implies that, if there are only two agents, then at least one agent is a \"dictator\" and gets the entire cake. Obviously, any such mechanism cannot be envy\\-free.",
"### Randomized mechanism for piecewise\\-constant valuations",
"Suppose all agents have [piecewise\\-constant valuations](/wiki/Piecewise-constant_valuation \"Piecewise-constant valuation\"). This means that, for each agent, the cake is partitioned into finitely many subsets, and the agent's value density in each subset is constant. For this case, **Aziz and Ye** present a randomized algorithm that is more economically\\-efficient: **Constrained Serial Dictatorship** is truthful in expectation, robust proportional, and satisfies a property called *unanimity*: if each agent's most preferred 1/*n* length of the cake is disjoint from other agents, then each agent gets their most preferred 1/*n* length of the cake. This is a weak form of efficiency that is not satisfied by the mechanisms based on exact division. When there are only two agents, it is also polynomial\\-time and robust envy\\-free.{{cite conference\n \\| last1 \\= Aziz \\| first1 \\= Haris\n \\| last2 \\= Ye \\| first2 \\= Chun\n \\| editor1\\-last \\= Liu \\| editor1\\-first \\= Tie\\-Yan\n \\| editor2\\-last \\= Qi \\| editor2\\-first \\= Qi\n \\| editor3\\-last \\= Ye \\| editor3\\-first \\= Yinyu\n \\| contribution \\= Cake Cutting Algorithms for Piecewise Constant and Piecewise Uniform Valuations\n \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-319\\-13129\\-0\\_1\n \\| pages \\= 1–14\n \\| publisher \\= Springer\n \\| series \\= Lecture Notes in Computer Science\n \\| title \\= Web and Internet Economics – 10th International Conference, WINE 2014, Beijing, China, December 14–17, 2014\\. Proceedings\n \\| volume \\= 8877\n \\| year \\= 2014\\| arxiv \\= 1307\\.2908\n }}",
""
] |
Piecewise\-uniform valuations
-----------------------------
Suppose all agents have *piecewise\-uniform valuations*. This means that, for each agent, there is a subset of the cake that is *desirable* for the agent, and the agent's value for each piece is just the amount of desirable cake that it contains. For example, suppose some parts of the cake are covered by a uniform layer of chocolate, while other parts are not. An agent who values each piece only by the amount of chocolate it contains has a piecewise\-uniform valuation. This is a special case of piecewise\-constant valuations. Several truthful algorithms have been developed for this special case.
**Chen, Lai, Parkes and Procaccia** present a direct\-revelation mechanism that is *deterministic*, proportional, [envy\-free](/wiki/Envy-freeness "Envy-freeness"), [Pareto\-optimal](/wiki/Pareto_optimal "Pareto optimal"), and polynomial\-time. It works for any number of agents. Here is an illustration of the CLPP mechanism for two agents (where the cake is an interval).
1. Ask each agent to report his/her desired intervals.
2. Each sub\-interval, that is desired by no agent, is discarded.
3. Each sub\-interval, that is desired by exactly one agent, is allocated to that agent.
4. The sub\-intervals, that are desired by both agents, are allocated such that both agents get an equal total *length*.
Now, if an agent says that he wants an interval that he actually does not want, then he may get more useless cake in step 3 and less useful cake in step 4\. If he says that he does not want an interval that he actually wants, then he gets less useful cake in step 3 and more useful cake in step 4, however, the amount given in step 4 is shared with the other agent, so all in all, the lying agent is at a loss. The mechanism can be generalized to any number of agents.
The CLPP mechanism relies on the [free disposal](/wiki/Free_disposal "Free disposal") assumption, i.e., the ability to discard pieces that are not desired by any agent.
> *Note*: Aziz and Ye presented two mechanisms that extend the CLPP mechanism to piecewise\-constant valuations \- Constrained Cake Eating Algorithm and Market Equilibrium Algorithm. However, both these extensions are no longer truthful when the valuations are not piecewise\-uniform.
**Maya and Nisan** show that the CLPP mechanism is unique in the following sense.{{cite conference
\| last1 \= Maya \| first1 \= Avishay
\| last2 \= Nisan \| first2 \= Noam \| author2\-link \= Noam Nisan
\| editor\-last \= Goldberg \| editor\-first \= Paul W.
\| arxiv \= 1210\.0155
\| contribution \= Incentive compatible two player cake cutting
\| doi \= 10\.1007/978\-3\-642\-35311\-6\_13
\| isbn \= 9783642353116
\| pages \= 170–183
\| publisher \= Springer
\| s2cid \= 1927798
\| series \= Lecture Notes in Computer Science
\| title \= Internet and Network Economics – 8th International Workshop, WINE 2012, Liverpool, UK, December 10–12, 2012\. Proceedings
\| volume \= 7695
\| year \= 2012}} Consider the special case of *two* agents with piecewise\-uniform valuations, where the cake is \[0,1], Alice wants only the subinterval \[0,*a*] for some *a*\<1, and Bob desires only the subinterval \[1\-*b*,1] for some *b*\<1\. Consider only *non\-wasteful* mechanisms \- mechanisms that allocate each piece desired by at least one player to a player who wants it. Each such mechanism must give Alice a subset \[0,*c*] for some *c*\<1 and Bob a subset \[1\-*d*,1] for some *d*\<1\. In this model:
* A non\-wasteful determininstic mechanism is truthful iff, for some parameter *t* in \[0,1], it gives Alice the interval \[0, min(*a*, max(1\-*b*,*t*))] and Bob the interval \[1\-min(*b*,max(1\-*a*,1\-*t*)),1]
* Such mechanism is envy\-free iff *t*\=1/2; in this case it is equivalent to the CLPP mechanism
They also show that, even for 2 agents, any truthful mechanism achieves at most 0\.93 of the optimal social welfare.
**Li, Zhang and Zhang** show that the CLPP mechanism works well even when there are [externalities](/wiki/Externality "Externality") (i.e., some agents derive some benefit from the value given to others), as long as the externalities are sufficiently small. On the other hand, if the externalities (either positive or negative) are large, no truthful non\-wasteful and position independent mechanism exists.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Li\|first1\=Minming\|last2\=Zhang\|first2\=Jialin\|last3\=Zhang\|first3\=Qiang\|date\=2015\-06\-22\|title\=Truthful Cake Cutting Mechanisms with Externalities: Do Not Make Them Care for Others Too Much!\|url\=https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/IJCAI/IJCAI15/paper/view/11029\|journal\=Twenty\-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence\|language\=en}}
**Alijani, Farhadi, Ghodsi, Seddighin and Tajik** present several mechanisms for special cases of piecewise\-uniform valuations:{{Cite journal\|last1\=Alijani\|first1\=Reza\|last2\=Farhadi\|first2\=Majid\|last3\=Ghodsi\|first3\=Mohammad\|last4\=Seddighin\|first4\=Masoud\|last5\=Tajik\|first5\=Ahmad S.\|date\=2017\-02\-10\|title\=Envy\-Free Mechanisms with Minimum Number of Cuts\|url\=https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI17/paper/view/14608\|journal\=Thirty\-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence\|volume\=31 \|doi\=10\.1609/aaai.v31i1\.10584 \|s2cid\=789550 \|language\=en\|doi\-access\=free}}
* The *expansion process* handles piecewise\-uniform valuations where each agent has a single desired interval, and moreover, the agents' desired intervals satisfy an *ordering property*. It is polynomial\-time, truthful, envy\-free, and guarantees connected pieces.
* The *expansion process with unlocking* handles piecewise\-uniform valuations where each agent has a single desired interval, but without the ordering requirement. It is polynomial\-time, truthful, envy\-free, and not necessarily connected, but it makes at most 2*n*\-2 cuts.
**Bei, Huzhang and Suksompong** present a mechanism for two agents with piecewise\-uniform valuations, that has the same properties of CLPP (truthful, deterministic, proportional, envy\-free, Pareto\-optimal and runs in polynomial time), but guarantees that the *entire* cake is allocated:{{cite journal\|last1\=Bei\|first1\=Xiaohui\|last2\=Huzhang\|first2\=Guangda\|last3\=Suksompong\|first3\=Warut\|title\=Truthful fair division without free disposal\|journal\=Social Choice and Welfare\|year\=2020\|volume\=55\|issue\=3\|pages\=523–545\|doi\=10\.1007/s00355\-020\-01256\-0\|pmid\=33005068\|pmc\=7497335\|arxiv\=1804\.06923}}
1. Find the smallest *x* in \[0,1] such that Alice's desired length in \[0,*x*] equals Bob's desired length in \[*x*,1].
2. Give Alice the intervals in \[0,*x*] valued by Alice and the intervals in \[*x*,1] *not* valued by Bob; give the remainder to Bob.
The BHS mechanism works both for cake\-cutting and for [chore division](/wiki/Chore_division "Chore division") (where the agents' valuations are negative). Note that BHS does not satisfy some natural desirable properties:
* It does not guarantee *connected pieces*, for example when Alice wants \[0,1] and Bob wants \[0,0\.5], then *x*\=0\.25, Alice gets \[0,0\.25] and \[0\.5,1], and Bob gets \[0\.25,0\.5].
* It is not *anonymous* (see *[symmetric fair cake\-cutting](/wiki/Symmetric_fair_cake-cutting "Symmetric fair cake-cutting"))*: if Alice wants \[0,1] and Bob wants \[0,0\.5], then Alice gets a desired length of 0\.75 and Bob gets 0\.25, but if the valuations are switched (Alice wants \[0,0\.5] and Bob wants \[0,1]), then *x*\=0\.5 and both agents get desired length 0\.5\.
* It is not *position oblivious*: if Alice wants \[0,0\.5] and Bob wants \[0,1] then both agents get value 0\.5, but if Alice's desired interval moves to \[0\.5,1] then *x*\=0\.75 and Alice gets 0\.25 and Bob gets 0\.75\.
This is not a problem with the specific mechanism: it is provably impossible to have a truthful and envy\-free mechanism that allocates the entire cake and guarantees any of these three properties, even for two agents with piecewise\-uniform valuations.
The BHS mechanism was extended to any number of agents, but only for a special case of piecewise\-uniform valuations, in which each agent desires only a single interval of the form \[0, *xi*].
**Ianovsky**{{cite arXiv\|last\=Ianovski\|first\=Egor\|date\=2012\-03\-01\|title\=Cake Cutting Mechanisms\|eprint\=1203\.0100\|class\=cs.GT}} proves that no truthful mechanism can attain a [utilitarian\-optimal cake\-cutting](/wiki/Utilitarian_cake-cutting "Utilitarian cake-cutting"), even when all agents have piecewise\-uniform valuations. Moreover, no truthful mechanism can attain an allocation with utilitarian welfare at least as large as any other mechanism. However, there is a simple truthful mechanism (denoted Lex Order) that is *non\-wasteful*: give to agent 1 all pieces that he likes; then, give to agent 2 all pieces that he likes and were not yet given to agent 1; etc. A variant of this mechanism is the Length Game, in which the agents are renamed by the total length of their desired intervals, such that the agent with the shortest interval is called 1, the agent with the next\-shortest interval is called 2, etc. This is not a truthful mechanism, however:
* If all agents are truthful, then it produces a utilitarian\-optimal allocation.
* If the agents are strategic, then all its well\-behaved Nash equilibria are Pareto\-efficient and envy\-free, and yield the same payoffs as the CLPP mechanism.
|
[
"Piecewise\\-uniform valuations\n-----------------------------",
"Suppose all agents have *piecewise\\-uniform valuations*. This means that, for each agent, there is a subset of the cake that is *desirable* for the agent, and the agent's value for each piece is just the amount of desirable cake that it contains. For example, suppose some parts of the cake are covered by a uniform layer of chocolate, while other parts are not. An agent who values each piece only by the amount of chocolate it contains has a piecewise\\-uniform valuation. This is a special case of piecewise\\-constant valuations. Several truthful algorithms have been developed for this special case.",
"**Chen, Lai, Parkes and Procaccia** present a direct\\-revelation mechanism that is *deterministic*, proportional, [envy\\-free](/wiki/Envy-freeness \"Envy-freeness\"), [Pareto\\-optimal](/wiki/Pareto_optimal \"Pareto optimal\"), and polynomial\\-time. It works for any number of agents. Here is an illustration of the CLPP mechanism for two agents (where the cake is an interval).",
"1. Ask each agent to report his/her desired intervals.\n2. Each sub\\-interval, that is desired by no agent, is discarded.\n3. Each sub\\-interval, that is desired by exactly one agent, is allocated to that agent.\n4. The sub\\-intervals, that are desired by both agents, are allocated such that both agents get an equal total *length*.",
"Now, if an agent says that he wants an interval that he actually does not want, then he may get more useless cake in step 3 and less useful cake in step 4\\. If he says that he does not want an interval that he actually wants, then he gets less useful cake in step 3 and more useful cake in step 4, however, the amount given in step 4 is shared with the other agent, so all in all, the lying agent is at a loss. The mechanism can be generalized to any number of agents.",
"The CLPP mechanism relies on the [free disposal](/wiki/Free_disposal \"Free disposal\") assumption, i.e., the ability to discard pieces that are not desired by any agent.\n> *Note*: Aziz and Ye presented two mechanisms that extend the CLPP mechanism to piecewise\\-constant valuations \\- Constrained Cake Eating Algorithm and Market Equilibrium Algorithm. However, both these extensions are no longer truthful when the valuations are not piecewise\\-uniform.",
"**Maya and Nisan** show that the CLPP mechanism is unique in the following sense.{{cite conference\n \\| last1 \\= Maya \\| first1 \\= Avishay\n \\| last2 \\= Nisan \\| first2 \\= Noam \\| author2\\-link \\= Noam Nisan\n \\| editor\\-last \\= Goldberg \\| editor\\-first \\= Paul W.\n \\| arxiv \\= 1210\\.0155\n \\| contribution \\= Incentive compatible two player cake cutting\n \\| doi \\= 10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-642\\-35311\\-6\\_13\n \\| isbn \\= 9783642353116\n \\| pages \\= 170–183\n \\| publisher \\= Springer\n \\| s2cid \\= 1927798\n \\| series \\= Lecture Notes in Computer Science\n \\| title \\= Internet and Network Economics – 8th International Workshop, WINE 2012, Liverpool, UK, December 10–12, 2012\\. Proceedings\n \\| volume \\= 7695\n \\| year \\= 2012}} Consider the special case of *two* agents with piecewise\\-uniform valuations, where the cake is \\[0,1], Alice wants only the subinterval \\[0,*a*] for some *a*\\<1, and Bob desires only the subinterval \\[1\\-*b*,1] for some *b*\\<1\\. Consider only *non\\-wasteful* mechanisms \\- mechanisms that allocate each piece desired by at least one player to a player who wants it. Each such mechanism must give Alice a subset \\[0,*c*] for some *c*\\<1 and Bob a subset \\[1\\-*d*,1] for some *d*\\<1\\. In this model:",
"* A non\\-wasteful determininstic mechanism is truthful iff, for some parameter *t* in \\[0,1], it gives Alice the interval \\[0, min(*a*, max(1\\-*b*,*t*))] and Bob the interval \\[1\\-min(*b*,max(1\\-*a*,1\\-*t*)),1]\n* Such mechanism is envy\\-free iff *t*\\=1/2; in this case it is equivalent to the CLPP mechanism",
"They also show that, even for 2 agents, any truthful mechanism achieves at most 0\\.93 of the optimal social welfare.",
"**Li, Zhang and Zhang** show that the CLPP mechanism works well even when there are [externalities](/wiki/Externality \"Externality\") (i.e., some agents derive some benefit from the value given to others), as long as the externalities are sufficiently small. On the other hand, if the externalities (either positive or negative) are large, no truthful non\\-wasteful and position independent mechanism exists.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Li\\|first1\\=Minming\\|last2\\=Zhang\\|first2\\=Jialin\\|last3\\=Zhang\\|first3\\=Qiang\\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-22\\|title\\=Truthful Cake Cutting Mechanisms with Externalities: Do Not Make Them Care for Others Too Much!\\|url\\=https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/IJCAI/IJCAI15/paper/view/11029\\|journal\\=Twenty\\-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence\\|language\\=en}}",
"**Alijani, Farhadi, Ghodsi, Seddighin and Tajik** present several mechanisms for special cases of piecewise\\-uniform valuations:{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Alijani\\|first1\\=Reza\\|last2\\=Farhadi\\|first2\\=Majid\\|last3\\=Ghodsi\\|first3\\=Mohammad\\|last4\\=Seddighin\\|first4\\=Masoud\\|last5\\=Tajik\\|first5\\=Ahmad S.\\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-10\\|title\\=Envy\\-Free Mechanisms with Minimum Number of Cuts\\|url\\=https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI17/paper/view/14608\\|journal\\=Thirty\\-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence\\|volume\\=31 \\|doi\\=10\\.1609/aaai.v31i1\\.10584 \\|s2cid\\=789550 \\|language\\=en\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"* The *expansion process* handles piecewise\\-uniform valuations where each agent has a single desired interval, and moreover, the agents' desired intervals satisfy an *ordering property*. It is polynomial\\-time, truthful, envy\\-free, and guarantees connected pieces.\n* The *expansion process with unlocking* handles piecewise\\-uniform valuations where each agent has a single desired interval, but without the ordering requirement. It is polynomial\\-time, truthful, envy\\-free, and not necessarily connected, but it makes at most 2*n*\\-2 cuts.",
"**Bei, Huzhang and Suksompong** present a mechanism for two agents with piecewise\\-uniform valuations, that has the same properties of CLPP (truthful, deterministic, proportional, envy\\-free, Pareto\\-optimal and runs in polynomial time), but guarantees that the *entire* cake is allocated:{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Bei\\|first1\\=Xiaohui\\|last2\\=Huzhang\\|first2\\=Guangda\\|last3\\=Suksompong\\|first3\\=Warut\\|title\\=Truthful fair division without free disposal\\|journal\\=Social Choice and Welfare\\|year\\=2020\\|volume\\=55\\|issue\\=3\\|pages\\=523–545\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s00355\\-020\\-01256\\-0\\|pmid\\=33005068\\|pmc\\=7497335\\|arxiv\\=1804\\.06923}}",
"1. Find the smallest *x* in \\[0,1] such that Alice's desired length in \\[0,*x*] equals Bob's desired length in \\[*x*,1].\n2. Give Alice the intervals in \\[0,*x*] valued by Alice and the intervals in \\[*x*,1] *not* valued by Bob; give the remainder to Bob.",
"The BHS mechanism works both for cake\\-cutting and for [chore division](/wiki/Chore_division \"Chore division\") (where the agents' valuations are negative). Note that BHS does not satisfy some natural desirable properties:",
"* It does not guarantee *connected pieces*, for example when Alice wants \\[0,1] and Bob wants \\[0,0\\.5], then *x*\\=0\\.25, Alice gets \\[0,0\\.25] and \\[0\\.5,1], and Bob gets \\[0\\.25,0\\.5].\n* It is not *anonymous* (see *[symmetric fair cake\\-cutting](/wiki/Symmetric_fair_cake-cutting \"Symmetric fair cake-cutting\"))*: if Alice wants \\[0,1] and Bob wants \\[0,0\\.5], then Alice gets a desired length of 0\\.75 and Bob gets 0\\.25, but if the valuations are switched (Alice wants \\[0,0\\.5] and Bob wants \\[0,1]), then *x*\\=0\\.5 and both agents get desired length 0\\.5\\.\n* It is not *position oblivious*: if Alice wants \\[0,0\\.5] and Bob wants \\[0,1] then both agents get value 0\\.5, but if Alice's desired interval moves to \\[0\\.5,1] then *x*\\=0\\.75 and Alice gets 0\\.25 and Bob gets 0\\.75\\.",
"This is not a problem with the specific mechanism: it is provably impossible to have a truthful and envy\\-free mechanism that allocates the entire cake and guarantees any of these three properties, even for two agents with piecewise\\-uniform valuations.",
"The BHS mechanism was extended to any number of agents, but only for a special case of piecewise\\-uniform valuations, in which each agent desires only a single interval of the form \\[0, *xi*].",
"**Ianovsky**{{cite arXiv\\|last\\=Ianovski\\|first\\=Egor\\|date\\=2012\\-03\\-01\\|title\\=Cake Cutting Mechanisms\\|eprint\\=1203\\.0100\\|class\\=cs.GT}} proves that no truthful mechanism can attain a [utilitarian\\-optimal cake\\-cutting](/wiki/Utilitarian_cake-cutting \"Utilitarian cake-cutting\"), even when all agents have piecewise\\-uniform valuations. Moreover, no truthful mechanism can attain an allocation with utilitarian welfare at least as large as any other mechanism. However, there is a simple truthful mechanism (denoted Lex Order) that is *non\\-wasteful*: give to agent 1 all pieces that he likes; then, give to agent 2 all pieces that he likes and were not yet given to agent 1; etc. A variant of this mechanism is the Length Game, in which the agents are renamed by the total length of their desired intervals, such that the agent with the shortest interval is called 1, the agent with the next\\-shortest interval is called 2, etc. This is not a truthful mechanism, however:",
"* If all agents are truthful, then it produces a utilitarian\\-optimal allocation.\n* If the agents are strategic, then all its well\\-behaved Nash equilibria are Pareto\\-efficient and envy\\-free, and yield the same payoffs as the CLPP mechanism."
] |
Career
------
### 2012: *The X Factor*
{{Main\|The X Factor (British series 9\)}}
Henderson auditioned for [series nine](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28British_series_9%29 "The X Factor (British series 9)") of *[The X Factor](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28British_TV_series%29 "The X Factor (British TV series)")* in 2012, with the original song called "Missed", which was later included on her debut studio album. She reached the live shows and was mentored by [Tulisa](/wiki/Tulisa "Tulisa"). Henderson and [James Arthur](/wiki/James_Arthur "James Arthur") were controversially in the bottom two in week seven and sang for survival. Tulisa and [Louis Walsh](/wiki/Louis_Walsh "Louis Walsh") voted to send Henderson through to the quarter\-final and [Nicole Scherzinger](/wiki/Nicole_Scherzinger "Nicole Scherzinger") and [Gary Barlow](/wiki/Gary_Barlow "Gary Barlow") voted to send Arthur through to the quarter\-final. The result went to deadlock and Arthur advanced to the quarter\-final receiving 13\.7% of the vote and Henderson received 12\.1%.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/X\-Factor\-Ella\-Henderson\-voting\-table\-shining/story\-17566305\-detail/story.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20131212155003/http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/X\-Factor\-Ella\-Henderson\-voting\-table\-shining/story\-17566305\-detail/story.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=12 December 2013 \|title\=XFactor: Ella Henderson was never top of the voting table – but she is still shining on \|publisher\=Grimsby Telegraph }} She consequently was the eighth contestant eliminated, despite being a strong favourite to win.{{cite web\|last\=Seale\|first\=Jack\|url\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012\-10\-02/the\-x\-factor\-2012\-ella\-henderson\|title\=The X Factor 2012: Ella Henderson\|work\=\[\[Radio Times]]\|date\=2 October 2012\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044332/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012\-10\-02/the\-x\-factor\-2012\-ella\-henderson\|archive\-date\=29 November 2014}}
Presenter [Dermot O'Leary](/wiki/Dermot_O%27Leary "Dermot O'Leary") described Henderson's exit as "one of the biggest shocks we've ever had on the results show".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.itv.com/news/2012\-11\-18/x\-factor\-favourite\-ella\-henderson\-makes\-a\-surprise\-exit/\|title\=X Factor favourite Ella Henderson makes a surprise exit\|date\=18 November 2012\|publisher\=\[\[itv.com]]\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175748/http://www.itv.com/news/2012\-11\-18/x\-factor\-favourite\-ella\-henderson\-makes\-a\-surprise\-exit/\|archive\-date\=3 March 2016}} During the show and following her exit, a number of celebrities stated their support and praise for Henderson, including [Adele](/wiki/Adele "Adele"), [Lily Allen](/wiki/Lily_Allen "Lily Allen"), [Cher](/wiki/Cher "Cher"), [Simon Cowell](/wiki/Simon_Cowell "Simon Cowell"), [Stephen Fry](/wiki/Stephen_Fry "Stephen Fry"), [Nick Grimshaw](/wiki/Nick_Grimshaw "Nick Grimshaw"), [Sarah Millican](/wiki/Sarah_Millican "Sarah Millican"), and [Chloë Grace Moretz](/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Grace_Moretz "Chloë Grace Moretz").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\-news/x\-factors\-ella\-henderson\-gets\-1445600\|title\="Tragic": Ella Henderson gets Twitter support from celebrities including, er, H from Steps\|last\=Gray\|first\=Victoria\|date\=19 November 2012\|work\=\[\[Daily Mirror]]\|publisher\=\[\[Trinity Mirror]]\|access\-date\=11 December 2013\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704211012/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\-news/x\-factors\-ella\-henderson\-gets\-1445600\|archive\-date\=4 July 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\-news/x\-factor\-ella\-henderson\-exclusive\-1373787\|title\='I feel he is with me in the studio': X Factor sensation Ella Henderson on her strong bond with her late grandad\|last\=Jefferies\|first\=Mark\|date\=12 October 2012\|work\=\[\[Daily Mirror]]\|publisher\=\[\[Trinity Mirror]]\|access\-date\=11 December 2013\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029191251/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\-news/x\-factor\-ella\-henderson\-exclusive\-1373787\|archive\-date\=29 October 2014}} On a 2013 episode of *[The Xtra Factor](/wiki/The_Xtra_Factor_%28British_TV_series%29 "The Xtra Factor (British TV series)")*, O'Leary said that he viewed Henderson as the most talented performer he had seen during his seven years on the show.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=2jnqYurOy8s\|title\=Dermot O'Leary says Ella Henderson is his favorite X Factor finalist to date (24th November)\|date\=8 December 2013\|publisher\=\[\[YouTube]]\|access\-date\=11 December 2014\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725200109/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=2jnqYurOy8s\|archive\-date\=25 July 2014}}
| \+Performances on *The X Factor* | Episode | Theme | Song | Original Artist | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| First Audition | Free Choice | "Missed"{{efn\|group\=upper\-alpha\|Henderson confirmed that writing the song "Missed" was inspired by her grandfather Bill and that it reminds her of him; the lyric "Goodbye" is particularly poignant for her.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/music\-helps\-x\-factors\-ella\-1373961\|title\=X Factor favourite Ella Henderson: Scottish grandad inspired me to sing.. I wish he could hear me now\|last\=Jeffries\|first\=Mark\|date\=12 October 2012\|work\=\[\[Daily Record (Scotland)\|Daily Record]]\|publisher\=\[\[Trinity Mirror]]\|access\-date\=28 December 2012\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012113327/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/music\-helps\-x\-factors\-ella\-1373961\|archive\-date\=12 October 2012}}}} | Ella Henderson | Advanced To Bootcamp |
| Second Audition | Free Choice | "[Midnight Train to Georgia](/wiki/Midnight_Train_to_Georgia "Midnight Train to Georgia")"{{efn\|group\=upper\-alpha\|Henderson's second audition, "\[\[Midnight Train to Georgia]]", was not aired on TV.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=9zNfiF5QNeo\|title\=Ella Henderson – Midnight Train To Georgia \*Unseen Audition\*\|publisher\=YouTube\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115101515/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=9zNfiF5QNeo\|archive\-date\=15 January 2017}}}} | [Gladys Knight \& the Pips](/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips "Gladys Knight & the Pips") | Advanced To Bootcamp |
| Bootcamp | Solo Performance | "[Believe](/wiki/Believe_%28Cher_song%29 "Believe (Cher song)")" | [Cher](/wiki/Cher "Cher") | Advanced To Judges' Houses |
| Judges' Houses | Free Choice | "[I Won't Give Up](/wiki/I_Won%27t_Give_Up "I Won't Give Up")" | [Jason Mraz](/wiki/Jason_Mraz "Jason Mraz") | Advanced To The Live Shows |
| Live Show 1 | Heroes | "[Rule the World](/wiki/Rule_the_World_%28Take_That_single%29 "Rule the World (Take That single)")" | [Take That](/wiki/Take_That "Take That") | Safe (3rd) – 13\.1% |
| Live Show 2 | [Love And Heartbreak](/wiki/Love_song "Love song") | "[Loving You](/wiki/Loving_You_%28Minnie_Riperton_song%29 "Loving You (Minnie Riperton song)")" | [Minnie Riperton](/wiki/Minnie_Riperton "Minnie Riperton") | Safe (4th) – 9\.5% |
| Live Show 3 | Club Classics | "[You Got the Love](/wiki/You_Got_the_Love "You Got the Love")" | [Candi Staton](/wiki/Candi_Staton "Candi Staton") | Safe (3rd) – 10\.2% |
| Live Show 4 | [Halloween](/wiki/Halloween "Halloween") | "[Bring Me to Life](/wiki/Bring_Me_to_Life "Bring Me to Life")" | [Evanescence](/wiki/Evanescence "Evanescence") | Safe (6th) – 8\.2% |
| Live Show 5 | Number\-Ones | "[Firework](/wiki/Firework_%28song%29 "Firework (song)")" | [Katy Perry](/wiki/Katy_Perry "Katy Perry") | Safe (5th) – 8\.8% |
| Live Show 6 | Best Of British | "[Written in the Stars](/wiki/Written_in_the_Stars_%28Tinie_Tempah_song%29 "Written in the Stars (Tinie Tempah song)")" | [Tinie Tempah](/wiki/Tinie_Tempah "Tinie Tempah") | Safe (4th) – 13\.0% |
Live Show 7 |
[Guilty Pleasures](/wiki/Guilty_pleasure "Guilty pleasure") |
"[You're the One That I Want](/wiki/You%27re_the_One_That_I_Want "You're the One That I Want")" |
[Olivia Newton\-John](/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John "Olivia Newton-John") \& [John Travolta](/wiki/John_Travolta "John Travolta") |
Bottom Two (6th) – 12\.1% |
Final Showdown |
"[If You're Not the One](/wiki/If_You%27re_Not_the_One "If You're Not the One")" |
[Daniel Bedingfield](/wiki/Daniel_Bedingfield "Daniel Bedingfield") |
Eliminated (Deadlock) |
### 2012–2015: *Chapter One*
[thumb\|upright\|Henderson performing during the X Factor UK Live tour of 2013](/wiki/File:Ella_Henderson_2013.jpg "Ella Henderson 2013.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|Henderson in 2014](/wiki/File:Ella_Henderson_%282%29_By_Daniel_%C3%85hs_Karlsson_%28cropped%29.jpg "Ella Henderson (2) By Daniel Åhs Karlsson (cropped).jpg")
In December 2012, Henderson made an appearance on Ireland's [RTÉ](/wiki/RT%C3%89 "RTÉ") *[The Saturday Night Show](/wiki/The_Saturday_Night_Show "The Saturday Night Show")*, singing "[Silent Night](/wiki/Silent_Night "Silent Night")".{{cite web\|url\=http://m.rte.ie/ten/2012/1214/saturdaynightshow.html\|title\=X Factor's Ella on Saturday Night Show\|date\=14 December 2012\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ]].ie}} While being interviewed on the show, she revealed that she had signed a record deal with [Sony Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment "Sony Music Entertainment").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/ella\-henderson\-signs\-recording\-deal\-with\-sony\-music\-promises\-this\-is\-just\-the\-beginning\_3422774\|title\=Ella Henderson Signs Recording Deal With Sony Music, Promises: "This Is Just The Beginning"\|last\=Wilde\|first\=Joe\|date\=16 December 2012\|publisher\=\[\[contactmusic.com]]\|access\-date\=11 December 2013\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214090115/http://www.contactmusic.com/news/ella\-henderson\-signs\-recording\-deal\-with\-sony\-music\-promises\-this\-is\-just\-the\-beginning\_3422774\|archive\-date\=14 December 2013}} She also performed "[Last Christmas](/wiki/Last_Christmas "Last Christmas")" and "[Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas](/wiki/Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas")" on the [Myleene Klass](/wiki/Myleene_Klass "Myleene Klass") [Heart FM](/wiki/Heart_%28radio_network%29 "Heart (radio network)") show that month.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\-news/myleene\-klass\-and\-ella\-henderson\-record\-1497354\|title\=Myleene Klass and Ella Henderson record a Christmas song together! Kind of, anyway\|last\=Redfern\|first\=Corinne\|date\=19 December 2012\|work\=\[\[Daily Mirror]]\|publisher\=\[\[Trinity Mirror]]\|access\-date\=11 December 2013\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614203001/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\-news/myleene\-klass\-and\-ella\-henderson\-record\-1497354\|archive\-date\=14 June 2014}} In January 2013, Henderson confirmed she had signed to [Simon Cowell](/wiki/Simon_Cowell "Simon Cowell")'s record label [Syco Music](/wiki/Syco_Music "Syco Music").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\-news/simon\-cowell\-wins\-fight\-to\-sign\-1546184\|title\=I've got the new 'Adella': Simon Cowell wins fight to sign X Factor's Ella Henderson\|last\=Hind\|first\=Katie\|date\=9 January 2013\|work\=\[\[Daily Mirror]]\|publisher\=\[\[Trinity Mirror]]\|access\-date\=11 December 2013\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220023157/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\-news/simon\-cowell\-wins\-fight\-to\-sign\-1546184\|archive\-date\=20 December 2013}} During January and February 2013, she took part in *The X Factor* live tour, where she sang four songs: her *X Factor* audition song "Missed", "[Believe](/wiki/Believe_%28Cher_song%29 "Believe (Cher song)")", "[Rule the World](/wiki/Rule_the_World_%28Take_That_single%29 "Rule the World (Take That single)")" and "[You Got the Love](/wiki/You_Got_the_Love "You Got the Love")". She also performed "Believe" at the [18th National Television Awards](/wiki/18th_National_Television_Awards "18th National Television Awards") in January,{{cite web\|url\=http://metro.co.uk/2013/01/24/national\-television\-awards\-kimberley\-walshs\-debut\-solo\-performance\-put\-to\-shame\-by\-ella\-henderson\-3364591\|title\=National Television Awards: Kimberley Walsh's debut solo performance put to shame by Ella Henderson\|last\=Duncan\|first\=Amy\|date\=24 January 2013\|work\=\[\[Metro (British newspaper)\|Metro]]\|publisher\=\[\[DMG Media]]\|access\-date\=11 December 2013\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010080901/http://metro.co.uk/2013/01/24/national\-television\-awards\-kimberley\-walshs\-debut\-solo\-performance\-put\-to\-shame\-by\-ella\-henderson\-3364591/\|archive\-date\=10 October 2013}} and appeared as a special guest at the Capital [Summertime Ball](/wiki/Summertime_Ball "Summertime Ball") in June, where she performed a duet of "[Beneath Your Beautiful](/wiki/Beneath_Your_Beautiful "Beneath Your Beautiful")" with [Labrinth](/wiki/Labrinth "Labrinth").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/labrinth/news/ella\-henderson\-summertime\-ball\-2013/\|title\=Labrinth Joined By Ella Henderson For 'Beneath Your Beautiful' Live At Summertime Ball 2013\|date\=9 June 2013\|publisher\=\[\[Capital (radio network)\|Capital FM]]\|access\-date\=11 December 2013\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207205533/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/labrinth/news/ella\-henderson\-summertime\-ball\-2013/\|archive\-date\=7 December 2013}}
Henderson's debut single, "[Ghost](/wiki/Ghost_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 "Ghost (Ella Henderson song)")", co\-written with [Ryan Tedder](/wiki/Ryan_Tedder "Ryan Tedder"), was released on 8 June 2014\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/ten/news/2014/0310/601303\-x\-factors\-ella\-henderson\-announces\-debut\-single/\|title\=X Factor's Ella Henderson announces début single\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ]]\|date\=10 March 2014\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180151/http://www.rte.ie/ten/news/2014/0310/601303\-x\-factors\-ella\-henderson\-announces\-debut\-single/\|archive\-date\=3 March 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-henderson\-unveils\-artwork\-for\-new\-single\-ghost\-2928/\|title\=Ella Henderson unveils artwork for new single, Ghost\|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]]\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012138/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-henderson\-unveils\-artwork\-for\-new\-single\-ghost\-2928/\|archive\-date\=19 April 2014}} It debuted at number one on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart"),{{Cite web\|title \= The X Factor star Ella Henderson: 'I'm where I want to be, and I'll work hard to stay here'\|url \= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/features/the\-x\-factor\-star\-ella\-henderson\-im\-where\-i\-want\-to\-be\-and\-ill\-work\-hard\-to\-stay\-here\-9709978\.html\|website \= The Independent\|date \= 3 September 2014\|publisher \= Independent News \& Media\|last \= Duerden\|first \= Nick\|url\-status \= live\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202149/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/features/the\-x\-factor\-star\-ella\-henderson\-im\-where\-i\-want\-to\-be\-and\-ill\-work\-hard\-to\-stay\-here\-9709978\.html\|archive\-date \= 14 November 2017\|df \= dmy\-all}} and remained in the top five of the chart for eight consecutive weeks.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-28632707\|title\=Ed Sheeran continues UK chart reign\|publisher\=BBC\|date\=3 August 2014\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811044543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-28632707\|archive\-date\=11 August 2014}} It has subsequently been certified platinum for sales in Australia,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria\-charts\-accreditations\-singles\-2014\.htm \|title\=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles \|publisher\=Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) \|access\-date\=9 July 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808111800/http://aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria\-charts\-accreditations\-singles\-2014\.htm \|archive\-date\=8 August 2014}} New Zealand,{{cite web\|url\=http://nztop40\.co.nz/chart/singles?chart\=2592\|title\=The Official NZ Music Charts – Singles – 10 November 2014\|publisher\=NZ Top 40\|access\-date\=7 November 2014\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107074959/http://nztop40\.co.nz/chart/singles?chart\=2592\|archive\-date\=7 November 2014}} the United Kingdom,{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/BPI\_Music/status/487611062343446528\|title\=BPI Certified Awards \> Search\|publisher\=\[\[British Phonographic Industry]]\|access\-date\=8 August 2014\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143707/https://twitter.com/BPI\_Music/status/487611062343446528\|archive\-date\=14 July 2014}} and the United States.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pressparty.com/pg/newsdesk/EllaHenderson/view/121970/?isworld\=y\|title\=Ella Henderson single goes platinum in the US\|publisher\=PressParty\|date\=18 February 2015\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220110202/http://www.pressparty.com/pg/newsdesk/EllaHenderson/view/121970/?isworld\=y\|archive\-date\=20 February 2015}} The song later ranked at number 84 on the [Official Charts Company](/wiki/Official_Charts_Company "Official Charts Company") list of the 100 biggest songs of the 2010s in the UK.{{cite web\|last\=Copsey\|first\=Rob\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/the\-uks\-official\-top\-100\-biggest\-songs\-of\-the\-decade\-2010\-2019\_\_27936/\|title\=The UK's Official Top 100 biggest songs of the decade 2010–2019\|work\=\[\[Official Charts Company]]\|date\=11 December 2019\|access\-date\=12 December 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211082710/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/the\-uks\-official\-top\-100\-biggest\-songs\-of\-the\-decade\-2010\-2019\_\_27936/\|archive\-date\=11 December 2019\|url\-status\=live}} Its follow\-up, "[Glow](/wiki/Glow_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 "Glow (Ella Henderson song)")", was released on 5 October 2014 and charted at number seven in the UK.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/29021/ELLA\-HENDERSON\|title\=Ella Henderson \> UK Charts\|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]]\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225062643/http://www.officialcharts.com/Artist/29021/ELLA\-HENDERSON\|archive\-date\=25 February 2015}} Henderson's debut studio album, *[Chapter One](/wiki/Chapter_One_%28Ella_Henderson_album%29 "Chapter One (Ella Henderson album)")*, was released on 13 October 2014\.{{cite web\|last\=Ottewill\|first\=Jim\|url\=https://www.prsformusic.com/m\-magazine/news/ella\-henderson\-signs\-sonyatv\-music\-publishing/\|title\=Ella Henderson signs with Sony/ATV Music Publishing\|publisher\=\[\[PRS for Music]]\|date\=19 September 2014\|access\-date\=4 July 2020\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20200703134059/https://www.prsformusic.com/m\-magazine/news/ella\-henderson\-signs\-sonyatv\-music\-publishing/\|archive\-date\=3 July 2020}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/VIDEO\-Ella\-Henderson\-s\-Ghost\-Trail\-campaign/story\-20913177\-detail/story.html\|title\=Ella Henderson's Ghost Trail campaign launches new single\|publisher\=\[\[Grimsby Telegraph]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231223/http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/VIDEO\-Ella\-Henderson\-s\-Ghost\-Trail\-campaign/story\-20913177\-detail/story.html\|archive\-date\=8 April 2014}} It was written by Henderson in collaboration with a number of writers and producers including [Claude Kelly](/wiki/Claude_Kelly "Claude Kelly"), [Salaam Remi](/wiki/Salaam_Remi "Salaam Remi"), [Babyface](/wiki/Babyface_%28musician%29 "Babyface (musician)") and [TMS](/wiki/TMS_%28production_team%29 "TMS (production team)").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.popjustice.com/briefing/ella\-henderson\-stands\-a\-good\-chance\-of\-conquering\-2014/125545/\|title\=Ella Henderson stands a good chance of conquering 2014\|date\=20 March 2014\|publisher\=Pop Justice\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190107/http://www.popjustice.com/briefing/ella\-henderson\-stands\-a\-good\-chance\-of\-conquering\-2014/125545/\|archive\-date\=3 March 2016}} The album peaked at number one on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart"), and was the 19th and 31st best\-selling album in the UK in 2014 and 2015, respectively.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/the\-official\-top\-40\-biggest\-selling\-artist\-albums\-of\-2014\-3387/ \|title\=The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Artist Albums of 2014 \|last\=Moss \|first\=Liv \|date\=8 July 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]] \|access\-date\=8 July 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101030807/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/the\-official\-top\-40\-biggest\-selling\-artist\-albums\-of\-2014\-3387/ \|archive\-date\=1 January 2015 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/the\-official\-top\-40\-biggest\-songs\-of\-2015\-revealed\_\_13270/\|title\=The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Artist Albums of 2015\|last\=Copsey\|first\=Rob\|date\=5 January 2016\|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]]\|access\-date\=5 January 2016\|archive\-date\=4 January 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104183513/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/the\-official\-top\-40\-biggest\-songs\-of\-2015\-revealed\_\_13270/\|url\-status\=live}} It was certified platinum by the [British Phonographic Industry](/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry "British Phonographic Industry") (BPI).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified\-awards/search.aspx\|title\=Certified Awards\|publisher\=Official Charts Company\|date\=16 January 2015\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115055129/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx\|archive\-date\=15 January 2013}} The album also charted in the top 20 in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, and the United States.Peak chart positions for *Chapter One* in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland and the United States:
All except Ireland and the United States: {{cite web\|url\=https://australian\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\=Ella\+Henderson\&titel\=Chapter\+One\&cat\=a\|title\=Australiancharts.com – Ella Henderson – Chapter One\|publisher\=Hung Medien\|access\-date\=4 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215181600/https://australian\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\=Ella\+Henderson\&titel\=Chapter\+One\&cat\=a\|archive\-date\=15 February 2020\|url\-status\=live}}
Ireland: {{cite web\|url\=http://www.chart\-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c\=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex\_test.jsp\&ct\=240002\&arch\=t\&lyr\=2014\&year\=2014\&week\=42\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826075346/http://www.chart\-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c\=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex\_test.jsp\&ct\=240002\&arch\=t\&lyr\=2014\&year\=2014\&week\=42\|title\=GFK Chart\-Track Albums: Week 42, 2014\|publisher\=\[\[Chart\-Track]]. \[\[Irish Recorded Music Association\|IRMA]]\|access\-date\=26 August 2017\|archive\-date\=26 August 2017\|url\-status\=live}}
United States: {{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/ella\-henderson/chart\-history/tlp/\|title\=Ella Henderson Chart History (''Billboard'' 200\)\|magazine\=\[\[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|access\-date\=4 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222083925/https://www.billboard.com/music/Ella\-Henderson/chart\-history/TLP\|archive\-date\=22 December 2019\|url\-status\=live}}* + - Its third and fourth singles, "[Yours](/wiki/Yours_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 "Yours (Ella Henderson song)")" and "[Mirror Man](/wiki/Mirror_Man_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 "Mirror Man (Ella Henderson song)")", were released on 30 November 2014 and 9 March 2015, respectively.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/ella\-henderson/news/new\-song\-yours//\|title\=Ella Henderson's Got Another Hit On The Way With New Song 'Yours'\|date\=6 November 2014\|publisher\=CapitalFM\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113025851/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/ella\-henderson/news/new\-song\-yours/\|archive\-date\=13 November 2014}} The former charted at number 16 in the UK.
Henderson performed as the supporting act for [Take That](/wiki/Take_That "Take That") on their 38 date [Take That Live](/wiki/Take_That_Live "Take That Live") 2015 UK tour,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/take\-that/news/2015\-uk\-tour\-dates/\|title\=Take That's New 2015 UK Arena Tour Dates Are On Sale Now!\|publisher\=Capital FM\|date\=11 December 2014\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101005544/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/take\-that/news/2015\-uk\-tour\-dates/\|archive\-date\=1 November 2016}} while embarking on her debut headlining UK tour in October and November 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-henderson\-announces\-uk\-tour\-dates\_\_8744/\|title\=Ella Henderson announces UK tour dates\|publisher\=Official Charts Company\|date\=23 March 2015\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324221349/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-henderson\-announces\-uk\-tour\-dates\_\_8744/\|archive\-date\=24 March 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/Ella\-Henderson\-really\-excited\-performing\-home/story\-26411584\-detail/story.html\|title\=Ella Henderson 'really excited' to be performing 'at home'\|work\=Grimsby Telegraph\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713181348/http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/Ella\-Henderson\-really\-excited\-performing\-home/story\-26411584\-detail/story.html\|archive\-date\=13 July 2015}} That July, she featured on [drum and bass](/wiki/Drum_and_bass "Drum and bass") duo [Sigma](/wiki/Sigma_%28DJs%29 "Sigma (DJs)")'s single "[Glitterball](/wiki/Glitterball_%28song%29 "Glitterball (song)")", which peaked at number four in the UK. Henderson also featured on Norwegian record producer and DJ [Kygo](/wiki/Kygo "Kygo")'s song "[Here for You](/wiki/Here_for_You_%28Kygo_song%29 "Here for You (Kygo song)")", which was released on 4 September.{{cite web\| url\= http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/Ella\-Henderson\-features\-new\-Kygo\-single/story\-27737292\-detail/story.html\| title\= Ella Henderson features on new Kygo single Here For You\| publisher\= Grimsby Telegraph\| date\= 4 September 2015\| access\-date\= 5 September 2015\| url\-status\= dead\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023957/http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/Ella\-Henderson\-features\-new\-Kygo\-single/story\-27737292\-detail/story.html\| archive\-date\= 24 September 2015\| df\= dmy\-all}} The collaboration achieved global\-wide chart success peaking within the top 20 in the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.Peak chart positions for "Here for You" in the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland: {{cite web\|url\=https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\=Kygo\+feat.\+Ella\+Henderson\&titel\=Here\+for\+You\&cat\=s\|title\=Swedishcharts.com – Kygo feat. Ella Henderson – Here for You\|publisher\=\[\[Sverigetopplistan\|Singles Top 100]]\|access\-date\=4 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329172513/https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\=Kygo\+feat%2E\+Ella\+Henderson\&titel\=Here\+For\+You\&cat\=s\|archive\-date\=29 March 2020\|url\-status\=live}}
### 2016–2019: Asylum Records and *Glorious*
In November 2016, Henderson announced that she had finished recording her second studio album, having worked with [Danny O'Donoghue](/wiki/Danny_O%27Donoghue "Danny O'Donoghue") from [The Script](/wiki/The_Script "The Script") and producer [Max Martin](/wiki/Max_Martin "Max Martin"). In April 2017, it was announced that she would be supporting James Arthur on his [Back from the Edge Tour](/wiki/Back_from_the_Edge_Tour "Back from the Edge Tour"). In June, she featured along with other artists, including fellow *X Factor* artists [Leona Lewis](/wiki/Leona_Lewis "Leona Lewis"), [Louis Tomlinson](/wiki/Louis_Tomlinson "Louis Tomlinson"), [Liam Payne](/wiki/Liam_Payne "Liam Payne"), James Arthur, [Louisa Johnson](/wiki/Louisa_Johnson "Louisa Johnson") and [Matt Terry](/wiki/Matt_Terry "Matt Terry") on a cover version of [Simon \& Garfunkel](/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel "Simon & Garfunkel")'s song "[Bridge over Troubled Water](/wiki/Bridge_over_Troubled_Water_%28song%29 "Bridge over Troubled Water (song)")", which was recorded to raise money for those affected by the [Grenfell Tower fire](/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire "Grenfell Tower fire") in London earlier that month. The single reached number one in the UK after only two days sales. Later that year, it was announced that Arthur had recorded a duet with Henderson, reportedly set to be included on her second studio album. While supporting him on his tour, she performed new songs that were set to be included on the record: "Ugly", "Cry Like a Woman", "Bones", "Solid Gold" and "Let's Go Home Together", her duet with Arthur.
In February 2018, it was announced that Henderson and Syco Music had parted ways. In a statement, a Syco representative stated: "Syco and Ella Henderson are parting company. We wish Ella all the best for the future and thank her for her hugely successful contribution over the years."{{cite web\|last\=James\|first\=Sarah\|title\=''X Factor'' star Ella Henderson has parted ways with Syco\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/the\-x\-factor/news/a850834/syco\-ella\-henderson\-parted\-ways\-x\-factor/\|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|publisher\=\[\[Hearst Corporation]]\|access\-date\=25 February 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225235133/http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/the\-x\-factor/news/a850834/syco\-ella\-henderson\-parted\-ways\-x\-factor/\|archive\-date\=25 February 2018\|location\=United Kingdom\|language\=en\|date\=25 February 2018\|url\-status\=live}} In May 2018, Henderson confirmed that she had completed work on her second studio album. Later that year, she signed a record deal with [Asylum Records](/wiki/Asylum_Records "Asylum Records")' imprint Major Toms operated by the British group [Rudimental](/wiki/Rudimental "Rudimental"), and was working on new material with them, presumably meaning that the previously confirmed album was scrapped. She also supported Rudimental on their European tour that year.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/rudimental\-sign\-ella\-henderson\-to\-major\-toms\-asylum/074282\|title\=Rudimental sign Ella Henderson to Major Toms/Asylum\|publisher\=Music Week\|date\=30 October 2018\|access\-date\=31 October 2018\|archive\-date\=31 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031171346/https://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/rudimental\-sign\-ella\-henderson\-to\-major\-toms\-asylum/074282\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|author\=Malt, Andy\|url\=http://www.completemusicupdate.com/article/rudimental\-sign\-ella\-henderson\-to\-major\-toms\-label/\|title\=Rudimental sign Ella Henderson to Major Toms label\|work\=\[\[Complete Music Update]]\|publisher\=UnLimited Media\|date\=1 November 2018\|access\-date\=30 November 2018\|archive\-date\=22 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022182245/https://completemusicupdate.com/article/rudimental\-sign\-ella\-henderson\-to\-major\-toms\-label/\|url\-status\=live}} Regarding the scrapped material, Henderson later told *[i](/wiki/I_%28newspaper%29 "I (newspaper)")*: "I did write an album – well, I say an album, I wrote a body of work. But I was so lost in terms of who I was as a person that I wasn't ready to release it. I knew that if I didn't know what was going on, my fans wouldn't either."{{cite news\|last\=Levine\|first\=Nick\|date\=17 February 2021\|title\=Ella Henderson: 'If I wanted to 'embrace my curves', I'd post my own bikini pictures on Instagram'\|url\=https://inews.co.uk/culture/music/ella\-henderson\-lets\-go\-home\-together\-x\-factor\-876338\|access\-date\=19 February 2021\|work\=\[\[i (newspaper)\|i]]\|archive\-date\=18 February 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218060719/https://inews.co.uk/culture/music/ella\-henderson\-lets\-go\-home\-together\-x\-factor\-876338\|url\-status\=live}}
On 13 September 2019, Henderson released "[Glorious](/wiki/Glorious_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 "Glorious (Ella Henderson song)")" as the lead single from her EP of the same name, which was released on 8 November.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.list.co.uk/article/111489\-ella\-henderson\-make\-a\-glorious\-return\-with\-first\-single\-in\-four\-years/\|title\=Ella Henderson make a Glorious return with first single in four years\|date\=13 September 2019\|website\=\[\[The List (magazine)\|The List]]\|language\=en\|access\-date\=18 September 2019\|archive\-date\=20 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120042529/https://www.list.co.uk/article/111489\-ella\-henderson\-make\-a\-glorious\-return\-with\-first\-single\-in\-four\-years/\|url\-status\=live}} Its second single, "Young", was released on 11 October. Henderson also featured on [Jax Jones](/wiki/Jax_Jones "Jax Jones")' song "[This Is Real](/wiki/This_Is_Real "This Is Real")", from his debut album *[Snacks (Supersize)](/wiki/Snacks_%28Supersize%29 "Snacks (Supersize)")*, which was released as a single on 11 October,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.music\-news.com/news/UK/123472/Jax\-Jones\-to\-include\-collaborations\-with\-Demi\-Lovato\-and\-Bebe\-Rexha\-on\-new\-album\|title\=Jax Jones to include collaborations with Demi Lovato and Bebe Rexha on new album\|work\=Music News\|date\=19 July 2019\|access\-date\=12 September 2019\|archive\-date\=22 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022090053/https://www.music\-news.com/news/UK/123472/Jax\-Jones\-to\-include\-collaborations\-with\-Demi\-Lovato\-and\-Bebe\-Rexha\-on\-new\-album\|url\-status\=live}} and on [Sigala](/wiki/Sigala "Sigala")'s single "[We Got Love](/wiki/We_Got_Love_%28Sigala_song%29 "We Got Love (Sigala song)")", which was released on 1 November. Both tracks charted in the UK, peaking at numbers 9 and 42, respectively.
### 2020–2023: *Everything I Didn't Say* and collaborations
Henderson featured on Dutch DJ [Sam Feldt](/wiki/Sam_Feldt "Sam Feldt")'s song "Hold Me Close" released on 27 March 2020\.{{cite web \|url\=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hold\-me\-close\-feat\-ella\-henderson\-single/1501717994 \|title\=Hold Me Close (feat. Ella Henderson) – Single by Sam Feldt \|website\=Apple Music \|access\-date\=28 March 2020 \|archive\-date\=28 March 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328142121/https://music.apple.com/us/album/hold\-me\-close\-feat\-ella\-henderson\-single/1501717994 \|url\-status\=live }} She followed it with the single "[Take Care of You](/wiki/Take_Care_of_You "Take Care of You")" on 12 June,{{cite web\|last\=Copsey\|first\=Rob\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-hendersons\-new\-single\-take\-care\-of\-you\-is\-an\-uplifting\-dance\-pop\-anthem\-first\-listen\-review\_\_29927/\|title\=Ella Henderson's new single Take Care Of You is an uplifting dance\-pop anthem: First listen review\|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]]\|date\=9 June 2020\|access\-date\=13 June 2020\|archive\-date\=17 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117221736/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-hendersons\-new\-single\-take\-care\-of\-you\-is\-an\-uplifting\-dance\-pop\-anthem\-first\-listen\-review\_\_29927/\|url\-status\=live}} which reached number 50 in the UK. In July, she provided uncredited vocals for a UK top five single she had co\-written titled "[Lighter](/wiki/Lighter_%28Nathan_Dawe_song%29 "Lighter (Nathan Dawe song)")" by British DJ and producer [Nathan Dawe](/wiki/Nathan_Dawe "Nathan Dawe"), featuring British YouTuber and rapper [KSI](/wiki/KSI "KSI").{{cite web\|last\=White\|first\=Jack\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/nathan\-dawe\-talks\-working\-with\-ksi\-and\-ella\-henderson\-on\-new\-single\-lighter\_\_30725/\|title\=Nathan Dawe talks working with KSI and Ella Henderson on new single Lighter\|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]]\|date\=12 August 2020\|access\-date\=28 August 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828140243/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/nathan\-dawe\-talks\-working\-with\-ksi\-and\-ella\-henderson\-on\-new\-single\-lighter\_\_30725/\|archive\-date\=28 August 2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=Ainsley\|first\=Helen\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/joel\-corry\-and\-mnek\-hold\-on\-to\-number\-1\-with\-head\-and\-heart\-on\-the\-official\-singles\-chart\_\_30659/\|title\=Joel Corry and MNEK hold on to Number 1 with Head and Heart on the Official Singles Chart\|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]]\|date\=31 July 2020\|access\-date\=31 July 2020\|archive\-date\=1 August 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801215452/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/joel\-corry\-and\-mnek\-hold\-on\-to\-number\-1\-with\-head\-and\-heart\-on\-the\-official\-singles\-chart\_\_30659/\|url\-status\=live}} Henderson released the single "Dream On Me" with [Roger Sanchez](/wiki/Roger_Sanchez "Roger Sanchez") on 2 October 2020,{{cite web\|url\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/dream\-on\-me\-single/1531497137\|title\=Dream On Me – Single by Ella Henderson \& Roger Sanchez\|publisher\=\[\[Apple Music]]\|accessdate\=16 October 2020\|archive\-date\=1 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101193450/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/dream\-on\-me\-single/1531497137\|url\-status\=live}} and a Christmas song "[Blame It on the Mistletoe](/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Mistletoe "Blame It on the Mistletoe")" with [AJ Mitchell](/wiki/AJ_Mitchell "AJ Mitchell") on 4 December.{{cite web\|url\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/blame\-it\-on\-the\-mistletoe\-single/1541032483\|title\=Blame It On The Mistletoe – Single by Ella Henderson \& AJ Mitchell\|publisher\=\[\[Apple Music]]\|accessdate\=28 January 2021\|archive\-date\=11 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111131615/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/blame\-it\-on\-the\-mistletoe\-single/1541032483\|url\-status\=live}}
On 19 February 2021, she released her collaboration with [Tom Grennan](/wiki/Tom_Grennan "Tom Grennan") titled "[Let's Go Home Together](/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Home_Together "Let's Go Home Together")", which debuted at number 28 in the UK and peaked at 10 becoming Henderson's fifth UK top 10 single. The song was originally a duet between Henderson and James Arthur, and they performed it together live on Arthur's 2017 arena tour, but due to a scheduling conflict Henderson recorded its single version with Grennan instead.{{cite web\|last\=Rees\|first\=Natalie\|url\=https://planetradio.co.uk/hits\-radio/entertainment/music/james\-arthur\-medicine/\|title\=Hits Radio Breakfast chat to James Arthur about new track 'Medicine'\|publisher\=\[\[Hits Radio UK]]\|date\=5 March 2021\|accessdate\=31 March 2021\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330232316/https://planetradio.co.uk/hits\-radio/entertainment/music/james\-arthur\-medicine/\|archivedate\=30 March 2021\|url\-status\=live}} On 20 August 2021, Henderson released the single "Risk It All" with House Gospel Choir and [Just Kiddin](/wiki/Just_Kiddin "Just Kiddin"), followed by a collaboration with the French DJ duo [Ofenbach](/wiki/Ofenbach_%28DJs%29 "Ofenbach (DJs)") titled "[Hurricane](/wiki/Hurricane_%28Ofenbach_and_Ella_Henderson_song%29 "Hurricane (Ofenbach and Ella Henderson song)")" the next month.{{cite web\|last\=Copsey\|first\=Rob\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-henderson\-and\-ofenbach\-team\-up\-on\-euphoric\-new\-single\-hurricane\-first\-listen\-preview\_\_34040/\|title\=Ella Henderson and Ofenbach team up on euphoric new single Hurricane: First listen preview\|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]]\|date\=15 September 2021\|access\-date\=17 September 2021\|archive\-date\=16 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916190826/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-henderson\-and\-ofenbach\-team\-up\-on\-euphoric\-new\-single\-hurricane\-first\-listen\-preview\_\_34040/\|url\-status\=live}}
On 7 January 2022, she released the single "[Brave](/wiki/Brave_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 "Brave (Ella Henderson song)")", which preceded her second studio album, *[Everything I Didn't Say](/wiki/Everything_I_Didn%27t_Say "Everything I Didn't Say")*, released on 11 March 2022\.{{cite web\|last\=Griffith\|first\=George\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-henderson\-announces\-second\-album\-everything\-i\-didnt\-say\-drops\-new\-single\-brave\_\_34909/\|title\=Ella Henderson announces second album Everything I Didn't Say, drops new single Brave\|publisher\=\[\[Official Charts Company]]\|date\=7 January 2022\|access\-date\=11 January 2022\|archive\-date\=10 January 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110005924/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/ella\-henderson\-announces\-second\-album\-everything\-i\-didnt\-say\-drops\-new\-single\-brave\_\_34909/\|url\-status\=live}} "Brave" reached number 42 in the UK, while *Everything I Didn't Say* debuted at number eight. In April, she collaborated with [David Guetta](/wiki/David_Guetta "David Guetta") and [Becky Hill](/wiki/Becky_Hill "Becky Hill") on the song "[Crazy What Love Can Do](/wiki/Crazy_What_Love_Can_Do "Crazy What Love Can Do")". The single charted in several countries, including the UK where it debuted in the top 20 and peaked at number five. In April 2022, Nathan Dawe released a second collaboration with Henderson titled "[21 Reasons](/wiki/21_Reasons "21 Reasons")", which reached number nine in the UK.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/nathan\-dawe\-on\-new\-single\-21\-reasons\-with\-ella\-henderson\-ive\-wanted\-to\-make\-this\-record\-forever\_\_36207/ \|title\=Nathan Dawe on new single 21 Reasons with Ella Henderson: 'I've wanted to make this record forever' \|website\=\[\[Official Charts Company]] \|last\=Griffiths \|first\=George \|date\=29 April 2022 \|access\-date\=29 April 2022 \|archive\-date\=29 April 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429135512/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/nathan\-dawe\-on\-new\-single\-21\-reasons\-with\-ella\-henderson\-ive\-wanted\-to\-make\-this\-record\-forever\_\_36207/ \|url\-status\=live }} In August 2022, Henderson featured on a duet version of [Cian Ducrot](/wiki/Cian_Ducrot "Cian Ducrot")'s song "All for You".{{cite web\|last\=Daly\|first\=Rhian\|url\=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/cian\-ducrot\-ella\-henderson\-all\-for\-us/\|title\=Cian Ducrot And Ella Henderson Team Up On Reimagined 'All For Us'\|publisher\=uDiscoverMusic\|date\=12 August 2022\|access\-date\=19 August 2022}} In September, she collaborated with British\-German DJ duo [M\-22](/wiki/M-22 "M-22") on the song "Heartstrings".{{cite web\|url\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/heartstrings\-single/1634735740\|title\=Heartstrings – Single by M\-22 \& Ella Henderson\|publisher\=\[\[Apple Music]]\|access\-date\=5 August 2023}}
Later in 2022, Henderson performed at a number of UK [Pride](/wiki/Gay_Pride "Gay Pride") events, and was booked at UK Music and [TikTok](/wiki/TikTok "TikTok") showcases at the [Labour Party Conference](/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference "Labour Party Conference") and [Conservative Party Conference](/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_%28UK%29 "Conservative Party Conference (UK)").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/ella\-henderson\-conservative\-party\-conference\-gay\-tory\-b1030368\.html\|title\=Ella Henderson's Conservative Party Conference set sparks gay backlash\|first\=Tina\|last\=Campbell\|date\=5 October 2022\|website\=Evening Standard\|accessdate\=5 October 2022\|archive\-date\=5 October 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005142730/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/ella\-henderson\-conservative\-party\-conference\-gay\-tory\-b1030368\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The Labour conference performance was subsequently cancelled due to reported illness. Henderson's appearance at the Conservative conference attracted criticism from the [LGBT Community](/wiki/LGBT_Community "LGBT Community"), as some felt it was incompatible with performing at Pride Events.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/10/05/ella\-henderson\-tory\-party\-conference/\|title\=Ella Henderson sparks furious debate after performing at Tory Party conference\|last\=Kelleher\|first\=Patrick\|date\=5 October 2022\|work\=PinkNews\|access\-date\=12 October 2022\|archive\-date\=12 October 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012000306/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/10/05/ella\-henderson\-tory\-party\-conference/\|url\-status\=live}} The UK Music Industry released a statement pointing out that the events were held as part of the political party conferences to highlight the importance of the UK music industry and were not an indication of political affiliation. Neither Henderson or her management team quoted the UK Music Industry statement or commented on the controversy.
In January 2023, Henderson collaborated with [Switch Disco](/wiki/Switch_Disco "Switch Disco") on the song "[React](/wiki/React_%282023_song%29 "React (2023 song)")", which became her eighth UK top\-ten single, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/64099/switch\-disco\-and\-ella\-henderson/\|title\=Switch Disco \& Ella Henderson\|website\=Official Charts\|access\-date\=30 May 2023}} The song heavily samples [Robert Miles](/wiki/Robert_Miles "Robert Miles")' 1995 single "[Children](/wiki/Children_%28composition%29 "Children (composition)")".{{cite web\|url\=https://planetradio.co.uk/hits\-radio/entertainment/music/best\-remixes\-old\-songs/\|title\=Throwback songs which were sampled or remixed into huge hits\|website\=Planet Radio\|last\=Magliola\|first\=Anna Sky\|date\=28 March 2023\|access\-date\=30 May 2023}} Henderson next featured on [Frank Walker](/wiki/Frank_Walker_%28musician%29 "Frank Walker (musician)")'s single "I Go Dancing".{{cite web\|url\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/i\-go\-dancing\-feat\-ella\-henderson\-single/1664247346\|title\=I Go Dancing (feat. Ella Henderson) – Single by Frank Walker\|publisher\=\[\[Apple Music]]\|access\-date\=5 August 2023}} In March, she released her collaboration with DJ [Regard](/wiki/Regard_%28DJ%29 "Regard (DJ)") titled "No Sleep",{{cite web\|last\=Griffiths\|first\=George\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/regard\-literally\-got\-no\-sleep\-making\-his\-latest\-banger\-with\-ella\-henderson\-when\-you\-know\-you\-know\-dont\-stop\-the\-flow\-\_\_38797/\|title\=Regard literally got No Sleep making his latest banger with Ella Henderson: "When you know, you know \- don't stop the flow!"\|publisher\=Official Charts Company\|date\=17 March 2023\|access\-date\=5 August 2023}} shortly followed by the song "Like I Used To" with [Sonny Fodera](/wiki/Sonny_Fodera "Sonny Fodera") and [Paul Woolford](/wiki/Paul_Woolford_%28DJ%29 "Paul Woolford (DJ)") in April.{{cite web\|url\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/like\-i\-used\-to\-single/1680513229\|title\=Like I Used To – Single by Ella Henderson, Paul Woolford \& Sonny Fodera\|publisher\=\[\[Apple Music]]\|access\-date\=5 August 2023}} In June, she released "[0800 Heaven](/wiki/0800_Heaven "0800 Heaven")" with Nathan Dawe and [Joel Corry](/wiki/Joel_Corry "Joel Corry"),{{cite web\|last\=Griffiths\|first\=George\|url\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\-news/first\-listen\-nathan\-dawe\-joel\-corry\-ella\-henderson\-take\-the\-party\-up\-above\-on\-0800\-heaven\_\_39484/\|title\=First Listen: Nathan Dawe, Joel Corry \& Ella Henderson take the party up above on 0800 Heaven\|publisher\=Official Charts Company\|date\=7 June 2023\|access\-date\=5 August 2023}} which reached number nine in the UK. In August, she featured on Glockenbach's single "Lifeline".{{cite web\|url\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/lifeline\-single/1698178935\|title\=Lifeline – Single by Glockenbach \& Ella Henderson\|publisher\=\[\[Apple Music]]\|access\-date\=5 August 2023}}
On 27 October 2023, Henderson released her second Christmas song with Irish singer\-songwriter [Cian Ducrot](/wiki/Cian_Ducrot "Cian Ducrot") called "Rest of Our Days".
### 2024–present: Upcoming third studio album
In January 2024, Henderson started teasing an upcoming song titled "Alibi" on her [TikTok](/wiki/TikTok "TikTok").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tiktok.com/@ellahendersonofficial/video/7319942089754610977\|title\=Should I drop this one?? 👀 \#Alibi E x x \#acapella \#newmusic\|via\=\[\[TikTok]]\|access\-date\=4 January 2024}} On 10 January 2024, Henderson announced that the song would be released on 12 January 2024 and features UK [drum and bass](/wiki/Drum_and_bass "Drum and bass") band [Rudimental](/wiki/Rudimental "Rudimental").
On 8 March 2024, Henderson released the song "Mamma You Were Right". On 5 April 2024, Henderson teamed up with [Natasha Bedingfield](/wiki/Natasha_Bedingfield "Natasha Bedingfield") to remix "Alibi".{{cite web\|url\=https://open.spotify.com/album/75bEjPHQvYKs10nNjHpTeR?si\=IkmpOKeXQTuEMbb4aVs\_nA\|title\=Ella Henderson and Natasha Bedingfield \- Alibi \- The Other Girl Version\|website\=Spotify\|date\=5 April 2024\|access\-date\=6 April 2024}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/natasha\-bedingfield\-joins\-ella\-henderson\-100000310\.html?guccounter\=1\&guce\_referrer\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8\&guce\_referrer\_sig\=AQAAAM8592M20rX8pIjvLV4KkrEBJ0fI\_O03o9\_5Uvrc\_UsdKb6eJLNd99iouWbsvE638aK6mEbYTSw3t8XYgmlg836ukaTM6XX4pWMvyhWWvsA\_V68Z1ldkeVQexMDdq53FnXV30kEKitvKbKiMdvNFcoW4kOvcBpZyNbFRpU43xyXP\|title\=Natasha Bedingfield joins Ella Henderson on Alibi\|website\=Yahoo News Singapore\|date\=5 April 2024\|access\-date\=6 April 2024}}
On 31 May 2024, Henderson released the song "Under The Sun" with Switch Disco and [Alok](/wiki/Alok_%28DJ%29 "Alok (DJ)").
On 17 September 2024, Henderson announced the song "Filthy Rich" as the lead single from her upcoming third studio album. The song was released on 4 October 2024 .
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 2012: *The X Factor*",
"{{Main\\|The X Factor (British series 9\\)}}\nHenderson auditioned for [series nine](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28British_series_9%29 \"The X Factor (British series 9)\") of *[The X Factor](/wiki/The_X_Factor_%28British_TV_series%29 \"The X Factor (British TV series)\")* in 2012, with the original song called \"Missed\", which was later included on her debut studio album. She reached the live shows and was mentored by [Tulisa](/wiki/Tulisa \"Tulisa\"). Henderson and [James Arthur](/wiki/James_Arthur \"James Arthur\") were controversially in the bottom two in week seven and sang for survival. Tulisa and [Louis Walsh](/wiki/Louis_Walsh \"Louis Walsh\") voted to send Henderson through to the quarter\\-final and [Nicole Scherzinger](/wiki/Nicole_Scherzinger \"Nicole Scherzinger\") and [Gary Barlow](/wiki/Gary_Barlow \"Gary Barlow\") voted to send Arthur through to the quarter\\-final. The result went to deadlock and Arthur advanced to the quarter\\-final receiving 13\\.7% of the vote and Henderson received 12\\.1%.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/X\\-Factor\\-Ella\\-Henderson\\-voting\\-table\\-shining/story\\-17566305\\-detail/story.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20131212155003/http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/X\\-Factor\\-Ella\\-Henderson\\-voting\\-table\\-shining/story\\-17566305\\-detail/story.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=12 December 2013 \\|title\\=XFactor: Ella Henderson was never top of the voting table – but she is still shining on \\|publisher\\=Grimsby Telegraph }} She consequently was the eighth contestant eliminated, despite being a strong favourite to win.{{cite web\\|last\\=Seale\\|first\\=Jack\\|url\\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012\\-10\\-02/the\\-x\\-factor\\-2012\\-ella\\-henderson\\|title\\=The X Factor 2012: Ella Henderson\\|work\\=\\[\\[Radio Times]]\\|date\\=2 October 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044332/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012\\-10\\-02/the\\-x\\-factor\\-2012\\-ella\\-henderson\\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2014}}",
"Presenter [Dermot O'Leary](/wiki/Dermot_O%27Leary \"Dermot O'Leary\") described Henderson's exit as \"one of the biggest shocks we've ever had on the results show\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.itv.com/news/2012\\-11\\-18/x\\-factor\\-favourite\\-ella\\-henderson\\-makes\\-a\\-surprise\\-exit/\\|title\\=X Factor favourite Ella Henderson makes a surprise exit\\|date\\=18 November 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[itv.com]]\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175748/http://www.itv.com/news/2012\\-11\\-18/x\\-factor\\-favourite\\-ella\\-henderson\\-makes\\-a\\-surprise\\-exit/\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016}} During the show and following her exit, a number of celebrities stated their support and praise for Henderson, including [Adele](/wiki/Adele \"Adele\"), [Lily Allen](/wiki/Lily_Allen \"Lily Allen\"), [Cher](/wiki/Cher \"Cher\"), [Simon Cowell](/wiki/Simon_Cowell \"Simon Cowell\"), [Stephen Fry](/wiki/Stephen_Fry \"Stephen Fry\"), [Nick Grimshaw](/wiki/Nick_Grimshaw \"Nick Grimshaw\"), [Sarah Millican](/wiki/Sarah_Millican \"Sarah Millican\"), and [Chloë Grace Moretz](/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Grace_Moretz \"Chloë Grace Moretz\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\\-news/x\\-factors\\-ella\\-henderson\\-gets\\-1445600\\|title\\=\"Tragic\": Ella Henderson gets Twitter support from celebrities including, er, H from Steps\\|last\\=Gray\\|first\\=Victoria\\|date\\=19 November 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Mirror]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Trinity Mirror]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704211012/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\\-news/x\\-factors\\-ella\\-henderson\\-gets\\-1445600\\|archive\\-date\\=4 July 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\\-news/x\\-factor\\-ella\\-henderson\\-exclusive\\-1373787\\|title\\='I feel he is with me in the studio': X Factor sensation Ella Henderson on her strong bond with her late grandad\\|last\\=Jefferies\\|first\\=Mark\\|date\\=12 October 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Mirror]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Trinity Mirror]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029191251/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\\-news/x\\-factor\\-ella\\-henderson\\-exclusive\\-1373787\\|archive\\-date\\=29 October 2014}} On a 2013 episode of *[The Xtra Factor](/wiki/The_Xtra_Factor_%28British_TV_series%29 \"The Xtra Factor (British TV series)\")*, O'Leary said that he viewed Henderson as the most talented performer he had seen during his seven years on the show.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=2jnqYurOy8s\\|title\\=Dermot O'Leary says Ella Henderson is his favorite X Factor finalist to date (24th November)\\|date\\=8 December 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725200109/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=2jnqYurOy8s\\|archive\\-date\\=25 July 2014}}",
"",
"| \\+Performances on *The X Factor* | Episode | Theme | Song | Original Artist | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| First Audition | Free Choice | \"Missed\"{{efn\\|group\\=upper\\-alpha\\|Henderson confirmed that writing the song \"Missed\" was inspired by her grandfather Bill and that it reminds her of him; the lyric \"Goodbye\" is particularly poignant for her.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/music\\-helps\\-x\\-factors\\-ella\\-1373961\\|title\\=X Factor favourite Ella Henderson: Scottish grandad inspired me to sing.. I wish he could hear me now\\|last\\=Jeffries\\|first\\=Mark\\|date\\=12 October 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Record (Scotland)\\|Daily Record]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Trinity Mirror]]\\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012113327/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/music\\-helps\\-x\\-factors\\-ella\\-1373961\\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2012}}}} | Ella Henderson | Advanced To Bootcamp |\n| Second Audition | Free Choice | \"[Midnight Train to Georgia](/wiki/Midnight_Train_to_Georgia \"Midnight Train to Georgia\")\"{{efn\\|group\\=upper\\-alpha\\|Henderson's second audition, \"\\[\\[Midnight Train to Georgia]]\", was not aired on TV.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=9zNfiF5QNeo\\|title\\=Ella Henderson – Midnight Train To Georgia \\*Unseen Audition\\*\\|publisher\\=YouTube\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115101515/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=9zNfiF5QNeo\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2017}}}} | [Gladys Knight \\& the Pips](/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips \"Gladys Knight & the Pips\") | Advanced To Bootcamp |\n| Bootcamp | Solo Performance | \"[Believe](/wiki/Believe_%28Cher_song%29 \"Believe (Cher song)\")\" | [Cher](/wiki/Cher \"Cher\") | Advanced To Judges' Houses |\n| Judges' Houses | Free Choice | \"[I Won't Give Up](/wiki/I_Won%27t_Give_Up \"I Won't Give Up\")\" | [Jason Mraz](/wiki/Jason_Mraz \"Jason Mraz\") | Advanced To The Live Shows |\n| Live Show 1 | Heroes | \"[Rule the World](/wiki/Rule_the_World_%28Take_That_single%29 \"Rule the World (Take That single)\")\" | [Take That](/wiki/Take_That \"Take That\") | Safe (3rd) – 13\\.1% |\n| Live Show 2 | [Love And Heartbreak](/wiki/Love_song \"Love song\") | \"[Loving You](/wiki/Loving_You_%28Minnie_Riperton_song%29 \"Loving You (Minnie Riperton song)\")\" | [Minnie Riperton](/wiki/Minnie_Riperton \"Minnie Riperton\") | Safe (4th) – 9\\.5% |\n| Live Show 3 | Club Classics | \"[You Got the Love](/wiki/You_Got_the_Love \"You Got the Love\")\" | [Candi Staton](/wiki/Candi_Staton \"Candi Staton\") | Safe (3rd) – 10\\.2% |\n| Live Show 4 | [Halloween](/wiki/Halloween \"Halloween\") | \"[Bring Me to Life](/wiki/Bring_Me_to_Life \"Bring Me to Life\")\" | [Evanescence](/wiki/Evanescence \"Evanescence\") | Safe (6th) – 8\\.2% |\n| Live Show 5 | Number\\-Ones | \"[Firework](/wiki/Firework_%28song%29 \"Firework (song)\")\" | [Katy Perry](/wiki/Katy_Perry \"Katy Perry\") | Safe (5th) – 8\\.8% |\n| Live Show 6 | Best Of British | \"[Written in the Stars](/wiki/Written_in_the_Stars_%28Tinie_Tempah_song%29 \"Written in the Stars (Tinie Tempah song)\")\" | [Tinie Tempah](/wiki/Tinie_Tempah \"Tinie Tempah\") | Safe (4th) – 13\\.0% |",
"Live Show 7 |\n [Guilty Pleasures](/wiki/Guilty_pleasure \"Guilty pleasure\") |\n \"[You're the One That I Want](/wiki/You%27re_the_One_That_I_Want \"You're the One That I Want\")\" |\n [Olivia Newton\\-John](/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John \"Olivia Newton-John\") \\& [John Travolta](/wiki/John_Travolta \"John Travolta\") |\n Bottom Two (6th) – 12\\.1% |\n Final Showdown |\n \"[If You're Not the One](/wiki/If_You%27re_Not_the_One \"If You're Not the One\")\" |\n [Daniel Bedingfield](/wiki/Daniel_Bedingfield \"Daniel Bedingfield\") |\n Eliminated (Deadlock) |",
"### 2012–2015: *Chapter One*",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Henderson performing during the X Factor UK Live tour of 2013](/wiki/File:Ella_Henderson_2013.jpg \"Ella Henderson 2013.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Henderson in 2014](/wiki/File:Ella_Henderson_%282%29_By_Daniel_%C3%85hs_Karlsson_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Ella Henderson (2) By Daniel Åhs Karlsson (cropped).jpg\")\nIn December 2012, Henderson made an appearance on Ireland's [RTÉ](/wiki/RT%C3%89 \"RTÉ\") *[The Saturday Night Show](/wiki/The_Saturday_Night_Show \"The Saturday Night Show\")*, singing \"[Silent Night](/wiki/Silent_Night \"Silent Night\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.rte.ie/ten/2012/1214/saturdaynightshow.html\\|title\\=X Factor's Ella on Saturday Night Show\\|date\\=14 December 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ]].ie}} While being interviewed on the show, she revealed that she had signed a record deal with [Sony Music Entertainment](/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment \"Sony Music Entertainment\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/ella\\-henderson\\-signs\\-recording\\-deal\\-with\\-sony\\-music\\-promises\\-this\\-is\\-just\\-the\\-beginning\\_3422774\\|title\\=Ella Henderson Signs Recording Deal With Sony Music, Promises: \"This Is Just The Beginning\"\\|last\\=Wilde\\|first\\=Joe\\|date\\=16 December 2012\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[contactmusic.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214090115/http://www.contactmusic.com/news/ella\\-henderson\\-signs\\-recording\\-deal\\-with\\-sony\\-music\\-promises\\-this\\-is\\-just\\-the\\-beginning\\_3422774\\|archive\\-date\\=14 December 2013}} She also performed \"[Last Christmas](/wiki/Last_Christmas \"Last Christmas\")\" and \"[Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas](/wiki/Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\")\" on the [Myleene Klass](/wiki/Myleene_Klass \"Myleene Klass\") [Heart FM](/wiki/Heart_%28radio_network%29 \"Heart (radio network)\") show that month.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\\-news/myleene\\-klass\\-and\\-ella\\-henderson\\-record\\-1497354\\|title\\=Myleene Klass and Ella Henderson record a Christmas song together! Kind of, anyway\\|last\\=Redfern\\|first\\=Corinne\\|date\\=19 December 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Mirror]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Trinity Mirror]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614203001/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\\-news/myleene\\-klass\\-and\\-ella\\-henderson\\-record\\-1497354\\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2014}} In January 2013, Henderson confirmed she had signed to [Simon Cowell](/wiki/Simon_Cowell \"Simon Cowell\")'s record label [Syco Music](/wiki/Syco_Music \"Syco Music\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\\-news/simon\\-cowell\\-wins\\-fight\\-to\\-sign\\-1546184\\|title\\=I've got the new 'Adella': Simon Cowell wins fight to sign X Factor's Ella Henderson\\|last\\=Hind\\|first\\=Katie\\|date\\=9 January 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Mirror]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Trinity Mirror]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220023157/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity\\-news/simon\\-cowell\\-wins\\-fight\\-to\\-sign\\-1546184\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2013}} During January and February 2013, she took part in *The X Factor* live tour, where she sang four songs: her *X Factor* audition song \"Missed\", \"[Believe](/wiki/Believe_%28Cher_song%29 \"Believe (Cher song)\")\", \"[Rule the World](/wiki/Rule_the_World_%28Take_That_single%29 \"Rule the World (Take That single)\")\" and \"[You Got the Love](/wiki/You_Got_the_Love \"You Got the Love\")\". She also performed \"Believe\" at the [18th National Television Awards](/wiki/18th_National_Television_Awards \"18th National Television Awards\") in January,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://metro.co.uk/2013/01/24/national\\-television\\-awards\\-kimberley\\-walshs\\-debut\\-solo\\-performance\\-put\\-to\\-shame\\-by\\-ella\\-henderson\\-3364591\\|title\\=National Television Awards: Kimberley Walsh's debut solo performance put to shame by Ella Henderson\\|last\\=Duncan\\|first\\=Amy\\|date\\=24 January 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[Metro (British newspaper)\\|Metro]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[DMG Media]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010080901/http://metro.co.uk/2013/01/24/national\\-television\\-awards\\-kimberley\\-walshs\\-debut\\-solo\\-performance\\-put\\-to\\-shame\\-by\\-ella\\-henderson\\-3364591/\\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2013}} and appeared as a special guest at the Capital [Summertime Ball](/wiki/Summertime_Ball \"Summertime Ball\") in June, where she performed a duet of \"[Beneath Your Beautiful](/wiki/Beneath_Your_Beautiful \"Beneath Your Beautiful\")\" with [Labrinth](/wiki/Labrinth \"Labrinth\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/labrinth/news/ella\\-henderson\\-summertime\\-ball\\-2013/\\|title\\=Labrinth Joined By Ella Henderson For 'Beneath Your Beautiful' Live At Summertime Ball 2013\\|date\\=9 June 2013\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Capital (radio network)\\|Capital FM]]\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2013\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207205533/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/labrinth/news/ella\\-henderson\\-summertime\\-ball\\-2013/\\|archive\\-date\\=7 December 2013}}",
"Henderson's debut single, \"[Ghost](/wiki/Ghost_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 \"Ghost (Ella Henderson song)\")\", co\\-written with [Ryan Tedder](/wiki/Ryan_Tedder \"Ryan Tedder\"), was released on 8 June 2014\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/ten/news/2014/0310/601303\\-x\\-factors\\-ella\\-henderson\\-announces\\-debut\\-single/\\|title\\=X Factor's Ella Henderson announces début single\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ]]\\|date\\=10 March 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180151/http://www.rte.ie/ten/news/2014/0310/601303\\-x\\-factors\\-ella\\-henderson\\-announces\\-debut\\-single/\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-henderson\\-unveils\\-artwork\\-for\\-new\\-single\\-ghost\\-2928/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson unveils artwork for new single, Ghost\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]]\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012138/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-henderson\\-unveils\\-artwork\\-for\\-new\\-single\\-ghost\\-2928/\\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2014}} It debuted at number one on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\"),{{Cite web\\|title \\= The X Factor star Ella Henderson: 'I'm where I want to be, and I'll work hard to stay here'\\|url \\= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/features/the\\-x\\-factor\\-star\\-ella\\-henderson\\-im\\-where\\-i\\-want\\-to\\-be\\-and\\-ill\\-work\\-hard\\-to\\-stay\\-here\\-9709978\\.html\\|website \\= The Independent\\|date \\= 3 September 2014\\|publisher \\= Independent News \\& Media\\|last \\= Duerden\\|first \\= Nick\\|url\\-status \\= live\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202149/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/features/the\\-x\\-factor\\-star\\-ella\\-henderson\\-im\\-where\\-i\\-want\\-to\\-be\\-and\\-ill\\-work\\-hard\\-to\\-stay\\-here\\-9709978\\.html\\|archive\\-date \\= 14 November 2017\\|df \\= dmy\\-all}} and remained in the top five of the chart for eight consecutive weeks.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-28632707\\|title\\=Ed Sheeran continues UK chart reign\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|date\\=3 August 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811044543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-28632707\\|archive\\-date\\=11 August 2014}} It has subsequently been certified platinum for sales in Australia,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria\\-charts\\-accreditations\\-singles\\-2014\\.htm \\|title\\=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles \\|publisher\\=Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) \\|access\\-date\\=9 July 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808111800/http://aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria\\-charts\\-accreditations\\-singles\\-2014\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2014}} New Zealand,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nztop40\\.co.nz/chart/singles?chart\\=2592\\|title\\=The Official NZ Music Charts – Singles – 10 November 2014\\|publisher\\=NZ Top 40\\|access\\-date\\=7 November 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107074959/http://nztop40\\.co.nz/chart/singles?chart\\=2592\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2014}} the United Kingdom,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/BPI\\_Music/status/487611062343446528\\|title\\=BPI Certified Awards \\> Search\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[British Phonographic Industry]]\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143707/https://twitter.com/BPI\\_Music/status/487611062343446528\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2014}} and the United States.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pressparty.com/pg/newsdesk/EllaHenderson/view/121970/?isworld\\=y\\|title\\=Ella Henderson single goes platinum in the US\\|publisher\\=PressParty\\|date\\=18 February 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220110202/http://www.pressparty.com/pg/newsdesk/EllaHenderson/view/121970/?isworld\\=y\\|archive\\-date\\=20 February 2015}} The song later ranked at number 84 on the [Official Charts Company](/wiki/Official_Charts_Company \"Official Charts Company\") list of the 100 biggest songs of the 2010s in the UK.{{cite web\\|last\\=Copsey\\|first\\=Rob\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/the\\-uks\\-official\\-top\\-100\\-biggest\\-songs\\-of\\-the\\-decade\\-2010\\-2019\\_\\_27936/\\|title\\=The UK's Official Top 100 biggest songs of the decade 2010–2019\\|work\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]]\\|date\\=11 December 2019\\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211082710/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/the\\-uks\\-official\\-top\\-100\\-biggest\\-songs\\-of\\-the\\-decade\\-2010\\-2019\\_\\_27936/\\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Its follow\\-up, \"[Glow](/wiki/Glow_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 \"Glow (Ella Henderson song)\")\", was released on 5 October 2014 and charted at number seven in the UK.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/29021/ELLA\\-HENDERSON\\|title\\=Ella Henderson \\> UK Charts\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]]\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225062643/http://www.officialcharts.com/Artist/29021/ELLA\\-HENDERSON\\|archive\\-date\\=25 February 2015}} Henderson's debut studio album, *[Chapter One](/wiki/Chapter_One_%28Ella_Henderson_album%29 \"Chapter One (Ella Henderson album)\")*, was released on 13 October 2014\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Ottewill\\|first\\=Jim\\|url\\=https://www.prsformusic.com/m\\-magazine/news/ella\\-henderson\\-signs\\-sonyatv\\-music\\-publishing/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson signs with Sony/ATV Music Publishing\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[PRS for Music]]\\|date\\=19 September 2014\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20200703134059/https://www.prsformusic.com/m\\-magazine/news/ella\\-henderson\\-signs\\-sonyatv\\-music\\-publishing/\\|archive\\-date\\=3 July 2020}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/VIDEO\\-Ella\\-Henderson\\-s\\-Ghost\\-Trail\\-campaign/story\\-20913177\\-detail/story.html\\|title\\=Ella Henderson's Ghost Trail campaign launches new single\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Grimsby Telegraph]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231223/http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/VIDEO\\-Ella\\-Henderson\\-s\\-Ghost\\-Trail\\-campaign/story\\-20913177\\-detail/story.html\\|archive\\-date\\=8 April 2014}} It was written by Henderson in collaboration with a number of writers and producers including [Claude Kelly](/wiki/Claude_Kelly \"Claude Kelly\"), [Salaam Remi](/wiki/Salaam_Remi \"Salaam Remi\"), [Babyface](/wiki/Babyface_%28musician%29 \"Babyface (musician)\") and [TMS](/wiki/TMS_%28production_team%29 \"TMS (production team)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.popjustice.com/briefing/ella\\-henderson\\-stands\\-a\\-good\\-chance\\-of\\-conquering\\-2014/125545/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson stands a good chance of conquering 2014\\|date\\=20 March 2014\\|publisher\\=Pop Justice\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190107/http://www.popjustice.com/briefing/ella\\-henderson\\-stands\\-a\\-good\\-chance\\-of\\-conquering\\-2014/125545/\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016}} The album peaked at number one on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\"), and was the 19th and 31st best\\-selling album in the UK in 2014 and 2015, respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/the\\-official\\-top\\-40\\-biggest\\-selling\\-artist\\-albums\\-of\\-2014\\-3387/ \\|title\\=The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Artist Albums of 2014 \\|last\\=Moss \\|first\\=Liv \\|date\\=8 July 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]] \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101030807/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/the\\-official\\-top\\-40\\-biggest\\-selling\\-artist\\-albums\\-of\\-2014\\-3387/ \\|archive\\-date\\=1 January 2015 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/the\\-official\\-top\\-40\\-biggest\\-songs\\-of\\-2015\\-revealed\\_\\_13270/\\|title\\=The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Artist Albums of 2015\\|last\\=Copsey\\|first\\=Rob\\|date\\=5 January 2016\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 January 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=4 January 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104183513/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/the\\-official\\-top\\-40\\-biggest\\-songs\\-of\\-2015\\-revealed\\_\\_13270/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was certified platinum by the [British Phonographic Industry](/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry \"British Phonographic Industry\") (BPI).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified\\-awards/search.aspx\\|title\\=Certified Awards\\|publisher\\=Official Charts Company\\|date\\=16 January 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115055129/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2013}} The album also charted in the top 20 in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, and the United States.Peak chart positions for *Chapter One* in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland and the United States:\n All except Ireland and the United States: {{cite web\\|url\\=https://australian\\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Ella\\+Henderson\\&titel\\=Chapter\\+One\\&cat\\=a\\|title\\=Australiancharts.com – Ella Henderson – Chapter One\\|publisher\\=Hung Medien\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215181600/https://australian\\-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Ella\\+Henderson\\&titel\\=Chapter\\+One\\&cat\\=a\\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n Ireland: {{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chart\\-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c\\=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex\\_test.jsp\\&ct\\=240002\\&arch\\=t\\&lyr\\=2014\\&year\\=2014\\&week\\=42\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826075346/http://www.chart\\-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c\\=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex\\_test.jsp\\&ct\\=240002\\&arch\\=t\\&lyr\\=2014\\&year\\=2014\\&week\\=42\\|title\\=GFK Chart\\-Track Albums: Week 42, 2014\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Chart\\-Track]]. \\[\\[Irish Recorded Music Association\\|IRMA]]\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n United States: {{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/artist/ella\\-henderson/chart\\-history/tlp/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson Chart History (''Billboard'' 200\\)\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Billboard (magazine)\\|Billboard]]\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222083925/https://www.billboard.com/music/Ella\\-Henderson/chart\\-history/TLP\\|archive\\-date\\=22 December 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}* + - Its third and fourth singles, \"[Yours](/wiki/Yours_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 \"Yours (Ella Henderson song)\")\" and \"[Mirror Man](/wiki/Mirror_Man_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 \"Mirror Man (Ella Henderson song)\")\", were released on 30 November 2014 and 9 March 2015, respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/ella\\-henderson/news/new\\-song\\-yours//\\|title\\=Ella Henderson's Got Another Hit On The Way With New Song 'Yours'\\|date\\=6 November 2014\\|publisher\\=CapitalFM\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113025851/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/ella\\-henderson/news/new\\-song\\-yours/\\|archive\\-date\\=13 November 2014}} The former charted at number 16 in the UK.",
"Henderson performed as the supporting act for [Take That](/wiki/Take_That \"Take That\") on their 38 date [Take That Live](/wiki/Take_That_Live \"Take That Live\") 2015 UK tour,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/take\\-that/news/2015\\-uk\\-tour\\-dates/\\|title\\=Take That's New 2015 UK Arena Tour Dates Are On Sale Now!\\|publisher\\=Capital FM\\|date\\=11 December 2014\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101005544/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/take\\-that/news/2015\\-uk\\-tour\\-dates/\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2016}} while embarking on her debut headlining UK tour in October and November 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-henderson\\-announces\\-uk\\-tour\\-dates\\_\\_8744/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson announces UK tour dates\\|publisher\\=Official Charts Company\\|date\\=23 March 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324221349/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-henderson\\-announces\\-uk\\-tour\\-dates\\_\\_8744/\\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/Ella\\-Henderson\\-really\\-excited\\-performing\\-home/story\\-26411584\\-detail/story.html\\|title\\=Ella Henderson 'really excited' to be performing 'at home'\\|work\\=Grimsby Telegraph\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713181348/http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/Ella\\-Henderson\\-really\\-excited\\-performing\\-home/story\\-26411584\\-detail/story.html\\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2015}} That July, she featured on [drum and bass](/wiki/Drum_and_bass \"Drum and bass\") duo [Sigma](/wiki/Sigma_%28DJs%29 \"Sigma (DJs)\")'s single \"[Glitterball](/wiki/Glitterball_%28song%29 \"Glitterball (song)\")\", which peaked at number four in the UK. Henderson also featured on Norwegian record producer and DJ [Kygo](/wiki/Kygo \"Kygo\")'s song \"[Here for You](/wiki/Here_for_You_%28Kygo_song%29 \"Here for You (Kygo song)\")\", which was released on 4 September.{{cite web\\| url\\= http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/Ella\\-Henderson\\-features\\-new\\-Kygo\\-single/story\\-27737292\\-detail/story.html\\| title\\= Ella Henderson features on new Kygo single Here For You\\| publisher\\= Grimsby Telegraph\\| date\\= 4 September 2015\\| access\\-date\\= 5 September 2015\\| url\\-status\\= dead\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023957/http://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/Ella\\-Henderson\\-features\\-new\\-Kygo\\-single/story\\-27737292\\-detail/story.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 24 September 2015\\| df\\= dmy\\-all}} The collaboration achieved global\\-wide chart success peaking within the top 20 in the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.Peak chart positions for \"Here for You\" in the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland: {{cite web\\|url\\=https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Kygo\\+feat.\\+Ella\\+Henderson\\&titel\\=Here\\+for\\+You\\&cat\\=s\\|title\\=Swedishcharts.com – Kygo feat. Ella Henderson – Here for You\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sverigetopplistan\\|Singles Top 100]]\\|access\\-date\\=4 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329172513/https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret\\=Kygo\\+feat%2E\\+Ella\\+Henderson\\&titel\\=Here\\+For\\+You\\&cat\\=s\\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### 2016–2019: Asylum Records and *Glorious*",
"In November 2016, Henderson announced that she had finished recording her second studio album, having worked with [Danny O'Donoghue](/wiki/Danny_O%27Donoghue \"Danny O'Donoghue\") from [The Script](/wiki/The_Script \"The Script\") and producer [Max Martin](/wiki/Max_Martin \"Max Martin\"). In April 2017, it was announced that she would be supporting James Arthur on his [Back from the Edge Tour](/wiki/Back_from_the_Edge_Tour \"Back from the Edge Tour\"). In June, she featured along with other artists, including fellow *X Factor* artists [Leona Lewis](/wiki/Leona_Lewis \"Leona Lewis\"), [Louis Tomlinson](/wiki/Louis_Tomlinson \"Louis Tomlinson\"), [Liam Payne](/wiki/Liam_Payne \"Liam Payne\"), James Arthur, [Louisa Johnson](/wiki/Louisa_Johnson \"Louisa Johnson\") and [Matt Terry](/wiki/Matt_Terry \"Matt Terry\") on a cover version of [Simon \\& Garfunkel](/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel \"Simon & Garfunkel\")'s song \"[Bridge over Troubled Water](/wiki/Bridge_over_Troubled_Water_%28song%29 \"Bridge over Troubled Water (song)\")\", which was recorded to raise money for those affected by the [Grenfell Tower fire](/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire \"Grenfell Tower fire\") in London earlier that month. The single reached number one in the UK after only two days sales. Later that year, it was announced that Arthur had recorded a duet with Henderson, reportedly set to be included on her second studio album. While supporting him on his tour, she performed new songs that were set to be included on the record: \"Ugly\", \"Cry Like a Woman\", \"Bones\", \"Solid Gold\" and \"Let's Go Home Together\", her duet with Arthur.",
"In February 2018, it was announced that Henderson and Syco Music had parted ways. In a statement, a Syco representative stated: \"Syco and Ella Henderson are parting company. We wish Ella all the best for the future and thank her for her hugely successful contribution over the years.\"{{cite web\\|last\\=James\\|first\\=Sarah\\|title\\=''X Factor'' star Ella Henderson has parted ways with Syco\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/the\\-x\\-factor/news/a850834/syco\\-ella\\-henderson\\-parted\\-ways\\-x\\-factor/\\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hearst Corporation]]\\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225235133/http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/the\\-x\\-factor/news/a850834/syco\\-ella\\-henderson\\-parted\\-ways\\-x\\-factor/\\|archive\\-date\\=25 February 2018\\|location\\=United Kingdom\\|language\\=en\\|date\\=25 February 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In May 2018, Henderson confirmed that she had completed work on her second studio album. Later that year, she signed a record deal with [Asylum Records](/wiki/Asylum_Records \"Asylum Records\")' imprint Major Toms operated by the British group [Rudimental](/wiki/Rudimental \"Rudimental\"), and was working on new material with them, presumably meaning that the previously confirmed album was scrapped. She also supported Rudimental on their European tour that year.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/rudimental\\-sign\\-ella\\-henderson\\-to\\-major\\-toms\\-asylum/074282\\|title\\=Rudimental sign Ella Henderson to Major Toms/Asylum\\|publisher\\=Music Week\\|date\\=30 October 2018\\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031171346/https://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/rudimental\\-sign\\-ella\\-henderson\\-to\\-major\\-toms\\-asylum/074282\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|author\\=Malt, Andy\\|url\\=http://www.completemusicupdate.com/article/rudimental\\-sign\\-ella\\-henderson\\-to\\-major\\-toms\\-label/\\|title\\=Rudimental sign Ella Henderson to Major Toms label\\|work\\=\\[\\[Complete Music Update]]\\|publisher\\=UnLimited Media\\|date\\=1 November 2018\\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022182245/https://completemusicupdate.com/article/rudimental\\-sign\\-ella\\-henderson\\-to\\-major\\-toms\\-label/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Regarding the scrapped material, Henderson later told *[i](/wiki/I_%28newspaper%29 \"I (newspaper)\")*: \"I did write an album – well, I say an album, I wrote a body of work. But I was so lost in terms of who I was as a person that I wasn't ready to release it. I knew that if I didn't know what was going on, my fans wouldn't either.\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Levine\\|first\\=Nick\\|date\\=17 February 2021\\|title\\=Ella Henderson: 'If I wanted to 'embrace my curves', I'd post my own bikini pictures on Instagram'\\|url\\=https://inews.co.uk/culture/music/ella\\-henderson\\-lets\\-go\\-home\\-together\\-x\\-factor\\-876338\\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[i (newspaper)\\|i]]\\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218060719/https://inews.co.uk/culture/music/ella\\-henderson\\-lets\\-go\\-home\\-together\\-x\\-factor\\-876338\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 13 September 2019, Henderson released \"[Glorious](/wiki/Glorious_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 \"Glorious (Ella Henderson song)\")\" as the lead single from her EP of the same name, which was released on 8 November.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.list.co.uk/article/111489\\-ella\\-henderson\\-make\\-a\\-glorious\\-return\\-with\\-first\\-single\\-in\\-four\\-years/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson make a Glorious return with first single in four years\\|date\\=13 September 2019\\|website\\=\\[\\[The List (magazine)\\|The List]]\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=20 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120042529/https://www.list.co.uk/article/111489\\-ella\\-henderson\\-make\\-a\\-glorious\\-return\\-with\\-first\\-single\\-in\\-four\\-years/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Its second single, \"Young\", was released on 11 October. Henderson also featured on [Jax Jones](/wiki/Jax_Jones \"Jax Jones\")' song \"[This Is Real](/wiki/This_Is_Real \"This Is Real\")\", from his debut album *[Snacks (Supersize)](/wiki/Snacks_%28Supersize%29 \"Snacks (Supersize)\")*, which was released as a single on 11 October,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.music\\-news.com/news/UK/123472/Jax\\-Jones\\-to\\-include\\-collaborations\\-with\\-Demi\\-Lovato\\-and\\-Bebe\\-Rexha\\-on\\-new\\-album\\|title\\=Jax Jones to include collaborations with Demi Lovato and Bebe Rexha on new album\\|work\\=Music News\\|date\\=19 July 2019\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022090053/https://www.music\\-news.com/news/UK/123472/Jax\\-Jones\\-to\\-include\\-collaborations\\-with\\-Demi\\-Lovato\\-and\\-Bebe\\-Rexha\\-on\\-new\\-album\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and on [Sigala](/wiki/Sigala \"Sigala\")'s single \"[We Got Love](/wiki/We_Got_Love_%28Sigala_song%29 \"We Got Love (Sigala song)\")\", which was released on 1 November. Both tracks charted in the UK, peaking at numbers 9 and 42, respectively.",
"### 2020–2023: *Everything I Didn't Say* and collaborations",
"Henderson featured on Dutch DJ [Sam Feldt](/wiki/Sam_Feldt \"Sam Feldt\")'s song \"Hold Me Close\" released on 27 March 2020\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hold\\-me\\-close\\-feat\\-ella\\-henderson\\-single/1501717994 \\|title\\=Hold Me Close (feat. Ella Henderson) – Single by Sam Feldt \\|website\\=Apple Music \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328142121/https://music.apple.com/us/album/hold\\-me\\-close\\-feat\\-ella\\-henderson\\-single/1501717994 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She followed it with the single \"[Take Care of You](/wiki/Take_Care_of_You \"Take Care of You\")\" on 12 June,{{cite web\\|last\\=Copsey\\|first\\=Rob\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-hendersons\\-new\\-single\\-take\\-care\\-of\\-you\\-is\\-an\\-uplifting\\-dance\\-pop\\-anthem\\-first\\-listen\\-review\\_\\_29927/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson's new single Take Care Of You is an uplifting dance\\-pop anthem: First listen review\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]]\\|date\\=9 June 2020\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=17 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117221736/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-hendersons\\-new\\-single\\-take\\-care\\-of\\-you\\-is\\-an\\-uplifting\\-dance\\-pop\\-anthem\\-first\\-listen\\-review\\_\\_29927/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} which reached number 50 in the UK. In July, she provided uncredited vocals for a UK top five single she had co\\-written titled \"[Lighter](/wiki/Lighter_%28Nathan_Dawe_song%29 \"Lighter (Nathan Dawe song)\")\" by British DJ and producer [Nathan Dawe](/wiki/Nathan_Dawe \"Nathan Dawe\"), featuring British YouTuber and rapper [KSI](/wiki/KSI \"KSI\").{{cite web\\|last\\=White\\|first\\=Jack\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/nathan\\-dawe\\-talks\\-working\\-with\\-ksi\\-and\\-ella\\-henderson\\-on\\-new\\-single\\-lighter\\_\\_30725/\\|title\\=Nathan Dawe talks working with KSI and Ella Henderson on new single Lighter\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]]\\|date\\=12 August 2020\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828140243/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/nathan\\-dawe\\-talks\\-working\\-with\\-ksi\\-and\\-ella\\-henderson\\-on\\-new\\-single\\-lighter\\_\\_30725/\\|archive\\-date\\=28 August 2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Ainsley\\|first\\=Helen\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/joel\\-corry\\-and\\-mnek\\-hold\\-on\\-to\\-number\\-1\\-with\\-head\\-and\\-heart\\-on\\-the\\-official\\-singles\\-chart\\_\\_30659/\\|title\\=Joel Corry and MNEK hold on to Number 1 with Head and Heart on the Official Singles Chart\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]]\\|date\\=31 July 2020\\|access\\-date\\=31 July 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=1 August 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801215452/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/joel\\-corry\\-and\\-mnek\\-hold\\-on\\-to\\-number\\-1\\-with\\-head\\-and\\-heart\\-on\\-the\\-official\\-singles\\-chart\\_\\_30659/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Henderson released the single \"Dream On Me\" with [Roger Sanchez](/wiki/Roger_Sanchez \"Roger Sanchez\") on 2 October 2020,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/dream\\-on\\-me\\-single/1531497137\\|title\\=Dream On Me – Single by Ella Henderson \\& Roger Sanchez\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Music]]\\|accessdate\\=16 October 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101193450/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/dream\\-on\\-me\\-single/1531497137\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and a Christmas song \"[Blame It on the Mistletoe](/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Mistletoe \"Blame It on the Mistletoe\")\" with [AJ Mitchell](/wiki/AJ_Mitchell \"AJ Mitchell\") on 4 December.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/blame\\-it\\-on\\-the\\-mistletoe\\-single/1541032483\\|title\\=Blame It On The Mistletoe – Single by Ella Henderson \\& AJ Mitchell\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Music]]\\|accessdate\\=28 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=11 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111131615/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/blame\\-it\\-on\\-the\\-mistletoe\\-single/1541032483\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 19 February 2021, she released her collaboration with [Tom Grennan](/wiki/Tom_Grennan \"Tom Grennan\") titled \"[Let's Go Home Together](/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Home_Together \"Let's Go Home Together\")\", which debuted at number 28 in the UK and peaked at 10 becoming Henderson's fifth UK top 10 single. The song was originally a duet between Henderson and James Arthur, and they performed it together live on Arthur's 2017 arena tour, but due to a scheduling conflict Henderson recorded its single version with Grennan instead.{{cite web\\|last\\=Rees\\|first\\=Natalie\\|url\\=https://planetradio.co.uk/hits\\-radio/entertainment/music/james\\-arthur\\-medicine/\\|title\\=Hits Radio Breakfast chat to James Arthur about new track 'Medicine'\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hits Radio UK]]\\|date\\=5 March 2021\\|accessdate\\=31 March 2021\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330232316/https://planetradio.co.uk/hits\\-radio/entertainment/music/james\\-arthur\\-medicine/\\|archivedate\\=30 March 2021\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 20 August 2021, Henderson released the single \"Risk It All\" with House Gospel Choir and [Just Kiddin](/wiki/Just_Kiddin \"Just Kiddin\"), followed by a collaboration with the French DJ duo [Ofenbach](/wiki/Ofenbach_%28DJs%29 \"Ofenbach (DJs)\") titled \"[Hurricane](/wiki/Hurricane_%28Ofenbach_and_Ella_Henderson_song%29 \"Hurricane (Ofenbach and Ella Henderson song)\")\" the next month.{{cite web\\|last\\=Copsey\\|first\\=Rob\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-henderson\\-and\\-ofenbach\\-team\\-up\\-on\\-euphoric\\-new\\-single\\-hurricane\\-first\\-listen\\-preview\\_\\_34040/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson and Ofenbach team up on euphoric new single Hurricane: First listen preview\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]]\\|date\\=15 September 2021\\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=16 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916190826/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-henderson\\-and\\-ofenbach\\-team\\-up\\-on\\-euphoric\\-new\\-single\\-hurricane\\-first\\-listen\\-preview\\_\\_34040/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 7 January 2022, she released the single \"[Brave](/wiki/Brave_%28Ella_Henderson_song%29 \"Brave (Ella Henderson song)\")\", which preceded her second studio album, *[Everything I Didn't Say](/wiki/Everything_I_Didn%27t_Say \"Everything I Didn't Say\")*, released on 11 March 2022\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Griffith\\|first\\=George\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-henderson\\-announces\\-second\\-album\\-everything\\-i\\-didnt\\-say\\-drops\\-new\\-single\\-brave\\_\\_34909/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson announces second album Everything I Didn't Say, drops new single Brave\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]]\\|date\\=7 January 2022\\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110005924/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/ella\\-henderson\\-announces\\-second\\-album\\-everything\\-i\\-didnt\\-say\\-drops\\-new\\-single\\-brave\\_\\_34909/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} \"Brave\" reached number 42 in the UK, while *Everything I Didn't Say* debuted at number eight. In April, she collaborated with [David Guetta](/wiki/David_Guetta \"David Guetta\") and [Becky Hill](/wiki/Becky_Hill \"Becky Hill\") on the song \"[Crazy What Love Can Do](/wiki/Crazy_What_Love_Can_Do \"Crazy What Love Can Do\")\". The single charted in several countries, including the UK where it debuted in the top 20 and peaked at number five. In April 2022, Nathan Dawe released a second collaboration with Henderson titled \"[21 Reasons](/wiki/21_Reasons \"21 Reasons\")\", which reached number nine in the UK.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/nathan\\-dawe\\-on\\-new\\-single\\-21\\-reasons\\-with\\-ella\\-henderson\\-ive\\-wanted\\-to\\-make\\-this\\-record\\-forever\\_\\_36207/ \\|title\\=Nathan Dawe on new single 21 Reasons with Ella Henderson: 'I've wanted to make this record forever' \\|website\\=\\[\\[Official Charts Company]] \\|last\\=Griffiths \\|first\\=George \\|date\\=29 April 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=29 April 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429135512/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/nathan\\-dawe\\-on\\-new\\-single\\-21\\-reasons\\-with\\-ella\\-henderson\\-ive\\-wanted\\-to\\-make\\-this\\-record\\-forever\\_\\_36207/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In August 2022, Henderson featured on a duet version of [Cian Ducrot](/wiki/Cian_Ducrot \"Cian Ducrot\")'s song \"All for You\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Daly\\|first\\=Rhian\\|url\\=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/cian\\-ducrot\\-ella\\-henderson\\-all\\-for\\-us/\\|title\\=Cian Ducrot And Ella Henderson Team Up On Reimagined 'All For Us'\\|publisher\\=uDiscoverMusic\\|date\\=12 August 2022\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2022}} In September, she collaborated with British\\-German DJ duo [M\\-22](/wiki/M-22 \"M-22\") on the song \"Heartstrings\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/heartstrings\\-single/1634735740\\|title\\=Heartstrings – Single by M\\-22 \\& Ella Henderson\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Music]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2023}}",
"Later in 2022, Henderson performed at a number of UK [Pride](/wiki/Gay_Pride \"Gay Pride\") events, and was booked at UK Music and [TikTok](/wiki/TikTok \"TikTok\") showcases at the [Labour Party Conference](/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference \"Labour Party Conference\") and [Conservative Party Conference](/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party Conference (UK)\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/ella\\-henderson\\-conservative\\-party\\-conference\\-gay\\-tory\\-b1030368\\.html\\|title\\=Ella Henderson's Conservative Party Conference set sparks gay backlash\\|first\\=Tina\\|last\\=Campbell\\|date\\=5 October 2022\\|website\\=Evening Standard\\|accessdate\\=5 October 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=5 October 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005142730/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/ella\\-henderson\\-conservative\\-party\\-conference\\-gay\\-tory\\-b1030368\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Labour conference performance was subsequently cancelled due to reported illness. Henderson's appearance at the Conservative conference attracted criticism from the [LGBT Community](/wiki/LGBT_Community \"LGBT Community\"), as some felt it was incompatible with performing at Pride Events.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/10/05/ella\\-henderson\\-tory\\-party\\-conference/\\|title\\=Ella Henderson sparks furious debate after performing at Tory Party conference\\|last\\=Kelleher\\|first\\=Patrick\\|date\\=5 October 2022\\|work\\=PinkNews\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=12 October 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012000306/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/10/05/ella\\-henderson\\-tory\\-party\\-conference/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The UK Music Industry released a statement pointing out that the events were held as part of the political party conferences to highlight the importance of the UK music industry and were not an indication of political affiliation. Neither Henderson or her management team quoted the UK Music Industry statement or commented on the controversy.",
"In January 2023, Henderson collaborated with [Switch Disco](/wiki/Switch_Disco \"Switch Disco\") on the song \"[React](/wiki/React_%282023_song%29 \"React (2023 song)\")\", which became her eighth UK top\\-ten single, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/64099/switch\\-disco\\-and\\-ella\\-henderson/\\|title\\=Switch Disco \\& Ella Henderson\\|website\\=Official Charts\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2023}} The song heavily samples [Robert Miles](/wiki/Robert_Miles \"Robert Miles\")' 1995 single \"[Children](/wiki/Children_%28composition%29 \"Children (composition)\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://planetradio.co.uk/hits\\-radio/entertainment/music/best\\-remixes\\-old\\-songs/\\|title\\=Throwback songs which were sampled or remixed into huge hits\\|website\\=Planet Radio\\|last\\=Magliola\\|first\\=Anna Sky\\|date\\=28 March 2023\\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2023}} Henderson next featured on [Frank Walker](/wiki/Frank_Walker_%28musician%29 \"Frank Walker (musician)\")'s single \"I Go Dancing\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/i\\-go\\-dancing\\-feat\\-ella\\-henderson\\-single/1664247346\\|title\\=I Go Dancing (feat. Ella Henderson) – Single by Frank Walker\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Music]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2023}} In March, she released her collaboration with DJ [Regard](/wiki/Regard_%28DJ%29 \"Regard (DJ)\") titled \"No Sleep\",{{cite web\\|last\\=Griffiths\\|first\\=George\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/regard\\-literally\\-got\\-no\\-sleep\\-making\\-his\\-latest\\-banger\\-with\\-ella\\-henderson\\-when\\-you\\-know\\-you\\-know\\-dont\\-stop\\-the\\-flow\\-\\_\\_38797/\\|title\\=Regard literally got No Sleep making his latest banger with Ella Henderson: \"When you know, you know \\- don't stop the flow!\"\\|publisher\\=Official Charts Company\\|date\\=17 March 2023\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2023}} shortly followed by the song \"Like I Used To\" with [Sonny Fodera](/wiki/Sonny_Fodera \"Sonny Fodera\") and [Paul Woolford](/wiki/Paul_Woolford_%28DJ%29 \"Paul Woolford (DJ)\") in April.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/like\\-i\\-used\\-to\\-single/1680513229\\|title\\=Like I Used To – Single by Ella Henderson, Paul Woolford \\& Sonny Fodera\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Music]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2023}} In June, she released \"[0800 Heaven](/wiki/0800_Heaven \"0800 Heaven\")\" with Nathan Dawe and [Joel Corry](/wiki/Joel_Corry \"Joel Corry\"),{{cite web\\|last\\=Griffiths\\|first\\=George\\|url\\=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart\\-news/first\\-listen\\-nathan\\-dawe\\-joel\\-corry\\-ella\\-henderson\\-take\\-the\\-party\\-up\\-above\\-on\\-0800\\-heaven\\_\\_39484/\\|title\\=First Listen: Nathan Dawe, Joel Corry \\& Ella Henderson take the party up above on 0800 Heaven\\|publisher\\=Official Charts Company\\|date\\=7 June 2023\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2023}} which reached number nine in the UK. In August, she featured on Glockenbach's single \"Lifeline\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/lifeline\\-single/1698178935\\|title\\=Lifeline – Single by Glockenbach \\& Ella Henderson\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Apple Music]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2023}}",
"On 27 October 2023, Henderson released her second Christmas song with Irish singer\\-songwriter [Cian Ducrot](/wiki/Cian_Ducrot \"Cian Ducrot\") called \"Rest of Our Days\".",
"### 2024–present: Upcoming third studio album",
"In January 2024, Henderson started teasing an upcoming song titled \"Alibi\" on her [TikTok](/wiki/TikTok \"TikTok\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tiktok.com/@ellahendersonofficial/video/7319942089754610977\\|title\\=Should I drop this one?? 👀 \\#Alibi E x x \\#acapella \\#newmusic\\|via\\=\\[\\[TikTok]]\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2024}} On 10 January 2024, Henderson announced that the song would be released on 12 January 2024 and features UK [drum and bass](/wiki/Drum_and_bass \"Drum and bass\") band [Rudimental](/wiki/Rudimental \"Rudimental\").",
"On 8 March 2024, Henderson released the song \"Mamma You Were Right\". On 5 April 2024, Henderson teamed up with [Natasha Bedingfield](/wiki/Natasha_Bedingfield \"Natasha Bedingfield\") to remix \"Alibi\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://open.spotify.com/album/75bEjPHQvYKs10nNjHpTeR?si\\=IkmpOKeXQTuEMbb4aVs\\_nA\\|title\\=Ella Henderson and Natasha Bedingfield \\- Alibi \\- The Other Girl Version\\|website\\=Spotify\\|date\\=5 April 2024\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2024}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/natasha\\-bedingfield\\-joins\\-ella\\-henderson\\-100000310\\.html?guccounter\\=1\\&guce\\_referrer\\=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8\\&guce\\_referrer\\_sig\\=AQAAAM8592M20rX8pIjvLV4KkrEBJ0fI\\_O03o9\\_5Uvrc\\_UsdKb6eJLNd99iouWbsvE638aK6mEbYTSw3t8XYgmlg836ukaTM6XX4pWMvyhWWvsA\\_V68Z1ldkeVQexMDdq53FnXV30kEKitvKbKiMdvNFcoW4kOvcBpZyNbFRpU43xyXP\\|title\\=Natasha Bedingfield joins Ella Henderson on Alibi\\|website\\=Yahoo News Singapore\\|date\\=5 April 2024\\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2024}}",
"On 31 May 2024, Henderson released the song \"Under The Sun\" with Switch Disco and [Alok](/wiki/Alok_%28DJ%29 \"Alok (DJ)\").",
"On 17 September 2024, Henderson announced the song \"Filthy Rich\" as the lead single from her upcoming third studio album. The song was released on 4 October 2024 .",
""
] |
Opinion of the Court
--------------------
Justice O'Connor delivered the majority opinion. Her first task was to set out the context of the case, starting with explaining that she would assume that *[McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Corp._v._Green "McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green")*, 411 U.S. 792 (1973\), was the relevant standard for analyzing a case brought under the ADEA, because nobody had disputed that fact, even though the court had never addressed that issue before.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 142\. She also noted that they would assume that the plaintiff met his burden in laying out a *prima facie* case against the defendant, because again, nobody had disputed that contention, and ample supporting evidence had been presented.
She then turned to the next stage of the [McDonnell Douglas burden\-shifting](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_burden-shifting "McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting") framework to determine whether the defendant had then provided adequate evidence that the employment decision in question had been made for "a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason."*Ibid.*, quoting {{ussc\|name\=Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine\|link\=Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine\|volume\=450\|page\=248\|pin\=254\|year\=1981}}. That burden, too, was met, according to O'Connor's analysis.
The final prong considered in the case was whether the plaintiff had provided, after the defendant's production of evidence of a nondiscriminatory reason for the decision, proof by "a preponderance of the evidence" that the defendant's reason is merely pretext.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 144\. On this point, the court noted that most of the defendant's evidence for nondiscrimination was negated by the plaintiff at trial, and also that the Fifth Circuit agreed, but did not find this to be sufficient for a ruling in favor of Reeves.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 144\-146\. O'Connor explained that the Fifth Circuit was correct to think that the trial court *could* find in favor of the defendant if the nondiscriminatory reason was not disproven beyond a reasonable doubt, but they were mistaken in claiming that they were *compelled* to.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 146\. The reasoning is that, if an employer is shown to be untruthful about the reason for a decision, they may be inferred to have been covering up actual discrimination.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 147\.
The court stopped short of saying that a court *must* assume discrimination where a nondiscriminatory reason is shown to be false. The trier of fact may reasonably find for the employer where the plaintiff makes only a weak showing of evidence as to the untruth of the employer's defense, or where there is ample evidence of another nondiscriminatory reason that the employer did not offer.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 148\-149\.
After determining that the trial court could have found in favor of Reeves, O'Connor turned to examining the procedural questions at hand. She determined that respondent had not been entitled to a judgment as a matter of law, both because there was a question of fact to be decided by a jury in evaluating the truth of the defendant's nondiscriminatory explanation, and because the court of appeals should have reviewed the entire record in a manner favorable to the nonmoving party, which in this case was Reeves.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 151\-152\.
### Justice Ginsburg's opinion concurring
Justice Ginsburg concurred but suggested that, because the court of appeals required Reeves to produce evidence that was neither a *prima facie* case nor evidence contradicting the defendant's proffered reasons, their decision could be overturned without any broader holding.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 154 (Ginsburg, J., concurring).
She also wrote separately to note that future cases may require the court to examine exactly which circumstances may give rise to the plaintiff being required to provide further evidence. She stated that such cases will be rare, because a dishonest defendant may be assumed to have some level of culpability, based on a fundamental principle of evidence law.
|
[
"Opinion of the Court\n--------------------",
"Justice O'Connor delivered the majority opinion. Her first task was to set out the context of the case, starting with explaining that she would assume that *[McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_Corp._v._Green \"McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green\")*, 411 U.S. 792 (1973\\), was the relevant standard for analyzing a case brought under the ADEA, because nobody had disputed that fact, even though the court had never addressed that issue before.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 142\\. She also noted that they would assume that the plaintiff met his burden in laying out a *prima facie* case against the defendant, because again, nobody had disputed that contention, and ample supporting evidence had been presented.",
"She then turned to the next stage of the [McDonnell Douglas burden\\-shifting](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_burden-shifting \"McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting\") framework to determine whether the defendant had then provided adequate evidence that the employment decision in question had been made for \"a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason.\"*Ibid.*, quoting {{ussc\\|name\\=Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine\\|link\\=Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine\\|volume\\=450\\|page\\=248\\|pin\\=254\\|year\\=1981}}. That burden, too, was met, according to O'Connor's analysis.",
"The final prong considered in the case was whether the plaintiff had provided, after the defendant's production of evidence of a nondiscriminatory reason for the decision, proof by \"a preponderance of the evidence\" that the defendant's reason is merely pretext.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 144\\. On this point, the court noted that most of the defendant's evidence for nondiscrimination was negated by the plaintiff at trial, and also that the Fifth Circuit agreed, but did not find this to be sufficient for a ruling in favor of Reeves.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 144\\-146\\. O'Connor explained that the Fifth Circuit was correct to think that the trial court *could* find in favor of the defendant if the nondiscriminatory reason was not disproven beyond a reasonable doubt, but they were mistaken in claiming that they were *compelled* to.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 146\\. The reasoning is that, if an employer is shown to be untruthful about the reason for a decision, they may be inferred to have been covering up actual discrimination.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 147\\.",
"The court stopped short of saying that a court *must* assume discrimination where a nondiscriminatory reason is shown to be false. The trier of fact may reasonably find for the employer where the plaintiff makes only a weak showing of evidence as to the untruth of the employer's defense, or where there is ample evidence of another nondiscriminatory reason that the employer did not offer.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 148\\-149\\.",
"After determining that the trial court could have found in favor of Reeves, O'Connor turned to examining the procedural questions at hand. She determined that respondent had not been entitled to a judgment as a matter of law, both because there was a question of fact to be decided by a jury in evaluating the truth of the defendant's nondiscriminatory explanation, and because the court of appeals should have reviewed the entire record in a manner favorable to the nonmoving party, which in this case was Reeves.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 151\\-152\\.",
"### Justice Ginsburg's opinion concurring",
"Justice Ginsburg concurred but suggested that, because the court of appeals required Reeves to produce evidence that was neither a *prima facie* case nor evidence contradicting the defendant's proffered reasons, their decision could be overturned without any broader holding.*Reeves*, 530 U.S. at 154 (Ginsburg, J., concurring).",
"She also wrote separately to note that future cases may require the court to examine exactly which circumstances may give rise to the plaintiff being required to provide further evidence. She stated that such cases will be rare, because a dishonest defendant may be assumed to have some level of culpability, based on a fundamental principle of evidence law.",
""
] |
Synopsis
--------
### Prologue
[thumb\|Prologue (or epilogue), in the 1881 première](/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Lamy_%28%3F%29_-_Les_contes_d%27Hoffmann_by_Jacques_Offenbach%2C_prologue.jpg "Pierre-Auguste Lamy (?) - Les contes d'Hoffmann by Jacques Offenbach, prologue.jpg")
A tavern in [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg "Nuremberg"): The [Muse](/wiki/Muse "Muse") appears and reveals to the audience her purpose is to draw Hoffmann's attention, and make him abjure all other loves, so he can be devoted to her: *poetry*. She takes the appearance of Hoffmann's closest friend, Nicklausse. The [prima donna](/wiki/Prima_donna "Prima donna") Stella, performing [Mozart's](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart") *[Don Giovanni](/wiki/Don_Giovanni "Don Giovanni"),* sends a letter to Hoffmann, requesting a meeting in her dressing room after the performance. The letter and the key to the room are intercepted by Councillor Lindorf ("{{Lang\|fr\|Dans les rôles d'amoureux langoureux\|italic\=no}}" – In the languid lovers' roles), the first of the opera's incarnations of evil, Hoffmann's [nemesis](/wiki/wikt:Nemesis "Nemesis"). Lindorf intends to replace Hoffmann at the rendezvous. In the tavern, students wait for Hoffmann. He finally arrives, and entertains them with the legend of Kleinzach the dwarf ("{{Lang\|fr\|Il était une fois à la cour d'\[\[Eisenach]]\|italic\=no}}" – Once upon a time at the court of Eisenach). Lindorf coaxes Hoffmann into telling the audience about his three great loves.
### Act 1 (Olympia)
[thumb\|left\|upright\=1\.1\|The Olympia act, as staged at the 1881 première](/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Lamy_%28%3F%29_-_Les_contes_d%27Hoffmann_by_Jacques_Offenbach%2C_Olympia_act.jpg "Pierre-Auguste Lamy (?) - Les contes d'Hoffmann by Jacques Offenbach, Olympia act.jpg")
This act is based on a portion of "[Der Sandmann](/wiki/The_Sandman_%28short_story%29 "The Sandman (short story)")".
Parlor of a scientist, [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"): Hoffmann's first love is Olympia, an [automaton](/wiki/Automaton "Automaton") created by the scientist Spalanzani. Hoffmann falls in love with her, not knowing Olympia is a mechanical doll ("{{Lang\|fr\|Allons! Courage et confiance...Ah! vivre deux!\|italic\=no}}" – Come on! Courage and trust... Ah! to live together!). To warn Hoffmann, Nicklausse, possessing the truth about Olympia, sings a story of a mechanical doll with the appearance of a human, but Hoffmann ignores her ("{{Lang\|fr\|Une poupée aux yeux d'émail\|italic\=no}}" – A doll with enamel eyes). Coppélius, Olympia's co\-creator and this act's incarnation of Nemesis, sells Hoffmann magic glasses to make Olympia appear as a real woman ("{{Lang\|fr\|J'ai des yeux\|italic\=no}}" – I have eyes).
Olympia sings one of the opera's most famous [arias](/wiki/Aria "Aria"), "{{Lang\|fr\|Les oiseaux dans la charmille\|italic\=no}}" (The birds in the bower, nicknamed "The Doll Song"), during which she runs\-down and needs to be wound\-up before she can continue. Hoffmann is tricked into believing his affections are returned, to the bemusement of Nicklausse, subtly attempting to warn his friend ("{{Lang\|fr\|Voyez\-la sous son éventail\|italic\=no}}" – See her under her fan). While dancing with Olympia, Hoffmann falls on the ground and his glasses break. At the same time, Coppélius appears, tearing Olympia apart to retaliate against Spalanzani after cheating him of his fees. With the crowd ridiculing him, Hoffmann realizes he loved an automaton.
### Act 2 (Antonia)
[thumb\|Antonia and Dr. Miracle, 1881](/wiki/File:Les_contes_d%27Hoffmann_-_Antonia_act_-_Dr._Miracle_and_Antonia.png "Les contes d'Hoffmann - Antonia act - Dr. Miracle and Antonia.png")
This act is based on "{{Lang\|de\|Rath Krespel\|italic\=no}}".
Crespel's house, [Munich](/wiki/Munich "Munich"): After a long search, Hoffmann finds the house where Crespel and his daughter Antonia are hiding. Hoffmann and Antonia loved each other, but were separated after Crespel decided to hide his daughter from Hoffmann. Antonia inherited her mother's talent for singing, but her father forbids her to sing because of her mysterious illness. Antonia wishes her lover would return to her ("{{Lang\|fr\|Elle a fui, la tourterelle\|italic\=no}}" – "She fled, the dove"). Her father also forbids her to see Hoffmann, who encourages Antonia in her musical career, and therefore, endangers her without knowing it. Crespel tells Frantz, his servant, to stay with his daughter, and after Crespel leaves, Frantz sings a comical song about his talents "{{Lang\|fr\|Jour et nuit je me mets en quatre\|italic\=no}}" – "Day and night, I quarter my mind."
After Crespel leaves his house, Hoffmann takes advantage of the occasion to sneak in, and the lovers are re\-united (love duet: "{{Lang\|fr\|C'est une chanson d'amour\|italic\=no}}" – "It's a love song"). After Crespel returns, he receives a visit from Dr Miracle, the act's Nemesis, forcing Crespel to let him heal her. Eavesdropping, Hoffmann learns Antonia may die if she sings too much. He returns to her boudoir, and makes her promise to give up her artistic\-dreams. Antonia reluctantly accepts her lover's will. After she is alone, Dr Miracle enters Antonia's boudoir to persuade her to sing and follow her mother's path to glory, stating Hoffmann is sacrificing her to his brutishness, and loves her only for her beauty. With mystic powers, he raises a vision of Antonia's dead mother and induces Antonia to sing, causing her death. Crespel arrives just in time to witness his daughter's last breath. Hoffmann enters, and Crespel wants to kill him, thinking he is responsible for his daughter's death. Nicklausse saves his friend from the old man's vengeance.
### Act 3 (Giulietta)
[thumb\|upright\=1\.3\|Giuletta act, 1881](/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Lamy_%28%3F%29_-_Les_contes_d%27Hoffmann_by_Jacques_Offenbach%2C_Giulietta_act.jpg "Pierre-Auguste Lamy (?) - Les contes d'Hoffmann by Jacques Offenbach, Giulietta act.jpg")
This act is loosely\-based on *{{Lang\|de\|Die Abenteuer der Silvester\-Nacht}}* (*A New Year's Eve Adventure*).
A gallery in a palace, [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"). The act opens with the [barcarolle](/wiki/Barcarolle "Barcarolle") "{{Lang\|fr\|\[\[Belle nuit, ô nuit d'amour]]\|italic\=no}}" – "Beautiful night, oh night of love". Hoffmann falls in love with the [courtesan](/wiki/Courtesan "Courtesan") Giulietta, and thinks she returns his affections ("{{Lang\|fr\|Amis, l'amour tendre et rêveur\|italic\=no}}" – "Friends, tender and dreamy love"). Giulietta is not in love with Hoffmann, but seducing him under the orders of Captain Dapertutto, who promises her a diamond if she steals Hoffmann's reflection from a mirror ("{{Lang\|fr\|Scintille, diamant\|italic\=no}}" – "Sparkle, diamond"). The jealous Schlemil (cf. [Peter Schlemihl](/wiki/Peter_Schlemihl "Peter Schlemihl") for a literary antecedent), a previous victim of Giulietta and Dapertutto (he gave Giulietta his shadow), challenges the poet to a duel, but is killed, thanks to the magic sword Hoffmann was supplied with by Dapertutto. Nicklausse wants to take Hoffmann away from Venice, and goes looking for horses. Meanwhile, Hoffmann meets Giulietta, and cannot resist her ("{{Lang\|fr\|O Dieu! de quelle ivresse\|italic\=no}}" – "O God! of what intoxication"): he gives her his reflection, only to be abandoned by the courtesan, to Dapertutto's great pleasure.
*Note: In the original version, Hoffmann, furious at being betrayed, tries to stab Giulietta but \- blinded by Dapertutto \- mistakenly kills his dwarf Pittichinaccio; in [Richard Bonynge](/wiki/Richard_Bonynge "Richard Bonynge")'s version, Giulietta is poisoned and dies, by accidentally drinking the philter Dapertutto prepares for Nicklausse.*
### Epilogue
The tavern in Nuremberg: Hoffmann, drunk, swears he will never love again, and explains Olympia, Antonia, and Giulietta are three facets of the same person, Stella. They represent, respectively, the young girl's, the musician's, and the courtesan's side of the prima donna. After Hoffmann says he doesn't want to love any more, Nicklausse reveals she is the Muse and reclaims Hoffmann: "Be reborn a poet! I love you, Hoffmann! Be mine!" – "{{Lang\|fr\|Renaîtra un poète! Je t'aime, Hoffmann! Sois à moi!\|italic\=no}}" The magic of poetry reaches Hoffmann as he sings "{{Lang\|fr\|O Dieu! de quelle ivresse\|italic\=no}} – "O God! of what intoxication" once more, ending with "Muse, whom I love, I am yours!" – "{{Lang\|fr\|Muse que j'aime, je suis à toi!\|italic\=no}}" At this moment, Stella, tired of waiting for Hoffmann to come to her rendezvous, enters the tavern and finds him drunk. The poet tells her to leave ("Farewell, I will not follow you, phantom, spectre of the past" – "{{Lang\|fr\|Adieu, je ne vais pas vous suivre, fantôme, spectre du passé\|italic\=no}}"), and Lindorf, waiting in the shadows, comes forth. Nicklausse explains to Stella that Hoffmann does not love her anymore, but Councillor Lindorf is waiting for her. Some students enter the room for more drinking, while Stella and Lindorf leave together.
|
[
"Synopsis\n--------",
"### Prologue",
"[thumb\\|Prologue (or epilogue), in the 1881 première](/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Lamy_%28%3F%29_-_Les_contes_d%27Hoffmann_by_Jacques_Offenbach%2C_prologue.jpg \"Pierre-Auguste Lamy (?) - Les contes d'Hoffmann by Jacques Offenbach, prologue.jpg\")\nA tavern in [Nuremberg](/wiki/Nuremberg \"Nuremberg\"): The [Muse](/wiki/Muse \"Muse\") appears and reveals to the audience her purpose is to draw Hoffmann's attention, and make him abjure all other loves, so he can be devoted to her: *poetry*. She takes the appearance of Hoffmann's closest friend, Nicklausse. The [prima donna](/wiki/Prima_donna \"Prima donna\") Stella, performing [Mozart's](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart \"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\") *[Don Giovanni](/wiki/Don_Giovanni \"Don Giovanni\"),* sends a letter to Hoffmann, requesting a meeting in her dressing room after the performance. The letter and the key to the room are intercepted by Councillor Lindorf (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Dans les rôles d'amoureux langoureux\\|italic\\=no}}\" – In the languid lovers' roles), the first of the opera's incarnations of evil, Hoffmann's [nemesis](/wiki/wikt:Nemesis \"Nemesis\"). Lindorf intends to replace Hoffmann at the rendezvous. In the tavern, students wait for Hoffmann. He finally arrives, and entertains them with the legend of Kleinzach the dwarf (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Il était une fois à la cour d'\\[\\[Eisenach]]\\|italic\\=no}}\" – Once upon a time at the court of Eisenach). Lindorf coaxes Hoffmann into telling the audience about his three great loves.",
"### Act 1 (Olympia)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|The Olympia act, as staged at the 1881 première](/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Lamy_%28%3F%29_-_Les_contes_d%27Hoffmann_by_Jacques_Offenbach%2C_Olympia_act.jpg \"Pierre-Auguste Lamy (?) - Les contes d'Hoffmann by Jacques Offenbach, Olympia act.jpg\")\nThis act is based on a portion of \"[Der Sandmann](/wiki/The_Sandman_%28short_story%29 \"The Sandman (short story)\")\".",
"Parlor of a scientist, [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"): Hoffmann's first love is Olympia, an [automaton](/wiki/Automaton \"Automaton\") created by the scientist Spalanzani. Hoffmann falls in love with her, not knowing Olympia is a mechanical doll (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Allons! Courage et confiance...Ah! vivre deux!\\|italic\\=no}}\" – Come on! Courage and trust... Ah! to live together!). To warn Hoffmann, Nicklausse, possessing the truth about Olympia, sings a story of a mechanical doll with the appearance of a human, but Hoffmann ignores her (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Une poupée aux yeux d'émail\\|italic\\=no}}\" – A doll with enamel eyes). Coppélius, Olympia's co\\-creator and this act's incarnation of Nemesis, sells Hoffmann magic glasses to make Olympia appear as a real woman (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|J'ai des yeux\\|italic\\=no}}\" – I have eyes).",
"Olympia sings one of the opera's most famous [arias](/wiki/Aria \"Aria\"), \"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Les oiseaux dans la charmille\\|italic\\=no}}\" (The birds in the bower, nicknamed \"The Doll Song\"), during which she runs\\-down and needs to be wound\\-up before she can continue. Hoffmann is tricked into believing his affections are returned, to the bemusement of Nicklausse, subtly attempting to warn his friend (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Voyez\\-la sous son éventail\\|italic\\=no}}\" – See her under her fan). While dancing with Olympia, Hoffmann falls on the ground and his glasses break. At the same time, Coppélius appears, tearing Olympia apart to retaliate against Spalanzani after cheating him of his fees. With the crowd ridiculing him, Hoffmann realizes he loved an automaton.",
"### Act 2 (Antonia)",
"[thumb\\|Antonia and Dr. Miracle, 1881](/wiki/File:Les_contes_d%27Hoffmann_-_Antonia_act_-_Dr._Miracle_and_Antonia.png \"Les contes d'Hoffmann - Antonia act - Dr. Miracle and Antonia.png\")\nThis act is based on \"{{Lang\\|de\\|Rath Krespel\\|italic\\=no}}\".",
"Crespel's house, [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"): After a long search, Hoffmann finds the house where Crespel and his daughter Antonia are hiding. Hoffmann and Antonia loved each other, but were separated after Crespel decided to hide his daughter from Hoffmann. Antonia inherited her mother's talent for singing, but her father forbids her to sing because of her mysterious illness. Antonia wishes her lover would return to her (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Elle a fui, la tourterelle\\|italic\\=no}}\" – \"She fled, the dove\"). Her father also forbids her to see Hoffmann, who encourages Antonia in her musical career, and therefore, endangers her without knowing it. Crespel tells Frantz, his servant, to stay with his daughter, and after Crespel leaves, Frantz sings a comical song about his talents \"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Jour et nuit je me mets en quatre\\|italic\\=no}}\" – \"Day and night, I quarter my mind.\"",
"After Crespel leaves his house, Hoffmann takes advantage of the occasion to sneak in, and the lovers are re\\-united (love duet: \"{{Lang\\|fr\\|C'est une chanson d'amour\\|italic\\=no}}\" – \"It's a love song\"). After Crespel returns, he receives a visit from Dr Miracle, the act's Nemesis, forcing Crespel to let him heal her. Eavesdropping, Hoffmann learns Antonia may die if she sings too much. He returns to her boudoir, and makes her promise to give up her artistic\\-dreams. Antonia reluctantly accepts her lover's will. After she is alone, Dr Miracle enters Antonia's boudoir to persuade her to sing and follow her mother's path to glory, stating Hoffmann is sacrificing her to his brutishness, and loves her only for her beauty. With mystic powers, he raises a vision of Antonia's dead mother and induces Antonia to sing, causing her death. Crespel arrives just in time to witness his daughter's last breath. Hoffmann enters, and Crespel wants to kill him, thinking he is responsible for his daughter's death. Nicklausse saves his friend from the old man's vengeance.",
"### Act 3 (Giulietta)",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|Giuletta act, 1881](/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Lamy_%28%3F%29_-_Les_contes_d%27Hoffmann_by_Jacques_Offenbach%2C_Giulietta_act.jpg \"Pierre-Auguste Lamy (?) - Les contes d'Hoffmann by Jacques Offenbach, Giulietta act.jpg\")",
"This act is loosely\\-based on *{{Lang\\|de\\|Die Abenteuer der Silvester\\-Nacht}}* (*A New Year's Eve Adventure*).",
"A gallery in a palace, [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"). The act opens with the [barcarolle](/wiki/Barcarolle \"Barcarolle\") \"{{Lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Belle nuit, ô nuit d'amour]]\\|italic\\=no}}\" – \"Beautiful night, oh night of love\". Hoffmann falls in love with the [courtesan](/wiki/Courtesan \"Courtesan\") Giulietta, and thinks she returns his affections (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Amis, l'amour tendre et rêveur\\|italic\\=no}}\" – \"Friends, tender and dreamy love\"). Giulietta is not in love with Hoffmann, but seducing him under the orders of Captain Dapertutto, who promises her a diamond if she steals Hoffmann's reflection from a mirror (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Scintille, diamant\\|italic\\=no}}\" – \"Sparkle, diamond\"). The jealous Schlemil (cf. [Peter Schlemihl](/wiki/Peter_Schlemihl \"Peter Schlemihl\") for a literary antecedent), a previous victim of Giulietta and Dapertutto (he gave Giulietta his shadow), challenges the poet to a duel, but is killed, thanks to the magic sword Hoffmann was supplied with by Dapertutto. Nicklausse wants to take Hoffmann away from Venice, and goes looking for horses. Meanwhile, Hoffmann meets Giulietta, and cannot resist her (\"{{Lang\\|fr\\|O Dieu! de quelle ivresse\\|italic\\=no}}\" – \"O God! of what intoxication\"): he gives her his reflection, only to be abandoned by the courtesan, to Dapertutto's great pleasure.",
"*Note: In the original version, Hoffmann, furious at being betrayed, tries to stab Giulietta but \\- blinded by Dapertutto \\- mistakenly kills his dwarf Pittichinaccio; in [Richard Bonynge](/wiki/Richard_Bonynge \"Richard Bonynge\")'s version, Giulietta is poisoned and dies, by accidentally drinking the philter Dapertutto prepares for Nicklausse.*",
"### Epilogue",
"The tavern in Nuremberg: Hoffmann, drunk, swears he will never love again, and explains Olympia, Antonia, and Giulietta are three facets of the same person, Stella. They represent, respectively, the young girl's, the musician's, and the courtesan's side of the prima donna. After Hoffmann says he doesn't want to love any more, Nicklausse reveals she is the Muse and reclaims Hoffmann: \"Be reborn a poet! I love you, Hoffmann! Be mine!\" – \"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Renaîtra un poète! Je t'aime, Hoffmann! Sois à moi!\\|italic\\=no}}\" The magic of poetry reaches Hoffmann as he sings \"{{Lang\\|fr\\|O Dieu! de quelle ivresse\\|italic\\=no}} – \"O God! of what intoxication\" once more, ending with \"Muse, whom I love, I am yours!\" – \"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Muse que j'aime, je suis à toi!\\|italic\\=no}}\" At this moment, Stella, tired of waiting for Hoffmann to come to her rendezvous, enters the tavern and finds him drunk. The poet tells her to leave (\"Farewell, I will not follow you, phantom, spectre of the past\" – \"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Adieu, je ne vais pas vous suivre, fantôme, spectre du passé\\|italic\\=no}}\"), and Lindorf, waiting in the shadows, comes forth. Nicklausse explains to Stella that Hoffmann does not love her anymore, but Councillor Lindorf is waiting for her. Some students enter the room for more drinking, while Stella and Lindorf leave together.",
""
] |
Editions
--------
[thumb\|Oil painting of [E. T. A. Hoffmann](/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann "E. T. A. Hoffmann") (1776–1822\)](/wiki/File:E._T._A._Hoffmann%2C_autorretrato.jpg "E. T. A. Hoffmann, autorretrato.jpg")
Offenbach died four months before the premiere, having completed the piano score and some orchestration.[Lamb, Andrew](/wiki/Andrew_Lamb_%28writer%29 "Andrew Lamb (writer)") "Contes d'Hoffmann, Les". In: *[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera "The New Grove Dictionary of Opera")*, Macmillan, London and New York, 1997, p.923\-925\. As a result of this and the practical demands of the Opéra\-Comique director, different editions of the opera emerged, some bearing little resemblance to his conception, with cuts or the addition of music he did not sketch or compose. The version performed at the opera's premiere was by [Ernest Guiraud](/wiki/Ernest_Guiraud "Ernest Guiraud"), after completing Offenbach's scoring, but without the Giulietta act, some of its music being moved to the Antonia act and epilogue. [Choudens](/wiki/Antony_Choudens "Antony Choudens") published at least four divergent scores of the opera in 1881 and 1882\. At the Opéra\-Comique in Paris dialogue between musical numbers would be spoken; for productions outside France he would have composed recitatives to replace it.
The work was the object of considerable further rewriting for a 1904 production in Monte Carlo by the theatre director [Raoul Gunsbourg](/wiki/Raoul_Gunsbourg "Raoul Gunsbourg") and [André Bloch](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bloch_%28composer%29 "André Bloch (composer)") with new words by Barbier's son Pierre. The air "{{Lang\|fr\|Scintille, diamant\|italic\=no}}", based on a theme from the overture to Offenbach's *[A Journey to the Moon](/wiki/Le_voyage_dans_la_lune_%28operetta%29 "Le voyage dans la lune (operetta)")* was added for Dapertutto, and a sextet (sometimes called septet, counting the chorus) containing elements of the barcarolle, to make a climax to the final scene. Much of this was reproduced in 1907 by Choudens in performance materials, which also gave Dapertutto's original air to Coppélius and added a passage where Hoffmann realizes that he has lost his reflection. This edition held sway for many years around the world, while the practice arose of assigning the soprano roles to different singers, a basic denial of the dramatic unity of the work. Offenbach intended the four soprano roles be taken by the same singer, for Olympia, Giulietta, and Antonia are three facets of Stella, Hoffmann's unreachable love. Similarly, the four villains (Lindorf, Coppélius, Miracle, and Dapertutto) would be the same [bass\-baritone](/wiki/Bass-baritone "Bass-baritone"), as they all represents the evil forces against which he is pitted.
There were a few attempts to return to Offenbach's original intentions, including a “pioneering version” by the conductor Arthur Hammond for the [Carl Rosa Opera Company](/wiki/Carl_Rosa_Opera_Company "Carl Rosa Opera Company")Antonio de Almeida. 'Hoffmann' \- The Original (?) Version. *[Opera](/wiki/Opera_%28British_magazine%29 "Opera (British magazine)")*, December 1980, Vol.31 No.12, p.1169\-1172\. in 1952\.Downes, Edward. 'The Tales of Hoffmann' (i) The Origianl Version. Opera, October 1954, Vol.5, No.10, p.589\-593 [Richard Bonynge](/wiki/Richard_Bonynge "Richard Bonynge") tried to revert to Offenbach's conception for his 1971 complete recording, despite the major lack of source material at that time.
Since the 1970s new performing editions appeared, particularly after the discovery of manuscript sources by conductor [Antonio de Almeida](/wiki/Antonio_de_Almeida_%28conductor%29 "Antonio de Almeida (conductor)"), used in editions by [Fritz Oeser](/wiki/Fritz_Oeser "Fritz Oeser") in 1976 and Michael Kaye in 1988\. While compiling a thematic catalogue of Offenbach's works, de Almeida went to the house in [Saint\-Mandé](/wiki/Saint-Mand%C3%A9 "Saint-Mandé") of the heir of one of the composer's daughters, containing Offenbach's piano, and discovered a folder containing the manuscript parts (in the hand of Offenbach's copyists, but with autograph annotations), including those used in May 1879\. The 1,250 manuscript\-page find comprised parts of autograph vocal score, fragments of libretto and the Venice act orchestrated by Guiraud.{{rp\|90\-91}} de Almeida considered the main improvement was “the emergence of Nicklausse/Muse as the most important character after the title\-role” giving meaning to the overall narrative and the Muse–Hoffmann relationship. “When the Muse at the end sings to Hoffmann that it is to her he has to turn, the main thread of the work is made clear”. This version also allowed Act 1 (Olympia) to flow directly from the Prologue (so the minuet is reserved for the entrance of the guests later); there is also a seamless transition from Act 3 (Giulietta) into the Epilogue. French Offenbach scholar [Jean\-Christophe Keck](/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Keck "Jean-Christophe Keck") comments that Oeser in fact reorchestrated around three\-quarters of the score, introducing new instruments, adding more from *[Die Rheinnixen](/wiki/Die_Rheinnixen "Die Rheinnixen")* and added back cuts made by the composer. The Oeser version was given in full for the first time in [Reims](/wiki/Reims_Opera_House "Reims Opera House") in 1983 and recorded by EMI in 1988\.
In 1984 a London auction sold manuscripts of 300 pages found at the Château de Cormatin, which had belonged to Gunsbourg, consisting of virtually all the cuts from the initial rehearsal period. American researcher Michael Kaye learnt about these and set about making his own edition of 1992 (first performed on stage at the [Los Angeles Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera "Los Angeles Opera") in 1988\), but, then, additional authentic music was found, and published in 1999\.Michael Kaye. The true 'Hoffmann' \- Michael Kaye introduces his edition. *Opera*, Vol.49 No.2, February 1998, p155\-164\. In 2011 a critical joint edition ('Kaye\-Keck') was released reflecting and reconciling the research of recent decades and productions drawing on this edition (including prior to its publication) have been premiered from 1988 (US), followed by France (1993\), Germany (1995\), UK (1998\), China (2005\) and Russia (2011\).Les Contes d‘Hoffmann. Jacques Offenbach’s “The Tales of Hoffmann” \- The genesis of the work and new critical edition from the Offenbach experts Michael Kaye and Jean\-Christophe Keck. Schott Music GmbH \& Co. KG · Mainz, 2013\.
A version including the authentic music by Offenbach was reconstructed by the Offenbach scholar Jean\-Christophe Keck. A performance of this version was produced at the [Lausanne Opera](/wiki/Lausanne_Opera "Lausanne Opera") (Switzerland).{{cite book\|first\= Mary\|last\= Dibbern\|title\=''The Tales of Hoffmann'': A Performance Guide\|year\= 2002\|series\= Vox musicae series, no. 5\|location\= Hillsdale, New York\|publisher\= Pendragon Press\|isbn\= 9781576470336\|oclc\= 45223614}} In early 2016, Jean\-Christophe Keck announced that he had traced and identified the full manuscript of the Prologue and the Olympia act, with vocal lines by Offenbach and instrumentation by Guiraud. The Antonia act and epilogue are in the [Bibliothèque nationale de France](/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France "Bibliothèque nationale de France"), while the Giulietta act is in Offenbach family archives.Coulisses: Pluie d'autographes. News item in *[Diapason](/wiki/Diapason_%28magazine%29 "Diapason (magazine)")* No. 645, April 2016, p. 12\.
Writing in 1997, Andrew Lamb observed that “the original order of acts, a single soprano heroine and single baritone vilain, identification of Nicklause with the Muse” as well as removal of accretions by Barbier and Bloch “give a faithful representation of Offenbach's conception".
|
[
"Editions\n--------",
"[thumb\\|Oil painting of [E. T. A. Hoffmann](/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann \"E. T. A. Hoffmann\") (1776–1822\\)](/wiki/File:E._T._A._Hoffmann%2C_autorretrato.jpg \"E. T. A. Hoffmann, autorretrato.jpg\")\nOffenbach died four months before the premiere, having completed the piano score and some orchestration.[Lamb, Andrew](/wiki/Andrew_Lamb_%28writer%29 \"Andrew Lamb (writer)\") \"Contes d'Hoffmann, Les\". In: *[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera \"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera\")*, Macmillan, London and New York, 1997, p.923\\-925\\. As a result of this and the practical demands of the Opéra\\-Comique director, different editions of the opera emerged, some bearing little resemblance to his conception, with cuts or the addition of music he did not sketch or compose. The version performed at the opera's premiere was by [Ernest Guiraud](/wiki/Ernest_Guiraud \"Ernest Guiraud\"), after completing Offenbach's scoring, but without the Giulietta act, some of its music being moved to the Antonia act and epilogue. [Choudens](/wiki/Antony_Choudens \"Antony Choudens\") published at least four divergent scores of the opera in 1881 and 1882\\. At the Opéra\\-Comique in Paris dialogue between musical numbers would be spoken; for productions outside France he would have composed recitatives to replace it.",
"The work was the object of considerable further rewriting for a 1904 production in Monte Carlo by the theatre director [Raoul Gunsbourg](/wiki/Raoul_Gunsbourg \"Raoul Gunsbourg\") and [André Bloch](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bloch_%28composer%29 \"André Bloch (composer)\") with new words by Barbier's son Pierre. The air \"{{Lang\\|fr\\|Scintille, diamant\\|italic\\=no}}\", based on a theme from the overture to Offenbach's *[A Journey to the Moon](/wiki/Le_voyage_dans_la_lune_%28operetta%29 \"Le voyage dans la lune (operetta)\")* was added for Dapertutto, and a sextet (sometimes called septet, counting the chorus) containing elements of the barcarolle, to make a climax to the final scene. Much of this was reproduced in 1907 by Choudens in performance materials, which also gave Dapertutto's original air to Coppélius and added a passage where Hoffmann realizes that he has lost his reflection. This edition held sway for many years around the world, while the practice arose of assigning the soprano roles to different singers, a basic denial of the dramatic unity of the work. Offenbach intended the four soprano roles be taken by the same singer, for Olympia, Giulietta, and Antonia are three facets of Stella, Hoffmann's unreachable love. Similarly, the four villains (Lindorf, Coppélius, Miracle, and Dapertutto) would be the same [bass\\-baritone](/wiki/Bass-baritone \"Bass-baritone\"), as they all represents the evil forces against which he is pitted.\nThere were a few attempts to return to Offenbach's original intentions, including a “pioneering version” by the conductor Arthur Hammond for the [Carl Rosa Opera Company](/wiki/Carl_Rosa_Opera_Company \"Carl Rosa Opera Company\")Antonio de Almeida. 'Hoffmann' \\- The Original (?) Version. *[Opera](/wiki/Opera_%28British_magazine%29 \"Opera (British magazine)\")*, December 1980, Vol.31 No.12, p.1169\\-1172\\. in 1952\\.Downes, Edward. 'The Tales of Hoffmann' (i) The Origianl Version. Opera, October 1954, Vol.5, No.10, p.589\\-593 [Richard Bonynge](/wiki/Richard_Bonynge \"Richard Bonynge\") tried to revert to Offenbach's conception for his 1971 complete recording, despite the major lack of source material at that time.",
"Since the 1970s new performing editions appeared, particularly after the discovery of manuscript sources by conductor [Antonio de Almeida](/wiki/Antonio_de_Almeida_%28conductor%29 \"Antonio de Almeida (conductor)\"), used in editions by [Fritz Oeser](/wiki/Fritz_Oeser \"Fritz Oeser\") in 1976 and Michael Kaye in 1988\\. While compiling a thematic catalogue of Offenbach's works, de Almeida went to the house in [Saint\\-Mandé](/wiki/Saint-Mand%C3%A9 \"Saint-Mandé\") of the heir of one of the composer's daughters, containing Offenbach's piano, and discovered a folder containing the manuscript parts (in the hand of Offenbach's copyists, but with autograph annotations), including those used in May 1879\\. The 1,250 manuscript\\-page find comprised parts of autograph vocal score, fragments of libretto and the Venice act orchestrated by Guiraud.{{rp\\|90\\-91}} de Almeida considered the main improvement was “the emergence of Nicklausse/Muse as the most important character after the title\\-role” giving meaning to the overall narrative and the Muse–Hoffmann relationship. “When the Muse at the end sings to Hoffmann that it is to her he has to turn, the main thread of the work is made clear”. This version also allowed Act 1 (Olympia) to flow directly from the Prologue (so the minuet is reserved for the entrance of the guests later); there is also a seamless transition from Act 3 (Giulietta) into the Epilogue. French Offenbach scholar [Jean\\-Christophe Keck](/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Keck \"Jean-Christophe Keck\") comments that Oeser in fact reorchestrated around three\\-quarters of the score, introducing new instruments, adding more from *[Die Rheinnixen](/wiki/Die_Rheinnixen \"Die Rheinnixen\")* and added back cuts made by the composer. The Oeser version was given in full for the first time in [Reims](/wiki/Reims_Opera_House \"Reims Opera House\") in 1983 and recorded by EMI in 1988\\.",
"In 1984 a London auction sold manuscripts of 300 pages found at the Château de Cormatin, which had belonged to Gunsbourg, consisting of virtually all the cuts from the initial rehearsal period. American researcher Michael Kaye learnt about these and set about making his own edition of 1992 (first performed on stage at the [Los Angeles Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera \"Los Angeles Opera\") in 1988\\), but, then, additional authentic music was found, and published in 1999\\.Michael Kaye. The true 'Hoffmann' \\- Michael Kaye introduces his edition. *Opera*, Vol.49 No.2, February 1998, p155\\-164\\. In 2011 a critical joint edition ('Kaye\\-Keck') was released reflecting and reconciling the research of recent decades and productions drawing on this edition (including prior to its publication) have been premiered from 1988 (US), followed by France (1993\\), Germany (1995\\), UK (1998\\), China (2005\\) and Russia (2011\\).Les Contes d‘Hoffmann. Jacques Offenbach’s “The Tales of Hoffmann” \\- The genesis of the work and new critical edition from the Offenbach experts Michael Kaye and Jean\\-Christophe Keck. Schott Music GmbH \\& Co. KG · Mainz, 2013\\.",
"A version including the authentic music by Offenbach was reconstructed by the Offenbach scholar Jean\\-Christophe Keck. A performance of this version was produced at the [Lausanne Opera](/wiki/Lausanne_Opera \"Lausanne Opera\") (Switzerland).{{cite book\\|first\\= Mary\\|last\\= Dibbern\\|title\\=''The Tales of Hoffmann'': A Performance Guide\\|year\\= 2002\\|series\\= Vox musicae series, no. 5\\|location\\= Hillsdale, New York\\|publisher\\= Pendragon Press\\|isbn\\= 9781576470336\\|oclc\\= 45223614}} In early 2016, Jean\\-Christophe Keck announced that he had traced and identified the full manuscript of the Prologue and the Olympia act, with vocal lines by Offenbach and instrumentation by Guiraud. The Antonia act and epilogue are in the [Bibliothèque nationale de France](/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France \"Bibliothèque nationale de France\"), while the Giulietta act is in Offenbach family archives.Coulisses: Pluie d'autographes. News item in *[Diapason](/wiki/Diapason_%28magazine%29 \"Diapason (magazine)\")* No. 645, April 2016, p. 12\\.",
"Writing in 1997, Andrew Lamb observed that “the original order of acts, a single soprano heroine and single baritone vilain, identification of Nicklause with the Muse” as well as removal of accretions by Barbier and Bloch “give a faithful representation of Offenbach's conception\".",
""
] |
Life
----
Born in [Wels](/wiki/Wels "Wels"), Wigelbeyer completed singing school, piano and violin in his hometown and at the Linz [Bruckner Conservatory](/wiki/Anton_Bruckner_Privatuniversit%C3%A4t "Anton Bruckner Privatuniversität") within the framework of the Upper Austrian promotion of young talent. This was followed by teacher training in music education and instrumental music education with a focus on singing and choral conducting, as well as three years of solo singing training at the [University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna](/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Vienna "University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna"), in addition to which he completed [master classes](/wiki/Master_class "Master class") and private lessons. In 1998, in his diploma thesis, he portrayed [Ernst Ludwig Leitner](/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Leitner "Ernst Ludwig Leitner"), also born in Wels.Christoph Wigelbeyer: *Ernst Ludwig Leitner. A Portrait.* Diploma Thesis in Music History, University of Music Vienna, 1998\. A year later, he also wrote an essay about Leitner in the *[Österreichische Musikzeitschrift](/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Musikzeitschrift "Österreichische Musikzeitschrift")*.Christoph Wigelbeyer: [Ernst Ludwig Leitner: *So weiß wie Schnee, so rot wie Blut.*](https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/omz.1999.54.issue-7-8/omz.1999.54.78.40/omz.1999.54.78.40.xml?format=INT){{Dead link\|date\=December 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In *Österreichische Musikzeitschrift*, vol. 54, fascicule 7–8, 1999, {{pp.\|40\|41}}.
He sang, among others, in the [Wiener Kammerchor](/wiki/Wiener_Kammerchor "Wiener Kammerchor") and the [Wiener Singverein](/wiki/Wiener_Singverein "Wiener Singverein") (directed by {{Ill\|Johannes Prinz\|de}}) and in the Vocal Ensemble Company of Music (conducted by {{Ill\|Johannes Hiemetsberger\|de}}).*[Christoph Wigelbeyer.](http://www.neuewienerstimmen.at/wp-content/cv/cv_wigelbeyer.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193526/http://www.neuewienerstimmen.at/wp\-content/cv/cv\_wigelbeyer.pdf \|date\=2018\-01\-16 }}* Neue Wiener Stimmen; retrieved 3 September 2021\. On piano, he can be heard on [Nancy Van de Vate](/wiki/Nancy_Van_de_Vate "Nancy Van de Vate")'s 1998 album *Vol. IV* together with [Elke Eckerstorfer](/wiki/Elke_Eckerstorfer "Elke Eckerstorfer") and Sybille Bouda, among others, with the piece *Contrasts for two Pianos, six Hands* (1984\).*[Chamber Music, Vol. IV.](https://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/multiple/chamber_music__vol__iv/)* at [Rate Your Music](/wiki/Rate_Your_Music "Rate Your Music").*William Thornton.* In *Pan Pipes. Sigma Alpha Iota Quarterly*, volumes 87\-88, Wayside Press, 1994, {{p.\|43}}. ({{Google book\|BookID\=3I8JAQAAMAAJ\|page\=43\|highlight\="European premieres include Contrasts for two pianos, six hands, in Vienna with Sybilla Bouda, Elke Eckerstorfer, and Christoph Wigelbeyer June 1995"}}) With Eckerstorfer, he also played the *Little Suite for twenty fingers op. 61b* by [Iván Eröd](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Er%C3%B6d "Iván Eröd") on a CD published in 1997 by the Department of Music Pedagogy at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna.*Recordings of individual works by Iván Eröd.* In Discography. Iván Eröd; retrieved 3 September 2021\.
From 2006 to 2008, Wigelbeyer was a member of the [Mainstream](/wiki/Mainstreet_%28ensemble%29 "Mainstreet (ensemble)") vocal ensemble and was, among other things, at the farewell concert on 21 December 2008 at the {{Ill\|Wiener Metropol\|de}}. Part of the ensemble.*[The Mainstreet Time](http://willidussmann.at/mainstreet-zeit/)*, Willi Dussmann; retrieved 3 September 2021\. In 2010, he founded the youth choir pro.vocant, which he directed until 2013\.
Since mid\-2013, Wigelbeyer has directed the youth choir {{Ill\|Neue Wiener Stimmen\|de}}, founded by Johannes Hiemetsberger and Jürgen Partaj, with around 80 singers, which is a project of the {{Ill\|Musikalische Jugend Österreichs\|de}}. Together with Hiemetsberger, he was previously responsible for the choral rehearsal on the occasion of the accompaniment of the spring 2013 programme of the {{Ill\|Schweizer Jugendsinfonieorchester\|de}} by the "Neue Wiener Stimmen".*[SJSO Swiss Youth Symphony Orchestra \- Spring 2013 tour with concerts abroad.](https://www.presseportal.ch/de/pm/100000128/100736693)* Press release of the Swiss Youth Symphony Orchestra on presseportal.ch, 24 April 2013\. The Neue Wiener Stimmen also performed, among others, at the film music festival *[Hollywood in Vienna](/wiki/Hollywood_in_Vienna "Hollywood in Vienna")* from 2012 to 2016Jelena Pantić: *["Suffering is the same everywhere, no matter if you believe in God or Allah."](http://www.dasbiber.at/blog/das-leid-ist-ueberall-das-gleiche-egal-ob-du-gott-glaubst-oder-allah)* (with an excerpt from Julia Ritter's interview with the choirmaster of the Neue Wiener Stimmen, Christoph Wigelbeyer); In *[Biber](/wiki/Biber_%28magazine%29 "Biber (magazine)")* 11/17, 23 December 2017\. and, under Wigelbeyer's and Jürgen Partaj's direction, were awarded the title of Choir of the Year 2016 at the {{Ill\|Chorforum Wien\|de}} in January 2017 with the programme "Austria: great daughters, great sons!"Wolfgang Steiger: *[Neue Wiener Stimmen \- Choir of the Year 2016!](http://www.neuewienerstimmen.at/2017/01/26/neue-wiener-stimmen-chor-des-jahres-2016/)* Neue Wiener Stimmen, 26 January 2017\. Other projects of the choir under Wigelbeyer's direction include performances at the opening of Vienna's [Life Ball](/wiki/Life_Ball "Life Ball") (2014 and 2015\), at the Milan [Expo 2015](/wiki/Expo_2015 "Expo 2015"), at the opening of the 2016 [Carinthischer Sommer](/wiki/Carinthischer_Sommer "Carinthischer Sommer") and at the [Liszt Festival](/wiki/Liszthaus_Raiding "Liszthaus Raiding") 2017 in [Raiding](/wiki/Raiding%2C_Austria "Raiding, Austria").Neue Wiener Stimmen: *[Termine im Überblick](http://www.neuewienerstimmen.at/termine-im-ueberblick/)*; retrieved 3 September 2021\.
Wigelbeyer is a full\-time teacher and choir director at the {{Ill\|Bundesgymnasium und Bundesrealgymnasium Wien III\|de}}. Under his direction, the upper school choir received the rating "very good" at the 2007 {{Ill\|Bundesjugendsingen\|de}} and was subsequently allowed to participate in the performance of the compulsory piece at the final concert in the {{Ill\|Festspielhaus Bregenz\|de}}, a cantata composed especially for the occasion by [Herwig Reiter](/wiki/Herwig_Reiter "Herwig Reiter").*Great success for the HIB upper school choir.* In *Art and Skill.* BG \& BRG Wien 3 (HIB) Boerhaavegasse.
He is also a lecturer at the Institute for Music Education Research, Music Didactics and Elementary Music Making at the University of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Born in [Wels](/wiki/Wels \"Wels\"), Wigelbeyer completed singing school, piano and violin in his hometown and at the Linz [Bruckner Conservatory](/wiki/Anton_Bruckner_Privatuniversit%C3%A4t \"Anton Bruckner Privatuniversität\") within the framework of the Upper Austrian promotion of young talent. This was followed by teacher training in music education and instrumental music education with a focus on singing and choral conducting, as well as three years of solo singing training at the [University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna](/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Vienna \"University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna\"), in addition to which he completed [master classes](/wiki/Master_class \"Master class\") and private lessons. In 1998, in his diploma thesis, he portrayed [Ernst Ludwig Leitner](/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Leitner \"Ernst Ludwig Leitner\"), also born in Wels.Christoph Wigelbeyer: *Ernst Ludwig Leitner. A Portrait.* Diploma Thesis in Music History, University of Music Vienna, 1998\\. A year later, he also wrote an essay about Leitner in the *[Österreichische Musikzeitschrift](/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Musikzeitschrift \"Österreichische Musikzeitschrift\")*.Christoph Wigelbeyer: [Ernst Ludwig Leitner: *So weiß wie Schnee, so rot wie Blut.*](https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/omz.1999.54.issue-7-8/omz.1999.54.78.40/omz.1999.54.78.40.xml?format=INT){{Dead link\\|date\\=December 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} In *Österreichische Musikzeitschrift*, vol. 54, fascicule 7–8, 1999, {{pp.\\|40\\|41}}.",
"He sang, among others, in the [Wiener Kammerchor](/wiki/Wiener_Kammerchor \"Wiener Kammerchor\") and the [Wiener Singverein](/wiki/Wiener_Singverein \"Wiener Singverein\") (directed by {{Ill\\|Johannes Prinz\\|de}}) and in the Vocal Ensemble Company of Music (conducted by {{Ill\\|Johannes Hiemetsberger\\|de}}).*[Christoph Wigelbeyer.](http://www.neuewienerstimmen.at/wp-content/cv/cv_wigelbeyer.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193526/http://www.neuewienerstimmen.at/wp\\-content/cv/cv\\_wigelbeyer.pdf \\|date\\=2018\\-01\\-16 }}* Neue Wiener Stimmen; retrieved 3 September 2021\\. On piano, he can be heard on [Nancy Van de Vate](/wiki/Nancy_Van_de_Vate \"Nancy Van de Vate\")'s 1998 album *Vol. IV* together with [Elke Eckerstorfer](/wiki/Elke_Eckerstorfer \"Elke Eckerstorfer\") and Sybille Bouda, among others, with the piece *Contrasts for two Pianos, six Hands* (1984\\).*[Chamber Music, Vol. IV.](https://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/multiple/chamber_music__vol__iv/)* at [Rate Your Music](/wiki/Rate_Your_Music \"Rate Your Music\").*William Thornton.* In *Pan Pipes. Sigma Alpha Iota Quarterly*, volumes 87\\-88, Wayside Press, 1994, {{p.\\|43}}. ({{Google book\\|BookID\\=3I8JAQAAMAAJ\\|page\\=43\\|highlight\\=\"European premieres include Contrasts for two pianos, six hands, in Vienna with Sybilla Bouda, Elke Eckerstorfer, and Christoph Wigelbeyer June 1995\"}}) With Eckerstorfer, he also played the *Little Suite for twenty fingers op. 61b* by [Iván Eröd](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Er%C3%B6d \"Iván Eröd\") on a CD published in 1997 by the Department of Music Pedagogy at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna.*Recordings of individual works by Iván Eröd.* In Discography. Iván Eröd; retrieved 3 September 2021\\.",
"From 2006 to 2008, Wigelbeyer was a member of the [Mainstream](/wiki/Mainstreet_%28ensemble%29 \"Mainstreet (ensemble)\") vocal ensemble and was, among other things, at the farewell concert on 21 December 2008 at the {{Ill\\|Wiener Metropol\\|de}}. Part of the ensemble.*[The Mainstreet Time](http://willidussmann.at/mainstreet-zeit/)*, Willi Dussmann; retrieved 3 September 2021\\. In 2010, he founded the youth choir pro.vocant, which he directed until 2013\\.",
"Since mid\\-2013, Wigelbeyer has directed the youth choir {{Ill\\|Neue Wiener Stimmen\\|de}}, founded by Johannes Hiemetsberger and Jürgen Partaj, with around 80 singers, which is a project of the {{Ill\\|Musikalische Jugend Österreichs\\|de}}. Together with Hiemetsberger, he was previously responsible for the choral rehearsal on the occasion of the accompaniment of the spring 2013 programme of the {{Ill\\|Schweizer Jugendsinfonieorchester\\|de}} by the \"Neue Wiener Stimmen\".*[SJSO Swiss Youth Symphony Orchestra \\- Spring 2013 tour with concerts abroad.](https://www.presseportal.ch/de/pm/100000128/100736693)* Press release of the Swiss Youth Symphony Orchestra on presseportal.ch, 24 April 2013\\. The Neue Wiener Stimmen also performed, among others, at the film music festival *[Hollywood in Vienna](/wiki/Hollywood_in_Vienna \"Hollywood in Vienna\")* from 2012 to 2016Jelena Pantić: *[\"Suffering is the same everywhere, no matter if you believe in God or Allah.\"](http://www.dasbiber.at/blog/das-leid-ist-ueberall-das-gleiche-egal-ob-du-gott-glaubst-oder-allah)* (with an excerpt from Julia Ritter's interview with the choirmaster of the Neue Wiener Stimmen, Christoph Wigelbeyer); In *[Biber](/wiki/Biber_%28magazine%29 \"Biber (magazine)\")* 11/17, 23 December 2017\\. and, under Wigelbeyer's and Jürgen Partaj's direction, were awarded the title of Choir of the Year 2016 at the {{Ill\\|Chorforum Wien\\|de}} in January 2017 with the programme \"Austria: great daughters, great sons!\"Wolfgang Steiger: *[Neue Wiener Stimmen \\- Choir of the Year 2016!](http://www.neuewienerstimmen.at/2017/01/26/neue-wiener-stimmen-chor-des-jahres-2016/)* Neue Wiener Stimmen, 26 January 2017\\. Other projects of the choir under Wigelbeyer's direction include performances at the opening of Vienna's [Life Ball](/wiki/Life_Ball \"Life Ball\") (2014 and 2015\\), at the Milan [Expo 2015](/wiki/Expo_2015 \"Expo 2015\"), at the opening of the 2016 [Carinthischer Sommer](/wiki/Carinthischer_Sommer \"Carinthischer Sommer\") and at the [Liszt Festival](/wiki/Liszthaus_Raiding \"Liszthaus Raiding\") 2017 in [Raiding](/wiki/Raiding%2C_Austria \"Raiding, Austria\").Neue Wiener Stimmen: *[Termine im Überblick](http://www.neuewienerstimmen.at/termine-im-ueberblick/)*; retrieved 3 September 2021\\.",
"Wigelbeyer is a full\\-time teacher and choir director at the {{Ill\\|Bundesgymnasium und Bundesrealgymnasium Wien III\\|de}}. Under his direction, the upper school choir received the rating \"very good\" at the 2007 {{Ill\\|Bundesjugendsingen\\|de}} and was subsequently allowed to participate in the performance of the compulsory piece at the final concert in the {{Ill\\|Festspielhaus Bregenz\\|de}}, a cantata composed especially for the occasion by [Herwig Reiter](/wiki/Herwig_Reiter \"Herwig Reiter\").*Great success for the HIB upper school choir.* In *Art and Skill.* BG \\& BRG Wien 3 (HIB) Boerhaavegasse.",
"He is also a lecturer at the Institute for Music Education Research, Music Didactics and Elementary Music Making at the University of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna.",
""
] |
Basics
------
### Mergers
In a [merger](/wiki/Merger "Merger"), one company, the acquirer, makes an offer to purchase the shares of another company, the target. As compensation, the target will receive cash at a specified price, the acquirer's stock at specified ratio, or a combination of the two.
In a [cash merger](/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions%23Cash "Mergers and acquisitions#Cash"), the acquirer offers to purchase the shares of the target for a certain price in cash. The target's stock price will most likely increase when the acquirer makes the offer, but the stock price will remain below the offer value. In some cases, the target's stock price will increase to a level above the offer price. This would indicate that investors expect that a higher bid could be coming for the target, either from the acquirer or from a third party.{{cite web\|last1\=Demeter\|first1\=Michael\|title\=Merger (Risk) Arbitrage Strategy\|url\=http://www.aima.org/filemanager/root/site\_assets/canada/publications/strategy\_paper\_\-\_merger\_arbitrage.pdf}} To initiate a position, the arbitrageur will buy the target's stock. The arbitrageur makes a profit when the target's stock price approaches the offer price, which will occur when the likelihood of deal consummation increases. The target's stock price will be equal to the offer price upon deal completion.
In a [stock merger](/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions%23Stock "Mergers and acquisitions#Stock"), the acquirer offers to purchase the target by exchanging its own stock for the target's stock at a specified ratio. To initiate a position, the arbitrageur will buy the target's stock and [short sell](/wiki/Short_selling "Short selling") the acquirer's stock. This process is called "setting a spread". The size of the spread positively correlates to the perceived risk that the deal will not be consummated at its original terms. The arbitrageur makes a profit when the spread narrows, which occurs when deal consummation appears more likely. Upon deal completion, the target's stock will be converted into stock of the acquirer based on the exchange ratio determined by the merger agreement. At this point in time, the spread will close. The arbitrageur delivers the converted stock into his short position to close his position.
### Predictors of merger success
Baker and Savasoglu contend that the best single predictor of merger success is hostility: only 38% of [hostile](/wiki/Takeover%23Hostile_Takeovers "Takeover#Hostile Takeovers") deals were successfully consummated, while so\-called [friendly](/wiki/Takeover%23Friendly_takeovers "Takeover#Friendly takeovers") deals boasted a success rate of 82%. [Cornelli](/wiki/Francesca_Cornelli "Francesca Cornelli") and Li contend that arbitrageurs are actually the most important element in determining the success of a merger. Since arbitrageurs have made significant financial bets that the merger will go through, it is expected that they will push for consummation. For this very reason, the probability that the merger will consummate increases as arbitrageur control increases.{{cite web\|last1\=Cornelli\|first1\=Francesca\|author1\-link\=Francesca Cornelli\|last2\=Li\|first2\=David\|title\=Risk Arbitrage in Takeovers\|url\=http://rfs.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/3/837\.full.pdf\+html}}{{dead link\|date\=May 2021\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} In their study, Cornelli and Li found that the arbitrage industry would hold as much as 30%\-40% of a target's stock during the merger process. This represents a significant portion of the shares required to vote yes to deal consummation in most mergers. Thus, takeovers in which arbitrageurs bought shares had an actual success rate higher than the average probability of success implied by market prices. As a result, they can generate substantial positive returns on their portfolio positions.
### Active vs. passive risk arbitrage
The arbitrageur can generate returns either actively or passively. Active arbitrageurs purchase enough stock in the target to control the outcome of the merger. These [activist investors](/wiki/Activist_shareholder "Activist shareholder") initiate sales processes or hold back support from ongoing mergers in attempts to solicit a higher bid. On the other end of the spectrum, passive arbitrageurs do not influence the outcome of the merger.{{cite web\|last1\=Hsieh\|first1\=Jim\|last2\=Walkling\|first2\=Ralph\|title\=Determinants and implications of arbitrage holdings in acquisitions\|url\=http://mason.gmu.edu/\~jhsieh/files/Hsieh%20Walkling%202005%20JFE.pdf}} One set of passive arbitrageurs invests in deals that the market expects to succeed and increases holdings if the probability of success improves. The other set of passive arbitrageurs is more involved, but passive nonetheless: these arbitrageurs are more selective with their investments, meticulously testing assumptions on the risk\-reward profile of individual deals. This set of arbitrageurs will invest in deals in which they conclude that the probability of success is greater than what the spread implies. Passive arbitrageurs have more freedom in very liquid stocks: the more liquid the target stock, the better risk arbitrageurs can hide their trade. In this case, using the assumption that a higher arbitrageur presence increases the probability of consummation, the share price will not fully reflect the increased probability of success and the risk arbitrageur can buy shares and make a profit. The arbitrageur must decide whether an active role or a passive role in the merger is the more attractive option in a given situation.
|
[
"Basics\n------",
"### Mergers",
"In a [merger](/wiki/Merger \"Merger\"), one company, the acquirer, makes an offer to purchase the shares of another company, the target. As compensation, the target will receive cash at a specified price, the acquirer's stock at specified ratio, or a combination of the two.",
"In a [cash merger](/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions%23Cash \"Mergers and acquisitions#Cash\"), the acquirer offers to purchase the shares of the target for a certain price in cash. The target's stock price will most likely increase when the acquirer makes the offer, but the stock price will remain below the offer value. In some cases, the target's stock price will increase to a level above the offer price. This would indicate that investors expect that a higher bid could be coming for the target, either from the acquirer or from a third party.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Demeter\\|first1\\=Michael\\|title\\=Merger (Risk) Arbitrage Strategy\\|url\\=http://www.aima.org/filemanager/root/site\\_assets/canada/publications/strategy\\_paper\\_\\-\\_merger\\_arbitrage.pdf}} To initiate a position, the arbitrageur will buy the target's stock. The arbitrageur makes a profit when the target's stock price approaches the offer price, which will occur when the likelihood of deal consummation increases. The target's stock price will be equal to the offer price upon deal completion.",
"In a [stock merger](/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions%23Stock \"Mergers and acquisitions#Stock\"), the acquirer offers to purchase the target by exchanging its own stock for the target's stock at a specified ratio. To initiate a position, the arbitrageur will buy the target's stock and [short sell](/wiki/Short_selling \"Short selling\") the acquirer's stock. This process is called \"setting a spread\". The size of the spread positively correlates to the perceived risk that the deal will not be consummated at its original terms. The arbitrageur makes a profit when the spread narrows, which occurs when deal consummation appears more likely. Upon deal completion, the target's stock will be converted into stock of the acquirer based on the exchange ratio determined by the merger agreement. At this point in time, the spread will close. The arbitrageur delivers the converted stock into his short position to close his position.",
"### Predictors of merger success",
"Baker and Savasoglu contend that the best single predictor of merger success is hostility: only 38% of [hostile](/wiki/Takeover%23Hostile_Takeovers \"Takeover#Hostile Takeovers\") deals were successfully consummated, while so\\-called [friendly](/wiki/Takeover%23Friendly_takeovers \"Takeover#Friendly takeovers\") deals boasted a success rate of 82%. [Cornelli](/wiki/Francesca_Cornelli \"Francesca Cornelli\") and Li contend that arbitrageurs are actually the most important element in determining the success of a merger. Since arbitrageurs have made significant financial bets that the merger will go through, it is expected that they will push for consummation. For this very reason, the probability that the merger will consummate increases as arbitrageur control increases.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Cornelli\\|first1\\=Francesca\\|author1\\-link\\=Francesca Cornelli\\|last2\\=Li\\|first2\\=David\\|title\\=Risk Arbitrage in Takeovers\\|url\\=http://rfs.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/3/837\\.full.pdf\\+html}}{{dead link\\|date\\=May 2021\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} In their study, Cornelli and Li found that the arbitrage industry would hold as much as 30%\\-40% of a target's stock during the merger process. This represents a significant portion of the shares required to vote yes to deal consummation in most mergers. Thus, takeovers in which arbitrageurs bought shares had an actual success rate higher than the average probability of success implied by market prices. As a result, they can generate substantial positive returns on their portfolio positions.",
"### Active vs. passive risk arbitrage",
"The arbitrageur can generate returns either actively or passively. Active arbitrageurs purchase enough stock in the target to control the outcome of the merger. These [activist investors](/wiki/Activist_shareholder \"Activist shareholder\") initiate sales processes or hold back support from ongoing mergers in attempts to solicit a higher bid. On the other end of the spectrum, passive arbitrageurs do not influence the outcome of the merger.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Hsieh\\|first1\\=Jim\\|last2\\=Walkling\\|first2\\=Ralph\\|title\\=Determinants and implications of arbitrage holdings in acquisitions\\|url\\=http://mason.gmu.edu/\\~jhsieh/files/Hsieh%20Walkling%202005%20JFE.pdf}} One set of passive arbitrageurs invests in deals that the market expects to succeed and increases holdings if the probability of success improves. The other set of passive arbitrageurs is more involved, but passive nonetheless: these arbitrageurs are more selective with their investments, meticulously testing assumptions on the risk\\-reward profile of individual deals. This set of arbitrageurs will invest in deals in which they conclude that the probability of success is greater than what the spread implies. Passive arbitrageurs have more freedom in very liquid stocks: the more liquid the target stock, the better risk arbitrageurs can hide their trade. In this case, using the assumption that a higher arbitrageur presence increases the probability of consummation, the share price will not fully reflect the increased probability of success and the risk arbitrageur can buy shares and make a profit. The arbitrageur must decide whether an active role or a passive role in the merger is the more attractive option in a given situation.",
""
] |
Risk\-return profile
--------------------
The risk\-return profile in risk arbitrage is relatively asymmetric. There is typically a far greater downside if the deal breaks than there is upside if the deal is completed.
### Deal\-level risks
Risk "arbitrage" is not risk\-free. Its profits materialize if the spread, which exists as a result of the risk that the merger will not be consummated at its original terms, eventually narrows. Risk arises from the possibility of deals failing to go through or not being consummated within the timeframe originally indicated. The risk arbitrageur must be aware of the risks that threaten both the original terms and the ultimate consummation of the deal. These risks include price cuts, deal extension risk{{cite web \|last1\=Spink \|first1\=Mal \|title\=Hidden Risk In Merger Arbitrage \- Deal Extension \|url\=https://mergerarbitragelimited.com/hidden\-risk\-in\-merger\-arbitrage\-deal\-extension/ \|website\=mergerarbitragelimited.com\|date\=6 December 2018 }} and deal termination. A price cut would lower the offer value of the target's shares, and the arbitrageur could end up with a net loss even if the merger is consummated. An unexpected extension to the deal completion timeframe lowers the expected annualized return which in turn causes a decline in the stock to compensate assuming the probability of the deal completing remains constant. However, the majority of mergers and acquisitions are not revised.{{cite web\|last1\=Baker\|first1\=Malcolm\|last2\=Savasoglu\|first2\=Serkan\|title\=Limited arbitrage in mergers and acquisitions\|url\=http://www.people.hbs.edu/mbaker/cv/papers/arbitrage.pdf}} Therefore, the arbitrageur need only concern himself with the question of whether the deal will be consummated according to its original terms or terminated. Deal termination can occur for many reasons. These reasons may include either party's inability to satisfy conditions of the merger, a failure to obtain the requisite shareholder approval, failure to receive [antitrust](/wiki/Antitrust "Antitrust") and other regulatory clearances, or some other event which may change the target's or the acquirer's willingness to consummate the transaction.{{cite web\|last1\=Karolyi\|first1\=Andrew\|last2\=Shannon\|first2\=John\|title\=Canadian Investment Review\|url\=http://www.investmentreview.com/print\-archives/spring\-1999/features\-departments\-wheres\-the\-risk\-in\-risk\-arbitrage\-640/\|website\=www.investmentreview.com}} Such possibilities put the risk in the term risk arbitrage.
Additional complications can arise on a deal\-by\-deal basis. An example includes [collars](/wiki/Collar_%28finance%29 "Collar (finance)"). A collar occurs in a stock\-for\-stock merger, where the exchange ratio is not constant but changes with the price of the acquirer. Arbitrageurs use options\-based models to value deals with collars. The exchange ratio is commonly determined by taking the average of the acquirer's closing price over a period of time (typically 10 trading days prior to close), during which time the arbitrageur would actively hedge his position in order to ensure the correct hedge ratio.
A 2010 study of 2,182 mergers between 1990 and 2007 experienced a break rate of 8\.0%.{{cite web\|last1\=Jetley\|first1\=Gaurav\|last2\=Xi\|first2\=Xinyu\|title\=The Shrinking Merger Arbitrage Spread: Reasons and Implications\|url\=http://www.analysisgroup.com/uploadedfiles/content/insights/publishing/jetley\_and\_ji\_shrinking\_merger\_arbitrage\_spread.pdf}} A study conducted by Baker and Savasoglu, which replicated a diversified risk arbitrage portfolio containing 1,901 mergers between 1981 and 1996, experienced a break rate of 22\.7%.
### Market risk
Several authors find that the returns to risk arbitrage are somewhat uncorrelated to the returns of the stock market in typical market environments. However, risk arbitrage is not necessarily insensitive to the performance of the stock market in all market conditions. When the stock market experiences a decrease of 4% or more, the [beta (finance)](/wiki/Beta_%28finance%29 "Beta (finance)") between merger arbitrage returns and risk arbitrage returns can increase to 0\.5\. This suggests that the exposure to market risk is asymmetric: the arbitrageur does not participate in market rallies, but tends to suffer losses in downturns.
### Returns
In the long run, risk arbitrage appears to generate positive returns. Baker and Savasoglu replicated a diversified risk arbitrage portfolio containing 1,901 mergers between 1981 and 1996; the portfolio generated excess annualized returns of 9\.6%. Maheswaran and Yeoh examined the risk\-adjusted profitability of merger arbitrage in Australia using a sample of 193 bids from January 1991 to April 2000; the portfolio returned 0\.84% to 1\.20% per month.{{cite web\|last1\=Maheswaran\|first1\=Krishnan\|last2\=Yeoh\|first2\=Soon Chin\|title\=The Profitability of Merger Arbitrage: Some Australian Evidence\|url\=http://aum.sagepub.com/content/30/1/111\.full.pdf\+html}} Mitchell and Pulvino used a sample of 4,750 offers between 1963 and 1998 to characterize the risk and return in risk arbitrage; the portfolio generated annualized returns of 6\.2%.{{cite web\|last1\=Mitchell\|first1\=Mark\|last2\=Pulvino\|first2\=Todd\|title\=Characteristics of Risk and Return in Risk Arbitrage\|url\=http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/john.Cochrane/teaching/35150\_advanced\_investments/mitchell%20pulvino%20characteristics%20of%20risk%20and%20return%20JF.pdf}}
The arbitrageur can face significant losses when a deal does not go through. Individual deal spreads can widen to more than fifty percent in broken deals. The HFRI Merger Arbitrage Index posted a maximum one\-month loss of \-6\.5% but a maximum one\-month gain of only 2\.9% from 1990 to 2005\.
Merger arbitrage is significantly constrained by transaction costs. Arbitrageurs could generate abnormally high returns using this strategy, but the frequency and high cost of trades negate much of the profits.
|
[
"Risk\\-return profile\n--------------------",
"The risk\\-return profile in risk arbitrage is relatively asymmetric. There is typically a far greater downside if the deal breaks than there is upside if the deal is completed.",
"### Deal\\-level risks",
"Risk \"arbitrage\" is not risk\\-free. Its profits materialize if the spread, which exists as a result of the risk that the merger will not be consummated at its original terms, eventually narrows. Risk arises from the possibility of deals failing to go through or not being consummated within the timeframe originally indicated. The risk arbitrageur must be aware of the risks that threaten both the original terms and the ultimate consummation of the deal. These risks include price cuts, deal extension risk{{cite web \\|last1\\=Spink \\|first1\\=Mal \\|title\\=Hidden Risk In Merger Arbitrage \\- Deal Extension \\|url\\=https://mergerarbitragelimited.com/hidden\\-risk\\-in\\-merger\\-arbitrage\\-deal\\-extension/ \\|website\\=mergerarbitragelimited.com\\|date\\=6 December 2018 }} and deal termination. A price cut would lower the offer value of the target's shares, and the arbitrageur could end up with a net loss even if the merger is consummated. An unexpected extension to the deal completion timeframe lowers the expected annualized return which in turn causes a decline in the stock to compensate assuming the probability of the deal completing remains constant. However, the majority of mergers and acquisitions are not revised.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Baker\\|first1\\=Malcolm\\|last2\\=Savasoglu\\|first2\\=Serkan\\|title\\=Limited arbitrage in mergers and acquisitions\\|url\\=http://www.people.hbs.edu/mbaker/cv/papers/arbitrage.pdf}} Therefore, the arbitrageur need only concern himself with the question of whether the deal will be consummated according to its original terms or terminated. Deal termination can occur for many reasons. These reasons may include either party's inability to satisfy conditions of the merger, a failure to obtain the requisite shareholder approval, failure to receive [antitrust](/wiki/Antitrust \"Antitrust\") and other regulatory clearances, or some other event which may change the target's or the acquirer's willingness to consummate the transaction.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Karolyi\\|first1\\=Andrew\\|last2\\=Shannon\\|first2\\=John\\|title\\=Canadian Investment Review\\|url\\=http://www.investmentreview.com/print\\-archives/spring\\-1999/features\\-departments\\-wheres\\-the\\-risk\\-in\\-risk\\-arbitrage\\-640/\\|website\\=www.investmentreview.com}} Such possibilities put the risk in the term risk arbitrage.",
"Additional complications can arise on a deal\\-by\\-deal basis. An example includes [collars](/wiki/Collar_%28finance%29 \"Collar (finance)\"). A collar occurs in a stock\\-for\\-stock merger, where the exchange ratio is not constant but changes with the price of the acquirer. Arbitrageurs use options\\-based models to value deals with collars. The exchange ratio is commonly determined by taking the average of the acquirer's closing price over a period of time (typically 10 trading days prior to close), during which time the arbitrageur would actively hedge his position in order to ensure the correct hedge ratio.",
"A 2010 study of 2,182 mergers between 1990 and 2007 experienced a break rate of 8\\.0%.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Jetley\\|first1\\=Gaurav\\|last2\\=Xi\\|first2\\=Xinyu\\|title\\=The Shrinking Merger Arbitrage Spread: Reasons and Implications\\|url\\=http://www.analysisgroup.com/uploadedfiles/content/insights/publishing/jetley\\_and\\_ji\\_shrinking\\_merger\\_arbitrage\\_spread.pdf}} A study conducted by Baker and Savasoglu, which replicated a diversified risk arbitrage portfolio containing 1,901 mergers between 1981 and 1996, experienced a break rate of 22\\.7%.",
"### Market risk",
"Several authors find that the returns to risk arbitrage are somewhat uncorrelated to the returns of the stock market in typical market environments. However, risk arbitrage is not necessarily insensitive to the performance of the stock market in all market conditions. When the stock market experiences a decrease of 4% or more, the [beta (finance)](/wiki/Beta_%28finance%29 \"Beta (finance)\") between merger arbitrage returns and risk arbitrage returns can increase to 0\\.5\\. This suggests that the exposure to market risk is asymmetric: the arbitrageur does not participate in market rallies, but tends to suffer losses in downturns.",
"### Returns",
"In the long run, risk arbitrage appears to generate positive returns. Baker and Savasoglu replicated a diversified risk arbitrage portfolio containing 1,901 mergers between 1981 and 1996; the portfolio generated excess annualized returns of 9\\.6%. Maheswaran and Yeoh examined the risk\\-adjusted profitability of merger arbitrage in Australia using a sample of 193 bids from January 1991 to April 2000; the portfolio returned 0\\.84% to 1\\.20% per month.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Maheswaran\\|first1\\=Krishnan\\|last2\\=Yeoh\\|first2\\=Soon Chin\\|title\\=The Profitability of Merger Arbitrage: Some Australian Evidence\\|url\\=http://aum.sagepub.com/content/30/1/111\\.full.pdf\\+html}} Mitchell and Pulvino used a sample of 4,750 offers between 1963 and 1998 to characterize the risk and return in risk arbitrage; the portfolio generated annualized returns of 6\\.2%.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Mitchell\\|first1\\=Mark\\|last2\\=Pulvino\\|first2\\=Todd\\|title\\=Characteristics of Risk and Return in Risk Arbitrage\\|url\\=http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/john.Cochrane/teaching/35150\\_advanced\\_investments/mitchell%20pulvino%20characteristics%20of%20risk%20and%20return%20JF.pdf}}",
"The arbitrageur can face significant losses when a deal does not go through. Individual deal spreads can widen to more than fifty percent in broken deals. The HFRI Merger Arbitrage Index posted a maximum one\\-month loss of \\-6\\.5% but a maximum one\\-month gain of only 2\\.9% from 1990 to 2005\\.",
"Merger arbitrage is significantly constrained by transaction costs. Arbitrageurs could generate abnormally high returns using this strategy, but the frequency and high cost of trades negate much of the profits.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
St John grew up in a musical household where her mother and sisters were all accomplished pianists.Greenhorn, Meg. ["Bridget St John – Interview"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eE0_k-TdAsM). *[Cherry Red Records](/wiki/Cherry_Red_Records "Cherry Red Records")*, 19 April 2009\. She took piano lessons at her mother's behest, but she did not get along with her teacher and quit when she was 11\. After studying the viola for two years and then the trumpet for two years, St John bought a guitar with [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling")20 her grandmother gave her shortly before she finished high school. Her first performances were at [Sheffield University](/wiki/Sheffield_University "Sheffield University") in 1964–5, and her very first "proper gig" was at a pub in [Rotherham](/wiki/Rotherham "Rotherham"). In 1967, St John spent three months in [Aix\-en\-Provence](/wiki/Aix-en-Provence "Aix-en-Provence") as part of her French studies. During this period she met American singer\-songwriter [Robin Frederick](/wiki/Robin_Frederick "Robin Frederick").
### Solo career, 1968–1974
When it was time to return to England, St John travelled back to London with Robin Frederick. It was through Frederick that St John met [John Martyn](/wiki/John_Martyn "John Martyn") when he was living in Richmond. He was instrumental in getting St John's music out to a larger audience. In 1968, a poet friend of theirs, Pete Roche, put St John in touch with [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel "John Peel") for his "Nightride" radio show. St John's first recording sessions for Peel were recorded by [Al Stewart](/wiki/Al_Stewart "Al Stewart") in 1968 on Stewart's [ReVox](/wiki/ReVox "ReVox"). The four songs she recorded were released on *John Peel Presents Top Gear*, Peel's 1969 compilation of [BBC](/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News") demos. The four songs were: "The River" (written by Martyn), "Song To Keep You Company" (written by St John), "Night In The City" (written by [Joni Mitchell](/wiki/Joni_Mitchell "Joni Mitchell")), and "Lazarus" (traditional).{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}}
Peel and Clive Selwood formed Dandelion initially to release St John's music. St John's 1969 debut album for Dandelion, *Ask Me No Questions*, was produced by Peel and recorded in nine to ten hours.Adams, Owen. ["Label of love: Dandelion Records"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/oct/07/label-love-dandelion). *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* 7 October 2009\. "Curl Your Toes" and "Ask Me No Questions" featured Martyn on second guitar.{{cite book\|title\=\[\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]\|editor\=\[\[Colin Larkin (writer)\|Colin Larkin]]\|publisher\=\[\[Guinness Publishing]]\|date\=1992\|edition\=First\|isbn\=0\-85112\-939\-0\|page\=2356}} [Richie Unterberger](/wiki/Richie_Unterberger "Richie Unterberger") reviewing for [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic "AllMusic") called the album "music for wandering through meadows on overcast days", while admitting that the songs are not as good as those of the musically similar [Nick Drake](/wiki/Nick_Drake "Nick Drake").{{cite web\|last1\=Unterberger\|first1\=Richie\|title\=Ask Me No Questions\|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/ask\-me\-no\-questions\-mw0000349771\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=21 May 2020}}
In 1970, St John recorded a vocal duet with [Kevin Ayers](/wiki/Kevin_Ayers "Kevin Ayers") on "The Oyster and the Flying Fish" for his *[Shooting at the Moon](/wiki/Shooting_at_the_Moon_%28album%29 "Shooting at the Moon (album)")* release. Her second album, *[Songs for the Gentle Man](/wiki/Songs_for_the_Gentle_Man "Songs for the Gentle Man")*, was produced by [Ron Geesin](/wiki/Ron_Geesin "Ron Geesin") and released in 1971\. This album was a significant step up from her debut, and contained string arrangements mostly by Geesin himself, particularly striking on the opening track "A Day A Way" and "Seagull\- Sunday." Her third album *Thank You For...*, released in 1972, was even more ambitious and used more musicians with a folk\-rock sound. The album was her last album for John Peel's Dandelion label, however, which folded due to its artists' lack of commercial success. St John's adventurous fourth album *Jumblequeen*, released through [Chrysalis Records](/wiki/Chrysalis_Records "Chrysalis Records") in 1974, garnered critical praise in *[Spare Rib](/wiki/Spare_Rib "Spare Rib")*.Conboy, Martin \& Steel, John, eds. *The Routledge Companion to British Media History*, 2015; {{ISBN\|9780415537186}}
### Later years, 1975–present
St John emigrated to [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village "Greenwich Village") in 1976Pullella, Philip. ["Bridget St John happy with move to the Village"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19780412&id=gWxQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GVoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5485,3707378). *[St. Petersburg Times](/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times "St. Petersburg Times")*, 12 April 1978, p. 3D. Retrieved 29 May 2013\. and virtually disappeared from the public eye for over 20 years. She took part in the [Strawbs](/wiki/Strawbs "Strawbs") 25th Anniversary festival held in 1993\.Various sources, reproduced within the{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bridgetstjohn.byethost33\.com/press.htm \|title\=Interview \|access\-date\=25 February 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708110502/http://www.bridgetstjohn.byethost33\.com/press.htm \|archive\-date\=8 July 2011 }} of St John's previous website. St John released a 'come\-back' album in 1996, *Take The Fifth* and appeared at a Nick Drake tribute concert in New York City in 1999\. She toured Japan in 2006 with the minimalist French musician [Colleen](/wiki/Colleen_%28musician%29 "Colleen (musician)"), and appeared with the [Electric Strawbs](/wiki/Strawbs%23Recently "Strawbs#Recently") in the B.B. King Blues Club and Grill (NYC) on 27 June 2007\.McCarthy, Jerry. "[Bridget St John](http://www.dryden29.net/music/concerts/062707/062707_2.html). dryden29\.net, 27 June 2007\.
Aside from work under her own name, St John has recorded with [Mike Oldfield](/wiki/Mike_Oldfield "Mike Oldfield") on his albums *[Ommadawn](/wiki/Ommadawn "Ommadawn")* (1975\) and *[Amarok](/wiki/Amarok_%28Mike_Oldfield_album%29 "Amarok (Mike Oldfield album)")* (1990\), and with [Kevin Ayers](/wiki/Kevin_Ayers "Kevin Ayers") and Robin Frederick. In 2007 she reunited with Ayers to record "Baby Come Home" on his album *[The Unfairground](/wiki/The_Unfairground "The Unfairground")*.
In 2008 she married Gordon Edwards, who served as the bass player for the 1970s jazz\-funk band [Stuff](/wiki/Stuff_%28band%29 "Stuff (band)").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.charlesdonovan.com/2019/08/10/bridget\-st\-john\-interview/\|title\=Bridget St John Interview\|website\=Charlesdonovan.com}}
St John has toured with [Michael Chapman](/wiki/Michael_Chapman_%28singer%29 "Michael Chapman (singer)"), and in 2016 she recorded with Chapman for his *50* release.McCarthy, Jerry. "[Songs We Love: Michael Chapman, 'That Time Of Night'](https://www.npr.org/2016/10/12/497520799/songs-we-love-michael-chapman-that-time-of-night). [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR"), 12 October 2016\.
She was described by John Peel as "the best lady singer\-songwriter in the country".
St John's song *Back to Stay* is the opening credits soundtrack of the 2017 Korean film *[The Cage](/wiki/The_Cage_%282017_Korean/Taiwanese_film%29 "The Cage (2017 Korean/Taiwanese film)")* by Iranian\-German director [Lior Shamriz](/wiki/Lior_Shamriz "Lior Shamriz"), [lip\-synced](/wiki/Lip_sync "Lip sync") by queer Korean [drag queen](/wiki/Drag_queen "Drag queen").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gagaoolala.com/en/videos/2691/the\-cage\-2017\|title\=The Cage \- Watch Online \| GagaOOLala \- Find Your Story\|website\=Gagaoolala.com\|access\-date\=4 October 2024}}
St John recorded the song "Fly" for *[Mojo](/wiki/Mojo_%28magazine%29 "Mojo (magazine)")* magazine's Nick Drake compilation album, *Green Leaves: Nick Drake Covered* (cover dated March 2018\).{{cite web \|url\=https://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/various\-artists/mojo\-presents\-green\-leaves\-nick\-drake\-covered/ \|title\=Mojo Presents \|author\= \|date\=2018 \|website\=Rate Your Music \|access\-date\=July 23, 2018 \|quote\=}}
St John supported Will Sheff ([Okkervil River](/wiki/Okkervil_River "Okkervil River")) on the song "Tommy McHugh" released in 2023\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"St John grew up in a musical household where her mother and sisters were all accomplished pianists.Greenhorn, Meg. [\"Bridget St John – Interview\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eE0_k-TdAsM). *[Cherry Red Records](/wiki/Cherry_Red_Records \"Cherry Red Records\")*, 19 April 2009\\. She took piano lessons at her mother's behest, but she did not get along with her teacher and quit when she was 11\\. After studying the viola for two years and then the trumpet for two years, St John bought a guitar with [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\")20 her grandmother gave her shortly before she finished high school. Her first performances were at [Sheffield University](/wiki/Sheffield_University \"Sheffield University\") in 1964–5, and her very first \"proper gig\" was at a pub in [Rotherham](/wiki/Rotherham \"Rotherham\"). In 1967, St John spent three months in [Aix\\-en\\-Provence](/wiki/Aix-en-Provence \"Aix-en-Provence\") as part of her French studies. During this period she met American singer\\-songwriter [Robin Frederick](/wiki/Robin_Frederick \"Robin Frederick\").",
"### Solo career, 1968–1974",
"When it was time to return to England, St John travelled back to London with Robin Frederick. It was through Frederick that St John met [John Martyn](/wiki/John_Martyn \"John Martyn\") when he was living in Richmond. He was instrumental in getting St John's music out to a larger audience. In 1968, a poet friend of theirs, Pete Roche, put St John in touch with [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel \"John Peel\") for his \"Nightride\" radio show. St John's first recording sessions for Peel were recorded by [Al Stewart](/wiki/Al_Stewart \"Al Stewart\") in 1968 on Stewart's [ReVox](/wiki/ReVox \"ReVox\"). The four songs she recorded were released on *John Peel Presents Top Gear*, Peel's 1969 compilation of [BBC](/wiki/BBC_News \"BBC News\") demos. The four songs were: \"The River\" (written by Martyn), \"Song To Keep You Company\" (written by St John), \"Night In The City\" (written by [Joni Mitchell](/wiki/Joni_Mitchell \"Joni Mitchell\")), and \"Lazarus\" (traditional).{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}}",
"Peel and Clive Selwood formed Dandelion initially to release St John's music. St John's 1969 debut album for Dandelion, *Ask Me No Questions*, was produced by Peel and recorded in nine to ten hours.Adams, Owen. [\"Label of love: Dandelion Records\"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/oct/07/label-love-dandelion). *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* 7 October 2009\\. \"Curl Your Toes\" and \"Ask Me No Questions\" featured Martyn on second guitar.{{cite book\\|title\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\\|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]\\|editor\\=\\[\\[Colin Larkin (writer)\\|Colin Larkin]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guinness Publishing]]\\|date\\=1992\\|edition\\=First\\|isbn\\=0\\-85112\\-939\\-0\\|page\\=2356}} [Richie Unterberger](/wiki/Richie_Unterberger \"Richie Unterberger\") reviewing for [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\") called the album \"music for wandering through meadows on overcast days\", while admitting that the songs are not as good as those of the musically similar [Nick Drake](/wiki/Nick_Drake \"Nick Drake\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=Unterberger\\|first1\\=Richie\\|title\\=Ask Me No Questions\\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/ask\\-me\\-no\\-questions\\-mw0000349771\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2020}}",
"In 1970, St John recorded a vocal duet with [Kevin Ayers](/wiki/Kevin_Ayers \"Kevin Ayers\") on \"The Oyster and the Flying Fish\" for his *[Shooting at the Moon](/wiki/Shooting_at_the_Moon_%28album%29 \"Shooting at the Moon (album)\")* release. Her second album, *[Songs for the Gentle Man](/wiki/Songs_for_the_Gentle_Man \"Songs for the Gentle Man\")*, was produced by [Ron Geesin](/wiki/Ron_Geesin \"Ron Geesin\") and released in 1971\\. This album was a significant step up from her debut, and contained string arrangements mostly by Geesin himself, particularly striking on the opening track \"A Day A Way\" and \"Seagull\\- Sunday.\" Her third album *Thank You For...*, released in 1972, was even more ambitious and used more musicians with a folk\\-rock sound. The album was her last album for John Peel's Dandelion label, however, which folded due to its artists' lack of commercial success. St John's adventurous fourth album *Jumblequeen*, released through [Chrysalis Records](/wiki/Chrysalis_Records \"Chrysalis Records\") in 1974, garnered critical praise in *[Spare Rib](/wiki/Spare_Rib \"Spare Rib\")*.Conboy, Martin \\& Steel, John, eds. *The Routledge Companion to British Media History*, 2015; {{ISBN\\|9780415537186}}",
"### Later years, 1975–present",
"St John emigrated to [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village \"Greenwich Village\") in 1976Pullella, Philip. [\"Bridget St John happy with move to the Village\"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19780412&id=gWxQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GVoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5485,3707378). *[St. Petersburg Times](/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times \"St. Petersburg Times\")*, 12 April 1978, p. 3D. Retrieved 29 May 2013\\. and virtually disappeared from the public eye for over 20 years. She took part in the [Strawbs](/wiki/Strawbs \"Strawbs\") 25th Anniversary festival held in 1993\\.Various sources, reproduced within the{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bridgetstjohn.byethost33\\.com/press.htm \\|title\\=Interview \\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708110502/http://www.bridgetstjohn.byethost33\\.com/press.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2011 }} of St John's previous website. St John released a 'come\\-back' album in 1996, *Take The Fifth* and appeared at a Nick Drake tribute concert in New York City in 1999\\. She toured Japan in 2006 with the minimalist French musician [Colleen](/wiki/Colleen_%28musician%29 \"Colleen (musician)\"), and appeared with the [Electric Strawbs](/wiki/Strawbs%23Recently \"Strawbs#Recently\") in the B.B. King Blues Club and Grill (NYC) on 27 June 2007\\.McCarthy, Jerry. \"[Bridget St John](http://www.dryden29.net/music/concerts/062707/062707_2.html). dryden29\\.net, 27 June 2007\\.",
"Aside from work under her own name, St John has recorded with [Mike Oldfield](/wiki/Mike_Oldfield \"Mike Oldfield\") on his albums *[Ommadawn](/wiki/Ommadawn \"Ommadawn\")* (1975\\) and *[Amarok](/wiki/Amarok_%28Mike_Oldfield_album%29 \"Amarok (Mike Oldfield album)\")* (1990\\), and with [Kevin Ayers](/wiki/Kevin_Ayers \"Kevin Ayers\") and Robin Frederick. In 2007 she reunited with Ayers to record \"Baby Come Home\" on his album *[The Unfairground](/wiki/The_Unfairground \"The Unfairground\")*.",
"In 2008 she married Gordon Edwards, who served as the bass player for the 1970s jazz\\-funk band [Stuff](/wiki/Stuff_%28band%29 \"Stuff (band)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.charlesdonovan.com/2019/08/10/bridget\\-st\\-john\\-interview/\\|title\\=Bridget St John Interview\\|website\\=Charlesdonovan.com}}",
"St John has toured with [Michael Chapman](/wiki/Michael_Chapman_%28singer%29 \"Michael Chapman (singer)\"), and in 2016 she recorded with Chapman for his *50* release.McCarthy, Jerry. \"[Songs We Love: Michael Chapman, 'That Time Of Night'](https://www.npr.org/2016/10/12/497520799/songs-we-love-michael-chapman-that-time-of-night). [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\"), 12 October 2016\\.",
"She was described by John Peel as \"the best lady singer\\-songwriter in the country\".",
"St John's song *Back to Stay* is the opening credits soundtrack of the 2017 Korean film *[The Cage](/wiki/The_Cage_%282017_Korean/Taiwanese_film%29 \"The Cage (2017 Korean/Taiwanese film)\")* by Iranian\\-German director [Lior Shamriz](/wiki/Lior_Shamriz \"Lior Shamriz\"), [lip\\-synced](/wiki/Lip_sync \"Lip sync\") by queer Korean [drag queen](/wiki/Drag_queen \"Drag queen\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gagaoolala.com/en/videos/2691/the\\-cage\\-2017\\|title\\=The Cage \\- Watch Online \\| GagaOOLala \\- Find Your Story\\|website\\=Gagaoolala.com\\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2024}}",
"St John recorded the song \"Fly\" for *[Mojo](/wiki/Mojo_%28magazine%29 \"Mojo (magazine)\")* magazine's Nick Drake compilation album, *Green Leaves: Nick Drake Covered* (cover dated March 2018\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/various\\-artists/mojo\\-presents\\-green\\-leaves\\-nick\\-drake\\-covered/ \\|title\\=Mojo Presents \\|author\\= \\|date\\=2018 \\|website\\=Rate Your Music \\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2018 \\|quote\\=}}",
"St John supported Will Sheff ([Okkervil River](/wiki/Okkervil_River \"Okkervil River\")) on the song \"Tommy McHugh\" released in 2023\\.",
""
] |
Implications for light absorption
---------------------------------
The exact reverse of radiative recombination is light absorption. For the same reason as above, light with a photon energy close to the band gap can penetrate much farther before being absorbed in an indirect band gap material than a direct band gap one (at least insofar as the light absorption is due to exciting electrons across the band gap).
This fact is very important for [photovoltaics](/wiki/Photovoltaics "Photovoltaics") (solar cells). Crystalline silicon is the most common solar\-cell substrate material, despite the fact that it is indirect\-gap and therefore does not absorb light very well. As such, they are typically hundreds of [microns](/wiki/Micron "Micron") thick; thinner wafers would allow much of the light (particularly in longer wavelengths) to simply pass through. By comparison, [thin\-film solar cells](/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell "Thin-film solar cell") are made of direct band gap materials (such as amorphous silicon, [CdTe](/wiki/Cadmium_telluride "Cadmium telluride"), [CIGS](/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide "Copper indium gallium selenide") or [CZTS](/wiki/CZTS "CZTS")), which absorb the light in a much thinner region, and consequently can be made with a very thin active layer (often less than 1 micron thick).
The absorption spectrum of an indirect band gap material usually depends more on temperature than that of a direct material, because at low temperatures there are fewer phonons, and therefore it is less likely that a photon and phonon can be simultaneously absorbed to create an indirect transition. For example, silicon is opaque to visible light at room temperature, but transparent to red light at [liquid helium](/wiki/Liquid_helium "Liquid helium") temperatures, because red photons can only be absorbed in an indirect transition.{{clarify\|date\=June 2019}}
### Formula for absorption
A common and simple method for determining whether a band gap is direct or indirect uses [absorption spectroscopy](/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy "Absorption spectroscopy"). By [plotting certain powers](/wiki/Tauc_plot "Tauc plot") of the [absorption coefficient](/wiki/Absorption_coefficient "Absorption coefficient") against photon energy, one can normally tell both what value the band gap is, and whether or not it is direct.
For a direct band gap, the [absorption coefficient](/wiki/Absorption_coefficient "Absorption coefficient") \\alpha is related to light frequency according to the following formula:*Optoelectronics*, by E. Rosencher, 2002, equation (7\.25\).Pankove has the same equation, but with an apparently different prefactor A^\*. However, in the Pankove version, the units / dimensional analysis appears not to work out.
\\alpha \\approx A^\*\\sqrt{h\\nu \- E\_{\\text{g}}}, with A^\*\=\\frac{q^2 x\_{vc}^2 (2m\_{\\text{r}})^{3/2}}{\\lambda\_0 \\epsilon\_0 \\hbar^3 n}
where:
* \\alpha is the absorption coefficient, a function of light frequency
* \\nu is light frequency
* h is the [Planck constant](/wiki/Planck_constant "Planck constant") (h\\nu is the energy of a [photon](/wiki/Photon "Photon") with frequency \\nu)
* \\hbar is the [reduced Planck constant](/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant "Reduced Planck constant") (\\hbar\=h/2\\pi)
* E\_{\\text{g}} is the band gap energy
* A^\* is a certain constant, with formula above
* m\_{\\text{r}}\=\\frac{m\_{\\text{h}}^\* m\_{\\text{e}}^\*}{m\_{\\text{h}}^\* \+ m\_{\\text{e}}^\*}, where m\_{\\text{e}}^\* and m\_{\\text{h}}^\* are the [effective masses](/wiki/Effective_mass_%28solid-state_physics%29 "Effective mass (solid-state physics)") of the electron and hole, respectively (m\_{\\text{r}} is called a "[reduced mass](/wiki/Reduced_mass "Reduced mass")")
* q is the [elementary charge](/wiki/Elementary_charge "Elementary charge")
* n is the (real) [index of refraction](/wiki/Index_of_refraction "Index of refraction")
* \\epsilon\_0 is the [vacuum permittivity](/wiki/Vacuum_permittivity "Vacuum permittivity")
* \\lambda\_0 is the vacuum wavelength for light of frequency \\nu
* x\_{vc} is a "matrix element", with units of length and typical value the same order of magnitude as the [lattice constant](/wiki/Lattice_constant "Lattice constant").
This formula is valid only for light with photon energy larger, but not too much larger, than the band gap (more specifically, this formula assumes the bands are approximately parabolic), and ignores all other sources of absorption other than the band\-to\-band absorption in question, as well as the electrical attraction between the newly created electron and hole (see [exciton](/wiki/Exciton "Exciton")). It is also invalid in the case that the direct transition is [forbidden](/wiki/Forbidden_transition "Forbidden transition"), or in the case that many of the valence band states are empty or conduction band states are full.J.I. Pankove, *Optical Processes in Semiconductors*. Dover, 1971\.
On the other hand, for an indirect band gap, the formula is:
\\alpha \\propto \\frac{(h\\nu\-E\_{\\text{g}}\+E\_{\\text{p}})^2}{\\exp(\\frac{E\_{\\text{p}}}{kT})\-1} \+ \\frac{(h\\nu\-E\_{\\text{g}}\-E\_{\\text{p}})^2}{1\-\\exp(\-\\frac{E\_{\\text{p}}}{kT})}
where:
* E\_{\\text{p}} is the energy of the [phonon](/wiki/Phonon "Phonon") that assists in the transition
* k is the [Boltzmann constant](/wiki/Boltzmann_constant "Boltzmann constant")
* T is the [thermodynamic temperature](/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature "Thermodynamic temperature")
This formula involves the same approximations mentioned above.
Therefore, if a plot of h\\nu versus \\alpha^2 forms a straight line, it can normally be inferred that there is a direct band gap, measurable by extrapolating the straight line to the \\alpha\=0 axis. On the other hand, if a plot of h\\nu versus \\alpha^{1/2} forms a straight line, it can normally be inferred that there is an indirect band gap, measurable by extrapolating the straight line to the \\alpha\=0 axis (assuming E\_{\\text{p}}\\approx 0).
|
[
"Implications for light absorption\n---------------------------------",
"The exact reverse of radiative recombination is light absorption. For the same reason as above, light with a photon energy close to the band gap can penetrate much farther before being absorbed in an indirect band gap material than a direct band gap one (at least insofar as the light absorption is due to exciting electrons across the band gap).",
"This fact is very important for [photovoltaics](/wiki/Photovoltaics \"Photovoltaics\") (solar cells). Crystalline silicon is the most common solar\\-cell substrate material, despite the fact that it is indirect\\-gap and therefore does not absorb light very well. As such, they are typically hundreds of [microns](/wiki/Micron \"Micron\") thick; thinner wafers would allow much of the light (particularly in longer wavelengths) to simply pass through. By comparison, [thin\\-film solar cells](/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell \"Thin-film solar cell\") are made of direct band gap materials (such as amorphous silicon, [CdTe](/wiki/Cadmium_telluride \"Cadmium telluride\"), [CIGS](/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide \"Copper indium gallium selenide\") or [CZTS](/wiki/CZTS \"CZTS\")), which absorb the light in a much thinner region, and consequently can be made with a very thin active layer (often less than 1 micron thick).",
"The absorption spectrum of an indirect band gap material usually depends more on temperature than that of a direct material, because at low temperatures there are fewer phonons, and therefore it is less likely that a photon and phonon can be simultaneously absorbed to create an indirect transition. For example, silicon is opaque to visible light at room temperature, but transparent to red light at [liquid helium](/wiki/Liquid_helium \"Liquid helium\") temperatures, because red photons can only be absorbed in an indirect transition.{{clarify\\|date\\=June 2019}}",
"### Formula for absorption",
"A common and simple method for determining whether a band gap is direct or indirect uses [absorption spectroscopy](/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy \"Absorption spectroscopy\"). By [plotting certain powers](/wiki/Tauc_plot \"Tauc plot\") of the [absorption coefficient](/wiki/Absorption_coefficient \"Absorption coefficient\") against photon energy, one can normally tell both what value the band gap is, and whether or not it is direct.",
"For a direct band gap, the [absorption coefficient](/wiki/Absorption_coefficient \"Absorption coefficient\") \\\\alpha is related to light frequency according to the following formula:*Optoelectronics*, by E. Rosencher, 2002, equation (7\\.25\\).Pankove has the same equation, but with an apparently different prefactor A^\\*. However, in the Pankove version, the units / dimensional analysis appears not to work out.\n \\\\alpha \\\\approx A^\\*\\\\sqrt{h\\\\nu \\- E\\_{\\\\text{g}}}, with A^\\*\\=\\\\frac{q^2 x\\_{vc}^2 (2m\\_{\\\\text{r}})^{3/2}}{\\\\lambda\\_0 \\\\epsilon\\_0 \\\\hbar^3 n}\nwhere:\n* \\\\alpha is the absorption coefficient, a function of light frequency\n* \\\\nu is light frequency\n* h is the [Planck constant](/wiki/Planck_constant \"Planck constant\") (h\\\\nu is the energy of a [photon](/wiki/Photon \"Photon\") with frequency \\\\nu)\n* \\\\hbar is the [reduced Planck constant](/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant \"Reduced Planck constant\") (\\\\hbar\\=h/2\\\\pi)\n* E\\_{\\\\text{g}} is the band gap energy\n* A^\\* is a certain constant, with formula above\n* m\\_{\\\\text{r}}\\=\\\\frac{m\\_{\\\\text{h}}^\\* m\\_{\\\\text{e}}^\\*}{m\\_{\\\\text{h}}^\\* \\+ m\\_{\\\\text{e}}^\\*}, where m\\_{\\\\text{e}}^\\* and m\\_{\\\\text{h}}^\\* are the [effective masses](/wiki/Effective_mass_%28solid-state_physics%29 \"Effective mass (solid-state physics)\") of the electron and hole, respectively (m\\_{\\\\text{r}} is called a \"[reduced mass](/wiki/Reduced_mass \"Reduced mass\")\")\n* q is the [elementary charge](/wiki/Elementary_charge \"Elementary charge\")\n* n is the (real) [index of refraction](/wiki/Index_of_refraction \"Index of refraction\")\n* \\\\epsilon\\_0 is the [vacuum permittivity](/wiki/Vacuum_permittivity \"Vacuum permittivity\")\n* \\\\lambda\\_0 is the vacuum wavelength for light of frequency \\\\nu\n* x\\_{vc} is a \"matrix element\", with units of length and typical value the same order of magnitude as the [lattice constant](/wiki/Lattice_constant \"Lattice constant\").",
"This formula is valid only for light with photon energy larger, but not too much larger, than the band gap (more specifically, this formula assumes the bands are approximately parabolic), and ignores all other sources of absorption other than the band\\-to\\-band absorption in question, as well as the electrical attraction between the newly created electron and hole (see [exciton](/wiki/Exciton \"Exciton\")). It is also invalid in the case that the direct transition is [forbidden](/wiki/Forbidden_transition \"Forbidden transition\"), or in the case that many of the valence band states are empty or conduction band states are full.J.I. Pankove, *Optical Processes in Semiconductors*. Dover, 1971\\.",
"On the other hand, for an indirect band gap, the formula is:\n \\\\alpha \\\\propto \\\\frac{(h\\\\nu\\-E\\_{\\\\text{g}}\\+E\\_{\\\\text{p}})^2}{\\\\exp(\\\\frac{E\\_{\\\\text{p}}}{kT})\\-1} \\+ \\\\frac{(h\\\\nu\\-E\\_{\\\\text{g}}\\-E\\_{\\\\text{p}})^2}{1\\-\\\\exp(\\-\\\\frac{E\\_{\\\\text{p}}}{kT})}\nwhere:\n* E\\_{\\\\text{p}} is the energy of the [phonon](/wiki/Phonon \"Phonon\") that assists in the transition\n* k is the [Boltzmann constant](/wiki/Boltzmann_constant \"Boltzmann constant\")\n* T is the [thermodynamic temperature](/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature \"Thermodynamic temperature\")",
"This formula involves the same approximations mentioned above.",
"Therefore, if a plot of h\\\\nu versus \\\\alpha^2 forms a straight line, it can normally be inferred that there is a direct band gap, measurable by extrapolating the straight line to the \\\\alpha\\=0 axis. On the other hand, if a plot of h\\\\nu versus \\\\alpha^{1/2} forms a straight line, it can normally be inferred that there is an indirect band gap, measurable by extrapolating the straight line to the \\\\alpha\\=0 axis (assuming E\\_{\\\\text{p}}\\\\approx 0).",
""
] |
Plot
----
The film opens with naval scenes and a chorus of [WAVES](/wiki/WAVES "WAVES") singing "The Navy Song" on stage, and continues with a sister act, the Allison Twins (both played by Betty Hutton), singing the same song in a night club. Identical, except that one is blonde the other brunette, they are temperamentally very different. Susie, the blonde, is brash and scatter\-brained, while Rosemary is serious and reliable. They leave their night club job to join the WAVES although Susie is extremely reluctant to do so. She is infatuated with popular singer Johnny Cabot (played by Bing Crosby) and fears that by joining the service she will never be able to meet him. Taking her collection of his records with her, however, she locks herself in the barracks washroom and plays Johnny's record of "[Moonlight Becomes You](/wiki/Moonlight_Becomes_You_%28song%29 "Moonlight Becomes You (song)")".
The twins attend a show in which Johnny is starring, and on\-stage he sings "[That Old Black Magic](/wiki/That_Old_Black_Magic "That Old Black Magic")". Back stage he finds an old friend, Windy Smith (Sonny Tufts), who has joined the Navy and Johnny explains that his own application has been refused because he is colour\-blind. Together they visit the 21 Club, and Windy meets the twins, whom he already knows, and introduces Johnny. Both men are attracted to Rosemary while Susie becomes even more infatuated with Johnny. Johnny is eventually accepted into the Navy and begins his training hoping for assignment to the U.S.S. Douglas, the ship on which his father had served with distinction, when its re\-fitting has been completed. Rosemary is contemptuous of Johnny's popularity with the other girls but when she is dining with Windy, Johnny joins them and by a trick arranges for Windy to be escorted out by a couple of military policemen. On the way back, Johnny sings to Rosemary "Let's Take the Long Way Home", and Rosemary realises that she is in love with him.
In order to prevent his leaving to join the Douglas, Susie submits a suggestion for a show to be produced to aid WAVES recruitment and signs it with Johnny's name. The suggestion is accepted, and Johnny is placed as Chief Specialist in charge of it. Thinking that Windy is responsible for the suggestion being put forward in his name, Johnny chooses him as his assistant. A show is held aboard the U.S.S. Traverse Bay, and Johnny, as an old postman, and Windy, as a commissionaire, both in [black\-face](/wiki/Blackface "Blackface"), sing "[Ac\-Cent\-Tchu\-Ate the Positive](/wiki/Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate_the_Positive "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive")" with the help of a chorus of WAVES.
When Rosemary learns from Windy about Johnny's suggestion, she thinks he has made it to avoid active service. Johnny manages to get hold of the written suggestion with the intention of showing it to Rosemary to prove it is not his handwriting but Susie gets it from him. Rosemary disbelieves that he had the note and tells him that she is going to leave the show. Windy persuades Susie to don a dark wig and pretend to be Rosemary. In this guise she drinks from a spirits flask (actually cold tea) and is seen kissing Windy in order that Johnny will form an entirely wrong impression of Rosemary. He is thus faced with Rosemary's disbelief and her apparent preference for Windy.
When the big show takes place, Susie and other WAVES appear in a sketch called "If WAVES Acted Like Sailors", in which she sings "There's a Fella Waiting in Poughkeepsie", Johnny and Windy joining in the last few lines. Johnny, dispirited, writes a note for Windy and leaves. Windy, realising the true feeling between Johnny and Rosemary, explains the circumstances to her and, with Susie, goes after Johnny. Susie confesses to Johnny that it was she who sent in the suggestion and he returns to the show to duet with Rosemary "I Promise You".
The closing chorus number on stage is "Here Come the WAVES", and after the triumphantly successful show is finished arrangements are made for Johnny and Windy to be flown out to join the U.S.S. Douglas.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The film opens with naval scenes and a chorus of [WAVES](/wiki/WAVES \"WAVES\") singing \"The Navy Song\" on stage, and continues with a sister act, the Allison Twins (both played by Betty Hutton), singing the same song in a night club. Identical, except that one is blonde the other brunette, they are temperamentally very different. Susie, the blonde, is brash and scatter\\-brained, while Rosemary is serious and reliable. They leave their night club job to join the WAVES although Susie is extremely reluctant to do so. She is infatuated with popular singer Johnny Cabot (played by Bing Crosby) and fears that by joining the service she will never be able to meet him. Taking her collection of his records with her, however, she locks herself in the barracks washroom and plays Johnny's record of \"[Moonlight Becomes You](/wiki/Moonlight_Becomes_You_%28song%29 \"Moonlight Becomes You (song)\")\".",
"The twins attend a show in which Johnny is starring, and on\\-stage he sings \"[That Old Black Magic](/wiki/That_Old_Black_Magic \"That Old Black Magic\")\". Back stage he finds an old friend, Windy Smith (Sonny Tufts), who has joined the Navy and Johnny explains that his own application has been refused because he is colour\\-blind. Together they visit the 21 Club, and Windy meets the twins, whom he already knows, and introduces Johnny. Both men are attracted to Rosemary while Susie becomes even more infatuated with Johnny. Johnny is eventually accepted into the Navy and begins his training hoping for assignment to the U.S.S. Douglas, the ship on which his father had served with distinction, when its re\\-fitting has been completed. Rosemary is contemptuous of Johnny's popularity with the other girls but when she is dining with Windy, Johnny joins them and by a trick arranges for Windy to be escorted out by a couple of military policemen. On the way back, Johnny sings to Rosemary \"Let's Take the Long Way Home\", and Rosemary realises that she is in love with him. \nIn order to prevent his leaving to join the Douglas, Susie submits a suggestion for a show to be produced to aid WAVES recruitment and signs it with Johnny's name. The suggestion is accepted, and Johnny is placed as Chief Specialist in charge of it. Thinking that Windy is responsible for the suggestion being put forward in his name, Johnny chooses him as his assistant. A show is held aboard the U.S.S. Traverse Bay, and Johnny, as an old postman, and Windy, as a commissionaire, both in [black\\-face](/wiki/Blackface \"Blackface\"), sing \"[Ac\\-Cent\\-Tchu\\-Ate the Positive](/wiki/Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate_the_Positive \"Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive\")\" with the help of a chorus of WAVES.",
"When Rosemary learns from Windy about Johnny's suggestion, she thinks he has made it to avoid active service. Johnny manages to get hold of the written suggestion with the intention of showing it to Rosemary to prove it is not his handwriting but Susie gets it from him. Rosemary disbelieves that he had the note and tells him that she is going to leave the show. Windy persuades Susie to don a dark wig and pretend to be Rosemary. In this guise she drinks from a spirits flask (actually cold tea) and is seen kissing Windy in order that Johnny will form an entirely wrong impression of Rosemary. He is thus faced with Rosemary's disbelief and her apparent preference for Windy.",
"When the big show takes place, Susie and other WAVES appear in a sketch called \"If WAVES Acted Like Sailors\", in which she sings \"There's a Fella Waiting in Poughkeepsie\", Johnny and Windy joining in the last few lines. Johnny, dispirited, writes a note for Windy and leaves. Windy, realising the true feeling between Johnny and Rosemary, explains the circumstances to her and, with Susie, goes after Johnny. Susie confesses to Johnny that it was she who sent in the suggestion and he returns to the show to duet with Rosemary \"I Promise You\".",
"The closing chorus number on stage is \"Here Come the WAVES\", and after the triumphantly successful show is finished arrangements are made for Johnny and Windy to be flown out to join the U.S.S. Douglas.",
""
] |
Family background
-----------------
Velaiyar was born in [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram "Kanchipuram") (Kanchipuram) in the Thondai mandalam region of [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"), [South India](/wiki/South_India "South India") into an orthodox [Saiva](/wiki/Saiva "Saiva") Tamil (Desikar) family around the middle of the 17th century. Veliyar's father, [Kumara Swamy Desikar](/wiki/Kumara_Swamy_Desikar "Kumara Swamy Desikar"), was an [Archaka](/wiki/Archaka "Archaka") and [Dikshithar](/wiki/Dikshithar "Dikshithar") and his family were known for their literary, theological and musical contributions in Tamil. At a young age, his father had left his family and went to [Thiruvannamalai](/wiki/Thiruvannamalai "Thiruvannamalai") with his disciples where he planned to become a sage. However, once there he got married and had three sons and a daughter. Velaiyar was the third child and his siblings were Siva Prakasar, Karunai Prakasar, and Gnambikai ammal. Siva Prakasar was a well\-known poet who was blessed as ‘Sivanuputhichelvar’. He is acclaimed as ‘Karpanai Kalangiyam’ by renowned scholars of Tamil–speaking world. He compiled " Neerotta Yamaha Anthathi " to defeat an arrogant rival poet. The verses were written such that will when recited, the lips of the speaker never have to touch. He also wrote " [Yesu Matha Niragaranam](/wiki/Yesu_Matha_Niragaranam "Yesu Matha Niragaranam") " (The Refuting the Religion of Jesus). He died aged 32 in [Nallathur](/wiki/Nallathur "Nallathur"),{{Cite web \|url\=http://tamilnanbargal.com/tamil\-articles/ \|title\=தமிழ் கட்டுரைகள் \| தமிழ் நண்பர்கள் Tamil Friends \|access\-date\=29 March 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401123749/http://tamilnanbargal.com/tamil\-articles \|archive\-date\=1 April 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.aathmanawarenesscentre.com/js.php \|title\=Aathman Awareness Centre \|access\-date\=18 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213161058/http://www.aathmanawarenesscentre.com/js.php \|archive\-date\=13 February 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} near Pondicherry.
His sister Gnambikai married [Perur Santhalinga Swamigal](/wiki/Perur_Santhalinga_Swamigal "Perur Santhalinga Swamigal").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.sivasiva.in/sri\_santhalingar.html \|title\=www.sivasiva.in \|access\-date\=18 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106163233/http://sivasiva.in/sri\_santhalingar.html \|archive\-date\=6 January 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} She had no children. Her husband became a sage and sent Gnamibikai ammal back to her brother's residence. She stayed along with Velaiyar and spent her lifetime in Pommapuram mutt worshipping God.
[Karunai Prakasar](/wiki/Karunai_Prakasar "Karunai Prakasar") married and wrote more than five books in Tamil. Seegalathi sarukkam, Ishtalinga Agaval. He died at Thiruvengai without any children.
Velaiyar married Meenatchi Ammal and settled down at [Mailam](/wiki/Mailam "Mailam") near by Pommapura Aadeenam mutt. He had a son named [Sundaresanar](/wiki/Sundaresanar "Sundaresanar"). He died at [Perumathur](/wiki/Perumathur "Perumathur") at the age of 72\.
Velaiyar's son Sundresanar married Karpagammal. He settled down his family in [Valavanur](/wiki/Valavanur "Valavanur") near by Mailam. They in turn had a son named Swaminatha Desikar.
Swaminatha Desikar converted himself to Christianity, changed his name to Susai Alias Swaminatha Desikar and married Gnasounthari.
### Early life
Along with his older brother Sivaprakasa swamigal, travelled widely all over Tamil Nadu, famous temples like Thiruvannamalai, Thiruchendur, [Mailam](/wiki/Mailam "Mailam").
On one of his journeys around Tamil Nadu Sivaprakasa Swamigal, Velaiyar and Karunai Prakasar went to Tirunelveli to meet and be taught by a pandit, Valliyur Thambiran, who was an expert on grammar. This teacher accepted them as his students. Velaiyar learnt Tamil grammar along with his brothers.
|
[
"Family background\n-----------------",
"Velaiyar was born in [Kanchipuram](/wiki/Kanchipuram \"Kanchipuram\") (Kanchipuram) in the Thondai mandalam region of [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"), [South India](/wiki/South_India \"South India\") into an orthodox [Saiva](/wiki/Saiva \"Saiva\") Tamil (Desikar) family around the middle of the 17th century. Veliyar's father, [Kumara Swamy Desikar](/wiki/Kumara_Swamy_Desikar \"Kumara Swamy Desikar\"), was an [Archaka](/wiki/Archaka \"Archaka\") and [Dikshithar](/wiki/Dikshithar \"Dikshithar\") and his family were known for their literary, theological and musical contributions in Tamil. At a young age, his father had left his family and went to [Thiruvannamalai](/wiki/Thiruvannamalai \"Thiruvannamalai\") with his disciples where he planned to become a sage. However, once there he got married and had three sons and a daughter. Velaiyar was the third child and his siblings were Siva Prakasar, Karunai Prakasar, and Gnambikai ammal. Siva Prakasar was a well\\-known poet who was blessed as ‘Sivanuputhichelvar’. He is acclaimed as ‘Karpanai Kalangiyam’ by renowned scholars of Tamil–speaking world. He compiled \" Neerotta Yamaha Anthathi \" to defeat an arrogant rival poet. The verses were written such that will when recited, the lips of the speaker never have to touch. He also wrote \" [Yesu Matha Niragaranam](/wiki/Yesu_Matha_Niragaranam \"Yesu Matha Niragaranam\") \" (The Refuting the Religion of Jesus). He died aged 32 in [Nallathur](/wiki/Nallathur \"Nallathur\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://tamilnanbargal.com/tamil\\-articles/ \\|title\\=தமிழ் கட்டுரைகள் \\| தமிழ் நண்பர்கள் Tamil Friends \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401123749/http://tamilnanbargal.com/tamil\\-articles \\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aathmanawarenesscentre.com/js.php \\|title\\=Aathman Awareness Centre \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213161058/http://www.aathmanawarenesscentre.com/js.php \\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} near Pondicherry.",
"His sister Gnambikai married [Perur Santhalinga Swamigal](/wiki/Perur_Santhalinga_Swamigal \"Perur Santhalinga Swamigal\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sivasiva.in/sri\\_santhalingar.html \\|title\\=www.sivasiva.in \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106163233/http://sivasiva.in/sri\\_santhalingar.html \\|archive\\-date\\=6 January 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} She had no children. Her husband became a sage and sent Gnamibikai ammal back to her brother's residence. She stayed along with Velaiyar and spent her lifetime in Pommapuram mutt worshipping God.",
"[Karunai Prakasar](/wiki/Karunai_Prakasar \"Karunai Prakasar\") married and wrote more than five books in Tamil. Seegalathi sarukkam, Ishtalinga Agaval. He died at Thiruvengai without any children.",
"Velaiyar married Meenatchi Ammal and settled down at [Mailam](/wiki/Mailam \"Mailam\") near by Pommapura Aadeenam mutt. He had a son named [Sundaresanar](/wiki/Sundaresanar \"Sundaresanar\"). He died at [Perumathur](/wiki/Perumathur \"Perumathur\") at the age of 72\\.",
"Velaiyar's son Sundresanar married Karpagammal. He settled down his family in [Valavanur](/wiki/Valavanur \"Valavanur\") near by Mailam. They in turn had a son named Swaminatha Desikar.",
"Swaminatha Desikar converted himself to Christianity, changed his name to Susai Alias Swaminatha Desikar and married Gnasounthari.",
"### Early life",
"Along with his older brother Sivaprakasa swamigal, travelled widely all over Tamil Nadu, famous temples like Thiruvannamalai, Thiruchendur, [Mailam](/wiki/Mailam \"Mailam\").",
"On one of his journeys around Tamil Nadu Sivaprakasa Swamigal, Velaiyar and Karunai Prakasar went to Tirunelveli to meet and be taught by a pandit, Valliyur Thambiran, who was an expert on grammar. This teacher accepted them as his students. Velaiyar learnt Tamil grammar along with his brothers.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life and slavery
When he was still quite young, Ferebee's mother was sold because she beat her master to the ground. Ferebee was moved with his mother and two other children, and remained with his family until was old enough to render services. He was then separated from his family and employed by a man named Edwin T. Cowles. Ferebee was still extremely young when he began to work. Because of Ferebee's youth, Cowles was extremely kind to him, and would not allow for him to be abused in any way.
### Freedom and education
At twelve years old, Ferebee ran away with a group of [Yankees](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 "Union (American Civil War)"), as they were called, who delivered him to his father, Abel M. Ferebee, in [Elizabeth City](/wiki/Elizabeth_City "Elizabeth City"), North Carolina. Together, they stayed in Elizabeth City until the Yankees announced that they were to travel to Newbern, NC. Figuring that moving to Newbern was safer than staying in Elizabeth City with the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War"), both the Ferebees, and a large group of colored people, moved with the Yankees.
Once in Newbern, still under the care of his father, young Ferebee started attending private school at a Christian church. By the time he was fifteen, he was the top student in his class and had become assistant teacher. While his health was starting to falter, at age thirteen, and his eyesight was beginning to fail him, he decided to take up a profession in religion. Soon thereafter, he was elected Superintendent of the Sabbath School, and then elected secretary of the church and Board of Trustees.
One morning, on Ferebee's accord, a young man by the name of Miles Bartlette was sent back a year, into primary school. A few days after this event, Bartlette attempted to kill Ferebee. Bartlette stabbed a dagger through Ferebee's left shoulder blade, barely missing his heart. Ferebee did survive, but was forced to stay in his home until October, when he was allowed to return to school.
### Early career
In 1867, when Ferebee was eighteen, his father moved him back to Elizabeth City. The summer after his move, he was called to Nixonton to take charge of a private school. He taught here for three years, until entering himself in a normal school. He stayed in school until he had almost mastered an English education. Once he felt he was ready, he started learning law, and [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin"), with Judge C. C. Pool. After he had completed his learning with Pool, Ferebee moved to teach in his own schoolhouse. He earned himself a good reputation as a teacher by the time he was twenty. He traveled to many different counties as a teacher, and soon had become a "swift politician".
### Political career
Ferebee soon became a popular Republican. In 1872, he was known to be a reliable politician, and he had married a young woman who was named Lucinda Smith. He continued to dedicate his time to politics. He had, because of his outspoken opinion, made himself many enemies in his party (both [men of color](/wiki/Men_of_color "Men of color"), and white men). In the same year, he was married, he was rallied against by his political enemies.
He was accused, by his peers, of stealing money from T.P. Wilcox. Ferebee was put through many court trials, and was continually found innocent. In the summer of 1873, the Democratic nominee for the Judge in the First District, Mills L. Eure was elected. After winning the election, Eure reopened the forgery case against Ferebee. Eure would not allow for Ferebee to present any evidence that proved him innocent, and the jury found him guilty. After twenty\-seven days in prison, he was moved into a penitentiary, where he was to stay for four years.
### Prison
While in penitentiary, Ferebee lost none of his religious reputation. He became the prison preacher. Meanwhile, the inmates and prison guards developed a strong liking to him, and would not abuse, or let others abuse him. After staying in the penitentiary for two years, he was chosen to go to the mountains and take up work there. He got to choose which of the inmates went with him, and after stewarding and cooking for the next five months, he was released.
### Religious career
After his release from prison, he became determined to receive his preaching license, and in 1877, he succeeded. One year later, he applied to join the Annual Conference of the [A.M.E. Zion Church](/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church "African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church"). After deliberation by the Zion Church, he was received into conference and was assigned to [Winston, North Carolina](/wiki/Winston%2C_North_Carolina "Winston, North Carolina"). There, he held charge for one year and a half. After his time in Winston, he was ordained by the church and in 1880, he was sent to [Granville County](/wiki/Granville_County%2C_North_Carolina "Granville County, North Carolina"), where he held charge for two years.
### Late life
Ferebee was a preacher in Winston until his church was burned down. His last station was in [Raleigh, North Carolina](/wiki/Raleigh%2C_North_Carolina "Raleigh, North Carolina"), where he wrote the narrative of his life, entitled *"A Brief History of the Slave Life of Rev. L.R. Ferebee, and the Battles of Life, and Four Years of His Ministerial Life. Written from Memory. To 1882"*. The date of his death, after 1883, is unknown.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life and slavery",
"When he was still quite young, Ferebee's mother was sold because she beat her master to the ground. Ferebee was moved with his mother and two other children, and remained with his family until was old enough to render services. He was then separated from his family and employed by a man named Edwin T. Cowles. Ferebee was still extremely young when he began to work. Because of Ferebee's youth, Cowles was extremely kind to him, and would not allow for him to be abused in any way.",
"### Freedom and education",
"At twelve years old, Ferebee ran away with a group of [Yankees](/wiki/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29 \"Union (American Civil War)\"), as they were called, who delivered him to his father, Abel M. Ferebee, in [Elizabeth City](/wiki/Elizabeth_City \"Elizabeth City\"), North Carolina. Together, they stayed in Elizabeth City until the Yankees announced that they were to travel to Newbern, NC. Figuring that moving to Newbern was safer than staying in Elizabeth City with the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), both the Ferebees, and a large group of colored people, moved with the Yankees.",
"Once in Newbern, still under the care of his father, young Ferebee started attending private school at a Christian church. By the time he was fifteen, he was the top student in his class and had become assistant teacher. While his health was starting to falter, at age thirteen, and his eyesight was beginning to fail him, he decided to take up a profession in religion. Soon thereafter, he was elected Superintendent of the Sabbath School, and then elected secretary of the church and Board of Trustees.",
"One morning, on Ferebee's accord, a young man by the name of Miles Bartlette was sent back a year, into primary school. A few days after this event, Bartlette attempted to kill Ferebee. Bartlette stabbed a dagger through Ferebee's left shoulder blade, barely missing his heart. Ferebee did survive, but was forced to stay in his home until October, when he was allowed to return to school.",
"### Early career",
"In 1867, when Ferebee was eighteen, his father moved him back to Elizabeth City. The summer after his move, he was called to Nixonton to take charge of a private school. He taught here for three years, until entering himself in a normal school. He stayed in school until he had almost mastered an English education. Once he felt he was ready, he started learning law, and [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\"), with Judge C. C. Pool. After he had completed his learning with Pool, Ferebee moved to teach in his own schoolhouse. He earned himself a good reputation as a teacher by the time he was twenty. He traveled to many different counties as a teacher, and soon had become a \"swift politician\".",
"### Political career",
"Ferebee soon became a popular Republican. In 1872, he was known to be a reliable politician, and he had married a young woman who was named Lucinda Smith. He continued to dedicate his time to politics. He had, because of his outspoken opinion, made himself many enemies in his party (both [men of color](/wiki/Men_of_color \"Men of color\"), and white men). In the same year, he was married, he was rallied against by his political enemies.",
"He was accused, by his peers, of stealing money from T.P. Wilcox. Ferebee was put through many court trials, and was continually found innocent. In the summer of 1873, the Democratic nominee for the Judge in the First District, Mills L. Eure was elected. After winning the election, Eure reopened the forgery case against Ferebee. Eure would not allow for Ferebee to present any evidence that proved him innocent, and the jury found him guilty. After twenty\\-seven days in prison, he was moved into a penitentiary, where he was to stay for four years.",
"### Prison",
"While in penitentiary, Ferebee lost none of his religious reputation. He became the prison preacher. Meanwhile, the inmates and prison guards developed a strong liking to him, and would not abuse, or let others abuse him. After staying in the penitentiary for two years, he was chosen to go to the mountains and take up work there. He got to choose which of the inmates went with him, and after stewarding and cooking for the next five months, he was released.",
"### Religious career",
"After his release from prison, he became determined to receive his preaching license, and in 1877, he succeeded. One year later, he applied to join the Annual Conference of the [A.M.E. Zion Church](/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church \"African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church\"). After deliberation by the Zion Church, he was received into conference and was assigned to [Winston, North Carolina](/wiki/Winston%2C_North_Carolina \"Winston, North Carolina\"). There, he held charge for one year and a half. After his time in Winston, he was ordained by the church and in 1880, he was sent to [Granville County](/wiki/Granville_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Granville County, North Carolina\"), where he held charge for two years.",
"### Late life",
"Ferebee was a preacher in Winston until his church was burned down. His last station was in [Raleigh, North Carolina](/wiki/Raleigh%2C_North_Carolina \"Raleigh, North Carolina\"), where he wrote the narrative of his life, entitled *\"A Brief History of the Slave Life of Rev. L.R. Ferebee, and the Battles of Life, and Four Years of His Ministerial Life. Written from Memory. To 1882\"*. The date of his death, after 1883, is unknown.",
""
] |
From journalist to historian
----------------------------
In 1850 Flanagan teamed up with his younger brother to establish their own Melbourne newspaper, *[The Weekly Chronicle](/wiki/The_Weekly_Chronicle "The Weekly Chronicle")*. However, with the discovery of gold in Victoria in 1851, his readership seemed more interested in the yellow metal, than his newspaper and it closed after six months operation.
[thumb\|Frontispiece to *The Aboriginals of Australia* – "Engraved from a photograph in possession of the author's brother (Mr, E. F. Flanagan), taken in 1862"He](/wiki/File:Roderick_Flanagan_frontispiece.png "Roderick Flanagan frontispiece.png") joined another Sir Henry Parkes paper, *[The Empire](/wiki/The_Empire_%28newspaper%29 "The Empire (newspaper)")* as a journalist. Parkes soon entered Parliament and was too busy to run his paper so he appointed Flanagan as Chief of Reporting Staff. Flanagan's poetry was published in *The Empire* and survives as it was collected by his brother Edward in 1887 and published as "Australian and Other Poems" in 1887\.{{Cite book\|title\=\[\[s:Australian and Other Poems]] \|last\=Flanagan \|first\=Roderick \|year\=1887 \|publisher\=Edward Flanagan \|location\=Sydney}}
In 1852, [John Dunmore Lang](/wiki/John_Dunmore_Lang "John Dunmore Lang"), the founder of [Presbyterianism](/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism") in Australia published a history of [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales") entitled "*An Historical and Statistical Account of New South Wales*".{{cite book \|last1\=Lang \|first1\=John Dunmore \|authorlink1\=John Dunmore Lang \|title\=An historical and statistical account of New South Wales: both as a penal settlement and as a British colony \|date\=1837 \|publisher\=A J Valpy \|location\=London \|isbn\=9780731639243 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/historicalstatis00langrich/page/n6 \|oclc\=17681671 \|accessdate\=23 April 2019}} Flanagan thought it was a poor history which was ridden with prejudice, so he spent the next eight years writing his own book.
It was eventually published in 1862 by [Sampson Low, Son and Company](/wiki/Sampson_Low%23Sampson_Low%2C_Son_and_Company "Sampson Low#Sampson Low, Son and Company") in London. It was entitled:
*The History of New South Wales with an Account of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), New Zealand, Port Phillip (Victoria), Moreton Bay and other Australian Settlements. Comprising a Complete View of the Progress and Prospects of Gold Mining in Australia. The Whole Compiled from Official and Other Authentic and Original Sources.*{{cite book \|last1\=Flanagan \|first1\=Roderick \|title\=The History of New South Wales \|date\=1862 \|publisher\=Sampson Low, Son \& Company \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VSIPAAAAYAAJ \|accessdate\=23 April 2019}}
The book was considered the standard text on Australia for many years and received considerable praise from the [Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald "Sydney Morning Herald") and the *Empire*.
Flanagan died before he saw his major work published as he contracted [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis") and died in cheap lodgings in London on 13 March 1862, while awaiting to see his book printed.
His brother, Edward, worked hard to keep Flanagan's legacy alive. In 1888 to commemorate one hundred years of settlement, Edward published, Flanagan's essays (that had been published in "The Empire") on the Australian Aborigines, in a slim book called *The Aborigines of Australia.* This book is remarkable for its sympathetic portrayal of Aborigines at a time when white Australians saw them simply as 'savages' who would die out.[*New Zealand Tablet*, Volume XXV, Issue 13, 30 July 1897, Page 19, Book Review](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZT18970730.2.33) His entry in the [Australian Dictionary of Biography](/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography "Australian Dictionary of Biography") describes his chapter on the [Myall Creek massacre](/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre "Myall Creek massacre") as "a restrained exercise in the use of evidence to prove guilt".
In 1988, to commemorate the bicentennial of European settlement of Australia, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Committee of the [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland") Bicentennial Council reprinted "Aborigines in Australia", claiming that reprinting "enables the earliest unbiased account of the Australian Aborigines to be re\-introduced to the people of modern Australia."{{cite book \|last1\=Flanagan \|first1\=Roderick \|title\=The Aborigines of Australia \|date\=1888 \|publisher\=E.F. Flanagan \|location\=Sydney \|url\=https://archive.org/details/aboriginesaustr00flangoog/page/n12}} reprinted 1988 by Boolarong Publications, Mosman, Queensland {{isbn\|9781512016215}}. and on [Wikisource](/wiki/s:The_Aborigines_of_Australia "The Aborigines of Australia").
|
[
"From journalist to historian\n----------------------------",
"In 1850 Flanagan teamed up with his younger brother to establish their own Melbourne newspaper, *[The Weekly Chronicle](/wiki/The_Weekly_Chronicle \"The Weekly Chronicle\")*. However, with the discovery of gold in Victoria in 1851, his readership seemed more interested in the yellow metal, than his newspaper and it closed after six months operation.",
"[thumb\\|Frontispiece to *The Aboriginals of Australia* – \"Engraved from a photograph in possession of the author's brother (Mr, E. F. Flanagan), taken in 1862\"He](/wiki/File:Roderick_Flanagan_frontispiece.png \"Roderick Flanagan frontispiece.png\") joined another Sir Henry Parkes paper, *[The Empire](/wiki/The_Empire_%28newspaper%29 \"The Empire (newspaper)\")* as a journalist. Parkes soon entered Parliament and was too busy to run his paper so he appointed Flanagan as Chief of Reporting Staff. Flanagan's poetry was published in *The Empire* and survives as it was collected by his brother Edward in 1887 and published as \"Australian and Other Poems\" in 1887\\.{{Cite book\\|title\\=\\[\\[s:Australian and Other Poems]] \\|last\\=Flanagan \\|first\\=Roderick \\|year\\=1887 \\|publisher\\=Edward Flanagan \\|location\\=Sydney}}",
"In 1852, [John Dunmore Lang](/wiki/John_Dunmore_Lang \"John Dunmore Lang\"), the founder of [Presbyterianism](/wiki/Presbyterianism \"Presbyterianism\") in Australia published a history of [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\") entitled \"*An Historical and Statistical Account of New South Wales*\".{{cite book \\|last1\\=Lang \\|first1\\=John Dunmore \\|authorlink1\\=John Dunmore Lang \\|title\\=An historical and statistical account of New South Wales: both as a penal settlement and as a British colony \\|date\\=1837 \\|publisher\\=A J Valpy \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=9780731639243 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/historicalstatis00langrich/page/n6 \\|oclc\\=17681671 \\|accessdate\\=23 April 2019}} Flanagan thought it was a poor history which was ridden with prejudice, so he spent the next eight years writing his own book.",
"It was eventually published in 1862 by [Sampson Low, Son and Company](/wiki/Sampson_Low%23Sampson_Low%2C_Son_and_Company \"Sampson Low#Sampson Low, Son and Company\") in London. It was entitled:",
"*The History of New South Wales with an Account of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), New Zealand, Port Phillip (Victoria), Moreton Bay and other Australian Settlements. Comprising a Complete View of the Progress and Prospects of Gold Mining in Australia. The Whole Compiled from Official and Other Authentic and Original Sources.*{{cite book \\|last1\\=Flanagan \\|first1\\=Roderick \\|title\\=The History of New South Wales \\|date\\=1862 \\|publisher\\=Sampson Low, Son \\& Company \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VSIPAAAAYAAJ \\|accessdate\\=23 April 2019}}",
"The book was considered the standard text on Australia for many years and received considerable praise from the [Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald \"Sydney Morning Herald\") and the *Empire*.",
"Flanagan died before he saw his major work published as he contracted [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") and died in cheap lodgings in London on 13 March 1862, while awaiting to see his book printed.",
"His brother, Edward, worked hard to keep Flanagan's legacy alive. In 1888 to commemorate one hundred years of settlement, Edward published, Flanagan's essays (that had been published in \"The Empire\") on the Australian Aborigines, in a slim book called *The Aborigines of Australia.* This book is remarkable for its sympathetic portrayal of Aborigines at a time when white Australians saw them simply as 'savages' who would die out.[*New Zealand Tablet*, Volume XXV, Issue 13, 30 July 1897, Page 19, Book Review](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZT18970730.2.33) His entry in the [Australian Dictionary of Biography](/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography \"Australian Dictionary of Biography\") describes his chapter on the [Myall Creek massacre](/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre \"Myall Creek massacre\") as \"a restrained exercise in the use of evidence to prove guilt\".",
"In 1988, to commemorate the bicentennial of European settlement of Australia, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Committee of the [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\") Bicentennial Council reprinted \"Aborigines in Australia\", claiming that reprinting \"enables the earliest unbiased account of the Australian Aborigines to be re\\-introduced to the people of modern Australia.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Flanagan \\|first1\\=Roderick \\|title\\=The Aborigines of Australia \\|date\\=1888 \\|publisher\\=E.F. Flanagan \\|location\\=Sydney \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/aboriginesaustr00flangoog/page/n12}} reprinted 1988 by Boolarong Publications, Mosman, Queensland {{isbn\\|9781512016215}}. and on [Wikisource](/wiki/s:The_Aborigines_of_Australia \"The Aborigines of Australia\").",
""
] |
Scientific activities
---------------------
The activity of Pekka Lehtinen has been dealt with briefly by Koponen \[2011] and Marusik \[2011], and more comprehensively by Marusik \[2004, in Russian].
Pekka Lehtinen started his career as a [malacologist](/wiki/Malacologist "Malacologist"); his MSc thesis dealt with terrestrial gastropods in the Finnish archipelago. In addition to [gastropods](/wiki/Gastropods "Gastropods"), he also actively studied [millipedes](/wiki/Millipedes "Millipedes"), [centipedes](/wiki/Centipedes "Centipedes"), and [terrestrial isopods](/wiki/Woodlouse "Woodlouse") of the SW\-archipelago and worked for many years on a planned doctoral thesis concerning the colonization of this unique archipelago by terrestrial invertebrates.
He collected his first arachnological samples in 1957, and in 1962 Lehtinen published his first (faunistic) paper on [spiders](/wiki/Spiders "Spiders"). Subsequently, he changed the theme of his PhD to the [taxonomy](/wiki/Biological_classification "Biological classification") of [spiders](/wiki/Spiders "Spiders"), because he soon realized that there were a lot of unsolved large\-scale problems.
From the time Lehtinen started to work on his PhD thesis up until the present, he has visited almost all the leading museums in the world (he visited the [MNHN](/wiki/MNHN "MNHN") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") 11 times) and/or loaned types and comparative material in order to study poorly available faunas collected from remote islands and territories.
To date he has visited over 60 museums. After gaining a permanent position at the [University of Turku](/wiki/University_of_Turku "University of Turku"), Lehtinen started to carry out extensive expeditions world\-wide, a practice which he has continued to the present. Since 1969 he has visited over 70 countries in search for [spiders](/wiki/Spiders "Spiders"), [mites](/wiki/Mites "Mites"), [harvestmen](/wiki/Harvestmen "Harvestmen"), [pseudoscorpions](/wiki/Pseudoscorpions "Pseudoscorpions"), [terrestrial isopods](/wiki/Terrestrial_isopods "Terrestrial isopods"), [myriapods](/wiki/Myriapods "Myriapods"), [molluscs](/wiki/Molluscs "Molluscs") and other [invertebrates](/wiki/Invertebrates "Invertebrates").
[left\|thumb\|Excursions of Pekka T. Lehtinen](/wiki/File:Map-Pekka.tif "Map-Pekka.tif")
Some of the countries he visited four or even more times, such as India, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and [French Polynesia](/wiki/French_Polynesia "French Polynesia"). His first expedition to the Tropics was to [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka") (1969\) and his most recent expeditions were to [Gambia](/wiki/Gambia "Gambia")\-[Senegal](/wiki/Senegal "Senegal") (2011\), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya "Kenya")\-[Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius "Mauritius") (2012\) and [Tahiti](/wiki/Tahiti "Tahiti")\-[Moorea](/wiki/Moorea "Moorea") (2013\).
Most of the expeditions and congress trips have been done without any funding from his home country, mostly supported from his own pension. All materials collected during these expeditions ([spiders](/wiki/Spiders "Spiders") and other [invertebrates](/wiki/Invertebrates "Invertebrates")) were sorted and properly labelled by himself. All spiders were sorted to families, and most of them to genera. It seems that nobody in the history of arachnological studies can be compared with Lehtinen in respect to the number of expeditions, and their geography. Some arachnologists call Lehtinen an "illustrious [Eugène Simon](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Simon "Eugène Simon")" (referring to the fact that Simon also traveled a lot, surveyed all spider families, although published rather few figures).
Pekka Lehtinen has participated in all international congresses of [arachnology](/wiki/Arachnology "Arachnology"): the pre\-CIDA Congress in [Frankfurt am Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main "Frankfurt am Main") (1965\), and then in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") (1968\), [Brno](/wiki/Brno "Brno") (1971\), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") (1974\), [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter "Exeter"), UK (1977, as an invited speaker), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna "Vienna") (1980\), [Panama](/wiki/Panama "Panama") (1983\), [Jaca](/wiki/Jaca "Jaca"), Spain (1986\), [Turku](/wiki/Turku "Turku") (1989\), [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane") (1992\), [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva") (1995\), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") (1998\), [Badplaas](/wiki/Badplaas "Badplaas"), South Africa (2001, as an invited speaker), [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent "Ghent"), Belgium (2003\), [Saõ Pedro](/wiki/Sa%C3%B5_Pedro "Saõ Pedro"), Brazil (2007\), [Siedlce](/wiki/Siedlce "Siedlce"), Poland (2010\) and [Kenting](/wiki/Kenting "Kenting"), Taiwan (2013\). He acted as the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Turku Congress, 1989, and was one of the editors of its Proceedings. He has also attended two European Colloquia ([Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus "Aarhus") and [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg "St. Petersburg")).
In 2001 during the ISA congress held in South Africa, he was elected as an Honorary Member of the [International Society of Arachnology](/wiki/International_Society_of_Arachnology "International Society of Arachnology"). In 2007 at another congress, Lehtinen was again elected as an Honorary Member. Currently he is only arachnologist who is a ‘twofold’ Honorary Member of the ISA. Since 1965, Lehtinen represented Finland in CIDA (Centre International de Documentation Arachnologique), until this organization was transformed to the ISA ([International Society of Arachnology](/wiki/International_Society_of_Arachnology "International Society of Arachnology")) in 1998\.
[right\|thumb\|Pekka Lehtinen in Papua New Guinea](/wiki/File:Pekka_Lehtinen_in_Papua_New_Guinea.tif "Pekka Lehtinen in Papua New Guinea.tif")
Lehtinen has always been active in nature conservation projects, both in field studies and (from 1983\) as a member of different committees and working groups, for example, in compiling the Finnish Red Data Books. Ministers of the Environment in French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and Mauritius have also consulted him in matters of nature conservation. Part of his acarological studies have concerned national projects in medical [acarology](/wiki/Acarology "Acarology") (mite allergy 1987\-90 – the only totally funded project during his whole carrier) and [borreliosis](/wiki/Borreliosis "Borreliosis") 1991–2009\.
Lehtinen is well known not only amongst [arachnologists](/wiki/Arachnologists "Arachnologists"), but also amongst the wider zoological community. Since August 1980 up until the Congress in Athens 2000 he was a member of the ICZN ([International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature](/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature "International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature")). In 1990 he became a council member and participated in preparing of the new Code. While working for the ICZN Committee he attended the following meetings: [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa") 1982, [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest "Budapest") 1985, [Canberra](/wiki/Canberra "Canberra") 1988, [Washington](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") 1990 (special meeting for adoption of the new Code), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") 1991, [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") 1994, [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei "Taipei") 1998 and [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens") 2000\. Lehtinen was active on the world forum several times, for example, as a member of the Organizing Committee of the ICSEB (International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology) held in 1990 in Washington, D.C., and in 1996 in [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest "Budapest"), when he served as a member of the IOSEB Council (International Organization for Systematic and Evolutionary Biology).
He has discovered the following spider and mite taxa:
| *[Afroblemma](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Afroblemma "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Afroblemma")* | | *[Anansia](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Anansia "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Anansia")* | | *[Andoharano](/wiki/List_of_Filistatidae_species%23Andoharano "List of Filistatidae species#Andoharano")* | | *[Astavakra](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Astavakra "List of Uloboridae species#Astavakra")* | | *[Caraimatta](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Caraimatta "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Caraimatta")* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *[Carpathonesticus](/wiki/List_of_Nesticidae_species%23Carpathonesticus "List of Nesticidae species#Carpathonesticus")* | | *[Daramulunia](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Daramulunia "List of Uloboridae species#Daramulunia")* | | *[Gandanameno](/wiki/Velvet_spider "Velvet spider")* | | *[Gunasekara](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Gunasekara "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Gunasekara")* | | *[Kukulcania](/wiki/Kukulcania "Kukulcania")* |
| *[Lamania](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Lamania "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Lamania")* | | *[Maijana](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Maijana "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Maijana")* | | *[Mariblemma](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Mariblemma "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Mariblemma")* | | *[Micromatta](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Micromatta "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Micromatta")* | | *[Neothyridae](/wiki/Holothyrida%23Neothyridae "Holothyrida#Neothyridae")* |
| *[Nesticella](/wiki/Nesticella "Nesticella")* | | *[Polenecia](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Polenecia "List of Uloboridae species#Polenecia")* | | *[Pritha](/wiki/Pritha "Pritha")* | | *[Purumitra](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Purumitra "List of Uloboridae species#Purumitra")* | | *[Rhinoblemma](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Rhinoblemma "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Rhinoblemma")* |
| *[Shearella](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Shearella "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Shearella")* | | *[Singalangia](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Singalangia "List of Tetrablemmidae species#Singalangia")* | | *[Sulaimania](/wiki/Sulaimania_%28spider%29 "Sulaimania (spider)")* | | *[Tangaroa](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Tangaroa "List of Uloboridae species#Tangaroa")* | | |
| *[Wajane](/wiki/List_of_Eresidae_species%23Wajane "List of Eresidae species#Wajane")* | | *[Zaitunia](/wiki/List_of_Filistatidae_species%23Zaitunia "List of Filistatidae species#Zaitunia")* | | | | | | |
|
[
"Scientific activities\n---------------------",
"The activity of Pekka Lehtinen has been dealt with briefly by Koponen \\[2011] and Marusik \\[2011], and more comprehensively by Marusik \\[2004, in Russian].\nPekka Lehtinen started his career as a [malacologist](/wiki/Malacologist \"Malacologist\"); his MSc thesis dealt with terrestrial gastropods in the Finnish archipelago. In addition to [gastropods](/wiki/Gastropods \"Gastropods\"), he also actively studied [millipedes](/wiki/Millipedes \"Millipedes\"), [centipedes](/wiki/Centipedes \"Centipedes\"), and [terrestrial isopods](/wiki/Woodlouse \"Woodlouse\") of the SW\\-archipelago and worked for many years on a planned doctoral thesis concerning the colonization of this unique archipelago by terrestrial invertebrates.",
"He collected his first arachnological samples in 1957, and in 1962 Lehtinen published his first (faunistic) paper on [spiders](/wiki/Spiders \"Spiders\"). Subsequently, he changed the theme of his PhD to the [taxonomy](/wiki/Biological_classification \"Biological classification\") of [spiders](/wiki/Spiders \"Spiders\"), because he soon realized that there were a lot of unsolved large\\-scale problems. \nFrom the time Lehtinen started to work on his PhD thesis up until the present, he has visited almost all the leading museums in the world (he visited the [MNHN](/wiki/MNHN \"MNHN\") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") 11 times) and/or loaned types and comparative material in order to study poorly available faunas collected from remote islands and territories.",
"To date he has visited over 60 museums. After gaining a permanent position at the [University of Turku](/wiki/University_of_Turku \"University of Turku\"), Lehtinen started to carry out extensive expeditions world\\-wide, a practice which he has continued to the present. Since 1969 he has visited over 70 countries in search for [spiders](/wiki/Spiders \"Spiders\"), [mites](/wiki/Mites \"Mites\"), [harvestmen](/wiki/Harvestmen \"Harvestmen\"), [pseudoscorpions](/wiki/Pseudoscorpions \"Pseudoscorpions\"), [terrestrial isopods](/wiki/Terrestrial_isopods \"Terrestrial isopods\"), [myriapods](/wiki/Myriapods \"Myriapods\"), [molluscs](/wiki/Molluscs \"Molluscs\") and other [invertebrates](/wiki/Invertebrates \"Invertebrates\").\n[left\\|thumb\\|Excursions of Pekka T. Lehtinen](/wiki/File:Map-Pekka.tif \"Map-Pekka.tif\")\nSome of the countries he visited four or even more times, such as India, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and [French Polynesia](/wiki/French_Polynesia \"French Polynesia\"). His first expedition to the Tropics was to [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") (1969\\) and his most recent expeditions were to [Gambia](/wiki/Gambia \"Gambia\")\\-[Senegal](/wiki/Senegal \"Senegal\") (2011\\), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya \"Kenya\")\\-[Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius \"Mauritius\") (2012\\) and [Tahiti](/wiki/Tahiti \"Tahiti\")\\-[Moorea](/wiki/Moorea \"Moorea\") (2013\\).",
"Most of the expeditions and congress trips have been done without any funding from his home country, mostly supported from his own pension. All materials collected during these expeditions ([spiders](/wiki/Spiders \"Spiders\") and other [invertebrates](/wiki/Invertebrates \"Invertebrates\")) were sorted and properly labelled by himself. All spiders were sorted to families, and most of them to genera. It seems that nobody in the history of arachnological studies can be compared with Lehtinen in respect to the number of expeditions, and their geography. Some arachnologists call Lehtinen an \"illustrious [Eugène Simon](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Simon \"Eugène Simon\")\" (referring to the fact that Simon also traveled a lot, surveyed all spider families, although published rather few figures).",
"Pekka Lehtinen has participated in all international congresses of [arachnology](/wiki/Arachnology \"Arachnology\"): the pre\\-CIDA Congress in [Frankfurt am Main](/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main \"Frankfurt am Main\") (1965\\), and then in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") (1968\\), [Brno](/wiki/Brno \"Brno\") (1971\\), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") (1974\\), [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter \"Exeter\"), UK (1977, as an invited speaker), [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") (1980\\), [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\") (1983\\), [Jaca](/wiki/Jaca \"Jaca\"), Spain (1986\\), [Turku](/wiki/Turku \"Turku\") (1989\\), [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\") (1992\\), [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") (1995\\), [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") (1998\\), [Badplaas](/wiki/Badplaas \"Badplaas\"), South Africa (2001, as an invited speaker), [Ghent](/wiki/Ghent \"Ghent\"), Belgium (2003\\), [Saõ Pedro](/wiki/Sa%C3%B5_Pedro \"Saõ Pedro\"), Brazil (2007\\), [Siedlce](/wiki/Siedlce \"Siedlce\"), Poland (2010\\) and [Kenting](/wiki/Kenting \"Kenting\"), Taiwan (2013\\). He acted as the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Turku Congress, 1989, and was one of the editors of its Proceedings. He has also attended two European Colloquia ([Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus \"Aarhus\") and [St. Petersburg](/wiki/St._Petersburg \"St. Petersburg\")).",
"In 2001 during the ISA congress held in South Africa, he was elected as an Honorary Member of the [International Society of Arachnology](/wiki/International_Society_of_Arachnology \"International Society of Arachnology\"). In 2007 at another congress, Lehtinen was again elected as an Honorary Member. Currently he is only arachnologist who is a ‘twofold’ Honorary Member of the ISA. Since 1965, Lehtinen represented Finland in CIDA (Centre International de Documentation Arachnologique), until this organization was transformed to the ISA ([International Society of Arachnology](/wiki/International_Society_of_Arachnology \"International Society of Arachnology\")) in 1998\\.\n[right\\|thumb\\|Pekka Lehtinen in Papua New Guinea](/wiki/File:Pekka_Lehtinen_in_Papua_New_Guinea.tif \"Pekka Lehtinen in Papua New Guinea.tif\")\nLehtinen has always been active in nature conservation projects, both in field studies and (from 1983\\) as a member of different committees and working groups, for example, in compiling the Finnish Red Data Books. Ministers of the Environment in French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and Mauritius have also consulted him in matters of nature conservation. Part of his acarological studies have concerned national projects in medical [acarology](/wiki/Acarology \"Acarology\") (mite allergy 1987\\-90 – the only totally funded project during his whole carrier) and [borreliosis](/wiki/Borreliosis \"Borreliosis\") 1991–2009\\.",
"Lehtinen is well known not only amongst [arachnologists](/wiki/Arachnologists \"Arachnologists\"), but also amongst the wider zoological community. Since August 1980 up until the Congress in Athens 2000 he was a member of the ICZN ([International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature](/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature \"International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature\")). In 1990 he became a council member and participated in preparing of the new Code. While working for the ICZN Committee he attended the following meetings: [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\") 1982, [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\") 1985, [Canberra](/wiki/Canberra \"Canberra\") 1988, [Washington](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") 1990 (special meeting for adoption of the new Code), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") 1991, [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") 1994, [Taipei](/wiki/Taipei \"Taipei\") 1998 and [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") 2000\\. Lehtinen was active on the world forum several times, for example, as a member of the Organizing Committee of the ICSEB (International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology) held in 1990 in Washington, D.C., and in 1996 in [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\"), when he served as a member of the IOSEB Council (International Organization for Systematic and Evolutionary Biology).\nHe has discovered the following spider and mite taxa:",
"",
"| *[Afroblemma](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Afroblemma \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Afroblemma\")* | | *[Anansia](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Anansia \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Anansia\")* | | *[Andoharano](/wiki/List_of_Filistatidae_species%23Andoharano \"List of Filistatidae species#Andoharano\")* | | *[Astavakra](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Astavakra \"List of Uloboridae species#Astavakra\")* | | *[Caraimatta](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Caraimatta \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Caraimatta\")* |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *[Carpathonesticus](/wiki/List_of_Nesticidae_species%23Carpathonesticus \"List of Nesticidae species#Carpathonesticus\")* | | *[Daramulunia](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Daramulunia \"List of Uloboridae species#Daramulunia\")* | | *[Gandanameno](/wiki/Velvet_spider \"Velvet spider\")* | | *[Gunasekara](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Gunasekara \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Gunasekara\")* | | *[Kukulcania](/wiki/Kukulcania \"Kukulcania\")* |\n| *[Lamania](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Lamania \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Lamania\")* | | *[Maijana](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Maijana \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Maijana\")* | | *[Mariblemma](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Mariblemma \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Mariblemma\")* | | *[Micromatta](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Micromatta \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Micromatta\")* | | *[Neothyridae](/wiki/Holothyrida%23Neothyridae \"Holothyrida#Neothyridae\")* |\n| *[Nesticella](/wiki/Nesticella \"Nesticella\")* | | *[Polenecia](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Polenecia \"List of Uloboridae species#Polenecia\")* | | *[Pritha](/wiki/Pritha \"Pritha\")* | | *[Purumitra](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Purumitra \"List of Uloboridae species#Purumitra\")* | | *[Rhinoblemma](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Rhinoblemma \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Rhinoblemma\")* |\n| *[Shearella](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Shearella \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Shearella\")* | | *[Singalangia](/wiki/List_of_Tetrablemmidae_species%23Singalangia \"List of Tetrablemmidae species#Singalangia\")* | | *[Sulaimania](/wiki/Sulaimania_%28spider%29 \"Sulaimania (spider)\")* | | *[Tangaroa](/wiki/List_of_Uloboridae_species%23Tangaroa \"List of Uloboridae species#Tangaroa\")* | | |\n| *[Wajane](/wiki/List_of_Eresidae_species%23Wajane \"List of Eresidae species#Wajane\")* | | *[Zaitunia](/wiki/List_of_Filistatidae_species%23Zaitunia \"List of Filistatidae species#Zaitunia\")* | | | | | | |",
""
] |
Service
-------
The 41st Illinois Infantry was organized at [Decatur, Illinois](/wiki/Decatur%2C_Illinois "Decatur, Illinois") and mustered into Federal service on August 5, 1861\.
The regiment as a whole saw action with the [Army of the Tennessee](/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee "Army of the Tennessee") at [Fort Donelson](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson "Battle of Fort Donelson"), [Shiloh](/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh "Battle of Shiloh"), [Corinth](/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth "Siege of Corinth"), [Hatchie's Bridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Hatchie%27s_Bridge "Battle of Hatchie's Bridge"), [Vicksburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg "Siege of Vicksburg") and [Meridian](/wiki/Battle_of_Meridian "Battle of Meridian").
In March, 1864 the veterans of the regiment went on furlough and the newly recruited members of the regiment joined Nathanial Banks' [Army of the Gulf](/wiki/Army_of_the_Gulf "Army of the Gulf"). This non\-veteran detachment fought at [Fort DeRussy](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_DeRussy "Battle of Fort DeRussy"), [Pleasant Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill "Battle of Pleasant Hill"), [Mansura](/wiki/Battle_of_Mansura "Battle of Mansura") and [Tupelo](/wiki/Battle_of_Tupelo "Battle of Tupelo").
The veterans did not rejoin the regiment after their furlough but instead formed a "Veteran's Battalion" and rejoined the Army of the Tennessee in Georgia. They were assigned to guard duty along the railroad near Big Shanty, Marietta and Kenesaw Mountain. Then moved with the army during the March to the Sea and siege of Savannah, Georgia.
The regiment was consolidated with the [53rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment](/wiki/53rd_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment "53rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment") on December 23, 1864\.
|
[
"Service\n-------",
"The 41st Illinois Infantry was organized at [Decatur, Illinois](/wiki/Decatur%2C_Illinois \"Decatur, Illinois\") and mustered into Federal service on August 5, 1861\\.",
"The regiment as a whole saw action with the [Army of the Tennessee](/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee \"Army of the Tennessee\") at [Fort Donelson](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson \"Battle of Fort Donelson\"), [Shiloh](/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh \"Battle of Shiloh\"), [Corinth](/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth \"Siege of Corinth\"), [Hatchie's Bridge](/wiki/Battle_of_Hatchie%27s_Bridge \"Battle of Hatchie's Bridge\"), [Vicksburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg \"Siege of Vicksburg\") and [Meridian](/wiki/Battle_of_Meridian \"Battle of Meridian\").",
"In March, 1864 the veterans of the regiment went on furlough and the newly recruited members of the regiment joined Nathanial Banks' [Army of the Gulf](/wiki/Army_of_the_Gulf \"Army of the Gulf\"). This non\\-veteran detachment fought at [Fort DeRussy](/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_DeRussy \"Battle of Fort DeRussy\"), [Pleasant Hill](/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill \"Battle of Pleasant Hill\"), [Mansura](/wiki/Battle_of_Mansura \"Battle of Mansura\") and [Tupelo](/wiki/Battle_of_Tupelo \"Battle of Tupelo\").",
"The veterans did not rejoin the regiment after their furlough but instead formed a \"Veteran's Battalion\" and rejoined the Army of the Tennessee in Georgia. They were assigned to guard duty along the railroad near Big Shanty, Marietta and Kenesaw Mountain. Then moved with the army during the March to the Sea and siege of Savannah, Georgia.",
"The regiment was consolidated with the [53rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment](/wiki/53rd_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment \"53rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment\") on December 23, 1864\\.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Duke and Lura are a married couple operating a rural roadside motor camp, lunchroom and filling station in southern California during the Great Depression. A hired hand working for the couple, who remains unnamed in the story, serves as witness and commentator to what transpires. The narrator is secretly devoted to the beautiful Lura, a country woman of independent character and tremendous physical strength. Duke, prone to boasting, is less vital and self\-assured than his wife.
In hopes of drawing more customers, Duke decides to establish a feline exhibit. As such, he buys a number of untamed [bobcats](/wiki/Bobcat "Bobcat").Hoopes, 1981 p. 121: ... a truckload of wildcats... about twice as big as a house cat, brindle gray, with tufted ears and a bobbed tail." Duke immediately proves inept at handling the animals, and violently kills one of the caged cats. The narrator is dismayed and angered when Duke enlists him to remove the carcass from among the antagonized bobcats. After Duke departs, Lura arrives, assesses the situation, and enters the enclosure; her poise and gentle entreaties soothe the animals, and she removes the dead bobcat. The narrator and Lura implicitly agree not to inform Duke of her courage and easy success with the cats.
Eager to create a menagerie, Duke purchases a [mountain lion](/wiki/Mountain_lion "Mountain lion"). When the female cat's nocturnal vocalizations draw a wild male lion from the surrounding countryside, the suitor inexplicably finds his way into the cage—a breach impossible without human meddling. Duke is dumbfounded, but credulous. Presumably the cats mate, and the male is dubbed "Romeo". Lura implies to the suspicious narrator her satisfaction with, or perhaps clandestine involvement in, the incident.Hoopes, 1981 p. 124: The narrator observes to Lura that "Romeo \[the male lion]... didn’t get in there himself..." Lura responds: "...you wouldn’t keep two loving hearts apart, would you?"
Styling himself as a skilled animal trainer, Duke puts on shows in which he enters the cat enclosures with a whip and a pistol to entertain the customers. Lura silently seethes at her husband’s absurd and dangerous buffoonery. Business suffers. Duke compounds his delusional behavior when he purchases a [Bengal tiger](/wiki/Bengal_tiger "Bengal tiger"). He is determined to tame "Rajah". Despite the narrator's warnings, Duke enters the tiger cage only to discover that the animal has instantly identified the intruder as prey: Duke barely escapes with his life. Lura is informed of his panicked and humiliating retreat as witnessed by the customers. When Duke attempts to rationalize his failure to Lura, she reacts to his self\-complacency with undisguised disgust.
Discerning his wife's disaffection, Duke escapes to the local backcountry, declaring that he is on an animal trapping expedition. He is absent for several weeks. While away, a snake oil salesman, the attractive Wild Bill Smith, stops for gasoline and lunch. He makes a pass at Lura, who sharply rebuffs his advance. Undeterred, "The Texas Tornado" returns the following day and Lura allows him to read her horoscope. She impresses Wild Bill with her command over Rajah. Lura and Bill enjoy a brief affair, and Lura contemplates absconding with him.
When Duke returns from his hunting trip, he is cheered to learn that Lura is with child. The narrator confronts Lura about her evident infidelities with Wild Bill, resentful yet sympathetic to her shame that she is carrying a child not her husband's. During the pregnancy she becomes increasingly attentive and affectionate with Rajah.
When Lura is in the hospital giving birth to her baby boy, Duke discovers an expensive ring among her possessions \- a love gift, unbeknownst to Duke, from Wild Bill. He becomes suspicious, and confronts Lura. She confesses that she had a lover when he was on his extended trapping trip, but accuses him of his own infidelities. Duke realizes that the boy is not his own, and plans his revenge against his wife and the bastard child.
Duke purposefully starves the tiger and releases it into the house where he anticipates the beast will kill and eat Lura and the infant. The hungry tiger, in unfamiliar surroundings, acts threateningly toward Lura; she instantly seeks to protect her child. She fends off the animal with a blazing firebrand, seizes the baby from its crib and traps the tiger in a bedroom. In the kitchen, she empties the electric icebox of its frozen meat, and thrusts the swaddled child into the compartment after turning off the current.
Duke enters the house wearing his pistol. At first the couple feign mutual ignorance about the feline intruder. Then the enraged Lura assaults Duke, and with her superior strength subdues and easily disarms him. She drags him outdoors, and contemptuously throws the loaded gun after him. Duke picks up the weapon and fires. Lura collapses. Assuming he has killed his wife, Duke places the gun in her hand to establish her death as a suicide. He reenters the house and telephones the police, pleading innocence. Meanwhile, the firebrand has begun to blaze in the bedroom, and the panicked tiger crashes through the wall, encountering Duke on the telephone. The enraged cat mortally wounds the unarmed man, and both are immolated by the inferno. When the police and ambulance arrive, the house has burned to the ground. The seriously wounded Lura is taken to the hospital, suspected of attempted suicide and arson. Upon regaining consciousness, she tells the police where they will find her son. The narrator reports "The baby was in the icebox. They found him there, still asleep and ready for his milk. The fire had blacked up the outside, but inside it was cool and nice as a new bathtub."
Lura is exonerated and recovers from her gunshot wound. She and the narrator continue operating the filling station. When Wild Bill unexpectedly shows up, the narrator recognizes that his services are no longer required and quietly departs.Hoopes, 1982 p. 225: See here for a brief plot summaryHoopes, 1981 p. 88Marling, 2012
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Duke and Lura are a married couple operating a rural roadside motor camp, lunchroom and filling station in southern California during the Great Depression. A hired hand working for the couple, who remains unnamed in the story, serves as witness and commentator to what transpires. The narrator is secretly devoted to the beautiful Lura, a country woman of independent character and tremendous physical strength. Duke, prone to boasting, is less vital and self\\-assured than his wife.",
"In hopes of drawing more customers, Duke decides to establish a feline exhibit. As such, he buys a number of untamed [bobcats](/wiki/Bobcat \"Bobcat\").Hoopes, 1981 p. 121: ... a truckload of wildcats... about twice as big as a house cat, brindle gray, with tufted ears and a bobbed tail.\" Duke immediately proves inept at handling the animals, and violently kills one of the caged cats. The narrator is dismayed and angered when Duke enlists him to remove the carcass from among the antagonized bobcats. After Duke departs, Lura arrives, assesses the situation, and enters the enclosure; her poise and gentle entreaties soothe the animals, and she removes the dead bobcat. The narrator and Lura implicitly agree not to inform Duke of her courage and easy success with the cats.",
"Eager to create a menagerie, Duke purchases a [mountain lion](/wiki/Mountain_lion \"Mountain lion\"). When the female cat's nocturnal vocalizations draw a wild male lion from the surrounding countryside, the suitor inexplicably finds his way into the cage—a breach impossible without human meddling. Duke is dumbfounded, but credulous. Presumably the cats mate, and the male is dubbed \"Romeo\". Lura implies to the suspicious narrator her satisfaction with, or perhaps clandestine involvement in, the incident.Hoopes, 1981 p. 124: The narrator observes to Lura that \"Romeo \\[the male lion]... didn’t get in there himself...\" Lura responds: \"...you wouldn’t keep two loving hearts apart, would you?\"",
"Styling himself as a skilled animal trainer, Duke puts on shows in which he enters the cat enclosures with a whip and a pistol to entertain the customers. Lura silently seethes at her husband’s absurd and dangerous buffoonery. Business suffers. Duke compounds his delusional behavior when he purchases a [Bengal tiger](/wiki/Bengal_tiger \"Bengal tiger\"). He is determined to tame \"Rajah\". Despite the narrator's warnings, Duke enters the tiger cage only to discover that the animal has instantly identified the intruder as prey: Duke barely escapes with his life. Lura is informed of his panicked and humiliating retreat as witnessed by the customers. When Duke attempts to rationalize his failure to Lura, she reacts to his self\\-complacency with undisguised disgust.",
"Discerning his wife's disaffection, Duke escapes to the local backcountry, declaring that he is on an animal trapping expedition. He is absent for several weeks. While away, a snake oil salesman, the attractive Wild Bill Smith, stops for gasoline and lunch. He makes a pass at Lura, who sharply rebuffs his advance. Undeterred, \"The Texas Tornado\" returns the following day and Lura allows him to read her horoscope. She impresses Wild Bill with her command over Rajah. Lura and Bill enjoy a brief affair, and Lura contemplates absconding with him.",
"When Duke returns from his hunting trip, he is cheered to learn that Lura is with child. The narrator confronts Lura about her evident infidelities with Wild Bill, resentful yet sympathetic to her shame that she is carrying a child not her husband's. During the pregnancy she becomes increasingly attentive and affectionate with Rajah.",
"When Lura is in the hospital giving birth to her baby boy, Duke discovers an expensive ring among her possessions \\- a love gift, unbeknownst to Duke, from Wild Bill. He becomes suspicious, and confronts Lura. She confesses that she had a lover when he was on his extended trapping trip, but accuses him of his own infidelities. Duke realizes that the boy is not his own, and plans his revenge against his wife and the bastard child.",
"Duke purposefully starves the tiger and releases it into the house where he anticipates the beast will kill and eat Lura and the infant. The hungry tiger, in unfamiliar surroundings, acts threateningly toward Lura; she instantly seeks to protect her child. She fends off the animal with a blazing firebrand, seizes the baby from its crib and traps the tiger in a bedroom. In the kitchen, she empties the electric icebox of its frozen meat, and thrusts the swaddled child into the compartment after turning off the current.",
"Duke enters the house wearing his pistol. At first the couple feign mutual ignorance about the feline intruder. Then the enraged Lura assaults Duke, and with her superior strength subdues and easily disarms him. She drags him outdoors, and contemptuously throws the loaded gun after him. Duke picks up the weapon and fires. Lura collapses. Assuming he has killed his wife, Duke places the gun in her hand to establish her death as a suicide. He reenters the house and telephones the police, pleading innocence. Meanwhile, the firebrand has begun to blaze in the bedroom, and the panicked tiger crashes through the wall, encountering Duke on the telephone. The enraged cat mortally wounds the unarmed man, and both are immolated by the inferno. When the police and ambulance arrive, the house has burned to the ground. The seriously wounded Lura is taken to the hospital, suspected of attempted suicide and arson. Upon regaining consciousness, she tells the police where they will find her son. The narrator reports \"The baby was in the icebox. They found him there, still asleep and ready for his milk. The fire had blacked up the outside, but inside it was cool and nice as a new bathtub.\"",
"Lura is exonerated and recovers from her gunshot wound. She and the narrator continue operating the filling station. When Wild Bill unexpectedly shows up, the narrator recognizes that his services are no longer required and quietly departs.Hoopes, 1982 p. 225: See here for a brief plot summaryHoopes, 1981 p. 88Marling, 2012",
""
] |
Design and development
----------------------
The last [CAMS 51](/wiki/CAMS_51 "CAMS 51") prototype, the naval reconnaissance CAMS 51 GR, had set a world weight\-to\-height record in August 1927 and demonstrated that it could take\-off with one engine whilst carrying a load equal to that of the fuel required for a transatlantic crossing. The CAMS 54 was strengthened to carry the {{convert\|4110\|L\|impgal USgal\|abbr\=on}} needed for a range of {{convert\|4300\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} and provided with significantly increased engine power.
The CAMS 54 was a [single\-bay biplane](/wiki/Biplane%23Bays "Biplane#Bays") with equal span, rectangular plan wings mounted without [stagger](/wiki/Stagger_%28aeronautics%29 "Stagger (aeronautics)"). The upper wing was in three parts, a short centre section and two long outer panels; the lower wing had two inner panels, mounted on the upper fuselage and strengthened by short, parallel pairs of struts to mid\-fuselage, and two outer panels. Only the lower wing had [dihedral](/wiki/Dihedral_%28aeronautics%29 "Dihedral (aeronautics)"). Both upper and lower wings carried narrow\-[chord](/wiki/Chord_%28aeronautics%29 "Chord (aeronautics)") [ailerons](/wiki/Aileron "Aileron"), linked externally by wires, out to their tips. Both were wooden structures based on pairs of [spruce](/wiki/Spruce "Spruce") [box spars](/wiki/Spar_%28aeronautics%29 "Spar (aeronautics)") and [fabric covered](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering "Aircraft fabric covering"), braced together with parallel pairs of [interplane struts](/wiki/Interplane_strut "Interplane strut") to the spars.
The flying boat was powered by a pair of engines in [push\-pull configuration](/wiki/Push-pull_configuration "Push-pull configuration"), mounted above the fuselage and just below the upper wing on two inward\-leaning pairs of tubular N\-struts, with further transverse cross\-bracing. Their mounting also supported the wing centre\-section with parallel pairs of struts outwards to the spars. Two types of engine could be used, either {{convert\|500\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} [Hispano\-Suiza 12Mbr](/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_12Mbr "Hispano-Suiza 12Mbr") [V12](/wiki/V12_engine "V12 engine") enclosed in a common streamlined [cowling](/wiki/Aircraft_fairing%23Engine_cowling "Aircraft fairing#Engine cowling") and cooled with tubular [radiators](/wiki/Radiator_%28engine_cooling%29 "Radiator (engine cooling)") on the wing undersides on either side of the engines or {{convert\|480\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} [Gnome\-Rhône 9Akx Jupiter](/wiki/Gnome-Rh%C3%B4ne_9Akx_Jupiter "Gnome-Rhône 9Akx Jupiter") nine\-cylinder [radials](/wiki/Radial_engines "Radial engines"), mounted uncowled for cooling, with a circular section cowling between them. Both were geared\-down. The forward propeller was well ahead of the wing [leading edge](/wiki/Leading_edge "Leading edge") but the rear turned in a shallow cut\-out in the upper trailing edge. These engines were much more powerful than the {{convert\|380\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}} [Gnome et Rhône 9Aas](/wiki/Gnome_et_Rh%C3%B4ne_9Aa "Gnome et Rhône 9Aa") of the CAMS 51 and to accommodate them and their propellers on new mountings required the inter\-plane gap to be increased.
Structurally the hull was identical with that of the CAMS 51, with [longerons](/wiki/Longeron "Longeron") and transverse [oak](/wiki/Oak "Oak") frames. It was covered with double [teak](/wiki/Teak "Teak") and [plywood](/wiki/Plywood "Plywood") planking below the [waterline](/wiki/Waterline "Waterline") and ply elsewhere. At the nose the underside had a sharp V\-section but this softened aft into a double curvature section; there were two steps, the forward one below the rear of the wing. Stability on the water was provided by a pair of unstepped floats, strut\-mounted below the interplane struts. Internally the hull was divided into five compartments by reinforced bulkheads, the first forming a hold. The next contained the pilots' enclosed cabin, which was well forward and ahead of the leading propeller, with side\-by\-side seats, multiple front and side windows and access panels over the seats. Behind the pilots, the radio operator's and navigator's positions were on opposite sides of the aircraft. The fourth compartment housed eight {{convert\|620\|L\|Impgal USgal\|abbr\=on}} fuel tanks, with a central corridor between them providing access to the final compartment which held a toilet on one side and a bunk on the other. Behind the last bulkhead was a long, empty hold which reached back to the tail and was easily accessed though an upper, port\-side hatch.
The CAMS 54 had a tall, straight\-edged [fin](/wiki/Fin_%28aeronautics%29 "Fin (aeronautics)") and [balanced rudder](/wiki/Balanced_rudder "Balanced rudder"). Its rectangular plan, wire braced [tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane "Tailplane") was mounted about halfway up the fin. Its constant chord, balanced [elevators](/wiki/Elevator_%28aeronautics%29 "Elevator (aeronautics)") were also essentially rectangular, separated by a cut\-out for rudder movement. All the rear surfaces were fabric covered; the fixed parts were wood\-framed and the control surfaces metal.
|
[
"Design and development\n----------------------",
"The last [CAMS 51](/wiki/CAMS_51 \"CAMS 51\") prototype, the naval reconnaissance CAMS 51 GR, had set a world weight\\-to\\-height record in August 1927 and demonstrated that it could take\\-off with one engine whilst carrying a load equal to that of the fuel required for a transatlantic crossing. The CAMS 54 was strengthened to carry the {{convert\\|4110\\|L\\|impgal USgal\\|abbr\\=on}} needed for a range of {{convert\\|4300\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} and provided with significantly increased engine power.",
"The CAMS 54 was a [single\\-bay biplane](/wiki/Biplane%23Bays \"Biplane#Bays\") with equal span, rectangular plan wings mounted without [stagger](/wiki/Stagger_%28aeronautics%29 \"Stagger (aeronautics)\"). The upper wing was in three parts, a short centre section and two long outer panels; the lower wing had two inner panels, mounted on the upper fuselage and strengthened by short, parallel pairs of struts to mid\\-fuselage, and two outer panels. Only the lower wing had [dihedral](/wiki/Dihedral_%28aeronautics%29 \"Dihedral (aeronautics)\"). Both upper and lower wings carried narrow\\-[chord](/wiki/Chord_%28aeronautics%29 \"Chord (aeronautics)\") [ailerons](/wiki/Aileron \"Aileron\"), linked externally by wires, out to their tips. Both were wooden structures based on pairs of [spruce](/wiki/Spruce \"Spruce\") [box spars](/wiki/Spar_%28aeronautics%29 \"Spar (aeronautics)\") and [fabric covered](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering \"Aircraft fabric covering\"), braced together with parallel pairs of [interplane struts](/wiki/Interplane_strut \"Interplane strut\") to the spars.",
"The flying boat was powered by a pair of engines in [push\\-pull configuration](/wiki/Push-pull_configuration \"Push-pull configuration\"), mounted above the fuselage and just below the upper wing on two inward\\-leaning pairs of tubular N\\-struts, with further transverse cross\\-bracing. Their mounting also supported the wing centre\\-section with parallel pairs of struts outwards to the spars. Two types of engine could be used, either {{convert\\|500\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} [Hispano\\-Suiza 12Mbr](/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_12Mbr \"Hispano-Suiza 12Mbr\") [V12](/wiki/V12_engine \"V12 engine\") enclosed in a common streamlined [cowling](/wiki/Aircraft_fairing%23Engine_cowling \"Aircraft fairing#Engine cowling\") and cooled with tubular [radiators](/wiki/Radiator_%28engine_cooling%29 \"Radiator (engine cooling)\") on the wing undersides on either side of the engines or {{convert\\|480\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} [Gnome\\-Rhône 9Akx Jupiter](/wiki/Gnome-Rh%C3%B4ne_9Akx_Jupiter \"Gnome-Rhône 9Akx Jupiter\") nine\\-cylinder [radials](/wiki/Radial_engines \"Radial engines\"), mounted uncowled for cooling, with a circular section cowling between them. Both were geared\\-down. The forward propeller was well ahead of the wing [leading edge](/wiki/Leading_edge \"Leading edge\") but the rear turned in a shallow cut\\-out in the upper trailing edge. These engines were much more powerful than the {{convert\\|380\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} [Gnome et Rhône 9Aas](/wiki/Gnome_et_Rh%C3%B4ne_9Aa \"Gnome et Rhône 9Aa\") of the CAMS 51 and to accommodate them and their propellers on new mountings required the inter\\-plane gap to be increased.",
"Structurally the hull was identical with that of the CAMS 51, with [longerons](/wiki/Longeron \"Longeron\") and transverse [oak](/wiki/Oak \"Oak\") frames. It was covered with double [teak](/wiki/Teak \"Teak\") and [plywood](/wiki/Plywood \"Plywood\") planking below the [waterline](/wiki/Waterline \"Waterline\") and ply elsewhere. At the nose the underside had a sharp V\\-section but this softened aft into a double curvature section; there were two steps, the forward one below the rear of the wing. Stability on the water was provided by a pair of unstepped floats, strut\\-mounted below the interplane struts. Internally the hull was divided into five compartments by reinforced bulkheads, the first forming a hold. The next contained the pilots' enclosed cabin, which was well forward and ahead of the leading propeller, with side\\-by\\-side seats, multiple front and side windows and access panels over the seats. Behind the pilots, the radio operator's and navigator's positions were on opposite sides of the aircraft. The fourth compartment housed eight {{convert\\|620\\|L\\|Impgal USgal\\|abbr\\=on}} fuel tanks, with a central corridor between them providing access to the final compartment which held a toilet on one side and a bunk on the other. Behind the last bulkhead was a long, empty hold which reached back to the tail and was easily accessed though an upper, port\\-side hatch.",
"The CAMS 54 had a tall, straight\\-edged [fin](/wiki/Fin_%28aeronautics%29 \"Fin (aeronautics)\") and [balanced rudder](/wiki/Balanced_rudder \"Balanced rudder\"). Its rectangular plan, wire braced [tailplane](/wiki/Tailplane \"Tailplane\") was mounted about halfway up the fin. Its constant chord, balanced [elevators](/wiki/Elevator_%28aeronautics%29 \"Elevator (aeronautics)\") were also essentially rectangular, separated by a cut\\-out for rudder movement. All the rear surfaces were fabric covered; the fixed parts were wood\\-framed and the control surfaces metal.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Harper was born in New Zealand and educated there at [Christ's College](/wiki/Christ%27s_College%2C_Christchurch "Christ's College, Christchurch"). In 1888 he joined the Royal Navy, being promoted to [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant "Lieutenant") in 1896\. He served in the [South African](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa") war from 1899 to 1900 and the [Ogaden](/wiki/Ogaden "Ogaden") [Somali](/wiki/Somalia "Somalia") expedition from 1900 to 1901\. In March 1902 he was appointed to serve at the [*Aboukir*](/wiki/HMS_Aboukir_%281900%29 "HMS Aboukir (1900)"), deployed at the [Mediterranean station](/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet "Mediterranean Fleet").{{Cite newspaper The Times \|title\=Naval \& Military intelligence \|date\=12 March 1902 \|page\=7 \|issue\=36713}} He was promoted to the rank of [Commander](/wiki/Commander "Commander") in 1906, and was navigating commander of the [Royal Yacht](/wiki/Royal_Yacht "Royal Yacht") [*Victoria and Albert*](/wiki/HMY_Victoria_and_Albert_%281899%29 "HMY Victoria and Albert (1899)") between 1911 and 1914\.
He became captain in 1913 and at the [Naval Review](/wiki/Naval_Review "Naval Review") of July 1914 served as master of the fleet.
### Battle of Jutland account
He came to the attention of the public in the aftermath of the [Battle of Jutland](/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland "Battle of Jutland"); after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") was over, the Admiralty decided to commission an official account of the battle, and Harper was chosen to do this. The *Harper Record* was commissioned by [First Sea Lord](/wiki/First_Sea_Lord "First Sea Lord") [Rosslyn Wemyss](/wiki/Rosslyn_Wemyss "Rosslyn Wemyss") and was completed during his term of office in 1919\. Harper, who was [Director of Navigation](/wiki/Director_of_Navigation "Director of Navigation"), was to 'prepare a record, with plans, showing in chronological order what actually occurred in the battle'.Roskill p. 324 The account was to be based solely on the written records available at the Admiralty, without commentary on the merits of what had taken place. An official report had by now been long expected by the public; questions had been asked in [Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom") about when it would be completed.The Times, Saturday, 26 Jul 1919; pg. 17; Issue 42162; col G The [First Lord](/wiki/List_of_the_First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty "List of the First Lords of the Admiralty"), [Walter Long](/wiki/Walter_Long%2C_1st_Viscount_Long "Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long") advised the [House of Commons of the United Kingdom](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") on 29 October 1919 that the record would be printed once it was ready. It was not finally published until 1927, the matter being raised in the House 22 times during that time.
Wemyss was replaced as [First Sea Lord](/wiki/First_Sea_Lord "First Sea Lord") by [David Beatty](/wiki/David_Beatty%2C_1st_Earl_Beatty "David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty"), who had commanded the detached [battle cruiser](/wiki/Battle_cruiser "Battle cruiser") Fleet at Jutland. Beatty shortly sought to make alterations to the record, initially by ordering that despatches made by himself, [Scheer](/wiki/Reinhard_Scheer "Reinhard Scheer") (the German commander) and [John Jellicoe](/wiki/John_Jellicoe%2C_1st_Earl_Jellicoe "John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe") (commanding the main British Fleet) be added, together with a list of all signals made during the battle. He also requested removal of a passage discussing the part of the battle which most concerned the battle cruisers, and other alterations which Harper conceded to be minor. Beatty's reason was that the logs kept during battle had been inaccurate and consequently charts drawn up from them did not accord with the recollections of officers who had been present. In particular, Beatty objected to the record showing his own ship performing a complete circular turn, and insisted instead that it had manoeuvered through two 180 degree turns in an 's' shape. Beatty went so far as to produce a chart showing the turn as he described, signed by him and dated 1916\. Inspection of the chart showed the signature to be similar to the form he customarily used in 1920, rather than the different form he used in 1916, while other testimony supported the claim that the ship had indeed turned a full circle.Roskill p. 327\-328
Harper was unwilling to put his name to a document he could not agree with, unless ordered in writing to do so. The Admiralty intended to publish much of the original source material, which would be available to others to judge the accuracy of his work.Patterson p.234 Harper requested confirmation from [Chatfield](/wiki/Ernle_Chatfield%2C_1st_Baron_Chatfield "Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield") of the instructions to alter the record and received orders from Beatty to include them, 'in accordance with Board decision'. However, Harper records that First Lord [Walter Long](/wiki/Walter_Long%2C_1st_Viscount_Long "Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long") asked him what was causing delay in publication, and was then unaware that Beatty had ordered changes. Shortly afterward Beatty withdrew his objections and a final version was agreed for publication on 14 May 1920, though still containing alterations from the original.
Beatty continued objections, now addressing his requests for changes to Lord Long, and a preface was added as well as some more changes to the text. Jellicoe was invited to view the original version and the altered form, and produced his own objections to some of the alterations, going so far as to say he would not be able to take up his forthcoming appointment as [Governor](/wiki/Governor "Governor") of New Zealand unless the matter could be settled satisfactorily. He objected that the preface gave the impression that the main battle fleet under his command had arrived late and had little effect upon the battle. Negotiations continued, with Harper gaining the impression that Beatty's intent was simply to delay publication indefinitely. A final decision not to publish was taken by Long on the grounds that an official account of the whole naval war was anyway to be published by Sir [Julian Corbett](/wiki/Julian_Corbett "Julian Corbett"). Corbett had been given a copy of the 'Harper record' to assist him in his task.
Harper was director of navigation at the admiralty from 1919 to 1921 and member of the [Anglo\-American](/wiki/United_Kingdom_%E2%80%93_United_States_relations "United Kingdom – United States relations") Arbitration board from 1921 to 1922\. The minutes of a [Board of Admiralty](/wiki/Board_of_Admiralty "Board of Admiralty") meeting in March 1923, chaired by Beatty, noted that he should only be retained in the service if he received a favourable report from his commander in chief. He was naval [aide de camp](/wiki/Aide_de_camp "Aide de camp") to King [George V](/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom "George V of the United Kingdom") from 1923 to 1924, becoming [Rear\-Admiral](/wiki/Rear-Admiral "Rear-Admiral") in August 1924\. In 1926 he was advised that he would probably be appointed commander of a [dockyard](/wiki/Dockyard "Dockyard"), but the newly appointed Controller of the Navy, Chatfield, decided against the appointment.Roskill p. 325 He was placed on the [retired list](/wiki/Retired_list "Retired list") in February 1927, though promoted to [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_Admiral "Vice Admiral") in retirement in 1929\. From 1934 to 1946 he was nautical assessor to the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords")
After his retirement, Harper published another account of the battle, *The truth about Jutland*, in his own name. In this he commented about the battlecruiser engagement commanded by Beatty "it is an indisputable fact that, in the first phase of this battle, a British squadron, greatly superior in numbers and gun\-power, not only failed to defeat a weaker enemy who made no effort to avoid action, but, in the space of 50 minutes suffered what can only be described as a partial defeat."Marder p. 36
Harper died 27 May 1949 and the funeral took place at All Saints' church, [Hawkhurst](/wiki/Hawkhurst "Hawkhurst"), Kent.The Times, Thursday, 2 Jun 1949; pg. 7; Issue 51397; col C
His son, also John Harper, also became a commander in the Royal Navy.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Harper was born in New Zealand and educated there at [Christ's College](/wiki/Christ%27s_College%2C_Christchurch \"Christ's College, Christchurch\"). In 1888 he joined the Royal Navy, being promoted to [Lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant \"Lieutenant\") in 1896\\. He served in the [South African](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") war from 1899 to 1900 and the [Ogaden](/wiki/Ogaden \"Ogaden\") [Somali](/wiki/Somalia \"Somalia\") expedition from 1900 to 1901\\. In March 1902 he was appointed to serve at the [*Aboukir*](/wiki/HMS_Aboukir_%281900%29 \"HMS Aboukir (1900)\"), deployed at the [Mediterranean station](/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet \"Mediterranean Fleet\").{{Cite newspaper The Times \\|title\\=Naval \\& Military intelligence \\|date\\=12 March 1902 \\|page\\=7 \\|issue\\=36713}} He was promoted to the rank of [Commander](/wiki/Commander \"Commander\") in 1906, and was navigating commander of the [Royal Yacht](/wiki/Royal_Yacht \"Royal Yacht\") [*Victoria and Albert*](/wiki/HMY_Victoria_and_Albert_%281899%29 \"HMY Victoria and Albert (1899)\") between 1911 and 1914\\.",
"He became captain in 1913 and at the [Naval Review](/wiki/Naval_Review \"Naval Review\") of July 1914 served as master of the fleet.",
"### Battle of Jutland account",
"He came to the attention of the public in the aftermath of the [Battle of Jutland](/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland \"Battle of Jutland\"); after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") was over, the Admiralty decided to commission an official account of the battle, and Harper was chosen to do this. The *Harper Record* was commissioned by [First Sea Lord](/wiki/First_Sea_Lord \"First Sea Lord\") [Rosslyn Wemyss](/wiki/Rosslyn_Wemyss \"Rosslyn Wemyss\") and was completed during his term of office in 1919\\. Harper, who was [Director of Navigation](/wiki/Director_of_Navigation \"Director of Navigation\"), was to 'prepare a record, with plans, showing in chronological order what actually occurred in the battle'.Roskill p. 324 The account was to be based solely on the written records available at the Admiralty, without commentary on the merits of what had taken place. An official report had by now been long expected by the public; questions had been asked in [Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\") about when it would be completed.The Times, Saturday, 26 Jul 1919; pg. 17; Issue 42162; col G The [First Lord](/wiki/List_of_the_First_Lords_of_the_Admiralty \"List of the First Lords of the Admiralty\"), [Walter Long](/wiki/Walter_Long%2C_1st_Viscount_Long \"Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long\") advised the [House of Commons of the United Kingdom](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom \"House of Commons of the United Kingdom\") on 29 October 1919 that the record would be printed once it was ready. It was not finally published until 1927, the matter being raised in the House 22 times during that time.",
"Wemyss was replaced as [First Sea Lord](/wiki/First_Sea_Lord \"First Sea Lord\") by [David Beatty](/wiki/David_Beatty%2C_1st_Earl_Beatty \"David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty\"), who had commanded the detached [battle cruiser](/wiki/Battle_cruiser \"Battle cruiser\") Fleet at Jutland. Beatty shortly sought to make alterations to the record, initially by ordering that despatches made by himself, [Scheer](/wiki/Reinhard_Scheer \"Reinhard Scheer\") (the German commander) and [John Jellicoe](/wiki/John_Jellicoe%2C_1st_Earl_Jellicoe \"John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe\") (commanding the main British Fleet) be added, together with a list of all signals made during the battle. He also requested removal of a passage discussing the part of the battle which most concerned the battle cruisers, and other alterations which Harper conceded to be minor. Beatty's reason was that the logs kept during battle had been inaccurate and consequently charts drawn up from them did not accord with the recollections of officers who had been present. In particular, Beatty objected to the record showing his own ship performing a complete circular turn, and insisted instead that it had manoeuvered through two 180 degree turns in an 's' shape. Beatty went so far as to produce a chart showing the turn as he described, signed by him and dated 1916\\. Inspection of the chart showed the signature to be similar to the form he customarily used in 1920, rather than the different form he used in 1916, while other testimony supported the claim that the ship had indeed turned a full circle.Roskill p. 327\\-328",
"Harper was unwilling to put his name to a document he could not agree with, unless ordered in writing to do so. The Admiralty intended to publish much of the original source material, which would be available to others to judge the accuracy of his work.Patterson p.234 Harper requested confirmation from [Chatfield](/wiki/Ernle_Chatfield%2C_1st_Baron_Chatfield \"Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield\") of the instructions to alter the record and received orders from Beatty to include them, 'in accordance with Board decision'. However, Harper records that First Lord [Walter Long](/wiki/Walter_Long%2C_1st_Viscount_Long \"Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long\") asked him what was causing delay in publication, and was then unaware that Beatty had ordered changes. Shortly afterward Beatty withdrew his objections and a final version was agreed for publication on 14 May 1920, though still containing alterations from the original.",
"Beatty continued objections, now addressing his requests for changes to Lord Long, and a preface was added as well as some more changes to the text. Jellicoe was invited to view the original version and the altered form, and produced his own objections to some of the alterations, going so far as to say he would not be able to take up his forthcoming appointment as [Governor](/wiki/Governor \"Governor\") of New Zealand unless the matter could be settled satisfactorily. He objected that the preface gave the impression that the main battle fleet under his command had arrived late and had little effect upon the battle. Negotiations continued, with Harper gaining the impression that Beatty's intent was simply to delay publication indefinitely. A final decision not to publish was taken by Long on the grounds that an official account of the whole naval war was anyway to be published by Sir [Julian Corbett](/wiki/Julian_Corbett \"Julian Corbett\"). Corbett had been given a copy of the 'Harper record' to assist him in his task.",
"Harper was director of navigation at the admiralty from 1919 to 1921 and member of the [Anglo\\-American](/wiki/United_Kingdom_%E2%80%93_United_States_relations \"United Kingdom – United States relations\") Arbitration board from 1921 to 1922\\. The minutes of a [Board of Admiralty](/wiki/Board_of_Admiralty \"Board of Admiralty\") meeting in March 1923, chaired by Beatty, noted that he should only be retained in the service if he received a favourable report from his commander in chief. He was naval [aide de camp](/wiki/Aide_de_camp \"Aide de camp\") to King [George V](/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom \"George V of the United Kingdom\") from 1923 to 1924, becoming [Rear\\-Admiral](/wiki/Rear-Admiral \"Rear-Admiral\") in August 1924\\. In 1926 he was advised that he would probably be appointed commander of a [dockyard](/wiki/Dockyard \"Dockyard\"), but the newly appointed Controller of the Navy, Chatfield, decided against the appointment.Roskill p. 325 He was placed on the [retired list](/wiki/Retired_list \"Retired list\") in February 1927, though promoted to [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_Admiral \"Vice Admiral\") in retirement in 1929\\. From 1934 to 1946 he was nautical assessor to the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\")",
"After his retirement, Harper published another account of the battle, *The truth about Jutland*, in his own name. In this he commented about the battlecruiser engagement commanded by Beatty \"it is an indisputable fact that, in the first phase of this battle, a British squadron, greatly superior in numbers and gun\\-power, not only failed to defeat a weaker enemy who made no effort to avoid action, but, in the space of 50 minutes suffered what can only be described as a partial defeat.\"Marder p. 36",
"Harper died 27 May 1949 and the funeral took place at All Saints' church, [Hawkhurst](/wiki/Hawkhurst \"Hawkhurst\"), Kent.The Times, Thursday, 2 Jun 1949; pg. 7; Issue 51397; col C",
"His son, also John Harper, also became a commander in the Royal Navy.",
""
] |
Poland
------
### World War I aftermath
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, a complex set of alliances was established among the nations of Europe, in the hope of preventing future wars (either with Germany or the Soviet Union). With the rise of Nazism in Germany, this system of alliances was strengthened by the signing of a series of "mutual assistance" alliances between France, Britain, and Poland ([Franco\-Polish Alliance](/wiki/Franco-Polish_Alliance "Franco-Polish Alliance")). This agreement with France stated that in the event of war the other allies were to fully mobilise and carry out a "ground intervention within two weeks" in support of the ally being attacked. The [Anglo\-Polish agreement](/wiki/Anglo-Polish_Alliance "Anglo-Polish Alliance") stated that in the event of hostilities with a European power, the other contracting party would give "all the support and assistance in its power."{{cite web \|title\=ANGLO\-POLISH AGREEMENT. \|url\=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/bb/bb\-078\.html \|website\=www.ibiblio.org}}
According to Krzysztof Źwikliński, additionally representatives of the Western powers made several military promises to Poland, including such fantastic designs as those made by British General [William Edmund Ironside](/wiki/William_Edmund_Ironside "William Edmund Ironside") in his July 1939 talks with Marshall Rydz\-Śmigły who promised an attack from the direction of [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea"), or placing a British [aircraft carrier](/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") in the Baltic. However, the Anglo\-Polish Alliance did not make that commitment, and the British commitment to France was for four divisions in Europe within 30 days of the outbreak of war, which was met.{{cite book \|last1\=Bond \|first1\=Brian \|title\=The Battle for France \& Flanders Sixty Years On \|date\=2001 \|publisher\=Pen and Sword \|isbn\=978\-0\-85052\-811\-4}}
### Beginning of World War II, 1939
On the eve of the Second World War, the Polish government tried to buy as much armaments as it could and was asking for arms loans from Britain and France. As a result of that in the summer of 1939 Poland placed orders for 160 French [Morane\-Saulnier M.S.406](/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_M.S.406 "Morane-Saulnier M.S.406") fighters, and for 111 British airplanes (100 light bombers [Fairey Battle](/wiki/Fairey_Battle "Fairey Battle"), 10 [Hurricanes](/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane "Hawker Hurricane"), and 1 [Spitfire](/wiki/Spitfire "Spitfire")).{{cite journal \|last1\=Mazur \|first1\=Wojciech \|title\=Pomocnik Historyczny \|journal\=Polityka \|date\=March 2009 \|volume\=3/2009 \|pages\=103}} Although some of these planes had been shipped to Poland before 1 September 1939, none took part in combat. Shipments were interrupted due to the outbreak of war. The total amount of the loan from British government was also much smaller than asked for. Britain agreed to lend 8 million pounds, but Poland was asking for 60 million.{{cite journal \|last1\=Wojciech \|first1\=Mazur \|title\=Dozbrojenie last minute \|journal\=Polityka \|date\=n.d. \|volume\=3/2009 \|issue\=3/2009 \|page\=103}}
Upon the [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland "Invasion of Poland") by Nazi Germany in September 1939, after giving Germany an ultimatum on 1 September, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, and a British [naval blockade of Germany](/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_%281939%E2%80%9345%29 "Blockade of Germany (1939–45)") was initiated. [General Gort](/wiki/John_Vereker%2C_6th_Viscount_Gort "John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort") was appointed commander of the [British Expeditionary Force (BEF)](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_II%29 "British Expeditionary Force (World War II)"), and placed under the command of French [General Gamelin](/wiki/Maurice_Gamelin "Maurice Gamelin") of the North\-eastern Theatre of Operations, as agreed before the war. On 4 September, an [RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") raid against [German warships in harbour](/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II "Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II") was conducted, and the BEF began its shipment to France.
The German forces reached Warsaw on 8 September, and on 14 September, [Marshal Rydz\-Śmigły](/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y "Edward Rydz-Śmigły") ordered Polish forces to withdraw to the [Romanian Bridgehead](/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead "Romanian Bridgehead"). On 17 September, the Soviet Union invaded Poland, and Polish Army in the field was effectively defeated before the divisions of the BEF could arrive in France. The first two BEF divisions, which took their place in the French line and change of command, on 3 October, and two further BEF divisions took their place in the French line on 12 October.
France had committed to undertaking a ground offensive within two weeks of the outbreak of war. The French initiated full mobilisation and began the limited [Saar Offensive](/wiki/Saar_Offensive "Saar Offensive") on 7 September, sending 40 divisions into the region. The French assault was slowed down by out\-dated doctrines, minefields, and the French lacked mine detectors. When the French reached artillery range of the [Siegfried Line](/wiki/Siegfried_Line "Siegfried Line"), they found that their shells could not penetrate the German defences. The French decided to regroup an attack on 20 September, but when Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union on 17 September, any further assault was called off.{{cite web \|last1\=Andrew \|first1\=Knighton \|title\=Did You Know? The French Army Invaded Germany in 1939 To Support The Polish \|url\=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world\-war\-ii/did\-you\-know\-the\-french\-army\-invaded\-germany\-in\-1939\.html?edg\-c\=1 \|website\=War History Online \|date\=27 February 2016 \|access\-date\=2 March 2022}} Around 13 September, the Polish military envoy to France, general [Stanisław Burhardt\-Bukacki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Burhardt-Bukacki "Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki"), upon receiving the text of the message sent by Gamelin, alerted Marshal Śmigły: "I received the message by General Gamelin. Please don't believe a single word in the dispatch".
It had been decided that no major air operations against Germany would take place. This was due to French concerns over reprisals on RAF launches from French airfields, against targets in Germany, so most British bomber activity over Germany was the dropping of propaganda leaflets and reconnaissance.{{cite book \|last1\=Ellis \|first1\=L. F. \|title\=The war in France and Flanders \|date\=2004 \|publisher\=Naval \& Military Press \|location\=London \|isbn\=978\-1\-84574\-056\-6}} This theme would continue in subsequent [Anglo\-French Supreme War Council meetings](/wiki/Anglo-French_Supreme_War_Council "Anglo-French Supreme War Council"). Afterwards, French military leader [Maurice Gamelin](/wiki/Maurice_Gamelin "Maurice Gamelin") issued orders prohibiting Polish military envoys Lieutenant Wojciech Fyda and General Stanisław Burhardt\-Bukacki from contacting him. In his post\-war diaries, General Edmund Ironside, the chief of the Imperial General Staff, commented on French promises: "The French had lied to the Poles in saying they are going to attack. There is no idea of it".{{cite book \|title\=Why air forces fail: the anatomy of defeat\|first1\=Robin D. S. \|last1\=Higham\|first2\=Stephen \|last2\=John\|publisher \=Harris University Press of Kentucky\|date\=2006}}
On 17 September 1939 the Soviet Union [invaded Poland](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland "Soviet invasion of Poland"), as agreed in advance with Germany following the signing of the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact"). Britain and France did not take any [significant action](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland%23International_reaction "Soviet invasion of Poland#International reaction") in response to the Soviet invasion.{{cite book \|ref\=Reference\-Prazmowska \|author\-link\=Anita Prazmowska \|last\=Prazmowska \|first\=Anita J. \|year\=1995 \|title\=Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally \|location\=Cambridge \| publisher\=Cambridge University Press \|isbn\=0\-521\-48385\-9\|pages\=44–45}}{{cite book\|ref\=Reference\-Hiden\-Lane \|title\=The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War\| publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|year\=2003 \|first1\=John \|last1\=Hiden \|first2\=Thomas \|last2 \= Lane \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-53120\-7}}
{{Citation \| last \= Hill \| first \= Alexander \| title \= The Red Army and the Second World War \| publisher \= Cambridge University Press \| year \= 2017 \| isbn \= 978\-1\-107\-02079\-5\|page\=148}}* However, the terms of the [Anglo\-Polish military alliance](/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance "Anglo-Polish military alliance") specifically applied to invasion from Germany only.
France and Britain were unable to launch a successful land attack on Germany in September 1939, and Poland was overcome by both the Germans and Soviets on 6 October, with the last Polish units capitulating that day following the [battle of Kock](/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_%281939%29 "Battle of Kock (1939)").{{cite book\|title\=Panzers at War 1939\-1942\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=zzBForupwBoC\&pg\=PT67\|publisher\=Coda Books Ltd\|isbn\=978\-1\-908538\-24\-6\|page\=67}} However, even by the end of October, the still\-forming British Expeditionary Force totaled only 4 divisions compared to the 25 German divisions in Western Germany, making a British invasion of Germany unlikely to succeed.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ww2\-weapons.com/german\-orders\-of\-battle\-for\-september\-1\-1939/\|title \= German Orders of Battle for September 1, 1939\|date \= 24 August 2020}}
### Tehran, 1943
In November 1943, the [Big Three](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II "Allies of World War II") (the USSR, US, and UK) met at the [Tehran Conference](/wiki/Tehran_Conference "Tehran Conference"). President Roosevelt and PM Churchill officially agreed that the eastern borders of Poland would roughly follow the [Curzon Line](/wiki/Curzon_Line "Curzon Line"). The Polish government\-in\-exile was not a party to this decision made in secret. The resulting loss of the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy "Kresy"), or "eastern territories", approximately 48% of Poland's pre\-war territory, to the Soviet Union was seen by the London Poles in exile as another "betrayal" by their Western "Allies". However, it was no secret to the Allies that before his death in July 1943 General [Władysław Sikorski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski "Władysław Sikorski"), Prime Minister of Poland's London\-based government in exile had been the originator, and not Stalin, of the concept of a westward shift of Poland's boundaries along an [Oder–Neisse line](/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line "Oder–Neisse line") as compensation for relinquishing Poland's eastern territories as part of a Polish rapprochement with the USSR. [Józef Retinger](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Retinger "Józef Retinger"), who was Sikorski's special political advisor at the time, was also in agreement with Sikorski's concept of Poland's realigned post\-war borders, later in his memoirs Retinger wrote: "At the Tehran Conference, in November 1943, the Big Three agreed that Poland should receive territorial compensation in the West, at Germany's expense, for the land it was to lose to Russia in Central and Eastern Europe. This seemed like a fair bargain."
Churchill told Stalin he could settle the issue with the Poles once a decision was made in Tehran, however he never consulted the Polish leadership. When the Prime Minister of the Polish government\-in\-exile [Stanisław Mikołajczyk](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk "Stanisław Mikołajczyk") attended the [Moscow Conference (1944\)](/wiki/Moscow_Conference_%281944%29 "Moscow Conference (1944)"), he was convinced he was coming to discuss borders that were still disputed, while Stalin believed everything had already been settled. This was the principal reason for the failure of the Polish Prime Minister's mission to Moscow.{{Citation needed\|reason\=Stalin and Molotv wanted the Lublin Poles, and never intended to negotiate anything with Mikołajczyk\|date\=January 2015}} The Polish premier allegedly begged for inclusion of [Lwów](/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w "Lwów") and [Wilno](/wiki/Wilno "Wilno") in the new Polish borders, but got the following reply from [Vyacheslav Molotov](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov "Vyacheslav Molotov"): "There is no use discussing that; it was all settled in Tehran."
### Warsaw Uprising, 1944
{{main article\|Lack of outside support during the Warsaw Uprising}}
[thumb\|During World War II [85% of buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by German troops](/wiki/Planned_destruction_of_Warsaw "Planned destruction of Warsaw").](/wiki/File:Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg "Destroyed Warsaw, capital of Poland, January 1945.jpg")
Since the establishment of the Polish government\-in\-exile in Paris and then in London, the military commanders of the Polish army were focusing most of their efforts on preparation of a future all\-national uprising against Germany. Finally the plans for [Operation Tempest](/wiki/Operation_Tempest "Operation Tempest") were prepared and on 1 August 1944, the [Warsaw Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising "Warsaw Uprising") started. The Uprising was an armed struggle by the Polish [Home Army](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa "Armia Krajowa") to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule.
Despite the fact that Polish and later [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") (RAF) planes flew missions over Warsaw dropping supplies from 4 August on, the [United States Army Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force "United States Army Air Force") (USAAF) planes did not join the operation. The Allies specifically requested the use of Red Army airfields near Warsaw on 20 August but were refused by Stalin on 22 August (he referred to the insurrectionists as "a handful of criminals"). After Stalin's objections to support for the uprising, Churchill telegraphed Roosevelt on 25 August and proposed sending planes in defiance of Stalin and to "see what happens". Roosevelt replied on 26 August that "I do not consider it advantageous to the long\-range general war prospect for me to join you in the proposed message to Uncle Joe." The commander of the British air drop, Air Marshal Sir [John Slessor](/wiki/John_Slessor "John Slessor"), later stated, "How, after the fall of Warsaw, any responsible statesman could trust the Russian Communist further than he could kick him, passes the comprehension of ordinary men."
Various scholars{{who\|date\=September 2021}} argue that during the Warsaw Uprising both the governments of the United Kingdom and United States did little to help Polish resistance and that the Allies put little pressure on Stalin to help the Polish struggle for freedom.
### Yalta, 1945
{{See also\|Yalta Conference}}
The Yalta Conference (4\-11 February 1945\) acknowledged the era of Soviet domination of Central and Eastern Europe, subsequent to the Soviet occupation of these lands as they advanced against Nazi Germany. This domination lasted until the [end of Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe in late 1989](/wiki/Autumn_of_Nations "Autumn of Nations") and the [collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union "Collapse of the Soviet Union") and left bitter memories of Western betrayal and Soviet dominance in the collective memory of the region. To many [Polish Americans](/wiki/Polish_Americans "Polish Americans"), the Yalta conference "constituted a betrayal" of Poland and the [Atlantic Charter](/wiki/Atlantic_Charter "Atlantic Charter"). "After World War II," remarked [Strobe Talbott](/wiki/Strobe_Talbott "Strobe Talbott"), "many countries in the (center and) east suffered half a century under the shadow of Yalta." Territories which the Soviet Union had occupied during World War II in 1939 (with the exception of the [Białystok](/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok "Białystok") area) were permanently annexed, and most of their Polish inhabitants expelled: today these territories are part of [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), and [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania"). The factual basis of this decision was the result of a forged referendum from November 1939 in which the "huge majority" of voters accepted the incorporation of these lands into western Belarus and western Ukraine. In compensation, Poland was given former German territory (the so\-called [Recovered Territories](/wiki/Recovered_Territories "Recovered Territories")): the southern half of [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia "East Prussia") and all of [Pomerania](/wiki/Pomerania "Pomerania") and [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia"), up to the [Oder–Neisse line](/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line "Oder–Neisse line"). The German population of these territories [was expelled in masses](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II "Expulsion of Germans after World War II") and these territories were subsequently repopulated with Poles including [Poles expelled](/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion%23Deportation_of_Poles "World War II evacuation and expulsion#Deportation of Poles") from the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy "Kresy") regions. This, along with other similar migrations in Central and Eastern Europe, combined to form [one of the largest human migrations in modern times](/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion "World War II evacuation and expulsion"). Stalin ordered Polish resistance fighters to be either incarcerated or deported to [gulags](/wiki/Gulag "Gulag") in Siberia.
At the time of Yalta over 200,000 troops of the [Polish Armed Forces in the West](/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West "Polish Armed Forces in the West") were serving under the high command of the British Army. Many of these men and women were originally from the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy "Kresy") region of eastern Poland including cities such as [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv") and [Wilno](/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius"). They had been deported from Kresy to the Soviet gulags when Hitler and Stalin occupied Poland in 1939 in accordance with the [Nazi–Soviet Pact](/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_Pact "Nazi–Soviet Pact"). Two years later, when Churchill and Stalin formed an alliance against Hitler, the Kresy Poles were released from the Gulags in Siberia, formed the [Anders Army](/wiki/Anders_Army "Anders Army"), and marched to [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") to create the [II Corps (Poland)](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Poland%29 "II Corps (Poland)") under British high command. These Polish troops contributed to the Allied defeat of the Germans in North Africa and Italy, and hoped to return to Kresy in an independent and democratic Poland at the end of the War. But at Yalta, the borders agreed in Tehran in 1943 were finalized meaning that Stalin would keep the Soviet gains Hitler agreed to in the Nazi–Soviet Pact, including Kresy, and carry out [Polish population transfers](/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_%281944%E2%80%931946%29 "Polish population transfers (1944–1946)"). These transfers included the land Poland gained at Tehran in the West, at the expense of Germany. Consequently, at Yalta, it was agreed that tens of thousands of veteran Polish troops under British command should lose their Kresy homes to the Soviet Union. In reaction, thirty officers and men from the II Corps committed suicide.
Churchill defended his actions in a three\-day Parliamentary debate starting 27 February 1945, which ended in a [vote of confidence](/wiki/Vote_of_confidence "Vote of confidence"). During the debate, many MPs openly criticised Churchill and passionately voiced loyalty to Britain's Polish allies and expressed deep reservations about Yalta. Moreover, 25 of these MPs risked their careers to draft an amendment protesting against Britain's tacit acceptance of Poland's domination by the Soviet Union. These members included [Arthur Greenwood](/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood "Arthur Greenwood"), [Viscount Dunglass](/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home "Sir Alec Douglas-Home"), Commander [Archibald Southby](/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Southby%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Archibald Southby, 1st Baronet"), the [Lord Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/James_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Ancaster "James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster"), and [Victor Raikes](/wiki/Victor_Raikes "Victor Raikes"). After the failure of the amendment, [Henry Strauss](/wiki/Henry_Strauss%2C_1st_Baron_Conesford "Henry Strauss, 1st Baron Conesford"), the [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich "Norwich"), resigned his seat in protest at the British treatment of Poland.
Before the Second World War ended, the Soviets installed a pro\-Soviet regime. Although President Roosevelt "insisted on free and unfettered" elections in Poland, [Vyacheslav Molotov](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov "Vyacheslav Molotov") instead managed to deliver an election fair by "Soviet standards." As many as half a million Polish soldiers refused to return to Poland, because of the [Soviet repressions of Polish citizens](/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_%281939%E2%80%931946%29 "Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)"), the [Trial of the Sixteen](/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen "Trial of the Sixteen"), and other executions of pro\-democracy Poles, particularly the so\-called [cursed soldiers](/wiki/Cursed_soldiers "Cursed soldiers"), former members of the [Armia Krajowa](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa "Armia Krajowa"). The result was the [Polish Resettlement Act 1947](/wiki/Polish_Resettlement_Act_1947 "Polish Resettlement Act 1947"), Britain's first mass immigration law.
Yalta was used by ruling communists to underline [anti\-Western sentiments](/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment "Anti-Western sentiment"). It was easy to argue that Poland was not very important to the West, since Allied leaders sacrificed Polish borders, legal government, and free elections for future peace between the Allies and the Soviet Union.
On the other hand, some authors have pointed out that Yalta allowed the Polish communists to win over Polish nationalists by allowing them to realize their goal to annex and resettle formerly German land.{{cite book\|title\=Recovered Territory: A German\-Polish Conflict over Land and Culture, 1919\-1989\|author\=Peter Polak\-Springer\|publisher\=Berghahn Books}}
The [Federal Republic of Germany](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany "Federal Republic of Germany") ([West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany")), formed in 1949, was portrayed by Communist propaganda as the breeder of Hitler's posthumous offspring who desired retaliation and wanted to take back from Poland the "[Recovered Territories](/wiki/Recovered_Territories "Recovered Territories")" that had been home of more than 8 million Germans. Giving this picture a grain of credibility was that West Germany until 1970 refused to [recognize the Oder\-Neisse Line as the German\-Polish border](/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_%281970%29 "Treaty of Warsaw (1970)"), and that some West German officials had a tainted Nazi past. For a segment of Polish public opinion, Communist rule was seen as the lesser of the two evils.
Defenders of the actions taken by the Western allies maintain that *[Realpolitik](/wiki/Realpolitik "Realpolitik")* made it impossible to do anything else, and that they were in no shape to start an utterly un\-winnable war with the Soviet Union over the subjugation of Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries immediately after the end of World War II. It could be contended that the presence of a double standard with respect to Nazi and Soviet aggression existed in 1939 and 1940, when the Soviets attacked the eastern part of Poland, then the Baltic States, and then Finland, and yet the Western Allies chose not to intervene in those theatres of the war.
The chief American negotiator at Yalta was [Alger Hiss](/wiki/Alger_Hiss "Alger Hiss"), later accused of being a Soviet spy and convicted of [perjuring](/wiki/Perjury "Perjury") himself in his testimony to the [House Committee on Unamerican Activities](/wiki/HUAC "HUAC"). This accusation was later corroborated by the [Venona](/wiki/Venona "Venona") tapes. In 2001, [James Barron](/wiki/James_Barron_%28journalist%29 "James Barron (journalist)"), a staff reporter for *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, identified what he called a "growing consensus that Hiss, indeed, had most likely been a Soviet agent."{{Cite news\| last \= Barron\| first \= James\| title \=Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest\| work \=The New York Times\| date \=August 16, 2001\| url \= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online\-the\-hiss\-defense\-doesn\-t\-rest.html?scp\=1\&sq\=The%20Hiss%20defense%20doesn't%20rest\&st\=cse\| access\-date \=August 29, 2009 }}
At the war's end many of these feelings of resentment were capitalised on by the occupying Soviets, who used them to reinforce anti\-Western sentiments within Poland. Propaganda was produced by Communists to show the Soviet Union as the Great Liberator, and the West as the Great Traitor. For instance, Moscow's *[Pravda](/wiki/Pravda "Pravda")* reported in February 1944 that all Poles who valued Poland's honour and independence were marching with the "Union of Polish Patriots" in the USSR.
### Aborted Yalta agreement enforcement plans
{{Further\|Operation Unthinkable}}
At some point in the spring of 1944, Churchill commissioned a contingency military enforcement operation plan (war on the Soviet Union) to obtain a "square deal for Poland" ([Operation Unthinkable](/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable "Operation Unthinkable")), which resulted in a May 22 report stating unfavorable success odds. The report's arguments included geostrategic issues (possible Soviet\-Japanese alliance resulting in moving of Japanese troops from continent to Home Islands, threat to Iran and Iraq) and uncertainties concerning land battles in Europe.
|
[
"Poland\n------",
"### World War I aftermath",
"In the late 1920s and early 1930s, a complex set of alliances was established among the nations of Europe, in the hope of preventing future wars (either with Germany or the Soviet Union). With the rise of Nazism in Germany, this system of alliances was strengthened by the signing of a series of \"mutual assistance\" alliances between France, Britain, and Poland ([Franco\\-Polish Alliance](/wiki/Franco-Polish_Alliance \"Franco-Polish Alliance\")). This agreement with France stated that in the event of war the other allies were to fully mobilise and carry out a \"ground intervention within two weeks\" in support of the ally being attacked. The [Anglo\\-Polish agreement](/wiki/Anglo-Polish_Alliance \"Anglo-Polish Alliance\") stated that in the event of hostilities with a European power, the other contracting party would give \"all the support and assistance in its power.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=ANGLO\\-POLISH AGREEMENT. \\|url\\=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/bb/bb\\-078\\.html \\|website\\=www.ibiblio.org}}",
"According to Krzysztof Źwikliński, additionally representatives of the Western powers made several military promises to Poland, including such fantastic designs as those made by British General [William Edmund Ironside](/wiki/William_Edmund_Ironside \"William Edmund Ironside\") in his July 1939 talks with Marshall Rydz\\-Śmigły who promised an attack from the direction of [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea \"Black Sea\"), or placing a British [aircraft carrier](/wiki/Aircraft_carrier \"Aircraft carrier\") in the Baltic. However, the Anglo\\-Polish Alliance did not make that commitment, and the British commitment to France was for four divisions in Europe within 30 days of the outbreak of war, which was met.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Bond \\|first1\\=Brian \\|title\\=The Battle for France \\& Flanders Sixty Years On \\|date\\=2001 \\|publisher\\=Pen and Sword \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-85052\\-811\\-4}}",
"### Beginning of World War II, 1939",
"On the eve of the Second World War, the Polish government tried to buy as much armaments as it could and was asking for arms loans from Britain and France. As a result of that in the summer of 1939 Poland placed orders for 160 French [Morane\\-Saulnier M.S.406](/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_M.S.406 \"Morane-Saulnier M.S.406\") fighters, and for 111 British airplanes (100 light bombers [Fairey Battle](/wiki/Fairey_Battle \"Fairey Battle\"), 10 [Hurricanes](/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane \"Hawker Hurricane\"), and 1 [Spitfire](/wiki/Spitfire \"Spitfire\")).{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Mazur \\|first1\\=Wojciech \\|title\\=Pomocnik Historyczny \\|journal\\=Polityka \\|date\\=March 2009 \\|volume\\=3/2009 \\|pages\\=103}} Although some of these planes had been shipped to Poland before 1 September 1939, none took part in combat. Shipments were interrupted due to the outbreak of war. The total amount of the loan from British government was also much smaller than asked for. Britain agreed to lend 8 million pounds, but Poland was asking for 60 million.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wojciech \\|first1\\=Mazur \\|title\\=Dozbrojenie last minute \\|journal\\=Polityka \\|date\\=n.d. \\|volume\\=3/2009 \\|issue\\=3/2009 \\|page\\=103}}",
"Upon the [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\") by Nazi Germany in September 1939, after giving Germany an ultimatum on 1 September, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, and a British [naval blockade of Germany](/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_%281939%E2%80%9345%29 \"Blockade of Germany (1939–45)\") was initiated. [General Gort](/wiki/John_Vereker%2C_6th_Viscount_Gort \"John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort\") was appointed commander of the [British Expeditionary Force (BEF)](/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_%28World_War_II%29 \"British Expeditionary Force (World War II)\"), and placed under the command of French [General Gamelin](/wiki/Maurice_Gamelin \"Maurice Gamelin\") of the North\\-eastern Theatre of Operations, as agreed before the war. On 4 September, an [RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") raid against [German warships in harbour](/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II \"Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II\") was conducted, and the BEF began its shipment to France.",
"The German forces reached Warsaw on 8 September, and on 14 September, [Marshal Rydz\\-Śmigły](/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y \"Edward Rydz-Śmigły\") ordered Polish forces to withdraw to the [Romanian Bridgehead](/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead \"Romanian Bridgehead\"). On 17 September, the Soviet Union invaded Poland, and Polish Army in the field was effectively defeated before the divisions of the BEF could arrive in France. The first two BEF divisions, which took their place in the French line and change of command, on 3 October, and two further BEF divisions took their place in the French line on 12 October.",
"France had committed to undertaking a ground offensive within two weeks of the outbreak of war. The French initiated full mobilisation and began the limited [Saar Offensive](/wiki/Saar_Offensive \"Saar Offensive\") on 7 September, sending 40 divisions into the region. The French assault was slowed down by out\\-dated doctrines, minefields, and the French lacked mine detectors. When the French reached artillery range of the [Siegfried Line](/wiki/Siegfried_Line \"Siegfried Line\"), they found that their shells could not penetrate the German defences. The French decided to regroup an attack on 20 September, but when Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union on 17 September, any further assault was called off.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Andrew \\|first1\\=Knighton \\|title\\=Did You Know? The French Army Invaded Germany in 1939 To Support The Polish \\|url\\=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world\\-war\\-ii/did\\-you\\-know\\-the\\-french\\-army\\-invaded\\-germany\\-in\\-1939\\.html?edg\\-c\\=1 \\|website\\=War History Online \\|date\\=27 February 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=2 March 2022}} Around 13 September, the Polish military envoy to France, general [Stanisław Burhardt\\-Bukacki](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Burhardt-Bukacki \"Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki\"), upon receiving the text of the message sent by Gamelin, alerted Marshal Śmigły: \"I received the message by General Gamelin. Please don't believe a single word in the dispatch\".",
"It had been decided that no major air operations against Germany would take place. This was due to French concerns over reprisals on RAF launches from French airfields, against targets in Germany, so most British bomber activity over Germany was the dropping of propaganda leaflets and reconnaissance.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Ellis \\|first1\\=L. F. \\|title\\=The war in France and Flanders \\|date\\=2004 \\|publisher\\=Naval \\& Military Press \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84574\\-056\\-6}} This theme would continue in subsequent [Anglo\\-French Supreme War Council meetings](/wiki/Anglo-French_Supreme_War_Council \"Anglo-French Supreme War Council\"). Afterwards, French military leader [Maurice Gamelin](/wiki/Maurice_Gamelin \"Maurice Gamelin\") issued orders prohibiting Polish military envoys Lieutenant Wojciech Fyda and General Stanisław Burhardt\\-Bukacki from contacting him. In his post\\-war diaries, General Edmund Ironside, the chief of the Imperial General Staff, commented on French promises: \"The French had lied to the Poles in saying they are going to attack. There is no idea of it\".{{cite book \\|title\\=Why air forces fail: the anatomy of defeat\\|first1\\=Robin D. S. \\|last1\\=Higham\\|first2\\=Stephen \\|last2\\=John\\|publisher \\=Harris University Press of Kentucky\\|date\\=2006}}",
"On 17 September 1939 the Soviet Union [invaded Poland](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland \"Soviet invasion of Poland\"), as agreed in advance with Germany following the signing of the [Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact](/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact \"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact\"). Britain and France did not take any [significant action](/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland%23International_reaction \"Soviet invasion of Poland#International reaction\") in response to the Soviet invasion.{{cite book \\|ref\\=Reference\\-Prazmowska \\|author\\-link\\=Anita Prazmowska \\|last\\=Prazmowska \\|first\\=Anita J. \\|year\\=1995 \\|title\\=Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally \\|location\\=Cambridge \\| publisher\\=Cambridge University Press \\|isbn\\=0\\-521\\-48385\\-9\\|pages\\=44–45}}{{cite book\\|ref\\=Reference\\-Hiden\\-Lane \\|title\\=The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War\\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|year\\=2003 \\|first1\\=John \\|last1\\=Hiden \\|first2\\=Thomas \\|last2 \\= Lane \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-53120\\-7}} \n {{Citation \\| last \\= Hill \\| first \\= Alexander \\| title \\= The Red Army and the Second World War \\| publisher \\= Cambridge University Press \\| year \\= 2017 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-107\\-02079\\-5\\|page\\=148}}* However, the terms of the [Anglo\\-Polish military alliance](/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance \"Anglo-Polish military alliance\") specifically applied to invasion from Germany only.",
"France and Britain were unable to launch a successful land attack on Germany in September 1939, and Poland was overcome by both the Germans and Soviets on 6 October, with the last Polish units capitulating that day following the [battle of Kock](/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_%281939%29 \"Battle of Kock (1939)\").{{cite book\\|title\\=Panzers at War 1939\\-1942\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=zzBForupwBoC\\&pg\\=PT67\\|publisher\\=Coda Books Ltd\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-908538\\-24\\-6\\|page\\=67}} However, even by the end of October, the still\\-forming British Expeditionary Force totaled only 4 divisions compared to the 25 German divisions in Western Germany, making a British invasion of Germany unlikely to succeed.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ww2\\-weapons.com/german\\-orders\\-of\\-battle\\-for\\-september\\-1\\-1939/\\|title \\= German Orders of Battle for September 1, 1939\\|date \\= 24 August 2020}}",
"### Tehran, 1943",
"In November 1943, the [Big Three](/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II \"Allies of World War II\") (the USSR, US, and UK) met at the [Tehran Conference](/wiki/Tehran_Conference \"Tehran Conference\"). President Roosevelt and PM Churchill officially agreed that the eastern borders of Poland would roughly follow the [Curzon Line](/wiki/Curzon_Line \"Curzon Line\"). The Polish government\\-in\\-exile was not a party to this decision made in secret. The resulting loss of the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy \"Kresy\"), or \"eastern territories\", approximately 48% of Poland's pre\\-war territory, to the Soviet Union was seen by the London Poles in exile as another \"betrayal\" by their Western \"Allies\". However, it was no secret to the Allies that before his death in July 1943 General [Władysław Sikorski](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski \"Władysław Sikorski\"), Prime Minister of Poland's London\\-based government in exile had been the originator, and not Stalin, of the concept of a westward shift of Poland's boundaries along an [Oder–Neisse line](/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line \"Oder–Neisse line\") as compensation for relinquishing Poland's eastern territories as part of a Polish rapprochement with the USSR. [Józef Retinger](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Retinger \"Józef Retinger\"), who was Sikorski's special political advisor at the time, was also in agreement with Sikorski's concept of Poland's realigned post\\-war borders, later in his memoirs Retinger wrote: \"At the Tehran Conference, in November 1943, the Big Three agreed that Poland should receive territorial compensation in the West, at Germany's expense, for the land it was to lose to Russia in Central and Eastern Europe. This seemed like a fair bargain.\"",
"Churchill told Stalin he could settle the issue with the Poles once a decision was made in Tehran, however he never consulted the Polish leadership. When the Prime Minister of the Polish government\\-in\\-exile [Stanisław Mikołajczyk](/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk \"Stanisław Mikołajczyk\") attended the [Moscow Conference (1944\\)](/wiki/Moscow_Conference_%281944%29 \"Moscow Conference (1944)\"), he was convinced he was coming to discuss borders that were still disputed, while Stalin believed everything had already been settled. This was the principal reason for the failure of the Polish Prime Minister's mission to Moscow.{{Citation needed\\|reason\\=Stalin and Molotv wanted the Lublin Poles, and never intended to negotiate anything with Mikołajczyk\\|date\\=January 2015}} The Polish premier allegedly begged for inclusion of [Lwów](/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w \"Lwów\") and [Wilno](/wiki/Wilno \"Wilno\") in the new Polish borders, but got the following reply from [Vyacheslav Molotov](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov \"Vyacheslav Molotov\"): \"There is no use discussing that; it was all settled in Tehran.\"",
"### Warsaw Uprising, 1944",
"{{main article\\|Lack of outside support during the Warsaw Uprising}}\n[thumb\\|During World War II [85% of buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by German troops](/wiki/Planned_destruction_of_Warsaw \"Planned destruction of Warsaw\").](/wiki/File:Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg \"Destroyed Warsaw, capital of Poland, January 1945.jpg\")\nSince the establishment of the Polish government\\-in\\-exile in Paris and then in London, the military commanders of the Polish army were focusing most of their efforts on preparation of a future all\\-national uprising against Germany. Finally the plans for [Operation Tempest](/wiki/Operation_Tempest \"Operation Tempest\") were prepared and on 1 August 1944, the [Warsaw Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising \"Warsaw Uprising\") started. The Uprising was an armed struggle by the Polish [Home Army](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa \"Armia Krajowa\") to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule.",
"Despite the fact that Polish and later [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") (RAF) planes flew missions over Warsaw dropping supplies from 4 August on, the [United States Army Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force \"United States Army Air Force\") (USAAF) planes did not join the operation. The Allies specifically requested the use of Red Army airfields near Warsaw on 20 August but were refused by Stalin on 22 August (he referred to the insurrectionists as \"a handful of criminals\"). After Stalin's objections to support for the uprising, Churchill telegraphed Roosevelt on 25 August and proposed sending planes in defiance of Stalin and to \"see what happens\". Roosevelt replied on 26 August that \"I do not consider it advantageous to the long\\-range general war prospect for me to join you in the proposed message to Uncle Joe.\" The commander of the British air drop, Air Marshal Sir [John Slessor](/wiki/John_Slessor \"John Slessor\"), later stated, \"How, after the fall of Warsaw, any responsible statesman could trust the Russian Communist further than he could kick him, passes the comprehension of ordinary men.\"",
"Various scholars{{who\\|date\\=September 2021}} argue that during the Warsaw Uprising both the governments of the United Kingdom and United States did little to help Polish resistance and that the Allies put little pressure on Stalin to help the Polish struggle for freedom.",
"### Yalta, 1945",
"{{See also\\|Yalta Conference}}\nThe Yalta Conference (4\\-11 February 1945\\) acknowledged the era of Soviet domination of Central and Eastern Europe, subsequent to the Soviet occupation of these lands as they advanced against Nazi Germany. This domination lasted until the [end of Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe in late 1989](/wiki/Autumn_of_Nations \"Autumn of Nations\") and the [collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Collapse of the Soviet Union\") and left bitter memories of Western betrayal and Soviet dominance in the collective memory of the region. To many [Polish Americans](/wiki/Polish_Americans \"Polish Americans\"), the Yalta conference \"constituted a betrayal\" of Poland and the [Atlantic Charter](/wiki/Atlantic_Charter \"Atlantic Charter\"). \"After World War II,\" remarked [Strobe Talbott](/wiki/Strobe_Talbott \"Strobe Talbott\"), \"many countries in the (center and) east suffered half a century under the shadow of Yalta.\" Territories which the Soviet Union had occupied during World War II in 1939 (with the exception of the [Białystok](/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok \"Białystok\") area) were permanently annexed, and most of their Polish inhabitants expelled: today these territories are part of [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"), and [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania \"Lithuania\"). The factual basis of this decision was the result of a forged referendum from November 1939 in which the \"huge majority\" of voters accepted the incorporation of these lands into western Belarus and western Ukraine. In compensation, Poland was given former German territory (the so\\-called [Recovered Territories](/wiki/Recovered_Territories \"Recovered Territories\")): the southern half of [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia \"East Prussia\") and all of [Pomerania](/wiki/Pomerania \"Pomerania\") and [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia \"Silesia\"), up to the [Oder–Neisse line](/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line \"Oder–Neisse line\"). The German population of these territories [was expelled in masses](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II \"Expulsion of Germans after World War II\") and these territories were subsequently repopulated with Poles including [Poles expelled](/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion%23Deportation_of_Poles \"World War II evacuation and expulsion#Deportation of Poles\") from the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy \"Kresy\") regions. This, along with other similar migrations in Central and Eastern Europe, combined to form [one of the largest human migrations in modern times](/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion \"World War II evacuation and expulsion\"). Stalin ordered Polish resistance fighters to be either incarcerated or deported to [gulags](/wiki/Gulag \"Gulag\") in Siberia.",
"At the time of Yalta over 200,000 troops of the [Polish Armed Forces in the West](/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West \"Polish Armed Forces in the West\") were serving under the high command of the British Army. Many of these men and women were originally from the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy \"Kresy\") region of eastern Poland including cities such as [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\") and [Wilno](/wiki/Vilnius \"Vilnius\"). They had been deported from Kresy to the Soviet gulags when Hitler and Stalin occupied Poland in 1939 in accordance with the [Nazi–Soviet Pact](/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_Pact \"Nazi–Soviet Pact\"). Two years later, when Churchill and Stalin formed an alliance against Hitler, the Kresy Poles were released from the Gulags in Siberia, formed the [Anders Army](/wiki/Anders_Army \"Anders Army\"), and marched to [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") to create the [II Corps (Poland)](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Poland%29 \"II Corps (Poland)\") under British high command. These Polish troops contributed to the Allied defeat of the Germans in North Africa and Italy, and hoped to return to Kresy in an independent and democratic Poland at the end of the War. But at Yalta, the borders agreed in Tehran in 1943 were finalized meaning that Stalin would keep the Soviet gains Hitler agreed to in the Nazi–Soviet Pact, including Kresy, and carry out [Polish population transfers](/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_%281944%E2%80%931946%29 \"Polish population transfers (1944–1946)\"). These transfers included the land Poland gained at Tehran in the West, at the expense of Germany. Consequently, at Yalta, it was agreed that tens of thousands of veteran Polish troops under British command should lose their Kresy homes to the Soviet Union. In reaction, thirty officers and men from the II Corps committed suicide.",
"Churchill defended his actions in a three\\-day Parliamentary debate starting 27 February 1945, which ended in a [vote of confidence](/wiki/Vote_of_confidence \"Vote of confidence\"). During the debate, many MPs openly criticised Churchill and passionately voiced loyalty to Britain's Polish allies and expressed deep reservations about Yalta. Moreover, 25 of these MPs risked their careers to draft an amendment protesting against Britain's tacit acceptance of Poland's domination by the Soviet Union. These members included [Arthur Greenwood](/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood \"Arthur Greenwood\"), [Viscount Dunglass](/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home \"Sir Alec Douglas-Home\"), Commander [Archibald Southby](/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Southby%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Archibald Southby, 1st Baronet\"), the [Lord Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/James_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Ancaster \"James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster\"), and [Victor Raikes](/wiki/Victor_Raikes \"Victor Raikes\"). After the failure of the amendment, [Henry Strauss](/wiki/Henry_Strauss%2C_1st_Baron_Conesford \"Henry Strauss, 1st Baron Conesford\"), the [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich \"Norwich\"), resigned his seat in protest at the British treatment of Poland.",
"Before the Second World War ended, the Soviets installed a pro\\-Soviet regime. Although President Roosevelt \"insisted on free and unfettered\" elections in Poland, [Vyacheslav Molotov](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov \"Vyacheslav Molotov\") instead managed to deliver an election fair by \"Soviet standards.\" As many as half a million Polish soldiers refused to return to Poland, because of the [Soviet repressions of Polish citizens](/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_%281939%E2%80%931946%29 \"Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)\"), the [Trial of the Sixteen](/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen \"Trial of the Sixteen\"), and other executions of pro\\-democracy Poles, particularly the so\\-called [cursed soldiers](/wiki/Cursed_soldiers \"Cursed soldiers\"), former members of the [Armia Krajowa](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa \"Armia Krajowa\"). The result was the [Polish Resettlement Act 1947](/wiki/Polish_Resettlement_Act_1947 \"Polish Resettlement Act 1947\"), Britain's first mass immigration law.",
"Yalta was used by ruling communists to underline [anti\\-Western sentiments](/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment \"Anti-Western sentiment\"). It was easy to argue that Poland was not very important to the West, since Allied leaders sacrificed Polish borders, legal government, and free elections for future peace between the Allies and the Soviet Union.",
"On the other hand, some authors have pointed out that Yalta allowed the Polish communists to win over Polish nationalists by allowing them to realize their goal to annex and resettle formerly German land.{{cite book\\|title\\=Recovered Territory: A German\\-Polish Conflict over Land and Culture, 1919\\-1989\\|author\\=Peter Polak\\-Springer\\|publisher\\=Berghahn Books}}",
"The [Federal Republic of Germany](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany \"Federal Republic of Germany\") ([West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\")), formed in 1949, was portrayed by Communist propaganda as the breeder of Hitler's posthumous offspring who desired retaliation and wanted to take back from Poland the \"[Recovered Territories](/wiki/Recovered_Territories \"Recovered Territories\")\" that had been home of more than 8 million Germans. Giving this picture a grain of credibility was that West Germany until 1970 refused to [recognize the Oder\\-Neisse Line as the German\\-Polish border](/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_%281970%29 \"Treaty of Warsaw (1970)\"), and that some West German officials had a tainted Nazi past. For a segment of Polish public opinion, Communist rule was seen as the lesser of the two evils.",
"Defenders of the actions taken by the Western allies maintain that *[Realpolitik](/wiki/Realpolitik \"Realpolitik\")* made it impossible to do anything else, and that they were in no shape to start an utterly un\\-winnable war with the Soviet Union over the subjugation of Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries immediately after the end of World War II. It could be contended that the presence of a double standard with respect to Nazi and Soviet aggression existed in 1939 and 1940, when the Soviets attacked the eastern part of Poland, then the Baltic States, and then Finland, and yet the Western Allies chose not to intervene in those theatres of the war.",
"The chief American negotiator at Yalta was [Alger Hiss](/wiki/Alger_Hiss \"Alger Hiss\"), later accused of being a Soviet spy and convicted of [perjuring](/wiki/Perjury \"Perjury\") himself in his testimony to the [House Committee on Unamerican Activities](/wiki/HUAC \"HUAC\"). This accusation was later corroborated by the [Venona](/wiki/Venona \"Venona\") tapes. In 2001, [James Barron](/wiki/James_Barron_%28journalist%29 \"James Barron (journalist)\"), a staff reporter for *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, identified what he called a \"growing consensus that Hiss, indeed, had most likely been a Soviet agent.\"{{Cite news\\| last \\= Barron\\| first \\= James\\| title \\=Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest\\| work \\=The New York Times\\| date \\=August 16, 2001\\| url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online\\-the\\-hiss\\-defense\\-doesn\\-t\\-rest.html?scp\\=1\\&sq\\=The%20Hiss%20defense%20doesn't%20rest\\&st\\=cse\\| access\\-date \\=August 29, 2009 }}",
"At the war's end many of these feelings of resentment were capitalised on by the occupying Soviets, who used them to reinforce anti\\-Western sentiments within Poland. Propaganda was produced by Communists to show the Soviet Union as the Great Liberator, and the West as the Great Traitor. For instance, Moscow's *[Pravda](/wiki/Pravda \"Pravda\")* reported in February 1944 that all Poles who valued Poland's honour and independence were marching with the \"Union of Polish Patriots\" in the USSR.",
"### Aborted Yalta agreement enforcement plans",
"{{Further\\|Operation Unthinkable}}\nAt some point in the spring of 1944, Churchill commissioned a contingency military enforcement operation plan (war on the Soviet Union) to obtain a \"square deal for Poland\" ([Operation Unthinkable](/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable \"Operation Unthinkable\")), which resulted in a May 22 report stating unfavorable success odds. The report's arguments included geostrategic issues (possible Soviet\\-Japanese alliance resulting in moving of Japanese troops from continent to Home Islands, threat to Iran and Iraq) and uncertainties concerning land battles in Europe.",
""
] |
### Yalta, 1945
{{See also\|Yalta Conference}}
The Yalta Conference (4\-11 February 1945\) acknowledged the era of Soviet domination of Central and Eastern Europe, subsequent to the Soviet occupation of these lands as they advanced against Nazi Germany. This domination lasted until the [end of Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe in late 1989](/wiki/Autumn_of_Nations "Autumn of Nations") and the [collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union "Collapse of the Soviet Union") and left bitter memories of Western betrayal and Soviet dominance in the collective memory of the region. To many [Polish Americans](/wiki/Polish_Americans "Polish Americans"), the Yalta conference "constituted a betrayal" of Poland and the [Atlantic Charter](/wiki/Atlantic_Charter "Atlantic Charter"). "After World War II," remarked [Strobe Talbott](/wiki/Strobe_Talbott "Strobe Talbott"), "many countries in the (center and) east suffered half a century under the shadow of Yalta." Territories which the Soviet Union had occupied during World War II in 1939 (with the exception of the [Białystok](/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok "Białystok") area) were permanently annexed, and most of their Polish inhabitants expelled: today these territories are part of [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus "Belarus"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), and [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania"). The factual basis of this decision was the result of a forged referendum from November 1939 in which the "huge majority" of voters accepted the incorporation of these lands into western Belarus and western Ukraine. In compensation, Poland was given former German territory (the so\-called [Recovered Territories](/wiki/Recovered_Territories "Recovered Territories")): the southern half of [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia "East Prussia") and all of [Pomerania](/wiki/Pomerania "Pomerania") and [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia "Silesia"), up to the [Oder–Neisse line](/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line "Oder–Neisse line"). The German population of these territories [was expelled in masses](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II "Expulsion of Germans after World War II") and these territories were subsequently repopulated with Poles including [Poles expelled](/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion%23Deportation_of_Poles "World War II evacuation and expulsion#Deportation of Poles") from the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy "Kresy") regions. This, along with other similar migrations in Central and Eastern Europe, combined to form [one of the largest human migrations in modern times](/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion "World War II evacuation and expulsion"). Stalin ordered Polish resistance fighters to be either incarcerated or deported to [gulags](/wiki/Gulag "Gulag") in Siberia.
At the time of Yalta over 200,000 troops of the [Polish Armed Forces in the West](/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West "Polish Armed Forces in the West") were serving under the high command of the British Army. Many of these men and women were originally from the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy "Kresy") region of eastern Poland including cities such as [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv "Lviv") and [Wilno](/wiki/Vilnius "Vilnius"). They had been deported from Kresy to the Soviet gulags when Hitler and Stalin occupied Poland in 1939 in accordance with the [Nazi–Soviet Pact](/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_Pact "Nazi–Soviet Pact"). Two years later, when Churchill and Stalin formed an alliance against Hitler, the Kresy Poles were released from the Gulags in Siberia, formed the [Anders Army](/wiki/Anders_Army "Anders Army"), and marched to [Iran](/wiki/Iran "Iran") to create the [II Corps (Poland)](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Poland%29 "II Corps (Poland)") under British high command. These Polish troops contributed to the Allied defeat of the Germans in North Africa and Italy, and hoped to return to Kresy in an independent and democratic Poland at the end of the War. But at Yalta, the borders agreed in Tehran in 1943 were finalized meaning that Stalin would keep the Soviet gains Hitler agreed to in the Nazi–Soviet Pact, including Kresy, and carry out [Polish population transfers](/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_%281944%E2%80%931946%29 "Polish population transfers (1944–1946)"). These transfers included the land Poland gained at Tehran in the West, at the expense of Germany. Consequently, at Yalta, it was agreed that tens of thousands of veteran Polish troops under British command should lose their Kresy homes to the Soviet Union. In reaction, thirty officers and men from the II Corps committed suicide.
Churchill defended his actions in a three\-day Parliamentary debate starting 27 February 1945, which ended in a [vote of confidence](/wiki/Vote_of_confidence "Vote of confidence"). During the debate, many MPs openly criticised Churchill and passionately voiced loyalty to Britain's Polish allies and expressed deep reservations about Yalta. Moreover, 25 of these MPs risked their careers to draft an amendment protesting against Britain's tacit acceptance of Poland's domination by the Soviet Union. These members included [Arthur Greenwood](/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood "Arthur Greenwood"), [Viscount Dunglass](/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home "Sir Alec Douglas-Home"), Commander [Archibald Southby](/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Southby%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Archibald Southby, 1st Baronet"), the [Lord Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/James_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Ancaster "James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster"), and [Victor Raikes](/wiki/Victor_Raikes "Victor Raikes"). After the failure of the amendment, [Henry Strauss](/wiki/Henry_Strauss%2C_1st_Baron_Conesford "Henry Strauss, 1st Baron Conesford"), the [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament "Member of Parliament") for [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich "Norwich"), resigned his seat in protest at the British treatment of Poland.
Before the Second World War ended, the Soviets installed a pro\-Soviet regime. Although President Roosevelt "insisted on free and unfettered" elections in Poland, [Vyacheslav Molotov](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov "Vyacheslav Molotov") instead managed to deliver an election fair by "Soviet standards." As many as half a million Polish soldiers refused to return to Poland, because of the [Soviet repressions of Polish citizens](/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_%281939%E2%80%931946%29 "Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)"), the [Trial of the Sixteen](/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen "Trial of the Sixteen"), and other executions of pro\-democracy Poles, particularly the so\-called [cursed soldiers](/wiki/Cursed_soldiers "Cursed soldiers"), former members of the [Armia Krajowa](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa "Armia Krajowa"). The result was the [Polish Resettlement Act 1947](/wiki/Polish_Resettlement_Act_1947 "Polish Resettlement Act 1947"), Britain's first mass immigration law.
Yalta was used by ruling communists to underline [anti\-Western sentiments](/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment "Anti-Western sentiment"). It was easy to argue that Poland was not very important to the West, since Allied leaders sacrificed Polish borders, legal government, and free elections for future peace between the Allies and the Soviet Union.
On the other hand, some authors have pointed out that Yalta allowed the Polish communists to win over Polish nationalists by allowing them to realize their goal to annex and resettle formerly German land.{{cite book\|title\=Recovered Territory: A German\-Polish Conflict over Land and Culture, 1919\-1989\|author\=Peter Polak\-Springer\|publisher\=Berghahn Books}}
The [Federal Republic of Germany](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany "Federal Republic of Germany") ([West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany "West Germany")), formed in 1949, was portrayed by Communist propaganda as the breeder of Hitler's posthumous offspring who desired retaliation and wanted to take back from Poland the "[Recovered Territories](/wiki/Recovered_Territories "Recovered Territories")" that had been home of more than 8 million Germans. Giving this picture a grain of credibility was that West Germany until 1970 refused to [recognize the Oder\-Neisse Line as the German\-Polish border](/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_%281970%29 "Treaty of Warsaw (1970)"), and that some West German officials had a tainted Nazi past. For a segment of Polish public opinion, Communist rule was seen as the lesser of the two evils.
Defenders of the actions taken by the Western allies maintain that *[Realpolitik](/wiki/Realpolitik "Realpolitik")* made it impossible to do anything else, and that they were in no shape to start an utterly un\-winnable war with the Soviet Union over the subjugation of Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries immediately after the end of World War II. It could be contended that the presence of a double standard with respect to Nazi and Soviet aggression existed in 1939 and 1940, when the Soviets attacked the eastern part of Poland, then the Baltic States, and then Finland, and yet the Western Allies chose not to intervene in those theatres of the war.
The chief American negotiator at Yalta was [Alger Hiss](/wiki/Alger_Hiss "Alger Hiss"), later accused of being a Soviet spy and convicted of [perjuring](/wiki/Perjury "Perjury") himself in his testimony to the [House Committee on Unamerican Activities](/wiki/HUAC "HUAC"). This accusation was later corroborated by the [Venona](/wiki/Venona "Venona") tapes. In 2001, [James Barron](/wiki/James_Barron_%28journalist%29 "James Barron (journalist)"), a staff reporter for *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, identified what he called a "growing consensus that Hiss, indeed, had most likely been a Soviet agent."{{Cite news\| last \= Barron\| first \= James\| title \=Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest\| work \=The New York Times\| date \=August 16, 2001\| url \= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online\-the\-hiss\-defense\-doesn\-t\-rest.html?scp\=1\&sq\=The%20Hiss%20defense%20doesn't%20rest\&st\=cse\| access\-date \=August 29, 2009 }}
At the war's end many of these feelings of resentment were capitalised on by the occupying Soviets, who used them to reinforce anti\-Western sentiments within Poland. Propaganda was produced by Communists to show the Soviet Union as the Great Liberator, and the West as the Great Traitor. For instance, Moscow's *[Pravda](/wiki/Pravda "Pravda")* reported in February 1944 that all Poles who valued Poland's honour and independence were marching with the "Union of Polish Patriots" in the USSR.
|
[
"### Yalta, 1945",
"{{See also\\|Yalta Conference}}\nThe Yalta Conference (4\\-11 February 1945\\) acknowledged the era of Soviet domination of Central and Eastern Europe, subsequent to the Soviet occupation of these lands as they advanced against Nazi Germany. This domination lasted until the [end of Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe in late 1989](/wiki/Autumn_of_Nations \"Autumn of Nations\") and the [collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Collapse of the Soviet Union\") and left bitter memories of Western betrayal and Soviet dominance in the collective memory of the region. To many [Polish Americans](/wiki/Polish_Americans \"Polish Americans\"), the Yalta conference \"constituted a betrayal\" of Poland and the [Atlantic Charter](/wiki/Atlantic_Charter \"Atlantic Charter\"). \"After World War II,\" remarked [Strobe Talbott](/wiki/Strobe_Talbott \"Strobe Talbott\"), \"many countries in the (center and) east suffered half a century under the shadow of Yalta.\" Territories which the Soviet Union had occupied during World War II in 1939 (with the exception of the [Białystok](/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok \"Białystok\") area) were permanently annexed, and most of their Polish inhabitants expelled: today these territories are part of [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\"), and [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania \"Lithuania\"). The factual basis of this decision was the result of a forged referendum from November 1939 in which the \"huge majority\" of voters accepted the incorporation of these lands into western Belarus and western Ukraine. In compensation, Poland was given former German territory (the so\\-called [Recovered Territories](/wiki/Recovered_Territories \"Recovered Territories\")): the southern half of [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia \"East Prussia\") and all of [Pomerania](/wiki/Pomerania \"Pomerania\") and [Silesia](/wiki/Silesia \"Silesia\"), up to the [Oder–Neisse line](/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line \"Oder–Neisse line\"). The German population of these territories [was expelled in masses](/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II \"Expulsion of Germans after World War II\") and these territories were subsequently repopulated with Poles including [Poles expelled](/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion%23Deportation_of_Poles \"World War II evacuation and expulsion#Deportation of Poles\") from the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy \"Kresy\") regions. This, along with other similar migrations in Central and Eastern Europe, combined to form [one of the largest human migrations in modern times](/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion \"World War II evacuation and expulsion\"). Stalin ordered Polish resistance fighters to be either incarcerated or deported to [gulags](/wiki/Gulag \"Gulag\") in Siberia.",
"At the time of Yalta over 200,000 troops of the [Polish Armed Forces in the West](/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West \"Polish Armed Forces in the West\") were serving under the high command of the British Army. Many of these men and women were originally from the [Kresy](/wiki/Kresy \"Kresy\") region of eastern Poland including cities such as [Lwów](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\") and [Wilno](/wiki/Vilnius \"Vilnius\"). They had been deported from Kresy to the Soviet gulags when Hitler and Stalin occupied Poland in 1939 in accordance with the [Nazi–Soviet Pact](/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_Pact \"Nazi–Soviet Pact\"). Two years later, when Churchill and Stalin formed an alliance against Hitler, the Kresy Poles were released from the Gulags in Siberia, formed the [Anders Army](/wiki/Anders_Army \"Anders Army\"), and marched to [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\") to create the [II Corps (Poland)](/wiki/II_Corps_%28Poland%29 \"II Corps (Poland)\") under British high command. These Polish troops contributed to the Allied defeat of the Germans in North Africa and Italy, and hoped to return to Kresy in an independent and democratic Poland at the end of the War. But at Yalta, the borders agreed in Tehran in 1943 were finalized meaning that Stalin would keep the Soviet gains Hitler agreed to in the Nazi–Soviet Pact, including Kresy, and carry out [Polish population transfers](/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_%281944%E2%80%931946%29 \"Polish population transfers (1944–1946)\"). These transfers included the land Poland gained at Tehran in the West, at the expense of Germany. Consequently, at Yalta, it was agreed that tens of thousands of veteran Polish troops under British command should lose their Kresy homes to the Soviet Union. In reaction, thirty officers and men from the II Corps committed suicide.",
"Churchill defended his actions in a three\\-day Parliamentary debate starting 27 February 1945, which ended in a [vote of confidence](/wiki/Vote_of_confidence \"Vote of confidence\"). During the debate, many MPs openly criticised Churchill and passionately voiced loyalty to Britain's Polish allies and expressed deep reservations about Yalta. Moreover, 25 of these MPs risked their careers to draft an amendment protesting against Britain's tacit acceptance of Poland's domination by the Soviet Union. These members included [Arthur Greenwood](/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood \"Arthur Greenwood\"), [Viscount Dunglass](/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home \"Sir Alec Douglas-Home\"), Commander [Archibald Southby](/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Southby%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Archibald Southby, 1st Baronet\"), the [Lord Willoughby de Eresby](/wiki/James_Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Ancaster \"James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster\"), and [Victor Raikes](/wiki/Victor_Raikes \"Victor Raikes\"). After the failure of the amendment, [Henry Strauss](/wiki/Henry_Strauss%2C_1st_Baron_Conesford \"Henry Strauss, 1st Baron Conesford\"), the [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament \"Member of Parliament\") for [Norwich](/wiki/Norwich \"Norwich\"), resigned his seat in protest at the British treatment of Poland.",
"Before the Second World War ended, the Soviets installed a pro\\-Soviet regime. Although President Roosevelt \"insisted on free and unfettered\" elections in Poland, [Vyacheslav Molotov](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov \"Vyacheslav Molotov\") instead managed to deliver an election fair by \"Soviet standards.\" As many as half a million Polish soldiers refused to return to Poland, because of the [Soviet repressions of Polish citizens](/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_%281939%E2%80%931946%29 \"Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)\"), the [Trial of the Sixteen](/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen \"Trial of the Sixteen\"), and other executions of pro\\-democracy Poles, particularly the so\\-called [cursed soldiers](/wiki/Cursed_soldiers \"Cursed soldiers\"), former members of the [Armia Krajowa](/wiki/Armia_Krajowa \"Armia Krajowa\"). The result was the [Polish Resettlement Act 1947](/wiki/Polish_Resettlement_Act_1947 \"Polish Resettlement Act 1947\"), Britain's first mass immigration law.",
"Yalta was used by ruling communists to underline [anti\\-Western sentiments](/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment \"Anti-Western sentiment\"). It was easy to argue that Poland was not very important to the West, since Allied leaders sacrificed Polish borders, legal government, and free elections for future peace between the Allies and the Soviet Union.",
"On the other hand, some authors have pointed out that Yalta allowed the Polish communists to win over Polish nationalists by allowing them to realize their goal to annex and resettle formerly German land.{{cite book\\|title\\=Recovered Territory: A German\\-Polish Conflict over Land and Culture, 1919\\-1989\\|author\\=Peter Polak\\-Springer\\|publisher\\=Berghahn Books}}",
"The [Federal Republic of Germany](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany \"Federal Republic of Germany\") ([West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\")), formed in 1949, was portrayed by Communist propaganda as the breeder of Hitler's posthumous offspring who desired retaliation and wanted to take back from Poland the \"[Recovered Territories](/wiki/Recovered_Territories \"Recovered Territories\")\" that had been home of more than 8 million Germans. Giving this picture a grain of credibility was that West Germany until 1970 refused to [recognize the Oder\\-Neisse Line as the German\\-Polish border](/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_%281970%29 \"Treaty of Warsaw (1970)\"), and that some West German officials had a tainted Nazi past. For a segment of Polish public opinion, Communist rule was seen as the lesser of the two evils.",
"Defenders of the actions taken by the Western allies maintain that *[Realpolitik](/wiki/Realpolitik \"Realpolitik\")* made it impossible to do anything else, and that they were in no shape to start an utterly un\\-winnable war with the Soviet Union over the subjugation of Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries immediately after the end of World War II. It could be contended that the presence of a double standard with respect to Nazi and Soviet aggression existed in 1939 and 1940, when the Soviets attacked the eastern part of Poland, then the Baltic States, and then Finland, and yet the Western Allies chose not to intervene in those theatres of the war.",
"The chief American negotiator at Yalta was [Alger Hiss](/wiki/Alger_Hiss \"Alger Hiss\"), later accused of being a Soviet spy and convicted of [perjuring](/wiki/Perjury \"Perjury\") himself in his testimony to the [House Committee on Unamerican Activities](/wiki/HUAC \"HUAC\"). This accusation was later corroborated by the [Venona](/wiki/Venona \"Venona\") tapes. In 2001, [James Barron](/wiki/James_Barron_%28journalist%29 \"James Barron (journalist)\"), a staff reporter for *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, identified what he called a \"growing consensus that Hiss, indeed, had most likely been a Soviet agent.\"{{Cite news\\| last \\= Barron\\| first \\= James\\| title \\=Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest\\| work \\=The New York Times\\| date \\=August 16, 2001\\| url \\= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online\\-the\\-hiss\\-defense\\-doesn\\-t\\-rest.html?scp\\=1\\&sq\\=The%20Hiss%20defense%20doesn't%20rest\\&st\\=cse\\| access\\-date \\=August 29, 2009 }}",
"At the war's end many of these feelings of resentment were capitalised on by the occupying Soviets, who used them to reinforce anti\\-Western sentiments within Poland. Propaganda was produced by Communists to show the Soviet Union as the Great Liberator, and the West as the Great Traitor. For instance, Moscow's *[Pravda](/wiki/Pravda \"Pravda\")* reported in February 1944 that all Poles who valued Poland's honour and independence were marching with the \"Union of Polish Patriots\" in the USSR.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Ratification
Japan and South Korea both historically had overlapping claims over the [continental shelves](/wiki/Continental_shelves "Continental shelves") in the [East China Sea](/wiki/East_China_Sea "East China Sea") before the establishment of the JDZ, causing the area to be disputed from a lack of compromise.{{cite journal \|last1\=Kim \|first1\=Hyun Jung \|title\=What did the Republic of Korea and Japan mean by the term "joint development" in their 1974 agreement? \|journal\=Marine Policy \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308597X20300154 \|date\=July 2020 \|volume\=117 \|page\=103932 \|doi\=10\.1016/j.marpol.2020\.103932 \|s2cid\=216215226 \|access\-date\=23 May 2023 \|archive\-date\=28 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528083311/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308597X20300154 \|url\-status\=live }} A resolution for the dispute only became necessary though after a 1969 report by the then [U.N. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East](/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific "United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific"), which revealed that the area held [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum "Petroleum") and [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas") reserves in "prolific" amounts{{cite report \|last1\=Valencia \|first1\=Mark J. \|title\=Taming Troubled Waters: Joint Development of Oil and Mineral Resources in Overlapping Claim Areas \|url\=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\=1600\&context\=sdlr \|publisher\=\[\[University of San Diego]] \|volume\=23 \|number\=3 \|date\=June 1986 \|pages\=668, 671 \|access\-date\=29 May 2023}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Liu \|first1\=Jing \|title\=The Japan\-Korea Joint Development Agreement: with Particular References to Revising the Deadlock Resolution Mechanism \|journal\=\[\[Chinese Journal of International Law]] \|date\=3 May 2023 \|volume\=22 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=149–158 \|url\=https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article\-abstract/doi/10\.1093/chinesejil/jmad012/7150776 \|access\-date\=25 May 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|doi\=10\.1093/chinesejil/jmad012 \|url\-access\=subscription \|archive\-date\=10 July 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710113305/https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article\-abstract/22/1/149/7150776 \|url\-status\=live }} comparable to that in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf").{{cite web \|last1\=Ju \|first1\=Jaehyoung \|title\=Keep an Eye on the Japan\-Korea Joint Development Zone \|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/keep\-an\-eye\-on\-the\-japan\-korea\-joint\-development\-zone/ \|publisher\=\[\[The Diplomat]] \|date\=24 February 2023 \|access\-date\=22 May 2023 \|archive\-date\=28 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528083312/https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/keep\-an\-eye\-on\-the\-japan\-korea\-joint\-development\-zone/ \|url\-status\=live }} Following the report's findings, neither nation agreed to recognize the others' ownership of the waters, with South Korea claiming the waters first in 1970{{cite web \|last1\=In\-joon \|first1\=Choi \|title\=9000조 '7광구 油田' 독식 노리는 일본… 우리에겐 시간이 없다 \|trans\-title\=Japan aiming to monopolize the 9000 trillion 'sector 7 oil field'… we don't have time \|url\=https://www.chosun.com/national/weekend/2023/02/11/YYC52IX6PVDHDGOOS4JQH6GZXY/ \|publisher\=\[\[The Chosun Ilbo]] \|date\=12 February 2023 \|access\-date\=28 May 2023 \|language\=ko \|archive\-date\=28 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528083311/https://www.chosun.com/national/weekend/2023/02/11/YYC52IX6PVDHDGOOS4JQH6GZXY/ \|url\-status\=live }} citing a ruling by the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice "International Court of Justice") (ICJ) from a year prior about the principle of "natural prolongation of the \[…] sovereignty of the coastal state," and Japan citing a 1958 principle which proposed a median line in "the absence of agreement".
In a show of friendly [cooperation](/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations "Japan–South Korea relations") to resolve the issue during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") and after the relation\-straining [kidnapping of Kim Dae\-jung](/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Kim_Dae-jung "Kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung"), the JDZ was established on 30 January 1974\. This was done with a [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations")\-sponsored agreement being signed by representatives of both nations in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"),{{cite web \|title\=Agreement between Japan and the Republic of Korea concerning Joint Development of the Southern Part of the Continental Shelf adjacent to the Two Countries \|url\=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/unts/Volume%201225/volume\-1225\-I\-19778\-English.pdf \|publisher\=\[\[United Nations]] \|location\=\[\[Seoul, South Korea]] \|date\=30 January 1974 \|access\-date\=23 May 2023 \|archive\-date\=6 June 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606065827/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/unts/Volume%201225/volume\-1225\-I\-19778\-English.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} with Japan being represented by their [ambassador to South Korea](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Japan_to_South_Korea "List of ambassadors of Japan to South Korea") {{ill\|Torao Ushiroku\|ja\|後宮虎郎}}, and South Korea by their [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28South_Korea%29 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)") {{ill\|Kim Dong\-Jo\|ko\|김동조}}. Most notably in the agreement: the zone's area was broken into nine subzones,{{efn\|Multiple maps displayed in a news report by \[\[The Chosun Ilbo]] in 2023 show the JDZ comprising only six more evenly sized subzones, and it is unclear when this rezoning took place.\|name\="subzones"}} with each subzone being appointed one "[concessionaire](/wiki/Concessionaire "Concessionaire")" from both nations who have the ability to recommend actions to ensure their subzone is equally taxed, "explored," and "exploited" within what is allowed by the agreement, according to articles three and four. Zone seven would be the largest subzone by a large margin at {{cvt\|11761\|nmi}}.{{efn\|name\="plan"}} While oil and natural gas were the main focus of joint development, the agreement also regulated many aspects of fishing within the area.{{cite web \|title\=Practice on Provisional Arrangements in Maritime Disputed Areas Joint Development Zones Korea and Japan Case \|url\=http://iilss.net/practice\-on\-provisional\-arrangements\-in\-maritime\-disputed\-areas\-joint\-development\-zones\-korea\-and\-japan\-case/ \|publisher\=International institute for Law of the Sea Studies \|access\-date\=30 May 2023 \|quote\="Although there were some restrictionsin{{sic}} the joint regulation zone as to the number and size of fishing vessels,types of fishing gear, time of fishing operations, there had not beenserious{{sic}} disputes in the zone because the maximum catch had been set atsuch{{sic}} a high level so as to satisfy the need for the Japanese fishermen" \|archive\-date\=30 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530042918/http://iilss.net/practice\-on\-provisional\-arrangements\-in\-maritime\-disputed\-areas\-joint\-development\-zones\-korea\-and\-japan\-case/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Roehrig \|first1\=Terence \|title\=The Rough State of Japan–South Korea Relations \|journal\=Maritime Awareness Project \|publisher\=\[\[National Bureau of Asian Research]] \|date\=16 January 2021 \|url\=https://www.nbr.org/publication/the\-rough\-state\-of\-japan\-south\-korea\-relations\-friction\-and\-disputes\-in\-the\-maritime\-domain/ \|access\-date\=30 May 2023 \|quote\="The two countries have also been able to manage fishing issues through a series of fisheries agreements." \|archive\-date\=31 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531195556/https://www.nbr.org/publication/the\-rough\-state\-of\-japan\-south\-korea\-relations\-friction\-and\-disputes\-in\-the\-maritime\-domain/ \|url\-status\=live }}
The agreement would be ratified by the South Korean [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28South_Korea%29 "National Assembly (South Korea)") in December 1974, and would enter into effect after Japanese ratification about four years later on 22 June 1978, with the delay caused by opposition from [Socialist](/wiki/Socialist "Socialist") and [Communist](/wiki/Communist "Communist") parties who argued for Chinese and [North Korean](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") inclusion into the JDZ.{{cite news \|last\=Ofusa \|first\=Junnosuke \|date\=15 June 1978 \|title\=Japan\-South Korea Oil Treaty Ratified \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/15/archives/japansouth\-korea\-oil\-treaty\-ratified\-oil\-presence\-confirmed\-terms.html \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|location\=\[\[Tokyo, Japan]] \|page\=11 \|access\-date\=30 May 2023 \|archive\-date\=30 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530042910/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/15/archives/japansouth\-korea\-oil\-treaty\-ratified\-oil\-presence\-confirmed\-terms.html \|url\-status\=live }} The agreement ended with the clause in article thirty\-one that the JDZ could be terminated after fifty\-years (in 2028\) if either nation gives the other a notice of their departure from the agreement three years prior.
### Post\-ratification and controversies
Exploration activities would begin in the JDZ after the agreement was signed in 1979, and would continue steadily, though mainly unsuccessfully, in three joint exploration activities until 1992\. After this, fewer joint activities would begin to take place until in 2005 when Japan refused to participate in a previously planned joint exploration in the JDZ. Japan would engage in their last joint activity to date in 2010\. In line with this lack of activity, Japan during the 2009 to 2017 exploration period further disobeyed article four of the agreement by not appointing any concessionaires to any of the subzones. This lack of recent research and joint cooperation since the 1990s has led to no significant oil and gas deposits being discovered in the zone, despite evidence of their existence.{{cite journal \|last1\=Kim \|first1\=Suk Kyoon \|title\=The Uncertain Status of the Korea\-Japan Joint Development Agreement of the Continental Shelf and Its Prospects \|journal\=Asia\-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy \|date\=16 December 2022 \|volume\=7 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=197–215 \|doi\=10\.1163/24519391\-07020003 \|url\=https://brill.com/view/journals/apoc/7/2/article\-p197\_003\.xml \|access\-date\=24 May 2023 \|publisher\=\[\[Brill Publishers]] \|s2cid\=255182326 \|issn\=2451\-9367 \|oclc\=972037149 \|url\-access\=subscription \|archive\-date\=26 March 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326063534/https://brill.com/view/journals/apoc/7/2/article\-p197\_003\.xml \|url\-status\=live }} Research done to date has only discovered five promising and thirteen potential areas for oil.{{cite web \|last1\=Dong\-hyun \|first1\=Lee \|title\=소외 당한 MB정부 자원외교 \|trans\-title\=Resource Diplomacy of the Underprivileged MB Government \|url\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/082/0000177853 \|website\=\[\[Naver Corporation\|Naver News]] \|publisher\=\[\[Busan Ilbo]] \|date\=16 May 2008 \|access\-date\=28 May 2023 \|language\=ko \|archive\-date\=30 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530042910/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/082/0000177853 \|url\-status\=live }}
[thumb\|left\|alt\=A map focused on Japan showing it's Exclusive Economic Zone in shades of purple around the nation's coasts\|A map of [Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone](/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Japan "Exclusive economic zone of Japan"), depicting the JDZ in a different {{color box\|\#f080e1}} shade of purple.](/wiki/File:Japan_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.png "Japan Exclusive Economic Zones.png")
Japan has expressed that their apparent lessening interest in the JDZ stems from estimates that significant oil and gas reserves in the JDZ are not enough to be commercially viable, also citing the previous failed drilling attempts. The presence of the successful Chinese [Chunxiao gas field](/wiki/Chunxiao_gas_field "Chunxiao gas field") bordering the JDZ and similar estimates recently conducted by South Korean, Chinese, and American researchers in the region though conflict with these claims, leading some South Korean officials to accuse Japan of waiting until the agreement expires in 2028 to claim the zone for itself. Changes to the U.N.'s [law of the sea](/wiki/Law_of_the_sea "Law of the sea") principals which among other things discusses the setting of territorial waters, has changed since the original JDZ agreement was signed in 1982 towards the concept of [Exclusive Economic Zones](/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone "Exclusive Economic Zone") (EEZ) over claims based on continental shelves. This concept, which favors a midline border between two countries, would greatly benefit Japan in the event of the end of the agreement as the JDZ lies more than 90% inside of what would be the [Japanese EEZ](/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Japan "Exclusive economic zone of Japan"), and weakens South Korea's original claim to the area based on continental shelves.
#### Chinese claim
[thumb\|right\|alt\=A yellow oil rig in the ocean pointing left\|[Chunxiao gas field](/wiki/Chunxiao_gas_field "Chunxiao gas field") in the East China Sea, bordering the JDZ.](/wiki/File:Chunxiao_gas_field.jpg "Chunxiao gas field.jpg")
Benefitting from the dispute; China in recent years has also sought to extend a claim to the area. China's {{cvt\|200\|nmi}} EEZ overlaps with the western part of the JDZ which provides some basis for a claim, but because of their absence from the original JDZ agreement, they are currently entitled to nothing in the zone. This exclusion led the [Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Chinese_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs "Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs") to call the agreement an "infringement of Chinese sovereignty" one month after the agreement was first signed in 1974, and file a formal protest in April 1977 for dividing the continental shelf without Chinese consent.
A claim has become more plausible in recent decades though since Japan, despite mutual wariness between both parties, first held negotiations with China in October 2005 regarding joint oil and gas development in areas bordering the JDZ; including in the [Chunxiao](/wiki/Chunxiao_gas_field "Chunxiao gas field"), [Tianwaiten](/wiki/Tianwaiten_gas_field "Tianwaiten gas field"), and later [Pinghu](/wiki/Pinghu_gas_field "Pinghu gas field") gas fields.{{cite web \|last1\=In\-han \|first1\=Choi \|title\=日 "동중국해 가스전 공동 개발하자" ‥ 중국에 첫 제의 \|trans\-title\=Japan "Let's jointly develop gas fields in the East China Sea" ‥ First proposal to China \|url\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/015/0000838702 \|website\=\[\[Naver Corporation\|Naver News]] \|publisher\=\[\[The Korea Economic Daily]] \|location\=\[\[Tokyo, Japan]] \|date\=2 October 2005 \|access\-date\=28 May 2023 \|language\=ko \|archive\-date\=30 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530042917/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/015/0000838702 \|url\-status\=live }} An agreement would successfully be signed on the matter at the [34th G8 summit](/wiki/34th_G8_summit "34th G8 summit") in June and July 2008, excluding South Korea.{{cite web \|title\=Japan\-China Joint Press Statement: Cooperation between Japan and China in the East China Sea \|url\=https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000091726\.pdf \|publisher\=\[\[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)]] \|date\=18 June 2008 \|access\-date\=29 May 2023 \|archive\-date\=26 April 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426073153/https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000091726\.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}
In the event the agreement is terminated after 2028 but no clear decision on who will administer the area is yet made, China could legally start developing the area to legitimise a claim, as they have done with the aforementioned gas fields bordering the JDZ.
#### In modern South Korean politics
The issue of maintaining control in whole or in part of the area the JDZ encompasses has surfaced itself as a growing issue within modern South Korean politics, especially as Chinese–Japanese cooperation increases in bordering areas. Representatives of the National Assembly have debated multiple times about the JDZ, such as in 2011 and 2023, calling for a diplomatic solution to avoid a potential future dispute over the region, and to 'stop China' from expanding into the area.
Despite South Korea's exclusion to these new bilateral agreements which could put their claims to JDZ area after the end of the agreement in risk, the nation has been "lukewarm" in asserting their position on the international stage. In April 2008, President [Lee Myung\-bak](/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak "Lee Myung-bak") announced he would discuss promoting future development of the JDZ in a visit to Japan, but no such discussion was made. In May 2023, an attempt by the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28South_Korea%2C_2015%29 "Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)") to make the JDZ an issue on the agenda for a Japan–Korea summit was also rejected. Government officials in the nation have been accused on prioritizing establishing contracts with nations in Central Asia and Africa over the bordering JDZ for oil and natural resources.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Ratification",
"Japan and South Korea both historically had overlapping claims over the [continental shelves](/wiki/Continental_shelves \"Continental shelves\") in the [East China Sea](/wiki/East_China_Sea \"East China Sea\") before the establishment of the JDZ, causing the area to be disputed from a lack of compromise.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kim \\|first1\\=Hyun Jung \\|title\\=What did the Republic of Korea and Japan mean by the term \"joint development\" in their 1974 agreement? \\|journal\\=Marine Policy \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308597X20300154 \\|date\\=July 2020 \\|volume\\=117 \\|page\\=103932 \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.marpol.2020\\.103932 \\|s2cid\\=216215226 \\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528083311/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308597X20300154 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} A resolution for the dispute only became necessary though after a 1969 report by the then [U.N. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East](/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific \"United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific\"), which revealed that the area held [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum \"Petroleum\") and [natural gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\") reserves in \"prolific\" amounts{{cite report \\|last1\\=Valencia \\|first1\\=Mark J. \\|title\\=Taming Troubled Waters: Joint Development of Oil and Mineral Resources in Overlapping Claim Areas \\|url\\=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article\\=1600\\&context\\=sdlr \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of San Diego]] \\|volume\\=23 \\|number\\=3 \\|date\\=June 1986 \\|pages\\=668, 671 \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2023}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Liu \\|first1\\=Jing \\|title\\=The Japan\\-Korea Joint Development Agreement: with Particular References to Revising the Deadlock Resolution Mechanism \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Chinese Journal of International Law]] \\|date\\=3 May 2023 \\|volume\\=22 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=149–158 \\|url\\=https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article\\-abstract/doi/10\\.1093/chinesejil/jmad012/7150776 \\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/chinesejil/jmad012 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710113305/https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article\\-abstract/22/1/149/7150776 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} comparable to that in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ju \\|first1\\=Jaehyoung \\|title\\=Keep an Eye on the Japan\\-Korea Joint Development Zone \\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/keep\\-an\\-eye\\-on\\-the\\-japan\\-korea\\-joint\\-development\\-zone/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Diplomat]] \\|date\\=24 February 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528083312/https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/keep\\-an\\-eye\\-on\\-the\\-japan\\-korea\\-joint\\-development\\-zone/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Following the report's findings, neither nation agreed to recognize the others' ownership of the waters, with South Korea claiming the waters first in 1970{{cite web \\|last1\\=In\\-joon \\|first1\\=Choi \\|title\\=9000조 '7광구 油田' 독식 노리는 일본… 우리에겐 시간이 없다 \\|trans\\-title\\=Japan aiming to monopolize the 9000 trillion 'sector 7 oil field'… we don't have time \\|url\\=https://www.chosun.com/national/weekend/2023/02/11/YYC52IX6PVDHDGOOS4JQH6GZXY/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]] \\|date\\=12 February 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2023 \\|language\\=ko \\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528083311/https://www.chosun.com/national/weekend/2023/02/11/YYC52IX6PVDHDGOOS4JQH6GZXY/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} citing a ruling by the [International Court of Justice](/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice \"International Court of Justice\") (ICJ) from a year prior about the principle of \"natural prolongation of the \\[…] sovereignty of the coastal state,\" and Japan citing a 1958 principle which proposed a median line in \"the absence of agreement\".",
"In a show of friendly [cooperation](/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations \"Japan–South Korea relations\") to resolve the issue during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") and after the relation\\-straining [kidnapping of Kim Dae\\-jung](/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Kim_Dae-jung \"Kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung\"), the JDZ was established on 30 January 1974\\. This was done with a [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\")\\-sponsored agreement being signed by representatives of both nations in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\"),{{cite web \\|title\\=Agreement between Japan and the Republic of Korea concerning Joint Development of the Southern Part of the Continental Shelf adjacent to the Two Countries \\|url\\=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/unts/Volume%201225/volume\\-1225\\-I\\-19778\\-English.pdf \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United Nations]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Seoul, South Korea]] \\|date\\=30 January 1974 \\|access\\-date\\=23 May 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 June 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606065827/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/unts/Volume%201225/volume\\-1225\\-I\\-19778\\-English.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} with Japan being represented by their [ambassador to South Korea](/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Japan_to_South_Korea \"List of ambassadors of Japan to South Korea\") {{ill\\|Torao Ushiroku\\|ja\\|後宮虎郎}}, and South Korea by their [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28South_Korea%29 \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)\") {{ill\\|Kim Dong\\-Jo\\|ko\\|김동조}}. Most notably in the agreement: the zone's area was broken into nine subzones,{{efn\\|Multiple maps displayed in a news report by \\[\\[The Chosun Ilbo]] in 2023 show the JDZ comprising only six more evenly sized subzones, and it is unclear when this rezoning took place.\\|name\\=\"subzones\"}} with each subzone being appointed one \"[concessionaire](/wiki/Concessionaire \"Concessionaire\")\" from both nations who have the ability to recommend actions to ensure their subzone is equally taxed, \"explored,\" and \"exploited\" within what is allowed by the agreement, according to articles three and four. Zone seven would be the largest subzone by a large margin at {{cvt\\|11761\\|nmi}}.{{efn\\|name\\=\"plan\"}} While oil and natural gas were the main focus of joint development, the agreement also regulated many aspects of fishing within the area.{{cite web \\|title\\=Practice on Provisional Arrangements in Maritime Disputed Areas Joint Development Zones Korea and Japan Case \\|url\\=http://iilss.net/practice\\-on\\-provisional\\-arrangements\\-in\\-maritime\\-disputed\\-areas\\-joint\\-development\\-zones\\-korea\\-and\\-japan\\-case/ \\|publisher\\=International institute for Law of the Sea Studies \\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2023 \\|quote\\=\"Although there were some restrictionsin{{sic}} the joint regulation zone as to the number and size of fishing vessels,types of fishing gear, time of fishing operations, there had not beenserious{{sic}} disputes in the zone because the maximum catch had been set atsuch{{sic}} a high level so as to satisfy the need for the Japanese fishermen\" \\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530042918/http://iilss.net/practice\\-on\\-provisional\\-arrangements\\-in\\-maritime\\-disputed\\-areas\\-joint\\-development\\-zones\\-korea\\-and\\-japan\\-case/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Roehrig \\|first1\\=Terence \\|title\\=The Rough State of Japan–South Korea Relations \\|journal\\=Maritime Awareness Project \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Bureau of Asian Research]] \\|date\\=16 January 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.nbr.org/publication/the\\-rough\\-state\\-of\\-japan\\-south\\-korea\\-relations\\-friction\\-and\\-disputes\\-in\\-the\\-maritime\\-domain/ \\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2023 \\|quote\\=\"The two countries have also been able to manage fishing issues through a series of fisheries agreements.\" \\|archive\\-date\\=31 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531195556/https://www.nbr.org/publication/the\\-rough\\-state\\-of\\-japan\\-south\\-korea\\-relations\\-friction\\-and\\-disputes\\-in\\-the\\-maritime\\-domain/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The agreement would be ratified by the South Korean [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28South_Korea%29 \"National Assembly (South Korea)\") in December 1974, and would enter into effect after Japanese ratification about four years later on 22 June 1978, with the delay caused by opposition from [Socialist](/wiki/Socialist \"Socialist\") and [Communist](/wiki/Communist \"Communist\") parties who argued for Chinese and [North Korean](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\") inclusion into the JDZ.{{cite news \\|last\\=Ofusa \\|first\\=Junnosuke \\|date\\=15 June 1978 \\|title\\=Japan\\-South Korea Oil Treaty Ratified \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/15/archives/japansouth\\-korea\\-oil\\-treaty\\-ratified\\-oil\\-presence\\-confirmed\\-terms.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Tokyo, Japan]] \\|page\\=11 \\|access\\-date\\=30 May 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530042910/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/15/archives/japansouth\\-korea\\-oil\\-treaty\\-ratified\\-oil\\-presence\\-confirmed\\-terms.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The agreement ended with the clause in article thirty\\-one that the JDZ could be terminated after fifty\\-years (in 2028\\) if either nation gives the other a notice of their departure from the agreement three years prior.",
"### Post\\-ratification and controversies",
"Exploration activities would begin in the JDZ after the agreement was signed in 1979, and would continue steadily, though mainly unsuccessfully, in three joint exploration activities until 1992\\. After this, fewer joint activities would begin to take place until in 2005 when Japan refused to participate in a previously planned joint exploration in the JDZ. Japan would engage in their last joint activity to date in 2010\\. In line with this lack of activity, Japan during the 2009 to 2017 exploration period further disobeyed article four of the agreement by not appointing any concessionaires to any of the subzones. This lack of recent research and joint cooperation since the 1990s has led to no significant oil and gas deposits being discovered in the zone, despite evidence of their existence.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Kim \\|first1\\=Suk Kyoon \\|title\\=The Uncertain Status of the Korea\\-Japan Joint Development Agreement of the Continental Shelf and Its Prospects \\|journal\\=Asia\\-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy \\|date\\=16 December 2022 \\|volume\\=7 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=197–215 \\|doi\\=10\\.1163/24519391\\-07020003 \\|url\\=https://brill.com/view/journals/apoc/7/2/article\\-p197\\_003\\.xml \\|access\\-date\\=24 May 2023 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Brill Publishers]] \\|s2cid\\=255182326 \\|issn\\=2451\\-9367 \\|oclc\\=972037149 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|archive\\-date\\=26 March 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326063534/https://brill.com/view/journals/apoc/7/2/article\\-p197\\_003\\.xml \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Research done to date has only discovered five promising and thirteen potential areas for oil.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Dong\\-hyun \\|first1\\=Lee \\|title\\=소외 당한 MB정부 자원외교 \\|trans\\-title\\=Resource Diplomacy of the Underprivileged MB Government \\|url\\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/082/0000177853 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Naver Corporation\\|Naver News]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Busan Ilbo]] \\|date\\=16 May 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2023 \\|language\\=ko \\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530042910/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/082/0000177853 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"[thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=A map focused on Japan showing it's Exclusive Economic Zone in shades of purple around the nation's coasts\\|A map of [Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone](/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Japan \"Exclusive economic zone of Japan\"), depicting the JDZ in a different {{color box\\|\\#f080e1}} shade of purple.](/wiki/File:Japan_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.png \"Japan Exclusive Economic Zones.png\")\nJapan has expressed that their apparent lessening interest in the JDZ stems from estimates that significant oil and gas reserves in the JDZ are not enough to be commercially viable, also citing the previous failed drilling attempts. The presence of the successful Chinese [Chunxiao gas field](/wiki/Chunxiao_gas_field \"Chunxiao gas field\") bordering the JDZ and similar estimates recently conducted by South Korean, Chinese, and American researchers in the region though conflict with these claims, leading some South Korean officials to accuse Japan of waiting until the agreement expires in 2028 to claim the zone for itself. Changes to the U.N.'s [law of the sea](/wiki/Law_of_the_sea \"Law of the sea\") principals which among other things discusses the setting of territorial waters, has changed since the original JDZ agreement was signed in 1982 towards the concept of [Exclusive Economic Zones](/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone \"Exclusive Economic Zone\") (EEZ) over claims based on continental shelves. This concept, which favors a midline border between two countries, would greatly benefit Japan in the event of the end of the agreement as the JDZ lies more than 90% inside of what would be the [Japanese EEZ](/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Japan \"Exclusive economic zone of Japan\"), and weakens South Korea's original claim to the area based on continental shelves.",
"#### Chinese claim",
"[thumb\\|right\\|alt\\=A yellow oil rig in the ocean pointing left\\|[Chunxiao gas field](/wiki/Chunxiao_gas_field \"Chunxiao gas field\") in the East China Sea, bordering the JDZ.](/wiki/File:Chunxiao_gas_field.jpg \"Chunxiao gas field.jpg\")\nBenefitting from the dispute; China in recent years has also sought to extend a claim to the area. China's {{cvt\\|200\\|nmi}} EEZ overlaps with the western part of the JDZ which provides some basis for a claim, but because of their absence from the original JDZ agreement, they are currently entitled to nothing in the zone. This exclusion led the [Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Chinese_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs \"Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs\") to call the agreement an \"infringement of Chinese sovereignty\" one month after the agreement was first signed in 1974, and file a formal protest in April 1977 for dividing the continental shelf without Chinese consent.",
"A claim has become more plausible in recent decades though since Japan, despite mutual wariness between both parties, first held negotiations with China in October 2005 regarding joint oil and gas development in areas bordering the JDZ; including in the [Chunxiao](/wiki/Chunxiao_gas_field \"Chunxiao gas field\"), [Tianwaiten](/wiki/Tianwaiten_gas_field \"Tianwaiten gas field\"), and later [Pinghu](/wiki/Pinghu_gas_field \"Pinghu gas field\") gas fields.{{cite web \\|last1\\=In\\-han \\|first1\\=Choi \\|title\\=日 \"동중국해 가스전 공동 개발하자\" ‥ 중국에 첫 제의 \\|trans\\-title\\=Japan \"Let's jointly develop gas fields in the East China Sea\" ‥ First proposal to China \\|url\\=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/015/0000838702 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Naver Corporation\\|Naver News]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[The Korea Economic Daily]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Tokyo, Japan]] \\|date\\=2 October 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=28 May 2023 \\|language\\=ko \\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530042917/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/015/0000838702 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} An agreement would successfully be signed on the matter at the [34th G8 summit](/wiki/34th_G8_summit \"34th G8 summit\") in June and July 2008, excluding South Korea.{{cite web \\|title\\=Japan\\-China Joint Press Statement: Cooperation between Japan and China in the East China Sea \\|url\\=https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000091726\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)]] \\|date\\=18 June 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2023 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426073153/https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000091726\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In the event the agreement is terminated after 2028 but no clear decision on who will administer the area is yet made, China could legally start developing the area to legitimise a claim, as they have done with the aforementioned gas fields bordering the JDZ.",
"#### In modern South Korean politics",
"The issue of maintaining control in whole or in part of the area the JDZ encompasses has surfaced itself as a growing issue within modern South Korean politics, especially as Chinese–Japanese cooperation increases in bordering areas. Representatives of the National Assembly have debated multiple times about the JDZ, such as in 2011 and 2023, calling for a diplomatic solution to avoid a potential future dispute over the region, and to 'stop China' from expanding into the area.",
"Despite South Korea's exclusion to these new bilateral agreements which could put their claims to JDZ area after the end of the agreement in risk, the nation has been \"lukewarm\" in asserting their position on the international stage. In April 2008, President [Lee Myung\\-bak](/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak \"Lee Myung-bak\") announced he would discuss promoting future development of the JDZ in a visit to Japan, but no such discussion was made. In May 2023, an attempt by the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28South_Korea%2C_2015%29 \"Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)\") to make the JDZ an issue on the agenda for a Japan–Korea summit was also rejected. Government officials in the nation have been accused on prioritizing establishing contracts with nations in Central Asia and Africa over the bordering JDZ for oil and natural resources.",
""
] |
Acting
------
Agar has performed at the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre "Royal National Theatre") in *[The Man of Mode](/wiki/The_Man_of_Mode "The Man of Mode")* as Harriet, alongside [Tom Hardy](/wiki/Tom_Hardy "Tom Hardy") and [Hayley Atwell](/wiki/Hayley_Atwell "Hayley Atwell"). Other stage work includes the [Orange Tree Theatre](/wiki/Orange_Tree_Theatre "Orange Tree Theatre"), [Soho Theatre](/wiki/Soho_Theatre "Soho Theatre"), [Riverside Studios](/wiki/Riverside_Studios "Riverside Studios") with [Ed Stoppard](/wiki/Ed_Stoppard "Ed Stoppard"), and [Hampstead Theatre](/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre "Hampstead Theatre").
She played Dr Anvar "Annie" Parvez in the television series *[Murder City](/wiki/Murder_City_%28TV_series%29 "Murder City (TV series)")*. She appeared as a guest artist (twice) in *[Holby City](/wiki/Holby_City "Holby City")*, on *[EastEnders](/wiki/EastEnders "EastEnders")*, *[Totally Frank](/wiki/Totally_Frank "Totally Frank")*, *[Green Wing](/wiki/Green_Wing "Green Wing")*, *[Doctors](/wiki/Doctors_%282000_TV_series%29 "Doctors (2000 TV series)")* and *[The Bill](/wiki/The_Bill "The Bill")*.
In 2009 *[WhatsOnStage](/wiki/WhatsOnStage "WhatsOnStage")* named her as one of the "exciting young actors" of 2009 for her portrayal of Marian in Clare Bayley's *The Container* at the [Young Vic](/wiki/Young_Vic "Young Vic") directed by Tom Wright, with [Abhin Galeya](/wiki/Abhin_Galeya "Abhin Galeya") and Doreene Blackstock. Also in 2009 she appeared as campaigner Yasmin Khan in *This Much is True* at [Theatre503](/wiki/Theatre503 "Theatre503"), directed by Tim Roseman and written by [Paul Unwin](/wiki/Paul_Unwin_%28film_director%29 "Paul Unwin (film director)"), and also featuring [Justine Waddell](/wiki/Justine_Waddell "Justine Waddell") and [Gerald Kyd](/wiki/Gerald_Kyd "Gerald Kyd"). The show was based on first hand accounts of the [Jean Charles de Menezes](/wiki/Jean_Charles_de_Menezes "Jean Charles de Menezes") case, including testimony heard for the first time.
In 2010 she appeared in *[Lewis](/wiki/Lewis_%28TV_series%29 "Lewis (TV series)")*; with [Brenda Fricker](/wiki/Brenda_Fricker "Brenda Fricker") in a special episode of *[Casualty](/wiki/Casualty_%28TV_series%29 "Casualty (TV series)")*; and in a lead guest role in the penultimate episode of *[Waking The Dead](/wiki/Waking_the_Dead_%28TV_series%29 "Waking the Dead (TV series)")* (aired early in 2011\). In 2011 she started rehearsals for *Reading Hebron* at the Orange Tree Theatre.
She appeared as Detective Inspector Christina Marlowe in all 20 episodes of the first two series of *[Shakespeare \& Hathaway: Private Investigators](/wiki/Shakespeare_%26_Hathaway:Private_Investigators "Private Investigators")* in 2018 and 2019\.
|
[
"Acting\n------",
"Agar has performed at the [National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\") in *[The Man of Mode](/wiki/The_Man_of_Mode \"The Man of Mode\")* as Harriet, alongside [Tom Hardy](/wiki/Tom_Hardy \"Tom Hardy\") and [Hayley Atwell](/wiki/Hayley_Atwell \"Hayley Atwell\"). Other stage work includes the [Orange Tree Theatre](/wiki/Orange_Tree_Theatre \"Orange Tree Theatre\"), [Soho Theatre](/wiki/Soho_Theatre \"Soho Theatre\"), [Riverside Studios](/wiki/Riverside_Studios \"Riverside Studios\") with [Ed Stoppard](/wiki/Ed_Stoppard \"Ed Stoppard\"), and [Hampstead Theatre](/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre \"Hampstead Theatre\").",
"She played Dr Anvar \"Annie\" Parvez in the television series *[Murder City](/wiki/Murder_City_%28TV_series%29 \"Murder City (TV series)\")*. She appeared as a guest artist (twice) in *[Holby City](/wiki/Holby_City \"Holby City\")*, on *[EastEnders](/wiki/EastEnders \"EastEnders\")*, *[Totally Frank](/wiki/Totally_Frank \"Totally Frank\")*, *[Green Wing](/wiki/Green_Wing \"Green Wing\")*, *[Doctors](/wiki/Doctors_%282000_TV_series%29 \"Doctors (2000 TV series)\")* and *[The Bill](/wiki/The_Bill \"The Bill\")*.",
"In 2009 *[WhatsOnStage](/wiki/WhatsOnStage \"WhatsOnStage\")* named her as one of the \"exciting young actors\" of 2009 for her portrayal of Marian in Clare Bayley's *The Container* at the [Young Vic](/wiki/Young_Vic \"Young Vic\") directed by Tom Wright, with [Abhin Galeya](/wiki/Abhin_Galeya \"Abhin Galeya\") and Doreene Blackstock. Also in 2009 she appeared as campaigner Yasmin Khan in *This Much is True* at [Theatre503](/wiki/Theatre503 \"Theatre503\"), directed by Tim Roseman and written by [Paul Unwin](/wiki/Paul_Unwin_%28film_director%29 \"Paul Unwin (film director)\"), and also featuring [Justine Waddell](/wiki/Justine_Waddell \"Justine Waddell\") and [Gerald Kyd](/wiki/Gerald_Kyd \"Gerald Kyd\"). The show was based on first hand accounts of the [Jean Charles de Menezes](/wiki/Jean_Charles_de_Menezes \"Jean Charles de Menezes\") case, including testimony heard for the first time.",
"In 2010 she appeared in *[Lewis](/wiki/Lewis_%28TV_series%29 \"Lewis (TV series)\")*; with [Brenda Fricker](/wiki/Brenda_Fricker \"Brenda Fricker\") in a special episode of *[Casualty](/wiki/Casualty_%28TV_series%29 \"Casualty (TV series)\")*; and in a lead guest role in the penultimate episode of *[Waking The Dead](/wiki/Waking_the_Dead_%28TV_series%29 \"Waking the Dead (TV series)\")* (aired early in 2011\\). In 2011 she started rehearsals for *Reading Hebron* at the Orange Tree Theatre.",
"She appeared as Detective Inspector Christina Marlowe in all 20 episodes of the first two series of *[Shakespeare \\& Hathaway: Private Investigators](/wiki/Shakespeare_%26_Hathaway:Private_Investigators \"Private Investigators\")* in 2018 and 2019\\.",
""
] |
Theorems
--------
The theorems of the pure logic are the statements provable from the axioms and inference rules. For example, using THEN\-1 in THEN\-2 reduces it to \\big(\\chi \\to (\\phi \\to \\psi )\\big) \\to \\big(\\phi \\to (\\chi \\to \\psi )\\big). A formal proof of the latter using the [Hilbert system](/wiki/Hilbert_system%23Some_useful_theorems_and_their_proofs "Hilbert system#Some useful theorems and their proofs") is given on that page. With \\bot for \\psi, this in turn implies (\\chi \\to \\neg\\phi) \\to (\\phi \\to \\neg\\chi). In words: "If \\chi being the case implies that \\phi is absurd, then if \\phi does hold, one has that \\chi is not the case." Due to the symmetry of the statement, one in fact obtained
(\\chi \\to \\neg\\phi) \\leftrightarrow (\\phi \\to \\neg\\chi)
When explaining the theorems of intuitionistic logic in terms of classical logic, it can be understood as a weakening thereof: It is more conservative in what it allows a reasoner to infer, while not permitting any new inferences that could not be made under classical logic. Each theorem of intuitionistic logic is a theorem in classical logic, but not conversely. Many [tautologies](/wiki/Tautology_%28logic%29 "Tautology (logic)") in classical logic are not theorems in intuitionistic logic{{snd}}in particular, as said above, one of intuitionistic logic's chief aims is to not affirm the law of the excluded middle so as to vitiate the use of non\-constructive [proof by contradiction](/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction "Proof by contradiction"), which can be used to furnish existence claims without providing explicit examples of the objects that it proves exist.
### Double negations
A double negation does not affirm the law of the excluded middle (PEM); while it is not necessarily the case that PEM is upheld in any context, no counterexample can be given either. Such a counterexample would be an inference (inferring the negation of the law for a certain proposition) disallowed under classical logic and thus PEM is not allowed in a strict weakening like intuitionistic logic. Formally, it is a simple theorem that \\big((\\psi\\lor(\\psi\\to\\varphi))\\to\\varphi\\big) \\leftrightarrow \\varphi for any two propositions. By considering any \\varphi established to be false this indeed shows that the double negation of the law \\neg\\neg(\\psi\\lor\\neg\\psi) is retained as a tautology already in [minimal logic](/wiki/Minimal_logic "Minimal logic"). And now as \\neg(\\psi\\lor\\neg\\psi) is established to be inconsistent, excluded middle won't even be provable for all excluded middle disjunctions. And this also means that the propositional calculus is always compatible with classical logic.
When assuming the law of excluded middle implies a proposition, then by applying contraposition twice and using the double\-negated excluded middle, one may prove double\-negated variants of various strictly classical tautologies. The situation is more intricate for predicate logic formulas, when some quantified expressions are being negated.
#### Double negation and implication
Akin to the above, from modus ponens in the form \\psi\\to((\\psi\\to\\varphi)\\to\\varphi) follows \\psi\\to\\neg\\neg\\psi. The relation between them may always be used to obtain new formulas: A weakened premise makes for a strong implication, and vice versa. For example, note that if (\\neg\\neg \\psi) \\to \\phi holds, then so does \\psi \\to \\phi, but the schema in the other direction would imply the double\-negation elimination principle. Propositions for which double\-negation elimination is possible are also called **stable**. Intuitionistic logic proves stability only for restricted types of propositions. A formula for which excluded middle holds can be proven stable using the [disjunctive syllogism](/wiki/Disjunctive_syllogism "Disjunctive syllogism"), which is discussed more thoroughly below. The converse does however not hold in general, unless the excluded middle statement at hand is stable itself.
An implication \\psi \\to \\neg\\phi can be proven to be equivalent to \\neg\\neg\\psi \\to \\neg\\phi, whatever the propositions. As a special case, it follows that propositions of negated form (\\psi\=\\neg\\phi here) are stable, i.e. \\neg\\neg\\neg\\phi \\to \\neg\\phi is always valid.
In general, \\neg\\neg \\psi \\to \\phi is stronger than \\psi \\to \\phi, which is stronger than \\neg\\neg (\\psi \\to \\phi), which itself implies the three equivalent statements \\psi \\to (\\neg\\neg \\phi), (\\neg\\neg \\psi) \\to (\\neg\\neg \\phi) and \\neg\\phi\\to\\neg\\psi . Using the disjunctive syllogism, the previous four are indeed equivalent. This also gives an intuitionistically valid derivation of \\neg\\neg(\\neg\\neg\\phi\\to\\phi), as it is thus equivalent to an [identity](/wiki/Law_of_identity "Law of identity").
When \\psi expresses a claim, then its double\-negation \\neg\\neg\\psi merely expresses the claim that a refutation of \\psi would be inconsistent. Having proven such a mere double\-negation also still aids in negating other statements through [negation introduction](/wiki/Negation_introduction "Negation introduction"), as then (\\phi\\to\\neg\\psi)\\to\\neg\\phi. A double\-negated existential statement does not denote existence of an entity with a property, but rather the absurdity of assumed non\-existence of any such entity. Also all the principles in the next section involving quantifiers explain use of implications with hypothetical existence as premise.
#### Formula translation
Weakening statements by adding two negations before existential quantifiers (and atoms) is also the core step in the [double\-negation translation](/wiki/G%C3%B6del-Gentzen_translation "Gödel-Gentzen translation"). It constitutes an [embedding](/wiki/Embedding "Embedding") of classical first\-order logic into intuitionistic logic: a first\-order formula is provable in classical logic if and only if its Gödel–Gentzen translation is provable intuitionistically. For example, any theorem of classical propositional logic of the form \\psi\\to\\phi has a proof consisting of an intuitionistic proof of \\psi\\to\\neg\\neg\\phi followed by one application of double\-negation elimination. Intuitionistic logic can thus be seen as a means of extending classical logic with constructive semantics.
### Non\-interdefinability of operators
Already minimal logic easily proves the following theorems, relating [conjunction](/wiki/Logical_conjunction "Logical conjunction") resp. [disjunction](/wiki/Logical_disjunction "Logical disjunction") to the [implication](/wiki/Material_conditional "Material conditional") using [negation](/wiki/Logical_negation "Logical negation"):
(\\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\neg \\phi \\land \\neg \\psi)
(\\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to (\\neg \\phi \\to \\neg \\neg \\psi), a weakened variant of the disjunctive syllogism
resp.
(\\phi \\land \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\neg \\psi)
(\\phi \\land \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\to \\neg \\psi) and similarly (\\phi \\to \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\land \\neg\\psi)
Indeed, stronger variants of these still do hold \- for example the antecedents may be double\-negated, as noted, or all \\psi may be replaced by \\neg\\neg\\psi on the antecedent sides, as will be discussed. However, neither of these five implications can be reversed without immediately implying excluded middle (consider \\neg \\psi for \\phi) resp. double\-negation elimination (consider true \\phi). Hence, the left hand sides do not constitute a possible definition of the right hand sides.
In contrast, in classical propositional logic it is possible to take one of those three connectives plus negation as primitive and define the other two in terms of it, in this way. Such is done, for example, in [Łukasiewicz](/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz "Jan Łukasiewicz")'s [three axioms of propositional logic](/wiki/Propositional_logic%23%C5%81ukasiewicz%27s_P2 "Propositional logic#Łukasiewicz's P2").
It is even possible to define all in terms of a [sole sufficient operator](/wiki/Sole_sufficient_operator "Sole sufficient operator") such as the [Peirce arrow](/wiki/Peirce_arrow "Peirce arrow") (NOR) or [Sheffer stroke](/wiki/Sheffer_stroke "Sheffer stroke") (NAND). Similarly, in classical first\-order logic, one of the quantifiers can be defined in terms of the other and negation.
These are fundamentally consequences of the [law of bivalence](/wiki/Law_of_bivalence "Law of bivalence"), which makes all such connectives merely [Boolean functions](/wiki/Boolean_function "Boolean function").
The law of bivalence is not required to hold in intuitionistic logic. As a result, none of the basic connectives can be dispensed with, and the above axioms are all necessary. So most of the classical identities between connectives and quantifiers are only theorems of intuitionistic logic in one direction. Some of the theorems go in both directions, i.e. are equivalences, as subsequently discussed.
#### Existential vs. universal quantification
Firstly, when x is not free in the proposition \\varphi, then
\\big(\\exists x\\, (\\phi(x)\\to \\varphi)\\big)\\,\\,\\to\\,\\,\\Big(\\big(\\forall x \\ \\phi(x)\\big)\\to\\varphi\\Big)
When the [domain of discourse](/wiki/Domain_of_discourse "Domain of discourse") is empty, then by the [principle of explosion](/wiki/Principle_of_explosion "Principle of explosion"), an existential statement implies anything. When the domain contains at least one term, then assuming excluded middle for \\forall x \\, \\phi(x), the inverse of the above implication becomes provably too, meaning the two sides become equivalent. This inverse direction is equivalent to the [drinker's paradox](/wiki/Drinker%27s_paradox "Drinker's paradox") (DP). Moreover, an existential and dual variant of it is given by the [independence of premise](/wiki/Independence_of_premise "Independence of premise") principle (IP). Classically, the statement above is moreover equivalent to a more disjunctive form discussed further below. Constructively, existence claims are however generally harder to come by.
If the domain of discourse is not empty and \\phi is moreover independent of x, such principles are equivalent to formulas in the propositional calculus. Here, the formula then just expresses the identity (\\phi\\to\\varphi)\\to(\\phi\\to\\varphi). This is the [curried](/wiki/Currying "Currying") form of [modus ponens](/wiki/Modus_ponens "Modus ponens") ((\\phi\\to\\varphi)\\land\\phi)\\to\\varphi, which in the special the case with \\varphi as a false proposition results in the [law of non\-contradiction](/wiki/Law_of_non-contradiction "Law of non-contradiction") principle \\neg(\\phi\\land\\neg\\phi).
Considering a false proposition \\varphi for the original implication results in the important
* (\\exists x \\ \\neg \\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\forall x \\ \\phi(x))
In words: "If there exists an entity x that does *not* have the property \\phi, then the following is *refuted*: Each entity has the property \\phi."
The quantifier formula with negations also immediately follows from the non\-contradiction principle derived above, each instance of which itself already follows from the more particular \\neg(\\neg\\neg\\phi\\land\\neg\\phi). To derive a contradiction given \\neg\\phi, it suffices to establish its negation \\neg\\neg\\phi (as opposed to the stronger \\phi) and this makes proving double\-negations valuable also. By the same token, the original quantifier formula in fact still holds with \\forall x \\ \\phi(x) weakened to \\forall x \\big((\\phi(x)\\to\\varphi)\\to\\varphi\\big). And so, in fact, a stronger theorem holds:
(\\exists x \\ \\neg \\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\forall x \\, \\neg\\neg\\phi(x))
In words: "If there exists an entity x that does *not* have the property \\phi, then the following is *refuted*: For each entity, one is *not* able to prove that it does *not* have the property \\phi".
Secondly,
\\big(\\forall x \\, (\\phi(x)\\to \\varphi)\\big)\\,\\,\\leftrightarrow\\,\\,\\big((\\exists x \\ \\phi(x))\\to\\varphi\\big)
where similar considerations apply. Here the existential part is always a hypothesis and this is an equivalence. Considering the special case again,
* (\\forall x \\ \\neg \\phi(x)) \\leftrightarrow \\neg (\\exists x \\ \\phi(x))
The proven conversion (\\chi\\to\\neg \\phi)\\leftrightarrow(\\phi\\to\\neg \\chi) can be used to obtain two further implications:
(\\forall x \\ \\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\exists x \\ \\neg \\phi(x))
(\\exists x \\ \\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\forall x \\ \\neg \\phi(x))
Of course, variants of such formulas can also be derived that have the double\-negations in the antecedent.
A special case of the first formula here is (\\forall x \\, \\neg\\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\exists x \\, \\neg \\neg \\phi(x)) and this is indeed stronger than the \\to\-direction of the equivalence bullet point listed above. For simplicity of the discussion here and below, the formulas are generally presented in weakened forms without all possible insertions of double\-negations in the antecedents.
More general variants hold. Incorporating the predicate \\psi and currying, the following generalization also entails the relation between implication and conjunction in the predicate calculus, discussed below.
\\big(\\forall x \\ \\phi(x)\\to (\\psi(x)\\to\\varphi)\\big)\\,\\,\\leftrightarrow\\,\\,\\Big(\\big(\\exists x \\ \\phi(x)\\land \\psi(x)\\big)\\to\\varphi\\Big)
If the predicate \\psi is decidedly false for all x, then this equivalence is trivial. If \\psi is decidedly true for all x, the schema simply reduces to the previously stated equivalence. In the language of [classes](/wiki/Constructive_set_theory%23Classes "Constructive set theory#Classes"), A\=\\{x\\mid\\phi(x)\\} and B\=\\{x\\mid\\psi(x)\\}, the special case of this equivalence with false \\varphi equates two characterizations of [disjointness](/wiki/Disjoint_sets "Disjoint sets") A\\cap B\=\\emptyset:
\\forall(x\\in A).x\\notin B\\,\\,\\leftrightarrow\\,\\,\\neg\\exists(x\\in A).x\\in B
#### Disjunction vs. conjunction
There are finite variations of the quantifier formulas, with just two propositions:
* (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\neg \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\land \\psi)
* (\\neg \\phi \\land \\neg \\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\neg (\\phi \\lor \\psi)
The first principle cannot be reversed: Considering \\neg \\psi for \\phi would imply the weak excluded middle, i.e. the statement \\neg \\psi \\lor \\neg \\neg \\psi. But intuitionistic logic alone does not even prove \\neg \\psi \\lor \\neg \\neg \\psi\\lor (\\neg \\neg \\psi\\to \\psi). So in particular, there is no distributivity principle for negations deriving the claim \\neg \\phi \\lor \\neg \\psi from \\neg(\\phi \\land \\psi). For an informal example of the constructive reading, consider the following: From conclusive evidence it not to be the case that *both* Alice and Bob showed up to their date, one cannot derive conclusive evidence, *tied to either* of the two persons, that this person did not show up. Negated propositions are comparably weak, in that the classically valid [De Morgan's law](/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws%23In_intuitionistic_logic "De Morgan's laws#In intuitionistic logic"), granting a disjunction from a single negative hypothetical, does not automatically hold constructively. The intuitionistic propositional calculus and some of its extensions exhibit the [disjunction property](/wiki/Disjunction_property "Disjunction property") instead, implying one of the disjuncts of any disjunction individually would have to be derivable as well.
The converse variants of those two, and the equivalent variants with double\-negated antecedents, had already been mentioned above. Implications towards the negation of a conjunction can often be proven directly from the non\-contradiction principle. In this way one may alos obtain the mixed form of the implications, e.g. (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\land \\neg \\psi). Concatenating the theorems, we also find
* (\\neg \\neg \\phi \\lor \\neg \\neg \\psi) \\to \\neg \\neg (\\phi \\lor \\psi)
The reverse cannot be provable, as it would prove weak excluded middle.
In predicate logic, the constant domain principle is not valid: \\forall x \\big(\\varphi \\lor \\psi(x)\\big) does not imply the stronger \\varphi\\lor \\forall x\\,\\psi(x). The [distributive properties](/wiki/Distributive_property%23Propositional_logic "Distributive property#Propositional logic") does however hold for any finite number of propositions. For a variant of the De Morgan law concerning two existentially closed [decidable](/wiki/Decidability_%28logic%29 "Decidability (logic)") predicates, see [LLPO](/wiki/Limited_principle_of_omniscience "Limited principle of omniscience").
#### Conjunction vs. implication
From the general equivalence also follows [import\-export](/wiki/Import%E2%80%93export_%28logic%29 "Import–export (logic)"), expressing incompatibility of two predicates using two different connectives:
* (\\phi \\to \\neg \\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\neg (\\phi \\land \\psi)
Due to the symmetry of the conjunction connective, this again implies the already established (\\phi \\to \\neg \\psi) \\leftrightarrow (\\psi \\to \\neg \\phi) .
The equivalence formula for the negated conjunction may be understood as a special case of currying and uncurrying. Many more considerations regarding double\-negations again apply. And both non\-reversible theorems relating conjunction and implication mentioned in the introduction follow from this equivalence. One is a converse, and (\\phi \\to \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\land \\neg\\psi) holds simply because \\phi \\to \\psi is stronger than \\phi \\to \\neg\\neg\\psi.
Now when using the principle in the next section, the following variant of the latter, with more negations on the left, also holds:
* \\neg (\\phi \\to \\psi) \\leftrightarrow (\\neg \\neg \\phi \\land \\neg \\psi)
A consequence is that
* \\neg \\neg (\\phi \\land \\psi) \\leftrightarrow (\\neg \\neg \\phi \\land \\neg \\neg \\psi)
#### Disjunction vs. implication
Already minimal logic proves excluded middle equivalent to [consequentia mirabilis](/wiki/Consequentia_mirabilis "Consequentia mirabilis"), an instance of [Peirce's law](/wiki/Peirce%27s_law "Peirce's law").
Now akin to modus ponens, clearly (\\phi \\lor \\psi)\\to((\\phi\\to\\psi)\\to \\psi) already in minimal logic, which is a theorem that does not even involve negations. In classical logic, this implication is in fact an equivalence. With taking \\phi to be of the form \\psi\\to\\varphi, excluded middle together with explosion is seen to entail Peirce's law.
In intuitionistic logic, one obtains variants of the stated theorem involving \\bot, as follows. Firstly, note that two different formulas for \\neg (\\phi \\land \\psi) mentioned above can be used to imply (\\neg \\phi \\vee \\neg \\psi) \\to (\\phi \\to \\neg \\psi). The latter are forms of the disjunctive syllogism for negated propositions, \\neg\\psi. A strengthened form still holds in intuitionistic logic:
* (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to (\\phi \\to \\psi)
As in previous sections, the positions of \\neg \\phi and \\phi may be switched, giving a stronger principle than the one mentioned in the introduction. So, for example, intuitionistically "Either P or Q" is a stronger propositional formula than "If not P, then Q", whereas these are classically interchangeable. The implication cannot generally be reversed, as that immediately implies excluded middle.
Non\-contradiction and explosion together also prove the stronger variant (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to (\\neg\\neg\\phi \\to \\psi). And this shows how excluded middle for \\psi implies double\-negation elimination for it. For a fixed \\psi, this implication cannot generally be reversed. (However, as \\neg\\neg(\\psi\\lor\\neg \\psi) is always constructively valid, it follows that assuming double\-negation elimination for all such disjunctions implies classical logic also.)
Of course the formulas established here may be combined to obtain yet more variations. For example, the disjunctive syllogism as presented generalizes to
\\Big(\\big(\\exists x \\ \\neg\\phi(x)\\big)\\lor\\varphi\\Big)\\,\\,\\to\\,\\,\\Big(\\big(\\forall x \\ \\phi(x)\\big)\\to\\varphi\\Big)
If some term exists at all, the antecedent here even implies \\exists x \\big(\\phi(x)\\to\\varphi\\big), which in turn itself also implies the conclusion here (this is again the very first formula mentioned in this section).
The bulk of the discussion in these sections applies just as well to just minimal logic. But as for the disjunctive syllogism with general \\psi, minimal logic can at most prove (\\neg\\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to (\\neg\\neg \\phi \\to \\psi') where \\psi' denotes \\neg\\neg\\psi\\land(\\psi\\lor\\neg\\psi). The conclusion here can only be simplified to \\psi using explosion.
#### Equivalences
The above lists also contain equivalences.
The equivalence involving a conjunction and a disjunction stems from (P\\lor Q)\\to R actually being stronger than P\\to R. Both sides of the equivalence can be understood as conjunctions of independent implications. Above, absurdity \\bot is used for R. In functional interpretations, it corresponds to [if\-clause](/wiki/Conditional_%28computer_programming%29 "Conditional (computer programming)") constructions.
So e.g. "Not (P or Q)" is equivalent to "Not P, and also not Q".
An equivalence itself is generally defined as, and then equivalent to, a conjunction (\\land) of implications (\\to), as follows:
* (\\phi\\leftrightarrow \\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\big((\\phi \\to \\psi)\\land(\\psi\\to\\phi)\\big)
With it, such connectives become in turn definable from it:
* (\\phi\\to\\psi) \\leftrightarrow ((\\phi\\lor\\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\psi)
* (\\phi\\to\\psi) \\leftrightarrow ((\\phi\\land\\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\phi)
* (\\phi\\land\\psi) \\leftrightarrow ((\\phi\\to\\psi)\\leftrightarrow\\phi)
* (\\phi\\land\\psi) \\leftrightarrow (((\\phi\\lor\\psi)\\leftrightarrow\\psi)\\leftrightarrow\\phi)
In turn, \\{\\lor, \\leftrightarrow, \\bot\\} and \\{\\land, \\leftrightarrow, \\neg\\} are complete bases of intuitionistic connectives, for example.
#### Functionally complete connectives
As shown by [Alexander V. Kuznetsov](/wiki/Alexander_Kuznetsov_%28mathematician%29 "Alexander Kuznetsov (mathematician)"), either of the following connectives – the first one ternary, the second one quinary – is by itself [functionally complete](/wiki/Functionally_complete "Functionally complete"): either one can serve the role of a sole sufficient operator for intuitionistic propositional logic, thus forming an analog of the [Sheffer stroke](/wiki/Sheffer_stroke "Sheffer stroke") from classical propositional logic:{{sfn\|Chagrov\|Zakharyaschev\|1997\|pages\=58\-59}}
* \\big((P\\lor Q)\\land\\neg R\\big)\\lor\\big(\\neg P\\land(Q\\leftrightarrow R)\\big)
* P\\to\\big(Q\\land\\neg R\\land(S\\lor T)\\big)
|
[
"Theorems\n--------",
"The theorems of the pure logic are the statements provable from the axioms and inference rules. For example, using THEN\\-1 in THEN\\-2 reduces it to \\\\big(\\\\chi \\\\to (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi )\\\\big) \\\\to \\\\big(\\\\phi \\\\to (\\\\chi \\\\to \\\\psi )\\\\big). A formal proof of the latter using the [Hilbert system](/wiki/Hilbert_system%23Some_useful_theorems_and_their_proofs \"Hilbert system#Some useful theorems and their proofs\") is given on that page. With \\\\bot for \\\\psi, this in turn implies (\\\\chi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\phi) \\\\to (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\chi). In words: \"If \\\\chi being the case implies that \\\\phi is absurd, then if \\\\phi does hold, one has that \\\\chi is not the case.\" Due to the symmetry of the statement, one in fact obtained\n(\\\\chi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\phi) \\\\leftrightarrow (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\chi)\nWhen explaining the theorems of intuitionistic logic in terms of classical logic, it can be understood as a weakening thereof: It is more conservative in what it allows a reasoner to infer, while not permitting any new inferences that could not be made under classical logic. Each theorem of intuitionistic logic is a theorem in classical logic, but not conversely. Many [tautologies](/wiki/Tautology_%28logic%29 \"Tautology (logic)\") in classical logic are not theorems in intuitionistic logic{{snd}}in particular, as said above, one of intuitionistic logic's chief aims is to not affirm the law of the excluded middle so as to vitiate the use of non\\-constructive [proof by contradiction](/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction \"Proof by contradiction\"), which can be used to furnish existence claims without providing explicit examples of the objects that it proves exist.",
"### Double negations",
"A double negation does not affirm the law of the excluded middle (PEM); while it is not necessarily the case that PEM is upheld in any context, no counterexample can be given either. Such a counterexample would be an inference (inferring the negation of the law for a certain proposition) disallowed under classical logic and thus PEM is not allowed in a strict weakening like intuitionistic logic. Formally, it is a simple theorem that \\\\big((\\\\psi\\\\lor(\\\\psi\\\\to\\\\varphi))\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\big) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\varphi for any two propositions. By considering any \\\\varphi established to be false this indeed shows that the double negation of the law \\\\neg\\\\neg(\\\\psi\\\\lor\\\\neg\\\\psi) is retained as a tautology already in [minimal logic](/wiki/Minimal_logic \"Minimal logic\"). And now as \\\\neg(\\\\psi\\\\lor\\\\neg\\\\psi) is established to be inconsistent, excluded middle won't even be provable for all excluded middle disjunctions. And this also means that the propositional calculus is always compatible with classical logic.",
"When assuming the law of excluded middle implies a proposition, then by applying contraposition twice and using the double\\-negated excluded middle, one may prove double\\-negated variants of various strictly classical tautologies. The situation is more intricate for predicate logic formulas, when some quantified expressions are being negated.",
"#### Double negation and implication",
"Akin to the above, from modus ponens in the form \\\\psi\\\\to((\\\\psi\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\to\\\\varphi) follows \\\\psi\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi. The relation between them may always be used to obtain new formulas: A weakened premise makes for a strong implication, and vice versa. For example, note that if (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\phi holds, then so does \\\\psi \\\\to \\\\phi, but the schema in the other direction would imply the double\\-negation elimination principle. Propositions for which double\\-negation elimination is possible are also called **stable**. Intuitionistic logic proves stability only for restricted types of propositions. A formula for which excluded middle holds can be proven stable using the [disjunctive syllogism](/wiki/Disjunctive_syllogism \"Disjunctive syllogism\"), which is discussed more thoroughly below. The converse does however not hold in general, unless the excluded middle statement at hand is stable itself.",
"An implication \\\\psi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\phi can be proven to be equivalent to \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\phi, whatever the propositions. As a special case, it follows that propositions of negated form (\\\\psi\\=\\\\neg\\\\phi here) are stable, i.e. \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\phi is always valid.",
"In general, \\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\psi \\\\to \\\\phi is stronger than \\\\psi \\\\to \\\\phi, which is stronger than \\\\neg\\\\neg (\\\\psi \\\\to \\\\phi), which itself implies the three equivalent statements \\\\psi \\\\to (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\phi), (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\phi) and \\\\neg\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\psi . Using the disjunctive syllogism, the previous four are indeed equivalent. This also gives an intuitionistically valid derivation of \\\\neg\\\\neg(\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\phi), as it is thus equivalent to an [identity](/wiki/Law_of_identity \"Law of identity\").",
"When \\\\psi expresses a claim, then its double\\-negation \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi merely expresses the claim that a refutation of \\\\psi would be inconsistent. Having proven such a mere double\\-negation also still aids in negating other statements through [negation introduction](/wiki/Negation_introduction \"Negation introduction\"), as then (\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\psi)\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\phi. A double\\-negated existential statement does not denote existence of an entity with a property, but rather the absurdity of assumed non\\-existence of any such entity. Also all the principles in the next section involving quantifiers explain use of implications with hypothetical existence as premise.",
"#### Formula translation",
"Weakening statements by adding two negations before existential quantifiers (and atoms) is also the core step in the [double\\-negation translation](/wiki/G%C3%B6del-Gentzen_translation \"Gödel-Gentzen translation\"). It constitutes an [embedding](/wiki/Embedding \"Embedding\") of classical first\\-order logic into intuitionistic logic: a first\\-order formula is provable in classical logic if and only if its Gödel–Gentzen translation is provable intuitionistically. For example, any theorem of classical propositional logic of the form \\\\psi\\\\to\\\\phi has a proof consisting of an intuitionistic proof of \\\\psi\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi followed by one application of double\\-negation elimination. Intuitionistic logic can thus be seen as a means of extending classical logic with constructive semantics.",
"### Non\\-interdefinability of operators",
"Already minimal logic easily proves the following theorems, relating [conjunction](/wiki/Logical_conjunction \"Logical conjunction\") resp. [disjunction](/wiki/Logical_disjunction \"Logical disjunction\") to the [implication](/wiki/Material_conditional \"Material conditional\") using [negation](/wiki/Logical_negation \"Logical negation\"):\n(\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\psi)\n(\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi), a weakened variant of the disjunctive syllogism\nresp.\n(\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\psi)\n(\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\psi) and similarly (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg\\\\psi)\nIndeed, stronger variants of these still do hold \\- for example the antecedents may be double\\-negated, as noted, or all \\\\psi may be replaced by \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi on the antecedent sides, as will be discussed. However, neither of these five implications can be reversed without immediately implying excluded middle (consider \\\\neg \\\\psi for \\\\phi) resp. double\\-negation elimination (consider true \\\\phi). Hence, the left hand sides do not constitute a possible definition of the right hand sides.",
"In contrast, in classical propositional logic it is possible to take one of those three connectives plus negation as primitive and define the other two in terms of it, in this way. Such is done, for example, in [Łukasiewicz](/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz \"Jan Łukasiewicz\")'s [three axioms of propositional logic](/wiki/Propositional_logic%23%C5%81ukasiewicz%27s_P2 \"Propositional logic#Łukasiewicz's P2\"). \nIt is even possible to define all in terms of a [sole sufficient operator](/wiki/Sole_sufficient_operator \"Sole sufficient operator\") such as the [Peirce arrow](/wiki/Peirce_arrow \"Peirce arrow\") (NOR) or [Sheffer stroke](/wiki/Sheffer_stroke \"Sheffer stroke\") (NAND). Similarly, in classical first\\-order logic, one of the quantifiers can be defined in terms of the other and negation.\nThese are fundamentally consequences of the [law of bivalence](/wiki/Law_of_bivalence \"Law of bivalence\"), which makes all such connectives merely [Boolean functions](/wiki/Boolean_function \"Boolean function\").\nThe law of bivalence is not required to hold in intuitionistic logic. As a result, none of the basic connectives can be dispensed with, and the above axioms are all necessary. So most of the classical identities between connectives and quantifiers are only theorems of intuitionistic logic in one direction. Some of the theorems go in both directions, i.e. are equivalences, as subsequently discussed.",
"#### Existential vs. universal quantification",
"Firstly, when x is not free in the proposition \\\\varphi, then\n\\\\big(\\\\exists x\\\\, (\\\\phi(x)\\\\to \\\\varphi)\\\\big)\\\\,\\\\,\\\\to\\\\,\\\\,\\\\Big(\\\\big(\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)\\\\big)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\Big)\nWhen the [domain of discourse](/wiki/Domain_of_discourse \"Domain of discourse\") is empty, then by the [principle of explosion](/wiki/Principle_of_explosion \"Principle of explosion\"), an existential statement implies anything. When the domain contains at least one term, then assuming excluded middle for \\\\forall x \\\\, \\\\phi(x), the inverse of the above implication becomes provably too, meaning the two sides become equivalent. This inverse direction is equivalent to the [drinker's paradox](/wiki/Drinker%27s_paradox \"Drinker's paradox\") (DP). Moreover, an existential and dual variant of it is given by the [independence of premise](/wiki/Independence_of_premise \"Independence of premise\") principle (IP). Classically, the statement above is moreover equivalent to a more disjunctive form discussed further below. Constructively, existence claims are however generally harder to come by.",
"If the domain of discourse is not empty and \\\\phi is moreover independent of x, such principles are equivalent to formulas in the propositional calculus. Here, the formula then just expresses the identity (\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\to(\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\varphi). This is the [curried](/wiki/Currying \"Currying\") form of [modus ponens](/wiki/Modus_ponens \"Modus ponens\") ((\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\land\\\\phi)\\\\to\\\\varphi, which in the special the case with \\\\varphi as a false proposition results in the [law of non\\-contradiction](/wiki/Law_of_non-contradiction \"Law of non-contradiction\") principle \\\\neg(\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\neg\\\\phi).",
"Considering a false proposition \\\\varphi for the original implication results in the important\n* (\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x))\nIn words: \"If there exists an entity x that does *not* have the property \\\\phi, then the following is *refuted*: Each entity has the property \\\\phi.\"",
"The quantifier formula with negations also immediately follows from the non\\-contradiction principle derived above, each instance of which itself already follows from the more particular \\\\neg(\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\neg\\\\phi). To derive a contradiction given \\\\neg\\\\phi, it suffices to establish its negation \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi (as opposed to the stronger \\\\phi) and this makes proving double\\-negations valuable also. By the same token, the original quantifier formula in fact still holds with \\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x) weakened to \\\\forall x \\\\big((\\\\phi(x)\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\big). And so, in fact, a stronger theorem holds:\n(\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\forall x \\\\, \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi(x))\nIn words: \"If there exists an entity x that does *not* have the property \\\\phi, then the following is *refuted*: For each entity, one is *not* able to prove that it does *not* have the property \\\\phi\".",
"Secondly,\n\\\\big(\\\\forall x \\\\, (\\\\phi(x)\\\\to \\\\varphi)\\\\big)\\\\,\\\\,\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\,\\\\,\\\\big((\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\phi(x))\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\big)\nwhere similar considerations apply. Here the existential part is always a hypothesis and this is an equivalence. Considering the special case again,\n* (\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x)) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\neg (\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\phi(x))\nThe proven conversion (\\\\chi\\\\to\\\\neg \\\\phi)\\\\leftrightarrow(\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\neg \\\\chi) can be used to obtain two further implications:",
"(\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x))\n(\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x))\nOf course, variants of such formulas can also be derived that have the double\\-negations in the antecedent.\nA special case of the first formula here is (\\\\forall x \\\\, \\\\neg\\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\exists x \\\\, \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi(x)) and this is indeed stronger than the \\\\to\\-direction of the equivalence bullet point listed above. For simplicity of the discussion here and below, the formulas are generally presented in weakened forms without all possible insertions of double\\-negations in the antecedents.",
"More general variants hold. Incorporating the predicate \\\\psi and currying, the following generalization also entails the relation between implication and conjunction in the predicate calculus, discussed below.\n\\\\big(\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)\\\\to (\\\\psi(x)\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\big)\\\\,\\\\,\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\,\\\\,\\\\Big(\\\\big(\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)\\\\land \\\\psi(x)\\\\big)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\Big)\nIf the predicate \\\\psi is decidedly false for all x, then this equivalence is trivial. If \\\\psi is decidedly true for all x, the schema simply reduces to the previously stated equivalence. In the language of [classes](/wiki/Constructive_set_theory%23Classes \"Constructive set theory#Classes\"), A\\=\\\\{x\\\\mid\\\\phi(x)\\\\} and B\\=\\\\{x\\\\mid\\\\psi(x)\\\\}, the special case of this equivalence with false \\\\varphi equates two characterizations of [disjointness](/wiki/Disjoint_sets \"Disjoint sets\") A\\\\cap B\\=\\\\emptyset:\n\\\\forall(x\\\\in A).x\\\\notin B\\\\,\\\\,\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\,\\\\,\\\\neg\\\\exists(x\\\\in A).x\\\\in B",
"#### Disjunction vs. conjunction",
"There are finite variations of the quantifier formulas, with just two propositions:\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi)\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi)\nThe first principle cannot be reversed: Considering \\\\neg \\\\psi for \\\\phi would imply the weak excluded middle, i.e. the statement \\\\neg \\\\psi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi. But intuitionistic logic alone does not even prove \\\\neg \\\\psi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi\\\\lor (\\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi\\\\to \\\\psi). So in particular, there is no distributivity principle for negations deriving the claim \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\psi from \\\\neg(\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi). For an informal example of the constructive reading, consider the following: From conclusive evidence it not to be the case that *both* Alice and Bob showed up to their date, one cannot derive conclusive evidence, *tied to either* of the two persons, that this person did not show up. Negated propositions are comparably weak, in that the classically valid [De Morgan's law](/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws%23In_intuitionistic_logic \"De Morgan's laws#In intuitionistic logic\"), granting a disjunction from a single negative hypothetical, does not automatically hold constructively. The intuitionistic propositional calculus and some of its extensions exhibit the [disjunction property](/wiki/Disjunction_property \"Disjunction property\") instead, implying one of the disjuncts of any disjunction individually would have to be derivable as well.",
"The converse variants of those two, and the equivalent variants with double\\-negated antecedents, had already been mentioned above. Implications towards the negation of a conjunction can often be proven directly from the non\\-contradiction principle. In this way one may alos obtain the mixed form of the implications, e.g. (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\psi). Concatenating the theorems, we also find\n* (\\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi)\nThe reverse cannot be provable, as it would prove weak excluded middle.",
"In predicate logic, the constant domain principle is not valid: \\\\forall x \\\\big(\\\\varphi \\\\lor \\\\psi(x)\\\\big) does not imply the stronger \\\\varphi\\\\lor \\\\forall x\\\\,\\\\psi(x). The [distributive properties](/wiki/Distributive_property%23Propositional_logic \"Distributive property#Propositional logic\") does however hold for any finite number of propositions. For a variant of the De Morgan law concerning two existentially closed [decidable](/wiki/Decidability_%28logic%29 \"Decidability (logic)\") predicates, see [LLPO](/wiki/Limited_principle_of_omniscience \"Limited principle of omniscience\").",
"#### Conjunction vs. implication",
"From the general equivalence also follows [import\\-export](/wiki/Import%E2%80%93export_%28logic%29 \"Import–export (logic)\"), expressing incompatibility of two predicates using two different connectives:\n* (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi)\nDue to the symmetry of the conjunction connective, this again implies the already established (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow (\\\\psi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\phi) .\nThe equivalence formula for the negated conjunction may be understood as a special case of currying and uncurrying. Many more considerations regarding double\\-negations again apply. And both non\\-reversible theorems relating conjunction and implication mentioned in the introduction follow from this equivalence. One is a converse, and (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg\\\\psi) holds simply because \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi is stronger than \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi.",
"Now when using the principle in the next section, the following variant of the latter, with more negations on the left, also holds:\n* \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow (\\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\psi) \nA consequence is that\n* \\\\neg \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow (\\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi)",
"#### Disjunction vs. implication",
"Already minimal logic proves excluded middle equivalent to [consequentia mirabilis](/wiki/Consequentia_mirabilis \"Consequentia mirabilis\"), an instance of [Peirce's law](/wiki/Peirce%27s_law \"Peirce's law\"). \nNow akin to modus ponens, clearly (\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi)\\\\to((\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\psi)\\\\to \\\\psi) already in minimal logic, which is a theorem that does not even involve negations. In classical logic, this implication is in fact an equivalence. With taking \\\\phi to be of the form \\\\psi\\\\to\\\\varphi, excluded middle together with explosion is seen to entail Peirce's law.",
"In intuitionistic logic, one obtains variants of the stated theorem involving \\\\bot, as follows. Firstly, note that two different formulas for \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi) mentioned above can be used to imply (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\vee \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\psi). The latter are forms of the disjunctive syllogism for negated propositions, \\\\neg\\\\psi. A strengthened form still holds in intuitionistic logic:\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi)\nAs in previous sections, the positions of \\\\neg \\\\phi and \\\\phi may be switched, giving a stronger principle than the one mentioned in the introduction. So, for example, intuitionistically \"Either P or Q\" is a stronger propositional formula than \"If not P, then Q\", whereas these are classically interchangeable. The implication cannot generally be reversed, as that immediately implies excluded middle.",
"Non\\-contradiction and explosion together also prove the stronger variant (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi). And this shows how excluded middle for \\\\psi implies double\\-negation elimination for it. For a fixed \\\\psi, this implication cannot generally be reversed. (However, as \\\\neg\\\\neg(\\\\psi\\\\lor\\\\neg \\\\psi) is always constructively valid, it follows that assuming double\\-negation elimination for all such disjunctions implies classical logic also.)",
"Of course the formulas established here may be combined to obtain yet more variations. For example, the disjunctive syllogism as presented generalizes to\n\\\\Big(\\\\big(\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\neg\\\\phi(x)\\\\big)\\\\lor\\\\varphi\\\\Big)\\\\,\\\\,\\\\to\\\\,\\\\,\\\\Big(\\\\big(\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)\\\\big)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\Big)\nIf some term exists at all, the antecedent here even implies \\\\exists x \\\\big(\\\\phi(x)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\big), which in turn itself also implies the conclusion here (this is again the very first formula mentioned in this section).",
"The bulk of the discussion in these sections applies just as well to just minimal logic. But as for the disjunctive syllogism with general \\\\psi, minimal logic can at most prove (\\\\neg\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi') where \\\\psi' denotes \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi\\\\land(\\\\psi\\\\lor\\\\neg\\\\psi). The conclusion here can only be simplified to \\\\psi using explosion.",
"#### Equivalences",
"The above lists also contain equivalences.\nThe equivalence involving a conjunction and a disjunction stems from (P\\\\lor Q)\\\\to R actually being stronger than P\\\\to R. Both sides of the equivalence can be understood as conjunctions of independent implications. Above, absurdity \\\\bot is used for R. In functional interpretations, it corresponds to [if\\-clause](/wiki/Conditional_%28computer_programming%29 \"Conditional (computer programming)\") constructions.\nSo e.g. \"Not (P or Q)\" is equivalent to \"Not P, and also not Q\".",
"An equivalence itself is generally defined as, and then equivalent to, a conjunction (\\\\land) of implications (\\\\to), as follows:\n* (\\\\phi\\\\leftrightarrow \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\big((\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi)\\\\land(\\\\psi\\\\to\\\\phi)\\\\big)\nWith it, such connectives become in turn definable from it:\n* (\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow ((\\\\phi\\\\lor\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\psi)\n* (\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow ((\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\phi)\n* (\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow ((\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\psi)\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\phi)\n* (\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow (((\\\\phi\\\\lor\\\\psi)\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\psi)\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\phi)",
"In turn, \\\\{\\\\lor, \\\\leftrightarrow, \\\\bot\\\\} and \\\\{\\\\land, \\\\leftrightarrow, \\\\neg\\\\} are complete bases of intuitionistic connectives, for example.",
"#### Functionally complete connectives",
"As shown by [Alexander V. Kuznetsov](/wiki/Alexander_Kuznetsov_%28mathematician%29 \"Alexander Kuznetsov (mathematician)\"), either of the following connectives – the first one ternary, the second one quinary – is by itself [functionally complete](/wiki/Functionally_complete \"Functionally complete\"): either one can serve the role of a sole sufficient operator for intuitionistic propositional logic, thus forming an analog of the [Sheffer stroke](/wiki/Sheffer_stroke \"Sheffer stroke\") from classical propositional logic:{{sfn\\|Chagrov\\|Zakharyaschev\\|1997\\|pages\\=58\\-59}}\n* \\\\big((P\\\\lor Q)\\\\land\\\\neg R\\\\big)\\\\lor\\\\big(\\\\neg P\\\\land(Q\\\\leftrightarrow R)\\\\big)\n* P\\\\to\\\\big(Q\\\\land\\\\neg R\\\\land(S\\\\lor T)\\\\big)",
""
] |
### Double negations
A double negation does not affirm the law of the excluded middle (PEM); while it is not necessarily the case that PEM is upheld in any context, no counterexample can be given either. Such a counterexample would be an inference (inferring the negation of the law for a certain proposition) disallowed under classical logic and thus PEM is not allowed in a strict weakening like intuitionistic logic. Formally, it is a simple theorem that \\big((\\psi\\lor(\\psi\\to\\varphi))\\to\\varphi\\big) \\leftrightarrow \\varphi for any two propositions. By considering any \\varphi established to be false this indeed shows that the double negation of the law \\neg\\neg(\\psi\\lor\\neg\\psi) is retained as a tautology already in [minimal logic](/wiki/Minimal_logic "Minimal logic"). And now as \\neg(\\psi\\lor\\neg\\psi) is established to be inconsistent, excluded middle won't even be provable for all excluded middle disjunctions. And this also means that the propositional calculus is always compatible with classical logic.
When assuming the law of excluded middle implies a proposition, then by applying contraposition twice and using the double\-negated excluded middle, one may prove double\-negated variants of various strictly classical tautologies. The situation is more intricate for predicate logic formulas, when some quantified expressions are being negated.
#### Double negation and implication
Akin to the above, from modus ponens in the form \\psi\\to((\\psi\\to\\varphi)\\to\\varphi) follows \\psi\\to\\neg\\neg\\psi. The relation between them may always be used to obtain new formulas: A weakened premise makes for a strong implication, and vice versa. For example, note that if (\\neg\\neg \\psi) \\to \\phi holds, then so does \\psi \\to \\phi, but the schema in the other direction would imply the double\-negation elimination principle. Propositions for which double\-negation elimination is possible are also called **stable**. Intuitionistic logic proves stability only for restricted types of propositions. A formula for which excluded middle holds can be proven stable using the [disjunctive syllogism](/wiki/Disjunctive_syllogism "Disjunctive syllogism"), which is discussed more thoroughly below. The converse does however not hold in general, unless the excluded middle statement at hand is stable itself.
An implication \\psi \\to \\neg\\phi can be proven to be equivalent to \\neg\\neg\\psi \\to \\neg\\phi, whatever the propositions. As a special case, it follows that propositions of negated form (\\psi\=\\neg\\phi here) are stable, i.e. \\neg\\neg\\neg\\phi \\to \\neg\\phi is always valid.
In general, \\neg\\neg \\psi \\to \\phi is stronger than \\psi \\to \\phi, which is stronger than \\neg\\neg (\\psi \\to \\phi), which itself implies the three equivalent statements \\psi \\to (\\neg\\neg \\phi), (\\neg\\neg \\psi) \\to (\\neg\\neg \\phi) and \\neg\\phi\\to\\neg\\psi . Using the disjunctive syllogism, the previous four are indeed equivalent. This also gives an intuitionistically valid derivation of \\neg\\neg(\\neg\\neg\\phi\\to\\phi), as it is thus equivalent to an [identity](/wiki/Law_of_identity "Law of identity").
When \\psi expresses a claim, then its double\-negation \\neg\\neg\\psi merely expresses the claim that a refutation of \\psi would be inconsistent. Having proven such a mere double\-negation also still aids in negating other statements through [negation introduction](/wiki/Negation_introduction "Negation introduction"), as then (\\phi\\to\\neg\\psi)\\to\\neg\\phi. A double\-negated existential statement does not denote existence of an entity with a property, but rather the absurdity of assumed non\-existence of any such entity. Also all the principles in the next section involving quantifiers explain use of implications with hypothetical existence as premise.
#### Formula translation
Weakening statements by adding two negations before existential quantifiers (and atoms) is also the core step in the [double\-negation translation](/wiki/G%C3%B6del-Gentzen_translation "Gödel-Gentzen translation"). It constitutes an [embedding](/wiki/Embedding "Embedding") of classical first\-order logic into intuitionistic logic: a first\-order formula is provable in classical logic if and only if its Gödel–Gentzen translation is provable intuitionistically. For example, any theorem of classical propositional logic of the form \\psi\\to\\phi has a proof consisting of an intuitionistic proof of \\psi\\to\\neg\\neg\\phi followed by one application of double\-negation elimination. Intuitionistic logic can thus be seen as a means of extending classical logic with constructive semantics.
|
[
"### Double negations",
"A double negation does not affirm the law of the excluded middle (PEM); while it is not necessarily the case that PEM is upheld in any context, no counterexample can be given either. Such a counterexample would be an inference (inferring the negation of the law for a certain proposition) disallowed under classical logic and thus PEM is not allowed in a strict weakening like intuitionistic logic. Formally, it is a simple theorem that \\\\big((\\\\psi\\\\lor(\\\\psi\\\\to\\\\varphi))\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\big) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\varphi for any two propositions. By considering any \\\\varphi established to be false this indeed shows that the double negation of the law \\\\neg\\\\neg(\\\\psi\\\\lor\\\\neg\\\\psi) is retained as a tautology already in [minimal logic](/wiki/Minimal_logic \"Minimal logic\"). And now as \\\\neg(\\\\psi\\\\lor\\\\neg\\\\psi) is established to be inconsistent, excluded middle won't even be provable for all excluded middle disjunctions. And this also means that the propositional calculus is always compatible with classical logic.",
"When assuming the law of excluded middle implies a proposition, then by applying contraposition twice and using the double\\-negated excluded middle, one may prove double\\-negated variants of various strictly classical tautologies. The situation is more intricate for predicate logic formulas, when some quantified expressions are being negated.",
"#### Double negation and implication",
"Akin to the above, from modus ponens in the form \\\\psi\\\\to((\\\\psi\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\to\\\\varphi) follows \\\\psi\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi. The relation between them may always be used to obtain new formulas: A weakened premise makes for a strong implication, and vice versa. For example, note that if (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\phi holds, then so does \\\\psi \\\\to \\\\phi, but the schema in the other direction would imply the double\\-negation elimination principle. Propositions for which double\\-negation elimination is possible are also called **stable**. Intuitionistic logic proves stability only for restricted types of propositions. A formula for which excluded middle holds can be proven stable using the [disjunctive syllogism](/wiki/Disjunctive_syllogism \"Disjunctive syllogism\"), which is discussed more thoroughly below. The converse does however not hold in general, unless the excluded middle statement at hand is stable itself.",
"An implication \\\\psi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\phi can be proven to be equivalent to \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\phi, whatever the propositions. As a special case, it follows that propositions of negated form (\\\\psi\\=\\\\neg\\\\phi here) are stable, i.e. \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\phi is always valid.",
"In general, \\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\psi \\\\to \\\\phi is stronger than \\\\psi \\\\to \\\\phi, which is stronger than \\\\neg\\\\neg (\\\\psi \\\\to \\\\phi), which itself implies the three equivalent statements \\\\psi \\\\to (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\phi), (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\phi) and \\\\neg\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\psi . Using the disjunctive syllogism, the previous four are indeed equivalent. This also gives an intuitionistically valid derivation of \\\\neg\\\\neg(\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\phi), as it is thus equivalent to an [identity](/wiki/Law_of_identity \"Law of identity\").",
"When \\\\psi expresses a claim, then its double\\-negation \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi merely expresses the claim that a refutation of \\\\psi would be inconsistent. Having proven such a mere double\\-negation also still aids in negating other statements through [negation introduction](/wiki/Negation_introduction \"Negation introduction\"), as then (\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\psi)\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\phi. A double\\-negated existential statement does not denote existence of an entity with a property, but rather the absurdity of assumed non\\-existence of any such entity. Also all the principles in the next section involving quantifiers explain use of implications with hypothetical existence as premise.",
"#### Formula translation",
"Weakening statements by adding two negations before existential quantifiers (and atoms) is also the core step in the [double\\-negation translation](/wiki/G%C3%B6del-Gentzen_translation \"Gödel-Gentzen translation\"). It constitutes an [embedding](/wiki/Embedding \"Embedding\") of classical first\\-order logic into intuitionistic logic: a first\\-order formula is provable in classical logic if and only if its Gödel–Gentzen translation is provable intuitionistically. For example, any theorem of classical propositional logic of the form \\\\psi\\\\to\\\\phi has a proof consisting of an intuitionistic proof of \\\\psi\\\\to\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi followed by one application of double\\-negation elimination. Intuitionistic logic can thus be seen as a means of extending classical logic with constructive semantics.",
""
] |
### Non\-interdefinability of operators
Already minimal logic easily proves the following theorems, relating [conjunction](/wiki/Logical_conjunction "Logical conjunction") resp. [disjunction](/wiki/Logical_disjunction "Logical disjunction") to the [implication](/wiki/Material_conditional "Material conditional") using [negation](/wiki/Logical_negation "Logical negation"):
(\\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\neg \\phi \\land \\neg \\psi)
(\\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to (\\neg \\phi \\to \\neg \\neg \\psi), a weakened variant of the disjunctive syllogism
resp.
(\\phi \\land \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\neg \\psi)
(\\phi \\land \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\to \\neg \\psi) and similarly (\\phi \\to \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\land \\neg\\psi)
Indeed, stronger variants of these still do hold \- for example the antecedents may be double\-negated, as noted, or all \\psi may be replaced by \\neg\\neg\\psi on the antecedent sides, as will be discussed. However, neither of these five implications can be reversed without immediately implying excluded middle (consider \\neg \\psi for \\phi) resp. double\-negation elimination (consider true \\phi). Hence, the left hand sides do not constitute a possible definition of the right hand sides.
In contrast, in classical propositional logic it is possible to take one of those three connectives plus negation as primitive and define the other two in terms of it, in this way. Such is done, for example, in [Łukasiewicz](/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz "Jan Łukasiewicz")'s [three axioms of propositional logic](/wiki/Propositional_logic%23%C5%81ukasiewicz%27s_P2 "Propositional logic#Łukasiewicz's P2").
It is even possible to define all in terms of a [sole sufficient operator](/wiki/Sole_sufficient_operator "Sole sufficient operator") such as the [Peirce arrow](/wiki/Peirce_arrow "Peirce arrow") (NOR) or [Sheffer stroke](/wiki/Sheffer_stroke "Sheffer stroke") (NAND). Similarly, in classical first\-order logic, one of the quantifiers can be defined in terms of the other and negation.
These are fundamentally consequences of the [law of bivalence](/wiki/Law_of_bivalence "Law of bivalence"), which makes all such connectives merely [Boolean functions](/wiki/Boolean_function "Boolean function").
The law of bivalence is not required to hold in intuitionistic logic. As a result, none of the basic connectives can be dispensed with, and the above axioms are all necessary. So most of the classical identities between connectives and quantifiers are only theorems of intuitionistic logic in one direction. Some of the theorems go in both directions, i.e. are equivalences, as subsequently discussed.
#### Existential vs. universal quantification
Firstly, when x is not free in the proposition \\varphi, then
\\big(\\exists x\\, (\\phi(x)\\to \\varphi)\\big)\\,\\,\\to\\,\\,\\Big(\\big(\\forall x \\ \\phi(x)\\big)\\to\\varphi\\Big)
When the [domain of discourse](/wiki/Domain_of_discourse "Domain of discourse") is empty, then by the [principle of explosion](/wiki/Principle_of_explosion "Principle of explosion"), an existential statement implies anything. When the domain contains at least one term, then assuming excluded middle for \\forall x \\, \\phi(x), the inverse of the above implication becomes provably too, meaning the two sides become equivalent. This inverse direction is equivalent to the [drinker's paradox](/wiki/Drinker%27s_paradox "Drinker's paradox") (DP). Moreover, an existential and dual variant of it is given by the [independence of premise](/wiki/Independence_of_premise "Independence of premise") principle (IP). Classically, the statement above is moreover equivalent to a more disjunctive form discussed further below. Constructively, existence claims are however generally harder to come by.
If the domain of discourse is not empty and \\phi is moreover independent of x, such principles are equivalent to formulas in the propositional calculus. Here, the formula then just expresses the identity (\\phi\\to\\varphi)\\to(\\phi\\to\\varphi). This is the [curried](/wiki/Currying "Currying") form of [modus ponens](/wiki/Modus_ponens "Modus ponens") ((\\phi\\to\\varphi)\\land\\phi)\\to\\varphi, which in the special the case with \\varphi as a false proposition results in the [law of non\-contradiction](/wiki/Law_of_non-contradiction "Law of non-contradiction") principle \\neg(\\phi\\land\\neg\\phi).
Considering a false proposition \\varphi for the original implication results in the important
* (\\exists x \\ \\neg \\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\forall x \\ \\phi(x))
In words: "If there exists an entity x that does *not* have the property \\phi, then the following is *refuted*: Each entity has the property \\phi."
The quantifier formula with negations also immediately follows from the non\-contradiction principle derived above, each instance of which itself already follows from the more particular \\neg(\\neg\\neg\\phi\\land\\neg\\phi). To derive a contradiction given \\neg\\phi, it suffices to establish its negation \\neg\\neg\\phi (as opposed to the stronger \\phi) and this makes proving double\-negations valuable also. By the same token, the original quantifier formula in fact still holds with \\forall x \\ \\phi(x) weakened to \\forall x \\big((\\phi(x)\\to\\varphi)\\to\\varphi\\big). And so, in fact, a stronger theorem holds:
(\\exists x \\ \\neg \\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\forall x \\, \\neg\\neg\\phi(x))
In words: "If there exists an entity x that does *not* have the property \\phi, then the following is *refuted*: For each entity, one is *not* able to prove that it does *not* have the property \\phi".
Secondly,
\\big(\\forall x \\, (\\phi(x)\\to \\varphi)\\big)\\,\\,\\leftrightarrow\\,\\,\\big((\\exists x \\ \\phi(x))\\to\\varphi\\big)
where similar considerations apply. Here the existential part is always a hypothesis and this is an equivalence. Considering the special case again,
* (\\forall x \\ \\neg \\phi(x)) \\leftrightarrow \\neg (\\exists x \\ \\phi(x))
The proven conversion (\\chi\\to\\neg \\phi)\\leftrightarrow(\\phi\\to\\neg \\chi) can be used to obtain two further implications:
(\\forall x \\ \\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\exists x \\ \\neg \\phi(x))
(\\exists x \\ \\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\forall x \\ \\neg \\phi(x))
Of course, variants of such formulas can also be derived that have the double\-negations in the antecedent.
A special case of the first formula here is (\\forall x \\, \\neg\\phi(x)) \\to \\neg (\\exists x \\, \\neg \\neg \\phi(x)) and this is indeed stronger than the \\to\-direction of the equivalence bullet point listed above. For simplicity of the discussion here and below, the formulas are generally presented in weakened forms without all possible insertions of double\-negations in the antecedents.
More general variants hold. Incorporating the predicate \\psi and currying, the following generalization also entails the relation between implication and conjunction in the predicate calculus, discussed below.
\\big(\\forall x \\ \\phi(x)\\to (\\psi(x)\\to\\varphi)\\big)\\,\\,\\leftrightarrow\\,\\,\\Big(\\big(\\exists x \\ \\phi(x)\\land \\psi(x)\\big)\\to\\varphi\\Big)
If the predicate \\psi is decidedly false for all x, then this equivalence is trivial. If \\psi is decidedly true for all x, the schema simply reduces to the previously stated equivalence. In the language of [classes](/wiki/Constructive_set_theory%23Classes "Constructive set theory#Classes"), A\=\\{x\\mid\\phi(x)\\} and B\=\\{x\\mid\\psi(x)\\}, the special case of this equivalence with false \\varphi equates two characterizations of [disjointness](/wiki/Disjoint_sets "Disjoint sets") A\\cap B\=\\emptyset:
\\forall(x\\in A).x\\notin B\\,\\,\\leftrightarrow\\,\\,\\neg\\exists(x\\in A).x\\in B
#### Disjunction vs. conjunction
There are finite variations of the quantifier formulas, with just two propositions:
* (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\neg \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\land \\psi)
* (\\neg \\phi \\land \\neg \\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\neg (\\phi \\lor \\psi)
The first principle cannot be reversed: Considering \\neg \\psi for \\phi would imply the weak excluded middle, i.e. the statement \\neg \\psi \\lor \\neg \\neg \\psi. But intuitionistic logic alone does not even prove \\neg \\psi \\lor \\neg \\neg \\psi\\lor (\\neg \\neg \\psi\\to \\psi). So in particular, there is no distributivity principle for negations deriving the claim \\neg \\phi \\lor \\neg \\psi from \\neg(\\phi \\land \\psi). For an informal example of the constructive reading, consider the following: From conclusive evidence it not to be the case that *both* Alice and Bob showed up to their date, one cannot derive conclusive evidence, *tied to either* of the two persons, that this person did not show up. Negated propositions are comparably weak, in that the classically valid [De Morgan's law](/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws%23In_intuitionistic_logic "De Morgan's laws#In intuitionistic logic"), granting a disjunction from a single negative hypothetical, does not automatically hold constructively. The intuitionistic propositional calculus and some of its extensions exhibit the [disjunction property](/wiki/Disjunction_property "Disjunction property") instead, implying one of the disjuncts of any disjunction individually would have to be derivable as well.
The converse variants of those two, and the equivalent variants with double\-negated antecedents, had already been mentioned above. Implications towards the negation of a conjunction can often be proven directly from the non\-contradiction principle. In this way one may alos obtain the mixed form of the implications, e.g. (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\land \\neg \\psi). Concatenating the theorems, we also find
* (\\neg \\neg \\phi \\lor \\neg \\neg \\psi) \\to \\neg \\neg (\\phi \\lor \\psi)
The reverse cannot be provable, as it would prove weak excluded middle.
In predicate logic, the constant domain principle is not valid: \\forall x \\big(\\varphi \\lor \\psi(x)\\big) does not imply the stronger \\varphi\\lor \\forall x\\,\\psi(x). The [distributive properties](/wiki/Distributive_property%23Propositional_logic "Distributive property#Propositional logic") does however hold for any finite number of propositions. For a variant of the De Morgan law concerning two existentially closed [decidable](/wiki/Decidability_%28logic%29 "Decidability (logic)") predicates, see [LLPO](/wiki/Limited_principle_of_omniscience "Limited principle of omniscience").
#### Conjunction vs. implication
From the general equivalence also follows [import\-export](/wiki/Import%E2%80%93export_%28logic%29 "Import–export (logic)"), expressing incompatibility of two predicates using two different connectives:
* (\\phi \\to \\neg \\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\neg (\\phi \\land \\psi)
Due to the symmetry of the conjunction connective, this again implies the already established (\\phi \\to \\neg \\psi) \\leftrightarrow (\\psi \\to \\neg \\phi) .
The equivalence formula for the negated conjunction may be understood as a special case of currying and uncurrying. Many more considerations regarding double\-negations again apply. And both non\-reversible theorems relating conjunction and implication mentioned in the introduction follow from this equivalence. One is a converse, and (\\phi \\to \\psi) \\to \\neg (\\phi \\land \\neg\\psi) holds simply because \\phi \\to \\psi is stronger than \\phi \\to \\neg\\neg\\psi.
Now when using the principle in the next section, the following variant of the latter, with more negations on the left, also holds:
* \\neg (\\phi \\to \\psi) \\leftrightarrow (\\neg \\neg \\phi \\land \\neg \\psi)
A consequence is that
* \\neg \\neg (\\phi \\land \\psi) \\leftrightarrow (\\neg \\neg \\phi \\land \\neg \\neg \\psi)
#### Disjunction vs. implication
Already minimal logic proves excluded middle equivalent to [consequentia mirabilis](/wiki/Consequentia_mirabilis "Consequentia mirabilis"), an instance of [Peirce's law](/wiki/Peirce%27s_law "Peirce's law").
Now akin to modus ponens, clearly (\\phi \\lor \\psi)\\to((\\phi\\to\\psi)\\to \\psi) already in minimal logic, which is a theorem that does not even involve negations. In classical logic, this implication is in fact an equivalence. With taking \\phi to be of the form \\psi\\to\\varphi, excluded middle together with explosion is seen to entail Peirce's law.
In intuitionistic logic, one obtains variants of the stated theorem involving \\bot, as follows. Firstly, note that two different formulas for \\neg (\\phi \\land \\psi) mentioned above can be used to imply (\\neg \\phi \\vee \\neg \\psi) \\to (\\phi \\to \\neg \\psi). The latter are forms of the disjunctive syllogism for negated propositions, \\neg\\psi. A strengthened form still holds in intuitionistic logic:
* (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to (\\phi \\to \\psi)
As in previous sections, the positions of \\neg \\phi and \\phi may be switched, giving a stronger principle than the one mentioned in the introduction. So, for example, intuitionistically "Either P or Q" is a stronger propositional formula than "If not P, then Q", whereas these are classically interchangeable. The implication cannot generally be reversed, as that immediately implies excluded middle.
Non\-contradiction and explosion together also prove the stronger variant (\\neg \\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to (\\neg\\neg\\phi \\to \\psi). And this shows how excluded middle for \\psi implies double\-negation elimination for it. For a fixed \\psi, this implication cannot generally be reversed. (However, as \\neg\\neg(\\psi\\lor\\neg \\psi) is always constructively valid, it follows that assuming double\-negation elimination for all such disjunctions implies classical logic also.)
Of course the formulas established here may be combined to obtain yet more variations. For example, the disjunctive syllogism as presented generalizes to
\\Big(\\big(\\exists x \\ \\neg\\phi(x)\\big)\\lor\\varphi\\Big)\\,\\,\\to\\,\\,\\Big(\\big(\\forall x \\ \\phi(x)\\big)\\to\\varphi\\Big)
If some term exists at all, the antecedent here even implies \\exists x \\big(\\phi(x)\\to\\varphi\\big), which in turn itself also implies the conclusion here (this is again the very first formula mentioned in this section).
The bulk of the discussion in these sections applies just as well to just minimal logic. But as for the disjunctive syllogism with general \\psi, minimal logic can at most prove (\\neg\\phi \\lor \\psi) \\to (\\neg\\neg \\phi \\to \\psi') where \\psi' denotes \\neg\\neg\\psi\\land(\\psi\\lor\\neg\\psi). The conclusion here can only be simplified to \\psi using explosion.
#### Equivalences
The above lists also contain equivalences.
The equivalence involving a conjunction and a disjunction stems from (P\\lor Q)\\to R actually being stronger than P\\to R. Both sides of the equivalence can be understood as conjunctions of independent implications. Above, absurdity \\bot is used for R. In functional interpretations, it corresponds to [if\-clause](/wiki/Conditional_%28computer_programming%29 "Conditional (computer programming)") constructions.
So e.g. "Not (P or Q)" is equivalent to "Not P, and also not Q".
An equivalence itself is generally defined as, and then equivalent to, a conjunction (\\land) of implications (\\to), as follows:
* (\\phi\\leftrightarrow \\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\big((\\phi \\to \\psi)\\land(\\psi\\to\\phi)\\big)
With it, such connectives become in turn definable from it:
* (\\phi\\to\\psi) \\leftrightarrow ((\\phi\\lor\\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\psi)
* (\\phi\\to\\psi) \\leftrightarrow ((\\phi\\land\\psi) \\leftrightarrow \\phi)
* (\\phi\\land\\psi) \\leftrightarrow ((\\phi\\to\\psi)\\leftrightarrow\\phi)
* (\\phi\\land\\psi) \\leftrightarrow (((\\phi\\lor\\psi)\\leftrightarrow\\psi)\\leftrightarrow\\phi)
In turn, \\{\\lor, \\leftrightarrow, \\bot\\} and \\{\\land, \\leftrightarrow, \\neg\\} are complete bases of intuitionistic connectives, for example.
#### Functionally complete connectives
As shown by [Alexander V. Kuznetsov](/wiki/Alexander_Kuznetsov_%28mathematician%29 "Alexander Kuznetsov (mathematician)"), either of the following connectives – the first one ternary, the second one quinary – is by itself [functionally complete](/wiki/Functionally_complete "Functionally complete"): either one can serve the role of a sole sufficient operator for intuitionistic propositional logic, thus forming an analog of the [Sheffer stroke](/wiki/Sheffer_stroke "Sheffer stroke") from classical propositional logic:{{sfn\|Chagrov\|Zakharyaschev\|1997\|pages\=58\-59}}
* \\big((P\\lor Q)\\land\\neg R\\big)\\lor\\big(\\neg P\\land(Q\\leftrightarrow R)\\big)
* P\\to\\big(Q\\land\\neg R\\land(S\\lor T)\\big)
|
[
"### Non\\-interdefinability of operators",
"Already minimal logic easily proves the following theorems, relating [conjunction](/wiki/Logical_conjunction \"Logical conjunction\") resp. [disjunction](/wiki/Logical_disjunction \"Logical disjunction\") to the [implication](/wiki/Material_conditional \"Material conditional\") using [negation](/wiki/Logical_negation \"Logical negation\"):\n(\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\psi)\n(\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi), a weakened variant of the disjunctive syllogism\nresp.\n(\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\psi)\n(\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\psi) and similarly (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg\\\\psi)\nIndeed, stronger variants of these still do hold \\- for example the antecedents may be double\\-negated, as noted, or all \\\\psi may be replaced by \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi on the antecedent sides, as will be discussed. However, neither of these five implications can be reversed without immediately implying excluded middle (consider \\\\neg \\\\psi for \\\\phi) resp. double\\-negation elimination (consider true \\\\phi). Hence, the left hand sides do not constitute a possible definition of the right hand sides.",
"In contrast, in classical propositional logic it is possible to take one of those three connectives plus negation as primitive and define the other two in terms of it, in this way. Such is done, for example, in [Łukasiewicz](/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz \"Jan Łukasiewicz\")'s [three axioms of propositional logic](/wiki/Propositional_logic%23%C5%81ukasiewicz%27s_P2 \"Propositional logic#Łukasiewicz's P2\"). \nIt is even possible to define all in terms of a [sole sufficient operator](/wiki/Sole_sufficient_operator \"Sole sufficient operator\") such as the [Peirce arrow](/wiki/Peirce_arrow \"Peirce arrow\") (NOR) or [Sheffer stroke](/wiki/Sheffer_stroke \"Sheffer stroke\") (NAND). Similarly, in classical first\\-order logic, one of the quantifiers can be defined in terms of the other and negation.\nThese are fundamentally consequences of the [law of bivalence](/wiki/Law_of_bivalence \"Law of bivalence\"), which makes all such connectives merely [Boolean functions](/wiki/Boolean_function \"Boolean function\").\nThe law of bivalence is not required to hold in intuitionistic logic. As a result, none of the basic connectives can be dispensed with, and the above axioms are all necessary. So most of the classical identities between connectives and quantifiers are only theorems of intuitionistic logic in one direction. Some of the theorems go in both directions, i.e. are equivalences, as subsequently discussed.",
"#### Existential vs. universal quantification",
"Firstly, when x is not free in the proposition \\\\varphi, then\n\\\\big(\\\\exists x\\\\, (\\\\phi(x)\\\\to \\\\varphi)\\\\big)\\\\,\\\\,\\\\to\\\\,\\\\,\\\\Big(\\\\big(\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)\\\\big)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\Big)\nWhen the [domain of discourse](/wiki/Domain_of_discourse \"Domain of discourse\") is empty, then by the [principle of explosion](/wiki/Principle_of_explosion \"Principle of explosion\"), an existential statement implies anything. When the domain contains at least one term, then assuming excluded middle for \\\\forall x \\\\, \\\\phi(x), the inverse of the above implication becomes provably too, meaning the two sides become equivalent. This inverse direction is equivalent to the [drinker's paradox](/wiki/Drinker%27s_paradox \"Drinker's paradox\") (DP). Moreover, an existential and dual variant of it is given by the [independence of premise](/wiki/Independence_of_premise \"Independence of premise\") principle (IP). Classically, the statement above is moreover equivalent to a more disjunctive form discussed further below. Constructively, existence claims are however generally harder to come by.",
"If the domain of discourse is not empty and \\\\phi is moreover independent of x, such principles are equivalent to formulas in the propositional calculus. Here, the formula then just expresses the identity (\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\to(\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\varphi). This is the [curried](/wiki/Currying \"Currying\") form of [modus ponens](/wiki/Modus_ponens \"Modus ponens\") ((\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\land\\\\phi)\\\\to\\\\varphi, which in the special the case with \\\\varphi as a false proposition results in the [law of non\\-contradiction](/wiki/Law_of_non-contradiction \"Law of non-contradiction\") principle \\\\neg(\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\neg\\\\phi).",
"Considering a false proposition \\\\varphi for the original implication results in the important\n* (\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x))\nIn words: \"If there exists an entity x that does *not* have the property \\\\phi, then the following is *refuted*: Each entity has the property \\\\phi.\"",
"The quantifier formula with negations also immediately follows from the non\\-contradiction principle derived above, each instance of which itself already follows from the more particular \\\\neg(\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\neg\\\\phi). To derive a contradiction given \\\\neg\\\\phi, it suffices to establish its negation \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi (as opposed to the stronger \\\\phi) and this makes proving double\\-negations valuable also. By the same token, the original quantifier formula in fact still holds with \\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x) weakened to \\\\forall x \\\\big((\\\\phi(x)\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\big). And so, in fact, a stronger theorem holds:\n(\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\forall x \\\\, \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi(x))\nIn words: \"If there exists an entity x that does *not* have the property \\\\phi, then the following is *refuted*: For each entity, one is *not* able to prove that it does *not* have the property \\\\phi\".",
"Secondly,\n\\\\big(\\\\forall x \\\\, (\\\\phi(x)\\\\to \\\\varphi)\\\\big)\\\\,\\\\,\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\,\\\\,\\\\big((\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\phi(x))\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\big)\nwhere similar considerations apply. Here the existential part is always a hypothesis and this is an equivalence. Considering the special case again,\n* (\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x)) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\neg (\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\phi(x))\nThe proven conversion (\\\\chi\\\\to\\\\neg \\\\phi)\\\\leftrightarrow(\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\neg \\\\chi) can be used to obtain two further implications:",
"(\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x))\n(\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\neg \\\\phi(x))\nOf course, variants of such formulas can also be derived that have the double\\-negations in the antecedent.\nA special case of the first formula here is (\\\\forall x \\\\, \\\\neg\\\\phi(x)) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\exists x \\\\, \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi(x)) and this is indeed stronger than the \\\\to\\-direction of the equivalence bullet point listed above. For simplicity of the discussion here and below, the formulas are generally presented in weakened forms without all possible insertions of double\\-negations in the antecedents.",
"More general variants hold. Incorporating the predicate \\\\psi and currying, the following generalization also entails the relation between implication and conjunction in the predicate calculus, discussed below.\n\\\\big(\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)\\\\to (\\\\psi(x)\\\\to\\\\varphi)\\\\big)\\\\,\\\\,\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\,\\\\,\\\\Big(\\\\big(\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)\\\\land \\\\psi(x)\\\\big)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\Big)\nIf the predicate \\\\psi is decidedly false for all x, then this equivalence is trivial. If \\\\psi is decidedly true for all x, the schema simply reduces to the previously stated equivalence. In the language of [classes](/wiki/Constructive_set_theory%23Classes \"Constructive set theory#Classes\"), A\\=\\\\{x\\\\mid\\\\phi(x)\\\\} and B\\=\\\\{x\\\\mid\\\\psi(x)\\\\}, the special case of this equivalence with false \\\\varphi equates two characterizations of [disjointness](/wiki/Disjoint_sets \"Disjoint sets\") A\\\\cap B\\=\\\\emptyset:\n\\\\forall(x\\\\in A).x\\\\notin B\\\\,\\\\,\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\,\\\\,\\\\neg\\\\exists(x\\\\in A).x\\\\in B",
"#### Disjunction vs. conjunction",
"There are finite variations of the quantifier formulas, with just two propositions:\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi)\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi)\nThe first principle cannot be reversed: Considering \\\\neg \\\\psi for \\\\phi would imply the weak excluded middle, i.e. the statement \\\\neg \\\\psi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi. But intuitionistic logic alone does not even prove \\\\neg \\\\psi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi\\\\lor (\\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi\\\\to \\\\psi). So in particular, there is no distributivity principle for negations deriving the claim \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\psi from \\\\neg(\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi). For an informal example of the constructive reading, consider the following: From conclusive evidence it not to be the case that *both* Alice and Bob showed up to their date, one cannot derive conclusive evidence, *tied to either* of the two persons, that this person did not show up. Negated propositions are comparably weak, in that the classically valid [De Morgan's law](/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws%23In_intuitionistic_logic \"De Morgan's laws#In intuitionistic logic\"), granting a disjunction from a single negative hypothetical, does not automatically hold constructively. The intuitionistic propositional calculus and some of its extensions exhibit the [disjunction property](/wiki/Disjunction_property \"Disjunction property\") instead, implying one of the disjuncts of any disjunction individually would have to be derivable as well.",
"The converse variants of those two, and the equivalent variants with double\\-negated antecedents, had already been mentioned above. Implications towards the negation of a conjunction can often be proven directly from the non\\-contradiction principle. In this way one may alos obtain the mixed form of the implications, e.g. (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\psi). Concatenating the theorems, we also find\n* (\\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi)\nThe reverse cannot be provable, as it would prove weak excluded middle.",
"In predicate logic, the constant domain principle is not valid: \\\\forall x \\\\big(\\\\varphi \\\\lor \\\\psi(x)\\\\big) does not imply the stronger \\\\varphi\\\\lor \\\\forall x\\\\,\\\\psi(x). The [distributive properties](/wiki/Distributive_property%23Propositional_logic \"Distributive property#Propositional logic\") does however hold for any finite number of propositions. For a variant of the De Morgan law concerning two existentially closed [decidable](/wiki/Decidability_%28logic%29 \"Decidability (logic)\") predicates, see [LLPO](/wiki/Limited_principle_of_omniscience \"Limited principle of omniscience\").",
"#### Conjunction vs. implication",
"From the general equivalence also follows [import\\-export](/wiki/Import%E2%80%93export_%28logic%29 \"Import–export (logic)\"), expressing incompatibility of two predicates using two different connectives:\n* (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi)\nDue to the symmetry of the conjunction connective, this again implies the already established (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow (\\\\psi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\phi) .\nThe equivalence formula for the negated conjunction may be understood as a special case of currying and uncurrying. Many more considerations regarding double\\-negations again apply. And both non\\-reversible theorems relating conjunction and implication mentioned in the introduction follow from this equivalence. One is a converse, and (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi) \\\\to \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg\\\\psi) holds simply because \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi is stronger than \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi.",
"Now when using the principle in the next section, the following variant of the latter, with more negations on the left, also holds:\n* \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow (\\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\psi) \nA consequence is that\n* \\\\neg \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow (\\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\land \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\psi)",
"#### Disjunction vs. implication",
"Already minimal logic proves excluded middle equivalent to [consequentia mirabilis](/wiki/Consequentia_mirabilis \"Consequentia mirabilis\"), an instance of [Peirce's law](/wiki/Peirce%27s_law \"Peirce's law\"). \nNow akin to modus ponens, clearly (\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi)\\\\to((\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\psi)\\\\to \\\\psi) already in minimal logic, which is a theorem that does not even involve negations. In classical logic, this implication is in fact an equivalence. With taking \\\\phi to be of the form \\\\psi\\\\to\\\\varphi, excluded middle together with explosion is seen to entail Peirce's law.",
"In intuitionistic logic, one obtains variants of the stated theorem involving \\\\bot, as follows. Firstly, note that two different formulas for \\\\neg (\\\\phi \\\\land \\\\psi) mentioned above can be used to imply (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\vee \\\\neg \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\psi). The latter are forms of the disjunctive syllogism for negated propositions, \\\\neg\\\\psi. A strengthened form still holds in intuitionistic logic:\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi)\nAs in previous sections, the positions of \\\\neg \\\\phi and \\\\phi may be switched, giving a stronger principle than the one mentioned in the introduction. So, for example, intuitionistically \"Either P or Q\" is a stronger propositional formula than \"If not P, then Q\", whereas these are classically interchangeable. The implication cannot generally be reversed, as that immediately implies excluded middle.",
"Non\\-contradiction and explosion together also prove the stronger variant (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi). And this shows how excluded middle for \\\\psi implies double\\-negation elimination for it. For a fixed \\\\psi, this implication cannot generally be reversed. (However, as \\\\neg\\\\neg(\\\\psi\\\\lor\\\\neg \\\\psi) is always constructively valid, it follows that assuming double\\-negation elimination for all such disjunctions implies classical logic also.)",
"Of course the formulas established here may be combined to obtain yet more variations. For example, the disjunctive syllogism as presented generalizes to\n\\\\Big(\\\\big(\\\\exists x \\\\ \\\\neg\\\\phi(x)\\\\big)\\\\lor\\\\varphi\\\\Big)\\\\,\\\\,\\\\to\\\\,\\\\,\\\\Big(\\\\big(\\\\forall x \\\\ \\\\phi(x)\\\\big)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\Big)\nIf some term exists at all, the antecedent here even implies \\\\exists x \\\\big(\\\\phi(x)\\\\to\\\\varphi\\\\big), which in turn itself also implies the conclusion here (this is again the very first formula mentioned in this section).",
"The bulk of the discussion in these sections applies just as well to just minimal logic. But as for the disjunctive syllogism with general \\\\psi, minimal logic can at most prove (\\\\neg\\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\psi) \\\\to (\\\\neg\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi') where \\\\psi' denotes \\\\neg\\\\neg\\\\psi\\\\land(\\\\psi\\\\lor\\\\neg\\\\psi). The conclusion here can only be simplified to \\\\psi using explosion.",
"#### Equivalences",
"The above lists also contain equivalences.\nThe equivalence involving a conjunction and a disjunction stems from (P\\\\lor Q)\\\\to R actually being stronger than P\\\\to R. Both sides of the equivalence can be understood as conjunctions of independent implications. Above, absurdity \\\\bot is used for R. In functional interpretations, it corresponds to [if\\-clause](/wiki/Conditional_%28computer_programming%29 \"Conditional (computer programming)\") constructions.\nSo e.g. \"Not (P or Q)\" is equivalent to \"Not P, and also not Q\".",
"An equivalence itself is generally defined as, and then equivalent to, a conjunction (\\\\land) of implications (\\\\to), as follows:\n* (\\\\phi\\\\leftrightarrow \\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\big((\\\\phi \\\\to \\\\psi)\\\\land(\\\\psi\\\\to\\\\phi)\\\\big)\nWith it, such connectives become in turn definable from it:\n* (\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow ((\\\\phi\\\\lor\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\psi)\n* (\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow ((\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow \\\\phi)\n* (\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow ((\\\\phi\\\\to\\\\psi)\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\phi)\n* (\\\\phi\\\\land\\\\psi) \\\\leftrightarrow (((\\\\phi\\\\lor\\\\psi)\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\psi)\\\\leftrightarrow\\\\phi)",
"In turn, \\\\{\\\\lor, \\\\leftrightarrow, \\\\bot\\\\} and \\\\{\\\\land, \\\\leftrightarrow, \\\\neg\\\\} are complete bases of intuitionistic connectives, for example.",
"#### Functionally complete connectives",
"As shown by [Alexander V. Kuznetsov](/wiki/Alexander_Kuznetsov_%28mathematician%29 \"Alexander Kuznetsov (mathematician)\"), either of the following connectives – the first one ternary, the second one quinary – is by itself [functionally complete](/wiki/Functionally_complete \"Functionally complete\"): either one can serve the role of a sole sufficient operator for intuitionistic propositional logic, thus forming an analog of the [Sheffer stroke](/wiki/Sheffer_stroke \"Sheffer stroke\") from classical propositional logic:{{sfn\\|Chagrov\\|Zakharyaschev\\|1997\\|pages\\=58\\-59}}\n* \\\\big((P\\\\lor Q)\\\\land\\\\neg R\\\\big)\\\\lor\\\\big(\\\\neg P\\\\land(Q\\\\leftrightarrow R)\\\\big)\n* P\\\\to\\\\big(Q\\\\land\\\\neg R\\\\land(S\\\\lor T)\\\\big)",
""
] |
Metalogic
---------
### Admissible rules
In intuitionistic logic or a fixed theory using the logic, the situation can occur that an implication always hold metatheoretically, but not in the language. For example, in the pure propositional calculus, if (\\neg A)\\to(B\\lor C) is provable, [then so is](/wiki/Independence_of_premise "Independence of premise") (\\neg A\\to B)\\lor(\\neg A\\to C). Another example is that (A\\to B)\\to(A\\lor C) being provable always also means that so is \\big((A\\to B)\\to A\\big)\\lor\\big((A\\to B)\\to C\\big). One says the system is closed under these implications as [rules](/wiki/Admissible_rule "Admissible rule") and they may be adopted.
### Relation to other logics
#### Paraconsistent logic
Intuitionistic logic is related by [duality](/wiki/Duality_%28mathematics%29 "Duality (mathematics)") to a [paraconsistent logic](/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic "Paraconsistent logic") known as *Brazilian*, *anti\-intuitionistic* or *dual\-intuitionistic logic*.{{sfn\|Aoyama\|2004}}
The subsystem of intuitionistic logic with the FALSE (resp. NOT\-2\) axiom removed is known as [minimal logic](/wiki/Minimal_logic "Minimal logic") and some differences have been elaborated on above.
#### Intermediate logics
In 1932, [Kurt Gödel](/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del "Kurt Gödel") defined a system of logics intermediate between classical and intuitionistic logic. Indeed, any finite Heyting algebra that is not equivalent to a Boolean algebra defines (semantically) an [intermediate logic](/wiki/Intermediate_logic "Intermediate logic"). On the other hand, validity of formulae in pure intuitionistic logic is not tied to any individual Heyting algebra but relates to any and all Heyting algebras at the same time.
So for example, for a schema not involving negations, consider the classically valid (A\\to B)\\lor(B\\to A). Adopting this over intuitionistic logic gives the intermediate logic called Gödel\-Dummett logic.
#### Relation to classical logic
The system of classical logic is obtained by adding any one of the following axioms:
* \\phi \\lor \\neg \\phi (Law of the excluded middle)
* \\neg \\neg \\phi \\to \\phi (Double negation elimination)
* (\\neg \\phi \\to \\phi) \\to \\phi ([Consequentia mirabilis](/wiki/Consequentia_mirabilis "Consequentia mirabilis"), see also [Peirce's law](/wiki/Peirce%27s_law "Peirce's law"))
Various reformulations, or formulations as schemata in two variables (e.g. Peirce's law), also exist. One notable one is the (reverse) law of contraposition
* (\\neg \\phi \\to \\neg \\chi ) \\to (\\chi \\to \\phi)
Such are detailed on the [intermediate logics](/wiki/Intermediate_logic "Intermediate logic") article.
In general, one may take as the extra axiom any classical tautology that is not valid in the two\-element [Kripke frame](/wiki/Kripke_frame "Kripke frame") \\circ{\\longrightarrow}\\circ (in other words, that is not included in [Smetanich's logic](/wiki/Intermediate_logic "Intermediate logic")).
#### Many\-valued logic
[Kurt Gödel](/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del "Kurt Gödel")'s work involving [many\-valued logic](/wiki/Many-valued_logic "Many-valued logic") showed in 1932 that intuitionistic logic is not a [finite\-valued logic](/wiki/Finite-valued_logic "Finite-valued logic").{{sfn\|Burgess\|2014}} (See the section titled [Heyting algebra semantics](/wiki/%23Heyting_algebra_semantics "#Heyting algebra semantics") above for an [infinite\-valued logic](/wiki/Infinite-valued_logic "Infinite-valued logic") interpretation of intuitionistic logic.)
#### Modal logic
Any formula of the intuitionistic propositional logic (IPC) may be translated into the language of the [normal modal logic](/wiki/Normal_modal_logic "Normal modal logic") [S4](/wiki/Kripke_semantics%23Correspondence_and_completeness "Kripke semantics#Correspondence and completeness") as follows:
\\begin{align}
\\bot^\* \&\= \\bot \\\\
A^\* \&\= \\Box A \&\& \\text{if } A \\text{ is prime (a positive literal)} \\\\
(A \\wedge B)^\*\&\= A^\* \\wedge B^\* \\\\
(A \\vee B)^\* \&\= A^\* \\vee B^\* \\\\
(A \\to B)^\*\&\= \\Box \\left (A^\* \\to B^\* \\right ) \\\\
(\\neg A)^\*\&\= \\Box(\\neg (A^\*)) \&\& \\neg A :\= A \\to \\bot
\\end{align}
and it has been demonstrated that the translated formula is valid in the propositional modal logic S4 if and only if the original formula is valid in IPC.{{sfn\|Lévy\|2011\|pages\=4\-5}} The above set of formulae are called the [Gödel–McKinsey–Tarski translation](/wiki/Modal_companion "Modal companion").
There is also an intuitionistic version of modal logic S4 called Constructive Modal Logic CS4\.{{sfn\|Alechina\|Mendler\|De Paiva\|Ritter\|2003}}
### Lambda calculus
There is an extended [Curry–Howard isomorphism](/wiki/Curry%E2%80%93Howard_isomorphism "Curry–Howard isomorphism") between IPC and [simply\-typed lambda calculus](/wiki/Simply-typed_lambda_calculus "Simply-typed lambda calculus").{{sfn\|Alechina\|Mendler\|De Paiva\|Ritter\|2003}}
|
[
"Metalogic\n---------",
"### Admissible rules",
"In intuitionistic logic or a fixed theory using the logic, the situation can occur that an implication always hold metatheoretically, but not in the language. For example, in the pure propositional calculus, if (\\\\neg A)\\\\to(B\\\\lor C) is provable, [then so is](/wiki/Independence_of_premise \"Independence of premise\") (\\\\neg A\\\\to B)\\\\lor(\\\\neg A\\\\to C). Another example is that (A\\\\to B)\\\\to(A\\\\lor C) being provable always also means that so is \\\\big((A\\\\to B)\\\\to A\\\\big)\\\\lor\\\\big((A\\\\to B)\\\\to C\\\\big). One says the system is closed under these implications as [rules](/wiki/Admissible_rule \"Admissible rule\") and they may be adopted.",
"### Relation to other logics",
"#### Paraconsistent logic",
"Intuitionistic logic is related by [duality](/wiki/Duality_%28mathematics%29 \"Duality (mathematics)\") to a [paraconsistent logic](/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic \"Paraconsistent logic\") known as *Brazilian*, *anti\\-intuitionistic* or *dual\\-intuitionistic logic*.{{sfn\\|Aoyama\\|2004}}",
"The subsystem of intuitionistic logic with the FALSE (resp. NOT\\-2\\) axiom removed is known as [minimal logic](/wiki/Minimal_logic \"Minimal logic\") and some differences have been elaborated on above.",
"#### Intermediate logics",
"In 1932, [Kurt Gödel](/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del \"Kurt Gödel\") defined a system of logics intermediate between classical and intuitionistic logic. Indeed, any finite Heyting algebra that is not equivalent to a Boolean algebra defines (semantically) an [intermediate logic](/wiki/Intermediate_logic \"Intermediate logic\"). On the other hand, validity of formulae in pure intuitionistic logic is not tied to any individual Heyting algebra but relates to any and all Heyting algebras at the same time.",
"So for example, for a schema not involving negations, consider the classically valid (A\\\\to B)\\\\lor(B\\\\to A). Adopting this over intuitionistic logic gives the intermediate logic called Gödel\\-Dummett logic.",
"#### Relation to classical logic",
"The system of classical logic is obtained by adding any one of the following axioms:\n* \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\phi (Law of the excluded middle)\n* \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\phi (Double negation elimination)\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\phi) \\\\to \\\\phi ([Consequentia mirabilis](/wiki/Consequentia_mirabilis \"Consequentia mirabilis\"), see also [Peirce's law](/wiki/Peirce%27s_law \"Peirce's law\"))",
"Various reformulations, or formulations as schemata in two variables (e.g. Peirce's law), also exist. One notable one is the (reverse) law of contraposition\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\chi ) \\\\to (\\\\chi \\\\to \\\\phi)\nSuch are detailed on the [intermediate logics](/wiki/Intermediate_logic \"Intermediate logic\") article.",
"In general, one may take as the extra axiom any classical tautology that is not valid in the two\\-element [Kripke frame](/wiki/Kripke_frame \"Kripke frame\") \\\\circ{\\\\longrightarrow}\\\\circ (in other words, that is not included in [Smetanich's logic](/wiki/Intermediate_logic \"Intermediate logic\")).",
"#### Many\\-valued logic",
"[Kurt Gödel](/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del \"Kurt Gödel\")'s work involving [many\\-valued logic](/wiki/Many-valued_logic \"Many-valued logic\") showed in 1932 that intuitionistic logic is not a [finite\\-valued logic](/wiki/Finite-valued_logic \"Finite-valued logic\").{{sfn\\|Burgess\\|2014}} (See the section titled [Heyting algebra semantics](/wiki/%23Heyting_algebra_semantics \"#Heyting algebra semantics\") above for an [infinite\\-valued logic](/wiki/Infinite-valued_logic \"Infinite-valued logic\") interpretation of intuitionistic logic.)",
"#### Modal logic",
"Any formula of the intuitionistic propositional logic (IPC) may be translated into the language of the [normal modal logic](/wiki/Normal_modal_logic \"Normal modal logic\") [S4](/wiki/Kripke_semantics%23Correspondence_and_completeness \"Kripke semantics#Correspondence and completeness\") as follows:",
"\\\\begin{align}\n\\\\bot^\\* \\&\\= \\\\bot \\\\\\\\\nA^\\* \\&\\= \\\\Box A \\&\\& \\\\text{if } A \\\\text{ is prime (a positive literal)} \\\\\\\\\n(A \\\\wedge B)^\\*\\&\\= A^\\* \\\\wedge B^\\* \\\\\\\\\n(A \\\\vee B)^\\* \\&\\= A^\\* \\\\vee B^\\* \\\\\\\\\n(A \\\\to B)^\\*\\&\\= \\\\Box \\\\left (A^\\* \\\\to B^\\* \\\\right ) \\\\\\\\\n(\\\\neg A)^\\*\\&\\= \\\\Box(\\\\neg (A^\\*)) \\&\\& \\\\neg A :\\= A \\\\to \\\\bot\n\\\\end{align}\nand it has been demonstrated that the translated formula is valid in the propositional modal logic S4 if and only if the original formula is valid in IPC.{{sfn\\|Lévy\\|2011\\|pages\\=4\\-5}} The above set of formulae are called the [Gödel–McKinsey–Tarski translation](/wiki/Modal_companion \"Modal companion\").\nThere is also an intuitionistic version of modal logic S4 called Constructive Modal Logic CS4\\.{{sfn\\|Alechina\\|Mendler\\|De Paiva\\|Ritter\\|2003}}",
"### Lambda calculus",
"There is an extended [Curry–Howard isomorphism](/wiki/Curry%E2%80%93Howard_isomorphism \"Curry–Howard isomorphism\") between IPC and [simply\\-typed lambda calculus](/wiki/Simply-typed_lambda_calculus \"Simply-typed lambda calculus\").{{sfn\\|Alechina\\|Mendler\\|De Paiva\\|Ritter\\|2003}}",
""
] |
### Relation to other logics
#### Paraconsistent logic
Intuitionistic logic is related by [duality](/wiki/Duality_%28mathematics%29 "Duality (mathematics)") to a [paraconsistent logic](/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic "Paraconsistent logic") known as *Brazilian*, *anti\-intuitionistic* or *dual\-intuitionistic logic*.{{sfn\|Aoyama\|2004}}
The subsystem of intuitionistic logic with the FALSE (resp. NOT\-2\) axiom removed is known as [minimal logic](/wiki/Minimal_logic "Minimal logic") and some differences have been elaborated on above.
#### Intermediate logics
In 1932, [Kurt Gödel](/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del "Kurt Gödel") defined a system of logics intermediate between classical and intuitionistic logic. Indeed, any finite Heyting algebra that is not equivalent to a Boolean algebra defines (semantically) an [intermediate logic](/wiki/Intermediate_logic "Intermediate logic"). On the other hand, validity of formulae in pure intuitionistic logic is not tied to any individual Heyting algebra but relates to any and all Heyting algebras at the same time.
So for example, for a schema not involving negations, consider the classically valid (A\\to B)\\lor(B\\to A). Adopting this over intuitionistic logic gives the intermediate logic called Gödel\-Dummett logic.
#### Relation to classical logic
The system of classical logic is obtained by adding any one of the following axioms:
* \\phi \\lor \\neg \\phi (Law of the excluded middle)
* \\neg \\neg \\phi \\to \\phi (Double negation elimination)
* (\\neg \\phi \\to \\phi) \\to \\phi ([Consequentia mirabilis](/wiki/Consequentia_mirabilis "Consequentia mirabilis"), see also [Peirce's law](/wiki/Peirce%27s_law "Peirce's law"))
Various reformulations, or formulations as schemata in two variables (e.g. Peirce's law), also exist. One notable one is the (reverse) law of contraposition
* (\\neg \\phi \\to \\neg \\chi ) \\to (\\chi \\to \\phi)
Such are detailed on the [intermediate logics](/wiki/Intermediate_logic "Intermediate logic") article.
In general, one may take as the extra axiom any classical tautology that is not valid in the two\-element [Kripke frame](/wiki/Kripke_frame "Kripke frame") \\circ{\\longrightarrow}\\circ (in other words, that is not included in [Smetanich's logic](/wiki/Intermediate_logic "Intermediate logic")).
#### Many\-valued logic
[Kurt Gödel](/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del "Kurt Gödel")'s work involving [many\-valued logic](/wiki/Many-valued_logic "Many-valued logic") showed in 1932 that intuitionistic logic is not a [finite\-valued logic](/wiki/Finite-valued_logic "Finite-valued logic").{{sfn\|Burgess\|2014}} (See the section titled [Heyting algebra semantics](/wiki/%23Heyting_algebra_semantics "#Heyting algebra semantics") above for an [infinite\-valued logic](/wiki/Infinite-valued_logic "Infinite-valued logic") interpretation of intuitionistic logic.)
#### Modal logic
Any formula of the intuitionistic propositional logic (IPC) may be translated into the language of the [normal modal logic](/wiki/Normal_modal_logic "Normal modal logic") [S4](/wiki/Kripke_semantics%23Correspondence_and_completeness "Kripke semantics#Correspondence and completeness") as follows:
\\begin{align}
\\bot^\* \&\= \\bot \\\\
A^\* \&\= \\Box A \&\& \\text{if } A \\text{ is prime (a positive literal)} \\\\
(A \\wedge B)^\*\&\= A^\* \\wedge B^\* \\\\
(A \\vee B)^\* \&\= A^\* \\vee B^\* \\\\
(A \\to B)^\*\&\= \\Box \\left (A^\* \\to B^\* \\right ) \\\\
(\\neg A)^\*\&\= \\Box(\\neg (A^\*)) \&\& \\neg A :\= A \\to \\bot
\\end{align}
and it has been demonstrated that the translated formula is valid in the propositional modal logic S4 if and only if the original formula is valid in IPC.{{sfn\|Lévy\|2011\|pages\=4\-5}} The above set of formulae are called the [Gödel–McKinsey–Tarski translation](/wiki/Modal_companion "Modal companion").
There is also an intuitionistic version of modal logic S4 called Constructive Modal Logic CS4\.{{sfn\|Alechina\|Mendler\|De Paiva\|Ritter\|2003}}
|
[
"### Relation to other logics",
"#### Paraconsistent logic",
"Intuitionistic logic is related by [duality](/wiki/Duality_%28mathematics%29 \"Duality (mathematics)\") to a [paraconsistent logic](/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic \"Paraconsistent logic\") known as *Brazilian*, *anti\\-intuitionistic* or *dual\\-intuitionistic logic*.{{sfn\\|Aoyama\\|2004}}",
"The subsystem of intuitionistic logic with the FALSE (resp. NOT\\-2\\) axiom removed is known as [minimal logic](/wiki/Minimal_logic \"Minimal logic\") and some differences have been elaborated on above.",
"#### Intermediate logics",
"In 1932, [Kurt Gödel](/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del \"Kurt Gödel\") defined a system of logics intermediate between classical and intuitionistic logic. Indeed, any finite Heyting algebra that is not equivalent to a Boolean algebra defines (semantically) an [intermediate logic](/wiki/Intermediate_logic \"Intermediate logic\"). On the other hand, validity of formulae in pure intuitionistic logic is not tied to any individual Heyting algebra but relates to any and all Heyting algebras at the same time.",
"So for example, for a schema not involving negations, consider the classically valid (A\\\\to B)\\\\lor(B\\\\to A). Adopting this over intuitionistic logic gives the intermediate logic called Gödel\\-Dummett logic.",
"#### Relation to classical logic",
"The system of classical logic is obtained by adding any one of the following axioms:\n* \\\\phi \\\\lor \\\\neg \\\\phi (Law of the excluded middle)\n* \\\\neg \\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\phi (Double negation elimination)\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\phi) \\\\to \\\\phi ([Consequentia mirabilis](/wiki/Consequentia_mirabilis \"Consequentia mirabilis\"), see also [Peirce's law](/wiki/Peirce%27s_law \"Peirce's law\"))",
"Various reformulations, or formulations as schemata in two variables (e.g. Peirce's law), also exist. One notable one is the (reverse) law of contraposition\n* (\\\\neg \\\\phi \\\\to \\\\neg \\\\chi ) \\\\to (\\\\chi \\\\to \\\\phi)\nSuch are detailed on the [intermediate logics](/wiki/Intermediate_logic \"Intermediate logic\") article.",
"In general, one may take as the extra axiom any classical tautology that is not valid in the two\\-element [Kripke frame](/wiki/Kripke_frame \"Kripke frame\") \\\\circ{\\\\longrightarrow}\\\\circ (in other words, that is not included in [Smetanich's logic](/wiki/Intermediate_logic \"Intermediate logic\")).",
"#### Many\\-valued logic",
"[Kurt Gödel](/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del \"Kurt Gödel\")'s work involving [many\\-valued logic](/wiki/Many-valued_logic \"Many-valued logic\") showed in 1932 that intuitionistic logic is not a [finite\\-valued logic](/wiki/Finite-valued_logic \"Finite-valued logic\").{{sfn\\|Burgess\\|2014}} (See the section titled [Heyting algebra semantics](/wiki/%23Heyting_algebra_semantics \"#Heyting algebra semantics\") above for an [infinite\\-valued logic](/wiki/Infinite-valued_logic \"Infinite-valued logic\") interpretation of intuitionistic logic.)",
"#### Modal logic",
"Any formula of the intuitionistic propositional logic (IPC) may be translated into the language of the [normal modal logic](/wiki/Normal_modal_logic \"Normal modal logic\") [S4](/wiki/Kripke_semantics%23Correspondence_and_completeness \"Kripke semantics#Correspondence and completeness\") as follows:",
"\\\\begin{align}\n\\\\bot^\\* \\&\\= \\\\bot \\\\\\\\\nA^\\* \\&\\= \\\\Box A \\&\\& \\\\text{if } A \\\\text{ is prime (a positive literal)} \\\\\\\\\n(A \\\\wedge B)^\\*\\&\\= A^\\* \\\\wedge B^\\* \\\\\\\\\n(A \\\\vee B)^\\* \\&\\= A^\\* \\\\vee B^\\* \\\\\\\\\n(A \\\\to B)^\\*\\&\\= \\\\Box \\\\left (A^\\* \\\\to B^\\* \\\\right ) \\\\\\\\\n(\\\\neg A)^\\*\\&\\= \\\\Box(\\\\neg (A^\\*)) \\&\\& \\\\neg A :\\= A \\\\to \\\\bot\n\\\\end{align}\nand it has been demonstrated that the translated formula is valid in the propositional modal logic S4 if and only if the original formula is valid in IPC.{{sfn\\|Lévy\\|2011\\|pages\\=4\\-5}} The above set of formulae are called the [Gödel–McKinsey–Tarski translation](/wiki/Modal_companion \"Modal companion\").\nThere is also an intuitionistic version of modal logic S4 called Constructive Modal Logic CS4\\.{{sfn\\|Alechina\\|Mendler\\|De Paiva\\|Ritter\\|2003}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### From the Late Middle Ages to the end of the Modern Era
#### The *Gasthuismolen*, the first windmill vuilt on the site of 111\-112 Phoenixstraat
The earliest known reference to a [windmill](/wiki/Windmill "Windmill") on the site of 111\-112 Phoenixstraat is from 1352\.{{Harvsp\|Rédaction du Delftsche Courant\|1979}}{{Cite journal \|last\=van den Hoven \|first\=Jantine \|date\=2016 \|title\=Toen in Delft : Molen de Roos \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/toen\-in/toen\-delft\-molen\-roos\~16144/ \|journal\=Indebuurt \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Ftoen\-in%2Ftoen\-delft\-molen\-roos\~16144%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 9, 2023}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Janssen \|first\=Johanes \|date\=2013 \|title\=Van stadswal naar tunneldak, de geschiedenis van molen De Roos \|url\=https://adoc.pub/mededelingenblad\-jaargang\-22\-no4\-december\-2013\.html \|journal\=Mededelingenblad \|language\=nl \|volume\=22 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=1961–1962 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fadoc.pub%2Fqueue%2Fmededelingenblad\-jaargang\-22\-no4\-december\-2013\.html\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 9, 2023}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Visser \|first\=P.C \|date\=1969 \|title\=Delft : Bladzijden uit zign geschiedenis \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=kaAdAQAAMAAJ\&q\=de\+roos\+molen\+1679\+DELFT \|journal\=Elmer \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaAdAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dde%2Broos%2Bmolen%2B1679%2BDELFT\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024}}{{Harvsp\|Bosma\|van der Burg\|Pfeiffer\|1980}} This mill was subsequently known as *Gasthuismolen* (or *Bordeelmolen*).
The existence of this [late medieval](/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages "Late Middle Ages") mill is substantiated by a fiscal [act](/wiki/Legal_transaction "Legal transaction") promulgated by the then [Count of Holland](/wiki/Count_of_Holland "Count of Holland"), [William V (Willem van Beieren)](/wiki/William_I%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria "William I, Duke of Bavaria"), which details the transfer of the windmill to the inhabitants of Delft.{{Cite web \|date\=May 15, 2023 \|title\=Gasthuijsmolen, Delft \|url\=https://www.molendatabase.nl/molens/ten\-bruggencate\-nr\-16787 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molendatabase.org%2Fmolendb.php%3Fstep%3Ddetails%26nummer%3D16787\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 9, 2024 \|website\=Molendatabase}} In this administrative document, the *Gathuismolen* is referenced under the [Middle Dutch term](/wiki/Middle_Dutch "Middle Dutch") "*Gasthuse molen*."
The existence of the Gasthuismolen is also corroborated by a map dated 1561 and created by [Jacob van Deventer](/wiki/Jacob_van_Deventer_%28cartographer%29 "Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)"). It is then mentioned in 1582 in the context of a grain mill, although it was used in the early 17th century to grind malt for brewing beer. It is also referenced in July 1595 during the creation of a Delft square bearing its name and in 1601 in a document written by its miller, Gerrit Stevensz, which describes the destruction of a portion of the city wall near the mill.
A tempest destroyed the building in 1675\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Brouwer \|first\=Willem \|date\=1988 \|title\=Rechtzetten molen De Roos wordt opmerkelijk karwei \|journal\=Delftse Courant \|language\=nl}}
#### Former site of De Roos and transfer and reconstruction at 111\-112 Phoenixstraat
[left\|thumb\|The De Roos mill rising above the southern wall of the Delft city wall, drawing by [Gerbrand van den Eeckhout](/wiki/Gerbrand_van_den_Eeckhout "Gerbrand van den Eeckhout"), second half of the 1640s.](/wiki/File:Gerbrand_van_den_Eeckhout_-_The_City_Walls_of_Delft_with_the_Mill_Called_The_Rose_-_WGA07473.jpg "Gerbrand van den Eeckhout - The City Walls of Delft with the Mill Called The Rose - WGA07473.jpg")
[thumb\|Extract from a map of Delft drawn by [Johannes Verkolje](/wiki/Jan_Verkolje "Jan Verkolje") in 1678, showing, on the right, the first site of the De Roos mill in the vicinity of a fortified tower (*Oosterijk toren*).](/wiki/File:Kaart_figuratief_Delft_1678_Roos_molen_Oosterijke_toren.png "Kaart figuratief Delft 1678 Roos molen Oosterijke toren.png")
De Roos was initially constructed on the remains of a [bastioned fortification](/wiki/Bastion_fort "Bastion fort") (this section of the urban wall was destroyed during the 17th century{{Cite journal \|last\=van Horssen \|first\=Jorrit \|date\=2009 \|title\=Delft \- Gasthuislaan \|url\=https://www.erfgoedhuis\-zh.nl/media/yfujaw5k/archeologische\-kroniek\-2018\.pdf \|journal\=Archeologische Kroniek Zuid\-Holland \|language\=nl \|volume\=50 « De belangrijkste opgravingen en vondsten uit 2018 » \|pages\=6–7 \|access\-date\=June 12, 2023}}), situated on the current Zuiderstraat{{Cite book \|url\=https://www.openmonumentendagdelft.nl/files/programma/OMD%202022%20boekje%20\-%20site.pdf \|title\=Duurzaam duurt het langst \|date\=2022 \|series\=Open Monumenten Delft dag \|language\=en, nl \|chapter\=Molen De Roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openmonumentendagdelft.nl%2Ffiles%2Fprogramma%2FOMD%25202022%2520boekje%2520\-%2520site.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024}}{{Cite journal \|date\=2019 \|title\=Molenexcursie Stichting Vrienden van de Gelderse Molen naar Zuid\-Holland op zaterdag 25 mei 2019 \|url\=https://www.geldersemolen.nl/Bestanden/Bonkelaar%2055a%20\-%202019\.pdf \|journal\=De Bonkelaar \|language\=nl \|issue\=55a \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geldersemolen.nl%2FBestanden%2FBonkelaar%252055a%2520\-%25202019\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 12, 2023}} — a thoroughfare in the southern part of the historic center of Delft.{{Cite web \|last\=Commission culturelle du conseil communal de la ville de Delft \|date\=2003 \|title\=Wensbeeld branchering binnenstad Delft \|url\=https://media.delft.nl/raad/commissies/cultuur\_kennis/2003/Bijlage\-nota/c\_2003\_022\_bn.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fraad%2Fcommissies%2Fcultuur\_kennis%2F2003%2FBijlage\-nota%2Fc\_2003\_022\_bn.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 2, 2023 \|website\=Ville de Delft \|language\=nl}} Subsequently, the edifice was situated near a fortified tower, designated as *Oosterijke toren*.{{Cite web \|last\=Service du patrimoine culturel de Delft \|title\=De enige echte kaart figuratief \|url\=https://www.stadsarchiefdelft.nl/delft365/de\-enige\-echte\-kaart\-figuratief/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadsarchiefdelft.nl%2Fdelft365%2Fde\-enige\-echte\-kaart\-figuratief%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 2, 2023 \|website\=Archives de la ville de Delft \|language\=nl}} The location of the initial construction site is indicated on a map dated 1678 and [engraved](/wiki/Engraving "Engraving") by the Dutch painter [Johannes Verkolje](/wiki/Jan_Verkolje "Jan Verkolje") and published by the writer Dirck van Bleyswijck. Near the aforementioned mill was the Rotterdamse Poort, a [fortified gateway](/wiki/Fortified_gateway "Fortified gateway") that opened onto the southern city wall.{{Cite journal \|last\=van Horssen \|first\=Jorrit \|date\=2013 \|title\=De Kapelsbrug in Delft : Het archeologisch onderzoek naar een laatmiddeleeuwse brug over de Oude Delft \|url\=https://archeologie\-delft.nl/images/egd\-dar\-dan/dar/dar118\.pdf \|journal\=Delftse Archeologische Rapporten \|language\=nl \|publisher\=Service archéologique de la ville de Delft \|issue\=118 \|access\-date\=July 5, 2023}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Bakx \|first1\=Jean Paul \|last2\=van Horssen \|first2\=Jorrit \|date\=2013 \|title\=Delft – Zuidwal \|url\=https://www.delfia\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\_Batavorum\_2012\.pdf \|journal\=Delfia Batavorum \|language\=nl \|volume\=2012 \|pages\=69–71 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\_Batavorum\_2012\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 5, 2023}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|The first site of the mill's establishment is at the following geographical coordinates: {{Coord\|52\|00\|24\|N\|4\|21\|47\|E\|display\=inline}}{{Cite web \|title\=Het Roosje, Delft \|url\=https://www.molendatabase.nl/molens/ten\-bruggencate\-nr\-07277 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molendatabase.org%2Fmolendb.php%3Fstep%3Ddetails%26nummer%3D2908%23\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 7, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 4, 2023 \|website\=molendatabase.nl \|language\=nl}}}} It seems reasonable to posit that De Roos exhibited a similar architectural style to that of the Gasthuismolen, namely that it was initially a post mill. This element is attested by a document dated 1629 in which an accident between its string and pivot is mentioned.{{refn\|group\=Note\|The document highlights the fatal fall of Pieter Hubrechtsen's wife, the miller of De Roos at the time.}} Despite the paucity of evidence, it can be surmised that De Roos existed on the bastioned [rondel](/wiki/Roundel_%28fortification%29 "Roundel (fortification)") of the *Oosterijke toren* by the second half of the 16th century.{{Harvsp\|Spaander\|Leeuw\|1984\|\|}}{{Harvsp\|Hermans\|1996\|p\=3}}{{Cite journal \|last\=van der Wees \|first\=Trudy \|date\=2004 \|title\=De wind in de wieken, deel 2 : Molen De Roos, Delft \|journal\=Haagsche Courant \|language\=nl}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|In the 16th century, Delft had 12 windmills, including 9 \[\[Tower mill\|tower mills]] and 3 \[\[Post mill\|post mills]]. One of these mills was destroyed during the Delft City fire on May 3, 1536\.}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|According to miller Bart Dooren, due to the lack of documentation and archives related to De Roos before 1679, the date of its transfer and reconstruction, "the exact history of the mill remains a mystery."}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|On a Delft map dated from the \[\[late Middle Ages]], De Roos could be marked at this location; however, no evidence has corroborated this hypothesis.}}
[left\|thumb\|272x272px\|Map of the town of Delft with its mills, 1703\.](/wiki/File:Mills_in_Delft_collecties_TU_Delft_1703_kaart_De_Roos_molen.png "Mills in Delft collecties TU Delft 1703 kaart De Roos molen.png")
In June 1679, at the behest of Cornelis van Nierop, then proprietor of the land, the De Roos mill was relocated to the site of the *Gasthuismolen*. The current location at 111\-112 Phoenixstraat was selected due to its superior wind exposure. Subsequently, the transfer and reconstruction of the building were undertaken by civil engineer and miller Floris (or Fons) van Mierop.{{Cite journal \|last\=Dalmeijer \|first\=Maxime \|date\=2011 \|title\=Middeleeuwse toren aan de rol \|url\=https://issuu.com/ms120/docs/dh\_maart\_v7 \|journal\=Delft Highlights \|language\=nl \|issue\=3 \|pages\=4 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fms120%2Fdocs%2Fdh\_maart\_v7\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 16, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 15, 2023}} The windmill was constructed on the foundations of a rondel, which was located in the western section of the wall that encircled the city of Delft.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Jongma \|first1\=Steven \|last2\=Penning \|first2\=Bas \|date\=2012 \|title\=Delft \- Spoorzone \|url\=https://www.delfia\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\_Batavorum\_2012\.pdf \|journal\=Delfia Batavorum \|language\=fr \|issue\=22 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\_Batavorum\_2012\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 10, 2023}} The semi\-circular fortification, whose remains were identified during [preventive archaeological](/wiki/Rescue_archaeology "Rescue archaeology") operations in the 2000s and 2010s, was constructed using bricks and stones from the 13th century that had been [reused](/wiki/Spolia "Spolia"). Additionally, the archaeological investigation revealed the presence of a canal, which constituted a defensive ditch following the current Dirklangenstraat and a loop urban road with two successive intersections with Phoenixstraat. This canal was dated to the first quarter of the 14th century and measured approximately 3 meters in width. It is plausible that the De Roos was still functioning as a "post mill" during its reconstruction on the Phoenixstraat site, as any new stone mill construction would have required a special permit from the Delft authorities.
#### Second and third phases of mill construction in the late 18th and 18th centuries
Van Mierop passed away in December 1679, before the conclusion of the reconstruction initiative.
[thumb\|284x284px\|Rear view of the mill in an engraving by Hendrik Spilman (18th century).](/wiki/File:View_of_Windmill_in_Delft_by_Hendricus_Hendrik_Spilman.png "View of Windmill in Delft by Hendricus Hendrik Spilman.png")
The reconstruction work, which commenced in the late 1670s, continued apace. In November 1681, a masonry cap was placed under the hexagonal structure of the mill’s skirt. Furthermore, due to the [sails](/wiki/Windmill_sail "Windmill sail") rotating at an insufficient height—which required a minimum elevation of at least eight feet (approximately two meters) above the ground—the municipal council determined that modifications to the mill were necessary to align with architectural standards. The structure was subsequently incorporated into a five\-meter\-high masonry, and a timber framework was incorporated to regulate the wheel's operation.{{Harvsp\|van Gerven\|2009}}
[left\|thumb\|298x298px\|*Aan de Wal te Delft*, engraving by [Hendrik Spilman](/wiki/Hendrik_Spilman "Hendrik Spilman"), 18th century (between 1742 and 1784\). This work depicts the De Roos mill and the Delft city.{{Cite web \|date\=August 20, 2022 \|title\=Onzichtbare lijnbanen \|url\=https://www.stadsarchiefdelft.nl/delft365/onzichtbare\-lijnbanen/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadsarchiefdelft.nl%2Fdelft365%2Fonzichtbare\-lijnbanen%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 11, 2023 \|website\=Archives communales de la ville de Delft \|language\=fr}}](/wiki/File:Aan_de_Wal_te_Delft_Hendrik_Hendricus_Spilman_%281742-1784%29_Rikjjsmuseum_Amsterdam.png "Aan de Wal te Delft Hendrik Hendricus Spilman (1742-1784) Rikjjsmuseum Amsterdam.png")
In 1728, a semi\-circular dwelling constructed from [volcanic tuff](/wiki/Volcanic_tuff "Volcanic tuff") was erected close to the mill.{{Cite journal \|date\=February 2019 \|title\=Dubbel Delft \|url\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/vaste\-rubrieken/89768/dubbel\-delft \|journal\=Delft Op Zondag \|language\=nl \|publisher\=Rodi media zh \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fvaste\-rubrieken%2F89768%2Fdubbel\-delft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 6, 2023}}{{Cite book \|last\=Visser \|first\=P. C \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=kaAdAQAAMAAJ\&q\=Rooske \|title\=Delft : bladzijden uit zijn geschiedenis \|date\=1969 \|publisher\=Elmar \|language\=nl \|chapter\=Oostwest weg vroeger een verdedigingswal \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fnewbks%3D1%26newbks\_redir%3D0%26hl%3Dfr%26id%3DkaAdAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dde%2Broos%2Bmolen%2Bdelft%2Boostenrijkse%2Btoren%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3DRooske\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024}} Intended to serve as a residence for the miller, this structure was complemented by the addition of a warehouse, also crafted from volcanic tuff blocks, which constituted the final element of the windmill complex.
In the 1760s, the De Roos entered its third construction phase and assumed its definitive architectural form. In approximately 1760, the De Roos, which had previously been a [post mill](/wiki/Post_mill "Post mill"), transformed into a tower mill. Following extensive drainage operations, the foundations were entirely re\-masoned. The mill’s skirt was reconstructed, and the building was raised by six meters.{{Cite web \|last\=Overgaag \|first\=Marjan \|date\=September 4, 2014 \|title\=Molen de Roos \|url\=https://issuu.com/marjanovergaag/docs/monumentendag\_in\_delft \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fmarjanovergaag%2Fdocs%2Fmonumentendag\_in\_delft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|website\=Open Monumentendag in Delft \|language\=nl}} In January 1766, Jan de Bruyn obtained permission to install a hexagonal wooden gallery around the stone skirt of the windmill.{{Cite web \|last\=Fleuren \|first\=Gitta \|date\=May 13, 2023 \|title\=Molen de Roos draait weer \|url\=https://www.omroepdelft.nl/omroepdelft/nieuws/molen\-de\-roos\-draait\-weer \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepdelft.nl%2Fomroepdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fmolen\-de\-roos\-draait\-weer\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 11, 2023 \|website\=Omroep Delft \|language\=nl}}
### Contemporary period
#### From the early 19th century to the purchase of De Roos in 1926
[left\|thumb\|275x275px\|The mill in 1885 and the [La Hague](/wiki/La_Hague "La Hague")\-[Delft](/wiki/Delft "Delft") tramway line, which was not electrified at the time.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_Roos_1885%2C_ligne_1_tramway_site_DelftKijk.png "Molen de Roos 1885, ligne 1 tramway site DelftKijk.png")
[thumb\|300x300px\|De Roos and the Wateringsevest Canal, 1915\.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_Roos_1915_met_Kanaal_Oude_Delft_site_DelftKijk.png "Molen de Roos 1915 met Kanaal Oude Delft site DelftKijk.png")
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the circular base was replaced with a hexagonal masonry structure.{{Cite web \|date\=February 12, 2005 \|title\=Molen de Roos \|url\=https://docplayer.nl/9414751\-Monumententour\-delft.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F9414751\-Monumententour\-delft.html\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\= \|website\=Monumententour Delft \|pages\=6–7 \|language\=nl}} This transformation is documented in an engraving by topographer Balthasar Jooss dated 1822\.
In 1829, Pieter van Rijn, previously employed at the *Niew Leven* grain mill in [Hazerswoude](/wiki/Hazerswoude "Hazerswoude"), became the proprietor of De Roos.{{Cite journal \|last\=de Baar \|first\=P.J.M \|date\=1994 \|title\=Molenaar Willem van Rhijn van "De Valk" \|url\=http://vanrhijnfamily.org/Willem%20van%20Rhijn%201877\-1964\.htm \|journal\=Leidse Post \|language\=nl \|volume\=2 \|issue\=1 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=http%3A%2F%2Fvanrhijnfamily.org%2FWillem%2520van%2520Rhijn%25201877\-1964\.htm\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 13, 2023}} From May 1847, a section of the {{Interlanguage link\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\|lt\=inaugural Dutch railway line\|fr\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}}, constructed in 1829, ran adjacent to the Delft mill.{{Harvsp\|Bakker\|2012}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Mols \|first\=B.H.J \|date\=2015 \|title\=Molens actueel : Samen werken aan een goede 'Molentoekomst' \- In 't kort \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Wereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=18 \|issue\=191 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2023 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023}} In 1874, Pieter van Rijn's son, Klaas van Rijhn, assumed the role of miller from his father.
In the early 20th century, during the 1920s, the electrification of {{Interlanguage link\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\|lt\=tramway line 1\|fr\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}} connecting [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague") to Delft resulted in the railway track being relocated from Oude Delft to Phoenixstraat.{{Cite web \|date\=May 10, 2020 \|title\=Wist je dit? Vroeger reed de tram dwars over de Oude Delft \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/toen\-in/toen\-tram\-nog\-oude\-delft\-reed\-2\~9534/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Ftoen\-in%2Ftoen\-tram\-nog\-oude\-delft\-reed\-2\~9534%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 15, 2023 \|website\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}} As the mill was situated on the new route, van Rijhn assumed the responsibility of ensuring the preservation of the windmill from probable destruction.{{Cite web \|last\=Olsthoorn \|first\=Iris \|date\=December 11, 2018 \|title\=Aart weet álles van molens: 'Het is een wonder dat Molen de Roos nog staat' \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/delftenaren/delftenaar\-van\-de\-week/aart\-weet\-lles\-van\-molens\-het\-is\-een\-wonder\-dat\-molen\-de\-roos\-nog\-staat\~68579/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fdelftenaren%2Fdelftenaar\-van\-de\-week%2Faart\-weet\-lles\-van\-molens\-het\-is\-een\-wonder\-dat\-molen\-de\-roos\-nog\-staat\~68579%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 5, 2023 \|website\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}} In 1922, a 25\-[horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower") [gas engine](/wiki/Gas_engine "Gas engine") was integrated into the mill’s mechanical system.{{Harvsp\|Groetend\|1965}}
Following the demise of Klaas van Rhijn on December 14, 1925, the *Hollandsche Molen*, an organization established in 1923 for the conservation of Dutch mills,{{Cite web \|date\=February 17, 2022 \|title\=Ruim 1,1 miljoen euro van VriendenLoterij voor molens in Nederland \|url\=https://erfgoedstem.nl/ruim\-11\-miljoen\-euro\-van\-vriendenloterij\-voor\-molens\-in\-nederland/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Ferfgoedstem.nl%2Fruim\-11\-miljoen\-euro\-van\-vriendenloterij\-voor\-molens\-in\-nederland%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2023 \|website\=De Erfgoesten \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|date\=May 15, 2020 \|title\=In de Spotlights : De Hollandsche Molen \|url\=https://cbf.nl/nieuws/in\-de\-spotlights\-de\-hollandsche\-molen \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbf.nl%2Fnieuws%2F4254%2Fin\-de\-spotlights\-de\-hollandsche\-molen\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2023 \|website\=Centraal Bureau Fondsenwerving}}{{Cite web \|title\=De Hollandsche Molen \|url\=https://www.allemolens.nl/over\-allemolens/vereniging\-hollandsche\-molen/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allemolens.nl%2Fover\-allemolens%2Fvereniging\-hollandsche\-molen%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2023 \|website\=Alle molens \|language\=nl}} purchased De Roos in 1926\.{{Cite web \|date\=September 4, 2023 \|title\=Opening molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.demolenaar.nl/agenda/opening\-molen\-de\-roos/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demolenaar.nl%2Fagenda%2Fopening\-molen\-de\-roos%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2023 \|website\=De Moleenar \|language\=nl}} This acquisition by a nonprofit entity once again averted the destruction of the mill.
#### Initial restoration work
In 1928, the gas engine that powered the mill's mechanism was replaced by an electric motor. The *Hollandsche Molen* leased the windmill and its residential outbuilding to the De Vreede family that same year.{{Cite journal \|last\=Struijk \|first\=Aart \|date\=2012 \|title\=Molen De Papegaaij en het papegaaischieten \|url\=https://www.delfia\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\_Batavorum\_2011\.pdf \|journal\=Delfia Batavorum \|language\=nl \|pages\=2\-97\-99\-104 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\_Batavorum\_2011\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 13, 2023}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|The first member of this family of millers working at the mill allegedly declared, "If I let De Roos go like De Groen and De Papegaaimolen, then I will grind it into a vestige!"}} They remained tenants of De Roos until 2009, with Koos de Vreede being the last family member to operate the mill.{{Cite web \|date\=November 15, 2009 \|title\=Dierenvriend Martin Gaus is vol lof over Molen de Roos \|url\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/72997/dierenvriend\-martin\-gaus\-is\-vol\-lof\-over\-molen\-de\-roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F72997%2Fdierenvriend\-martin\-gaus\-is\-vol\-lof\-over\-molen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2023 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2023 \|website\=Delft op Zontag \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Poolman \|first1\=Frits \|last2\=Jellema \|first2\=D \|last3\=Ruijter \|first3\=Johan \|date\=May 15, 2009 \|title\=Wijziging Parkeer (belasting) verordening plus bilagen \|url\=https://delft.notubiz.nl/document/8730820/1/Nota \|journal\=Conseil Communal de Delft \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\.php/attachment.pdf?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdelft.notubiz.nl%2Fdocument%2F8730820%2F1%2FNota \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2023}}
In 1929, the construction of railway line 1 led to ground subsidence, which was further exacerbated by the drainage of groundwater by the {{Interlanguage link\|Royal Dutch Society for the Manufacture of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products\|lt\=Royal Dutch Society for the Manufacture of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products\|nl\|Koninklijke Nederlandsche Gist\- en Spiritusfabriek}}. This resulted in a tilt to the north side of the mill and damage to the rotation mechanism of the wings. As a consequence of these events, the Hollandsche Molen initiated a restoration program for De Roos. Van Tienhoven and Visser, two members of the *Hollandsche Molen*'s management team, collaborated with the master builders from Drop Fa. The Botenbal father\-and\-son team was responsible for the restoration work on the mill. The stone granary was entirely rebuilt. An iron beam was placed under the grinding floor, on which a milling vat equipped with two pairs of millstones was installed. A new support beam was added under the vertical shaft. The large lower wheel was lowered to the maximum. While the two metal sections of the vertical shaft were extended, a new stone hopper was installed for grain flow. Additionally, a bedstone paired with a runner stone, each weighing approximately five tons, and a sack hoist were incorporated into the milling system.
[left\|thumb\|282x282px\|The mill and its dwelling alongside {{Interlanguage link\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\|lt\=railway line 1 through Delft\|fr\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}}, linking [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"), in 1948\.](/wiki/File:Moulin_De_Roos_et_logis_du_meunier_%C3%A0_Delft_long%C3%A9s_par_la_voie_ferroviaire_en_1948.png "Moulin De Roos et logis du meunier à Delft longés par la voie ferroviaire en 1948.png")
In 1930, the foundations of the mill were rebuilt. The building was raised by 51 cm using a [hydraulic press](/wiki/Hydraulic_press "Hydraulic press"), and an inclined masonry cap was poured under its skirt. The repair costs amounted to 10,000 guilders. In the following years, the mill’s foundation footprint was reinforced with five 20\-meter\-long concrete piles.
In 1936, the year the De Papegay (or De Papegaey) mill was dismantled,{{Cite journal \|last\=Agterberg \|first\=Martien \|date\=2010 \|title\=Verdwenen molens tussen Delft en Den Hoorn \|journal\=Molenwereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=23 \|issue\=1}} De Roos became the last remaining mill in Delft, out of the 18 that had been built in the city.{{Cite web \|last\=Mulder \|first\=Patrick \|date\=August 30, 2013 \|title\=Boek over geschiedenis van molen De Roos \|url\=https://verkeersbureaus.info/nieuws/2013/08/30/29086\-boek\-geschiedenis\-molen\-roos/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fverkeersbureaus.info%2Fnieuws%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2F29086\-boek\-geschiedenis\-molen\-roos%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 9, 2023 \|website\=Verkeers Bureaus Info \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|title\=HVR\-lezing "De molens langs de Vliet" door Aart Struijk \|url\=https://www.historischeverenigingrijswijk.nl/agenda.php?urlkey\=hvr\-lezing\-de\-molens\-langs\-de\-vliet\-door\-aart\-struijk\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historischeverenigingrijswijk.nl%2Fagenda.php%3Furlkey%3Dhvr\-lezing\-de\-molens\-langs\-de\-vliet\-door\-aart\-struijk\-26\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 9, 2023 \|website\=Historische Vereniging Rijswijk \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|date\=2013 \|title\=Molen de Roos weer terug naar eigenaar \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-174\-oktober\-2013\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Wereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=16 \|issue\=174 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-174\-oktober\-2013\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|De Roos is also the only remaining mill among the fifteen windmill buildings established on the old Delft ramparts.{{Cite journal \|last\=Nouens \|first\=Henk \|date\=September 14, 1985 \|title\=Molen : Molen De Roos toen nog met wieken, in de ochtendmist. \|journal\=Delfste Courant \|language\=nl}}}}
In the context of the global food shortages that resulted from the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), De Roos operated at full capacity during the 1940s to meet the demand for flour. The miller was assisted by a considerable workforce during this period. In 1942, despite the financial constraints of World War II affecting the Hollandsche Molen, the association provided funding for the restoration of De Roos’s residential house, amounting to 7,000 guilders. Following the conclusion of hostilities, the mill resumed its full operational capacity. However, in the 1950s, despite its pivotal role during the preceding era the windmill began to deteriorate due to a lack of adequate maintenance. Repairs were initiated in 1959\.
#### Consequences of the construction of the railway viaduct and listing as Dutch National Monuments
[thumb\|312x312px\|A bird's\-eye view of the De Roos mill on Phoenixstraat, stripped of its green wings and flanked by the {{Interlanguage link\|Delft railway viaduct\|lt\=Delft railway viaduct\|fr\|Viaduc ferroviaire de Delft}} winding over the Wateringsevest, July 1965\.](/wiki/File:HUA-169114-Overzicht_van_de_spoorlijn_door_Delft%2C_vanaf_het_Bacinol-gebouw_van_de_Gist-_en_Spiritusfabriek_aan_de_Wateringsevest%2C_met_het_oude%2C_lage_spoortrac%C3%A9_waarvan_nog_%C3%A9%C3%A9n_spoor_resteert_en_rechts_daarvan_he.jpg "HUA-169114-Overzicht van de spoorlijn door Delft, vanaf het Bacinol-gebouw van de Gist- en Spiritusfabriek aan de Wateringsevest, met het oude, lage spoortracé waarvan nog één spoor resteert en rechts daarvan he.jpg")
In 1961, the windmill's wheel was dismantled due to the malfunctioning of its mechanism. The structure was subsequently repaired and resumed operation in 1964\. Concurrently, in early 1961,{{Cite journal \|date\=August 27, 2020 \|title\=Van A naar B \|url\=https://issuu.com/goodfield/docs/\_delft\_verzamelalbum\_issuu \|journal\=Historisch Delft Verzamelalbum \|language\=nl \|publisher\=\[\[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]] \|pages\=43 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fgoodfield%2Fdocs%2F\_delft\_verzamelalbum\_issuu\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024}} an 800\-meter\-long railway viaduct was erected to supplant the tramway line segment traversing the western portion of Delft's town center. The viaduct commenced operations in 1965, situated parallel to Phoenixstraat and adjacent to De Roos.{{Cite web \|title\=Spoortunnel Delft \|url\=https://hovm.nl/zes\-jaar\-spoortunnel\-delft/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fhovm.nl%2Fzes\-jaar\-spoortunnel\-delft%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2023 \|website\=Haags Openbaar Vervoer Museum \|date\=18 February 2021 \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last\=van Dijk \|first\=Thomas \|date\=2010 \|title\=Werk aan het spoor \|url\=https://adoc.pub/delft\-integraal\-bio\-als\-basis\-op\-weg\-naar\-duurzame\-chemie\-bi.html \|journal\=Delft Integraal Bio Als Basis Op Weg Naar Duurzame Chemie \|language\=nl \|publisher\=\[\[Delft University of Technology]] \|issue\=2 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fadoc.pub%2Fdelft\-integraal\-bio\-als\-basis\-op\-weg\-naar\-duurzame\-chemie\-bi.html\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2023}}{{Cite news \|last\=Verhagen \|first\=Hans \|date\=February 22, 2015 \|title\=Delft zwaait laatste trein op spoorviaduct uitbundig uit \|url\=https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/delft\-zwaait\-laatste\-trein\-op\-spoorviaduct\-uitbundig\-uit\~a147f4b1/?referrer\=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2F \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fbinnenland%2Fdelft\-zwaait\-laatste\-trein\-op\-spoorviaduct\-uitbundig\-uit\~a147f4b1%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|work\=June 28, 2023 \|pages\=\[\[Algemeen Dagblad]]}}{{Cite news \|last\=Bel \|first\=D.J.F. \|date\=July 5, 2022 \|title\=Startnotitie Milieueffectrapportage Spoorzone Delft \|url\=https://www.commissiemer.nl/docs/mer/p12/p1276/1276\-02sn.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commissiemer.nl%2Fdocs%2Fmer%2Fp12%2Fp1276%2F1276\-02sn.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 28, 2023 \|work\=Witteveen \& Bos \|language\=nl}} Subsequently, the wings of De Roos were again halted on March 23, June 1, July 6, and September 7 and 14, 1965\.{{Cite journal \|date\=August 15, 1979 \|title\=1679\-1979 : 300 jaar molen "De Roos" Delft \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl}}
On June 29, 1967, the mill and the miller’s house, like numerous other buildings in Delft, were designated national monuments by the [Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency](/wiki/Rijksdienst_voor_het_Cultureel_Erfgoed "Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed").{{Cite book \|url\=https://media.delft.nl/raad/commissies/economie,%20milieu,%20cultuur%20en%20recreatie/2007/nota/e\_2007\_005\_n.pdf \|title\=GEZICHT OP GEBOUWD ERFGOED DELFT monumentennota 2007\-2017 \|date\=2006 \|publisher\=Gemeente Delft \|series\=Vakteam Monumentenzorg \& Bouwkwaliteit \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fraad%2Fcommissies%2Feconomie%2C%2520milieu%2C%2520cultuur%2520en%2520recreatie%2F2007%2Fnota%2Fe\_2007\_005\_n.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024}}{{Cite web \|date\=January 2018 \|title\=Aanwijzing en bescherming gemeentelijke monumenten \|url\=https://www.delft.nl/sites/default/files/2018\-01/Infoblad%20Aanwijzing%20en%20bescherming%20gemeentelijke%20monumenten.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delft.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018\-01%2FInfoblad%2520Aanwijzing%2520en%2520bescherming%2520gemeentelijke%2520monumenten.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2023 \|website\=Commune de Delft \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|title\=Delft \|url\=https://monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumentenregister?tekst\=Delft \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmonumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl%2Fmonumentenregister%3Ftekst%3DDelft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2023 \|website\=\[\[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]] \|language\=nl}}
In November 1975, the Delft mill was showcased in a television program designed for a youth audience, titled *Het Programma met de Muis*.{{Cite journal \|last\=Zandstra \|first\=Aat \|date\=November 14, 1975 \|title\=DELFTSE MOLEN DE ROOS ZONDAG IN VOL BEDRIJF OP NOS TELEVISIE \|journal\=Delftse Post \|language\=nl}} The report, broadcast by the *[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting](/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting "Nederlandse Omroep Stichting")*, demonstrated the processes of flour production and mill operation through the actions of miller Niek de Vreede, accompanied by detailed explanations. From 1975 to 1983, de Vreede operated the mill with the assistance of volunteer millers. On August 18, 1979, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the mill's construction, the [mayor](/wiki/Burgomaster "Burgomaster") and the [council](/wiki/Schepen "Schepen") of Delft organized a celebratory event throughout the city.
#### Restoration work in the 1980s and 1990s
[left\|thumb\|The mill, restored and without its wheel, in 1985\.](/wiki/File:Ronde_stenen_stellingmolen_in_ontwiekte_staat_schuin_van_onderen_en_opzij_gefotografeerd_-_Delft_-_20053268_-_RCE.jpg "Ronde stenen stellingmolen in ontwiekte staat schuin van onderen en opzij gefotografeerd - Delft - 20053268 - RCE.jpg")
In 1984, the mill exhibited further deterioration. On the night of February 14\-15, the wings ceased turning.{{Cite journal \|last\=Endedijk \|first\=Leo \|date\=1986 \|title\=Delftse actie voor De Roos \|journal\=Molens \|language\=nl \|issue\=2}} This deterioration was attributed to a subsidence of the masonry above the hexagonal gallery and a malfunction of the rotating cap.{{Cite journal \|last\=Bakker \|first\=J.S \|date\=November 17, 1988 \|title\=Restauratie molen "De Roos" Delft van start \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl}}
The restoration work, which commenced in November 1988, entailed the removal of the cap and the raising of the upper portion of the mill's skirt, which weighed approximately 240 tons. This was achieved using 35 centrally controlled hydraulic jacks anchored through 40 holes drilled to a depth of 1\.3 meters into the skirt.{{Cite journal \|date\=November 23, 1988 \|title\=Verwijderen kap is eerste stap in grote molen De Roos in de restauratie steigers \|journal\=Delftse Post \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|date\=April 14, 1989 \|title\=De Roos nu bijna recht \|journal\=Delftsche Courant \|language\=nl}} The jacks were employed to exert a force that would push the skirt upwards. The work continued in March/April 1989, with the jacks still holding the circular structure above the platform. The base, a brick\-and\-mortar assembly, was re\-masoned, and the inclination was raised by approximately 40 centimeters.{{refn\|group\=Note\|Two large bands of \[\[shoring]] placed around the base of the circular structure of the mill, one made of metal and the other of wood, allow the masonry to be \[\[Formwork\|shuttered]].{{Cite journal \|date\=April 28, 1989 \|title\=Molen De Roos op Nationale Molendag ? \|journal\=Delftse Post \|language\=nl}}}} The new rotating cap, replacing the previous 19th\-century one, was installed in early 1990\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Brouwer \|first\=Willem \|date\=February 7, 1990 \|title\=De Roos deze zomer weer 'echte' molen \|journal\=Delftsche Courant \|language\=nl}}
On June 19, 1990, a 120\-ton [mobile crane](/wiki/Mobile_crane "Mobile crane") was utilized to affix the cap to the mill's skirt.{{Cite journal \|last\=Bakker \|first\=J.S \|date\=August 1, 1990 \|title\="De Roos" in Delft begint weer op een molen te lijken \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl \|volume\=93 \|issue\=31}}{{Cite journal \|date\=1990 \|title\=Kop op molen 'De Roos' Delft \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|date\=1990 \|title\=Molen De Roos weer in functie \|journal\=Defltse Post \|language\=fr}} Additionally, new metal shafts for the wings and new millstones were hoisted and integrated into the mill structure.
To fund the restoration of the mill, which was not feasible with the resources available from the *Hollandsche Molen* Association, a foundation was established in 1986, called the *[Stichting](/wiki/Stichting "Stichting") Molen de Roos*.{{Cite book \|url\=https://www.molens.nl/sites/www.molens.nl/files/documenten/Jaarrekening\-2021\-tbv\-website.pdf \|title\=De Hollandsche Molen \- Vereniging tot behoud van molens in Nederland \- Bestuursverslag en samengevoegde jaarrekening 2021 \|date\=2022 \|publisher\=De Hollandsche Molen \|language\=nl \|chapter\=Molen de Roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Fsites%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Ffiles%2Fdocumenten%2FJaarrekening\-2021\-tbv\-website.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|Fundraising partly relies on selling screen prints depicting the mill created by engraver Sees Vlag. Each screen\-printed copy, titled "Stichting Molen De Roos" (De Roos Mill Foundation), is then sold for 195 guilders.}} The foundation's fundraising efforts resulted in a total of 200,000 guilders, in addition to the 70,000 guilders initially allocated by the association for the restoration of the Dommerholt mill{{Cite journal \|date\=October 1964 \|title\=Molen Epse nu woning \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-64\-oktober\-2003\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Werd \|language\=nl \|issue\=64 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-64\-oktober\-2003\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|The total cost of repairs amounted to 500,000 guilders, with 350,000 dedicated to the mill and 150,000 to the miller's house.}} in [Epse](/wiki/Epse "Epse"). These funds enabled the restoration of De Roos. The renovated mill was inaugurated by the [Dutch Prince Consort](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_royal_consorts "List of Dutch royal consorts") [Claus von Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands "Prince Claus of the Netherlands") on September 28, 1990\.{{Cite news \|last\=Fleuren \|first\=Gitta \|date\=May 13, 2023 \|title\=Molen de Roos draait weer \|url\=https://www.omroepdelft.nl/omroepdelft/nieuws/molen\-de\-roos\-draait\-weer \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepdelft.nl%2Fomroepdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fmolen\-de\-roos\-draait\-weer\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2023 \|work\=Omroep Delft \|language\=nl}}
In the spring of 1996, to commemorate the 750th anniversary of the city’s establishment by [William II of Holland](/wiki/William_II_of_Holland "William II of Holland"),{{Cite journal \|last1\=van Kruiningen \|first1\=C.G.M \|last2\=Kruisheer \|first2\=J.G \|last3\=Verhoeven \|first3\=G \|date\=1997 \|title\=Het Delftse stadsrecht van 1246 \|url\=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/\_mad001199701\_01/\_mad001199701\_01\_0023\.php \|journal\=Madoc \|language\=nl \|volume\=1997 « Delft, 15 april 1246 (Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst Delft, Delft 1996\). » \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F\_mad001199701\_01%2F\_mad001199701\_01\_0023\.php\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 7, 2023}} the mill's wings were embellished with four white sails featuring nuances of Delft blue.{{Cite journal \|date\=April 1996 \|title\=Molen De Roos heefts Delfts zeilen blawe \|journal\=Molens \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Bakker \|first\=J. S \|date\=1996 \|title\=Delftse Molens \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl \|issue\=15}} [Delftware](/wiki/Delftware "Delftware") tiles depicting De Roos were commissioned for this occasion.
#### Construction of the Delft railway tunnel and archaeological excavations (2000s and 2010s)
##### Construction of the Delft railway tunnel under the mill
In 2004, the viaduct of railway line no. 1\. The project's impact on the [morphology](/wiki/Urban_morphology "Urban morphology") and [landscape](/wiki/Landscape "Landscape") of Delft's town center (including the mill) was a significant factor in the [Minister of Transport and Water](/wiki/Government_of_the_Netherlands "Government of the Netherlands") Management, [Karla Peijs](/wiki/Karla_Peijs "Karla Peijs"), approving the construction of a railway tunnel.{{Cite web \|date\=August 14, 2014 \|title\=Reportage: Delft gaat ondergronds \|url\=https://www.ovmagazine.nl/nieuws/reportage\-delft\-gaat\-ondergronds \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovmagazine.nl%2Fnieuws%2Freportage\-delft\-gaat\-ondergronds\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023 \|website\=OV Magazine \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last\=van Dijk \|first\=Tomas \|date\=2010 \|title\=Work on the railwa \|url\=https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:f06a52bd\-9cf5\-45fc\-a0c2\-234e93ad6927/datastream/OBJ/download \|journal\=Delft Outlook \|issue\=2 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\.php/attachment.pdf?url\=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.tudelft.nl%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuuid%3Af06a52bd\-9cf5\-45fc\-a0c2\-234e93ad6927%2Fdatastream%2FOBJ%2Fdownload \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023}}{{Cite web \|title\=De Roos zweeft langzaam boven een bos van 45 stalen buispalen \|url\=https://www.cobouw.nl/16049/de\-roos\-zweeft\-langzaam\-boven\-een\-bos\-van\-45\-stalen\-buispalen \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023 \|website\=Cobow.nl \|date\=20 June 2012 \|language\=nl}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|Regarding the regular passage of trains running on the railway viaduct facing De Roos, one of the millers who worked in the Delft windmill commented, "A mill is not a \[\[Observation tower\|watchtower]]."{{Cite journal \|date\=2015 \|title\=In t' kort \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Wereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=18 \|issue\=191 \|pages\=137 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 30, 2023}}}} The route of the underground railway infrastructure, measuring 2\.3 km in length, 24 meters in width, situated at a depth of 10 meters, and comprising four tracks, passed beneath the mill. In July 2012, the 1\.1 tons of the windmill complex were lifted to a height of one meter to allow for the commencement of the planned work.{{Cite journal \|last\=Lansbergen \|first\=Gab L \|date\=2013 \|title\=Kroniek over 2012 \- Juli \|url\=https://www.delfia\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\_Batavorum\_2012\.pdf \|journal\=Delfia Batavorum \|language\=nl \|volume\=2012 \|pages\=38 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\_Batavorum\_2012\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 5, 2023}} The jacking operation, conducted with the assistance of computer\-aided technology and subcontracted to the engineering company CT de Boer,{{Cite news \|last\=van de Beek \|first\=Ellen \|date\=July 4, 2012 \|title\=Langzaam stijgt de molen een metertje \|url\=https://www.rd.nl/artikel/454003\-langzaam\-stijgt\-de\-molen\-een\-metertje\-op \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.nl%2Fartikel%2F454003\-langzaam\-stijgt\-de\-molen\-een\-metertje\-op\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 2, 2023 \|work\=\[\[Reformatorisch Dagblad]] \|language\=nl}} proceeded in incremental steps of 33 mm.{{Cite journal \|date\=July 13, 2012 \|title\=Molen De Roos een meter omhoog \|url\=https://www.bouwwereld.nl/bouwtechniek/molen\-de\-roos\-een\-meter\-omhoog/ \|journal\=Bow Wereld \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bouwwereld.nl%2Fbouwtechniek%2Fmolen\-de\-roos\-een\-meter\-omhoog%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023}} The operation of lifting the national building, which was carried out with the assistance of 45 jacks, was completed in a single day. During the tunnel construction on Phoenixstraat, the windmill building and its domestic outbuilding were supported by a pile structure.{{Cite journal \|date\=August 20, 2012 \|title\=Aannemer en archeologen graven onder Molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/78419/aannemer\-en\-archeologen\-graven\-onder\-molen\-de\-roos \|journal\=Delft Op Zontag \|language\=nl \|volume\=20 \|issue\=34 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F78419%2Faannemer\-en\-archeologen\-graven\-onder\-molen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023}} While the jacking operation was underway, a reinforced concrete base was poured at the site of 111\-112 Phoenixstraat. This provided a new [course](/wiki/Course_%28architecture%29 "Course (architecture)") for the windmill building, its dwelling and its warehouse. The complex was subsequently placed back in its original location in December 2012\.
During the operations involving De Roos, the mill came under the administrative authority of [ProRail](/wiki/ProRail "ProRail"), a public body responsible for the railway tunnel excavation work.{{Cite news \|date\=September 4, 2013 \|title\=Delftse molen De Roos weer teruggeven aan vereniging \|url\=https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/2304750/delftse\-molen\-de\-roos\-weer\-teruggeven\-aan\-vereniging \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepwest.nl%2Fnieuws%2F2304750%2Fdelftse\-molen\-de\-roos\-weer\-teruggeven\-aan\-vereniging\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023 \|work\=Omroep West \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|title\=Delfts blauwe huzarenstukjes \|url\=https://www.prorail.nl/nieuws/delfts\-blauwe\-huzarenstukjes \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prorail.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fdelfts\-blauwe\-huzarenstukjes\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023 \|website\=\[\[ProRail]] \|language\=nl}} Furthermore, the budget allocated by the province of South Holland for the work on the windmill building, specifically repairs of the masonry joints around the openings on the first floor of the skirt superstructure{{Cite journal \|last\=Koudijs \|first\=Jan\-Derk \|date\=2009 \|title\=Spooroos \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|journal\=Molens \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 16, 2023}} and the installation of a new concrete slab, amounted to a cost of €76,000\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Ligtenberg \|first\=Rudy \|date\=2015 \|title\=Meer geld voor restauratie rijksmonumenten \|url\=https://zuid\-holland.sgp.nl/download?docID\=f3c13efbb8406013811b9e6fff9ffaf11500288a\&name\=2015\-01Vizier. \|journal\=Vizier \- Newsbrief Statenfractie Zuid\-Holland \|language\=nl \|issue\=1 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fzuid\-holland.sgp.nl%2Fdownload%3FdocID%3Df3c13efbb8406013811b9e6fff9ffaf11500288a%26name%3D2015\-01Vizier. \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2023}}{{Cite journal \|date\=2015 \|title\=Meer provinciaal geld voor restauratie rijksmonumenten in Zuid\-Holland \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Wereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=18 \|issue\=191 \|pages\=131 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 30, 2023}}
In the latter half of the 2000s, a permanent exhibition was installed within the mill.{{Cite web \|title\=MUSEA EN BEZIENSWAARDIGHEDENIN DELFT : Molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.delft.com/nl/de\-leukste\-musea\-en\-bezienswaardigheden\-in\-delft \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delft.com%2Fnl%2Fde\-leukste\-musea\-en\-bezienswaardigheden\-in\-delft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 11, 2023 \|website\=ville de Delft \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|title\=Molen De Roos \- interieur en expositie \|url\=https://www.ateliers197\.nl/?projects\=molen\-de\-roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ateliers197\.nl%2F%3Fprojects%3Dmolen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 11, 2023 \|website\=ateliers197\. nl \|language\=nl}} In May 2009, as a result of plans to construct a public parking garage (the *Prinsenhofgarage*{{Cite web \|date\=June 17, 2017 \|title\=Straks parkeren in Prinsenhofgarage \|url\=https://www.ad.nl/delft/straks\-parkeren\-in\-prinsenhofgarage\~a71daa2d/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fdelft%2Fstraks\-parkeren\-in\-prinsenhofgarage\~a71daa2d%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 20, 2023 \|website\=Algemeen Dagblad \|language\=nl}}) reserved for users of the William of Orange railway tunnel, the miller Koos de Vreede, then the proprietor of a specialty animal feed shop occupying the land designated for the future parking lot, was expropriated from De Roos.{{Cite web \|date\=November 27, 2009 \|title\=Dierenvriend Martin Gaus is vol lof over Molen de Roos \|url\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/72997/dierenvriend\-martin\-gaus\-is\-vol\-lof\-over\-molen\-de\-roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F72997%2Fdierenvriend\-martin\-gaus\-is\-vol\-lof\-over\-molen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 20, 2023 \|website\=Delft op zontag \|language\=nl}}
The mill reopened on September 4, 2013\.{{Cite web \|date\=September 4, 2013 \|title\=Molen De Roos : van stadswal naar tunneldak \|url\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2013/skwk36\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2013%2Fskwk36\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023 \|website\=Stadskrant Delft \|language\=nl}} This date also marks the return of the de Roos to the real estate administered by the Hollandsche Molen association, as well as the publication of a book devoted to its history.{{Cite journal \|last\=Mulder \|first\=Patrick \|date\=August 30, 2013 \|title\=Boek over geschiedenis van molen De Roos \|url\=https://verkeersbureaus.info/nieuws/2013/08/30/29086\-boek\-geschiedenis\-molen\-roos/ \|journal\=Veerkeersbureau.info \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fverkeersbureaus.info%2Fnieuws%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2F29086\-boek\-geschiedenis\-molen\-roos%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023}} On the night of February 21 to 22, 2015, the last train on the railway viaduct passed in front of the mill.
File:Phoenixstraat \- Delft \- 2014 \- panoramio.jpg\|Construction work on the railway tunnel around and under the mill in October 2014\.
File:Delft \- 2015 \- panoramio (279\).jpg\|Photo in January 2016\.
File:Delft \- 2015 \- panoramio (280\).jpg\|January 2016\.
File:Parking Spoorsingel Delft 1\.jpg\|March 2017\.
File:Parking Spoorsingel Delft 2\.jpg\|March 2017\.
File:Phoenixstraat Spoorzone Delft 2017\.jpg\|July 2017\.
##### Archaeological excavations
While the grain mill and its associated dwelling were elevated by one meter, the Heritage Service of the city of Delft and its surrounding area (*Erfgoed Delft en omstreken*) conducted preventive excavations at the Phoenixstraat site.{{Cite journal \|date\=2012 \|title\=Opgravingen \- Spoorzone \|url\=https://issuu.com/museumhetprinsenhof/docs/jaarverslag2012 \|journal\=Bulletin du service du Patrimoine de Delft \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fmuseumhetprinsenhof%2Fdocs%2Fjaarverslag2012\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2023}}{{Cite web \|date\=May 16, 2012 \|title\=Voortgangsrapportage over het 1re kwartaal 2012 Ontwikkeling Spoorzone Delft \|url\=https://delft.notubiz.nl/document/9032915/1/Spoorzone\_\-\_College\_van\_B\&W\_\_voortgangsrapportage\_Ontwikkeling\_Delft\_over\_het\_1e\_kwartaal\_2012 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\.php/attachment.pdf?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdelft.notubiz.nl%2Fdocument%2F9032915%2F1%2FSpoorzone\_\-\_College\_van\_B%26W\_\_voortgangsrapportage\_Ontwikkeling\_Delft\_over\_het\_1e\_kwartaal\_2012 \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2023 \|website\=Conseil communal de la ville de Delft \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Jongma \|first\=Steven \|date\=2011 \|title\=Delft Spoorzone \|url\=https://geschiedenisvanzuidholland.nl/media/qfxoha1x/archeologische\-kroniek\-2011\.pdf \|journal\=Archeologische Kroniek van Zuid\-Holland \|language\=nl \|volume\=43 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fgeschiedenisvanzuidholland.nl%2Fmedia%2Fqfxoha1x%2Farcheologische\-kroniek\-2011\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2023}} These archaeological research operations were also conducted under the auspices of the [Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency](/wiki/Rijksdienst_voor_het_Cultureel_Erfgoed "Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed").{{Harvsp\|Kouwenhoven\|2006}}
In 2008, De Roos oversaw the [excavation](/wiki/Excavation_%28archaeology%29 "Excavation (archaeology)") of a trench measuring 20 meters in length and one meter in width. This endeavor yielded insights into the original foundations of the mill and the remnants of the city's ancient fortifications, including a rampart, a bastion, a tower, and a moat. In March 2009, three [sondage](/wiki/Sondage "Sondage") pits were excavated using a [mini\-excavator](/wiki/Compact_excavator "Compact excavator") on the land surrounding the windmill building.{{Cite journal \|last\=Bakx \|first\=J. P \|date\=2009 \|title\=Proefputten ter hoogte van molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.delfia\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\_Batavorum\_2009\.pdf \|journal\=Delfia Batavorum \|language\=nl \|volume\=19 \|access\-date\=July 18, 2023}} The initial exploration trench yielded a stratigraphy 2\.3 meters thick, comprising a meter of recent fill, primarily sand, followed by 0\.5 meters of construction rubble mixed with blue clay by [oxidation\-reduction processes](/wiki/Redox "Redox"), and finally, 190 centimeters of the former moat's fill. The second trench exhibited a comparable stratigraphic profile, if not an identical one, to that of the initial test pit. The third trench revealed the remains of a foundation, spanning a depth of 0\.50 meters, belonging to a structure situated between De Roos and the Bagijntoren, one of the fortified towers of Delft's fortifications.
The archaeological [excavations](/wiki/Archaeological_excavation "Archaeological excavation") unearthed two [millstones](/wiki/Millstone "Millstone") crafted from blue volcanic stone.{{Cite web \|date\=2022 \|title\=Blauwe stenen terug bij Molen de Roos \|url\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/95946/blauwe\-stenen\-terug\-bij\-molen\-de\-roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F95946%2Fblauwe\-stenen\-terug\-bij\-molen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 23, 2023 \|website\=Delft op Zontag \|language\=nl}} The two\-grain millstones, found in an almost intact state, were originally part of the grinding mechanism of the [Delft mill](/wiki/Delftware "Delftware"). In addition, domestic deposits, dated to the 17th century and found in a good state of preservation, were also identified during the excavation campaign. Finally, debris from the mill's facades in its first and second states—before the reconstruction of its skirt in 1760—was found within the [stratigraphic layers](/wiki/Stratigraphic_layer "Stratigraphic layer") of the city wall.
#### Developments in the late 2010s and repair work in the 2020s
In 2015, the opening of a shop called *Ambacht* within the mill marked the beginning of a new venture for De Roos. In addition to supplying local bakeries, the company began providing flour to individuals, restaurants, and DOEL, a subdivision of GGZ Delfland, a structure dedicated to improving the quality of life for people with psychiatric disorders.{{Cite web \|date\=February 6, 2016 \|title\=Molen de Roos draait als nooit te voren dankzij Ambacht \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/winkelen/molen\-de\-roos\-draait\-als\-nooit\-te\-voren\-dankzij\-ambacht\~1982/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fwinkelen%2Fmolen\-de\-roos\-draait\-als\-nooit\-te\-voren\-dankzij\-ambacht\~1982%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 16, 2023 \|website\=In de buurt \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|date\=September 27, 2012 \|title\=Nieuw perspectief dankzij dagbesteding in stadsmolen : 'Die prijs gaf ons een enorme boost' \|url\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2017/skwk39\-2017\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2017%2Fskwk39\-2017\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 16, 2023 \|website\=Stadskrant Delft \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|last\=Verbisen \|first\=Piet \|date\=2019 \|title\=Excursie Zuid\-Holland \|url\=https://issuu.com/demolenvriend/docs/molenvriend\_105\_webversie \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fdemolenvriend%2Fdocs%2Fmolenvriend\_105\_webversie\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 23, 2023 \|website\=De Molenvriend \|pages\=104–105}}{{Cite web \|date\=August 4, 2015 \|title\=Uit het rapport Molentoekomst : Nevenbestemming van molens \|url\=https://erfgoedstem.nl/uit\-het\-rapport\-molentoekomst\-nevenbestemming\-van\-molens/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Ferfgoedstem.nl%2Fuit\-het\-rapport\-molentoekomst\-nevenbestemming\-van\-molens%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 16, 2023 \|website\=De Erfgoedstem \|language\=nl}} As indicated in the August 2015 monthly report on the future of Dutch mills, the opening of this specialty shop, along with the hosting of visitors due to the installation of an exhibition room, transformed the De Roos mill into a "secondary destination" that extended beyond its primary flour production activity.
In 2019, informational panels were installed outside and inside the mill for the benefit of visitors and customers.{{Cite news \|last\=Boonstra \|first\=Jelle \|date\=2020 \|title\=Jaarverslag Molen de Roos 2019 \|url\=https://docplayer.nl/204880260\-Jaarverslag\-molen\-de\-roos\-2019\.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F204880260\-Jaarverslag\-molen\-de\-roos\-2019\.html\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 12, 2023 \|work\=Publications de l'association De Hollandsche Molen \|language\=nl}} Some of the signs were designed to provide information and an explanation of the history and various functions of the mill from an educational perspective. Others were intended to comply with safety standards and displayed instructions for safe operation. A new lighting system, including rotating [LED lamps](/wiki/LED_lamp "LED lamp"), was also installed inside the mill. During the same year, an exhibition was set up within De Roos with the theme "*Mills, the Engine of the Golden Age in Delft*" ("*Molens, de motor van de Gouden Eeuw in Delft*").{{Cite web \|title\=Mills: the engine of the Golden Age / Molen: de motor van de Gouden Eeuw \|url\=https://molen.molenderoos.nl/goudeneeuw/ \|access\-date\=August 13, 2023 \|website\=Moulin De Roos official website \|language\=en, nl}}
The early 2020s saw a further deterioration of the mill's wheel.{{Cite news \|date\=April 17, 2023 \|title\=De Delftse molen krijgt na een jaar haar wieken weer terug \|url\=https://www.ad.nl/play/productie/de\-delftse\-molen\-krijgt\-na\-een\-jaar\-haar\-wieken\-weer\-terug\-370131 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|work\=\[\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|last\=Groeneweg \|first\=Maarten \|date\=2023 \|title\=Actie om iconische molen van Delft weer te laten draaien \|url\=https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/4677183/actie\-om\-iconische\-molen\-van\-delft\-weer\-te\-laten\-draaien \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepwest.nl%2Fnieuws%2F4677183%2Factie\-om\-iconische\-molen\-van\-delft\-weer\-te\-laten\-draaien\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|website\=Omroep West \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|date\=2023 \|title\=Dit is er aan de hand met molen De Roos \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/nieuws/dit\-is\-er\-aan\-de\-hand\-met\-molen\-de\-roos\~182579/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fdit\-is\-er\-aan\-de\-hand\-met\-molen\-de\-roos\~182579%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|website\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}} The cracks observed in October 2022 were present within the two metal axes that constitute the structure of the wings, thereby hindering the continuous rotation of the wheel.
A [crowdfunding](/wiki/Crowdfunding "Crowdfunding") campaign was initiated to facilitate the replacement of the two metal rods.{{Cite web \|date\=2023 \|title\=Prinses Beatrix opent 50ste Nationale Molendag \|url\=https://www.molens.nl/nieuws/prinses\-beatrix\-opent\-50ste\-nationale\-molendag \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fprinses\-beatrix\-opent\-50ste\-nationale\-molendag\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|website\=Bulletin de l'association Hollandsche Molen \|language\=nl}} The fundraising effort yielded €15,000\. The Delft windmill underwent repairs and was inaugurated by [Queen Beatrix](/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands "Beatrix of the Netherlands") in May 2023, coinciding with National Mill Day.{{Cite web \|date\=2023 \|title\=Beatrix opent Molendagen bij De Roos in Delft \|url\=https://www.vorsten.nl/vorstenhuizen/nederland/beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-bij\-de\-roos\-in\-delft/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorsten.nl%2Fvorstenhuizen%2Fnederland%2Fbeatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-bij\-de\-roos\-in\-delft%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=January 24, 2023 \|website\=Vorstand \|language\=nl}}{{Cite news \|last\=van den Oever \|first\=Suzanne \|date\=May 12, 2023 \|title\=Fotoserie! Prinses Beatrix bezoekt Molen de Roos in Delft \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/genieten\-van/fotoserie\-prinses\-beatrix\-bezoekt\-molen\-de\-roos\-in\-delft\~193587/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fgenieten\-van%2Ffotoserie\-prinses\-beatrix\-bezoekt\-molen\-de\-roos\-in\-delft\~193587%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|work\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}}
File:Molen de Roos mill Delft 3\.jpg\|De Roos and its dwelling along Phoenixstraat, with the bell tower of the Oude Kerk visible on the left, in August 2018\.
File:Molen de Roos mill Delft 5\.jpg\|Close\-up of the De Roos complex in Delft town center in August 2018\.
File:Delft Vanheemstrastraat and De Roos.jpg\|The mill visible at the end of Vanheemstrastraat, Delft, in February 2022\.
File:Delft DeRoosMill 017 6064\.jpg\|The De Roos complex, its forecourt, the Phoenixstraat visible on the left, in September 2022\.
File:Delft MolenDeRoosPhoenixstraat 20230809 versie2\.jpg\|The mill, its dwelling and warehouse along the Phoenixstraat in August 2023\.
File:Delft MolenDeRoosPhoenixstraat 20230809\.jpg\|The mill, its dwelling and warehouse along the Phoenixstraat in August 2023\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### From the Late Middle Ages to the end of the Modern Era",
"#### The *Gasthuismolen*, the first windmill vuilt on the site of 111\\-112 Phoenixstraat",
"The earliest known reference to a [windmill](/wiki/Windmill \"Windmill\") on the site of 111\\-112 Phoenixstraat is from 1352\\.{{Harvsp\\|Rédaction du Delftsche Courant\\|1979}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=van den Hoven \\|first\\=Jantine \\|date\\=2016 \\|title\\=Toen in Delft : Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/toen\\-in/toen\\-delft\\-molen\\-roos\\~16144/ \\|journal\\=Indebuurt \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Ftoen\\-in%2Ftoen\\-delft\\-molen\\-roos\\~16144%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2023}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Janssen \\|first\\=Johanes \\|date\\=2013 \\|title\\=Van stadswal naar tunneldak, de geschiedenis van molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://adoc.pub/mededelingenblad\\-jaargang\\-22\\-no4\\-december\\-2013\\.html \\|journal\\=Mededelingenblad \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=22 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=1961–1962 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fadoc.pub%2Fqueue%2Fmededelingenblad\\-jaargang\\-22\\-no4\\-december\\-2013\\.html\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2023}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Visser \\|first\\=P.C \\|date\\=1969 \\|title\\=Delft : Bladzijden uit zign geschiedenis \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kaAdAQAAMAAJ\\&q\\=de\\+roos\\+molen\\+1679\\+DELFT \\|journal\\=Elmer \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaAdAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dde%2Broos%2Bmolen%2B1679%2BDELFT\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024}}{{Harvsp\\|Bosma\\|van der Burg\\|Pfeiffer\\|1980}} This mill was subsequently known as *Gasthuismolen* (or *Bordeelmolen*).",
"The existence of this [late medieval](/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages \"Late Middle Ages\") mill is substantiated by a fiscal [act](/wiki/Legal_transaction \"Legal transaction\") promulgated by the then [Count of Holland](/wiki/Count_of_Holland \"Count of Holland\"), [William V (Willem van Beieren)](/wiki/William_I%2C_Duke_of_Bavaria \"William I, Duke of Bavaria\"), which details the transfer of the windmill to the inhabitants of Delft.{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 15, 2023 \\|title\\=Gasthuijsmolen, Delft \\|url\\=https://www.molendatabase.nl/molens/ten\\-bruggencate\\-nr\\-16787 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molendatabase.org%2Fmolendb.php%3Fstep%3Ddetails%26nummer%3D16787\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2024 \\|website\\=Molendatabase}} In this administrative document, the *Gathuismolen* is referenced under the [Middle Dutch term](/wiki/Middle_Dutch \"Middle Dutch\") \"*Gasthuse molen*.\"",
"The existence of the Gasthuismolen is also corroborated by a map dated 1561 and created by [Jacob van Deventer](/wiki/Jacob_van_Deventer_%28cartographer%29 \"Jacob van Deventer (cartographer)\"). It is then mentioned in 1582 in the context of a grain mill, although it was used in the early 17th century to grind malt for brewing beer. It is also referenced in July 1595 during the creation of a Delft square bearing its name and in 1601 in a document written by its miller, Gerrit Stevensz, which describes the destruction of a portion of the city wall near the mill.",
"A tempest destroyed the building in 1675\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Brouwer \\|first\\=Willem \\|date\\=1988 \\|title\\=Rechtzetten molen De Roos wordt opmerkelijk karwei \\|journal\\=Delftse Courant \\|language\\=nl}}",
"#### Former site of De Roos and transfer and reconstruction at 111\\-112 Phoenixstraat",
"[left\\|thumb\\|The De Roos mill rising above the southern wall of the Delft city wall, drawing by [Gerbrand van den Eeckhout](/wiki/Gerbrand_van_den_Eeckhout \"Gerbrand van den Eeckhout\"), second half of the 1640s.](/wiki/File:Gerbrand_van_den_Eeckhout_-_The_City_Walls_of_Delft_with_the_Mill_Called_The_Rose_-_WGA07473.jpg \"Gerbrand van den Eeckhout - The City Walls of Delft with the Mill Called The Rose - WGA07473.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Extract from a map of Delft drawn by [Johannes Verkolje](/wiki/Jan_Verkolje \"Jan Verkolje\") in 1678, showing, on the right, the first site of the De Roos mill in the vicinity of a fortified tower (*Oosterijk toren*).](/wiki/File:Kaart_figuratief_Delft_1678_Roos_molen_Oosterijke_toren.png \"Kaart figuratief Delft 1678 Roos molen Oosterijke toren.png\")\nDe Roos was initially constructed on the remains of a [bastioned fortification](/wiki/Bastion_fort \"Bastion fort\") (this section of the urban wall was destroyed during the 17th century{{Cite journal \\|last\\=van Horssen \\|first\\=Jorrit \\|date\\=2009 \\|title\\=Delft \\- Gasthuislaan \\|url\\=https://www.erfgoedhuis\\-zh.nl/media/yfujaw5k/archeologische\\-kroniek\\-2018\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Archeologische Kroniek Zuid\\-Holland \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=50 « De belangrijkste opgravingen en vondsten uit 2018 » \\|pages\\=6–7 \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2023}}), situated on the current Zuiderstraat{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://www.openmonumentendagdelft.nl/files/programma/OMD%202022%20boekje%20\\-%20site.pdf \\|title\\=Duurzaam duurt het langst \\|date\\=2022 \\|series\\=Open Monumenten Delft dag \\|language\\=en, nl \\|chapter\\=Molen De Roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openmonumentendagdelft.nl%2Ffiles%2Fprogramma%2FOMD%25202022%2520boekje%2520\\-%2520site.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=Molenexcursie Stichting Vrienden van de Gelderse Molen naar Zuid\\-Holland op zaterdag 25 mei 2019 \\|url\\=https://www.geldersemolen.nl/Bestanden/Bonkelaar%2055a%20\\-%202019\\.pdf \\|journal\\=De Bonkelaar \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=55a \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geldersemolen.nl%2FBestanden%2FBonkelaar%252055a%2520\\-%25202019\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2023}} — a thoroughfare in the southern part of the historic center of Delft.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Commission culturelle du conseil communal de la ville de Delft \\|date\\=2003 \\|title\\=Wensbeeld branchering binnenstad Delft \\|url\\=https://media.delft.nl/raad/commissies/cultuur\\_kennis/2003/Bijlage\\-nota/c\\_2003\\_022\\_bn.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fraad%2Fcommissies%2Fcultuur\\_kennis%2F2003%2FBijlage\\-nota%2Fc\\_2003\\_022\\_bn.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2023 \\|website\\=Ville de Delft \\|language\\=nl}} Subsequently, the edifice was situated near a fortified tower, designated as *Oosterijke toren*.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Service du patrimoine culturel de Delft \\|title\\=De enige echte kaart figuratief \\|url\\=https://www.stadsarchiefdelft.nl/delft365/de\\-enige\\-echte\\-kaart\\-figuratief/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadsarchiefdelft.nl%2Fdelft365%2Fde\\-enige\\-echte\\-kaart\\-figuratief%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 2, 2023 \\|website\\=Archives de la ville de Delft \\|language\\=nl}} The location of the initial construction site is indicated on a map dated 1678 and [engraved](/wiki/Engraving \"Engraving\") by the Dutch painter [Johannes Verkolje](/wiki/Jan_Verkolje \"Jan Verkolje\") and published by the writer Dirck van Bleyswijck. Near the aforementioned mill was the Rotterdamse Poort, a [fortified gateway](/wiki/Fortified_gateway \"Fortified gateway\") that opened onto the southern city wall.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=van Horssen \\|first\\=Jorrit \\|date\\=2013 \\|title\\=De Kapelsbrug in Delft : Het archeologisch onderzoek naar een laatmiddeleeuwse brug over de Oude Delft \\|url\\=https://archeologie\\-delft.nl/images/egd\\-dar\\-dan/dar/dar118\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Delftse Archeologische Rapporten \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=Service archéologique de la ville de Delft \\|issue\\=118 \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2023}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Bakx \\|first1\\=Jean Paul \\|last2\\=van Horssen \\|first2\\=Jorrit \\|date\\=2013 \\|title\\=Delft – Zuidwal \\|url\\=https://www.delfia\\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\\_Batavorum\\_2012\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Delfia Batavorum \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=2012 \\|pages\\=69–71 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\\_Batavorum\\_2012\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2023}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|The first site of the mill's establishment is at the following geographical coordinates: {{Coord\\|52\\|00\\|24\\|N\\|4\\|21\\|47\\|E\\|display\\=inline}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Het Roosje, Delft \\|url\\=https://www.molendatabase.nl/molens/ten\\-bruggencate\\-nr\\-07277 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molendatabase.org%2Fmolendb.php%3Fstep%3Ddetails%26nummer%3D2908%23\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 7, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 4, 2023 \\|website\\=molendatabase.nl \\|language\\=nl}}}} It seems reasonable to posit that De Roos exhibited a similar architectural style to that of the Gasthuismolen, namely that it was initially a post mill. This element is attested by a document dated 1629 in which an accident between its string and pivot is mentioned.{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|The document highlights the fatal fall of Pieter Hubrechtsen's wife, the miller of De Roos at the time.}} Despite the paucity of evidence, it can be surmised that De Roos existed on the bastioned [rondel](/wiki/Roundel_%28fortification%29 \"Roundel (fortification)\") of the *Oosterijke toren* by the second half of the 16th century.{{Harvsp\\|Spaander\\|Leeuw\\|1984\\|\\|}}{{Harvsp\\|Hermans\\|1996\\|p\\=3}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=van der Wees \\|first\\=Trudy \\|date\\=2004 \\|title\\=De wind in de wieken, deel 2 : Molen De Roos, Delft \\|journal\\=Haagsche Courant \\|language\\=nl}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|In the 16th century, Delft had 12 windmills, including 9 \\[\\[Tower mill\\|tower mills]] and 3 \\[\\[Post mill\\|post mills]]. One of these mills was destroyed during the Delft City fire on May 3, 1536\\.}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|According to miller Bart Dooren, due to the lack of documentation and archives related to De Roos before 1679, the date of its transfer and reconstruction, \"the exact history of the mill remains a mystery.\"}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|On a Delft map dated from the \\[\\[late Middle Ages]], De Roos could be marked at this location; however, no evidence has corroborated this hypothesis.}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|272x272px\\|Map of the town of Delft with its mills, 1703\\.](/wiki/File:Mills_in_Delft_collecties_TU_Delft_1703_kaart_De_Roos_molen.png \"Mills in Delft collecties TU Delft 1703 kaart De Roos molen.png\")\nIn June 1679, at the behest of Cornelis van Nierop, then proprietor of the land, the De Roos mill was relocated to the site of the *Gasthuismolen*. The current location at 111\\-112 Phoenixstraat was selected due to its superior wind exposure. Subsequently, the transfer and reconstruction of the building were undertaken by civil engineer and miller Floris (or Fons) van Mierop.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Dalmeijer \\|first\\=Maxime \\|date\\=2011 \\|title\\=Middeleeuwse toren aan de rol \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/ms120/docs/dh\\_maart\\_v7 \\|journal\\=Delft Highlights \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=4 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fms120%2Fdocs%2Fdh\\_maart\\_v7\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 16, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2023}} The windmill was constructed on the foundations of a rondel, which was located in the western section of the wall that encircled the city of Delft.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Jongma \\|first1\\=Steven \\|last2\\=Penning \\|first2\\=Bas \\|date\\=2012 \\|title\\=Delft \\- Spoorzone \\|url\\=https://www.delfia\\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\\_Batavorum\\_2012\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Delfia Batavorum \\|language\\=fr \\|issue\\=22 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\\_Batavorum\\_2012\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 10, 2023}} The semi\\-circular fortification, whose remains were identified during [preventive archaeological](/wiki/Rescue_archaeology \"Rescue archaeology\") operations in the 2000s and 2010s, was constructed using bricks and stones from the 13th century that had been [reused](/wiki/Spolia \"Spolia\"). Additionally, the archaeological investigation revealed the presence of a canal, which constituted a defensive ditch following the current Dirklangenstraat and a loop urban road with two successive intersections with Phoenixstraat. This canal was dated to the first quarter of the 14th century and measured approximately 3 meters in width. It is plausible that the De Roos was still functioning as a \"post mill\" during its reconstruction on the Phoenixstraat site, as any new stone mill construction would have required a special permit from the Delft authorities.",
"#### Second and third phases of mill construction in the late 18th and 18th centuries",
"Van Mierop passed away in December 1679, before the conclusion of the reconstruction initiative.\n[thumb\\|284x284px\\|Rear view of the mill in an engraving by Hendrik Spilman (18th century).](/wiki/File:View_of_Windmill_in_Delft_by_Hendricus_Hendrik_Spilman.png \"View of Windmill in Delft by Hendricus Hendrik Spilman.png\")\nThe reconstruction work, which commenced in the late 1670s, continued apace. In November 1681, a masonry cap was placed under the hexagonal structure of the mill’s skirt. Furthermore, due to the [sails](/wiki/Windmill_sail \"Windmill sail\") rotating at an insufficient height—which required a minimum elevation of at least eight feet (approximately two meters) above the ground—the municipal council determined that modifications to the mill were necessary to align with architectural standards. The structure was subsequently incorporated into a five\\-meter\\-high masonry, and a timber framework was incorporated to regulate the wheel's operation.{{Harvsp\\|van Gerven\\|2009}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|298x298px\\|*Aan de Wal te Delft*, engraving by [Hendrik Spilman](/wiki/Hendrik_Spilman \"Hendrik Spilman\"), 18th century (between 1742 and 1784\\). This work depicts the De Roos mill and the Delft city.{{Cite web \\|date\\=August 20, 2022 \\|title\\=Onzichtbare lijnbanen \\|url\\=https://www.stadsarchiefdelft.nl/delft365/onzichtbare\\-lijnbanen/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadsarchiefdelft.nl%2Fdelft365%2Fonzichtbare\\-lijnbanen%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2023 \\|website\\=Archives communales de la ville de Delft \\|language\\=fr}}](/wiki/File:Aan_de_Wal_te_Delft_Hendrik_Hendricus_Spilman_%281742-1784%29_Rikjjsmuseum_Amsterdam.png \"Aan de Wal te Delft Hendrik Hendricus Spilman (1742-1784) Rikjjsmuseum Amsterdam.png\")\nIn 1728, a semi\\-circular dwelling constructed from [volcanic tuff](/wiki/Volcanic_tuff \"Volcanic tuff\") was erected close to the mill.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=February 2019 \\|title\\=Dubbel Delft \\|url\\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/vaste\\-rubrieken/89768/dubbel\\-delft \\|journal\\=Delft Op Zondag \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=Rodi media zh \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fvaste\\-rubrieken%2F89768%2Fdubbel\\-delft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 6, 2023}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Visser \\|first\\=P. C \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=kaAdAQAAMAAJ\\&q\\=Rooske \\|title\\=Delft : bladzijden uit zijn geschiedenis \\|date\\=1969 \\|publisher\\=Elmar \\|language\\=nl \\|chapter\\=Oostwest weg vroeger een verdedigingswal \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fnewbks%3D1%26newbks\\_redir%3D0%26hl%3Dfr%26id%3DkaAdAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dde%2Broos%2Bmolen%2Bdelft%2Boostenrijkse%2Btoren%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3DRooske\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024}} Intended to serve as a residence for the miller, this structure was complemented by the addition of a warehouse, also crafted from volcanic tuff blocks, which constituted the final element of the windmill complex.",
"In the 1760s, the De Roos entered its third construction phase and assumed its definitive architectural form. In approximately 1760, the De Roos, which had previously been a [post mill](/wiki/Post_mill \"Post mill\"), transformed into a tower mill. Following extensive drainage operations, the foundations were entirely re\\-masoned. The mill’s skirt was reconstructed, and the building was raised by six meters.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Overgaag \\|first\\=Marjan \\|date\\=September 4, 2014 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/marjanovergaag/docs/monumentendag\\_in\\_delft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fmarjanovergaag%2Fdocs%2Fmonumentendag\\_in\\_delft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|website\\=Open Monumentendag in Delft \\|language\\=nl}} In January 1766, Jan de Bruyn obtained permission to install a hexagonal wooden gallery around the stone skirt of the windmill.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Fleuren \\|first\\=Gitta \\|date\\=May 13, 2023 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos draait weer \\|url\\=https://www.omroepdelft.nl/omroepdelft/nieuws/molen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-weer \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepdelft.nl%2Fomroepdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fmolen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-weer\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 11, 2023 \\|website\\=Omroep Delft \\|language\\=nl}}",
"### Contemporary period",
"#### From the early 19th century to the purchase of De Roos in 1926",
"[left\\|thumb\\|275x275px\\|The mill in 1885 and the [La Hague](/wiki/La_Hague \"La Hague\")\\-[Delft](/wiki/Delft \"Delft\") tramway line, which was not electrified at the time.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_Roos_1885%2C_ligne_1_tramway_site_DelftKijk.png \"Molen de Roos 1885, ligne 1 tramway site DelftKijk.png\")\n[thumb\\|300x300px\\|De Roos and the Wateringsevest Canal, 1915\\.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_Roos_1915_met_Kanaal_Oude_Delft_site_DelftKijk.png \"Molen de Roos 1915 met Kanaal Oude Delft site DelftKijk.png\")\nAt the beginning of the nineteenth century, the circular base was replaced with a hexagonal masonry structure.{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 12, 2005 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://docplayer.nl/9414751\\-Monumententour\\-delft.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F9414751\\-Monumententour\\-delft.html\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=Monumententour Delft \\|pages\\=6–7 \\|language\\=nl}} This transformation is documented in an engraving by topographer Balthasar Jooss dated 1822\\.",
"In 1829, Pieter van Rijn, previously employed at the *Niew Leven* grain mill in [Hazerswoude](/wiki/Hazerswoude \"Hazerswoude\"), became the proprietor of De Roos.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=de Baar \\|first\\=P.J.M \\|date\\=1994 \\|title\\=Molenaar Willem van Rhijn van \"De Valk\" \\|url\\=http://vanrhijnfamily.org/Willem%20van%20Rhijn%201877\\-1964\\.htm \\|journal\\=Leidse Post \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=1 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=http%3A%2F%2Fvanrhijnfamily.org%2FWillem%2520van%2520Rhijn%25201877\\-1964\\.htm\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2023}} From May 1847, a section of the {{Interlanguage link\\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\\|lt\\=inaugural Dutch railway line\\|fr\\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}}, constructed in 1829, ran adjacent to the Delft mill.{{Harvsp\\|Bakker\\|2012}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mols \\|first\\=B.H.J \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Molens actueel : Samen werken aan een goede 'Molentoekomst' \\- In 't kort \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=191 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023}} In 1874, Pieter van Rijn's son, Klaas van Rijhn, assumed the role of miller from his father.",
"In the early 20th century, during the 1920s, the electrification of {{Interlanguage link\\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\\|lt\\=tramway line 1\\|fr\\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}} connecting [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\") to Delft resulted in the railway track being relocated from Oude Delft to Phoenixstraat.{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 10, 2020 \\|title\\=Wist je dit? Vroeger reed de tram dwars over de Oude Delft \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/toen\\-in/toen\\-tram\\-nog\\-oude\\-delft\\-reed\\-2\\~9534/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Ftoen\\-in%2Ftoen\\-tram\\-nog\\-oude\\-delft\\-reed\\-2\\~9534%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2023 \\|website\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}} As the mill was situated on the new route, van Rijhn assumed the responsibility of ensuring the preservation of the windmill from probable destruction.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Olsthoorn \\|first\\=Iris \\|date\\=December 11, 2018 \\|title\\=Aart weet álles van molens: 'Het is een wonder dat Molen de Roos nog staat' \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/delftenaren/delftenaar\\-van\\-de\\-week/aart\\-weet\\-lles\\-van\\-molens\\-het\\-is\\-een\\-wonder\\-dat\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-nog\\-staat\\~68579/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fdelftenaren%2Fdelftenaar\\-van\\-de\\-week%2Faart\\-weet\\-lles\\-van\\-molens\\-het\\-is\\-een\\-wonder\\-dat\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-nog\\-staat\\~68579%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2023 \\|website\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}} In 1922, a 25\\-[horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\") [gas engine](/wiki/Gas_engine \"Gas engine\") was integrated into the mill’s mechanical system.{{Harvsp\\|Groetend\\|1965}}",
"Following the demise of Klaas van Rhijn on December 14, 1925, the *Hollandsche Molen*, an organization established in 1923 for the conservation of Dutch mills,{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 17, 2022 \\|title\\=Ruim 1,1 miljoen euro van VriendenLoterij voor molens in Nederland \\|url\\=https://erfgoedstem.nl/ruim\\-11\\-miljoen\\-euro\\-van\\-vriendenloterij\\-voor\\-molens\\-in\\-nederland/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Ferfgoedstem.nl%2Fruim\\-11\\-miljoen\\-euro\\-van\\-vriendenloterij\\-voor\\-molens\\-in\\-nederland%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2023 \\|website\\=De Erfgoesten \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 15, 2020 \\|title\\=In de Spotlights : De Hollandsche Molen \\|url\\=https://cbf.nl/nieuws/in\\-de\\-spotlights\\-de\\-hollandsche\\-molen \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbf.nl%2Fnieuws%2F4254%2Fin\\-de\\-spotlights\\-de\\-hollandsche\\-molen\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2023 \\|website\\=Centraal Bureau Fondsenwerving}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=De Hollandsche Molen \\|url\\=https://www.allemolens.nl/over\\-allemolens/vereniging\\-hollandsche\\-molen/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allemolens.nl%2Fover\\-allemolens%2Fvereniging\\-hollandsche\\-molen%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2023 \\|website\\=Alle molens \\|language\\=nl}} purchased De Roos in 1926\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 4, 2023 \\|title\\=Opening molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.demolenaar.nl/agenda/opening\\-molen\\-de\\-roos/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demolenaar.nl%2Fagenda%2Fopening\\-molen\\-de\\-roos%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2023 \\|website\\=De Moleenar \\|language\\=nl}} This acquisition by a nonprofit entity once again averted the destruction of the mill.",
"#### Initial restoration work",
"In 1928, the gas engine that powered the mill's mechanism was replaced by an electric motor. The *Hollandsche Molen* leased the windmill and its residential outbuilding to the De Vreede family that same year.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Struijk \\|first\\=Aart \\|date\\=2012 \\|title\\=Molen De Papegaaij en het papegaaischieten \\|url\\=https://www.delfia\\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\\_Batavorum\\_2011\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Delfia Batavorum \\|language\\=nl \\|pages\\=2\\-97\\-99\\-104 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\\_Batavorum\\_2011\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2023}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|The first member of this family of millers working at the mill allegedly declared, \"If I let De Roos go like De Groen and De Papegaaimolen, then I will grind it into a vestige!\"}} They remained tenants of De Roos until 2009, with Koos de Vreede being the last family member to operate the mill.{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 15, 2009 \\|title\\=Dierenvriend Martin Gaus is vol lof over Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/72997/dierenvriend\\-martin\\-gaus\\-is\\-vol\\-lof\\-over\\-molen\\-de\\-roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F72997%2Fdierenvriend\\-martin\\-gaus\\-is\\-vol\\-lof\\-over\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2023 \\|website\\=Delft op Zontag \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Poolman \\|first1\\=Frits \\|last2\\=Jellema \\|first2\\=D \\|last3\\=Ruijter \\|first3\\=Johan \\|date\\=May 15, 2009 \\|title\\=Wijziging Parkeer (belasting) verordening plus bilagen \\|url\\=https://delft.notubiz.nl/document/8730820/1/Nota \\|journal\\=Conseil Communal de Delft \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\\.php/attachment.pdf?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdelft.notubiz.nl%2Fdocument%2F8730820%2F1%2FNota \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2023}}",
"In 1929, the construction of railway line 1 led to ground subsidence, which was further exacerbated by the drainage of groundwater by the {{Interlanguage link\\|Royal Dutch Society for the Manufacture of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products\\|lt\\=Royal Dutch Society for the Manufacture of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products\\|nl\\|Koninklijke Nederlandsche Gist\\- en Spiritusfabriek}}. This resulted in a tilt to the north side of the mill and damage to the rotation mechanism of the wings. As a consequence of these events, the Hollandsche Molen initiated a restoration program for De Roos. Van Tienhoven and Visser, two members of the *Hollandsche Molen*'s management team, collaborated with the master builders from Drop Fa. The Botenbal father\\-and\\-son team was responsible for the restoration work on the mill. The stone granary was entirely rebuilt. An iron beam was placed under the grinding floor, on which a milling vat equipped with two pairs of millstones was installed. A new support beam was added under the vertical shaft. The large lower wheel was lowered to the maximum. While the two metal sections of the vertical shaft were extended, a new stone hopper was installed for grain flow. Additionally, a bedstone paired with a runner stone, each weighing approximately five tons, and a sack hoist were incorporated into the milling system.\n[left\\|thumb\\|282x282px\\|The mill and its dwelling alongside {{Interlanguage link\\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\\|lt\\=railway line 1 through Delft\\|fr\\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}}, linking [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\"), in 1948\\.](/wiki/File:Moulin_De_Roos_et_logis_du_meunier_%C3%A0_Delft_long%C3%A9s_par_la_voie_ferroviaire_en_1948.png \"Moulin De Roos et logis du meunier à Delft longés par la voie ferroviaire en 1948.png\")\nIn 1930, the foundations of the mill were rebuilt. The building was raised by 51 cm using a [hydraulic press](/wiki/Hydraulic_press \"Hydraulic press\"), and an inclined masonry cap was poured under its skirt. The repair costs amounted to 10,000 guilders. In the following years, the mill’s foundation footprint was reinforced with five 20\\-meter\\-long concrete piles.",
"In 1936, the year the De Papegay (or De Papegaey) mill was dismantled,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Agterberg \\|first\\=Martien \\|date\\=2010 \\|title\\=Verdwenen molens tussen Delft en Den Hoorn \\|journal\\=Molenwereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=23 \\|issue\\=1}} De Roos became the last remaining mill in Delft, out of the 18 that had been built in the city.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mulder \\|first\\=Patrick \\|date\\=August 30, 2013 \\|title\\=Boek over geschiedenis van molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://verkeersbureaus.info/nieuws/2013/08/30/29086\\-boek\\-geschiedenis\\-molen\\-roos/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fverkeersbureaus.info%2Fnieuws%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2F29086\\-boek\\-geschiedenis\\-molen\\-roos%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2023 \\|website\\=Verkeers Bureaus Info \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=HVR\\-lezing \"De molens langs de Vliet\" door Aart Struijk \\|url\\=https://www.historischeverenigingrijswijk.nl/agenda.php?urlkey\\=hvr\\-lezing\\-de\\-molens\\-langs\\-de\\-vliet\\-door\\-aart\\-struijk\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historischeverenigingrijswijk.nl%2Fagenda.php%3Furlkey%3Dhvr\\-lezing\\-de\\-molens\\-langs\\-de\\-vliet\\-door\\-aart\\-struijk\\-26\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2023 \\|website\\=Historische Vereniging Rijswijk \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2013 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos weer terug naar eigenaar \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-174\\-oktober\\-2013\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=16 \\|issue\\=174 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-174\\-oktober\\-2013\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|De Roos is also the only remaining mill among the fifteen windmill buildings established on the old Delft ramparts.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Nouens \\|first\\=Henk \\|date\\=September 14, 1985 \\|title\\=Molen : Molen De Roos toen nog met wieken, in de ochtendmist. \\|journal\\=Delfste Courant \\|language\\=nl}}}}",
"In the context of the global food shortages that resulted from the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), De Roos operated at full capacity during the 1940s to meet the demand for flour. The miller was assisted by a considerable workforce during this period. In 1942, despite the financial constraints of World War II affecting the Hollandsche Molen, the association provided funding for the restoration of De Roos’s residential house, amounting to 7,000 guilders. Following the conclusion of hostilities, the mill resumed its full operational capacity. However, in the 1950s, despite its pivotal role during the preceding era the windmill began to deteriorate due to a lack of adequate maintenance. Repairs were initiated in 1959\\.",
"#### Consequences of the construction of the railway viaduct and listing as Dutch National Monuments",
"[thumb\\|312x312px\\|A bird's\\-eye view of the De Roos mill on Phoenixstraat, stripped of its green wings and flanked by the {{Interlanguage link\\|Delft railway viaduct\\|lt\\=Delft railway viaduct\\|fr\\|Viaduc ferroviaire de Delft}} winding over the Wateringsevest, July 1965\\.](/wiki/File:HUA-169114-Overzicht_van_de_spoorlijn_door_Delft%2C_vanaf_het_Bacinol-gebouw_van_de_Gist-_en_Spiritusfabriek_aan_de_Wateringsevest%2C_met_het_oude%2C_lage_spoortrac%C3%A9_waarvan_nog_%C3%A9%C3%A9n_spoor_resteert_en_rechts_daarvan_he.jpg \"HUA-169114-Overzicht van de spoorlijn door Delft, vanaf het Bacinol-gebouw van de Gist- en Spiritusfabriek aan de Wateringsevest, met het oude, lage spoortracé waarvan nog één spoor resteert en rechts daarvan he.jpg\")\nIn 1961, the windmill's wheel was dismantled due to the malfunctioning of its mechanism. The structure was subsequently repaired and resumed operation in 1964\\. Concurrently, in early 1961,{{Cite journal \\|date\\=August 27, 2020 \\|title\\=Van A naar B \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/goodfield/docs/\\_delft\\_verzamelalbum\\_issuu \\|journal\\=Historisch Delft Verzamelalbum \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]] \\|pages\\=43 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fgoodfield%2Fdocs%2F\\_delft\\_verzamelalbum\\_issuu\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024}} an 800\\-meter\\-long railway viaduct was erected to supplant the tramway line segment traversing the western portion of Delft's town center. The viaduct commenced operations in 1965, situated parallel to Phoenixstraat and adjacent to De Roos.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Spoortunnel Delft \\|url\\=https://hovm.nl/zes\\-jaar\\-spoortunnel\\-delft/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fhovm.nl%2Fzes\\-jaar\\-spoortunnel\\-delft%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2023 \\|website\\=Haags Openbaar Vervoer Museum \\|date\\=18 February 2021 \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=van Dijk \\|first\\=Thomas \\|date\\=2010 \\|title\\=Werk aan het spoor \\|url\\=https://adoc.pub/delft\\-integraal\\-bio\\-als\\-basis\\-op\\-weg\\-naar\\-duurzame\\-chemie\\-bi.html \\|journal\\=Delft Integraal Bio Als Basis Op Weg Naar Duurzame Chemie \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Delft University of Technology]] \\|issue\\=2 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fadoc.pub%2Fdelft\\-integraal\\-bio\\-als\\-basis\\-op\\-weg\\-naar\\-duurzame\\-chemie\\-bi.html\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2023}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Verhagen \\|first\\=Hans \\|date\\=February 22, 2015 \\|title\\=Delft zwaait laatste trein op spoorviaduct uitbundig uit \\|url\\=https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/delft\\-zwaait\\-laatste\\-trein\\-op\\-spoorviaduct\\-uitbundig\\-uit\\~a147f4b1/?referrer\\=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2F \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fbinnenland%2Fdelft\\-zwaait\\-laatste\\-trein\\-op\\-spoorviaduct\\-uitbundig\\-uit\\~a147f4b1%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|work\\=June 28, 2023 \\|pages\\=\\[\\[Algemeen Dagblad]]}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Bel \\|first\\=D.J.F. \\|date\\=July 5, 2022 \\|title\\=Startnotitie Milieueffectrapportage Spoorzone Delft \\|url\\=https://www.commissiemer.nl/docs/mer/p12/p1276/1276\\-02sn.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commissiemer.nl%2Fdocs%2Fmer%2Fp12%2Fp1276%2F1276\\-02sn.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2023 \\|work\\=Witteveen \\& Bos \\|language\\=nl}} Subsequently, the wings of De Roos were again halted on March 23, June 1, July 6, and September 7 and 14, 1965\\.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=August 15, 1979 \\|title\\=1679\\-1979 : 300 jaar molen \"De Roos\" Delft \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl}}",
"On June 29, 1967, the mill and the miller’s house, like numerous other buildings in Delft, were designated national monuments by the [Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency](/wiki/Rijksdienst_voor_het_Cultureel_Erfgoed \"Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed\").{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://media.delft.nl/raad/commissies/economie,%20milieu,%20cultuur%20en%20recreatie/2007/nota/e\\_2007\\_005\\_n.pdf \\|title\\=GEZICHT OP GEBOUWD ERFGOED DELFT monumentennota 2007\\-2017 \\|date\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=Gemeente Delft \\|series\\=Vakteam Monumentenzorg \\& Bouwkwaliteit \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fraad%2Fcommissies%2Feconomie%2C%2520milieu%2C%2520cultuur%2520en%2520recreatie%2F2007%2Fnota%2Fe\\_2007\\_005\\_n.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 2018 \\|title\\=Aanwijzing en bescherming gemeentelijke monumenten \\|url\\=https://www.delft.nl/sites/default/files/2018\\-01/Infoblad%20Aanwijzing%20en%20bescherming%20gemeentelijke%20monumenten.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delft.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018\\-01%2FInfoblad%2520Aanwijzing%2520en%2520bescherming%2520gemeentelijke%2520monumenten.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2023 \\|website\\=Commune de Delft \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Delft \\|url\\=https://monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumentenregister?tekst\\=Delft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmonumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl%2Fmonumentenregister%3Ftekst%3DDelft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2023 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]] \\|language\\=nl}}",
"In November 1975, the Delft mill was showcased in a television program designed for a youth audience, titled *Het Programma met de Muis*.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Zandstra \\|first\\=Aat \\|date\\=November 14, 1975 \\|title\\=DELFTSE MOLEN DE ROOS ZONDAG IN VOL BEDRIJF OP NOS TELEVISIE \\|journal\\=Delftse Post \\|language\\=nl}} The report, broadcast by the *[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting](/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting \"Nederlandse Omroep Stichting\")*, demonstrated the processes of flour production and mill operation through the actions of miller Niek de Vreede, accompanied by detailed explanations. From 1975 to 1983, de Vreede operated the mill with the assistance of volunteer millers. On August 18, 1979, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the mill's construction, the [mayor](/wiki/Burgomaster \"Burgomaster\") and the [council](/wiki/Schepen \"Schepen\") of Delft organized a celebratory event throughout the city.",
"#### Restoration work in the 1980s and 1990s",
"[left\\|thumb\\|The mill, restored and without its wheel, in 1985\\.](/wiki/File:Ronde_stenen_stellingmolen_in_ontwiekte_staat_schuin_van_onderen_en_opzij_gefotografeerd_-_Delft_-_20053268_-_RCE.jpg \"Ronde stenen stellingmolen in ontwiekte staat schuin van onderen en opzij gefotografeerd - Delft - 20053268 - RCE.jpg\")\nIn 1984, the mill exhibited further deterioration. On the night of February 14\\-15, the wings ceased turning.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Endedijk \\|first\\=Leo \\|date\\=1986 \\|title\\=Delftse actie voor De Roos \\|journal\\=Molens \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=2}} This deterioration was attributed to a subsidence of the masonry above the hexagonal gallery and a malfunction of the rotating cap.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Bakker \\|first\\=J.S \\|date\\=November 17, 1988 \\|title\\=Restauratie molen \"De Roos\" Delft van start \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl}}",
"The restoration work, which commenced in November 1988, entailed the removal of the cap and the raising of the upper portion of the mill's skirt, which weighed approximately 240 tons. This was achieved using 35 centrally controlled hydraulic jacks anchored through 40 holes drilled to a depth of 1\\.3 meters into the skirt.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=November 23, 1988 \\|title\\=Verwijderen kap is eerste stap in grote molen De Roos in de restauratie steigers \\|journal\\=Delftse Post \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=April 14, 1989 \\|title\\=De Roos nu bijna recht \\|journal\\=Delftsche Courant \\|language\\=nl}} The jacks were employed to exert a force that would push the skirt upwards. The work continued in March/April 1989, with the jacks still holding the circular structure above the platform. The base, a brick\\-and\\-mortar assembly, was re\\-masoned, and the inclination was raised by approximately 40 centimeters.{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|Two large bands of \\[\\[shoring]] placed around the base of the circular structure of the mill, one made of metal and the other of wood, allow the masonry to be \\[\\[Formwork\\|shuttered]].{{Cite journal \\|date\\=April 28, 1989 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos op Nationale Molendag ? \\|journal\\=Delftse Post \\|language\\=nl}}}} The new rotating cap, replacing the previous 19th\\-century one, was installed in early 1990\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Brouwer \\|first\\=Willem \\|date\\=February 7, 1990 \\|title\\=De Roos deze zomer weer 'echte' molen \\|journal\\=Delftsche Courant \\|language\\=nl}}",
"On June 19, 1990, a 120\\-ton [mobile crane](/wiki/Mobile_crane \"Mobile crane\") was utilized to affix the cap to the mill's skirt.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Bakker \\|first\\=J.S \\|date\\=August 1, 1990 \\|title\\=\"De Roos\" in Delft begint weer op een molen te lijken \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=93 \\|issue\\=31}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=1990 \\|title\\=Kop op molen 'De Roos' Delft \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=1990 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos weer in functie \\|journal\\=Defltse Post \\|language\\=fr}} Additionally, new metal shafts for the wings and new millstones were hoisted and integrated into the mill structure.",
"To fund the restoration of the mill, which was not feasible with the resources available from the *Hollandsche Molen* Association, a foundation was established in 1986, called the *[Stichting](/wiki/Stichting \"Stichting\") Molen de Roos*.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://www.molens.nl/sites/www.molens.nl/files/documenten/Jaarrekening\\-2021\\-tbv\\-website.pdf \\|title\\=De Hollandsche Molen \\- Vereniging tot behoud van molens in Nederland \\- Bestuursverslag en samengevoegde jaarrekening 2021 \\|date\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=De Hollandsche Molen \\|language\\=nl \\|chapter\\=Molen de Roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Fsites%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Ffiles%2Fdocumenten%2FJaarrekening\\-2021\\-tbv\\-website.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|Fundraising partly relies on selling screen prints depicting the mill created by engraver Sees Vlag. Each screen\\-printed copy, titled \"Stichting Molen De Roos\" (De Roos Mill Foundation), is then sold for 195 guilders.}} The foundation's fundraising efforts resulted in a total of 200,000 guilders, in addition to the 70,000 guilders initially allocated by the association for the restoration of the Dommerholt mill{{Cite journal \\|date\\=October 1964 \\|title\\=Molen Epse nu woning \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-64\\-oktober\\-2003\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Werd \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=64 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-64\\-oktober\\-2003\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|The total cost of repairs amounted to 500,000 guilders, with 350,000 dedicated to the mill and 150,000 to the miller's house.}} in [Epse](/wiki/Epse \"Epse\"). These funds enabled the restoration of De Roos. The renovated mill was inaugurated by the [Dutch Prince Consort](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_royal_consorts \"List of Dutch royal consorts\") [Claus von Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands \"Prince Claus of the Netherlands\") on September 28, 1990\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Fleuren \\|first\\=Gitta \\|date\\=May 13, 2023 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos draait weer \\|url\\=https://www.omroepdelft.nl/omroepdelft/nieuws/molen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-weer \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepdelft.nl%2Fomroepdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fmolen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-weer\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2023 \\|work\\=Omroep Delft \\|language\\=nl}}",
"In the spring of 1996, to commemorate the 750th anniversary of the city’s establishment by [William II of Holland](/wiki/William_II_of_Holland \"William II of Holland\"),{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=van Kruiningen \\|first1\\=C.G.M \\|last2\\=Kruisheer \\|first2\\=J.G \\|last3\\=Verhoeven \\|first3\\=G \\|date\\=1997 \\|title\\=Het Delftse stadsrecht van 1246 \\|url\\=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/\\_mad001199701\\_01/\\_mad001199701\\_01\\_0023\\.php \\|journal\\=Madoc \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=1997 « Delft, 15 april 1246 (Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst Delft, Delft 1996\\). » \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F\\_mad001199701\\_01%2F\\_mad001199701\\_01\\_0023\\.php\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2023}} the mill's wings were embellished with four white sails featuring nuances of Delft blue.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=April 1996 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos heefts Delfts zeilen blawe \\|journal\\=Molens \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Bakker \\|first\\=J. S \\|date\\=1996 \\|title\\=Delftse Molens \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=15}} [Delftware](/wiki/Delftware \"Delftware\") tiles depicting De Roos were commissioned for this occasion.",
"#### Construction of the Delft railway tunnel and archaeological excavations (2000s and 2010s)",
"##### Construction of the Delft railway tunnel under the mill",
"In 2004, the viaduct of railway line no. 1\\. The project's impact on the [morphology](/wiki/Urban_morphology \"Urban morphology\") and [landscape](/wiki/Landscape \"Landscape\") of Delft's town center (including the mill) was a significant factor in the [Minister of Transport and Water](/wiki/Government_of_the_Netherlands \"Government of the Netherlands\") Management, [Karla Peijs](/wiki/Karla_Peijs \"Karla Peijs\"), approving the construction of a railway tunnel.{{Cite web \\|date\\=August 14, 2014 \\|title\\=Reportage: Delft gaat ondergronds \\|url\\=https://www.ovmagazine.nl/nieuws/reportage\\-delft\\-gaat\\-ondergronds \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovmagazine.nl%2Fnieuws%2Freportage\\-delft\\-gaat\\-ondergronds\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023 \\|website\\=OV Magazine \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=van Dijk \\|first\\=Tomas \\|date\\=2010 \\|title\\=Work on the railwa \\|url\\=https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:f06a52bd\\-9cf5\\-45fc\\-a0c2\\-234e93ad6927/datastream/OBJ/download \\|journal\\=Delft Outlook \\|issue\\=2 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\\.php/attachment.pdf?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.tudelft.nl%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuuid%3Af06a52bd\\-9cf5\\-45fc\\-a0c2\\-234e93ad6927%2Fdatastream%2FOBJ%2Fdownload \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=De Roos zweeft langzaam boven een bos van 45 stalen buispalen \\|url\\=https://www.cobouw.nl/16049/de\\-roos\\-zweeft\\-langzaam\\-boven\\-een\\-bos\\-van\\-45\\-stalen\\-buispalen \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023 \\|website\\=Cobow.nl \\|date\\=20 June 2012 \\|language\\=nl}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|Regarding the regular passage of trains running on the railway viaduct facing De Roos, one of the millers who worked in the Delft windmill commented, \"A mill is not a \\[\\[Observation tower\\|watchtower]].\"{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=In t' kort \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=191 \\|pages\\=137 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2023}}}} The route of the underground railway infrastructure, measuring 2\\.3 km in length, 24 meters in width, situated at a depth of 10 meters, and comprising four tracks, passed beneath the mill. In July 2012, the 1\\.1 tons of the windmill complex were lifted to a height of one meter to allow for the commencement of the planned work.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Lansbergen \\|first\\=Gab L \\|date\\=2013 \\|title\\=Kroniek over 2012 \\- Juli \\|url\\=https://www.delfia\\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\\_Batavorum\\_2012\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Delfia Batavorum \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=2012 \\|pages\\=38 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\\_Batavorum\\_2012\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2023}} The jacking operation, conducted with the assistance of computer\\-aided technology and subcontracted to the engineering company CT de Boer,{{Cite news \\|last\\=van de Beek \\|first\\=Ellen \\|date\\=July 4, 2012 \\|title\\=Langzaam stijgt de molen een metertje \\|url\\=https://www.rd.nl/artikel/454003\\-langzaam\\-stijgt\\-de\\-molen\\-een\\-metertje\\-op \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.nl%2Fartikel%2F454003\\-langzaam\\-stijgt\\-de\\-molen\\-een\\-metertje\\-op\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reformatorisch Dagblad]] \\|language\\=nl}} proceeded in incremental steps of 33 mm.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=July 13, 2012 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos een meter omhoog \\|url\\=https://www.bouwwereld.nl/bouwtechniek/molen\\-de\\-roos\\-een\\-meter\\-omhoog/ \\|journal\\=Bow Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bouwwereld.nl%2Fbouwtechniek%2Fmolen\\-de\\-roos\\-een\\-meter\\-omhoog%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023}} The operation of lifting the national building, which was carried out with the assistance of 45 jacks, was completed in a single day. During the tunnel construction on Phoenixstraat, the windmill building and its domestic outbuilding were supported by a pile structure.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=August 20, 2012 \\|title\\=Aannemer en archeologen graven onder Molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/78419/aannemer\\-en\\-archeologen\\-graven\\-onder\\-molen\\-de\\-roos \\|journal\\=Delft Op Zontag \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=20 \\|issue\\=34 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F78419%2Faannemer\\-en\\-archeologen\\-graven\\-onder\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023}} While the jacking operation was underway, a reinforced concrete base was poured at the site of 111\\-112 Phoenixstraat. This provided a new [course](/wiki/Course_%28architecture%29 \"Course (architecture)\") for the windmill building, its dwelling and its warehouse. The complex was subsequently placed back in its original location in December 2012\\.",
"During the operations involving De Roos, the mill came under the administrative authority of [ProRail](/wiki/ProRail \"ProRail\"), a public body responsible for the railway tunnel excavation work.{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 4, 2013 \\|title\\=Delftse molen De Roos weer teruggeven aan vereniging \\|url\\=https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/2304750/delftse\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-weer\\-teruggeven\\-aan\\-vereniging \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepwest.nl%2Fnieuws%2F2304750%2Fdelftse\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-weer\\-teruggeven\\-aan\\-vereniging\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023 \\|work\\=Omroep West \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Delfts blauwe huzarenstukjes \\|url\\=https://www.prorail.nl/nieuws/delfts\\-blauwe\\-huzarenstukjes \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prorail.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fdelfts\\-blauwe\\-huzarenstukjes\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023 \\|website\\=\\[\\[ProRail]] \\|language\\=nl}} Furthermore, the budget allocated by the province of South Holland for the work on the windmill building, specifically repairs of the masonry joints around the openings on the first floor of the skirt superstructure{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Koudijs \\|first\\=Jan\\-Derk \\|date\\=2009 \\|title\\=Spooroos \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molens \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2023}} and the installation of a new concrete slab, amounted to a cost of €76,000\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Ligtenberg \\|first\\=Rudy \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Meer geld voor restauratie rijksmonumenten \\|url\\=https://zuid\\-holland.sgp.nl/download?docID\\=f3c13efbb8406013811b9e6fff9ffaf11500288a\\&name\\=2015\\-01Vizier. \\|journal\\=Vizier \\- Newsbrief Statenfractie Zuid\\-Holland \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=1 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fzuid\\-holland.sgp.nl%2Fdownload%3FdocID%3Df3c13efbb8406013811b9e6fff9ffaf11500288a%26name%3D2015\\-01Vizier. \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2023}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Meer provinciaal geld voor restauratie rijksmonumenten in Zuid\\-Holland \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=191 \\|pages\\=131 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2023}}",
"In the latter half of the 2000s, a permanent exhibition was installed within the mill.{{Cite web \\|title\\=MUSEA EN BEZIENSWAARDIGHEDENIN DELFT : Molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delft.com/nl/de\\-leukste\\-musea\\-en\\-bezienswaardigheden\\-in\\-delft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delft.com%2Fnl%2Fde\\-leukste\\-musea\\-en\\-bezienswaardigheden\\-in\\-delft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 11, 2023 \\|website\\=ville de Delft \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Molen De Roos \\- interieur en expositie \\|url\\=https://www.ateliers197\\.nl/?projects\\=molen\\-de\\-roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ateliers197\\.nl%2F%3Fprojects%3Dmolen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 11, 2023 \\|website\\=ateliers197\\. nl \\|language\\=nl}} In May 2009, as a result of plans to construct a public parking garage (the *Prinsenhofgarage*{{Cite web \\|date\\=June 17, 2017 \\|title\\=Straks parkeren in Prinsenhofgarage \\|url\\=https://www.ad.nl/delft/straks\\-parkeren\\-in\\-prinsenhofgarage\\~a71daa2d/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fdelft%2Fstraks\\-parkeren\\-in\\-prinsenhofgarage\\~a71daa2d%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2023 \\|website\\=Algemeen Dagblad \\|language\\=nl}}) reserved for users of the William of Orange railway tunnel, the miller Koos de Vreede, then the proprietor of a specialty animal feed shop occupying the land designated for the future parking lot, was expropriated from De Roos.{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 27, 2009 \\|title\\=Dierenvriend Martin Gaus is vol lof over Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/72997/dierenvriend\\-martin\\-gaus\\-is\\-vol\\-lof\\-over\\-molen\\-de\\-roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F72997%2Fdierenvriend\\-martin\\-gaus\\-is\\-vol\\-lof\\-over\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2023 \\|website\\=Delft op zontag \\|language\\=nl}}",
"",
"",
"The mill reopened on September 4, 2013\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 4, 2013 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos : van stadswal naar tunneldak \\|url\\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2013/skwk36\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2013%2Fskwk36\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023 \\|website\\=Stadskrant Delft \\|language\\=nl}} This date also marks the return of the de Roos to the real estate administered by the Hollandsche Molen association, as well as the publication of a book devoted to its history.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mulder \\|first\\=Patrick \\|date\\=August 30, 2013 \\|title\\=Boek over geschiedenis van molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://verkeersbureaus.info/nieuws/2013/08/30/29086\\-boek\\-geschiedenis\\-molen\\-roos/ \\|journal\\=Veerkeersbureau.info \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fverkeersbureaus.info%2Fnieuws%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2F29086\\-boek\\-geschiedenis\\-molen\\-roos%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023}} On the night of February 21 to 22, 2015, the last train on the railway viaduct passed in front of the mill.\nFile:Phoenixstraat \\- Delft \\- 2014 \\- panoramio.jpg\\|Construction work on the railway tunnel around and under the mill in October 2014\\.\nFile:Delft \\- 2015 \\- panoramio (279\\).jpg\\|Photo in January 2016\\.\nFile:Delft \\- 2015 \\- panoramio (280\\).jpg\\|January 2016\\.\nFile:Parking Spoorsingel Delft 1\\.jpg\\|March 2017\\.\nFile:Parking Spoorsingel Delft 2\\.jpg\\|March 2017\\.\nFile:Phoenixstraat Spoorzone Delft 2017\\.jpg\\|July 2017\\.",
"",
"##### Archaeological excavations",
"While the grain mill and its associated dwelling were elevated by one meter, the Heritage Service of the city of Delft and its surrounding area (*Erfgoed Delft en omstreken*) conducted preventive excavations at the Phoenixstraat site.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2012 \\|title\\=Opgravingen \\- Spoorzone \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/museumhetprinsenhof/docs/jaarverslag2012 \\|journal\\=Bulletin du service du Patrimoine de Delft \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fmuseumhetprinsenhof%2Fdocs%2Fjaarverslag2012\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2023}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 16, 2012 \\|title\\=Voortgangsrapportage over het 1re kwartaal 2012 Ontwikkeling Spoorzone Delft \\|url\\=https://delft.notubiz.nl/document/9032915/1/Spoorzone\\_\\-\\_College\\_van\\_B\\&W\\_\\_voortgangsrapportage\\_Ontwikkeling\\_Delft\\_over\\_het\\_1e\\_kwartaal\\_2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\\.php/attachment.pdf?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdelft.notubiz.nl%2Fdocument%2F9032915%2F1%2FSpoorzone\\_\\-\\_College\\_van\\_B%26W\\_\\_voortgangsrapportage\\_Ontwikkeling\\_Delft\\_over\\_het\\_1e\\_kwartaal\\_2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2023 \\|website\\=Conseil communal de la ville de Delft \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Jongma \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=2011 \\|title\\=Delft Spoorzone \\|url\\=https://geschiedenisvanzuidholland.nl/media/qfxoha1x/archeologische\\-kroniek\\-2011\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Archeologische Kroniek van Zuid\\-Holland \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=43 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fgeschiedenisvanzuidholland.nl%2Fmedia%2Fqfxoha1x%2Farcheologische\\-kroniek\\-2011\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2023}} These archaeological research operations were also conducted under the auspices of the [Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency](/wiki/Rijksdienst_voor_het_Cultureel_Erfgoed \"Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed\").{{Harvsp\\|Kouwenhoven\\|2006}}",
"In 2008, De Roos oversaw the [excavation](/wiki/Excavation_%28archaeology%29 \"Excavation (archaeology)\") of a trench measuring 20 meters in length and one meter in width. This endeavor yielded insights into the original foundations of the mill and the remnants of the city's ancient fortifications, including a rampart, a bastion, a tower, and a moat. In March 2009, three [sondage](/wiki/Sondage \"Sondage\") pits were excavated using a [mini\\-excavator](/wiki/Compact_excavator \"Compact excavator\") on the land surrounding the windmill building.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Bakx \\|first\\=J. P \\|date\\=2009 \\|title\\=Proefputten ter hoogte van molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delfia\\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\\_Batavorum\\_2009\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Delfia Batavorum \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=19 \\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2023}} The initial exploration trench yielded a stratigraphy 2\\.3 meters thick, comprising a meter of recent fill, primarily sand, followed by 0\\.5 meters of construction rubble mixed with blue clay by [oxidation\\-reduction processes](/wiki/Redox \"Redox\"), and finally, 190 centimeters of the former moat's fill. The second trench exhibited a comparable stratigraphic profile, if not an identical one, to that of the initial test pit. The third trench revealed the remains of a foundation, spanning a depth of 0\\.50 meters, belonging to a structure situated between De Roos and the Bagijntoren, one of the fortified towers of Delft's fortifications.",
"The archaeological [excavations](/wiki/Archaeological_excavation \"Archaeological excavation\") unearthed two [millstones](/wiki/Millstone \"Millstone\") crafted from blue volcanic stone.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=Blauwe stenen terug bij Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/95946/blauwe\\-stenen\\-terug\\-bij\\-molen\\-de\\-roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F95946%2Fblauwe\\-stenen\\-terug\\-bij\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2023 \\|website\\=Delft op Zontag \\|language\\=nl}} The two\\-grain millstones, found in an almost intact state, were originally part of the grinding mechanism of the [Delft mill](/wiki/Delftware \"Delftware\"). In addition, domestic deposits, dated to the 17th century and found in a good state of preservation, were also identified during the excavation campaign. Finally, debris from the mill's facades in its first and second states—before the reconstruction of its skirt in 1760—was found within the [stratigraphic layers](/wiki/Stratigraphic_layer \"Stratigraphic layer\") of the city wall.",
"#### Developments in the late 2010s and repair work in the 2020s",
"In 2015, the opening of a shop called *Ambacht* within the mill marked the beginning of a new venture for De Roos. In addition to supplying local bakeries, the company began providing flour to individuals, restaurants, and DOEL, a subdivision of GGZ Delfland, a structure dedicated to improving the quality of life for people with psychiatric disorders.{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 6, 2016 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos draait als nooit te voren dankzij Ambacht \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/winkelen/molen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-als\\-nooit\\-te\\-voren\\-dankzij\\-ambacht\\~1982/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fwinkelen%2Fmolen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-als\\-nooit\\-te\\-voren\\-dankzij\\-ambacht\\~1982%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2023 \\|website\\=In de buurt \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 27, 2012 \\|title\\=Nieuw perspectief dankzij dagbesteding in stadsmolen : 'Die prijs gaf ons een enorme boost' \\|url\\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2017/skwk39\\-2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2017%2Fskwk39\\-2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2023 \\|website\\=Stadskrant Delft \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Verbisen \\|first\\=Piet \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=Excursie Zuid\\-Holland \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/demolenvriend/docs/molenvriend\\_105\\_webversie \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fdemolenvriend%2Fdocs%2Fmolenvriend\\_105\\_webversie\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2023 \\|website\\=De Molenvriend \\|pages\\=104–105}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=August 4, 2015 \\|title\\=Uit het rapport Molentoekomst : Nevenbestemming van molens \\|url\\=https://erfgoedstem.nl/uit\\-het\\-rapport\\-molentoekomst\\-nevenbestemming\\-van\\-molens/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Ferfgoedstem.nl%2Fuit\\-het\\-rapport\\-molentoekomst\\-nevenbestemming\\-van\\-molens%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2023 \\|website\\=De Erfgoedstem \\|language\\=nl}} As indicated in the August 2015 monthly report on the future of Dutch mills, the opening of this specialty shop, along with the hosting of visitors due to the installation of an exhibition room, transformed the De Roos mill into a \"secondary destination\" that extended beyond its primary flour production activity.",
"In 2019, informational panels were installed outside and inside the mill for the benefit of visitors and customers.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Boonstra \\|first\\=Jelle \\|date\\=2020 \\|title\\=Jaarverslag Molen de Roos 2019 \\|url\\=https://docplayer.nl/204880260\\-Jaarverslag\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-2019\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F204880260\\-Jaarverslag\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-2019\\.html\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 12, 2023 \\|work\\=Publications de l'association De Hollandsche Molen \\|language\\=nl}} Some of the signs were designed to provide information and an explanation of the history and various functions of the mill from an educational perspective. Others were intended to comply with safety standards and displayed instructions for safe operation. A new lighting system, including rotating [LED lamps](/wiki/LED_lamp \"LED lamp\"), was also installed inside the mill. During the same year, an exhibition was set up within De Roos with the theme \"*Mills, the Engine of the Golden Age in Delft*\" (\"*Molens, de motor van de Gouden Eeuw in Delft*\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mills: the engine of the Golden Age / Molen: de motor van de Gouden Eeuw \\|url\\=https://molen.molenderoos.nl/goudeneeuw/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2023 \\|website\\=Moulin De Roos official website \\|language\\=en, nl}}",
"The early 2020s saw a further deterioration of the mill's wheel.{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 17, 2023 \\|title\\=De Delftse molen krijgt na een jaar haar wieken weer terug \\|url\\=https://www.ad.nl/play/productie/de\\-delftse\\-molen\\-krijgt\\-na\\-een\\-jaar\\-haar\\-wieken\\-weer\\-terug\\-370131 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Groeneweg \\|first\\=Maarten \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Actie om iconische molen van Delft weer te laten draaien \\|url\\=https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/4677183/actie\\-om\\-iconische\\-molen\\-van\\-delft\\-weer\\-te\\-laten\\-draaien \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepwest.nl%2Fnieuws%2F4677183%2Factie\\-om\\-iconische\\-molen\\-van\\-delft\\-weer\\-te\\-laten\\-draaien\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|website\\=Omroep West \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Dit is er aan de hand met molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/nieuws/dit\\-is\\-er\\-aan\\-de\\-hand\\-met\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~182579/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fdit\\-is\\-er\\-aan\\-de\\-hand\\-met\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~182579%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|website\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}} The cracks observed in October 2022 were present within the two metal axes that constitute the structure of the wings, thereby hindering the continuous rotation of the wheel.",
"A [crowdfunding](/wiki/Crowdfunding \"Crowdfunding\") campaign was initiated to facilitate the replacement of the two metal rods.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Prinses Beatrix opent 50ste Nationale Molendag \\|url\\=https://www.molens.nl/nieuws/prinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-50ste\\-nationale\\-molendag \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fprinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-50ste\\-nationale\\-molendag\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|website\\=Bulletin de l'association Hollandsche Molen \\|language\\=nl}} The fundraising effort yielded €15,000\\. The Delft windmill underwent repairs and was inaugurated by [Queen Beatrix](/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands \"Beatrix of the Netherlands\") in May 2023, coinciding with National Mill Day.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Beatrix opent Molendagen bij De Roos in Delft \\|url\\=https://www.vorsten.nl/vorstenhuizen/nederland/beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-bij\\-de\\-roos\\-in\\-delft/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorsten.nl%2Fvorstenhuizen%2Fnederland%2Fbeatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-bij\\-de\\-roos\\-in\\-delft%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=January 24, 2023 \\|website\\=Vorstand \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=van den Oever \\|first\\=Suzanne \\|date\\=May 12, 2023 \\|title\\=Fotoserie! Prinses Beatrix bezoekt Molen de Roos in Delft \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/genieten\\-van/fotoserie\\-prinses\\-beatrix\\-bezoekt\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-in\\-delft\\~193587/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fgenieten\\-van%2Ffotoserie\\-prinses\\-beatrix\\-bezoekt\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-in\\-delft\\~193587%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|work\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}}\nFile:Molen de Roos mill Delft 3\\.jpg\\|De Roos and its dwelling along Phoenixstraat, with the bell tower of the Oude Kerk visible on the left, in August 2018\\.\nFile:Molen de Roos mill Delft 5\\.jpg\\|Close\\-up of the De Roos complex in Delft town center in August 2018\\.\nFile:Delft Vanheemstrastraat and De Roos.jpg\\|The mill visible at the end of Vanheemstrastraat, Delft, in February 2022\\.\nFile:Delft DeRoosMill 017 6064\\.jpg\\|The De Roos complex, its forecourt, the Phoenixstraat visible on the left, in September 2022\\.\nFile:Delft MolenDeRoosPhoenixstraat 20230809 versie2\\.jpg\\|The mill, its dwelling and warehouse along the Phoenixstraat in August 2023\\.\nFile:Delft MolenDeRoosPhoenixstraat 20230809\\.jpg\\|The mill, its dwelling and warehouse along the Phoenixstraat in August 2023\\.",
"",
""
] |
### Contemporary period
#### From the early 19th century to the purchase of De Roos in 1926
[left\|thumb\|275x275px\|The mill in 1885 and the [La Hague](/wiki/La_Hague "La Hague")\-[Delft](/wiki/Delft "Delft") tramway line, which was not electrified at the time.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_Roos_1885%2C_ligne_1_tramway_site_DelftKijk.png "Molen de Roos 1885, ligne 1 tramway site DelftKijk.png")
[thumb\|300x300px\|De Roos and the Wateringsevest Canal, 1915\.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_Roos_1915_met_Kanaal_Oude_Delft_site_DelftKijk.png "Molen de Roos 1915 met Kanaal Oude Delft site DelftKijk.png")
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the circular base was replaced with a hexagonal masonry structure.{{Cite web \|date\=February 12, 2005 \|title\=Molen de Roos \|url\=https://docplayer.nl/9414751\-Monumententour\-delft.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F9414751\-Monumententour\-delft.html\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\= \|website\=Monumententour Delft \|pages\=6–7 \|language\=nl}} This transformation is documented in an engraving by topographer Balthasar Jooss dated 1822\.
In 1829, Pieter van Rijn, previously employed at the *Niew Leven* grain mill in [Hazerswoude](/wiki/Hazerswoude "Hazerswoude"), became the proprietor of De Roos.{{Cite journal \|last\=de Baar \|first\=P.J.M \|date\=1994 \|title\=Molenaar Willem van Rhijn van "De Valk" \|url\=http://vanrhijnfamily.org/Willem%20van%20Rhijn%201877\-1964\.htm \|journal\=Leidse Post \|language\=nl \|volume\=2 \|issue\=1 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=http%3A%2F%2Fvanrhijnfamily.org%2FWillem%2520van%2520Rhijn%25201877\-1964\.htm\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 13, 2023}} From May 1847, a section of the {{Interlanguage link\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\|lt\=inaugural Dutch railway line\|fr\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}}, constructed in 1829, ran adjacent to the Delft mill.{{Harvsp\|Bakker\|2012}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Mols \|first\=B.H.J \|date\=2015 \|title\=Molens actueel : Samen werken aan een goede 'Molentoekomst' \- In 't kort \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Wereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=18 \|issue\=191 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2023 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023}} In 1874, Pieter van Rijn's son, Klaas van Rijhn, assumed the role of miller from his father.
In the early 20th century, during the 1920s, the electrification of {{Interlanguage link\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\|lt\=tramway line 1\|fr\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}} connecting [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague") to Delft resulted in the railway track being relocated from Oude Delft to Phoenixstraat.{{Cite web \|date\=May 10, 2020 \|title\=Wist je dit? Vroeger reed de tram dwars over de Oude Delft \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/toen\-in/toen\-tram\-nog\-oude\-delft\-reed\-2\~9534/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Ftoen\-in%2Ftoen\-tram\-nog\-oude\-delft\-reed\-2\~9534%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 15, 2023 \|website\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}} As the mill was situated on the new route, van Rijhn assumed the responsibility of ensuring the preservation of the windmill from probable destruction.{{Cite web \|last\=Olsthoorn \|first\=Iris \|date\=December 11, 2018 \|title\=Aart weet álles van molens: 'Het is een wonder dat Molen de Roos nog staat' \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/delftenaren/delftenaar\-van\-de\-week/aart\-weet\-lles\-van\-molens\-het\-is\-een\-wonder\-dat\-molen\-de\-roos\-nog\-staat\~68579/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fdelftenaren%2Fdelftenaar\-van\-de\-week%2Faart\-weet\-lles\-van\-molens\-het\-is\-een\-wonder\-dat\-molen\-de\-roos\-nog\-staat\~68579%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 5, 2023 \|website\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}} In 1922, a 25\-[horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower") [gas engine](/wiki/Gas_engine "Gas engine") was integrated into the mill’s mechanical system.{{Harvsp\|Groetend\|1965}}
Following the demise of Klaas van Rhijn on December 14, 1925, the *Hollandsche Molen*, an organization established in 1923 for the conservation of Dutch mills,{{Cite web \|date\=February 17, 2022 \|title\=Ruim 1,1 miljoen euro van VriendenLoterij voor molens in Nederland \|url\=https://erfgoedstem.nl/ruim\-11\-miljoen\-euro\-van\-vriendenloterij\-voor\-molens\-in\-nederland/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Ferfgoedstem.nl%2Fruim\-11\-miljoen\-euro\-van\-vriendenloterij\-voor\-molens\-in\-nederland%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2023 \|website\=De Erfgoesten \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|date\=May 15, 2020 \|title\=In de Spotlights : De Hollandsche Molen \|url\=https://cbf.nl/nieuws/in\-de\-spotlights\-de\-hollandsche\-molen \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbf.nl%2Fnieuws%2F4254%2Fin\-de\-spotlights\-de\-hollandsche\-molen\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2023 \|website\=Centraal Bureau Fondsenwerving}}{{Cite web \|title\=De Hollandsche Molen \|url\=https://www.allemolens.nl/over\-allemolens/vereniging\-hollandsche\-molen/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allemolens.nl%2Fover\-allemolens%2Fvereniging\-hollandsche\-molen%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2023 \|website\=Alle molens \|language\=nl}} purchased De Roos in 1926\.{{Cite web \|date\=September 4, 2023 \|title\=Opening molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.demolenaar.nl/agenda/opening\-molen\-de\-roos/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demolenaar.nl%2Fagenda%2Fopening\-molen\-de\-roos%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 16, 2023 \|website\=De Moleenar \|language\=nl}} This acquisition by a nonprofit entity once again averted the destruction of the mill.
#### Initial restoration work
In 1928, the gas engine that powered the mill's mechanism was replaced by an electric motor. The *Hollandsche Molen* leased the windmill and its residential outbuilding to the De Vreede family that same year.{{Cite journal \|last\=Struijk \|first\=Aart \|date\=2012 \|title\=Molen De Papegaaij en het papegaaischieten \|url\=https://www.delfia\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\_Batavorum\_2011\.pdf \|journal\=Delfia Batavorum \|language\=nl \|pages\=2\-97\-99\-104 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\_Batavorum\_2011\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 13, 2023}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|The first member of this family of millers working at the mill allegedly declared, "If I let De Roos go like De Groen and De Papegaaimolen, then I will grind it into a vestige!"}} They remained tenants of De Roos until 2009, with Koos de Vreede being the last family member to operate the mill.{{Cite web \|date\=November 15, 2009 \|title\=Dierenvriend Martin Gaus is vol lof over Molen de Roos \|url\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/72997/dierenvriend\-martin\-gaus\-is\-vol\-lof\-over\-molen\-de\-roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F72997%2Fdierenvriend\-martin\-gaus\-is\-vol\-lof\-over\-molen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2023 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2023 \|website\=Delft op Zontag \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Poolman \|first1\=Frits \|last2\=Jellema \|first2\=D \|last3\=Ruijter \|first3\=Johan \|date\=May 15, 2009 \|title\=Wijziging Parkeer (belasting) verordening plus bilagen \|url\=https://delft.notubiz.nl/document/8730820/1/Nota \|journal\=Conseil Communal de Delft \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\.php/attachment.pdf?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdelft.notubiz.nl%2Fdocument%2F8730820%2F1%2FNota \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2023}}
In 1929, the construction of railway line 1 led to ground subsidence, which was further exacerbated by the drainage of groundwater by the {{Interlanguage link\|Royal Dutch Society for the Manufacture of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products\|lt\=Royal Dutch Society for the Manufacture of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products\|nl\|Koninklijke Nederlandsche Gist\- en Spiritusfabriek}}. This resulted in a tilt to the north side of the mill and damage to the rotation mechanism of the wings. As a consequence of these events, the Hollandsche Molen initiated a restoration program for De Roos. Van Tienhoven and Visser, two members of the *Hollandsche Molen*'s management team, collaborated with the master builders from Drop Fa. The Botenbal father\-and\-son team was responsible for the restoration work on the mill. The stone granary was entirely rebuilt. An iron beam was placed under the grinding floor, on which a milling vat equipped with two pairs of millstones was installed. A new support beam was added under the vertical shaft. The large lower wheel was lowered to the maximum. While the two metal sections of the vertical shaft were extended, a new stone hopper was installed for grain flow. Additionally, a bedstone paired with a runner stone, each weighing approximately five tons, and a sack hoist were incorporated into the milling system.
[left\|thumb\|282x282px\|The mill and its dwelling alongside {{Interlanguage link\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\|lt\=railway line 1 through Delft\|fr\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}}, linking [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam") to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague "The Hague"), in 1948\.](/wiki/File:Moulin_De_Roos_et_logis_du_meunier_%C3%A0_Delft_long%C3%A9s_par_la_voie_ferroviaire_en_1948.png "Moulin De Roos et logis du meunier à Delft longés par la voie ferroviaire en 1948.png")
In 1930, the foundations of the mill were rebuilt. The building was raised by 51 cm using a [hydraulic press](/wiki/Hydraulic_press "Hydraulic press"), and an inclined masonry cap was poured under its skirt. The repair costs amounted to 10,000 guilders. In the following years, the mill’s foundation footprint was reinforced with five 20\-meter\-long concrete piles.
In 1936, the year the De Papegay (or De Papegaey) mill was dismantled,{{Cite journal \|last\=Agterberg \|first\=Martien \|date\=2010 \|title\=Verdwenen molens tussen Delft en Den Hoorn \|journal\=Molenwereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=23 \|issue\=1}} De Roos became the last remaining mill in Delft, out of the 18 that had been built in the city.{{Cite web \|last\=Mulder \|first\=Patrick \|date\=August 30, 2013 \|title\=Boek over geschiedenis van molen De Roos \|url\=https://verkeersbureaus.info/nieuws/2013/08/30/29086\-boek\-geschiedenis\-molen\-roos/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fverkeersbureaus.info%2Fnieuws%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2F29086\-boek\-geschiedenis\-molen\-roos%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 9, 2023 \|website\=Verkeers Bureaus Info \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|title\=HVR\-lezing "De molens langs de Vliet" door Aart Struijk \|url\=https://www.historischeverenigingrijswijk.nl/agenda.php?urlkey\=hvr\-lezing\-de\-molens\-langs\-de\-vliet\-door\-aart\-struijk\-26 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historischeverenigingrijswijk.nl%2Fagenda.php%3Furlkey%3Dhvr\-lezing\-de\-molens\-langs\-de\-vliet\-door\-aart\-struijk\-26\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 9, 2023 \|website\=Historische Vereniging Rijswijk \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|date\=2013 \|title\=Molen de Roos weer terug naar eigenaar \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-174\-oktober\-2013\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Wereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=16 \|issue\=174 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-174\-oktober\-2013\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|De Roos is also the only remaining mill among the fifteen windmill buildings established on the old Delft ramparts.{{Cite journal \|last\=Nouens \|first\=Henk \|date\=September 14, 1985 \|title\=Molen : Molen De Roos toen nog met wieken, in de ochtendmist. \|journal\=Delfste Courant \|language\=nl}}}}
In the context of the global food shortages that resulted from the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), De Roos operated at full capacity during the 1940s to meet the demand for flour. The miller was assisted by a considerable workforce during this period. In 1942, despite the financial constraints of World War II affecting the Hollandsche Molen, the association provided funding for the restoration of De Roos’s residential house, amounting to 7,000 guilders. Following the conclusion of hostilities, the mill resumed its full operational capacity. However, in the 1950s, despite its pivotal role during the preceding era the windmill began to deteriorate due to a lack of adequate maintenance. Repairs were initiated in 1959\.
#### Consequences of the construction of the railway viaduct and listing as Dutch National Monuments
[thumb\|312x312px\|A bird's\-eye view of the De Roos mill on Phoenixstraat, stripped of its green wings and flanked by the {{Interlanguage link\|Delft railway viaduct\|lt\=Delft railway viaduct\|fr\|Viaduc ferroviaire de Delft}} winding over the Wateringsevest, July 1965\.](/wiki/File:HUA-169114-Overzicht_van_de_spoorlijn_door_Delft%2C_vanaf_het_Bacinol-gebouw_van_de_Gist-_en_Spiritusfabriek_aan_de_Wateringsevest%2C_met_het_oude%2C_lage_spoortrac%C3%A9_waarvan_nog_%C3%A9%C3%A9n_spoor_resteert_en_rechts_daarvan_he.jpg "HUA-169114-Overzicht van de spoorlijn door Delft, vanaf het Bacinol-gebouw van de Gist- en Spiritusfabriek aan de Wateringsevest, met het oude, lage spoortracé waarvan nog één spoor resteert en rechts daarvan he.jpg")
In 1961, the windmill's wheel was dismantled due to the malfunctioning of its mechanism. The structure was subsequently repaired and resumed operation in 1964\. Concurrently, in early 1961,{{Cite journal \|date\=August 27, 2020 \|title\=Van A naar B \|url\=https://issuu.com/goodfield/docs/\_delft\_verzamelalbum\_issuu \|journal\=Historisch Delft Verzamelalbum \|language\=nl \|publisher\=\[\[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]] \|pages\=43 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fgoodfield%2Fdocs%2F\_delft\_verzamelalbum\_issuu\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024}} an 800\-meter\-long railway viaduct was erected to supplant the tramway line segment traversing the western portion of Delft's town center. The viaduct commenced operations in 1965, situated parallel to Phoenixstraat and adjacent to De Roos.{{Cite web \|title\=Spoortunnel Delft \|url\=https://hovm.nl/zes\-jaar\-spoortunnel\-delft/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fhovm.nl%2Fzes\-jaar\-spoortunnel\-delft%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2023 \|website\=Haags Openbaar Vervoer Museum \|date\=18 February 2021 \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last\=van Dijk \|first\=Thomas \|date\=2010 \|title\=Werk aan het spoor \|url\=https://adoc.pub/delft\-integraal\-bio\-als\-basis\-op\-weg\-naar\-duurzame\-chemie\-bi.html \|journal\=Delft Integraal Bio Als Basis Op Weg Naar Duurzame Chemie \|language\=nl \|publisher\=\[\[Delft University of Technology]] \|issue\=2 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fadoc.pub%2Fdelft\-integraal\-bio\-als\-basis\-op\-weg\-naar\-duurzame\-chemie\-bi.html\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2023}}{{Cite news \|last\=Verhagen \|first\=Hans \|date\=February 22, 2015 \|title\=Delft zwaait laatste trein op spoorviaduct uitbundig uit \|url\=https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/delft\-zwaait\-laatste\-trein\-op\-spoorviaduct\-uitbundig\-uit\~a147f4b1/?referrer\=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2F \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fbinnenland%2Fdelft\-zwaait\-laatste\-trein\-op\-spoorviaduct\-uitbundig\-uit\~a147f4b1%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|work\=June 28, 2023 \|pages\=\[\[Algemeen Dagblad]]}}{{Cite news \|last\=Bel \|first\=D.J.F. \|date\=July 5, 2022 \|title\=Startnotitie Milieueffectrapportage Spoorzone Delft \|url\=https://www.commissiemer.nl/docs/mer/p12/p1276/1276\-02sn.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commissiemer.nl%2Fdocs%2Fmer%2Fp12%2Fp1276%2F1276\-02sn.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 28, 2023 \|work\=Witteveen \& Bos \|language\=nl}} Subsequently, the wings of De Roos were again halted on March 23, June 1, July 6, and September 7 and 14, 1965\.{{Cite journal \|date\=August 15, 1979 \|title\=1679\-1979 : 300 jaar molen "De Roos" Delft \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl}}
On June 29, 1967, the mill and the miller’s house, like numerous other buildings in Delft, were designated national monuments by the [Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency](/wiki/Rijksdienst_voor_het_Cultureel_Erfgoed "Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed").{{Cite book \|url\=https://media.delft.nl/raad/commissies/economie,%20milieu,%20cultuur%20en%20recreatie/2007/nota/e\_2007\_005\_n.pdf \|title\=GEZICHT OP GEBOUWD ERFGOED DELFT monumentennota 2007\-2017 \|date\=2006 \|publisher\=Gemeente Delft \|series\=Vakteam Monumentenzorg \& Bouwkwaliteit \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fraad%2Fcommissies%2Feconomie%2C%2520milieu%2C%2520cultuur%2520en%2520recreatie%2F2007%2Fnota%2Fe\_2007\_005\_n.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024}}{{Cite web \|date\=January 2018 \|title\=Aanwijzing en bescherming gemeentelijke monumenten \|url\=https://www.delft.nl/sites/default/files/2018\-01/Infoblad%20Aanwijzing%20en%20bescherming%20gemeentelijke%20monumenten.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delft.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018\-01%2FInfoblad%2520Aanwijzing%2520en%2520bescherming%2520gemeentelijke%2520monumenten.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 18, 2023 \|website\=Commune de Delft \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|title\=Delft \|url\=https://monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumentenregister?tekst\=Delft \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmonumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl%2Fmonumentenregister%3Ftekst%3DDelft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2023 \|website\=\[\[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]] \|language\=nl}}
In November 1975, the Delft mill was showcased in a television program designed for a youth audience, titled *Het Programma met de Muis*.{{Cite journal \|last\=Zandstra \|first\=Aat \|date\=November 14, 1975 \|title\=DELFTSE MOLEN DE ROOS ZONDAG IN VOL BEDRIJF OP NOS TELEVISIE \|journal\=Delftse Post \|language\=nl}} The report, broadcast by the *[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting](/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting "Nederlandse Omroep Stichting")*, demonstrated the processes of flour production and mill operation through the actions of miller Niek de Vreede, accompanied by detailed explanations. From 1975 to 1983, de Vreede operated the mill with the assistance of volunteer millers. On August 18, 1979, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the mill's construction, the [mayor](/wiki/Burgomaster "Burgomaster") and the [council](/wiki/Schepen "Schepen") of Delft organized a celebratory event throughout the city.
#### Restoration work in the 1980s and 1990s
[left\|thumb\|The mill, restored and without its wheel, in 1985\.](/wiki/File:Ronde_stenen_stellingmolen_in_ontwiekte_staat_schuin_van_onderen_en_opzij_gefotografeerd_-_Delft_-_20053268_-_RCE.jpg "Ronde stenen stellingmolen in ontwiekte staat schuin van onderen en opzij gefotografeerd - Delft - 20053268 - RCE.jpg")
In 1984, the mill exhibited further deterioration. On the night of February 14\-15, the wings ceased turning.{{Cite journal \|last\=Endedijk \|first\=Leo \|date\=1986 \|title\=Delftse actie voor De Roos \|journal\=Molens \|language\=nl \|issue\=2}} This deterioration was attributed to a subsidence of the masonry above the hexagonal gallery and a malfunction of the rotating cap.{{Cite journal \|last\=Bakker \|first\=J.S \|date\=November 17, 1988 \|title\=Restauratie molen "De Roos" Delft van start \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl}}
The restoration work, which commenced in November 1988, entailed the removal of the cap and the raising of the upper portion of the mill's skirt, which weighed approximately 240 tons. This was achieved using 35 centrally controlled hydraulic jacks anchored through 40 holes drilled to a depth of 1\.3 meters into the skirt.{{Cite journal \|date\=November 23, 1988 \|title\=Verwijderen kap is eerste stap in grote molen De Roos in de restauratie steigers \|journal\=Delftse Post \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|date\=April 14, 1989 \|title\=De Roos nu bijna recht \|journal\=Delftsche Courant \|language\=nl}} The jacks were employed to exert a force that would push the skirt upwards. The work continued in March/April 1989, with the jacks still holding the circular structure above the platform. The base, a brick\-and\-mortar assembly, was re\-masoned, and the inclination was raised by approximately 40 centimeters.{{refn\|group\=Note\|Two large bands of \[\[shoring]] placed around the base of the circular structure of the mill, one made of metal and the other of wood, allow the masonry to be \[\[Formwork\|shuttered]].{{Cite journal \|date\=April 28, 1989 \|title\=Molen De Roos op Nationale Molendag ? \|journal\=Delftse Post \|language\=nl}}}} The new rotating cap, replacing the previous 19th\-century one, was installed in early 1990\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Brouwer \|first\=Willem \|date\=February 7, 1990 \|title\=De Roos deze zomer weer 'echte' molen \|journal\=Delftsche Courant \|language\=nl}}
On June 19, 1990, a 120\-ton [mobile crane](/wiki/Mobile_crane "Mobile crane") was utilized to affix the cap to the mill's skirt.{{Cite journal \|last\=Bakker \|first\=J.S \|date\=August 1, 1990 \|title\="De Roos" in Delft begint weer op een molen te lijken \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl \|volume\=93 \|issue\=31}}{{Cite journal \|date\=1990 \|title\=Kop op molen 'De Roos' Delft \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|date\=1990 \|title\=Molen De Roos weer in functie \|journal\=Defltse Post \|language\=fr}} Additionally, new metal shafts for the wings and new millstones were hoisted and integrated into the mill structure.
To fund the restoration of the mill, which was not feasible with the resources available from the *Hollandsche Molen* Association, a foundation was established in 1986, called the *[Stichting](/wiki/Stichting "Stichting") Molen de Roos*.{{Cite book \|url\=https://www.molens.nl/sites/www.molens.nl/files/documenten/Jaarrekening\-2021\-tbv\-website.pdf \|title\=De Hollandsche Molen \- Vereniging tot behoud van molens in Nederland \- Bestuursverslag en samengevoegde jaarrekening 2021 \|date\=2022 \|publisher\=De Hollandsche Molen \|language\=nl \|chapter\=Molen de Roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Fsites%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Ffiles%2Fdocumenten%2FJaarrekening\-2021\-tbv\-website.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|Fundraising partly relies on selling screen prints depicting the mill created by engraver Sees Vlag. Each screen\-printed copy, titled "Stichting Molen De Roos" (De Roos Mill Foundation), is then sold for 195 guilders.}} The foundation's fundraising efforts resulted in a total of 200,000 guilders, in addition to the 70,000 guilders initially allocated by the association for the restoration of the Dommerholt mill{{Cite journal \|date\=October 1964 \|title\=Molen Epse nu woning \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-64\-oktober\-2003\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Werd \|language\=nl \|issue\=64 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-64\-oktober\-2003\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|The total cost of repairs amounted to 500,000 guilders, with 350,000 dedicated to the mill and 150,000 to the miller's house.}} in [Epse](/wiki/Epse "Epse"). These funds enabled the restoration of De Roos. The renovated mill was inaugurated by the [Dutch Prince Consort](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_royal_consorts "List of Dutch royal consorts") [Claus von Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands "Prince Claus of the Netherlands") on September 28, 1990\.{{Cite news \|last\=Fleuren \|first\=Gitta \|date\=May 13, 2023 \|title\=Molen de Roos draait weer \|url\=https://www.omroepdelft.nl/omroepdelft/nieuws/molen\-de\-roos\-draait\-weer \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepdelft.nl%2Fomroepdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fmolen\-de\-roos\-draait\-weer\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 19, 2023 \|work\=Omroep Delft \|language\=nl}}
In the spring of 1996, to commemorate the 750th anniversary of the city’s establishment by [William II of Holland](/wiki/William_II_of_Holland "William II of Holland"),{{Cite journal \|last1\=van Kruiningen \|first1\=C.G.M \|last2\=Kruisheer \|first2\=J.G \|last3\=Verhoeven \|first3\=G \|date\=1997 \|title\=Het Delftse stadsrecht van 1246 \|url\=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/\_mad001199701\_01/\_mad001199701\_01\_0023\.php \|journal\=Madoc \|language\=nl \|volume\=1997 « Delft, 15 april 1246 (Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst Delft, Delft 1996\). » \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F\_mad001199701\_01%2F\_mad001199701\_01\_0023\.php\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 7, 2023}} the mill's wings were embellished with four white sails featuring nuances of Delft blue.{{Cite journal \|date\=April 1996 \|title\=Molen De Roos heefts Delfts zeilen blawe \|journal\=Molens \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Bakker \|first\=J. S \|date\=1996 \|title\=Delftse Molens \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl \|issue\=15}} [Delftware](/wiki/Delftware "Delftware") tiles depicting De Roos were commissioned for this occasion.
#### Construction of the Delft railway tunnel and archaeological excavations (2000s and 2010s)
##### Construction of the Delft railway tunnel under the mill
In 2004, the viaduct of railway line no. 1\. The project's impact on the [morphology](/wiki/Urban_morphology "Urban morphology") and [landscape](/wiki/Landscape "Landscape") of Delft's town center (including the mill) was a significant factor in the [Minister of Transport and Water](/wiki/Government_of_the_Netherlands "Government of the Netherlands") Management, [Karla Peijs](/wiki/Karla_Peijs "Karla Peijs"), approving the construction of a railway tunnel.{{Cite web \|date\=August 14, 2014 \|title\=Reportage: Delft gaat ondergronds \|url\=https://www.ovmagazine.nl/nieuws/reportage\-delft\-gaat\-ondergronds \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovmagazine.nl%2Fnieuws%2Freportage\-delft\-gaat\-ondergronds\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023 \|website\=OV Magazine \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last\=van Dijk \|first\=Tomas \|date\=2010 \|title\=Work on the railwa \|url\=https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:f06a52bd\-9cf5\-45fc\-a0c2\-234e93ad6927/datastream/OBJ/download \|journal\=Delft Outlook \|issue\=2 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\.php/attachment.pdf?url\=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.tudelft.nl%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuuid%3Af06a52bd\-9cf5\-45fc\-a0c2\-234e93ad6927%2Fdatastream%2FOBJ%2Fdownload \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023}}{{Cite web \|title\=De Roos zweeft langzaam boven een bos van 45 stalen buispalen \|url\=https://www.cobouw.nl/16049/de\-roos\-zweeft\-langzaam\-boven\-een\-bos\-van\-45\-stalen\-buispalen \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\= \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023 \|website\=Cobow.nl \|date\=20 June 2012 \|language\=nl}}{{refn\|group\=Note\|Regarding the regular passage of trains running on the railway viaduct facing De Roos, one of the millers who worked in the Delft windmill commented, "A mill is not a \[\[Observation tower\|watchtower]]."{{Cite journal \|date\=2015 \|title\=In t' kort \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Wereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=18 \|issue\=191 \|pages\=137 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 30, 2023}}}} The route of the underground railway infrastructure, measuring 2\.3 km in length, 24 meters in width, situated at a depth of 10 meters, and comprising four tracks, passed beneath the mill. In July 2012, the 1\.1 tons of the windmill complex were lifted to a height of one meter to allow for the commencement of the planned work.{{Cite journal \|last\=Lansbergen \|first\=Gab L \|date\=2013 \|title\=Kroniek over 2012 \- Juli \|url\=https://www.delfia\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\_Batavorum\_2012\.pdf \|journal\=Delfia Batavorum \|language\=nl \|volume\=2012 \|pages\=38 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\_Batavorum\_2012\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 5, 2023}} The jacking operation, conducted with the assistance of computer\-aided technology and subcontracted to the engineering company CT de Boer,{{Cite news \|last\=van de Beek \|first\=Ellen \|date\=July 4, 2012 \|title\=Langzaam stijgt de molen een metertje \|url\=https://www.rd.nl/artikel/454003\-langzaam\-stijgt\-de\-molen\-een\-metertje\-op \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.nl%2Fartikel%2F454003\-langzaam\-stijgt\-de\-molen\-een\-metertje\-op\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 2, 2023 \|work\=\[\[Reformatorisch Dagblad]] \|language\=nl}} proceeded in incremental steps of 33 mm.{{Cite journal \|date\=July 13, 2012 \|title\=Molen De Roos een meter omhoog \|url\=https://www.bouwwereld.nl/bouwtechniek/molen\-de\-roos\-een\-meter\-omhoog/ \|journal\=Bow Wereld \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bouwwereld.nl%2Fbouwtechniek%2Fmolen\-de\-roos\-een\-meter\-omhoog%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023}} The operation of lifting the national building, which was carried out with the assistance of 45 jacks, was completed in a single day. During the tunnel construction on Phoenixstraat, the windmill building and its domestic outbuilding were supported by a pile structure.{{Cite journal \|date\=August 20, 2012 \|title\=Aannemer en archeologen graven onder Molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/78419/aannemer\-en\-archeologen\-graven\-onder\-molen\-de\-roos \|journal\=Delft Op Zontag \|language\=nl \|volume\=20 \|issue\=34 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F78419%2Faannemer\-en\-archeologen\-graven\-onder\-molen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023}} While the jacking operation was underway, a reinforced concrete base was poured at the site of 111\-112 Phoenixstraat. This provided a new [course](/wiki/Course_%28architecture%29 "Course (architecture)") for the windmill building, its dwelling and its warehouse. The complex was subsequently placed back in its original location in December 2012\.
During the operations involving De Roos, the mill came under the administrative authority of [ProRail](/wiki/ProRail "ProRail"), a public body responsible for the railway tunnel excavation work.{{Cite news \|date\=September 4, 2013 \|title\=Delftse molen De Roos weer teruggeven aan vereniging \|url\=https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/2304750/delftse\-molen\-de\-roos\-weer\-teruggeven\-aan\-vereniging \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepwest.nl%2Fnieuws%2F2304750%2Fdelftse\-molen\-de\-roos\-weer\-teruggeven\-aan\-vereniging\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023 \|work\=Omroep West \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|title\=Delfts blauwe huzarenstukjes \|url\=https://www.prorail.nl/nieuws/delfts\-blauwe\-huzarenstukjes \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prorail.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fdelfts\-blauwe\-huzarenstukjes\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 20, 2023 \|website\=\[\[ProRail]] \|language\=nl}} Furthermore, the budget allocated by the province of South Holland for the work on the windmill building, specifically repairs of the masonry joints around the openings on the first floor of the skirt superstructure{{Cite journal \|last\=Koudijs \|first\=Jan\-Derk \|date\=2009 \|title\=Spooroos \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|journal\=Molens \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 16, 2023}} and the installation of a new concrete slab, amounted to a cost of €76,000\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Ligtenberg \|first\=Rudy \|date\=2015 \|title\=Meer geld voor restauratie rijksmonumenten \|url\=https://zuid\-holland.sgp.nl/download?docID\=f3c13efbb8406013811b9e6fff9ffaf11500288a\&name\=2015\-01Vizier. \|journal\=Vizier \- Newsbrief Statenfractie Zuid\-Holland \|language\=nl \|issue\=1 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fzuid\-holland.sgp.nl%2Fdownload%3FdocID%3Df3c13efbb8406013811b9e6fff9ffaf11500288a%26name%3D2015\-01Vizier. \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2023}}{{Cite journal \|date\=2015 \|title\=Meer provinciaal geld voor restauratie rijksmonumenten in Zuid\-Holland \|url\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|journal\=Molen Wereld \|language\=nl \|volume\=18 \|issue\=191 \|pages\=131 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\-191\-april\-2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 30, 2023}}
In the latter half of the 2000s, a permanent exhibition was installed within the mill.{{Cite web \|title\=MUSEA EN BEZIENSWAARDIGHEDENIN DELFT : Molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.delft.com/nl/de\-leukste\-musea\-en\-bezienswaardigheden\-in\-delft \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delft.com%2Fnl%2Fde\-leukste\-musea\-en\-bezienswaardigheden\-in\-delft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 11, 2023 \|website\=ville de Delft \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|title\=Molen De Roos \- interieur en expositie \|url\=https://www.ateliers197\.nl/?projects\=molen\-de\-roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ateliers197\.nl%2F%3Fprojects%3Dmolen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 11, 2023 \|website\=ateliers197\. nl \|language\=nl}} In May 2009, as a result of plans to construct a public parking garage (the *Prinsenhofgarage*{{Cite web \|date\=June 17, 2017 \|title\=Straks parkeren in Prinsenhofgarage \|url\=https://www.ad.nl/delft/straks\-parkeren\-in\-prinsenhofgarage\~a71daa2d/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fdelft%2Fstraks\-parkeren\-in\-prinsenhofgarage\~a71daa2d%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 20, 2023 \|website\=Algemeen Dagblad \|language\=nl}}) reserved for users of the William of Orange railway tunnel, the miller Koos de Vreede, then the proprietor of a specialty animal feed shop occupying the land designated for the future parking lot, was expropriated from De Roos.{{Cite web \|date\=November 27, 2009 \|title\=Dierenvriend Martin Gaus is vol lof over Molen de Roos \|url\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/72997/dierenvriend\-martin\-gaus\-is\-vol\-lof\-over\-molen\-de\-roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F72997%2Fdierenvriend\-martin\-gaus\-is\-vol\-lof\-over\-molen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 20, 2023 \|website\=Delft op zontag \|language\=nl}}
The mill reopened on September 4, 2013\.{{Cite web \|date\=September 4, 2013 \|title\=Molen De Roos : van stadswal naar tunneldak \|url\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2013/skwk36\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2013%2Fskwk36\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023 \|website\=Stadskrant Delft \|language\=nl}} This date also marks the return of the de Roos to the real estate administered by the Hollandsche Molen association, as well as the publication of a book devoted to its history.{{Cite journal \|last\=Mulder \|first\=Patrick \|date\=August 30, 2013 \|title\=Boek over geschiedenis van molen De Roos \|url\=https://verkeersbureaus.info/nieuws/2013/08/30/29086\-boek\-geschiedenis\-molen\-roos/ \|journal\=Veerkeersbureau.info \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fverkeersbureaus.info%2Fnieuws%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2F29086\-boek\-geschiedenis\-molen\-roos%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 17, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 21, 2023}} On the night of February 21 to 22, 2015, the last train on the railway viaduct passed in front of the mill.
File:Phoenixstraat \- Delft \- 2014 \- panoramio.jpg\|Construction work on the railway tunnel around and under the mill in October 2014\.
File:Delft \- 2015 \- panoramio (279\).jpg\|Photo in January 2016\.
File:Delft \- 2015 \- panoramio (280\).jpg\|January 2016\.
File:Parking Spoorsingel Delft 1\.jpg\|March 2017\.
File:Parking Spoorsingel Delft 2\.jpg\|March 2017\.
File:Phoenixstraat Spoorzone Delft 2017\.jpg\|July 2017\.
##### Archaeological excavations
While the grain mill and its associated dwelling were elevated by one meter, the Heritage Service of the city of Delft and its surrounding area (*Erfgoed Delft en omstreken*) conducted preventive excavations at the Phoenixstraat site.{{Cite journal \|date\=2012 \|title\=Opgravingen \- Spoorzone \|url\=https://issuu.com/museumhetprinsenhof/docs/jaarverslag2012 \|journal\=Bulletin du service du Patrimoine de Delft \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fmuseumhetprinsenhof%2Fdocs%2Fjaarverslag2012\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2023}}{{Cite web \|date\=May 16, 2012 \|title\=Voortgangsrapportage over het 1re kwartaal 2012 Ontwikkeling Spoorzone Delft \|url\=https://delft.notubiz.nl/document/9032915/1/Spoorzone\_\-\_College\_van\_B\&W\_\_voortgangsrapportage\_Ontwikkeling\_Delft\_over\_het\_1e\_kwartaal\_2012 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\.php/attachment.pdf?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdelft.notubiz.nl%2Fdocument%2F9032915%2F1%2FSpoorzone\_\-\_College\_van\_B%26W\_\_voortgangsrapportage\_Ontwikkeling\_Delft\_over\_het\_1e\_kwartaal\_2012 \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2023 \|website\=Conseil communal de la ville de Delft \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Jongma \|first\=Steven \|date\=2011 \|title\=Delft Spoorzone \|url\=https://geschiedenisvanzuidholland.nl/media/qfxoha1x/archeologische\-kroniek\-2011\.pdf \|journal\=Archeologische Kroniek van Zuid\-Holland \|language\=nl \|volume\=43 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fgeschiedenisvanzuidholland.nl%2Fmedia%2Fqfxoha1x%2Farcheologische\-kroniek\-2011\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 18, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 22, 2023}} These archaeological research operations were also conducted under the auspices of the [Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency](/wiki/Rijksdienst_voor_het_Cultureel_Erfgoed "Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed").{{Harvsp\|Kouwenhoven\|2006}}
In 2008, De Roos oversaw the [excavation](/wiki/Excavation_%28archaeology%29 "Excavation (archaeology)") of a trench measuring 20 meters in length and one meter in width. This endeavor yielded insights into the original foundations of the mill and the remnants of the city's ancient fortifications, including a rampart, a bastion, a tower, and a moat. In March 2009, three [sondage](/wiki/Sondage "Sondage") pits were excavated using a [mini\-excavator](/wiki/Compact_excavator "Compact excavator") on the land surrounding the windmill building.{{Cite journal \|last\=Bakx \|first\=J. P \|date\=2009 \|title\=Proefputten ter hoogte van molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.delfia\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\_Batavorum\_2009\.pdf \|journal\=Delfia Batavorum \|language\=nl \|volume\=19 \|access\-date\=July 18, 2023}} The initial exploration trench yielded a stratigraphy 2\.3 meters thick, comprising a meter of recent fill, primarily sand, followed by 0\.5 meters of construction rubble mixed with blue clay by [oxidation\-reduction processes](/wiki/Redox "Redox"), and finally, 190 centimeters of the former moat's fill. The second trench exhibited a comparable stratigraphic profile, if not an identical one, to that of the initial test pit. The third trench revealed the remains of a foundation, spanning a depth of 0\.50 meters, belonging to a structure situated between De Roos and the Bagijntoren, one of the fortified towers of Delft's fortifications.
The archaeological [excavations](/wiki/Archaeological_excavation "Archaeological excavation") unearthed two [millstones](/wiki/Millstone "Millstone") crafted from blue volcanic stone.{{Cite web \|date\=2022 \|title\=Blauwe stenen terug bij Molen de Roos \|url\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/95946/blauwe\-stenen\-terug\-bij\-molen\-de\-roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F95946%2Fblauwe\-stenen\-terug\-bij\-molen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 23, 2023 \|website\=Delft op Zontag \|language\=nl}} The two\-grain millstones, found in an almost intact state, were originally part of the grinding mechanism of the [Delft mill](/wiki/Delftware "Delftware"). In addition, domestic deposits, dated to the 17th century and found in a good state of preservation, were also identified during the excavation campaign. Finally, debris from the mill's facades in its first and second states—before the reconstruction of its skirt in 1760—was found within the [stratigraphic layers](/wiki/Stratigraphic_layer "Stratigraphic layer") of the city wall.
#### Developments in the late 2010s and repair work in the 2020s
In 2015, the opening of a shop called *Ambacht* within the mill marked the beginning of a new venture for De Roos. In addition to supplying local bakeries, the company began providing flour to individuals, restaurants, and DOEL, a subdivision of GGZ Delfland, a structure dedicated to improving the quality of life for people with psychiatric disorders.{{Cite web \|date\=February 6, 2016 \|title\=Molen de Roos draait als nooit te voren dankzij Ambacht \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/winkelen/molen\-de\-roos\-draait\-als\-nooit\-te\-voren\-dankzij\-ambacht\~1982/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fwinkelen%2Fmolen\-de\-roos\-draait\-als\-nooit\-te\-voren\-dankzij\-ambacht\~1982%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 16, 2023 \|website\=In de buurt \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|date\=September 27, 2012 \|title\=Nieuw perspectief dankzij dagbesteding in stadsmolen : 'Die prijs gaf ons een enorme boost' \|url\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2017/skwk39\-2017\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2017%2Fskwk39\-2017\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 16, 2023 \|website\=Stadskrant Delft \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|last\=Verbisen \|first\=Piet \|date\=2019 \|title\=Excursie Zuid\-Holland \|url\=https://issuu.com/demolenvriend/docs/molenvriend\_105\_webversie \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fdemolenvriend%2Fdocs%2Fmolenvriend\_105\_webversie\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 23, 2023 \|website\=De Molenvriend \|pages\=104–105}}{{Cite web \|date\=August 4, 2015 \|title\=Uit het rapport Molentoekomst : Nevenbestemming van molens \|url\=https://erfgoedstem.nl/uit\-het\-rapport\-molentoekomst\-nevenbestemming\-van\-molens/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Ferfgoedstem.nl%2Fuit\-het\-rapport\-molentoekomst\-nevenbestemming\-van\-molens%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 16, 2023 \|website\=De Erfgoedstem \|language\=nl}} As indicated in the August 2015 monthly report on the future of Dutch mills, the opening of this specialty shop, along with the hosting of visitors due to the installation of an exhibition room, transformed the De Roos mill into a "secondary destination" that extended beyond its primary flour production activity.
In 2019, informational panels were installed outside and inside the mill for the benefit of visitors and customers.{{Cite news \|last\=Boonstra \|first\=Jelle \|date\=2020 \|title\=Jaarverslag Molen de Roos 2019 \|url\=https://docplayer.nl/204880260\-Jaarverslag\-molen\-de\-roos\-2019\.html \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F204880260\-Jaarverslag\-molen\-de\-roos\-2019\.html\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 12, 2023 \|work\=Publications de l'association De Hollandsche Molen \|language\=nl}} Some of the signs were designed to provide information and an explanation of the history and various functions of the mill from an educational perspective. Others were intended to comply with safety standards and displayed instructions for safe operation. A new lighting system, including rotating [LED lamps](/wiki/LED_lamp "LED lamp"), was also installed inside the mill. During the same year, an exhibition was set up within De Roos with the theme "*Mills, the Engine of the Golden Age in Delft*" ("*Molens, de motor van de Gouden Eeuw in Delft*").{{Cite web \|title\=Mills: the engine of the Golden Age / Molen: de motor van de Gouden Eeuw \|url\=https://molen.molenderoos.nl/goudeneeuw/ \|access\-date\=August 13, 2023 \|website\=Moulin De Roos official website \|language\=en, nl}}
The early 2020s saw a further deterioration of the mill's wheel.{{Cite news \|date\=April 17, 2023 \|title\=De Delftse molen krijgt na een jaar haar wieken weer terug \|url\=https://www.ad.nl/play/productie/de\-delftse\-molen\-krijgt\-na\-een\-jaar\-haar\-wieken\-weer\-terug\-370131 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|work\=\[\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|last\=Groeneweg \|first\=Maarten \|date\=2023 \|title\=Actie om iconische molen van Delft weer te laten draaien \|url\=https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/4677183/actie\-om\-iconische\-molen\-van\-delft\-weer\-te\-laten\-draaien \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepwest.nl%2Fnieuws%2F4677183%2Factie\-om\-iconische\-molen\-van\-delft\-weer\-te\-laten\-draaien\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|website\=Omroep West \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|date\=2023 \|title\=Dit is er aan de hand met molen De Roos \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/nieuws/dit\-is\-er\-aan\-de\-hand\-met\-molen\-de\-roos\~182579/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fdit\-is\-er\-aan\-de\-hand\-met\-molen\-de\-roos\~182579%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|website\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}} The cracks observed in October 2022 were present within the two metal axes that constitute the structure of the wings, thereby hindering the continuous rotation of the wheel.
A [crowdfunding](/wiki/Crowdfunding "Crowdfunding") campaign was initiated to facilitate the replacement of the two metal rods.{{Cite web \|date\=2023 \|title\=Prinses Beatrix opent 50ste Nationale Molendag \|url\=https://www.molens.nl/nieuws/prinses\-beatrix\-opent\-50ste\-nationale\-molendag \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fprinses\-beatrix\-opent\-50ste\-nationale\-molendag\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|website\=Bulletin de l'association Hollandsche Molen \|language\=nl}} The fundraising effort yielded €15,000\. The Delft windmill underwent repairs and was inaugurated by [Queen Beatrix](/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands "Beatrix of the Netherlands") in May 2023, coinciding with National Mill Day.{{Cite web \|date\=2023 \|title\=Beatrix opent Molendagen bij De Roos in Delft \|url\=https://www.vorsten.nl/vorstenhuizen/nederland/beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-bij\-de\-roos\-in\-delft/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorsten.nl%2Fvorstenhuizen%2Fnederland%2Fbeatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-bij\-de\-roos\-in\-delft%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=January 24, 2023 \|website\=Vorstand \|language\=nl}}{{Cite news \|last\=van den Oever \|first\=Suzanne \|date\=May 12, 2023 \|title\=Fotoserie! Prinses Beatrix bezoekt Molen de Roos in Delft \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/genieten\-van/fotoserie\-prinses\-beatrix\-bezoekt\-molen\-de\-roos\-in\-delft\~193587/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fgenieten\-van%2Ffotoserie\-prinses\-beatrix\-bezoekt\-molen\-de\-roos\-in\-delft\~193587%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 24, 2023 \|work\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}}
File:Molen de Roos mill Delft 3\.jpg\|De Roos and its dwelling along Phoenixstraat, with the bell tower of the Oude Kerk visible on the left, in August 2018\.
File:Molen de Roos mill Delft 5\.jpg\|Close\-up of the De Roos complex in Delft town center in August 2018\.
File:Delft Vanheemstrastraat and De Roos.jpg\|The mill visible at the end of Vanheemstrastraat, Delft, in February 2022\.
File:Delft DeRoosMill 017 6064\.jpg\|The De Roos complex, its forecourt, the Phoenixstraat visible on the left, in September 2022\.
File:Delft MolenDeRoosPhoenixstraat 20230809 versie2\.jpg\|The mill, its dwelling and warehouse along the Phoenixstraat in August 2023\.
File:Delft MolenDeRoosPhoenixstraat 20230809\.jpg\|The mill, its dwelling and warehouse along the Phoenixstraat in August 2023\.
|
[
"### Contemporary period",
"#### From the early 19th century to the purchase of De Roos in 1926",
"[left\\|thumb\\|275x275px\\|The mill in 1885 and the [La Hague](/wiki/La_Hague \"La Hague\")\\-[Delft](/wiki/Delft \"Delft\") tramway line, which was not electrified at the time.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_Roos_1885%2C_ligne_1_tramway_site_DelftKijk.png \"Molen de Roos 1885, ligne 1 tramway site DelftKijk.png\")\n[thumb\\|300x300px\\|De Roos and the Wateringsevest Canal, 1915\\.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_Roos_1915_met_Kanaal_Oude_Delft_site_DelftKijk.png \"Molen de Roos 1915 met Kanaal Oude Delft site DelftKijk.png\")\nAt the beginning of the nineteenth century, the circular base was replaced with a hexagonal masonry structure.{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 12, 2005 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://docplayer.nl/9414751\\-Monumententour\\-delft.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F9414751\\-Monumententour\\-delft.html\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=Monumententour Delft \\|pages\\=6–7 \\|language\\=nl}} This transformation is documented in an engraving by topographer Balthasar Jooss dated 1822\\.",
"In 1829, Pieter van Rijn, previously employed at the *Niew Leven* grain mill in [Hazerswoude](/wiki/Hazerswoude \"Hazerswoude\"), became the proprietor of De Roos.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=de Baar \\|first\\=P.J.M \\|date\\=1994 \\|title\\=Molenaar Willem van Rhijn van \"De Valk\" \\|url\\=http://vanrhijnfamily.org/Willem%20van%20Rhijn%201877\\-1964\\.htm \\|journal\\=Leidse Post \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=1 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=http%3A%2F%2Fvanrhijnfamily.org%2FWillem%2520van%2520Rhijn%25201877\\-1964\\.htm\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2023}} From May 1847, a section of the {{Interlanguage link\\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\\|lt\\=inaugural Dutch railway line\\|fr\\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}}, constructed in 1829, ran adjacent to the Delft mill.{{Harvsp\\|Bakker\\|2012}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mols \\|first\\=B.H.J \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Molens actueel : Samen werken aan een goede 'Molentoekomst' \\- In 't kort \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=191 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023}} In 1874, Pieter van Rijn's son, Klaas van Rijhn, assumed the role of miller from his father.",
"In the early 20th century, during the 1920s, the electrification of {{Interlanguage link\\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\\|lt\\=tramway line 1\\|fr\\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}} connecting [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\") to Delft resulted in the railway track being relocated from Oude Delft to Phoenixstraat.{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 10, 2020 \\|title\\=Wist je dit? Vroeger reed de tram dwars over de Oude Delft \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/toen\\-in/toen\\-tram\\-nog\\-oude\\-delft\\-reed\\-2\\~9534/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Ftoen\\-in%2Ftoen\\-tram\\-nog\\-oude\\-delft\\-reed\\-2\\~9534%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2023 \\|website\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}} As the mill was situated on the new route, van Rijhn assumed the responsibility of ensuring the preservation of the windmill from probable destruction.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Olsthoorn \\|first\\=Iris \\|date\\=December 11, 2018 \\|title\\=Aart weet álles van molens: 'Het is een wonder dat Molen de Roos nog staat' \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/delftenaren/delftenaar\\-van\\-de\\-week/aart\\-weet\\-lles\\-van\\-molens\\-het\\-is\\-een\\-wonder\\-dat\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-nog\\-staat\\~68579/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fdelftenaren%2Fdelftenaar\\-van\\-de\\-week%2Faart\\-weet\\-lles\\-van\\-molens\\-het\\-is\\-een\\-wonder\\-dat\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-nog\\-staat\\~68579%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 5, 2023 \\|website\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}} In 1922, a 25\\-[horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\") [gas engine](/wiki/Gas_engine \"Gas engine\") was integrated into the mill’s mechanical system.{{Harvsp\\|Groetend\\|1965}}",
"Following the demise of Klaas van Rhijn on December 14, 1925, the *Hollandsche Molen*, an organization established in 1923 for the conservation of Dutch mills,{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 17, 2022 \\|title\\=Ruim 1,1 miljoen euro van VriendenLoterij voor molens in Nederland \\|url\\=https://erfgoedstem.nl/ruim\\-11\\-miljoen\\-euro\\-van\\-vriendenloterij\\-voor\\-molens\\-in\\-nederland/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Ferfgoedstem.nl%2Fruim\\-11\\-miljoen\\-euro\\-van\\-vriendenloterij\\-voor\\-molens\\-in\\-nederland%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2023 \\|website\\=De Erfgoesten \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 15, 2020 \\|title\\=In de Spotlights : De Hollandsche Molen \\|url\\=https://cbf.nl/nieuws/in\\-de\\-spotlights\\-de\\-hollandsche\\-molen \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbf.nl%2Fnieuws%2F4254%2Fin\\-de\\-spotlights\\-de\\-hollandsche\\-molen\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2023 \\|website\\=Centraal Bureau Fondsenwerving}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=De Hollandsche Molen \\|url\\=https://www.allemolens.nl/over\\-allemolens/vereniging\\-hollandsche\\-molen/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allemolens.nl%2Fover\\-allemolens%2Fvereniging\\-hollandsche\\-molen%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2023 \\|website\\=Alle molens \\|language\\=nl}} purchased De Roos in 1926\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 4, 2023 \\|title\\=Opening molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.demolenaar.nl/agenda/opening\\-molen\\-de\\-roos/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demolenaar.nl%2Fagenda%2Fopening\\-molen\\-de\\-roos%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 16, 2023 \\|website\\=De Moleenar \\|language\\=nl}} This acquisition by a nonprofit entity once again averted the destruction of the mill.",
"#### Initial restoration work",
"In 1928, the gas engine that powered the mill's mechanism was replaced by an electric motor. The *Hollandsche Molen* leased the windmill and its residential outbuilding to the De Vreede family that same year.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Struijk \\|first\\=Aart \\|date\\=2012 \\|title\\=Molen De Papegaaij en het papegaaischieten \\|url\\=https://www.delfia\\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\\_Batavorum\\_2011\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Delfia Batavorum \\|language\\=nl \\|pages\\=2\\-97\\-99\\-104 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\\_Batavorum\\_2011\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 13, 2023}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|The first member of this family of millers working at the mill allegedly declared, \"If I let De Roos go like De Groen and De Papegaaimolen, then I will grind it into a vestige!\"}} They remained tenants of De Roos until 2009, with Koos de Vreede being the last family member to operate the mill.{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 15, 2009 \\|title\\=Dierenvriend Martin Gaus is vol lof over Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/72997/dierenvriend\\-martin\\-gaus\\-is\\-vol\\-lof\\-over\\-molen\\-de\\-roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F72997%2Fdierenvriend\\-martin\\-gaus\\-is\\-vol\\-lof\\-over\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2023 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2023 \\|website\\=Delft op Zontag \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Poolman \\|first1\\=Frits \\|last2\\=Jellema \\|first2\\=D \\|last3\\=Ruijter \\|first3\\=Johan \\|date\\=May 15, 2009 \\|title\\=Wijziging Parkeer (belasting) verordening plus bilagen \\|url\\=https://delft.notubiz.nl/document/8730820/1/Nota \\|journal\\=Conseil Communal de Delft \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\\.php/attachment.pdf?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdelft.notubiz.nl%2Fdocument%2F8730820%2F1%2FNota \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2023}}",
"In 1929, the construction of railway line 1 led to ground subsidence, which was further exacerbated by the drainage of groundwater by the {{Interlanguage link\\|Royal Dutch Society for the Manufacture of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products\\|lt\\=Royal Dutch Society for the Manufacture of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products\\|nl\\|Koninklijke Nederlandsche Gist\\- en Spiritusfabriek}}. This resulted in a tilt to the north side of the mill and damage to the rotation mechanism of the wings. As a consequence of these events, the Hollandsche Molen initiated a restoration program for De Roos. Van Tienhoven and Visser, two members of the *Hollandsche Molen*'s management team, collaborated with the master builders from Drop Fa. The Botenbal father\\-and\\-son team was responsible for the restoration work on the mill. The stone granary was entirely rebuilt. An iron beam was placed under the grinding floor, on which a milling vat equipped with two pairs of millstones was installed. A new support beam was added under the vertical shaft. The large lower wheel was lowered to the maximum. While the two metal sections of the vertical shaft were extended, a new stone hopper was installed for grain flow. Additionally, a bedstone paired with a runner stone, each weighing approximately five tons, and a sack hoist were incorporated into the milling system.\n[left\\|thumb\\|282x282px\\|The mill and its dwelling alongside {{Interlanguage link\\|Line 1 of The Hague tramway\\|lt\\=railway line 1 through Delft\\|fr\\|Ligne 1 du tramway de La Haye}}, linking [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") to [The Hague](/wiki/The_Hague \"The Hague\"), in 1948\\.](/wiki/File:Moulin_De_Roos_et_logis_du_meunier_%C3%A0_Delft_long%C3%A9s_par_la_voie_ferroviaire_en_1948.png \"Moulin De Roos et logis du meunier à Delft longés par la voie ferroviaire en 1948.png\")\nIn 1930, the foundations of the mill were rebuilt. The building was raised by 51 cm using a [hydraulic press](/wiki/Hydraulic_press \"Hydraulic press\"), and an inclined masonry cap was poured under its skirt. The repair costs amounted to 10,000 guilders. In the following years, the mill’s foundation footprint was reinforced with five 20\\-meter\\-long concrete piles.",
"In 1936, the year the De Papegay (or De Papegaey) mill was dismantled,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Agterberg \\|first\\=Martien \\|date\\=2010 \\|title\\=Verdwenen molens tussen Delft en Den Hoorn \\|journal\\=Molenwereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=23 \\|issue\\=1}} De Roos became the last remaining mill in Delft, out of the 18 that had been built in the city.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mulder \\|first\\=Patrick \\|date\\=August 30, 2013 \\|title\\=Boek over geschiedenis van molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://verkeersbureaus.info/nieuws/2013/08/30/29086\\-boek\\-geschiedenis\\-molen\\-roos/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fverkeersbureaus.info%2Fnieuws%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2F29086\\-boek\\-geschiedenis\\-molen\\-roos%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2023 \\|website\\=Verkeers Bureaus Info \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=HVR\\-lezing \"De molens langs de Vliet\" door Aart Struijk \\|url\\=https://www.historischeverenigingrijswijk.nl/agenda.php?urlkey\\=hvr\\-lezing\\-de\\-molens\\-langs\\-de\\-vliet\\-door\\-aart\\-struijk\\-26 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historischeverenigingrijswijk.nl%2Fagenda.php%3Furlkey%3Dhvr\\-lezing\\-de\\-molens\\-langs\\-de\\-vliet\\-door\\-aart\\-struijk\\-26\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2023 \\|website\\=Historische Vereniging Rijswijk \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2013 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos weer terug naar eigenaar \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-174\\-oktober\\-2013\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=16 \\|issue\\=174 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-174\\-oktober\\-2013\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|De Roos is also the only remaining mill among the fifteen windmill buildings established on the old Delft ramparts.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Nouens \\|first\\=Henk \\|date\\=September 14, 1985 \\|title\\=Molen : Molen De Roos toen nog met wieken, in de ochtendmist. \\|journal\\=Delfste Courant \\|language\\=nl}}}}",
"In the context of the global food shortages that resulted from the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), De Roos operated at full capacity during the 1940s to meet the demand for flour. The miller was assisted by a considerable workforce during this period. In 1942, despite the financial constraints of World War II affecting the Hollandsche Molen, the association provided funding for the restoration of De Roos’s residential house, amounting to 7,000 guilders. Following the conclusion of hostilities, the mill resumed its full operational capacity. However, in the 1950s, despite its pivotal role during the preceding era the windmill began to deteriorate due to a lack of adequate maintenance. Repairs were initiated in 1959\\.",
"#### Consequences of the construction of the railway viaduct and listing as Dutch National Monuments",
"[thumb\\|312x312px\\|A bird's\\-eye view of the De Roos mill on Phoenixstraat, stripped of its green wings and flanked by the {{Interlanguage link\\|Delft railway viaduct\\|lt\\=Delft railway viaduct\\|fr\\|Viaduc ferroviaire de Delft}} winding over the Wateringsevest, July 1965\\.](/wiki/File:HUA-169114-Overzicht_van_de_spoorlijn_door_Delft%2C_vanaf_het_Bacinol-gebouw_van_de_Gist-_en_Spiritusfabriek_aan_de_Wateringsevest%2C_met_het_oude%2C_lage_spoortrac%C3%A9_waarvan_nog_%C3%A9%C3%A9n_spoor_resteert_en_rechts_daarvan_he.jpg \"HUA-169114-Overzicht van de spoorlijn door Delft, vanaf het Bacinol-gebouw van de Gist- en Spiritusfabriek aan de Wateringsevest, met het oude, lage spoortracé waarvan nog één spoor resteert en rechts daarvan he.jpg\")\nIn 1961, the windmill's wheel was dismantled due to the malfunctioning of its mechanism. The structure was subsequently repaired and resumed operation in 1964\\. Concurrently, in early 1961,{{Cite journal \\|date\\=August 27, 2020 \\|title\\=Van A naar B \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/goodfield/docs/\\_delft\\_verzamelalbum\\_issuu \\|journal\\=Historisch Delft Verzamelalbum \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]] \\|pages\\=43 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fgoodfield%2Fdocs%2F\\_delft\\_verzamelalbum\\_issuu\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024}} an 800\\-meter\\-long railway viaduct was erected to supplant the tramway line segment traversing the western portion of Delft's town center. The viaduct commenced operations in 1965, situated parallel to Phoenixstraat and adjacent to De Roos.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Spoortunnel Delft \\|url\\=https://hovm.nl/zes\\-jaar\\-spoortunnel\\-delft/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fhovm.nl%2Fzes\\-jaar\\-spoortunnel\\-delft%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2023 \\|website\\=Haags Openbaar Vervoer Museum \\|date\\=18 February 2021 \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=van Dijk \\|first\\=Thomas \\|date\\=2010 \\|title\\=Werk aan het spoor \\|url\\=https://adoc.pub/delft\\-integraal\\-bio\\-als\\-basis\\-op\\-weg\\-naar\\-duurzame\\-chemie\\-bi.html \\|journal\\=Delft Integraal Bio Als Basis Op Weg Naar Duurzame Chemie \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Delft University of Technology]] \\|issue\\=2 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fadoc.pub%2Fdelft\\-integraal\\-bio\\-als\\-basis\\-op\\-weg\\-naar\\-duurzame\\-chemie\\-bi.html\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2023}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Verhagen \\|first\\=Hans \\|date\\=February 22, 2015 \\|title\\=Delft zwaait laatste trein op spoorviaduct uitbundig uit \\|url\\=https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/delft\\-zwaait\\-laatste\\-trein\\-op\\-spoorviaduct\\-uitbundig\\-uit\\~a147f4b1/?referrer\\=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2F \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fbinnenland%2Fdelft\\-zwaait\\-laatste\\-trein\\-op\\-spoorviaduct\\-uitbundig\\-uit\\~a147f4b1%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|work\\=June 28, 2023 \\|pages\\=\\[\\[Algemeen Dagblad]]}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Bel \\|first\\=D.J.F. \\|date\\=July 5, 2022 \\|title\\=Startnotitie Milieueffectrapportage Spoorzone Delft \\|url\\=https://www.commissiemer.nl/docs/mer/p12/p1276/1276\\-02sn.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commissiemer.nl%2Fdocs%2Fmer%2Fp12%2Fp1276%2F1276\\-02sn.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2023 \\|work\\=Witteveen \\& Bos \\|language\\=nl}} Subsequently, the wings of De Roos were again halted on March 23, June 1, July 6, and September 7 and 14, 1965\\.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=August 15, 1979 \\|title\\=1679\\-1979 : 300 jaar molen \"De Roos\" Delft \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl}}",
"On June 29, 1967, the mill and the miller’s house, like numerous other buildings in Delft, were designated national monuments by the [Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency](/wiki/Rijksdienst_voor_het_Cultureel_Erfgoed \"Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed\").{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://media.delft.nl/raad/commissies/economie,%20milieu,%20cultuur%20en%20recreatie/2007/nota/e\\_2007\\_005\\_n.pdf \\|title\\=GEZICHT OP GEBOUWD ERFGOED DELFT monumentennota 2007\\-2017 \\|date\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=Gemeente Delft \\|series\\=Vakteam Monumentenzorg \\& Bouwkwaliteit \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fraad%2Fcommissies%2Feconomie%2C%2520milieu%2C%2520cultuur%2520en%2520recreatie%2F2007%2Fnota%2Fe\\_2007\\_005\\_n.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 2018 \\|title\\=Aanwijzing en bescherming gemeentelijke monumenten \\|url\\=https://www.delft.nl/sites/default/files/2018\\-01/Infoblad%20Aanwijzing%20en%20bescherming%20gemeentelijke%20monumenten.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delft.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018\\-01%2FInfoblad%2520Aanwijzing%2520en%2520bescherming%2520gemeentelijke%2520monumenten.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 18, 2023 \\|website\\=Commune de Delft \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Delft \\|url\\=https://monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumentenregister?tekst\\=Delft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmonumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl%2Fmonumentenregister%3Ftekst%3DDelft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2023 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]] \\|language\\=nl}}",
"In November 1975, the Delft mill was showcased in a television program designed for a youth audience, titled *Het Programma met de Muis*.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Zandstra \\|first\\=Aat \\|date\\=November 14, 1975 \\|title\\=DELFTSE MOLEN DE ROOS ZONDAG IN VOL BEDRIJF OP NOS TELEVISIE \\|journal\\=Delftse Post \\|language\\=nl}} The report, broadcast by the *[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting](/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting \"Nederlandse Omroep Stichting\")*, demonstrated the processes of flour production and mill operation through the actions of miller Niek de Vreede, accompanied by detailed explanations. From 1975 to 1983, de Vreede operated the mill with the assistance of volunteer millers. On August 18, 1979, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the mill's construction, the [mayor](/wiki/Burgomaster \"Burgomaster\") and the [council](/wiki/Schepen \"Schepen\") of Delft organized a celebratory event throughout the city.",
"#### Restoration work in the 1980s and 1990s",
"[left\\|thumb\\|The mill, restored and without its wheel, in 1985\\.](/wiki/File:Ronde_stenen_stellingmolen_in_ontwiekte_staat_schuin_van_onderen_en_opzij_gefotografeerd_-_Delft_-_20053268_-_RCE.jpg \"Ronde stenen stellingmolen in ontwiekte staat schuin van onderen en opzij gefotografeerd - Delft - 20053268 - RCE.jpg\")\nIn 1984, the mill exhibited further deterioration. On the night of February 14\\-15, the wings ceased turning.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Endedijk \\|first\\=Leo \\|date\\=1986 \\|title\\=Delftse actie voor De Roos \\|journal\\=Molens \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=2}} This deterioration was attributed to a subsidence of the masonry above the hexagonal gallery and a malfunction of the rotating cap.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Bakker \\|first\\=J.S \\|date\\=November 17, 1988 \\|title\\=Restauratie molen \"De Roos\" Delft van start \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl}}",
"The restoration work, which commenced in November 1988, entailed the removal of the cap and the raising of the upper portion of the mill's skirt, which weighed approximately 240 tons. This was achieved using 35 centrally controlled hydraulic jacks anchored through 40 holes drilled to a depth of 1\\.3 meters into the skirt.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=November 23, 1988 \\|title\\=Verwijderen kap is eerste stap in grote molen De Roos in de restauratie steigers \\|journal\\=Delftse Post \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=April 14, 1989 \\|title\\=De Roos nu bijna recht \\|journal\\=Delftsche Courant \\|language\\=nl}} The jacks were employed to exert a force that would push the skirt upwards. The work continued in March/April 1989, with the jacks still holding the circular structure above the platform. The base, a brick\\-and\\-mortar assembly, was re\\-masoned, and the inclination was raised by approximately 40 centimeters.{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|Two large bands of \\[\\[shoring]] placed around the base of the circular structure of the mill, one made of metal and the other of wood, allow the masonry to be \\[\\[Formwork\\|shuttered]].{{Cite journal \\|date\\=April 28, 1989 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos op Nationale Molendag ? \\|journal\\=Delftse Post \\|language\\=nl}}}} The new rotating cap, replacing the previous 19th\\-century one, was installed in early 1990\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Brouwer \\|first\\=Willem \\|date\\=February 7, 1990 \\|title\\=De Roos deze zomer weer 'echte' molen \\|journal\\=Delftsche Courant \\|language\\=nl}}",
"On June 19, 1990, a 120\\-ton [mobile crane](/wiki/Mobile_crane \"Mobile crane\") was utilized to affix the cap to the mill's skirt.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Bakker \\|first\\=J.S \\|date\\=August 1, 1990 \\|title\\=\"De Roos\" in Delft begint weer op een molen te lijken \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=93 \\|issue\\=31}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=1990 \\|title\\=Kop op molen 'De Roos' Delft \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=1990 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos weer in functie \\|journal\\=Defltse Post \\|language\\=fr}} Additionally, new metal shafts for the wings and new millstones were hoisted and integrated into the mill structure.",
"To fund the restoration of the mill, which was not feasible with the resources available from the *Hollandsche Molen* Association, a foundation was established in 1986, called the *[Stichting](/wiki/Stichting \"Stichting\") Molen de Roos*.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://www.molens.nl/sites/www.molens.nl/files/documenten/Jaarrekening\\-2021\\-tbv\\-website.pdf \\|title\\=De Hollandsche Molen \\- Vereniging tot behoud van molens in Nederland \\- Bestuursverslag en samengevoegde jaarrekening 2021 \\|date\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=De Hollandsche Molen \\|language\\=nl \\|chapter\\=Molen de Roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Fsites%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Ffiles%2Fdocumenten%2FJaarrekening\\-2021\\-tbv\\-website.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|Fundraising partly relies on selling screen prints depicting the mill created by engraver Sees Vlag. Each screen\\-printed copy, titled \"Stichting Molen De Roos\" (De Roos Mill Foundation), is then sold for 195 guilders.}} The foundation's fundraising efforts resulted in a total of 200,000 guilders, in addition to the 70,000 guilders initially allocated by the association for the restoration of the Dommerholt mill{{Cite journal \\|date\\=October 1964 \\|title\\=Molen Epse nu woning \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-64\\-oktober\\-2003\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Werd \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=64 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-64\\-oktober\\-2003\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|The total cost of repairs amounted to 500,000 guilders, with 350,000 dedicated to the mill and 150,000 to the miller's house.}} in [Epse](/wiki/Epse \"Epse\"). These funds enabled the restoration of De Roos. The renovated mill was inaugurated by the [Dutch Prince Consort](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_royal_consorts \"List of Dutch royal consorts\") [Claus von Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands \"Prince Claus of the Netherlands\") on September 28, 1990\\.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Fleuren \\|first\\=Gitta \\|date\\=May 13, 2023 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos draait weer \\|url\\=https://www.omroepdelft.nl/omroepdelft/nieuws/molen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-weer \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepdelft.nl%2Fomroepdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fmolen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-weer\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2023 \\|work\\=Omroep Delft \\|language\\=nl}}",
"In the spring of 1996, to commemorate the 750th anniversary of the city’s establishment by [William II of Holland](/wiki/William_II_of_Holland \"William II of Holland\"),{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=van Kruiningen \\|first1\\=C.G.M \\|last2\\=Kruisheer \\|first2\\=J.G \\|last3\\=Verhoeven \\|first3\\=G \\|date\\=1997 \\|title\\=Het Delftse stadsrecht van 1246 \\|url\\=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/\\_mad001199701\\_01/\\_mad001199701\\_01\\_0023\\.php \\|journal\\=Madoc \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=1997 « Delft, 15 april 1246 (Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst Delft, Delft 1996\\). » \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F\\_mad001199701\\_01%2F\\_mad001199701\\_01\\_0023\\.php\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2023}} the mill's wings were embellished with four white sails featuring nuances of Delft blue.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=April 1996 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos heefts Delfts zeilen blawe \\|journal\\=Molens \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Bakker \\|first\\=J. S \\|date\\=1996 \\|title\\=Delftse Molens \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=15}} [Delftware](/wiki/Delftware \"Delftware\") tiles depicting De Roos were commissioned for this occasion.",
"#### Construction of the Delft railway tunnel and archaeological excavations (2000s and 2010s)",
"##### Construction of the Delft railway tunnel under the mill",
"In 2004, the viaduct of railway line no. 1\\. The project's impact on the [morphology](/wiki/Urban_morphology \"Urban morphology\") and [landscape](/wiki/Landscape \"Landscape\") of Delft's town center (including the mill) was a significant factor in the [Minister of Transport and Water](/wiki/Government_of_the_Netherlands \"Government of the Netherlands\") Management, [Karla Peijs](/wiki/Karla_Peijs \"Karla Peijs\"), approving the construction of a railway tunnel.{{Cite web \\|date\\=August 14, 2014 \\|title\\=Reportage: Delft gaat ondergronds \\|url\\=https://www.ovmagazine.nl/nieuws/reportage\\-delft\\-gaat\\-ondergronds \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovmagazine.nl%2Fnieuws%2Freportage\\-delft\\-gaat\\-ondergronds\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023 \\|website\\=OV Magazine \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=van Dijk \\|first\\=Tomas \\|date\\=2010 \\|title\\=Work on the railwa \\|url\\=https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:f06a52bd\\-9cf5\\-45fc\\-a0c2\\-234e93ad6927/datastream/OBJ/download \\|journal\\=Delft Outlook \\|issue\\=2 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\\.php/attachment.pdf?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.tudelft.nl%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fuuid%3Af06a52bd\\-9cf5\\-45fc\\-a0c2\\-234e93ad6927%2Fdatastream%2FOBJ%2Fdownload \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=De Roos zweeft langzaam boven een bos van 45 stalen buispalen \\|url\\=https://www.cobouw.nl/16049/de\\-roos\\-zweeft\\-langzaam\\-boven\\-een\\-bos\\-van\\-45\\-stalen\\-buispalen \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\= \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023 \\|website\\=Cobow.nl \\|date\\=20 June 2012 \\|language\\=nl}}{{refn\\|group\\=Note\\|Regarding the regular passage of trains running on the railway viaduct facing De Roos, one of the millers who worked in the Delft windmill commented, \"A mill is not a \\[\\[Observation tower\\|watchtower]].\"{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=In t' kort \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=191 \\|pages\\=137 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2023}}}} The route of the underground railway infrastructure, measuring 2\\.3 km in length, 24 meters in width, situated at a depth of 10 meters, and comprising four tracks, passed beneath the mill. In July 2012, the 1\\.1 tons of the windmill complex were lifted to a height of one meter to allow for the commencement of the planned work.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Lansbergen \\|first\\=Gab L \\|date\\=2013 \\|title\\=Kroniek over 2012 \\- Juli \\|url\\=https://www.delfia\\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\\_Batavorum\\_2012\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Delfia Batavorum \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=2012 \\|pages\\=38 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfia\\-batavorum.nl%2Fuploads%2FAfbeeldingen%2Fjaarboeken%2FDelfia\\_Batavorum\\_2012\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 5, 2023}} The jacking operation, conducted with the assistance of computer\\-aided technology and subcontracted to the engineering company CT de Boer,{{Cite news \\|last\\=van de Beek \\|first\\=Ellen \\|date\\=July 4, 2012 \\|title\\=Langzaam stijgt de molen een metertje \\|url\\=https://www.rd.nl/artikel/454003\\-langzaam\\-stijgt\\-de\\-molen\\-een\\-metertje\\-op \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.nl%2Fartikel%2F454003\\-langzaam\\-stijgt\\-de\\-molen\\-een\\-metertje\\-op\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reformatorisch Dagblad]] \\|language\\=nl}} proceeded in incremental steps of 33 mm.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=July 13, 2012 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos een meter omhoog \\|url\\=https://www.bouwwereld.nl/bouwtechniek/molen\\-de\\-roos\\-een\\-meter\\-omhoog/ \\|journal\\=Bow Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bouwwereld.nl%2Fbouwtechniek%2Fmolen\\-de\\-roos\\-een\\-meter\\-omhoog%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023}} The operation of lifting the national building, which was carried out with the assistance of 45 jacks, was completed in a single day. During the tunnel construction on Phoenixstraat, the windmill building and its domestic outbuilding were supported by a pile structure.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=August 20, 2012 \\|title\\=Aannemer en archeologen graven onder Molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/78419/aannemer\\-en\\-archeologen\\-graven\\-onder\\-molen\\-de\\-roos \\|journal\\=Delft Op Zontag \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=20 \\|issue\\=34 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F78419%2Faannemer\\-en\\-archeologen\\-graven\\-onder\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023}} While the jacking operation was underway, a reinforced concrete base was poured at the site of 111\\-112 Phoenixstraat. This provided a new [course](/wiki/Course_%28architecture%29 \"Course (architecture)\") for the windmill building, its dwelling and its warehouse. The complex was subsequently placed back in its original location in December 2012\\.",
"During the operations involving De Roos, the mill came under the administrative authority of [ProRail](/wiki/ProRail \"ProRail\"), a public body responsible for the railway tunnel excavation work.{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 4, 2013 \\|title\\=Delftse molen De Roos weer teruggeven aan vereniging \\|url\\=https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/2304750/delftse\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-weer\\-teruggeven\\-aan\\-vereniging \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepwest.nl%2Fnieuws%2F2304750%2Fdelftse\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-weer\\-teruggeven\\-aan\\-vereniging\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023 \\|work\\=Omroep West \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Delfts blauwe huzarenstukjes \\|url\\=https://www.prorail.nl/nieuws/delfts\\-blauwe\\-huzarenstukjes \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prorail.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fdelfts\\-blauwe\\-huzarenstukjes\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 20, 2023 \\|website\\=\\[\\[ProRail]] \\|language\\=nl}} Furthermore, the budget allocated by the province of South Holland for the work on the windmill building, specifically repairs of the masonry joints around the openings on the first floor of the skirt superstructure{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Koudijs \\|first\\=Jan\\-Derk \\|date\\=2009 \\|title\\=Spooroos \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molens \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2023}} and the installation of a new concrete slab, amounted to a cost of €76,000\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Ligtenberg \\|first\\=Rudy \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Meer geld voor restauratie rijksmonumenten \\|url\\=https://zuid\\-holland.sgp.nl/download?docID\\=f3c13efbb8406013811b9e6fff9ffaf11500288a\\&name\\=2015\\-01Vizier. \\|journal\\=Vizier \\- Newsbrief Statenfractie Zuid\\-Holland \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=1 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fzuid\\-holland.sgp.nl%2Fdownload%3FdocID%3Df3c13efbb8406013811b9e6fff9ffaf11500288a%26name%3D2015\\-01Vizier. \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2023}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Meer provinciaal geld voor restauratie rijksmonumenten in Zuid\\-Holland \\|url\\=https://www.molenwereld.com/assets/files/nr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Molen Wereld \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=191 \\|pages\\=131 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molenwereld.com%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fnr\\-191\\-april\\-2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 30, 2023}}",
"In the latter half of the 2000s, a permanent exhibition was installed within the mill.{{Cite web \\|title\\=MUSEA EN BEZIENSWAARDIGHEDENIN DELFT : Molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delft.com/nl/de\\-leukste\\-musea\\-en\\-bezienswaardigheden\\-in\\-delft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delft.com%2Fnl%2Fde\\-leukste\\-musea\\-en\\-bezienswaardigheden\\-in\\-delft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 11, 2023 \\|website\\=ville de Delft \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Molen De Roos \\- interieur en expositie \\|url\\=https://www.ateliers197\\.nl/?projects\\=molen\\-de\\-roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ateliers197\\.nl%2F%3Fprojects%3Dmolen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 11, 2023 \\|website\\=ateliers197\\. nl \\|language\\=nl}} In May 2009, as a result of plans to construct a public parking garage (the *Prinsenhofgarage*{{Cite web \\|date\\=June 17, 2017 \\|title\\=Straks parkeren in Prinsenhofgarage \\|url\\=https://www.ad.nl/delft/straks\\-parkeren\\-in\\-prinsenhofgarage\\~a71daa2d/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fdelft%2Fstraks\\-parkeren\\-in\\-prinsenhofgarage\\~a71daa2d%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2023 \\|website\\=Algemeen Dagblad \\|language\\=nl}}) reserved for users of the William of Orange railway tunnel, the miller Koos de Vreede, then the proprietor of a specialty animal feed shop occupying the land designated for the future parking lot, was expropriated from De Roos.{{Cite web \\|date\\=November 27, 2009 \\|title\\=Dierenvriend Martin Gaus is vol lof over Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/72997/dierenvriend\\-martin\\-gaus\\-is\\-vol\\-lof\\-over\\-molen\\-de\\-roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F72997%2Fdierenvriend\\-martin\\-gaus\\-is\\-vol\\-lof\\-over\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 20, 2023 \\|website\\=Delft op zontag \\|language\\=nl}}",
"",
"",
"The mill reopened on September 4, 2013\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 4, 2013 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos : van stadswal naar tunneldak \\|url\\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2013/skwk36\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2013%2Fskwk36\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023 \\|website\\=Stadskrant Delft \\|language\\=nl}} This date also marks the return of the de Roos to the real estate administered by the Hollandsche Molen association, as well as the publication of a book devoted to its history.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mulder \\|first\\=Patrick \\|date\\=August 30, 2013 \\|title\\=Boek over geschiedenis van molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://verkeersbureaus.info/nieuws/2013/08/30/29086\\-boek\\-geschiedenis\\-molen\\-roos/ \\|journal\\=Veerkeersbureau.info \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fverkeersbureaus.info%2Fnieuws%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2F29086\\-boek\\-geschiedenis\\-molen\\-roos%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 17, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2023}} On the night of February 21 to 22, 2015, the last train on the railway viaduct passed in front of the mill.\nFile:Phoenixstraat \\- Delft \\- 2014 \\- panoramio.jpg\\|Construction work on the railway tunnel around and under the mill in October 2014\\.\nFile:Delft \\- 2015 \\- panoramio (279\\).jpg\\|Photo in January 2016\\.\nFile:Delft \\- 2015 \\- panoramio (280\\).jpg\\|January 2016\\.\nFile:Parking Spoorsingel Delft 1\\.jpg\\|March 2017\\.\nFile:Parking Spoorsingel Delft 2\\.jpg\\|March 2017\\.\nFile:Phoenixstraat Spoorzone Delft 2017\\.jpg\\|July 2017\\.",
"",
"##### Archaeological excavations",
"While the grain mill and its associated dwelling were elevated by one meter, the Heritage Service of the city of Delft and its surrounding area (*Erfgoed Delft en omstreken*) conducted preventive excavations at the Phoenixstraat site.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2012 \\|title\\=Opgravingen \\- Spoorzone \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/museumhetprinsenhof/docs/jaarverslag2012 \\|journal\\=Bulletin du service du Patrimoine de Delft \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fmuseumhetprinsenhof%2Fdocs%2Fjaarverslag2012\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2023}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 16, 2012 \\|title\\=Voortgangsrapportage over het 1re kwartaal 2012 Ontwikkeling Spoorzone Delft \\|url\\=https://delft.notubiz.nl/document/9032915/1/Spoorzone\\_\\-\\_College\\_van\\_B\\&W\\_\\_voortgangsrapportage\\_Ontwikkeling\\_Delft\\_over\\_het\\_1e\\_kwartaal\\_2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2\\.php/attachment.pdf?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdelft.notubiz.nl%2Fdocument%2F9032915%2F1%2FSpoorzone\\_\\-\\_College\\_van\\_B%26W\\_\\_voortgangsrapportage\\_Ontwikkeling\\_Delft\\_over\\_het\\_1e\\_kwartaal\\_2012 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2023 \\|website\\=Conseil communal de la ville de Delft \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Jongma \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=2011 \\|title\\=Delft Spoorzone \\|url\\=https://geschiedenisvanzuidholland.nl/media/qfxoha1x/archeologische\\-kroniek\\-2011\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Archeologische Kroniek van Zuid\\-Holland \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=43 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fgeschiedenisvanzuidholland.nl%2Fmedia%2Fqfxoha1x%2Farcheologische\\-kroniek\\-2011\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 18, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2023}} These archaeological research operations were also conducted under the auspices of the [Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency](/wiki/Rijksdienst_voor_het_Cultureel_Erfgoed \"Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed\").{{Harvsp\\|Kouwenhoven\\|2006}}",
"In 2008, De Roos oversaw the [excavation](/wiki/Excavation_%28archaeology%29 \"Excavation (archaeology)\") of a trench measuring 20 meters in length and one meter in width. This endeavor yielded insights into the original foundations of the mill and the remnants of the city's ancient fortifications, including a rampart, a bastion, a tower, and a moat. In March 2009, three [sondage](/wiki/Sondage \"Sondage\") pits were excavated using a [mini\\-excavator](/wiki/Compact_excavator \"Compact excavator\") on the land surrounding the windmill building.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Bakx \\|first\\=J. P \\|date\\=2009 \\|title\\=Proefputten ter hoogte van molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delfia\\-batavorum.nl/uploads/Afbeeldingen/jaarboeken/Delfia\\_Batavorum\\_2009\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Delfia Batavorum \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=19 \\|access\\-date\\=July 18, 2023}} The initial exploration trench yielded a stratigraphy 2\\.3 meters thick, comprising a meter of recent fill, primarily sand, followed by 0\\.5 meters of construction rubble mixed with blue clay by [oxidation\\-reduction processes](/wiki/Redox \"Redox\"), and finally, 190 centimeters of the former moat's fill. The second trench exhibited a comparable stratigraphic profile, if not an identical one, to that of the initial test pit. The third trench revealed the remains of a foundation, spanning a depth of 0\\.50 meters, belonging to a structure situated between De Roos and the Bagijntoren, one of the fortified towers of Delft's fortifications.",
"The archaeological [excavations](/wiki/Archaeological_excavation \"Archaeological excavation\") unearthed two [millstones](/wiki/Millstone \"Millstone\") crafted from blue volcanic stone.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=Blauwe stenen terug bij Molen de Roos \\|url\\=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/algemeen/95946/blauwe\\-stenen\\-terug\\-bij\\-molen\\-de\\-roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delftopzondag.nl%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2F95946%2Fblauwe\\-stenen\\-terug\\-bij\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2023 \\|website\\=Delft op Zontag \\|language\\=nl}} The two\\-grain millstones, found in an almost intact state, were originally part of the grinding mechanism of the [Delft mill](/wiki/Delftware \"Delftware\"). In addition, domestic deposits, dated to the 17th century and found in a good state of preservation, were also identified during the excavation campaign. Finally, debris from the mill's facades in its first and second states—before the reconstruction of its skirt in 1760—was found within the [stratigraphic layers](/wiki/Stratigraphic_layer \"Stratigraphic layer\") of the city wall.",
"#### Developments in the late 2010s and repair work in the 2020s",
"In 2015, the opening of a shop called *Ambacht* within the mill marked the beginning of a new venture for De Roos. In addition to supplying local bakeries, the company began providing flour to individuals, restaurants, and DOEL, a subdivision of GGZ Delfland, a structure dedicated to improving the quality of life for people with psychiatric disorders.{{Cite web \\|date\\=February 6, 2016 \\|title\\=Molen de Roos draait als nooit te voren dankzij Ambacht \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/winkelen/molen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-als\\-nooit\\-te\\-voren\\-dankzij\\-ambacht\\~1982/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fwinkelen%2Fmolen\\-de\\-roos\\-draait\\-als\\-nooit\\-te\\-voren\\-dankzij\\-ambacht\\~1982%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2023 \\|website\\=In de buurt \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=September 27, 2012 \\|title\\=Nieuw perspectief dankzij dagbesteding in stadsmolen : 'Die prijs gaf ons een enorme boost' \\|url\\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2017/skwk39\\-2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2017%2Fskwk39\\-2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2023 \\|website\\=Stadskrant Delft \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Verbisen \\|first\\=Piet \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=Excursie Zuid\\-Holland \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/demolenvriend/docs/molenvriend\\_105\\_webversie \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fdemolenvriend%2Fdocs%2Fmolenvriend\\_105\\_webversie\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2023 \\|website\\=De Molenvriend \\|pages\\=104–105}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=August 4, 2015 \\|title\\=Uit het rapport Molentoekomst : Nevenbestemming van molens \\|url\\=https://erfgoedstem.nl/uit\\-het\\-rapport\\-molentoekomst\\-nevenbestemming\\-van\\-molens/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Ferfgoedstem.nl%2Fuit\\-het\\-rapport\\-molentoekomst\\-nevenbestemming\\-van\\-molens%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 16, 2023 \\|website\\=De Erfgoedstem \\|language\\=nl}} As indicated in the August 2015 monthly report on the future of Dutch mills, the opening of this specialty shop, along with the hosting of visitors due to the installation of an exhibition room, transformed the De Roos mill into a \"secondary destination\" that extended beyond its primary flour production activity.",
"In 2019, informational panels were installed outside and inside the mill for the benefit of visitors and customers.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Boonstra \\|first\\=Jelle \\|date\\=2020 \\|title\\=Jaarverslag Molen de Roos 2019 \\|url\\=https://docplayer.nl/204880260\\-Jaarverslag\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-2019\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F204880260\\-Jaarverslag\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-2019\\.html\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 12, 2023 \\|work\\=Publications de l'association De Hollandsche Molen \\|language\\=nl}} Some of the signs were designed to provide information and an explanation of the history and various functions of the mill from an educational perspective. Others were intended to comply with safety standards and displayed instructions for safe operation. A new lighting system, including rotating [LED lamps](/wiki/LED_lamp \"LED lamp\"), was also installed inside the mill. During the same year, an exhibition was set up within De Roos with the theme \"*Mills, the Engine of the Golden Age in Delft*\" (\"*Molens, de motor van de Gouden Eeuw in Delft*\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Mills: the engine of the Golden Age / Molen: de motor van de Gouden Eeuw \\|url\\=https://molen.molenderoos.nl/goudeneeuw/ \\|access\\-date\\=August 13, 2023 \\|website\\=Moulin De Roos official website \\|language\\=en, nl}}",
"The early 2020s saw a further deterioration of the mill's wheel.{{Cite news \\|date\\=April 17, 2023 \\|title\\=De Delftse molen krijgt na een jaar haar wieken weer terug \\|url\\=https://www.ad.nl/play/productie/de\\-delftse\\-molen\\-krijgt\\-na\\-een\\-jaar\\-haar\\-wieken\\-weer\\-terug\\-370131 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Groeneweg \\|first\\=Maarten \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Actie om iconische molen van Delft weer te laten draaien \\|url\\=https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/4677183/actie\\-om\\-iconische\\-molen\\-van\\-delft\\-weer\\-te\\-laten\\-draaien \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepwest.nl%2Fnieuws%2F4677183%2Factie\\-om\\-iconische\\-molen\\-van\\-delft\\-weer\\-te\\-laten\\-draaien\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|website\\=Omroep West \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Dit is er aan de hand met molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/nieuws/dit\\-is\\-er\\-aan\\-de\\-hand\\-met\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~182579/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fdit\\-is\\-er\\-aan\\-de\\-hand\\-met\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~182579%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|website\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}} The cracks observed in October 2022 were present within the two metal axes that constitute the structure of the wings, thereby hindering the continuous rotation of the wheel.",
"A [crowdfunding](/wiki/Crowdfunding \"Crowdfunding\") campaign was initiated to facilitate the replacement of the two metal rods.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Prinses Beatrix opent 50ste Nationale Molendag \\|url\\=https://www.molens.nl/nieuws/prinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-50ste\\-nationale\\-molendag \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molens.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fprinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-50ste\\-nationale\\-molendag\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|website\\=Bulletin de l'association Hollandsche Molen \\|language\\=nl}} The fundraising effort yielded €15,000\\. The Delft windmill underwent repairs and was inaugurated by [Queen Beatrix](/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands \"Beatrix of the Netherlands\") in May 2023, coinciding with National Mill Day.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Beatrix opent Molendagen bij De Roos in Delft \\|url\\=https://www.vorsten.nl/vorstenhuizen/nederland/beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-bij\\-de\\-roos\\-in\\-delft/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorsten.nl%2Fvorstenhuizen%2Fnederland%2Fbeatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-bij\\-de\\-roos\\-in\\-delft%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=January 24, 2023 \\|website\\=Vorstand \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=van den Oever \\|first\\=Suzanne \\|date\\=May 12, 2023 \\|title\\=Fotoserie! Prinses Beatrix bezoekt Molen de Roos in Delft \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/genieten\\-van/fotoserie\\-prinses\\-beatrix\\-bezoekt\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-in\\-delft\\~193587/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fgenieten\\-van%2Ffotoserie\\-prinses\\-beatrix\\-bezoekt\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\-in\\-delft\\~193587%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2023 \\|work\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}}\nFile:Molen de Roos mill Delft 3\\.jpg\\|De Roos and its dwelling along Phoenixstraat, with the bell tower of the Oude Kerk visible on the left, in August 2018\\.\nFile:Molen de Roos mill Delft 5\\.jpg\\|Close\\-up of the De Roos complex in Delft town center in August 2018\\.\nFile:Delft Vanheemstrastraat and De Roos.jpg\\|The mill visible at the end of Vanheemstrastraat, Delft, in February 2022\\.\nFile:Delft DeRoosMill 017 6064\\.jpg\\|The De Roos complex, its forecourt, the Phoenixstraat visible on the left, in September 2022\\.\nFile:Delft MolenDeRoosPhoenixstraat 20230809 versie2\\.jpg\\|The mill, its dwelling and warehouse along the Phoenixstraat in August 2023\\.\nFile:Delft MolenDeRoosPhoenixstraat 20230809\\.jpg\\|The mill, its dwelling and warehouse along the Phoenixstraat in August 2023\\.",
"",
""
] |
Architecture, characteristics, and description
----------------------------------------------
In addition to the aforementioned mill, the De Roos complex, which has been designated a national monument, encompasses a residential dwelling and a warehouse. The aggregate mass of the three edifices is 1,100 tons, with the mill accounting for 800 tons of that total.
### Mill
#### Description and characteristics
[left\|thumb\|Overview of the mill.](/wiki/File:Molen%2C_Delft%2C_Holland.jpg "Molen, Delft, Holland.jpg")
[thumb\|Close\-up of the rotating cap.](/wiki/File:Calotte_rotative_moulin_de_Roos_gros_plan.png "Calotte rotative moulin de Roos gros plan.png")
The mill's [cap](/wiki/Cap "Cap") is a timber structure covered with [shingles](/wiki/Asphalt_shingle "Asphalt shingle"), which have been waterproofed using bituminous felt.{{Harvsp\|Bicker Caarten\|van der Burg\|1965}} It is adorned with a green and white painted fronton featuring two chronograms—1679 and 1990—which respectively refer to the date of the reconstruction of De Roos on the Phoenixstraat site and its inauguration after restoration works in the 1980s. In addition, the front displays the mill's name.{{Cite journal \|date\=1990 \|title\=Kap op 'De Roos' geplaatst \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl}}
[thumb\|Brick skirt superstructure, hexagonal gallery and mill wheel.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_roos_-_12159.jpg "Molen de roos - 12159.jpg")
The windmill comprises a ground floor and seven levels (floors and attics), with four levels (including the ground floor) dedicated to the hexagonal structure and four levels for the circular structure. From the ground floor, which rests on a floor with a thickness of 0\.39 meters, to the attic, the eight levels of the mill rise to respective heights of 2\.60 meters, 2\.60 meters, 2\.80 meters, 3\.85 meters, 4\.90 meters, 5\.10 meters, 5\.30 meters, and 5\.50 meters. The dimensions of the remaining floors are 5\.10 m, 5\.10 m, 2\.20 m, 2\.05 m, and 1\.7 m, respectively.{{Cite journal \|title\=Molen de Roos Delft \|journal\=Cabinet d'architecture de Prow \|language\=nl}} The uppermost floor is an attic, referred to as a *kapzolder*, constructed as an extension of the rotating cap. The two structures are integrated into a single unit. The sixth floor is utilized for the lifting process, while the fifth floor is employed for pouring grains contained in sacks. The fourth floor, which features an extended floor area due to the incorporation of the hexagonal gallery, is primarily utilized for the grinding and milling of grains, as well as the packaging of the resulting flour in sacks. The sacks filled with grains and those filled with flour are stored in a dedicated storage area on the third floor. The second floor is dedicated to exhibitions and is set up as a museum. The first floor is used for weighing and packaging the obtained flour. The ground floor is primarily utilized for storing grain sacks and selling flour packages. One of the six sides of the skirt tower is pierced with an entrance, which is closed by a double\-leaf gate measuring 2\.4 meters in width.
The structure reaches a total height of 32 meters. Approximately midway up the skirt of the mill is a hexagonal wooden gallery or platform. The skirt tower encircles the masonry structure of the building with a width of 3 m. The height of the skirt tower from the platform to its top (the cap) is 12 m, while the height from the base to the gallery is 13 m. The platform is equipped with spotlights, each delivering 400 W, which allow the miller to work at night.{{Cite journal \|date\=1976 \|title\=Molen De Roos verlick \|journal\=Delftse Post \|language\=nl}}
[left\|thumb\|[Commemorative plaque](/wiki/Commemorative_plaque "Commemorative plaque") masoned into the hexagonal [superstructure](/wiki/Superstructure "Superstructure") of the mill skirt.](/wiki/File:Delft37.JPG "Delft37.JPG")
The skirt of the mill is conical in shape. From its base to the level of the gallery, the structure is composed of stone blocks faced with bricks and exhibits a hexagonal shape. From the platform to the cap, the skirt has a circular shape, and its [structure, of the composite type](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork"), consists of a double row of purple\-red bricks joined with mortar 54 cm thick. Arched windows illuminate the structure. The mortar used to bind the bricks is quite watertight, with a moisture absorption index of 43\.3 g/dm²/minute on the outer side and 21\.7 g/dm²/minute on the inner side.{{Cite book \|last\=Groot \|first\=Caspar \|url\=https://www.yumpu.com/nl/document/read/9727257/kwaliteitseisen\-baksteen\-en\-metselmortel\-pdf\-monumentennl \|title\=Aanpak Vochtproblematiek Massief Metselwerk Synthese Wetenschap en Vakmanschap \- Syllabus studiedag \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=\[\[Delft University of Technology\|TU Delf]] \|volume\=December 2005 \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fnl%2Fdocument%2Fread%2F9727257%2Fkwaliteitseisen\-baksteen\-en\-metselmortel\-pdf\-monumentennl\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}} The first floor still bears evidence of repair work carried out following the subsidence of the structure. A commemorative plaque, erected to mark the inauguration of the mill by [Prince](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_royal_consorts "List of Dutch royal consorts") [Claus von Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands "Prince Claus of the Netherlands") in 1990, was unveiled by Prince [Friso van Oranje\-Nassau van Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Friso_of_Orange-Nassau "Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau") during the National Mills Day celebrations in May 2006\. This plaque is [located](/wiki/Cladding_%28construction%29 "Cladding (construction)") on one side of the skirt.{{Cite web \|title\=Prinses Beatrix opent molendagen in Delft \|url\=https://dagblad010\.nl/Landelijk/prinses\-beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-in\-delft \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdagblad010\.nl%2FLandelijk%2Fprinses\-beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-in\-delft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|website\=Dagblad010 \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|date\=May 12, 2023 \|title\=Prinses Beatrix opent molendagen in Delft \|url\=https://www.vorsten.nl/vorstenhuizen/nederland/prinses\-beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-in\-delft/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorsten.nl%2Fvorstenhuizen%2Fnederland%2Fprinses\-beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-in\-delft%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|website\=Vorsten \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|date\=May 2006 \|title\=Prins Friso onthuld plaat te molen De Roos \|journal\=Molens \|language\=nl \|publisher\=Hollandsche Molen \|issue\=82}}
The windmill's wheel has a diameter of 25\.35 meters. The [sails](/wiki/Sail "Sail") covering the two pairs of wings, which are composed of four 10\-meter\-long canvas sheets{{Cite journal \|date\=2003 \|title\=Molen De Roos heeft nieuwe zeilen eerlijk verdiend \|journal\=Haagsche Courant \|language\=nl}} spaced 1\.5 meters around the hub of the main shaft, are supported by a frame of welded steel bars that extend over 25 meters in length.{{Cite web \|date\=January 24, 2023 \|title\=Dit is er aan de hand met molen De Roos \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/nieuws/dit\-is\-er\-aan\-de\-hand\-met\-molen\-de\-roos\~182579/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fdit\-is\-er\-aan\-de\-hand\-met\-molen\-de\-roos\~182579%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 14, 2023 \|website\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}} The two metal rods, designated as 646 and 647, were designed by the firm Derckx and constituted a replacement for the shafts 88 and 89, manufactured by the firm Bremer Adorp in 1964\.
The mill has an average annual capacity of approximately 30,000 kg, or more than a ton per week, to transform cereals—including [wheat](/wiki/Humulus_lupulus "Humulus lupulus"), spelled, and rye—and [hops](/wiki/Hops "Hops"){{Cite journal \|date\=December 2012 \|title\=Bierhistorie \|url\=https://noitdorpsche\-historien.nl/wp/wp\-content/uploads/2014/03/201212\-Nieuwsbrief\-44\.pdf \|journal\=Nieuwsbrief Noitdorpsche Historiën \|language\=nl \|volume\=11 \|issue\=4 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fnoitdorpsche\-historien.nl%2Fwp%2Fwp\-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2F201212\-Nieuwsbrief\-44\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 8, 2023}} into flour.{{Cite news \|last\=van Velden \|first\=Karen \|date\=June 11, 2020 \|title\=Hoogbouw bedreigt Delftse molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.ad.nl/delft/hoogbouw\-bedreigt\-delftse\-molen\-de\-roos\~a6601fa0/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fdelft%2Fhoogbouw\-bedreigt\-delftse\-molen\-de\-roos\~a6601fa0%2F \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 14, 2023 \|work\=\[\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \|language\=nl}} As detailed in the 2019 activity report, the total quantity of grains milled into flour was 37,600 kg, comprising 33,500 kg of wheat, 2,650 kg of spelled, and 1,450 kg of rye. In the same year, the mill's wings completed 384,988 rotations, representing an increase from the 350,809 rotations recorded in 2017\.{{Cite news \|date\=June 30, 2018 \|title\=Bescherming van een niet te denken icoon \|url\=https://issuu.com/wlmedia/docs/spe\-2018\-06\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fwlmedia%2Fdocs%2Fspe\-2018\-06\-20\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 19, 2023 \|work\=Westlandse Molendag \|pages\=3 \|language\=nl}} These rotations were spread over 124 days, with 118 days dedicated to grinding operations, resulting in 242 active days.
#### Mechanism
[left\|thumb\|Manual regulation system for the rotating cap (end of the tail at mill gallery level).](/wiki/File:View_from_De_Roos_mill_Delft_2018_2.jpg "View from De Roos mill Delft 2018 2.jpg")
[thumb\|Rear view of the mill with the tail attached to the rotating cap.](/wiki/File:Vue_arri%C3%A8re_du_moulin_La_Rose_avec_la_queue_ou_guivre_fix%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_sa_calotte_rotative.png "Vue arrière du moulin La Rose avec la queue ou guivre fixée à sa calotte rotative.png")
The orientation of the wings facing the wind is enabled by a rotating cap, whose circular movement is achieved through 48 cast\-iron rollers attached to a wooden wheel. This mechanism enables the cap to rotate in a circular motion, allowing the wings to be oriented in a direction parallel to the wind. The total mass of the cap is 16 tons, with 3\.5 tons attributable to the wheel and 1\.5 tons to the frame. At the posterior aspect of the cap, in opposition to the wheel, the tail{{Cite book \|last\=Borgnis \|first\=Giuseppe Antonio \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=f\-0P0VLQ8XEC\&pg\=PA189 \|title\=Traité complet de mécanique appliquée aux arts, contenant l'exposition méthodique des théories \|date\=1818 \|publisher\=Bachellier \|language\=nl \|chapter\=Du vent considéré comme moteur \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df\-0P0VLQ8XEC%26pg%3DPA189\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}} (or stock{{Cite book \|last\=Bruggeman \|first\=Jean \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lIYcU9QGfWEC\&q\=queue \|title\=Moulins : maîtres des eaux, maîtres des vents \|date\=1997 \|publisher\=Rempart \|isbn\=978\-2\-220\-04080\-6 \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIYcU9QGfWEC%26q%3Dqueue\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}}), a 15\-meter\-long triangular structure composed of three substantial wooden beams culminating in a wheel connected to a metallic chain, enables the miller, from the platform, to manually control and regulate the rotation of the cap and the orientation of the wings facing the wind.
The [windshaft](/wiki/Windshaft "Windshaft"), which serves as the axis around which the wings rotate, was designed by LI Enthoven \& Co. in 1847\. It is composed of cast [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") and has a length of 5\.55 meters. One of the shaft collars bears the inscription "DE OTTER." The marble beam of the cap (or yoke, a large wooden beam resting on the wheel timbers and supporting the upper shaft{{Cite book \|last\=Harte \|first\=J.H \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rR7eTV0u2TQC\&q\=windpeluw\&pg\=PA36 \|title\=Volledig molenboek, naar de behoefte van den tegenwoordigen tijd ingerigt, bevattende de beschrijving en afbeelding der meest in gebruik zijnde molens, met derzelven platte gronden, opstanden, onderdeelen, enz \|date\=1846 \|publisher\=A. van der Mast \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrR7eTV0u2TQC%26pg%3DPA36%26q%3Dwindpeluw\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}}) measures 50 cm in height and 45 cm in width. The shaft is encircled by a gear measuring 1\.6 m in diameter.
The rotation of the wings drives the grinding system, which consists of two vertical millstones made of blue volcanic stone. These stones have a diameter of approximately 150 centimeters{{Cite book \|last\=Wiesser \|first\=J.G \|url\=https://docplayer.nl/9437359\-De\-windmolen\-en\-zijn\-onderdelen.html \|title\=De windmolen en zijn onderdelen : theorielessen ten behoeve v.d. opleiding tot vrijw. molenaar \|date\=1973 \|publisher\=Stichting Vrienden van de Gelderse molen \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F9437359\-De\-windmolen\-en\-zijn\-onderdelen.html\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}} and are characterized by arc\-shaped grooves with a radius. The grinding apparatus comprises a central aperture of approximately 105 cm, a diameter of 10 to 12 cm, a thickness of 10 cm, and a gear ratio of 1:3 on the horizontal millstone.{{Cite journal \|last\=Wagenaar \|first\=J \|date\=1979 \|title\=Bakkwaliteit van volkorenmelen van nederlansche wind\- en watermolens. Voorjaar 1978\. \|url\=https://www.korenmolenaarsgilde.nl/files/haverengort/al/vhtg\_017\.pdf \|journal\=Van Haver Tot Gort \|language\=nl \|publisher\=Ambachtelijk Korenmolenaarsgilde \|access\-date\=June 25, 2023}} Additionally, a second pair of millstones, also measuring 17 degrees, is driven by the movement of the wings.
To compensate for the inherent variability of [wind energy](/wiki/Wind_power "Wind power"), which represents the primary driving force behind the mill's operation,{{Cite journal \|title\=Mills in Delft \|url\=https://www.tudelft.nl/library/mills\-in\-delft \|journal\=\[\[Delft University of Technology]] \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tudelft.nl%2Flibrary%2Fmills\-in\-delft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2023}} De Roos is equipped with an electric motor with a power output of 20 [horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower"), designed by the firm {{Interlanguage link\|Heemaf\|lt\=Heemaf\|fr\|Heemaf}}.{{Cite journal \|last\=Vreede \|first\=J.P \|date\=1934 \|title\=Te koop electrische motor 20 pk merk Heemaf \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl \|pages\=6}} The motorized component of the rotation system comprises two hammer mills, each with a power output of 25 horsepower, and an electric sack hoist. Two gear and ball winches, situated at the hexagonal platform level, regulate the operation of the sack hoist. The flour production system is completed by a grain elevator, a 2\.9\-meter\-high hopper, and a tank, which serves as a silo for grains passing through the second floor.
The [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanical_device%29 "Transmission (mechanical device)") system, comprising a vertical shaft traversing the last four floors at its center, serves as its primary structural component. This system also incorporates a substantial upper wheel. The wheel, with a radius of 48 cm, is [mortised](/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon "Mortise and tenon") with 72 cogs, each with a 12 cm pitch. A counter is provided to record the number of rotations made by the wings. The large wheel drives the [spindle](/wiki/Spindle_%28automobile%29 "Spindle (automobile)"), which is mortised with 33 cogs measuring a pitch of 12 cm. The large lower wheel ({{Interlanguage link\|Spoorwiel\|lt\=spoorwiel\|nl\|Spoorwiel}}), with a diameter of 80 cm, is located on the third floor, adjacent to the large upper wheel, on the central rotation axis of the mill. It is mortised with 80 cogs, each with a pitch of 8\.5 cm long. Two additional lanterns, mortised with 24 cogs with a pitch of 8\.5 cm, are driven on either side of its axis. The gear ratio of the large upper wheel with the upper lantern is 1/6\.46, while that of the large lower wheel coupled to the two lower lanterns is 1/7\.27\.
### Miller's house and warehouse
The edifice intended for the miller and the adjoining warehouse is constructed from cut volcanic tuff blocks [joined with lime](/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29 "Mortar (masonry)"). The height of the house to its ridge is 9\.2 meters, comprising a ground floor topped by two stories. Each of its two facades is equipped with a "spout" [gable](/wiki/Gable "Gable"), while the warehouse facade features a "bell" gable.{{Cite book \|last\=Hoogenboezem\-Lanslots \|first\=K.M.A \|url\=https://media.delft.nl/raad/commissies/duurzaamheid/2006/Bijlage%20nota/d\_2006\_072\_bn.pdf \|title\=Delft Spoorzone ontwerpbestemmingsplan \|date\=2005 \|publisher\=Commune de Delft \|language\=nl \|chapter\=Ruimtelijke opzet}}
The [main block](/wiki/Corps_de_logis "Corps de logis") of the house is extended by a [wing](/wiki/Wing_%28building%29 "Wing (building)") covered by a [shed roof](/wiki/Shed_roof "Shed roof"), situated opposite the shared wall with the mill's skirt. The facade of the main house rises to approximately 9 meters in height, with the wall shared with the mill's skirt reaching a height of 6 meters.
The property has been subdivided to accommodate a variety of functions. The ground floor has been converted into a workshop, a conference and a meeting room, and a party hall.{{Cite news \|date\=May 10, 2017 \|title\=Molens en brood \|url\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2017/skwk19\-2017\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2017%2Fskwk19\-2017\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|work\=Stadskrant Delft \|language\=nl \|issue\=19}}{{Cite web \|title\=Molenwinkel Ambacht \|url\=https://molen.molenderoos.nl/winkel/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fmolen.molenderoos.nl%2Fwinkel%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|website\=De Ross mill official website \|language\=nl}} A shop selling local products (including mustard made with beer remnants{{Cite web \|last\=de Haan \|first\=Michiel \|date\=August 2, 2023 \|title\=Koks Yuri en Erwin maken mosterd van Delfts bier: 'We zijn trots op ons product' \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/bedrijvigheid/ondernemer\-uitgelicht/koks\-yuri\-en\-erwin\-maken\-mosterd\-van\-delfts\-bier\-we\-zijn\-trots\-op\-ons\-product\~201523/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fbedrijvigheid%2Fondernemer\-uitgelicht%2Fkoks\-yuri\-en\-erwin\-maken\-mosterd\-van\-delfts\-bier\-we\-zijn\-trots\-op\-ons\-product\~201523%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 9, 2023 \|website\=In de buurt \|language\=nl}}) and a dining area are also located within the house premises.{{Cite web \|title\=Bij De Roos \|url\=https://bijderoos.nl/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fbijderoos.nl%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|website\=bijderoos.nl \|language\=nl}} Finally, three rooms in the house, each occupying an area of about 16 m², have been converted into guest rooms.{{Cite web \|title\=Locatie informatie Molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.zoekenboekdelft.nl/locatie\-informatie\-molen\-de\-roos \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoekenboekdelft.nl%2Flocatie\-informatie\-molen\-de\-roos\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|website\=Zoek en boek Delft \|language\=nl}}
File:Exterieur OVERZICHT \- Delft \- 20306320 \- RCE.jpg\|Facade of the miller's dwelling and warehouse.
File:Exterieur VOORGEVEL WOONHUIS \- Delft \- 20306319 \- RCE.jpg\|Logis.
File:Exterieur VOORGEVELS WOONHUIS EN AANBOUW \- Delft \- 20306322 \- RCE.jpg\|Warehouse and dwelling.
File:Exterieur WOONHUIS \- Delft \- 20306321 \- RCE.jpg\|Logis.
File:Exterieur \- Delft \- 20306324 \- RCE.jpg\|Warehouse.
File:Moulin De Roos et logis du meunier à Delft début du XXe siècle.png\|The miller's dwelling adjoins the mill.
|
[
"Architecture, characteristics, and description\n----------------------------------------------",
"In addition to the aforementioned mill, the De Roos complex, which has been designated a national monument, encompasses a residential dwelling and a warehouse. The aggregate mass of the three edifices is 1,100 tons, with the mill accounting for 800 tons of that total.",
"### Mill",
"#### Description and characteristics",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Overview of the mill.](/wiki/File:Molen%2C_Delft%2C_Holland.jpg \"Molen, Delft, Holland.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Close\\-up of the rotating cap.](/wiki/File:Calotte_rotative_moulin_de_Roos_gros_plan.png \"Calotte rotative moulin de Roos gros plan.png\")\nThe mill's [cap](/wiki/Cap \"Cap\") is a timber structure covered with [shingles](/wiki/Asphalt_shingle \"Asphalt shingle\"), which have been waterproofed using bituminous felt.{{Harvsp\\|Bicker Caarten\\|van der Burg\\|1965}} It is adorned with a green and white painted fronton featuring two chronograms—1679 and 1990—which respectively refer to the date of the reconstruction of De Roos on the Phoenixstraat site and its inauguration after restoration works in the 1980s. In addition, the front displays the mill's name.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=1990 \\|title\\=Kap op 'De Roos' geplaatst \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl}}\n[thumb\\|Brick skirt superstructure, hexagonal gallery and mill wheel.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_roos_-_12159.jpg \"Molen de roos - 12159.jpg\")\nThe windmill comprises a ground floor and seven levels (floors and attics), with four levels (including the ground floor) dedicated to the hexagonal structure and four levels for the circular structure. From the ground floor, which rests on a floor with a thickness of 0\\.39 meters, to the attic, the eight levels of the mill rise to respective heights of 2\\.60 meters, 2\\.60 meters, 2\\.80 meters, 3\\.85 meters, 4\\.90 meters, 5\\.10 meters, 5\\.30 meters, and 5\\.50 meters. The dimensions of the remaining floors are 5\\.10 m, 5\\.10 m, 2\\.20 m, 2\\.05 m, and 1\\.7 m, respectively.{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Molen de Roos Delft \\|journal\\=Cabinet d'architecture de Prow \\|language\\=nl}} The uppermost floor is an attic, referred to as a *kapzolder*, constructed as an extension of the rotating cap. The two structures are integrated into a single unit. The sixth floor is utilized for the lifting process, while the fifth floor is employed for pouring grains contained in sacks. The fourth floor, which features an extended floor area due to the incorporation of the hexagonal gallery, is primarily utilized for the grinding and milling of grains, as well as the packaging of the resulting flour in sacks. The sacks filled with grains and those filled with flour are stored in a dedicated storage area on the third floor. The second floor is dedicated to exhibitions and is set up as a museum. The first floor is used for weighing and packaging the obtained flour. The ground floor is primarily utilized for storing grain sacks and selling flour packages. One of the six sides of the skirt tower is pierced with an entrance, which is closed by a double\\-leaf gate measuring 2\\.4 meters in width.",
"The structure reaches a total height of 32 meters. Approximately midway up the skirt of the mill is a hexagonal wooden gallery or platform. The skirt tower encircles the masonry structure of the building with a width of 3 m. The height of the skirt tower from the platform to its top (the cap) is 12 m, while the height from the base to the gallery is 13 m. The platform is equipped with spotlights, each delivering 400 W, which allow the miller to work at night.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=1976 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos verlick \\|journal\\=Delftse Post \\|language\\=nl}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|[Commemorative plaque](/wiki/Commemorative_plaque \"Commemorative plaque\") masoned into the hexagonal [superstructure](/wiki/Superstructure \"Superstructure\") of the mill skirt.](/wiki/File:Delft37.JPG \"Delft37.JPG\")\nThe skirt of the mill is conical in shape. From its base to the level of the gallery, the structure is composed of stone blocks faced with bricks and exhibits a hexagonal shape. From the platform to the cap, the skirt has a circular shape, and its [structure, of the composite type](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\"), consists of a double row of purple\\-red bricks joined with mortar 54 cm thick. Arched windows illuminate the structure. The mortar used to bind the bricks is quite watertight, with a moisture absorption index of 43\\.3 g/dm²/minute on the outer side and 21\\.7 g/dm²/minute on the inner side.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Groot \\|first\\=Caspar \\|url\\=https://www.yumpu.com/nl/document/read/9727257/kwaliteitseisen\\-baksteen\\-en\\-metselmortel\\-pdf\\-monumentennl \\|title\\=Aanpak Vochtproblematiek Massief Metselwerk Synthese Wetenschap en Vakmanschap \\- Syllabus studiedag \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Delft University of Technology\\|TU Delf]] \\|volume\\=December 2005 \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fnl%2Fdocument%2Fread%2F9727257%2Fkwaliteitseisen\\-baksteen\\-en\\-metselmortel\\-pdf\\-monumentennl\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}} The first floor still bears evidence of repair work carried out following the subsidence of the structure. A commemorative plaque, erected to mark the inauguration of the mill by [Prince](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_royal_consorts \"List of Dutch royal consorts\") [Claus von Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands \"Prince Claus of the Netherlands\") in 1990, was unveiled by Prince [Friso van Oranje\\-Nassau van Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Friso_of_Orange-Nassau \"Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau\") during the National Mills Day celebrations in May 2006\\. This plaque is [located](/wiki/Cladding_%28construction%29 \"Cladding (construction)\") on one side of the skirt.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Prinses Beatrix opent molendagen in Delft \\|url\\=https://dagblad010\\.nl/Landelijk/prinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-in\\-delft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdagblad010\\.nl%2FLandelijk%2Fprinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-in\\-delft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|website\\=Dagblad010 \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 12, 2023 \\|title\\=Prinses Beatrix opent molendagen in Delft \\|url\\=https://www.vorsten.nl/vorstenhuizen/nederland/prinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-in\\-delft/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorsten.nl%2Fvorstenhuizen%2Fnederland%2Fprinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-in\\-delft%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|website\\=Vorsten \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=May 2006 \\|title\\=Prins Friso onthuld plaat te molen De Roos \\|journal\\=Molens \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=Hollandsche Molen \\|issue\\=82}}",
"The windmill's wheel has a diameter of 25\\.35 meters. The [sails](/wiki/Sail \"Sail\") covering the two pairs of wings, which are composed of four 10\\-meter\\-long canvas sheets{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2003 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos heeft nieuwe zeilen eerlijk verdiend \\|journal\\=Haagsche Courant \\|language\\=nl}} spaced 1\\.5 meters around the hub of the main shaft, are supported by a frame of welded steel bars that extend over 25 meters in length.{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 24, 2023 \\|title\\=Dit is er aan de hand met molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/nieuws/dit\\-is\\-er\\-aan\\-de\\-hand\\-met\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~182579/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fdit\\-is\\-er\\-aan\\-de\\-hand\\-met\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~182579%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2023 \\|website\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}} The two metal rods, designated as 646 and 647, were designed by the firm Derckx and constituted a replacement for the shafts 88 and 89, manufactured by the firm Bremer Adorp in 1964\\.",
"The mill has an average annual capacity of approximately 30,000 kg, or more than a ton per week, to transform cereals—including [wheat](/wiki/Humulus_lupulus \"Humulus lupulus\"), spelled, and rye—and [hops](/wiki/Hops \"Hops\"){{Cite journal \\|date\\=December 2012 \\|title\\=Bierhistorie \\|url\\=https://noitdorpsche\\-historien.nl/wp/wp\\-content/uploads/2014/03/201212\\-Nieuwsbrief\\-44\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Nieuwsbrief Noitdorpsche Historiën \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=4 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fnoitdorpsche\\-historien.nl%2Fwp%2Fwp\\-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2F201212\\-Nieuwsbrief\\-44\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2023}} into flour.{{Cite news \\|last\\=van Velden \\|first\\=Karen \\|date\\=June 11, 2020 \\|title\\=Hoogbouw bedreigt Delftse molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.ad.nl/delft/hoogbouw\\-bedreigt\\-delftse\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~a6601fa0/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fdelft%2Fhoogbouw\\-bedreigt\\-delftse\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~a6601fa0%2F \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \\|language\\=nl}} As detailed in the 2019 activity report, the total quantity of grains milled into flour was 37,600 kg, comprising 33,500 kg of wheat, 2,650 kg of spelled, and 1,450 kg of rye. In the same year, the mill's wings completed 384,988 rotations, representing an increase from the 350,809 rotations recorded in 2017\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=June 30, 2018 \\|title\\=Bescherming van een niet te denken icoon \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/wlmedia/docs/spe\\-2018\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fwlmedia%2Fdocs%2Fspe\\-2018\\-06\\-20\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2023 \\|work\\=Westlandse Molendag \\|pages\\=3 \\|language\\=nl}} These rotations were spread over 124 days, with 118 days dedicated to grinding operations, resulting in 242 active days.",
"#### Mechanism",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Manual regulation system for the rotating cap (end of the tail at mill gallery level).](/wiki/File:View_from_De_Roos_mill_Delft_2018_2.jpg \"View from De Roos mill Delft 2018 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rear view of the mill with the tail attached to the rotating cap.](/wiki/File:Vue_arri%C3%A8re_du_moulin_La_Rose_avec_la_queue_ou_guivre_fix%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_sa_calotte_rotative.png \"Vue arrière du moulin La Rose avec la queue ou guivre fixée à sa calotte rotative.png\")\nThe orientation of the wings facing the wind is enabled by a rotating cap, whose circular movement is achieved through 48 cast\\-iron rollers attached to a wooden wheel. This mechanism enables the cap to rotate in a circular motion, allowing the wings to be oriented in a direction parallel to the wind. The total mass of the cap is 16 tons, with 3\\.5 tons attributable to the wheel and 1\\.5 tons to the frame. At the posterior aspect of the cap, in opposition to the wheel, the tail{{Cite book \\|last\\=Borgnis \\|first\\=Giuseppe Antonio \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=f\\-0P0VLQ8XEC\\&pg\\=PA189 \\|title\\=Traité complet de mécanique appliquée aux arts, contenant l'exposition méthodique des théories \\|date\\=1818 \\|publisher\\=Bachellier \\|language\\=nl \\|chapter\\=Du vent considéré comme moteur \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df\\-0P0VLQ8XEC%26pg%3DPA189\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}} (or stock{{Cite book \\|last\\=Bruggeman \\|first\\=Jean \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lIYcU9QGfWEC\\&q\\=queue \\|title\\=Moulins : maîtres des eaux, maîtres des vents \\|date\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=Rempart \\|isbn\\=978\\-2\\-220\\-04080\\-6 \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIYcU9QGfWEC%26q%3Dqueue\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}}), a 15\\-meter\\-long triangular structure composed of three substantial wooden beams culminating in a wheel connected to a metallic chain, enables the miller, from the platform, to manually control and regulate the rotation of the cap and the orientation of the wings facing the wind.",
"The [windshaft](/wiki/Windshaft \"Windshaft\"), which serves as the axis around which the wings rotate, was designed by LI Enthoven \\& Co. in 1847\\. It is composed of cast [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") and has a length of 5\\.55 meters. One of the shaft collars bears the inscription \"DE OTTER.\" The marble beam of the cap (or yoke, a large wooden beam resting on the wheel timbers and supporting the upper shaft{{Cite book \\|last\\=Harte \\|first\\=J.H \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rR7eTV0u2TQC\\&q\\=windpeluw\\&pg\\=PA36 \\|title\\=Volledig molenboek, naar de behoefte van den tegenwoordigen tijd ingerigt, bevattende de beschrijving en afbeelding der meest in gebruik zijnde molens, met derzelven platte gronden, opstanden, onderdeelen, enz \\|date\\=1846 \\|publisher\\=A. van der Mast \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrR7eTV0u2TQC%26pg%3DPA36%26q%3Dwindpeluw\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}}) measures 50 cm in height and 45 cm in width. The shaft is encircled by a gear measuring 1\\.6 m in diameter.",
"The rotation of the wings drives the grinding system, which consists of two vertical millstones made of blue volcanic stone. These stones have a diameter of approximately 150 centimeters{{Cite book \\|last\\=Wiesser \\|first\\=J.G \\|url\\=https://docplayer.nl/9437359\\-De\\-windmolen\\-en\\-zijn\\-onderdelen.html \\|title\\=De windmolen en zijn onderdelen : theorielessen ten behoeve v.d. opleiding tot vrijw. molenaar \\|date\\=1973 \\|publisher\\=Stichting Vrienden van de Gelderse molen \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F9437359\\-De\\-windmolen\\-en\\-zijn\\-onderdelen.html\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}} and are characterized by arc\\-shaped grooves with a radius. The grinding apparatus comprises a central aperture of approximately 105 cm, a diameter of 10 to 12 cm, a thickness of 10 cm, and a gear ratio of 1:3 on the horizontal millstone.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Wagenaar \\|first\\=J \\|date\\=1979 \\|title\\=Bakkwaliteit van volkorenmelen van nederlansche wind\\- en watermolens. Voorjaar 1978\\. \\|url\\=https://www.korenmolenaarsgilde.nl/files/haverengort/al/vhtg\\_017\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Van Haver Tot Gort \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=Ambachtelijk Korenmolenaarsgilde \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2023}} Additionally, a second pair of millstones, also measuring 17 degrees, is driven by the movement of the wings.",
"To compensate for the inherent variability of [wind energy](/wiki/Wind_power \"Wind power\"), which represents the primary driving force behind the mill's operation,{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Mills in Delft \\|url\\=https://www.tudelft.nl/library/mills\\-in\\-delft \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Delft University of Technology]] \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tudelft.nl%2Flibrary%2Fmills\\-in\\-delft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2023}} De Roos is equipped with an electric motor with a power output of 20 [horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\"), designed by the firm {{Interlanguage link\\|Heemaf\\|lt\\=Heemaf\\|fr\\|Heemaf}}.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Vreede \\|first\\=J.P \\|date\\=1934 \\|title\\=Te koop electrische motor 20 pk merk Heemaf \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl \\|pages\\=6}} The motorized component of the rotation system comprises two hammer mills, each with a power output of 25 horsepower, and an electric sack hoist. Two gear and ball winches, situated at the hexagonal platform level, regulate the operation of the sack hoist. The flour production system is completed by a grain elevator, a 2\\.9\\-meter\\-high hopper, and a tank, which serves as a silo for grains passing through the second floor.",
"The [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanical_device%29 \"Transmission (mechanical device)\") system, comprising a vertical shaft traversing the last four floors at its center, serves as its primary structural component. This system also incorporates a substantial upper wheel. The wheel, with a radius of 48 cm, is [mortised](/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon \"Mortise and tenon\") with 72 cogs, each with a 12 cm pitch. A counter is provided to record the number of rotations made by the wings. The large wheel drives the [spindle](/wiki/Spindle_%28automobile%29 \"Spindle (automobile)\"), which is mortised with 33 cogs measuring a pitch of 12 cm. The large lower wheel ({{Interlanguage link\\|Spoorwiel\\|lt\\=spoorwiel\\|nl\\|Spoorwiel}}), with a diameter of 80 cm, is located on the third floor, adjacent to the large upper wheel, on the central rotation axis of the mill. It is mortised with 80 cogs, each with a pitch of 8\\.5 cm long. Two additional lanterns, mortised with 24 cogs with a pitch of 8\\.5 cm, are driven on either side of its axis. The gear ratio of the large upper wheel with the upper lantern is 1/6\\.46, while that of the large lower wheel coupled to the two lower lanterns is 1/7\\.27\\.",
"### Miller's house and warehouse",
"The edifice intended for the miller and the adjoining warehouse is constructed from cut volcanic tuff blocks [joined with lime](/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29 \"Mortar (masonry)\"). The height of the house to its ridge is 9\\.2 meters, comprising a ground floor topped by two stories. Each of its two facades is equipped with a \"spout\" [gable](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\"), while the warehouse facade features a \"bell\" gable.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hoogenboezem\\-Lanslots \\|first\\=K.M.A \\|url\\=https://media.delft.nl/raad/commissies/duurzaamheid/2006/Bijlage%20nota/d\\_2006\\_072\\_bn.pdf \\|title\\=Delft Spoorzone ontwerpbestemmingsplan \\|date\\=2005 \\|publisher\\=Commune de Delft \\|language\\=nl \\|chapter\\=Ruimtelijke opzet}}",
"The [main block](/wiki/Corps_de_logis \"Corps de logis\") of the house is extended by a [wing](/wiki/Wing_%28building%29 \"Wing (building)\") covered by a [shed roof](/wiki/Shed_roof \"Shed roof\"), situated opposite the shared wall with the mill's skirt. The facade of the main house rises to approximately 9 meters in height, with the wall shared with the mill's skirt reaching a height of 6 meters.",
"The property has been subdivided to accommodate a variety of functions. The ground floor has been converted into a workshop, a conference and a meeting room, and a party hall.{{Cite news \\|date\\=May 10, 2017 \\|title\\=Molens en brood \\|url\\=https://media.delft.nl/stadskrant/2017/skwk19\\-2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.delft.nl%2Fstadskrant%2F2017%2Fskwk19\\-2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|work\\=Stadskrant Delft \\|language\\=nl \\|issue\\=19}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Molenwinkel Ambacht \\|url\\=https://molen.molenderoos.nl/winkel/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fmolen.molenderoos.nl%2Fwinkel%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|website\\=De Ross mill official website \\|language\\=nl}} A shop selling local products (including mustard made with beer remnants{{Cite web \\|last\\=de Haan \\|first\\=Michiel \\|date\\=August 2, 2023 \\|title\\=Koks Yuri en Erwin maken mosterd van Delfts bier: 'We zijn trots op ons product' \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/bedrijvigheid/ondernemer\\-uitgelicht/koks\\-yuri\\-en\\-erwin\\-maken\\-mosterd\\-van\\-delfts\\-bier\\-we\\-zijn\\-trots\\-op\\-ons\\-product\\~201523/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fbedrijvigheid%2Fondernemer\\-uitgelicht%2Fkoks\\-yuri\\-en\\-erwin\\-maken\\-mosterd\\-van\\-delfts\\-bier\\-we\\-zijn\\-trots\\-op\\-ons\\-product\\~201523%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 9, 2023 \\|website\\=In de buurt \\|language\\=nl}}) and a dining area are also located within the house premises.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bij De Roos \\|url\\=https://bijderoos.nl/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fbijderoos.nl%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|website\\=bijderoos.nl \\|language\\=nl}} Finally, three rooms in the house, each occupying an area of about 16 m², have been converted into guest rooms.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Locatie informatie Molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.zoekenboekdelft.nl/locatie\\-informatie\\-molen\\-de\\-roos \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoekenboekdelft.nl%2Flocatie\\-informatie\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|website\\=Zoek en boek Delft \\|language\\=nl}}\nFile:Exterieur OVERZICHT \\- Delft \\- 20306320 \\- RCE.jpg\\|Facade of the miller's dwelling and warehouse.\nFile:Exterieur VOORGEVEL WOONHUIS \\- Delft \\- 20306319 \\- RCE.jpg\\|Logis.\nFile:Exterieur VOORGEVELS WOONHUIS EN AANBOUW \\- Delft \\- 20306322 \\- RCE.jpg\\|Warehouse and dwelling.\nFile:Exterieur WOONHUIS \\- Delft \\- 20306321 \\- RCE.jpg\\|Logis.\nFile:Exterieur \\- Delft \\- 20306324 \\- RCE.jpg\\|Warehouse.\nFile:Moulin De Roos et logis du meunier à Delft début du XXe siècle.png\\|The miller's dwelling adjoins the mill.",
"",
""
] |
### Mill
#### Description and characteristics
[left\|thumb\|Overview of the mill.](/wiki/File:Molen%2C_Delft%2C_Holland.jpg "Molen, Delft, Holland.jpg")
[thumb\|Close\-up of the rotating cap.](/wiki/File:Calotte_rotative_moulin_de_Roos_gros_plan.png "Calotte rotative moulin de Roos gros plan.png")
The mill's [cap](/wiki/Cap "Cap") is a timber structure covered with [shingles](/wiki/Asphalt_shingle "Asphalt shingle"), which have been waterproofed using bituminous felt.{{Harvsp\|Bicker Caarten\|van der Burg\|1965}} It is adorned with a green and white painted fronton featuring two chronograms—1679 and 1990—which respectively refer to the date of the reconstruction of De Roos on the Phoenixstraat site and its inauguration after restoration works in the 1980s. In addition, the front displays the mill's name.{{Cite journal \|date\=1990 \|title\=Kap op 'De Roos' geplaatst \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl}}
[thumb\|Brick skirt superstructure, hexagonal gallery and mill wheel.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_roos_-_12159.jpg "Molen de roos - 12159.jpg")
The windmill comprises a ground floor and seven levels (floors and attics), with four levels (including the ground floor) dedicated to the hexagonal structure and four levels for the circular structure. From the ground floor, which rests on a floor with a thickness of 0\.39 meters, to the attic, the eight levels of the mill rise to respective heights of 2\.60 meters, 2\.60 meters, 2\.80 meters, 3\.85 meters, 4\.90 meters, 5\.10 meters, 5\.30 meters, and 5\.50 meters. The dimensions of the remaining floors are 5\.10 m, 5\.10 m, 2\.20 m, 2\.05 m, and 1\.7 m, respectively.{{Cite journal \|title\=Molen de Roos Delft \|journal\=Cabinet d'architecture de Prow \|language\=nl}} The uppermost floor is an attic, referred to as a *kapzolder*, constructed as an extension of the rotating cap. The two structures are integrated into a single unit. The sixth floor is utilized for the lifting process, while the fifth floor is employed for pouring grains contained in sacks. The fourth floor, which features an extended floor area due to the incorporation of the hexagonal gallery, is primarily utilized for the grinding and milling of grains, as well as the packaging of the resulting flour in sacks. The sacks filled with grains and those filled with flour are stored in a dedicated storage area on the third floor. The second floor is dedicated to exhibitions and is set up as a museum. The first floor is used for weighing and packaging the obtained flour. The ground floor is primarily utilized for storing grain sacks and selling flour packages. One of the six sides of the skirt tower is pierced with an entrance, which is closed by a double\-leaf gate measuring 2\.4 meters in width.
The structure reaches a total height of 32 meters. Approximately midway up the skirt of the mill is a hexagonal wooden gallery or platform. The skirt tower encircles the masonry structure of the building with a width of 3 m. The height of the skirt tower from the platform to its top (the cap) is 12 m, while the height from the base to the gallery is 13 m. The platform is equipped with spotlights, each delivering 400 W, which allow the miller to work at night.{{Cite journal \|date\=1976 \|title\=Molen De Roos verlick \|journal\=Delftse Post \|language\=nl}}
[left\|thumb\|[Commemorative plaque](/wiki/Commemorative_plaque "Commemorative plaque") masoned into the hexagonal [superstructure](/wiki/Superstructure "Superstructure") of the mill skirt.](/wiki/File:Delft37.JPG "Delft37.JPG")
The skirt of the mill is conical in shape. From its base to the level of the gallery, the structure is composed of stone blocks faced with bricks and exhibits a hexagonal shape. From the platform to the cap, the skirt has a circular shape, and its [structure, of the composite type](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork"), consists of a double row of purple\-red bricks joined with mortar 54 cm thick. Arched windows illuminate the structure. The mortar used to bind the bricks is quite watertight, with a moisture absorption index of 43\.3 g/dm²/minute on the outer side and 21\.7 g/dm²/minute on the inner side.{{Cite book \|last\=Groot \|first\=Caspar \|url\=https://www.yumpu.com/nl/document/read/9727257/kwaliteitseisen\-baksteen\-en\-metselmortel\-pdf\-monumentennl \|title\=Aanpak Vochtproblematiek Massief Metselwerk Synthese Wetenschap en Vakmanschap \- Syllabus studiedag \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=\[\[Delft University of Technology\|TU Delf]] \|volume\=December 2005 \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fnl%2Fdocument%2Fread%2F9727257%2Fkwaliteitseisen\-baksteen\-en\-metselmortel\-pdf\-monumentennl\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}} The first floor still bears evidence of repair work carried out following the subsidence of the structure. A commemorative plaque, erected to mark the inauguration of the mill by [Prince](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_royal_consorts "List of Dutch royal consorts") [Claus von Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands "Prince Claus of the Netherlands") in 1990, was unveiled by Prince [Friso van Oranje\-Nassau van Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Friso_of_Orange-Nassau "Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau") during the National Mills Day celebrations in May 2006\. This plaque is [located](/wiki/Cladding_%28construction%29 "Cladding (construction)") on one side of the skirt.{{Cite web \|title\=Prinses Beatrix opent molendagen in Delft \|url\=https://dagblad010\.nl/Landelijk/prinses\-beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-in\-delft \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdagblad010\.nl%2FLandelijk%2Fprinses\-beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-in\-delft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|website\=Dagblad010 \|language\=nl}}{{Cite web \|date\=May 12, 2023 \|title\=Prinses Beatrix opent molendagen in Delft \|url\=https://www.vorsten.nl/vorstenhuizen/nederland/prinses\-beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-in\-delft/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorsten.nl%2Fvorstenhuizen%2Fnederland%2Fprinses\-beatrix\-opent\-molendagen\-in\-delft%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=July 12, 2023 \|website\=Vorsten \|language\=nl}}{{Cite journal \|date\=May 2006 \|title\=Prins Friso onthuld plaat te molen De Roos \|journal\=Molens \|language\=nl \|publisher\=Hollandsche Molen \|issue\=82}}
The windmill's wheel has a diameter of 25\.35 meters. The [sails](/wiki/Sail "Sail") covering the two pairs of wings, which are composed of four 10\-meter\-long canvas sheets{{Cite journal \|date\=2003 \|title\=Molen De Roos heeft nieuwe zeilen eerlijk verdiend \|journal\=Haagsche Courant \|language\=nl}} spaced 1\.5 meters around the hub of the main shaft, are supported by a frame of welded steel bars that extend over 25 meters in length.{{Cite web \|date\=January 24, 2023 \|title\=Dit is er aan de hand met molen De Roos \|url\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/nieuws/dit\-is\-er\-aan\-de\-hand\-met\-molen\-de\-roos\~182579/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fdit\-is\-er\-aan\-de\-hand\-met\-molen\-de\-roos\~182579%2F\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 14, 2023 \|website\=In de Buurt \|language\=nl}} The two metal rods, designated as 646 and 647, were designed by the firm Derckx and constituted a replacement for the shafts 88 and 89, manufactured by the firm Bremer Adorp in 1964\.
The mill has an average annual capacity of approximately 30,000 kg, or more than a ton per week, to transform cereals—including [wheat](/wiki/Humulus_lupulus "Humulus lupulus"), spelled, and rye—and [hops](/wiki/Hops "Hops"){{Cite journal \|date\=December 2012 \|title\=Bierhistorie \|url\=https://noitdorpsche\-historien.nl/wp/wp\-content/uploads/2014/03/201212\-Nieuwsbrief\-44\.pdf \|journal\=Nieuwsbrief Noitdorpsche Historiën \|language\=nl \|volume\=11 \|issue\=4 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fnoitdorpsche\-historien.nl%2Fwp%2Fwp\-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2F201212\-Nieuwsbrief\-44\.pdf \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 8, 2023}} into flour.{{Cite news \|last\=van Velden \|first\=Karen \|date\=June 11, 2020 \|title\=Hoogbouw bedreigt Delftse molen De Roos \|url\=https://www.ad.nl/delft/hoogbouw\-bedreigt\-delftse\-molen\-de\-roos\~a6601fa0/ \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fdelft%2Fhoogbouw\-bedreigt\-delftse\-molen\-de\-roos\~a6601fa0%2F \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 14, 2023 \|work\=\[\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \|language\=nl}} As detailed in the 2019 activity report, the total quantity of grains milled into flour was 37,600 kg, comprising 33,500 kg of wheat, 2,650 kg of spelled, and 1,450 kg of rye. In the same year, the mill's wings completed 384,988 rotations, representing an increase from the 350,809 rotations recorded in 2017\.{{Cite news \|date\=June 30, 2018 \|title\=Bescherming van een niet te denken icoon \|url\=https://issuu.com/wlmedia/docs/spe\-2018\-06\-20 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fwlmedia%2Fdocs%2Fspe\-2018\-06\-20\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=August 19, 2023 \|work\=Westlandse Molendag \|pages\=3 \|language\=nl}} These rotations were spread over 124 days, with 118 days dedicated to grinding operations, resulting in 242 active days.
#### Mechanism
[left\|thumb\|Manual regulation system for the rotating cap (end of the tail at mill gallery level).](/wiki/File:View_from_De_Roos_mill_Delft_2018_2.jpg "View from De Roos mill Delft 2018 2.jpg")
[thumb\|Rear view of the mill with the tail attached to the rotating cap.](/wiki/File:Vue_arri%C3%A8re_du_moulin_La_Rose_avec_la_queue_ou_guivre_fix%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_sa_calotte_rotative.png "Vue arrière du moulin La Rose avec la queue ou guivre fixée à sa calotte rotative.png")
The orientation of the wings facing the wind is enabled by a rotating cap, whose circular movement is achieved through 48 cast\-iron rollers attached to a wooden wheel. This mechanism enables the cap to rotate in a circular motion, allowing the wings to be oriented in a direction parallel to the wind. The total mass of the cap is 16 tons, with 3\.5 tons attributable to the wheel and 1\.5 tons to the frame. At the posterior aspect of the cap, in opposition to the wheel, the tail{{Cite book \|last\=Borgnis \|first\=Giuseppe Antonio \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=f\-0P0VLQ8XEC\&pg\=PA189 \|title\=Traité complet de mécanique appliquée aux arts, contenant l'exposition méthodique des théories \|date\=1818 \|publisher\=Bachellier \|language\=nl \|chapter\=Du vent considéré comme moteur \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df\-0P0VLQ8XEC%26pg%3DPA189\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}} (or stock{{Cite book \|last\=Bruggeman \|first\=Jean \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=lIYcU9QGfWEC\&q\=queue \|title\=Moulins : maîtres des eaux, maîtres des vents \|date\=1997 \|publisher\=Rempart \|isbn\=978\-2\-220\-04080\-6 \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIYcU9QGfWEC%26q%3Dqueue\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}}), a 15\-meter\-long triangular structure composed of three substantial wooden beams culminating in a wheel connected to a metallic chain, enables the miller, from the platform, to manually control and regulate the rotation of the cap and the orientation of the wings facing the wind.
The [windshaft](/wiki/Windshaft "Windshaft"), which serves as the axis around which the wings rotate, was designed by LI Enthoven \& Co. in 1847\. It is composed of cast [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron") and has a length of 5\.55 meters. One of the shaft collars bears the inscription "DE OTTER." The marble beam of the cap (or yoke, a large wooden beam resting on the wheel timbers and supporting the upper shaft{{Cite book \|last\=Harte \|first\=J.H \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rR7eTV0u2TQC\&q\=windpeluw\&pg\=PA36 \|title\=Volledig molenboek, naar de behoefte van den tegenwoordigen tijd ingerigt, bevattende de beschrijving en afbeelding der meest in gebruik zijnde molens, met derzelven platte gronden, opstanden, onderdeelen, enz \|date\=1846 \|publisher\=A. van der Mast \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrR7eTV0u2TQC%26pg%3DPA36%26q%3Dwindpeluw\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}}) measures 50 cm in height and 45 cm in width. The shaft is encircled by a gear measuring 1\.6 m in diameter.
The rotation of the wings drives the grinding system, which consists of two vertical millstones made of blue volcanic stone. These stones have a diameter of approximately 150 centimeters{{Cite book \|last\=Wiesser \|first\=J.G \|url\=https://docplayer.nl/9437359\-De\-windmolen\-en\-zijn\-onderdelen.html \|title\=De windmolen en zijn onderdelen : theorielessen ten behoeve v.d. opleiding tot vrijw. molenaar \|date\=1973 \|publisher\=Stichting Vrienden van de Gelderse molen \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F9437359\-De\-windmolen\-en\-zijn\-onderdelen.html\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024}} and are characterized by arc\-shaped grooves with a radius. The grinding apparatus comprises a central aperture of approximately 105 cm, a diameter of 10 to 12 cm, a thickness of 10 cm, and a gear ratio of 1:3 on the horizontal millstone.{{Cite journal \|last\=Wagenaar \|first\=J \|date\=1979 \|title\=Bakkwaliteit van volkorenmelen van nederlansche wind\- en watermolens. Voorjaar 1978\. \|url\=https://www.korenmolenaarsgilde.nl/files/haverengort/al/vhtg\_017\.pdf \|journal\=Van Haver Tot Gort \|language\=nl \|publisher\=Ambachtelijk Korenmolenaarsgilde \|access\-date\=June 25, 2023}} Additionally, a second pair of millstones, also measuring 17 degrees, is driven by the movement of the wings.
To compensate for the inherent variability of [wind energy](/wiki/Wind_power "Wind power"), which represents the primary driving force behind the mill's operation,{{Cite journal \|title\=Mills in Delft \|url\=https://www.tudelft.nl/library/mills\-in\-delft \|journal\=\[\[Delft University of Technology]] \|language\=nl \|archive\-url\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\.php?url\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tudelft.nl%2Flibrary%2Fmills\-in\-delft\#federation\=archive.wikiwix.com\&tab\=url \|archive\-date\=July 19, 2024 \|access\-date\=June 28, 2023}} De Roos is equipped with an electric motor with a power output of 20 [horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower"), designed by the firm {{Interlanguage link\|Heemaf\|lt\=Heemaf\|fr\|Heemaf}}.{{Cite journal \|last\=Vreede \|first\=J.P \|date\=1934 \|title\=Te koop electrische motor 20 pk merk Heemaf \|journal\=De Molenaar \|language\=nl \|pages\=6}} The motorized component of the rotation system comprises two hammer mills, each with a power output of 25 horsepower, and an electric sack hoist. Two gear and ball winches, situated at the hexagonal platform level, regulate the operation of the sack hoist. The flour production system is completed by a grain elevator, a 2\.9\-meter\-high hopper, and a tank, which serves as a silo for grains passing through the second floor.
The [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanical_device%29 "Transmission (mechanical device)") system, comprising a vertical shaft traversing the last four floors at its center, serves as its primary structural component. This system also incorporates a substantial upper wheel. The wheel, with a radius of 48 cm, is [mortised](/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon "Mortise and tenon") with 72 cogs, each with a 12 cm pitch. A counter is provided to record the number of rotations made by the wings. The large wheel drives the [spindle](/wiki/Spindle_%28automobile%29 "Spindle (automobile)"), which is mortised with 33 cogs measuring a pitch of 12 cm. The large lower wheel ({{Interlanguage link\|Spoorwiel\|lt\=spoorwiel\|nl\|Spoorwiel}}), with a diameter of 80 cm, is located on the third floor, adjacent to the large upper wheel, on the central rotation axis of the mill. It is mortised with 80 cogs, each with a pitch of 8\.5 cm long. Two additional lanterns, mortised with 24 cogs with a pitch of 8\.5 cm, are driven on either side of its axis. The gear ratio of the large upper wheel with the upper lantern is 1/6\.46, while that of the large lower wheel coupled to the two lower lanterns is 1/7\.27\.
|
[
"### Mill",
"#### Description and characteristics",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Overview of the mill.](/wiki/File:Molen%2C_Delft%2C_Holland.jpg \"Molen, Delft, Holland.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Close\\-up of the rotating cap.](/wiki/File:Calotte_rotative_moulin_de_Roos_gros_plan.png \"Calotte rotative moulin de Roos gros plan.png\")\nThe mill's [cap](/wiki/Cap \"Cap\") is a timber structure covered with [shingles](/wiki/Asphalt_shingle \"Asphalt shingle\"), which have been waterproofed using bituminous felt.{{Harvsp\\|Bicker Caarten\\|van der Burg\\|1965}} It is adorned with a green and white painted fronton featuring two chronograms—1679 and 1990—which respectively refer to the date of the reconstruction of De Roos on the Phoenixstraat site and its inauguration after restoration works in the 1980s. In addition, the front displays the mill's name.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=1990 \\|title\\=Kap op 'De Roos' geplaatst \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl}}\n[thumb\\|Brick skirt superstructure, hexagonal gallery and mill wheel.](/wiki/File:Molen_de_roos_-_12159.jpg \"Molen de roos - 12159.jpg\")\nThe windmill comprises a ground floor and seven levels (floors and attics), with four levels (including the ground floor) dedicated to the hexagonal structure and four levels for the circular structure. From the ground floor, which rests on a floor with a thickness of 0\\.39 meters, to the attic, the eight levels of the mill rise to respective heights of 2\\.60 meters, 2\\.60 meters, 2\\.80 meters, 3\\.85 meters, 4\\.90 meters, 5\\.10 meters, 5\\.30 meters, and 5\\.50 meters. The dimensions of the remaining floors are 5\\.10 m, 5\\.10 m, 2\\.20 m, 2\\.05 m, and 1\\.7 m, respectively.{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Molen de Roos Delft \\|journal\\=Cabinet d'architecture de Prow \\|language\\=nl}} The uppermost floor is an attic, referred to as a *kapzolder*, constructed as an extension of the rotating cap. The two structures are integrated into a single unit. The sixth floor is utilized for the lifting process, while the fifth floor is employed for pouring grains contained in sacks. The fourth floor, which features an extended floor area due to the incorporation of the hexagonal gallery, is primarily utilized for the grinding and milling of grains, as well as the packaging of the resulting flour in sacks. The sacks filled with grains and those filled with flour are stored in a dedicated storage area on the third floor. The second floor is dedicated to exhibitions and is set up as a museum. The first floor is used for weighing and packaging the obtained flour. The ground floor is primarily utilized for storing grain sacks and selling flour packages. One of the six sides of the skirt tower is pierced with an entrance, which is closed by a double\\-leaf gate measuring 2\\.4 meters in width.",
"The structure reaches a total height of 32 meters. Approximately midway up the skirt of the mill is a hexagonal wooden gallery or platform. The skirt tower encircles the masonry structure of the building with a width of 3 m. The height of the skirt tower from the platform to its top (the cap) is 12 m, while the height from the base to the gallery is 13 m. The platform is equipped with spotlights, each delivering 400 W, which allow the miller to work at night.{{Cite journal \\|date\\=1976 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos verlick \\|journal\\=Delftse Post \\|language\\=nl}}\n[left\\|thumb\\|[Commemorative plaque](/wiki/Commemorative_plaque \"Commemorative plaque\") masoned into the hexagonal [superstructure](/wiki/Superstructure \"Superstructure\") of the mill skirt.](/wiki/File:Delft37.JPG \"Delft37.JPG\")\nThe skirt of the mill is conical in shape. From its base to the level of the gallery, the structure is composed of stone blocks faced with bricks and exhibits a hexagonal shape. From the platform to the cap, the skirt has a circular shape, and its [structure, of the composite type](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\"), consists of a double row of purple\\-red bricks joined with mortar 54 cm thick. Arched windows illuminate the structure. The mortar used to bind the bricks is quite watertight, with a moisture absorption index of 43\\.3 g/dm²/minute on the outer side and 21\\.7 g/dm²/minute on the inner side.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Groot \\|first\\=Caspar \\|url\\=https://www.yumpu.com/nl/document/read/9727257/kwaliteitseisen\\-baksteen\\-en\\-metselmortel\\-pdf\\-monumentennl \\|title\\=Aanpak Vochtproblematiek Massief Metselwerk Synthese Wetenschap en Vakmanschap \\- Syllabus studiedag \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Delft University of Technology\\|TU Delf]] \\|volume\\=December 2005 \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fnl%2Fdocument%2Fread%2F9727257%2Fkwaliteitseisen\\-baksteen\\-en\\-metselmortel\\-pdf\\-monumentennl\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}} The first floor still bears evidence of repair work carried out following the subsidence of the structure. A commemorative plaque, erected to mark the inauguration of the mill by [Prince](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_royal_consorts \"List of Dutch royal consorts\") [Claus von Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Claus_of_the_Netherlands \"Prince Claus of the Netherlands\") in 1990, was unveiled by Prince [Friso van Oranje\\-Nassau van Amsberg](/wiki/Prince_Friso_of_Orange-Nassau \"Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau\") during the National Mills Day celebrations in May 2006\\. This plaque is [located](/wiki/Cladding_%28construction%29 \"Cladding (construction)\") on one side of the skirt.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Prinses Beatrix opent molendagen in Delft \\|url\\=https://dagblad010\\.nl/Landelijk/prinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-in\\-delft \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdagblad010\\.nl%2FLandelijk%2Fprinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-in\\-delft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|website\\=Dagblad010 \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=May 12, 2023 \\|title\\=Prinses Beatrix opent molendagen in Delft \\|url\\=https://www.vorsten.nl/vorstenhuizen/nederland/prinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-in\\-delft/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vorsten.nl%2Fvorstenhuizen%2Fnederland%2Fprinses\\-beatrix\\-opent\\-molendagen\\-in\\-delft%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=July 12, 2023 \\|website\\=Vorsten \\|language\\=nl}}{{Cite journal \\|date\\=May 2006 \\|title\\=Prins Friso onthuld plaat te molen De Roos \\|journal\\=Molens \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=Hollandsche Molen \\|issue\\=82}}",
"The windmill's wheel has a diameter of 25\\.35 meters. The [sails](/wiki/Sail \"Sail\") covering the two pairs of wings, which are composed of four 10\\-meter\\-long canvas sheets{{Cite journal \\|date\\=2003 \\|title\\=Molen De Roos heeft nieuwe zeilen eerlijk verdiend \\|journal\\=Haagsche Courant \\|language\\=nl}} spaced 1\\.5 meters around the hub of the main shaft, are supported by a frame of welded steel bars that extend over 25 meters in length.{{Cite web \\|date\\=January 24, 2023 \\|title\\=Dit is er aan de hand met molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://indebuurt.nl/delft/nieuws/dit\\-is\\-er\\-aan\\-de\\-hand\\-met\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~182579/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Findebuurt.nl%2Fdelft%2Fnieuws%2Fdit\\-is\\-er\\-aan\\-de\\-hand\\-met\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~182579%2F\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2023 \\|website\\=In de Buurt \\|language\\=nl}} The two metal rods, designated as 646 and 647, were designed by the firm Derckx and constituted a replacement for the shafts 88 and 89, manufactured by the firm Bremer Adorp in 1964\\.",
"The mill has an average annual capacity of approximately 30,000 kg, or more than a ton per week, to transform cereals—including [wheat](/wiki/Humulus_lupulus \"Humulus lupulus\"), spelled, and rye—and [hops](/wiki/Hops \"Hops\"){{Cite journal \\|date\\=December 2012 \\|title\\=Bierhistorie \\|url\\=https://noitdorpsche\\-historien.nl/wp/wp\\-content/uploads/2014/03/201212\\-Nieuwsbrief\\-44\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Nieuwsbrief Noitdorpsche Historiën \\|language\\=nl \\|volume\\=11 \\|issue\\=4 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fnoitdorpsche\\-historien.nl%2Fwp%2Fwp\\-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2F201212\\-Nieuwsbrief\\-44\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 8, 2023}} into flour.{{Cite news \\|last\\=van Velden \\|first\\=Karen \\|date\\=June 11, 2020 \\|title\\=Hoogbouw bedreigt Delftse molen De Roos \\|url\\=https://www.ad.nl/delft/hoogbouw\\-bedreigt\\-delftse\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~a6601fa0/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fdelft%2Fhoogbouw\\-bedreigt\\-delftse\\-molen\\-de\\-roos\\~a6601fa0%2F \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 14, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \\|language\\=nl}} As detailed in the 2019 activity report, the total quantity of grains milled into flour was 37,600 kg, comprising 33,500 kg of wheat, 2,650 kg of spelled, and 1,450 kg of rye. In the same year, the mill's wings completed 384,988 rotations, representing an increase from the 350,809 rotations recorded in 2017\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=June 30, 2018 \\|title\\=Bescherming van een niet te denken icoon \\|url\\=https://issuu.com/wlmedia/docs/spe\\-2018\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fwlmedia%2Fdocs%2Fspe\\-2018\\-06\\-20\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2023 \\|work\\=Westlandse Molendag \\|pages\\=3 \\|language\\=nl}} These rotations were spread over 124 days, with 118 days dedicated to grinding operations, resulting in 242 active days.",
"#### Mechanism",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Manual regulation system for the rotating cap (end of the tail at mill gallery level).](/wiki/File:View_from_De_Roos_mill_Delft_2018_2.jpg \"View from De Roos mill Delft 2018 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Rear view of the mill with the tail attached to the rotating cap.](/wiki/File:Vue_arri%C3%A8re_du_moulin_La_Rose_avec_la_queue_ou_guivre_fix%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_sa_calotte_rotative.png \"Vue arrière du moulin La Rose avec la queue ou guivre fixée à sa calotte rotative.png\")\nThe orientation of the wings facing the wind is enabled by a rotating cap, whose circular movement is achieved through 48 cast\\-iron rollers attached to a wooden wheel. This mechanism enables the cap to rotate in a circular motion, allowing the wings to be oriented in a direction parallel to the wind. The total mass of the cap is 16 tons, with 3\\.5 tons attributable to the wheel and 1\\.5 tons to the frame. At the posterior aspect of the cap, in opposition to the wheel, the tail{{Cite book \\|last\\=Borgnis \\|first\\=Giuseppe Antonio \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=f\\-0P0VLQ8XEC\\&pg\\=PA189 \\|title\\=Traité complet de mécanique appliquée aux arts, contenant l'exposition méthodique des théories \\|date\\=1818 \\|publisher\\=Bachellier \\|language\\=nl \\|chapter\\=Du vent considéré comme moteur \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df\\-0P0VLQ8XEC%26pg%3DPA189\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}} (or stock{{Cite book \\|last\\=Bruggeman \\|first\\=Jean \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=lIYcU9QGfWEC\\&q\\=queue \\|title\\=Moulins : maîtres des eaux, maîtres des vents \\|date\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=Rempart \\|isbn\\=978\\-2\\-220\\-04080\\-6 \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIYcU9QGfWEC%26q%3Dqueue\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}}), a 15\\-meter\\-long triangular structure composed of three substantial wooden beams culminating in a wheel connected to a metallic chain, enables the miller, from the platform, to manually control and regulate the rotation of the cap and the orientation of the wings facing the wind.",
"The [windshaft](/wiki/Windshaft \"Windshaft\"), which serves as the axis around which the wings rotate, was designed by LI Enthoven \\& Co. in 1847\\. It is composed of cast [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") and has a length of 5\\.55 meters. One of the shaft collars bears the inscription \"DE OTTER.\" The marble beam of the cap (or yoke, a large wooden beam resting on the wheel timbers and supporting the upper shaft{{Cite book \\|last\\=Harte \\|first\\=J.H \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rR7eTV0u2TQC\\&q\\=windpeluw\\&pg\\=PA36 \\|title\\=Volledig molenboek, naar de behoefte van den tegenwoordigen tijd ingerigt, bevattende de beschrijving en afbeelding der meest in gebruik zijnde molens, met derzelven platte gronden, opstanden, onderdeelen, enz \\|date\\=1846 \\|publisher\\=A. van der Mast \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrR7eTV0u2TQC%26pg%3DPA36%26q%3Dwindpeluw\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}}) measures 50 cm in height and 45 cm in width. The shaft is encircled by a gear measuring 1\\.6 m in diameter.",
"The rotation of the wings drives the grinding system, which consists of two vertical millstones made of blue volcanic stone. These stones have a diameter of approximately 150 centimeters{{Cite book \\|last\\=Wiesser \\|first\\=J.G \\|url\\=https://docplayer.nl/9437359\\-De\\-windmolen\\-en\\-zijn\\-onderdelen.html \\|title\\=De windmolen en zijn onderdelen : theorielessen ten behoeve v.d. opleiding tot vrijw. molenaar \\|date\\=1973 \\|publisher\\=Stichting Vrienden van de Gelderse molen \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F9437359\\-De\\-windmolen\\-en\\-zijn\\-onderdelen.html\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024}} and are characterized by arc\\-shaped grooves with a radius. The grinding apparatus comprises a central aperture of approximately 105 cm, a diameter of 10 to 12 cm, a thickness of 10 cm, and a gear ratio of 1:3 on the horizontal millstone.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Wagenaar \\|first\\=J \\|date\\=1979 \\|title\\=Bakkwaliteit van volkorenmelen van nederlansche wind\\- en watermolens. Voorjaar 1978\\. \\|url\\=https://www.korenmolenaarsgilde.nl/files/haverengort/al/vhtg\\_017\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Van Haver Tot Gort \\|language\\=nl \\|publisher\\=Ambachtelijk Korenmolenaarsgilde \\|access\\-date\\=June 25, 2023}} Additionally, a second pair of millstones, also measuring 17 degrees, is driven by the movement of the wings.",
"To compensate for the inherent variability of [wind energy](/wiki/Wind_power \"Wind power\"), which represents the primary driving force behind the mill's operation,{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Mills in Delft \\|url\\=https://www.tudelft.nl/library/mills\\-in\\-delft \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Delft University of Technology]] \\|language\\=nl \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2\\.php?url\\=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tudelft.nl%2Flibrary%2Fmills\\-in\\-delft\\#federation\\=archive.wikiwix.com\\&tab\\=url \\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=June 28, 2023}} De Roos is equipped with an electric motor with a power output of 20 [horsepower](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\"), designed by the firm {{Interlanguage link\\|Heemaf\\|lt\\=Heemaf\\|fr\\|Heemaf}}.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Vreede \\|first\\=J.P \\|date\\=1934 \\|title\\=Te koop electrische motor 20 pk merk Heemaf \\|journal\\=De Molenaar \\|language\\=nl \\|pages\\=6}} The motorized component of the rotation system comprises two hammer mills, each with a power output of 25 horsepower, and an electric sack hoist. Two gear and ball winches, situated at the hexagonal platform level, regulate the operation of the sack hoist. The flour production system is completed by a grain elevator, a 2\\.9\\-meter\\-high hopper, and a tank, which serves as a silo for grains passing through the second floor.",
"The [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanical_device%29 \"Transmission (mechanical device)\") system, comprising a vertical shaft traversing the last four floors at its center, serves as its primary structural component. This system also incorporates a substantial upper wheel. The wheel, with a radius of 48 cm, is [mortised](/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon \"Mortise and tenon\") with 72 cogs, each with a 12 cm pitch. A counter is provided to record the number of rotations made by the wings. The large wheel drives the [spindle](/wiki/Spindle_%28automobile%29 \"Spindle (automobile)\"), which is mortised with 33 cogs measuring a pitch of 12 cm. The large lower wheel ({{Interlanguage link\\|Spoorwiel\\|lt\\=spoorwiel\\|nl\\|Spoorwiel}}), with a diameter of 80 cm, is located on the third floor, adjacent to the large upper wheel, on the central rotation axis of the mill. It is mortised with 80 cogs, each with a pitch of 8\\.5 cm long. Two additional lanterns, mortised with 24 cogs with a pitch of 8\\.5 cm, are driven on either side of its axis. The gear ratio of the large upper wheel with the upper lantern is 1/6\\.46, while that of the large lower wheel coupled to the two lower lanterns is 1/7\\.27\\.",
""
] |
Resources
---------
### SFPA Headquarters
The Headquarters of the SFPA was located in Pentland House, Edinburgh. It housed the supporting arms of the Agency including Finance, Corporate Affairs, Human Resources, Training, Pay, Procurement and Health \& Safety as well as the Prosecution \& Enforcement Policy branch and the Marine Monitoring Centre (previously known as the HQ Operations).
#### Marine Monitoring Centre and UKFCC
The Marine Monitoring Centre was responsible for tasking SFPA assets, primarily FPVs and surveillance aircraft, to address the key priorities, which were determined using risk\-based analysis. The Marine Monitoring Centre also acted as part of the UK Fisheries Monitoring Centre, maintaining and monitoring the [VMS satellite tracking](/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system "Vessel monitoring system") system of all fishing vessels in Scottish waters and Scottish fishing vessels globally. The MMC was manned 24/7\.
From 1 June 2005, the UK Fisheries Call Centre (UKFCC), based within the MMC, has been the single point of contact for all notification or reporting requirements from fishing vessels in UK waters, working of behalf of Marine Scotland Compliance, the [Marine Fisheries Agency](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs "Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs") of England and [Wales](/wiki/Wales "Wales") (MFA), and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") (DARNDI).
The MMC \& UKFCC had approximately 13 staff.
### Staff
The SFPA employed 285 staff, in the following areas:
Marine Surveillance – 134
Coastal Inspection – 124
Headquarters – 27
Although the SFPA owned two surveillance aircraft, the air crews were provided by a private Company on a contract basis.
All staff employed directly by the SFPA were Civil Servants and subject to Civil Service terms and conditions of employment.
### Coastal Inspection
The Marine staff were responsible for crewing the three Marine Protection Vessels, with each Vessel having two crews who operated on the basis of 3 weeks on duty followed by 3 weeks off duty. Further details of the Vessels and their crewing arrangements can be found in the 'Ships' page of this section of the website.
Coastal Inspection
The Coastal Inspection staff, who made up the Sea Fisheries Inspectorate, were split into two Areas – North / East and South / West – the split of Fishery Offices in each area is provided below:
| FO [Eyemouth](/wiki/Eyemouth "Eyemouth") FO [Pittenweem](/wiki/Pittenweem "Pittenweem") FO [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen "Aberdeen") FO [Peterhead](/wiki/Peterhead "Peterhead") FO [Fraserburgh](/wiki/Fraserburgh "Fraserburgh") FO [Buckie](/wiki/Buckie "Buckie") | FO [Scrabster](/wiki/Scrabster "Scrabster") FO [Kirkwall](/wiki/Kirkwall "Kirkwall") FO [Lerwick](/wiki/Lerwick "Lerwick") FO [Kinlochbervie](/wiki/Kinlochbervie "Kinlochbervie") FO [Lochinver](/wiki/Lochinver "Lochinver") FO [Ullapool](/wiki/Ullapool "Ullapool") | FO [Stornoway](/wiki/Stornoway%2C_Outer_Hebrides "Stornoway, Outer Hebrides") FO [Portree](/wiki/Portree "Portree") FO [Mallaig](/wiki/Mallaig "Mallaig") FO [Oban](/wiki/Oban "Oban") FO [Campbeltown](/wiki/Campbeltown "Campbeltown") FO [Ayr](/wiki/Ayr "Ayr") |
| --- | --- | --- |
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - The main tasks for the Coastal SFI was to ensure the integrity of the Quota Management System and the enforcement of regulations on effort limitation, stock recovery programmes, VMS and the Registration of Buyers and Sellers act. This was accomplished by:
* Inspections of catches in ports on board vessels, in fish markets and on landing for direct sale.
* Weighing of whitefish catches as required by EU legislation, with catches sample weighed at the point of landing, on fish markets and at merchants’ premises.
* Enforcing the timeous submission of logsheets and landing declarations in compliance with the EU and UK legislation and in the submission of salesnotes and buyers notes, in compliance with the legislation on the registration of sellers and buyers of sea fish.
* Ensuring catches are accurately recorded against quota and that buyers and sellers are complying with the regulations.
* Carrying out post landing investigations in cases where there is reason to suspect that catches were not accurately declared at the time of landing and sale.
* Carrying out audit checks on registered buyers under protocols with the Marine Directorate.
* Enforcing pelagic fisheries regulations by means of tank\-dipping prior to landing, or verifying the weights of catches as they are landed through the approved and certified weighing systems.
### Marine SFI
The Marine Sea Fisheries Inspectorate (SFI) consisted of a fleet of 4 Fishery Protection Vessels (FPVs) in service as of 2009\. A fleet renewal programme to replace the ageing *Sulisker* type began in 2003 with the delivery of the first *Minna* type, followed by the *Jura* type in 2005\. It was originally intended to upgrade the fleet to 3 *Jura* type vessels and 2 *Minna* type vessels, however the renewal programme was under review by the [Scottish Government](/wiki/Scottish_Government "Scottish Government").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow\_and\_west/6738733\.stm \|title\=Fishery Protection Vessel Rethink \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=10 June 2007}}[Scottish Parliament Written Answers – Review of SFPA Fleet (Retrieved 10 October 2008\)](http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/pqa/wa-07/wa0627.htm)
Scottish FPVs are not military ships and are not armed. They used the prefix FPV, and fly the SFPA's [ensign](/wiki/Ensign_%28flag%29 "Ensign (flag)"). Scottish FPVs were responsible for the inspection of fishing vessels at sea in [Scottish waters](/wiki/Scottish_waters "Scottish waters") and Scottish vessels in the waters of other member states. The high profile of the fleet at sea acted as a deterrent against illegal fishing and is pivotal to the information informing the Real Time Closure (RTC) scheme.[Scottish Government – Real Time Closures (Retrieved 10 October 2008\)](http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Fisheries/Sea-Fisheries/COMPLIANCE/closures) FPVs also contribute towards the UK's commitment to [NEAFC](/wiki/North_East_Atlantic_Fisheries_Commission "North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission"),[North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission – Home Page (Retrieved 10 October 2008\)](http://www.neafc.org) with annual patrols in the NEAFC area west of [Rockall](/wiki/Rockall "Rockall").
Historically, additional Fishery Protection Vessels were provided by the [Fishery Protection Squadron](/wiki/List_of_squadrons_and_flotillas_of_the_Royal_Navy "List of squadrons and flotillas of the Royal Navy") of the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") which was previously based at [Rosyth](/wiki/Rosyth "Rosyth"). In 1994, the Agency determined that this assistance was no longer required and the Fishery Protection Squadron was moved to Portsmouth as part of the [Strategic Defence Review](/wiki/Strategic_Defence_Review "Strategic Defence Review") (SDR). From that time, all Fishery Protection operations in Scottish waters (with the exception of joint exercises[SFPA – Joining Forces in Europe (Retrieved 10 October 2008\)](http://www.sfpa.gov.uk/article.asp?ID=99)) were conducted by SFPA vessels.
The Marine SFI had approximately 133 staff and had projected running costs of £9,421,000 for 2008–2009[thumb\|200px\|FPV *Jura*](/wiki/Image:FPVJura.jpg "FPVJura.jpg")
#### Jura Type
The *Jura*\-type offshore patrol vessels were 84m in length with a [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28fluid%29 "Displacement (fluid)") of 2,200 [tonnes](/wiki/Tonnes "Tonnes").{{cite web\| url\=https://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/Compliance/resources/Vessels\| title\=Marine and Fisheries Compliance \- Vessels\| publisher\=Scottish Government\| accessdate\=21 September 2018}} These vessels could stay on effective patrol for up to 30 days although the normal patrol length remains at 21 days. The first vessel of the type, FPV *Jura*, was constructed by [Ferguson Shipbuilders](/wiki/Ferguson_Shipbuilders "Ferguson Shipbuilders") of [Port Glasgow](/wiki/Port_Glasgow "Port Glasgow"), joining the fleet in March 2006\.
An earlier FPV *Jura* was built in 1973 by [Hall Russell of Aberdeen](/wiki/Hall%2C_Russell_%26_Company "Hall, Russell & Company"), Scotland.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.aberdeenships.com/single.asp?searchFor\=Jura\&index\=101673\| title\=Aberdeen Built Ships: Jura\| publisher\=Aberdeen City Council\| accessdate\=21 September 2018}}{{cite web\| url\=https://www.scribd.com/document/17143770/Scottish\-Fishery\-Protection\-Cruisers\| title\=Scottish Fishery Protection Cruisers\| publisher\=Clyde Steamers\| accessdate\=21 September 2018}} Her success on loan to the Royal Navy as HMS *Jura* led to the building of a further seven [Island\-class patrol vessels](/wiki/Island-class_patrol_vessel "Island-class patrol vessel").
In the tendering for the next two *Jura*\-type vessels, the [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive "Scottish Executive") awarded the contract to a Polish shipbuilder rather than Fergusons,{{cite web \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4744959\.stm \|title\=Yard fails in ships contract bids \|work\=BBC News \|date\=4 August 2005 \|accessdate\= 26 July 2014}} sparking strong criticism from the [Scottish National Party](/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party"). FPV *Hirta*, was constructed in [Remontowa](/wiki/Remontowa "Remontowa") Shipyard, Poland, and launched on 17 August 2007\. The vessel joined the fleet in May 2008\. Plans to build a third vessel were postponed.[thumb\|200px\|FPV *Minna*](/wiki/Image:Minna_005.jpg "Minna 005.jpg")
#### Minna Type
The *Minna* type were inshore/offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 781 tonnes and a maximum speed of 14 knots. Vessels of this type can also spend up to 21 days on patrol. There was only one vessel of this type, FPV *Minna* constructed by Ferguson Shipbuilders and launched in 2003\.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2003/08/3937 \|title\= New Fisheries Protection Vessel \|publisher\=Scottish Government \|date\=15 August 2003 \|accessdate\=16 October 2016}}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3152259\.stm \|title\=Fisheries protection vessel 'too slow' \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=15 August 2003}}
In May 2006, the vessel replacement programme was delayed, when the SFPA was forced to suspend the tender process for a second *Minna* type vessel after it was found that the process was in breach of EU procurement rules.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/5017624\.stm \|title\=Shipyard in new contract bid row \|work\=BBC News\| date\=25 May 2006 \|accessdate\=26 July 2014}}
A subsequent tender exercise using consultancy resources rather than Scottish Executive personnel to carry out the procurement activities commenced in early 2007, but was postponed following the May 2007 Scottish Elections and the rise to power of the Scottish National Party.
The current *Minna* was the third FPV to bear the name (named after a character in [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott "Sir Walter Scott")'s novel *The Pirate*). Previous vessels of this name served between 1901–1939 and 1939–1974\.
#### Historical Types
[thumb\|right\|FPV *Norna*](/wiki/Image:FPV_Norna.jpg "FPV Norna.jpg")
The *Sulisker* type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,365 tonnes and a maximum speed of 18 [knots](/wiki/Knot_%28unit%29 "Knot (unit)"). They could spend up to 21 days on patrol. The first of the type, FPV *Sulisker* was launched in 1980, decommissioned late 2006 and is currently undergoing conversion to a luxury yacht in [Lowestoft](/wiki/Lowestoft "Lowestoft"). FPV *Vigilant*, launched in 1982, was decommissioned in Spring 2008\. As of March 2023, Vigilant was re\-named John Paul DeJoria II and operated by [Neptune's Navy](/wiki/Neptune%27s_Navy "Neptune's Navy").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/costa\-rica/howler\-magazine/20221201/283119957941618 \|title\=Introducing the first ship of Neptune's Navy \|accessdate\=17 March 2023 }} The last of this type in service was FPV *Norna* which was launched in 1987 and paid off in October 2010\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/295194/0118800\.pdf \|title\=Marine Scotland Annual Review 2011 \|accessdate\=12 March 2011 }}
The last of the *[Island](/wiki/Island_class_patrol_vessel "Island class patrol vessel")* type, FPV *Westra* was launched in 1975 and decommissioned in 2003\. The vessel was purchased by [Sea Shepherd Conservation Society](/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society "Sea Shepherd Conservation Society") in 2006 and was renamed [MY *Robert Hunter*](/wiki/MY_Robert_Hunter "MY Robert Hunter") in memory of one of the two founding members of Greenpeace. The vessel has since been renamed MY *Steve Irwin* after the death of the famous conservationist TV personality. The Steve Irwin has become a popularly recognised ship due to the Animal Planet television programme *[Whale Wars](/wiki/Whale_Wars "Whale Wars")* which documents the work of Sea Shepherd including their use of the vessel. The Island type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,017 tonnes and a maximum speed of 16\.5 [knots](/wiki/Knot_%28unit%29 "Knot (unit)"). In contrast to the more modern vessel types, the Island type could only remain on patrol for 16–18 days.
[thumb\|200px\|SFPA marked Cessna F\-406 as operated by Highland Airways](/wiki/Image:SFPA_Cessna_F406.jpg "SFPA Cessna F406.jpg")
### Aerial Surveillance
The SFPA also had two surveillance aircraft, both [Reims Vigilant](/wiki/Reims_Cessna_Caravan_II "Reims Cessna Caravan II") F\-406, based at [Inverness Airport](/wiki/Inverness_Airport "Inverness Airport"). The aircraft are operated by [Directflight](/wiki/Directflight "Directflight") under contract.
The main tasks of the aerial surveillance aircraft are to:
* Validate the UK VMS system
* Monitor the activities of fishing vessels not equipped with VMS (less than 15m length)
* Patrol the increasing number of sea areas closed to fishing operations either to protect fish stocks or the habitats contained within an area.
* Monitor fishing activities in the international waters adjacent to UK fishery limits and under the control of NEAFC, particular to detect and deter [IUU](/wiki/IUU "IUU") fishing.
In 2010, the aircraft were out of service for 6 weeks due to "documentation issues"{{cite news\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\_news/scotland/highlands\_and\_islands/8478134\.stm \| work\=BBC News \| title\=Airline bosses admit 'problems' \| date\=25 January 2010}}
|
[
"Resources\n---------",
"### SFPA Headquarters",
"The Headquarters of the SFPA was located in Pentland House, Edinburgh. It housed the supporting arms of the Agency including Finance, Corporate Affairs, Human Resources, Training, Pay, Procurement and Health \\& Safety as well as the Prosecution \\& Enforcement Policy branch and the Marine Monitoring Centre (previously known as the HQ Operations).",
"#### Marine Monitoring Centre and UKFCC",
"The Marine Monitoring Centre was responsible for tasking SFPA assets, primarily FPVs and surveillance aircraft, to address the key priorities, which were determined using risk\\-based analysis. The Marine Monitoring Centre also acted as part of the UK Fisheries Monitoring Centre, maintaining and monitoring the [VMS satellite tracking](/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system \"Vessel monitoring system\") system of all fishing vessels in Scottish waters and Scottish fishing vessels globally. The MMC was manned 24/7\\.",
"From 1 June 2005, the UK Fisheries Call Centre (UKFCC), based within the MMC, has been the single point of contact for all notification or reporting requirements from fishing vessels in UK waters, working of behalf of Marine Scotland Compliance, the [Marine Fisheries Agency](/wiki/Department_for_Environment%2C_Food_and_Rural_Affairs \"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs\") of England and [Wales](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") (MFA), and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\") (DARNDI).",
"The MMC \\& UKFCC had approximately 13 staff.",
"### Staff",
"The SFPA employed 285 staff, in the following areas:",
"Marine Surveillance – 134\nCoastal Inspection – 124\nHeadquarters – 27",
"Although the SFPA owned two surveillance aircraft, the air crews were provided by a private Company on a contract basis.",
"All staff employed directly by the SFPA were Civil Servants and subject to Civil Service terms and conditions of employment.",
"### Coastal Inspection",
"The Marine staff were responsible for crewing the three Marine Protection Vessels, with each Vessel having two crews who operated on the basis of 3 weeks on duty followed by 3 weeks off duty. Further details of the Vessels and their crewing arrangements can be found in the 'Ships' page of this section of the website.",
"Coastal Inspection",
"The Coastal Inspection staff, who made up the Sea Fisheries Inspectorate, were split into two Areas – North / East and South / West – the split of Fishery Offices in each area is provided below:",
"",
"| FO [Eyemouth](/wiki/Eyemouth \"Eyemouth\") FO [Pittenweem](/wiki/Pittenweem \"Pittenweem\") FO [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen \"Aberdeen\") FO [Peterhead](/wiki/Peterhead \"Peterhead\") FO [Fraserburgh](/wiki/Fraserburgh \"Fraserburgh\") FO [Buckie](/wiki/Buckie \"Buckie\") | FO [Scrabster](/wiki/Scrabster \"Scrabster\") FO [Kirkwall](/wiki/Kirkwall \"Kirkwall\") FO [Lerwick](/wiki/Lerwick \"Lerwick\") FO [Kinlochbervie](/wiki/Kinlochbervie \"Kinlochbervie\") FO [Lochinver](/wiki/Lochinver \"Lochinver\") FO [Ullapool](/wiki/Ullapool \"Ullapool\") | FO [Stornoway](/wiki/Stornoway%2C_Outer_Hebrides \"Stornoway, Outer Hebrides\") FO [Portree](/wiki/Portree \"Portree\") FO [Mallaig](/wiki/Mallaig \"Mallaig\") FO [Oban](/wiki/Oban \"Oban\") FO [Campbeltown](/wiki/Campbeltown \"Campbeltown\") FO [Ayr](/wiki/Ayr \"Ayr\") |\n| --- | --- | --- |",
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - The main tasks for the Coastal SFI was to ensure the integrity of the Quota Management System and the enforcement of regulations on effort limitation, stock recovery programmes, VMS and the Registration of Buyers and Sellers act. This was accomplished by:\n* Inspections of catches in ports on board vessels, in fish markets and on landing for direct sale.\n* Weighing of whitefish catches as required by EU legislation, with catches sample weighed at the point of landing, on fish markets and at merchants’ premises.\n* Enforcing the timeous submission of logsheets and landing declarations in compliance with the EU and UK legislation and in the submission of salesnotes and buyers notes, in compliance with the legislation on the registration of sellers and buyers of sea fish.\n* Ensuring catches are accurately recorded against quota and that buyers and sellers are complying with the regulations.\n* Carrying out post landing investigations in cases where there is reason to suspect that catches were not accurately declared at the time of landing and sale.\n* Carrying out audit checks on registered buyers under protocols with the Marine Directorate.\n* Enforcing pelagic fisheries regulations by means of tank\\-dipping prior to landing, or verifying the weights of catches as they are landed through the approved and certified weighing systems.",
"### Marine SFI",
"The Marine Sea Fisheries Inspectorate (SFI) consisted of a fleet of 4 Fishery Protection Vessels (FPVs) in service as of 2009\\. A fleet renewal programme to replace the ageing *Sulisker* type began in 2003 with the delivery of the first *Minna* type, followed by the *Jura* type in 2005\\. It was originally intended to upgrade the fleet to 3 *Jura* type vessels and 2 *Minna* type vessels, however the renewal programme was under review by the [Scottish Government](/wiki/Scottish_Government \"Scottish Government\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow\\_and\\_west/6738733\\.stm \\|title\\=Fishery Protection Vessel Rethink \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=10 June 2007}}[Scottish Parliament Written Answers – Review of SFPA Fleet (Retrieved 10 October 2008\\)](http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/pqa/wa-07/wa0627.htm)",
"Scottish FPVs are not military ships and are not armed. They used the prefix FPV, and fly the SFPA's [ensign](/wiki/Ensign_%28flag%29 \"Ensign (flag)\"). Scottish FPVs were responsible for the inspection of fishing vessels at sea in [Scottish waters](/wiki/Scottish_waters \"Scottish waters\") and Scottish vessels in the waters of other member states. The high profile of the fleet at sea acted as a deterrent against illegal fishing and is pivotal to the information informing the Real Time Closure (RTC) scheme.[Scottish Government – Real Time Closures (Retrieved 10 October 2008\\)](http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Fisheries/Sea-Fisheries/COMPLIANCE/closures) FPVs also contribute towards the UK's commitment to [NEAFC](/wiki/North_East_Atlantic_Fisheries_Commission \"North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission\"),[North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission – Home Page (Retrieved 10 October 2008\\)](http://www.neafc.org) with annual patrols in the NEAFC area west of [Rockall](/wiki/Rockall \"Rockall\").",
"Historically, additional Fishery Protection Vessels were provided by the [Fishery Protection Squadron](/wiki/List_of_squadrons_and_flotillas_of_the_Royal_Navy \"List of squadrons and flotillas of the Royal Navy\") of the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") which was previously based at [Rosyth](/wiki/Rosyth \"Rosyth\"). In 1994, the Agency determined that this assistance was no longer required and the Fishery Protection Squadron was moved to Portsmouth as part of the [Strategic Defence Review](/wiki/Strategic_Defence_Review \"Strategic Defence Review\") (SDR). From that time, all Fishery Protection operations in Scottish waters (with the exception of joint exercises[SFPA – Joining Forces in Europe (Retrieved 10 October 2008\\)](http://www.sfpa.gov.uk/article.asp?ID=99)) were conducted by SFPA vessels.",
"The Marine SFI had approximately 133 staff and had projected running costs of £9,421,000 for 2008–2009[thumb\\|200px\\|FPV *Jura*](/wiki/Image:FPVJura.jpg \"FPVJura.jpg\")",
"#### Jura Type",
"The *Jura*\\-type offshore patrol vessels were 84m in length with a [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28fluid%29 \"Displacement (fluid)\") of 2,200 [tonnes](/wiki/Tonnes \"Tonnes\").{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/Compliance/resources/Vessels\\| title\\=Marine and Fisheries Compliance \\- Vessels\\| publisher\\=Scottish Government\\| accessdate\\=21 September 2018}} These vessels could stay on effective patrol for up to 30 days although the normal patrol length remains at 21 days. The first vessel of the type, FPV *Jura*, was constructed by [Ferguson Shipbuilders](/wiki/Ferguson_Shipbuilders \"Ferguson Shipbuilders\") of [Port Glasgow](/wiki/Port_Glasgow \"Port Glasgow\"), joining the fleet in March 2006\\.",
"An earlier FPV *Jura* was built in 1973 by [Hall Russell of Aberdeen](/wiki/Hall%2C_Russell_%26_Company \"Hall, Russell & Company\"), Scotland.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.aberdeenships.com/single.asp?searchFor\\=Jura\\&index\\=101673\\| title\\=Aberdeen Built Ships: Jura\\| publisher\\=Aberdeen City Council\\| accessdate\\=21 September 2018}}{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.scribd.com/document/17143770/Scottish\\-Fishery\\-Protection\\-Cruisers\\| title\\=Scottish Fishery Protection Cruisers\\| publisher\\=Clyde Steamers\\| accessdate\\=21 September 2018}} Her success on loan to the Royal Navy as HMS *Jura* led to the building of a further seven [Island\\-class patrol vessels](/wiki/Island-class_patrol_vessel \"Island-class patrol vessel\").",
"In the tendering for the next two *Jura*\\-type vessels, the [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive \"Scottish Executive\") awarded the contract to a Polish shipbuilder rather than Fergusons,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4744959\\.stm \\|title\\=Yard fails in ships contract bids \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=4 August 2005 \\|accessdate\\= 26 July 2014}} sparking strong criticism from the [Scottish National Party](/wiki/Scottish_National_Party \"Scottish National Party\"). FPV *Hirta*, was constructed in [Remontowa](/wiki/Remontowa \"Remontowa\") Shipyard, Poland, and launched on 17 August 2007\\. The vessel joined the fleet in May 2008\\. Plans to build a third vessel were postponed.[thumb\\|200px\\|FPV *Minna*](/wiki/Image:Minna_005.jpg \"Minna 005.jpg\")",
"#### Minna Type",
"The *Minna* type were inshore/offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 781 tonnes and a maximum speed of 14 knots. Vessels of this type can also spend up to 21 days on patrol. There was only one vessel of this type, FPV *Minna* constructed by Ferguson Shipbuilders and launched in 2003\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2003/08/3937 \\|title\\= New Fisheries Protection Vessel \\|publisher\\=Scottish Government \\|date\\=15 August 2003 \\|accessdate\\=16 October 2016}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3152259\\.stm \\|title\\=Fisheries protection vessel 'too slow' \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=15 August 2003}}",
"In May 2006, the vessel replacement programme was delayed, when the SFPA was forced to suspend the tender process for a second *Minna* type vessel after it was found that the process was in breach of EU procurement rules.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/5017624\\.stm \\|title\\=Shipyard in new contract bid row \\|work\\=BBC News\\| date\\=25 May 2006 \\|accessdate\\=26 July 2014}}",
"A subsequent tender exercise using consultancy resources rather than Scottish Executive personnel to carry out the procurement activities commenced in early 2007, but was postponed following the May 2007 Scottish Elections and the rise to power of the Scottish National Party.",
"The current *Minna* was the third FPV to bear the name (named after a character in [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott \"Sir Walter Scott\")'s novel *The Pirate*). Previous vessels of this name served between 1901–1939 and 1939–1974\\.",
"#### Historical Types",
"[thumb\\|right\\|FPV *Norna*](/wiki/Image:FPV_Norna.jpg \"FPV Norna.jpg\")\nThe *Sulisker* type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,365 tonnes and a maximum speed of 18 [knots](/wiki/Knot_%28unit%29 \"Knot (unit)\"). They could spend up to 21 days on patrol. The first of the type, FPV *Sulisker* was launched in 1980, decommissioned late 2006 and is currently undergoing conversion to a luxury yacht in [Lowestoft](/wiki/Lowestoft \"Lowestoft\"). FPV *Vigilant*, launched in 1982, was decommissioned in Spring 2008\\. As of March 2023, Vigilant was re\\-named John Paul DeJoria II and operated by [Neptune's Navy](/wiki/Neptune%27s_Navy \"Neptune's Navy\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/costa\\-rica/howler\\-magazine/20221201/283119957941618 \\|title\\=Introducing the first ship of Neptune's Navy \\|accessdate\\=17 March 2023 }} The last of this type in service was FPV *Norna* which was launched in 1987 and paid off in October 2010\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/295194/0118800\\.pdf \\|title\\=Marine Scotland Annual Review 2011 \\|accessdate\\=12 March 2011 }}",
"The last of the *[Island](/wiki/Island_class_patrol_vessel \"Island class patrol vessel\")* type, FPV *Westra* was launched in 1975 and decommissioned in 2003\\. The vessel was purchased by [Sea Shepherd Conservation Society](/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society \"Sea Shepherd Conservation Society\") in 2006 and was renamed [MY *Robert Hunter*](/wiki/MY_Robert_Hunter \"MY Robert Hunter\") in memory of one of the two founding members of Greenpeace. The vessel has since been renamed MY *Steve Irwin* after the death of the famous conservationist TV personality. The Steve Irwin has become a popularly recognised ship due to the Animal Planet television programme *[Whale Wars](/wiki/Whale_Wars \"Whale Wars\")* which documents the work of Sea Shepherd including their use of the vessel. The Island type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,017 tonnes and a maximum speed of 16\\.5 [knots](/wiki/Knot_%28unit%29 \"Knot (unit)\"). In contrast to the more modern vessel types, the Island type could only remain on patrol for 16–18 days.\n[thumb\\|200px\\|SFPA marked Cessna F\\-406 as operated by Highland Airways](/wiki/Image:SFPA_Cessna_F406.jpg \"SFPA Cessna F406.jpg\")",
"### Aerial Surveillance",
"The SFPA also had two surveillance aircraft, both [Reims Vigilant](/wiki/Reims_Cessna_Caravan_II \"Reims Cessna Caravan II\") F\\-406, based at [Inverness Airport](/wiki/Inverness_Airport \"Inverness Airport\"). The aircraft are operated by [Directflight](/wiki/Directflight \"Directflight\") under contract.",
"The main tasks of the aerial surveillance aircraft are to:\n* Validate the UK VMS system\n* Monitor the activities of fishing vessels not equipped with VMS (less than 15m length)\n* Patrol the increasing number of sea areas closed to fishing operations either to protect fish stocks or the habitats contained within an area.\n* Monitor fishing activities in the international waters adjacent to UK fishery limits and under the control of NEAFC, particular to detect and deter [IUU](/wiki/IUU \"IUU\") fishing.",
"In 2010, the aircraft were out of service for 6 weeks due to \"documentation issues\"{{cite news\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk\\_news/scotland/highlands\\_and\\_islands/8478134\\.stm \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=Airline bosses admit 'problems' \\| date\\=25 January 2010}}",
""
] |
### Marine SFI
The Marine Sea Fisheries Inspectorate (SFI) consisted of a fleet of 4 Fishery Protection Vessels (FPVs) in service as of 2009\. A fleet renewal programme to replace the ageing *Sulisker* type began in 2003 with the delivery of the first *Minna* type, followed by the *Jura* type in 2005\. It was originally intended to upgrade the fleet to 3 *Jura* type vessels and 2 *Minna* type vessels, however the renewal programme was under review by the [Scottish Government](/wiki/Scottish_Government "Scottish Government").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow\_and\_west/6738733\.stm \|title\=Fishery Protection Vessel Rethink \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=10 June 2007}}[Scottish Parliament Written Answers – Review of SFPA Fleet (Retrieved 10 October 2008\)](http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/pqa/wa-07/wa0627.htm)
Scottish FPVs are not military ships and are not armed. They used the prefix FPV, and fly the SFPA's [ensign](/wiki/Ensign_%28flag%29 "Ensign (flag)"). Scottish FPVs were responsible for the inspection of fishing vessels at sea in [Scottish waters](/wiki/Scottish_waters "Scottish waters") and Scottish vessels in the waters of other member states. The high profile of the fleet at sea acted as a deterrent against illegal fishing and is pivotal to the information informing the Real Time Closure (RTC) scheme.[Scottish Government – Real Time Closures (Retrieved 10 October 2008\)](http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Fisheries/Sea-Fisheries/COMPLIANCE/closures) FPVs also contribute towards the UK's commitment to [NEAFC](/wiki/North_East_Atlantic_Fisheries_Commission "North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission"),[North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission – Home Page (Retrieved 10 October 2008\)](http://www.neafc.org) with annual patrols in the NEAFC area west of [Rockall](/wiki/Rockall "Rockall").
Historically, additional Fishery Protection Vessels were provided by the [Fishery Protection Squadron](/wiki/List_of_squadrons_and_flotillas_of_the_Royal_Navy "List of squadrons and flotillas of the Royal Navy") of the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") which was previously based at [Rosyth](/wiki/Rosyth "Rosyth"). In 1994, the Agency determined that this assistance was no longer required and the Fishery Protection Squadron was moved to Portsmouth as part of the [Strategic Defence Review](/wiki/Strategic_Defence_Review "Strategic Defence Review") (SDR). From that time, all Fishery Protection operations in Scottish waters (with the exception of joint exercises[SFPA – Joining Forces in Europe (Retrieved 10 October 2008\)](http://www.sfpa.gov.uk/article.asp?ID=99)) were conducted by SFPA vessels.
The Marine SFI had approximately 133 staff and had projected running costs of £9,421,000 for 2008–2009[thumb\|200px\|FPV *Jura*](/wiki/Image:FPVJura.jpg "FPVJura.jpg")
#### Jura Type
The *Jura*\-type offshore patrol vessels were 84m in length with a [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28fluid%29 "Displacement (fluid)") of 2,200 [tonnes](/wiki/Tonnes "Tonnes").{{cite web\| url\=https://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/Compliance/resources/Vessels\| title\=Marine and Fisheries Compliance \- Vessels\| publisher\=Scottish Government\| accessdate\=21 September 2018}} These vessels could stay on effective patrol for up to 30 days although the normal patrol length remains at 21 days. The first vessel of the type, FPV *Jura*, was constructed by [Ferguson Shipbuilders](/wiki/Ferguson_Shipbuilders "Ferguson Shipbuilders") of [Port Glasgow](/wiki/Port_Glasgow "Port Glasgow"), joining the fleet in March 2006\.
An earlier FPV *Jura* was built in 1973 by [Hall Russell of Aberdeen](/wiki/Hall%2C_Russell_%26_Company "Hall, Russell & Company"), Scotland.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.aberdeenships.com/single.asp?searchFor\=Jura\&index\=101673\| title\=Aberdeen Built Ships: Jura\| publisher\=Aberdeen City Council\| accessdate\=21 September 2018}}{{cite web\| url\=https://www.scribd.com/document/17143770/Scottish\-Fishery\-Protection\-Cruisers\| title\=Scottish Fishery Protection Cruisers\| publisher\=Clyde Steamers\| accessdate\=21 September 2018}} Her success on loan to the Royal Navy as HMS *Jura* led to the building of a further seven [Island\-class patrol vessels](/wiki/Island-class_patrol_vessel "Island-class patrol vessel").
In the tendering for the next two *Jura*\-type vessels, the [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive "Scottish Executive") awarded the contract to a Polish shipbuilder rather than Fergusons,{{cite web \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4744959\.stm \|title\=Yard fails in ships contract bids \|work\=BBC News \|date\=4 August 2005 \|accessdate\= 26 July 2014}} sparking strong criticism from the [Scottish National Party](/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party"). FPV *Hirta*, was constructed in [Remontowa](/wiki/Remontowa "Remontowa") Shipyard, Poland, and launched on 17 August 2007\. The vessel joined the fleet in May 2008\. Plans to build a third vessel were postponed.[thumb\|200px\|FPV *Minna*](/wiki/Image:Minna_005.jpg "Minna 005.jpg")
#### Minna Type
The *Minna* type were inshore/offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 781 tonnes and a maximum speed of 14 knots. Vessels of this type can also spend up to 21 days on patrol. There was only one vessel of this type, FPV *Minna* constructed by Ferguson Shipbuilders and launched in 2003\.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2003/08/3937 \|title\= New Fisheries Protection Vessel \|publisher\=Scottish Government \|date\=15 August 2003 \|accessdate\=16 October 2016}}{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3152259\.stm \|title\=Fisheries protection vessel 'too slow' \|work\=\[\[BBC News]] \|date\=15 August 2003}}
In May 2006, the vessel replacement programme was delayed, when the SFPA was forced to suspend the tender process for a second *Minna* type vessel after it was found that the process was in breach of EU procurement rules.{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/5017624\.stm \|title\=Shipyard in new contract bid row \|work\=BBC News\| date\=25 May 2006 \|accessdate\=26 July 2014}}
A subsequent tender exercise using consultancy resources rather than Scottish Executive personnel to carry out the procurement activities commenced in early 2007, but was postponed following the May 2007 Scottish Elections and the rise to power of the Scottish National Party.
The current *Minna* was the third FPV to bear the name (named after a character in [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott "Sir Walter Scott")'s novel *The Pirate*). Previous vessels of this name served between 1901–1939 and 1939–1974\.
#### Historical Types
[thumb\|right\|FPV *Norna*](/wiki/Image:FPV_Norna.jpg "FPV Norna.jpg")
The *Sulisker* type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,365 tonnes and a maximum speed of 18 [knots](/wiki/Knot_%28unit%29 "Knot (unit)"). They could spend up to 21 days on patrol. The first of the type, FPV *Sulisker* was launched in 1980, decommissioned late 2006 and is currently undergoing conversion to a luxury yacht in [Lowestoft](/wiki/Lowestoft "Lowestoft"). FPV *Vigilant*, launched in 1982, was decommissioned in Spring 2008\. As of March 2023, Vigilant was re\-named John Paul DeJoria II and operated by [Neptune's Navy](/wiki/Neptune%27s_Navy "Neptune's Navy").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.pressreader.com/costa\-rica/howler\-magazine/20221201/283119957941618 \|title\=Introducing the first ship of Neptune's Navy \|accessdate\=17 March 2023 }} The last of this type in service was FPV *Norna* which was launched in 1987 and paid off in October 2010\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/295194/0118800\.pdf \|title\=Marine Scotland Annual Review 2011 \|accessdate\=12 March 2011 }}
The last of the *[Island](/wiki/Island_class_patrol_vessel "Island class patrol vessel")* type, FPV *Westra* was launched in 1975 and decommissioned in 2003\. The vessel was purchased by [Sea Shepherd Conservation Society](/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society "Sea Shepherd Conservation Society") in 2006 and was renamed [MY *Robert Hunter*](/wiki/MY_Robert_Hunter "MY Robert Hunter") in memory of one of the two founding members of Greenpeace. The vessel has since been renamed MY *Steve Irwin* after the death of the famous conservationist TV personality. The Steve Irwin has become a popularly recognised ship due to the Animal Planet television programme *[Whale Wars](/wiki/Whale_Wars "Whale Wars")* which documents the work of Sea Shepherd including their use of the vessel. The Island type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,017 tonnes and a maximum speed of 16\.5 [knots](/wiki/Knot_%28unit%29 "Knot (unit)"). In contrast to the more modern vessel types, the Island type could only remain on patrol for 16–18 days.
[thumb\|200px\|SFPA marked Cessna F\-406 as operated by Highland Airways](/wiki/Image:SFPA_Cessna_F406.jpg "SFPA Cessna F406.jpg")
|
[
"### Marine SFI",
"The Marine Sea Fisheries Inspectorate (SFI) consisted of a fleet of 4 Fishery Protection Vessels (FPVs) in service as of 2009\\. A fleet renewal programme to replace the ageing *Sulisker* type began in 2003 with the delivery of the first *Minna* type, followed by the *Jura* type in 2005\\. It was originally intended to upgrade the fleet to 3 *Jura* type vessels and 2 *Minna* type vessels, however the renewal programme was under review by the [Scottish Government](/wiki/Scottish_Government \"Scottish Government\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow\\_and\\_west/6738733\\.stm \\|title\\=Fishery Protection Vessel Rethink \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=10 June 2007}}[Scottish Parliament Written Answers – Review of SFPA Fleet (Retrieved 10 October 2008\\)](http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/pqa/wa-07/wa0627.htm)",
"Scottish FPVs are not military ships and are not armed. They used the prefix FPV, and fly the SFPA's [ensign](/wiki/Ensign_%28flag%29 \"Ensign (flag)\"). Scottish FPVs were responsible for the inspection of fishing vessels at sea in [Scottish waters](/wiki/Scottish_waters \"Scottish waters\") and Scottish vessels in the waters of other member states. The high profile of the fleet at sea acted as a deterrent against illegal fishing and is pivotal to the information informing the Real Time Closure (RTC) scheme.[Scottish Government – Real Time Closures (Retrieved 10 October 2008\\)](http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Fisheries/Sea-Fisheries/COMPLIANCE/closures) FPVs also contribute towards the UK's commitment to [NEAFC](/wiki/North_East_Atlantic_Fisheries_Commission \"North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission\"),[North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission – Home Page (Retrieved 10 October 2008\\)](http://www.neafc.org) with annual patrols in the NEAFC area west of [Rockall](/wiki/Rockall \"Rockall\").",
"Historically, additional Fishery Protection Vessels were provided by the [Fishery Protection Squadron](/wiki/List_of_squadrons_and_flotillas_of_the_Royal_Navy \"List of squadrons and flotillas of the Royal Navy\") of the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") which was previously based at [Rosyth](/wiki/Rosyth \"Rosyth\"). In 1994, the Agency determined that this assistance was no longer required and the Fishery Protection Squadron was moved to Portsmouth as part of the [Strategic Defence Review](/wiki/Strategic_Defence_Review \"Strategic Defence Review\") (SDR). From that time, all Fishery Protection operations in Scottish waters (with the exception of joint exercises[SFPA – Joining Forces in Europe (Retrieved 10 October 2008\\)](http://www.sfpa.gov.uk/article.asp?ID=99)) were conducted by SFPA vessels.",
"The Marine SFI had approximately 133 staff and had projected running costs of £9,421,000 for 2008–2009[thumb\\|200px\\|FPV *Jura*](/wiki/Image:FPVJura.jpg \"FPVJura.jpg\")",
"#### Jura Type",
"The *Jura*\\-type offshore patrol vessels were 84m in length with a [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28fluid%29 \"Displacement (fluid)\") of 2,200 [tonnes](/wiki/Tonnes \"Tonnes\").{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/Compliance/resources/Vessels\\| title\\=Marine and Fisheries Compliance \\- Vessels\\| publisher\\=Scottish Government\\| accessdate\\=21 September 2018}} These vessels could stay on effective patrol for up to 30 days although the normal patrol length remains at 21 days. The first vessel of the type, FPV *Jura*, was constructed by [Ferguson Shipbuilders](/wiki/Ferguson_Shipbuilders \"Ferguson Shipbuilders\") of [Port Glasgow](/wiki/Port_Glasgow \"Port Glasgow\"), joining the fleet in March 2006\\.",
"An earlier FPV *Jura* was built in 1973 by [Hall Russell of Aberdeen](/wiki/Hall%2C_Russell_%26_Company \"Hall, Russell & Company\"), Scotland.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.aberdeenships.com/single.asp?searchFor\\=Jura\\&index\\=101673\\| title\\=Aberdeen Built Ships: Jura\\| publisher\\=Aberdeen City Council\\| accessdate\\=21 September 2018}}{{cite web\\| url\\=https://www.scribd.com/document/17143770/Scottish\\-Fishery\\-Protection\\-Cruisers\\| title\\=Scottish Fishery Protection Cruisers\\| publisher\\=Clyde Steamers\\| accessdate\\=21 September 2018}} Her success on loan to the Royal Navy as HMS *Jura* led to the building of a further seven [Island\\-class patrol vessels](/wiki/Island-class_patrol_vessel \"Island-class patrol vessel\").",
"In the tendering for the next two *Jura*\\-type vessels, the [Scottish Executive](/wiki/Scottish_Executive \"Scottish Executive\") awarded the contract to a Polish shipbuilder rather than Fergusons,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4744959\\.stm \\|title\\=Yard fails in ships contract bids \\|work\\=BBC News \\|date\\=4 August 2005 \\|accessdate\\= 26 July 2014}} sparking strong criticism from the [Scottish National Party](/wiki/Scottish_National_Party \"Scottish National Party\"). FPV *Hirta*, was constructed in [Remontowa](/wiki/Remontowa \"Remontowa\") Shipyard, Poland, and launched on 17 August 2007\\. The vessel joined the fleet in May 2008\\. Plans to build a third vessel were postponed.[thumb\\|200px\\|FPV *Minna*](/wiki/Image:Minna_005.jpg \"Minna 005.jpg\")",
"#### Minna Type",
"The *Minna* type were inshore/offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 781 tonnes and a maximum speed of 14 knots. Vessels of this type can also spend up to 21 days on patrol. There was only one vessel of this type, FPV *Minna* constructed by Ferguson Shipbuilders and launched in 2003\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2003/08/3937 \\|title\\= New Fisheries Protection Vessel \\|publisher\\=Scottish Government \\|date\\=15 August 2003 \\|accessdate\\=16 October 2016}}{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3152259\\.stm \\|title\\=Fisheries protection vessel 'too slow' \\|work\\=\\[\\[BBC News]] \\|date\\=15 August 2003}}",
"In May 2006, the vessel replacement programme was delayed, when the SFPA was forced to suspend the tender process for a second *Minna* type vessel after it was found that the process was in breach of EU procurement rules.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/5017624\\.stm \\|title\\=Shipyard in new contract bid row \\|work\\=BBC News\\| date\\=25 May 2006 \\|accessdate\\=26 July 2014}}",
"A subsequent tender exercise using consultancy resources rather than Scottish Executive personnel to carry out the procurement activities commenced in early 2007, but was postponed following the May 2007 Scottish Elections and the rise to power of the Scottish National Party.",
"The current *Minna* was the third FPV to bear the name (named after a character in [Sir Walter Scott](/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott \"Sir Walter Scott\")'s novel *The Pirate*). Previous vessels of this name served between 1901–1939 and 1939–1974\\.",
"#### Historical Types",
"[thumb\\|right\\|FPV *Norna*](/wiki/Image:FPV_Norna.jpg \"FPV Norna.jpg\")\nThe *Sulisker* type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,365 tonnes and a maximum speed of 18 [knots](/wiki/Knot_%28unit%29 \"Knot (unit)\"). They could spend up to 21 days on patrol. The first of the type, FPV *Sulisker* was launched in 1980, decommissioned late 2006 and is currently undergoing conversion to a luxury yacht in [Lowestoft](/wiki/Lowestoft \"Lowestoft\"). FPV *Vigilant*, launched in 1982, was decommissioned in Spring 2008\\. As of March 2023, Vigilant was re\\-named John Paul DeJoria II and operated by [Neptune's Navy](/wiki/Neptune%27s_Navy \"Neptune's Navy\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.pressreader.com/costa\\-rica/howler\\-magazine/20221201/283119957941618 \\|title\\=Introducing the first ship of Neptune's Navy \\|accessdate\\=17 March 2023 }} The last of this type in service was FPV *Norna* which was launched in 1987 and paid off in October 2010\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/295194/0118800\\.pdf \\|title\\=Marine Scotland Annual Review 2011 \\|accessdate\\=12 March 2011 }}",
"The last of the *[Island](/wiki/Island_class_patrol_vessel \"Island class patrol vessel\")* type, FPV *Westra* was launched in 1975 and decommissioned in 2003\\. The vessel was purchased by [Sea Shepherd Conservation Society](/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society \"Sea Shepherd Conservation Society\") in 2006 and was renamed [MY *Robert Hunter*](/wiki/MY_Robert_Hunter \"MY Robert Hunter\") in memory of one of the two founding members of Greenpeace. The vessel has since been renamed MY *Steve Irwin* after the death of the famous conservationist TV personality. The Steve Irwin has become a popularly recognised ship due to the Animal Planet television programme *[Whale Wars](/wiki/Whale_Wars \"Whale Wars\")* which documents the work of Sea Shepherd including their use of the vessel. The Island type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,017 tonnes and a maximum speed of 16\\.5 [knots](/wiki/Knot_%28unit%29 \"Knot (unit)\"). In contrast to the more modern vessel types, the Island type could only remain on patrol for 16–18 days.\n[thumb\\|200px\\|SFPA marked Cessna F\\-406 as operated by Highland Airways](/wiki/Image:SFPA_Cessna_F406.jpg \"SFPA Cessna F406.jpg\")",
""
] |
Acting career
-------------
He began his career as a clothes model, most notably in a series of ads for Eminence briefs and [Jordache](/wiki/Jordache "Jordache") jeans, both of which capitalized on his "beefcake" appeal. In 1982, to promote his TV series, *[The Devlin Connection](/wiki/The_Devlin_Connection "The Devlin Connection")*, Scalia took off his shirt and posed, cigarette in hand, for a pin\-up wall poster.
Scalia was a regular cast member during the final season of *[Remington Steele](/wiki/Remington_Steele "Remington Steele")* in 1987, after which he joined the cast of *[Dallas](/wiki/Dallas_%281978_TV_series%29 "Dallas (1978 TV series)")* in the role of Nicholas Pearce, love interest to [Sue Ellen Ewing](/wiki/Sue_Ellen_Ewing "Sue Ellen Ewing") ([Linda Gray](/wiki/Linda_Gray "Linda Gray")). Scalia's character was killed off at the end of the 1987–1988 season when he fell to his death after being pushed from a balcony during a fight with [J. R. Ewing](/wiki/J._R._Ewing "J. R. Ewing") ([Larry Hagman](/wiki/Larry_Hagman "Larry Hagman")). He returned to the series finale in a dream sequence in which he was married to Sue Ellen.
From 1989 to 1990 he starred in another TV series, the CBS crime drama *[Wolf](/wiki/Wolf_%28American_TV_series%29 "Wolf (American TV series)")*.
In 1992 Scalia was cast as Detective Nico "Nick" Bonetti in the short\-lived television series *[Tequila and Bonetti](/wiki/Tequila_and_Bonetti "Tequila and Bonetti")*. Scalia replaced another actor in the role during production of the show's first episode. Eight years later, in 2000, Scalia reprised the role of Bonetti in a revival of the series, which was filmed and aired in [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy").
From 1994 to 1995 he starred in *[Pointman](/wiki/Pointman "Pointman")*, a television series on the [Prime Time Entertainment Network](/wiki/Prime_Time_Entertainment_Network "Prime Time Entertainment Network"). He was an investment banker framed and convicted of fraud. When eventually cleared, Constantine "Connie" Harper becomes the owner of a Florida beach resort, Spanish Pete's, and aids people in need with the use of former prison mates and "the list".
Scalia is also known for his role as Chris Stamp on *[All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children "All My Children")* from 2001 to 2003\. He was nominated for a [Daytime Emmy Award](/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award "Daytime Emmy Award") for "Outstanding Lead Actor" for his *AMC* role in 2002\. In 2006, Scalia starred as President Halstrom in *[The Genius Club](/wiki/The_Genius_Club "The Genius Club")*{{cite web \| title \= The Genius Club movie site \| url \= http://www.TheGeniusClubMovie.com \| access\-date \= December 1, 2006}} for writer/director [Tim Chey](/wiki/Tim_Chey "Tim Chey").["Tim Chey–film writer and director"](http://timchey.com/). Retrieved March 27, 2011\. The film is about seven geniuses who must try to solve the world's problems in one night.
|
[
"Acting career\n-------------",
"He began his career as a clothes model, most notably in a series of ads for Eminence briefs and [Jordache](/wiki/Jordache \"Jordache\") jeans, both of which capitalized on his \"beefcake\" appeal. In 1982, to promote his TV series, *[The Devlin Connection](/wiki/The_Devlin_Connection \"The Devlin Connection\")*, Scalia took off his shirt and posed, cigarette in hand, for a pin\\-up wall poster.",
"Scalia was a regular cast member during the final season of *[Remington Steele](/wiki/Remington_Steele \"Remington Steele\")* in 1987, after which he joined the cast of *[Dallas](/wiki/Dallas_%281978_TV_series%29 \"Dallas (1978 TV series)\")* in the role of Nicholas Pearce, love interest to [Sue Ellen Ewing](/wiki/Sue_Ellen_Ewing \"Sue Ellen Ewing\") ([Linda Gray](/wiki/Linda_Gray \"Linda Gray\")). Scalia's character was killed off at the end of the 1987–1988 season when he fell to his death after being pushed from a balcony during a fight with [J. R. Ewing](/wiki/J._R._Ewing \"J. R. Ewing\") ([Larry Hagman](/wiki/Larry_Hagman \"Larry Hagman\")). He returned to the series finale in a dream sequence in which he was married to Sue Ellen.",
"From 1989 to 1990 he starred in another TV series, the CBS crime drama *[Wolf](/wiki/Wolf_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Wolf (American TV series)\")*.",
"In 1992 Scalia was cast as Detective Nico \"Nick\" Bonetti in the short\\-lived television series *[Tequila and Bonetti](/wiki/Tequila_and_Bonetti \"Tequila and Bonetti\")*. Scalia replaced another actor in the role during production of the show's first episode. Eight years later, in 2000, Scalia reprised the role of Bonetti in a revival of the series, which was filmed and aired in [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\").",
"From 1994 to 1995 he starred in *[Pointman](/wiki/Pointman \"Pointman\")*, a television series on the [Prime Time Entertainment Network](/wiki/Prime_Time_Entertainment_Network \"Prime Time Entertainment Network\"). He was an investment banker framed and convicted of fraud. When eventually cleared, Constantine \"Connie\" Harper becomes the owner of a Florida beach resort, Spanish Pete's, and aids people in need with the use of former prison mates and \"the list\".",
"Scalia is also known for his role as Chris Stamp on *[All My Children](/wiki/All_My_Children \"All My Children\")* from 2001 to 2003\\. He was nominated for a [Daytime Emmy Award](/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award \"Daytime Emmy Award\") for \"Outstanding Lead Actor\" for his *AMC* role in 2002\\. In 2006, Scalia starred as President Halstrom in *[The Genius Club](/wiki/The_Genius_Club \"The Genius Club\")*{{cite web \\| title \\= The Genius Club movie site \\| url \\= http://www.TheGeniusClubMovie.com \\| access\\-date \\= December 1, 2006}} for writer/director [Tim Chey](/wiki/Tim_Chey \"Tim Chey\").[\"Tim Chey–film writer and director\"](http://timchey.com/). Retrieved March 27, 2011\\. The film is about seven geniuses who must try to solve the world's problems in one night.",
""
] |
Life
----
Catoire studied [piano](/wiki/Piano "Piano") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") with [Karl Klindworth](/wiki/Karl_Klindworth "Karl Klindworth") (a friend of [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner "Richard Wagner")) from whom he learned to appreciate Wagner. He became one of the few Russian 'Wagnerite' composers, joining the Wagner society in 1879\.
Catoire graduated from [Moscow University](/wiki/Moscow_University "Moscow University") in mathematics in 1884 with outstanding honours. Upon graduating, he worked for his father's commercial business, only later becoming a full\-time musician. It was at this time that Catoire began taking lessons in piano and basic harmony from Klindworth's student, V. I. Willborg. These lessons resulted in the composition of a piano sonata, some character pieces, and a few transcriptions. The most famous of these transcriptions was the piano transcription of [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky "Tchaikovsky")'s Introduction and Fugue from the First Orchestral Suite (which [Jurgenson](/wiki/P._Jurgenson "P. Jurgenson") later published at the recommendation of Tchaikovsky).
Not satisfied with his lessons with Willborg, Catoire went to [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") in late 1885 to continue his lessons with Klindworth. Throughout 1886, he made brief trips to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"), and on one of these trips, he became acquainted with Tchaikovsky, who was greatly pleased with Catoire's set of piano variations. Tchaikovsky told the younger composer that, "it would be a great sin if he did not devote himself to composition". It was during this visit to Moscow that Catoire was introduced to the publisher Jurgenson. Catoire continued to study piano with Klindworth in Berlin throughout 1886, and simultaneously studied composition and theory with [Otto Tirsch](/wiki/Otto_Tirsch "Otto Tirsch"). Not satisfied with Tirsch's instruction, he began study with [Philipp Rüfer](/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%BCfer "Philipp Rüfer"). These lessons were also short\-lived but resulted in the composition of a string quartet.
Catoire returned to Moscow in 1887\. He declined to make a debut as a concert pianist, despite Klindworth's recommendation. Catoire met Tchaikovsky again, and he showed him (along with [Nikolai Gubert](/wiki/Nikolai_Gubert "Nikolai Gubert") and [Sergei Taneyev](/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev "Sergei Taneyev")) the string quartet which he had written in Berlin for Rüfer. They all agreed that the work was musically interesting but lacking in texture. On Tchaikovsky's recommendation, Catoire went to [Rimsky\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov") in [St Petersburg](/wiki/St_Petersburg "St Petersburg") with a request for composition and theory lessons. In a letter to Rimsky\-Korsakov, Tchaikovsky later described Catoire as, "very talented... but in need of serious schooling."
Rimsky\-Korsakov gave Catoire one lesson before passing him to [Lyadov](/wiki/Anatoly_Konstantinovich_Lyadov "Anatoly Konstantinovich Lyadov"). This single lesson resulted in three piano pieces which were later published as Catoire's op.2\. With Lyadov, Catoire studied counterpoint and wrote several pieces, including the lovely Caprice op.3\. Lyadov's lessons concluded Catoire's formal schooling.
After returning to Moscow, Catoire became quite close to [Anton Arensky](/wiki/Anton_Arensky "Anton Arensky"). It was during this period that he wrote his second quartet (which he later rewrote as a quintet) and his cantata, "Rusalka", op.5, for solo voice, women's chorus and orchestra.
Catoire's family, friends, and colleagues were not sympathetic to his choice of career in composition, so in 1899, after a series of disappointments, he withdrew to the countryside and nearly gave up composing altogether. After two years of withdrawal from society, and having broken off almost all connections with musical friends, the opus 7 Symphony emerged in the form of a sextet as a result of this seclusion.
From 1919 Catoire was professor of composition in the [Moscow Conservatory](/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory "Moscow Conservatory"). He wrote several treatises on theory and composition during his tenure. [Nikolai Myaskovsky](/wiki/Nikolai_Myaskovsky "Nikolai Myaskovsky") had great regard for Catoire's students.
Today Catoire is very little known, although a few recordings exist of his piano works by [Marc\-André Hamelin](/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin "Marc-André Hamelin"), Anna Zassimova and [Alexander Goldenweiser](/wiki/Alexander_Goldenweiser_%28composer%29 "Alexander Goldenweiser (composer)"), while [David Oistrakh](/wiki/David_Oistrakh "David Oistrakh") and Laurent Breuninger have recorded the complete violin music. His music has a certain semblance to the works of Tchaikovsky, the early works of [Scriabin](/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin "Alexander Scriabin"), and the music of [Fauré](/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9 "Gabriel Fauré"). Catoire's compositions demand not only high virtuosity but also an ear for instrumental colour.
Georgy Catoire is the uncle of author and musician [Jean Catoire](/wiki/Jean_Catoire "Jean Catoire").[Planet Tree Music Festival: commentary](http://www.planettree.org/2000/cphenom.html) at www.planettree.org
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Catoire studied [piano](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\") in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") with [Karl Klindworth](/wiki/Karl_Klindworth \"Karl Klindworth\") (a friend of [Richard Wagner](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\")) from whom he learned to appreciate Wagner. He became one of the few Russian 'Wagnerite' composers, joining the Wagner society in 1879\\.",
"Catoire graduated from [Moscow University](/wiki/Moscow_University \"Moscow University\") in mathematics in 1884 with outstanding honours. Upon graduating, he worked for his father's commercial business, only later becoming a full\\-time musician. It was at this time that Catoire began taking lessons in piano and basic harmony from Klindworth's student, V. I. Willborg. These lessons resulted in the composition of a piano sonata, some character pieces, and a few transcriptions. The most famous of these transcriptions was the piano transcription of [Tchaikovsky](/wiki/Tchaikovsky \"Tchaikovsky\")'s Introduction and Fugue from the First Orchestral Suite (which [Jurgenson](/wiki/P._Jurgenson \"P. Jurgenson\") later published at the recommendation of Tchaikovsky).",
"Not satisfied with his lessons with Willborg, Catoire went to [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") in late 1885 to continue his lessons with Klindworth. Throughout 1886, he made brief trips to [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"), and on one of these trips, he became acquainted with Tchaikovsky, who was greatly pleased with Catoire's set of piano variations. Tchaikovsky told the younger composer that, \"it would be a great sin if he did not devote himself to composition\". It was during this visit to Moscow that Catoire was introduced to the publisher Jurgenson. Catoire continued to study piano with Klindworth in Berlin throughout 1886, and simultaneously studied composition and theory with [Otto Tirsch](/wiki/Otto_Tirsch \"Otto Tirsch\"). Not satisfied with Tirsch's instruction, he began study with [Philipp Rüfer](/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%BCfer \"Philipp Rüfer\"). These lessons were also short\\-lived but resulted in the composition of a string quartet.",
"Catoire returned to Moscow in 1887\\. He declined to make a debut as a concert pianist, despite Klindworth's recommendation. Catoire met Tchaikovsky again, and he showed him (along with [Nikolai Gubert](/wiki/Nikolai_Gubert \"Nikolai Gubert\") and [Sergei Taneyev](/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev \"Sergei Taneyev\")) the string quartet which he had written in Berlin for Rüfer. They all agreed that the work was musically interesting but lacking in texture. On Tchaikovsky's recommendation, Catoire went to [Rimsky\\-Korsakov](/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov \"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\") in [St Petersburg](/wiki/St_Petersburg \"St Petersburg\") with a request for composition and theory lessons. In a letter to Rimsky\\-Korsakov, Tchaikovsky later described Catoire as, \"very talented... but in need of serious schooling.\"",
"Rimsky\\-Korsakov gave Catoire one lesson before passing him to [Lyadov](/wiki/Anatoly_Konstantinovich_Lyadov \"Anatoly Konstantinovich Lyadov\"). This single lesson resulted in three piano pieces which were later published as Catoire's op.2\\. With Lyadov, Catoire studied counterpoint and wrote several pieces, including the lovely Caprice op.3\\. Lyadov's lessons concluded Catoire's formal schooling.",
"After returning to Moscow, Catoire became quite close to [Anton Arensky](/wiki/Anton_Arensky \"Anton Arensky\"). It was during this period that he wrote his second quartet (which he later rewrote as a quintet) and his cantata, \"Rusalka\", op.5, for solo voice, women's chorus and orchestra.",
"Catoire's family, friends, and colleagues were not sympathetic to his choice of career in composition, so in 1899, after a series of disappointments, he withdrew to the countryside and nearly gave up composing altogether. After two years of withdrawal from society, and having broken off almost all connections with musical friends, the opus 7 Symphony emerged in the form of a sextet as a result of this seclusion.",
"From 1919 Catoire was professor of composition in the [Moscow Conservatory](/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory \"Moscow Conservatory\"). He wrote several treatises on theory and composition during his tenure. [Nikolai Myaskovsky](/wiki/Nikolai_Myaskovsky \"Nikolai Myaskovsky\") had great regard for Catoire's students.",
"Today Catoire is very little known, although a few recordings exist of his piano works by [Marc\\-André Hamelin](/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin \"Marc-André Hamelin\"), Anna Zassimova and [Alexander Goldenweiser](/wiki/Alexander_Goldenweiser_%28composer%29 \"Alexander Goldenweiser (composer)\"), while [David Oistrakh](/wiki/David_Oistrakh \"David Oistrakh\") and Laurent Breuninger have recorded the complete violin music. His music has a certain semblance to the works of Tchaikovsky, the early works of [Scriabin](/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin \"Alexander Scriabin\"), and the music of [Fauré](/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9 \"Gabriel Fauré\"). Catoire's compositions demand not only high virtuosity but also an ear for instrumental colour.",
"Georgy Catoire is the uncle of author and musician [Jean Catoire](/wiki/Jean_Catoire \"Jean Catoire\").[Planet Tree Music Festival: commentary](http://www.planettree.org/2000/cphenom.html) at www.planettree.org",
""
] |
Overview
--------
Money value [fluctuates](/wiki/Inflation "Inflation") over time: $100 today has a different value than $100 in five years. This is because one can invest $100 today in an interest\-bearing bank account or any other investment, and that money will grow/shrink due to the rate of return. Also, if $100 today allows the purchase of an item, it is possible that $100 will not be enough to purchase the same item in five years, because of [inflation](/wiki/Inflation "Inflation") (increase in purchase price).
An investor who has some money has two options: to spend it right now or to invest it. The financial compensation for saving it (and not spending it) is that the money value will accrue through the interests that he will receive from a borrower (the bank account on which he has the money deposited).
Therefore, to evaluate the real worthiness of an amount of money today after a given period of time, economic agents compound the amount of money at a given interest rate. Most [actuarial](/wiki/Actuarial "Actuarial") calculations use the [risk\-free interest rate](/wiki/Risk-free_interest_rate "Risk-free interest rate") which corresponds the minimum guaranteed rate provided the bank's saving account, for example. If one wants to compare their change in [purchasing power](/wiki/Purchasing_power "Purchasing power"), then they should use the [real interest rate](/wiki/Real_interest_rate "Real interest rate") ([nominal interest rate](/wiki/Nominal_interest_rate "Nominal interest rate") minus [inflation](/wiki/Inflation "Inflation") rate).
The operation of evaluating a present value into the future value is called capitalization (how much will $100 today be worth in 5 years?). The reverse operation which consists in evaluating the present value of a future amount of money is called a [discounting](/wiki/Discounting "Discounting") (how much $100 that will be received in 5 years\- at a [lottery](/wiki/Lottery "Lottery"), for example \-are worth today?).
It follows that if one has to choose between receiving $100 today and $100 in one year, the rational decision is to cash the $100 today. If the money is to be received in one year and assuming the savings account interest rate is 5%, the person has to be offered at least $105 in one year so that two options are equivalent (either receiving $100 today or receiving $105 in one year). This is because if you have cash of $100 today and deposit in your savings account, you will have $105 in one year.
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"Money value [fluctuates](/wiki/Inflation \"Inflation\") over time: $100 today has a different value than $100 in five years. This is because one can invest $100 today in an interest\\-bearing bank account or any other investment, and that money will grow/shrink due to the rate of return. Also, if $100 today allows the purchase of an item, it is possible that $100 will not be enough to purchase the same item in five years, because of [inflation](/wiki/Inflation \"Inflation\") (increase in purchase price).",
"An investor who has some money has two options: to spend it right now or to invest it. The financial compensation for saving it (and not spending it) is that the money value will accrue through the interests that he will receive from a borrower (the bank account on which he has the money deposited).",
"Therefore, to evaluate the real worthiness of an amount of money today after a given period of time, economic agents compound the amount of money at a given interest rate. Most [actuarial](/wiki/Actuarial \"Actuarial\") calculations use the [risk\\-free interest rate](/wiki/Risk-free_interest_rate \"Risk-free interest rate\") which corresponds the minimum guaranteed rate provided the bank's saving account, for example. If one wants to compare their change in [purchasing power](/wiki/Purchasing_power \"Purchasing power\"), then they should use the [real interest rate](/wiki/Real_interest_rate \"Real interest rate\") ([nominal interest rate](/wiki/Nominal_interest_rate \"Nominal interest rate\") minus [inflation](/wiki/Inflation \"Inflation\") rate).",
"The operation of evaluating a present value into the future value is called capitalization (how much will $100 today be worth in 5 years?). The reverse operation which consists in evaluating the present value of a future amount of money is called a [discounting](/wiki/Discounting \"Discounting\") (how much $100 that will be received in 5 years\\- at a [lottery](/wiki/Lottery \"Lottery\"), for example \\-are worth today?).",
"It follows that if one has to choose between receiving $100 today and $100 in one year, the rational decision is to cash the $100 today. If the money is to be received in one year and assuming the savings account interest rate is 5%, the person has to be offered at least $105 in one year so that two options are equivalent (either receiving $100 today or receiving $105 in one year). This is because if you have cash of $100 today and deposit in your savings account, you will have $105 in one year.",
""
] |
History
-------
Following Monomakh's death, the church was long associated with his family. At least three Monomachids were buried underneath the baptistery: [George I of Kiev](/wiki/Yuri_Dolgoruki "Yuri Dolgoruki") (the founder of Moscow), his son Gleb and his daughter [Eufemia](/wiki/Eufemia_of_Kiev "Eufemia of Kiev"). The church was damaged in 1240 when [Batu Khan](/wiki/Batu_Khan "Batu Khan") [sacked Kyiv](/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus "Mongol invasion of Rus") and again in 1482, when [Khan](/wiki/Khan_%28title%29 "Khan (title)") [Meñli I Giray](/wiki/Me%C3%B1li_I_Giray "Meñli I Giray") ravaged the neighbourhood. Its walls collapsed and it stood in ruins until the 17th century.
It was the [Metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop "Metropolitan bishop") [Petro Mohyla](/wiki/Petro_Mohyla "Petro Mohyla") who started to restore the Kyivan churches, long neglected during the Polish\-Lithuanian rule. He had the Berestove church restored in the [national Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque "Ukrainian Baroque") ("proto\-Baroque") style. The new church was under construction in 1640–1642\. Incorporating the western wall of Monomakh's structure, Mohyla's church is smaller and differs considerably from its predecessor: there are five towers arranged on a four\-petaled plan and surrounded by five massive pear\-shaped domes. Two years later, a team of Greek masters painted the interior with frescoes. The most famous of these, known as *Petro Mohyla's Gift*, features a portrait of Mohyla kneeling before Christ to whom he presents a model of the church.
The interior was renovated in 1751–1752 and again in 1813–1814, when Fedor M. Korobka carved an elaborate [altar](/wiki/Altar "Altar"). At the same time, a two\-[tier](/wiki/Storey "Storey") belltower was constructed to [Andriy Melenskyi](/wiki/Andriy_Melenskyi "Andriy Melenskyi")'s [provincial Neoclassical design](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") which is out of keeping with the rest of the church.
In 1909, Academician [Pokryshkin](/wiki/Pyotr_Pokryshkin "Pyotr Pokryshkin") (who specialized in ancient Orthodox architecture) was called upon to restore the church to its medieval appearance. Pokryshkin's restoration works lasted for five years but did not result in any fundamental changes. The foundations of Monomakh's original church were uncovered and may still be seen to the east from the extant structure. The [façade](/wiki/Facade "Facade") of the church was cleaned so as to highlight the surviving parts of the 12th\-century building, which had been scraped of stucco.
[thumb\|Interior view of the church seen with its bright [frescos](/wiki/Fresco "Fresco").](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_P9286157.jpg "Спас на Берестові P9286157.jpg")
On 7 September 1947, in the course of the celebration of the 800th anniversary of the foundation of Moscow, in the former Vladimir chapel of the church, a large granite sarcophagus was installed by architect P.Ostapenko over the place where it is believed [Yuri Dolgoruky](/wiki/Yuri_Dolgoruky "Yuri Dolgoruky"), the founder of Moscow, had been buried.
In the early 1970s, a fragment of the 12th\-century fresco *Miraculous Fishing*, depicting [Christ](/wiki/Christ "Christ") walking on water towards a boat, was uncovered in the church. Since Ukraine's [independence](/wiki/History_of_Ukraine%23Independence "History of Ukraine#Independence") after the [fall of the Soviet Union](/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281985%E2%80%931991%29 "History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)"), the church is part of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra Historical\-Cultural Preserve and functions primarily as a museum, holding weekly church services on Sundays.
### Research 2002\-2004
[thumb\|*Petro Mohyla's Gift* fresco](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_9286186.jpg "Спас на Берестові Петро Могила 9286186.jpg")
In 2001, the Getty Institute for Architectural Conservation awarded a grant for a project to prepare the restoration of the Church of the Savior on Berestove to help preserve it as a landmark of world significance.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/Cerkva\_Spasa\_na\_Berestovi.html\|title\=Церква Спаса на Берестові\|author\=\|date\=\|work\=\|publisher\=Національний Києво\-Печерський історико\-культурний заповідник\|accessdate\=2012\-02\-15\|archiveurl\=https://archive.today/20130706185408/http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/Cerkva\_Spasa\_na\_Berestovi.html\|archivedate\=2013\-07\-06\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2002–2003, as part of the Getty Foundation's grant program, scientific and restoration research was conducted at the church to develop a project for the conservation and museumification of the monument and to carry out urgent work. The research was conducted by an architectural and archaeological expedition of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine led by Hlib Ivakin, with the participation of the archaeological department of the National Kyiv\-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve, in particular S. Balakin, O. Zazhigalov, D. Finadorin, as well as scientists and technologists from the State Center for Conservation and Restoration of Archaeological Monuments.
A scientific, technological, engineering, and design survey of the facades, roof and floor structures, and paintings in the church's interior was carried out. As a result of the work, data confirming the theory that the church was founded in the 11th century were obtained, as well as information about an unknown reconstruction of the church in the 14th–16th centuries.
In 2003–2004, about ten pits were laid inside the church to determine the technical condition of the foundations and the nature of their restoration, which was carried out during the 1914 excavations under the direction of Petro Pokryshkin.*Євген Кабанець, Наталія Логвин.* Спаса на Берестові церква // Звід пам'яток історії та культури України: Енцикл. вид.: У 28 т. / Голов. редкол.: В. Смолій та ін.— К.: Голов. ред. Зводу пам'яток історії та культури при вид\-ві «Українська енциклопедія» ім. М. П. Бажана, 1999—2011\. Київ: Кн. 1, ч. 3\.: С—Я / Редкол. тому: Відп. ред. П. Тронько та ін. — 2003\. — Упоряд.: [В. Горбик](/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%27%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 "Горбик В'ячеслав Олександрович"), М. Кіпоренко, Н. Коваленко, Л. Федорова. — [ISBN 966\-95478\-2\-2](/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/9669547822 "Джерела книг/9669547822") (стор. 1540—1542\).*Олена Сердюк, Роман Гуцуляк, Юрій Коренюк, Світлана Скляр.* [Науково\-реставраційні дослідження та виконання невідкладних консерваційних робіт на церкві Спаса на Берестові.](http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911103835/http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html\|date\=11 вересня 2010}} // Культурна спадщина Києва: дослідження та охорона історичного середовища.— К., 2003\.— С. 56\-62\).
[thumb\|*Miraculous Fishing* fresco](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8_9286149_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg "Спас на Берестові Лов риби 9286149 копія.jpg")
### Restoration in 2017\-2019
In 2017, restoration work began at the Church of the Savior in Berestove. The project included the restoration of the church inside and the area around it, as well as a range of conservation and restoration work. During the restoration work, all authentic fragments of the monument were preserved. According to the director of the Kyiv\-Pechersk Reserve, Liubomyr Mykhailyna, the frescoes of the church are of particular value. The patron of the project is Viacheslav Moskalevsky, who allocated 50 million [hryven](/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia "Ukrainian hryvnia") for this project. The restoration work lasted 2 years and was successfully completed in 2019\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v\_kieve\_nachalas\_restavracija\_cerkvi\_11\_veka\_n846304\|title\=В Киеве началась реставрация церкви 11 века\|publisher\=\[\[:uk:24 Канал]]\|date\=27 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609185229/https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v\_kieve\_nachalas\_restavracija\_cerkvi\_11\_veka\_n846304\|archive\-date\=9 June 2021\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=9 June 2021}} {{in lang\|ru}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric\-culture/2274641\-u\-kievi\-vidrestavruut\-cerkvu\-spasa\-na\-berestovi.html\|title\=У Києві відреставрують церкву Спаса на Берестові\|publisher\=\[\[:uk:Укрінформ]]\|date\=27 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402162004/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric\-culture/2274641\-u\-kievi\-vidrestavruut\-cerkvu\-spasa\-na\-berestovi.html\|archive\-date\=2 April 2019\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=9 June 2021}}{{Commons category\|Church of the Saviour at Berestove}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Following Monomakh's death, the church was long associated with his family. At least three Monomachids were buried underneath the baptistery: [George I of Kiev](/wiki/Yuri_Dolgoruki \"Yuri Dolgoruki\") (the founder of Moscow), his son Gleb and his daughter [Eufemia](/wiki/Eufemia_of_Kiev \"Eufemia of Kiev\"). The church was damaged in 1240 when [Batu Khan](/wiki/Batu_Khan \"Batu Khan\") [sacked Kyiv](/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus \"Mongol invasion of Rus\") and again in 1482, when [Khan](/wiki/Khan_%28title%29 \"Khan (title)\") [Meñli I Giray](/wiki/Me%C3%B1li_I_Giray \"Meñli I Giray\") ravaged the neighbourhood. Its walls collapsed and it stood in ruins until the 17th century.",
"It was the [Metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop \"Metropolitan bishop\") [Petro Mohyla](/wiki/Petro_Mohyla \"Petro Mohyla\") who started to restore the Kyivan churches, long neglected during the Polish\\-Lithuanian rule. He had the Berestove church restored in the [national Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque \"Ukrainian Baroque\") (\"proto\\-Baroque\") style. The new church was under construction in 1640–1642\\. Incorporating the western wall of Monomakh's structure, Mohyla's church is smaller and differs considerably from its predecessor: there are five towers arranged on a four\\-petaled plan and surrounded by five massive pear\\-shaped domes. Two years later, a team of Greek masters painted the interior with frescoes. The most famous of these, known as *Petro Mohyla's Gift*, features a portrait of Mohyla kneeling before Christ to whom he presents a model of the church.",
"The interior was renovated in 1751–1752 and again in 1813–1814, when Fedor M. Korobka carved an elaborate [altar](/wiki/Altar \"Altar\"). At the same time, a two\\-[tier](/wiki/Storey \"Storey\") belltower was constructed to [Andriy Melenskyi](/wiki/Andriy_Melenskyi \"Andriy Melenskyi\")'s [provincial Neoclassical design](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") which is out of keeping with the rest of the church.",
"In 1909, Academician [Pokryshkin](/wiki/Pyotr_Pokryshkin \"Pyotr Pokryshkin\") (who specialized in ancient Orthodox architecture) was called upon to restore the church to its medieval appearance. Pokryshkin's restoration works lasted for five years but did not result in any fundamental changes. The foundations of Monomakh's original church were uncovered and may still be seen to the east from the extant structure. The [façade](/wiki/Facade \"Facade\") of the church was cleaned so as to highlight the surviving parts of the 12th\\-century building, which had been scraped of stucco.\n[thumb\\|Interior view of the church seen with its bright [frescos](/wiki/Fresco \"Fresco\").](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_P9286157.jpg \"Спас на Берестові P9286157.jpg\")\nOn 7 September 1947, in the course of the celebration of the 800th anniversary of the foundation of Moscow, in the former Vladimir chapel of the church, a large granite sarcophagus was installed by architect P.Ostapenko over the place where it is believed [Yuri Dolgoruky](/wiki/Yuri_Dolgoruky \"Yuri Dolgoruky\"), the founder of Moscow, had been buried.",
"In the early 1970s, a fragment of the 12th\\-century fresco *Miraculous Fishing*, depicting [Christ](/wiki/Christ \"Christ\") walking on water towards a boat, was uncovered in the church. Since Ukraine's [independence](/wiki/History_of_Ukraine%23Independence \"History of Ukraine#Independence\") after the [fall of the Soviet Union](/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281985%E2%80%931991%29 \"History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)\"), the church is part of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra Historical\\-Cultural Preserve and functions primarily as a museum, holding weekly church services on Sundays.",
"### Research 2002\\-2004",
"[thumb\\|*Petro Mohyla's Gift* fresco](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_9286186.jpg \"Спас на Берестові Петро Могила 9286186.jpg\")\nIn 2001, the Getty Institute for Architectural Conservation awarded a grant for a project to prepare the restoration of the Church of the Savior on Berestove to help preserve it as a landmark of world significance.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/Cerkva\\_Spasa\\_na\\_Berestovi.html\\|title\\=Церква Спаса на Берестові\\|author\\=\\|date\\=\\|work\\=\\|publisher\\=Національний Києво\\-Печерський історико\\-культурний заповідник\\|accessdate\\=2012\\-02\\-15\\|archiveurl\\=https://archive.today/20130706185408/http://www.kplavra.kiev.ua/Cerkva\\_Spasa\\_na\\_Berestovi.html\\|archivedate\\=2013\\-07\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2002–2003, as part of the Getty Foundation's grant program, scientific and restoration research was conducted at the church to develop a project for the conservation and museumification of the monument and to carry out urgent work. The research was conducted by an architectural and archaeological expedition of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine led by Hlib Ivakin, with the participation of the archaeological department of the National Kyiv\\-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve, in particular S. Balakin, O. Zazhigalov, D. Finadorin, as well as scientists and technologists from the State Center for Conservation and Restoration of Archaeological Monuments.",
"A scientific, technological, engineering, and design survey of the facades, roof and floor structures, and paintings in the church's interior was carried out. As a result of the work, data confirming the theory that the church was founded in the 11th century were obtained, as well as information about an unknown reconstruction of the church in the 14th–16th centuries.",
"In 2003–2004, about ten pits were laid inside the church to determine the technical condition of the foundations and the nature of their restoration, which was carried out during the 1914 excavations under the direction of Petro Pokryshkin.*Євген Кабанець, Наталія Логвин.* Спаса на Берестові церква // Звід пам'яток історії та культури України: Енцикл. вид.: У 28 т. / Голов. редкол.: В. Смолій та ін.— К.: Голов. ред. Зводу пам'яток історії та культури при вид\\-ві «Українська енциклопедія» ім. М. П. Бажана, 1999—2011\\. Київ: Кн. 1, ч. 3\\.: С—Я / Редкол. тому: Відп. ред. П. Тронько та ін. — 2003\\. — Упоряд.: [В. Горбик](/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%27%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 \"Горбик В'ячеслав Олександрович\"), М. Кіпоренко, Н. Коваленко, Л. Федорова. — [ISBN 966\\-95478\\-2\\-2](/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/9669547822 \"Джерела книг/9669547822\") (стор. 1540—1542\\).*Олена Сердюк, Роман Гуцуляк, Юрій Коренюк, Світлана Скляр.* [Науково\\-реставраційні дослідження та виконання невідкладних консерваційних робіт на церкві Спаса на Берестові.](http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911103835/http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/Kyiv/Heritage/SpasBerestovo.html\\|date\\=11 вересня 2010}} // Культурна спадщина Києва: дослідження та охорона історичного середовища.— К., 2003\\.— С. 56\\-62\\).\n[thumb\\|*Miraculous Fishing* fresco](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8_9286149_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg \"Спас на Берестові Лов риби 9286149 копія.jpg\")",
"### Restoration in 2017\\-2019",
"In 2017, restoration work began at the Church of the Savior in Berestove. The project included the restoration of the church inside and the area around it, as well as a range of conservation and restoration work. During the restoration work, all authentic fragments of the monument were preserved. According to the director of the Kyiv\\-Pechersk Reserve, Liubomyr Mykhailyna, the frescoes of the church are of particular value. The patron of the project is Viacheslav Moskalevsky, who allocated 50 million [hryven](/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia \"Ukrainian hryvnia\") for this project. The restoration work lasted 2 years and was successfully completed in 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v\\_kieve\\_nachalas\\_restavracija\\_cerkvi\\_11\\_veka\\_n846304\\|title\\=В Киеве началась реставрация церкви 11 века\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[:uk:24 Канал]]\\|date\\=27 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609185229/https://kyivnews.24tv.ua/ru/v\\_kieve\\_nachalas\\_restavracija\\_cerkvi\\_11\\_veka\\_n846304\\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2021\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2021}} {{in lang\\|ru}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric\\-culture/2274641\\-u\\-kievi\\-vidrestavruut\\-cerkvu\\-spasa\\-na\\-berestovi.html\\|title\\=У Києві відреставрують церкву Спаса на Берестові\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[:uk:Укрінформ]]\\|date\\=27 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402162004/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric\\-culture/2274641\\-u\\-kievi\\-vidrestavruut\\-cerkvu\\-spasa\\-na\\-berestovi.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2021}}{{Commons category\\|Church of the Saviour at Berestove}}",
""
] |
Fundamental concepts
--------------------
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| width \= 200
\| footer \= At left, the chemical structure of DNA showing the base\-pairing. This depiction of a DNA duplex lacks information about the molecule's three\-dimensional structure, at right.
\| image1 \= DNA chemical structure.svg
\| alt1 \= DNA chemical structure
\| image2 \= DNA\-fragment\-3D\-vdW.png
\| alt2 \= DNA three\-dimensional model
}}
The chemical structure of DNA is insufficient to understand the complexity of the 3D structures of DNA. In contrast, animated molecular models allow one to visually explore the three\-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. The DNA model shown (far right) is a space\-filling, or [CPK](/wiki/CPK_coloring "CPK coloring"), model of the DNA double helix. Animated molecular models, such as the wire, or skeletal, type shown at the top of this article, allow one to visually explore the three\-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. Another type of DNA model is the space\-filling, or CPK, model.
The hydrogen bonding dynamics and proton exchange is very different by many orders of magnitude between the two systems of fully hydrated DNA and water molecules in ice. Thus, the DNA dynamics is complex, involving nanosecond and several tens of picosecond time scales, whereas that of liquid ice is on the picosecond time scale, and that of proton exchange in ice is on the millisecond time scale. The proton exchange rates in DNA and attached proteins may vary from picosecond to nanosecond, minutes or years, depending on the exact locations of the exchanged protons in the large biopolymers.
A simple [harmonic oscillator](/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator "Harmonic oscillator") 'vibration' is only an oversimplified dynamic representation of the longitudinal vibrations of the DNA intertwined helices which were found to be [anharmonic](/wiki/Anharmonicity "Anharmonicity") rather than harmonic as often assumed in quantum [dynamic simulations](/wiki/Molecular_dynamics "Molecular dynamics") of DNA.
### DNA structure
The structure of [DNA](/wiki/DNA "DNA") shows a variety of forms, both double\-stranded and single\-stranded. The mechanical properties of DNA, which are directly related to its structure, are a significant problem for [cells](/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29 "Cell (biology)"). Every process which binds or reads [DNA](/wiki/DNA "DNA") is able to use or modify the mechanical properties of DNA for purposes of recognition, packaging and modification. The extreme length (a [chromosome](/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome") may contain a 10 cm long DNA strand), relative rigidity and helical structure of DNA has led to the [evolution](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution") of [histones](/wiki/Histone "Histone") and of [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme "Enzyme") such as [topoisomerases](/wiki/Topoisomerase "Topoisomerase") and [helicases](/wiki/Helicase "Helicase") to manage a cell's DNA. The properties of DNA are closely related to its molecular structure and sequence, particularly the weakness of the hydrogen bonds and electronic interactions that hold strands of DNA together compared to the strength of the bonds within each strand.
Experimental methods which can directly measure the mechanical properties of DNA are relatively new, and high\-resolution visualization in solution is often difficult. Nevertheless, scientists have uncovered large amount of data on the mechanical properties of this polymer, and the implications of DNA's mechanical properties on cellular processes is a topic of active current research.
The DNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or *package* DNA to carry it within them. In [eukaryotes](/wiki/Eukaryote "Eukaryote") this is carried by spool\-like [proteins](/wiki/Protein "Protein") named [histones](/wiki/Histone "Histone"), around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA\-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic [chromosomes](/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome").
In the late 1970s, alternate [non\-helical models of DNA structure](/wiki/Non-helical_models_of_DNA_structure "Non-helical models of DNA structure") were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in [DNA replication](/wiki/DNA_replication "DNA replication") in [plasmids](/wiki/Plasmid "Plasmid") and [chromatin](/wiki/Chromatin "Chromatin"). However, the models were set aside in favor of the double\-helical model due to subsequent experimental advances such as [X\-ray crystallography](/wiki/X-ray_crystallography "X-ray crystallography") of DNA duplexes, and later the [nucleosome core particle](/wiki/Nucleosome_core_particle "Nucleosome core particle"), and the discovery of [topoisomerases](/wiki/Topoisomerase "Topoisomerase"). Such non\-double\-helical models are not currently accepted by the mainstream scientific community.{{cite journal\|last\=Stokes\|first\=T. D.\|title\=The double helix and the warped zipper—an exemplary tale\|journal\=Social Studies of Science\|year\=1982\|volume\=12\|issue\=2\|pages\=207–240\|doi\=10\.1177/030631282012002002\|pmid\=11620855\|s2cid\=29369576}}{{cite journal\|last\=Gautham\|first\=N.\|title\=Response to "Variety in DNA secondary structure"\|journal\=Current Science\|date\=25 May 2004\|volume\=86\|issue\=10\|pages\=1352–1353\|url\=http://cs\-test.ias.ac.in/cs/Downloads/article\_37537\.pdf\|access\-date\=25 May 2012\|quote\=However, the discovery of topoisomerases took "the sting" out of the topological objection to the plectonaemic double helix. The more recent solution of the single crystal X\-ray structure of the nucleosome core particle showed nearly 150 base pairs of the DNA (i.e. about 15 complete turns), with a structure that is in all essential respects the same as the Watson–Crick model. This dealt a death blow to the idea that other forms of DNA, particularly double helical DNA, exist as anything other than local or transient structures.}}{{dead link\|date\=August 2016}}
|
[
"Fundamental concepts\n--------------------",
"{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= right\n \\| width \\= 200\n \\| footer \\= At left, the chemical structure of DNA showing the base\\-pairing. This depiction of a DNA duplex lacks information about the molecule's three\\-dimensional structure, at right.\n \\| image1 \\= DNA chemical structure.svg\n \\| alt1 \\= DNA chemical structure\n \\| image2 \\= DNA\\-fragment\\-3D\\-vdW.png\n \\| alt2 \\= DNA three\\-dimensional model\n }}",
"The chemical structure of DNA is insufficient to understand the complexity of the 3D structures of DNA. In contrast, animated molecular models allow one to visually explore the three\\-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. The DNA model shown (far right) is a space\\-filling, or [CPK](/wiki/CPK_coloring \"CPK coloring\"), model of the DNA double helix. Animated molecular models, such as the wire, or skeletal, type shown at the top of this article, allow one to visually explore the three\\-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. Another type of DNA model is the space\\-filling, or CPK, model.",
"The hydrogen bonding dynamics and proton exchange is very different by many orders of magnitude between the two systems of fully hydrated DNA and water molecules in ice. Thus, the DNA dynamics is complex, involving nanosecond and several tens of picosecond time scales, whereas that of liquid ice is on the picosecond time scale, and that of proton exchange in ice is on the millisecond time scale. The proton exchange rates in DNA and attached proteins may vary from picosecond to nanosecond, minutes or years, depending on the exact locations of the exchanged protons in the large biopolymers.",
"A simple [harmonic oscillator](/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator \"Harmonic oscillator\") 'vibration' is only an oversimplified dynamic representation of the longitudinal vibrations of the DNA intertwined helices which were found to be [anharmonic](/wiki/Anharmonicity \"Anharmonicity\") rather than harmonic as often assumed in quantum [dynamic simulations](/wiki/Molecular_dynamics \"Molecular dynamics\") of DNA.",
"### DNA structure",
"The structure of [DNA](/wiki/DNA \"DNA\") shows a variety of forms, both double\\-stranded and single\\-stranded. The mechanical properties of DNA, which are directly related to its structure, are a significant problem for [cells](/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29 \"Cell (biology)\"). Every process which binds or reads [DNA](/wiki/DNA \"DNA\") is able to use or modify the mechanical properties of DNA for purposes of recognition, packaging and modification. The extreme length (a [chromosome](/wiki/Chromosome \"Chromosome\") may contain a 10 cm long DNA strand), relative rigidity and helical structure of DNA has led to the [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\") of [histones](/wiki/Histone \"Histone\") and of [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme \"Enzyme\") such as [topoisomerases](/wiki/Topoisomerase \"Topoisomerase\") and [helicases](/wiki/Helicase \"Helicase\") to manage a cell's DNA. The properties of DNA are closely related to its molecular structure and sequence, particularly the weakness of the hydrogen bonds and electronic interactions that hold strands of DNA together compared to the strength of the bonds within each strand.",
"Experimental methods which can directly measure the mechanical properties of DNA are relatively new, and high\\-resolution visualization in solution is often difficult. Nevertheless, scientists have uncovered large amount of data on the mechanical properties of this polymer, and the implications of DNA's mechanical properties on cellular processes is a topic of active current research.",
"The DNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length: a few centimetres long for each human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or *package* DNA to carry it within them. In [eukaryotes](/wiki/Eukaryote \"Eukaryote\") this is carried by spool\\-like [proteins](/wiki/Protein \"Protein\") named [histones](/wiki/Histone \"Histone\"), around which DNA winds. It is the further compaction of this DNA\\-protein complex which produces the well known mitotic eukaryotic [chromosomes](/wiki/Chromosome \"Chromosome\").",
"In the late 1970s, alternate [non\\-helical models of DNA structure](/wiki/Non-helical_models_of_DNA_structure \"Non-helical models of DNA structure\") were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in [DNA replication](/wiki/DNA_replication \"DNA replication\") in [plasmids](/wiki/Plasmid \"Plasmid\") and [chromatin](/wiki/Chromatin \"Chromatin\"). However, the models were set aside in favor of the double\\-helical model due to subsequent experimental advances such as [X\\-ray crystallography](/wiki/X-ray_crystallography \"X-ray crystallography\") of DNA duplexes, and later the [nucleosome core particle](/wiki/Nucleosome_core_particle \"Nucleosome core particle\"), and the discovery of [topoisomerases](/wiki/Topoisomerase \"Topoisomerase\"). Such non\\-double\\-helical models are not currently accepted by the mainstream scientific community.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Stokes\\|first\\=T. D.\\|title\\=The double helix and the warped zipper—an exemplary tale\\|journal\\=Social Studies of Science\\|year\\=1982\\|volume\\=12\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=207–240\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/030631282012002002\\|pmid\\=11620855\\|s2cid\\=29369576}}{{cite journal\\|last\\=Gautham\\|first\\=N.\\|title\\=Response to \"Variety in DNA secondary structure\"\\|journal\\=Current Science\\|date\\=25 May 2004\\|volume\\=86\\|issue\\=10\\|pages\\=1352–1353\\|url\\=http://cs\\-test.ias.ac.in/cs/Downloads/article\\_37537\\.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=25 May 2012\\|quote\\=However, the discovery of topoisomerases took \"the sting\" out of the topological objection to the plectonaemic double helix. The more recent solution of the single crystal X\\-ray structure of the nucleosome core particle showed nearly 150 base pairs of the DNA (i.e. about 15 complete turns), with a structure that is in all essential respects the same as the Watson–Crick model. This dealt a death blow to the idea that other forms of DNA, particularly double helical DNA, exist as anything other than local or transient structures.}}{{dead link\\|date\\=August 2016}}",
""
] |
Plot
----
Kalyani Deshmukh lives in Pune with her parents. Her mother Madhuri slips on the balcony and dies, and her father Atul is jailed and gives her custody to his caring ex\-wife, Anupriya who is dominated by her family. Kalyani's cousin, Sampada loves Atharv but was forced to marry ACP Malhar Rane. She delivers a son, named Moksh and elopes with Atharv. Malhar marries and troubles Kalyani, believing she was behind Sampada and Atharv's elopement.
Kalyani raises Moksh. Atharv and Sampada live poorly. He marries the landlady, Mugdha, proclaiming she is mentally unstable and takes over her property. Atharv and Sampada try to create problems for Kalyani but fail. Anupriya's brother, Keshav takes revenge on her by kidnapping Moksh, but Malhar finds him. After learning his mother Kavita died due to an accident by Atul's father Sayajirao, Malhar is angry. Sayajirao kills himself. Atul returns from jail.
Malhar and Kalyani reacquire Moksh's custody from Sampada. Atharv turns mentally unstable due to an accident. He befriends a man, in fact Malhar's father, Madhav. Kalyani introduces him to Malhar. A dead body is found. Madhav's brother, Sarthak reveals he killed the man. Malhar's sister, Swara tells the man was Radheshyam, a transgender man whom she fell in love with and married him. Kalyani realizes Sarthak isn't responsible for Radheshyam's death.
Soon, it turns out Malhar's half\-brother, Aahir killed Radhe Shyam. He kidnaps Moksh but is jailed after Malhar and Kalyani save Moksh. Her friend Rachit enters. In a taxi, Malhar realises the driver is Aahir and saves Kalyani. Aahir escapes. Kalyani meets Madhuri's twin sister Mamta, who lost her right hand and works for the Naxals who disguises herself as Madhuri, Kalyani's mom. Rachit reveals he loves Kalyani after their fake marriage and blackmails her to agree with him if she wants to save Moksh who is diagnosed with [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer") and needs an urgent bone marrow transplant.
Rachit tries to molest and later kill Kalyani, but Malhar saves her. Kalyani gets pregnant through IVF to save Moksh with Sampada and Malhar's child. Atharv, disguised, kidnaps Atul's mother Ahilya and tries to kill the child. Kalyani faints. Malhar learns her health is deteriorating, and abortion is necessary.
Trilok is a donor match for Moksh's bone marrow. Trilok has a wife, Divya, who looks exactly like Kalyani whose photo Kalyani sees on visiting his house. He says his wife is dead and he wants Kalyani to accompany his daughter, Suhana if they want him to donate bone marrow for Moksh. Kalyani and Malhar fight a lot and try to settle their different opinions. After the operation Trilok kidnaps Moksh and blackmails Kalyani.
Kalyani sends Divya in the car which according to Trilok has Moksh. The car explodes, and she dies. Kalyani and Malhar realise Moksh was also in it and assume him dead. Kalyani blames Malhar who shoots her in agitation unable to hear her say Moksh is dead. Kalyani is presumed dead as she falls off the cliff.
### 5 years later
Malhar is now Sub\-Inspector and lives in guilt for having lost Kalyani. Kalyani is now District Magistrate of the area. Swara is married to Vivek. Anupriya no longer considers Kalyani as her daughter. During her engagement to Minister Damini Deshpande's son, Vikram, Kalyani is caught in a fire, and Malhar saves her. Vikram rejects Kalyani after seeing her face. But Kalyani removes her bandages, thus revealing that she has only minor burns. But Kalyani refuses to marry Vikram due to his attitude.
On Avni's baby shower, it is revealed that Avni is not Malhar's wife. Ahir had left Avni when she became pregnant with his child. Madhav's dying wish was that Malhar would take care of Avni and her child in his name. Meanwhile, Kalyani finds out that Mukku is none other than Moksh. Moksh accidentally kills Ahir. Kalyani hides Moksh from Malhar, fearing that if Malhar finds Moksh, he will send him to the correction home. Meanwhile, Vivek accidentally burns Swara and is arrested.
To save Vivek from Sarthak's wrath, Anupriya tells him that Mukku is her and Sarthak's daughter. Avni tries to separate the family and turn them against each other fortunately Malhar discovers that Mukku is his son Moksh and is elated but Sarthak becomes depressed and the case of Ahir's death is opened and Malhar, Kalyani and Anupriya try to save Moksh but Malhar is shot by Avni and Anupriya is blamed and Moksh becomes mute as he is the witness to the incident of Malhar's death. Malhar returns and Moksh reveals that Anupriya is innocent and Avni had shot Malhar so Anupriya is proved innocent. Anupriya and Sarthak reunite with their lost daughter, Gungun and get remarried. Finally, Malhar, Kalyani, Moksh, Anupriya, Sarthak, AauSaheeb, Godavari, and kalyani’s unborn baby reunite to live happily.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Kalyani Deshmukh lives in Pune with her parents. Her mother Madhuri slips on the balcony and dies, and her father Atul is jailed and gives her custody to his caring ex\\-wife, Anupriya who is dominated by her family. Kalyani's cousin, Sampada loves Atharv but was forced to marry ACP Malhar Rane. She delivers a son, named Moksh and elopes with Atharv. Malhar marries and troubles Kalyani, believing she was behind Sampada and Atharv's elopement.",
"Kalyani raises Moksh. Atharv and Sampada live poorly. He marries the landlady, Mugdha, proclaiming she is mentally unstable and takes over her property. Atharv and Sampada try to create problems for Kalyani but fail. Anupriya's brother, Keshav takes revenge on her by kidnapping Moksh, but Malhar finds him. After learning his mother Kavita died due to an accident by Atul's father Sayajirao, Malhar is angry. Sayajirao kills himself. Atul returns from jail.",
"Malhar and Kalyani reacquire Moksh's custody from Sampada. Atharv turns mentally unstable due to an accident. He befriends a man, in fact Malhar's father, Madhav. Kalyani introduces him to Malhar. A dead body is found. Madhav's brother, Sarthak reveals he killed the man. Malhar's sister, Swara tells the man was Radheshyam, a transgender man whom she fell in love with and married him. Kalyani realizes Sarthak isn't responsible for Radheshyam's death.",
"Soon, it turns out Malhar's half\\-brother, Aahir killed Radhe Shyam. He kidnaps Moksh but is jailed after Malhar and Kalyani save Moksh. Her friend Rachit enters. In a taxi, Malhar realises the driver is Aahir and saves Kalyani. Aahir escapes. Kalyani meets Madhuri's twin sister Mamta, who lost her right hand and works for the Naxals who disguises herself as Madhuri, Kalyani's mom. Rachit reveals he loves Kalyani after their fake marriage and blackmails her to agree with him if she wants to save Moksh who is diagnosed with [cancer](/wiki/Cancer \"Cancer\") and needs an urgent bone marrow transplant.",
"Rachit tries to molest and later kill Kalyani, but Malhar saves her. Kalyani gets pregnant through IVF to save Moksh with Sampada and Malhar's child. Atharv, disguised, kidnaps Atul's mother Ahilya and tries to kill the child. Kalyani faints. Malhar learns her health is deteriorating, and abortion is necessary.",
"Trilok is a donor match for Moksh's bone marrow. Trilok has a wife, Divya, who looks exactly like Kalyani whose photo Kalyani sees on visiting his house. He says his wife is dead and he wants Kalyani to accompany his daughter, Suhana if they want him to donate bone marrow for Moksh. Kalyani and Malhar fight a lot and try to settle their different opinions. After the operation Trilok kidnaps Moksh and blackmails Kalyani.",
"Kalyani sends Divya in the car which according to Trilok has Moksh. The car explodes, and she dies. Kalyani and Malhar realise Moksh was also in it and assume him dead. Kalyani blames Malhar who shoots her in agitation unable to hear her say Moksh is dead. Kalyani is presumed dead as she falls off the cliff.",
"### 5 years later",
"Malhar is now Sub\\-Inspector and lives in guilt for having lost Kalyani. Kalyani is now District Magistrate of the area. Swara is married to Vivek. Anupriya no longer considers Kalyani as her daughter. During her engagement to Minister Damini Deshpande's son, Vikram, Kalyani is caught in a fire, and Malhar saves her. Vikram rejects Kalyani after seeing her face. But Kalyani removes her bandages, thus revealing that she has only minor burns. But Kalyani refuses to marry Vikram due to his attitude.",
"On Avni's baby shower, it is revealed that Avni is not Malhar's wife. Ahir had left Avni when she became pregnant with his child. Madhav's dying wish was that Malhar would take care of Avni and her child in his name. Meanwhile, Kalyani finds out that Mukku is none other than Moksh. Moksh accidentally kills Ahir. Kalyani hides Moksh from Malhar, fearing that if Malhar finds Moksh, he will send him to the correction home. Meanwhile, Vivek accidentally burns Swara and is arrested.",
"To save Vivek from Sarthak's wrath, Anupriya tells him that Mukku is her and Sarthak's daughter. Avni tries to separate the family and turn them against each other fortunately Malhar discovers that Mukku is his son Moksh and is elated but Sarthak becomes depressed and the case of Ahir's death is opened and Malhar, Kalyani and Anupriya try to save Moksh but Malhar is shot by Avni and Anupriya is blamed and Moksh becomes mute as he is the witness to the incident of Malhar's death. Malhar returns and Moksh reveals that Anupriya is innocent and Avni had shot Malhar so Anupriya is proved innocent. Anupriya and Sarthak reunite with their lost daughter, Gungun and get remarried. Finally, Malhar, Kalyani, Moksh, Anupriya, Sarthak, AauSaheeb, Godavari, and kalyani’s unborn baby reunite to live happily.",
""
] |
Managerial career
-----------------
### Oldham Athletic
In June 1982, Royle moved into management in the Second Division at [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C. "Oldham Athletic A.F.C."). He spent more than 12 years in charge at [Boundary Park](/wiki/Boundary_Park "Boundary Park"), taking them into the First Division in 1991 (a year before it became the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League "FA Premier League")) as Second Division champions. Royle's teams won many friends with their cavalier style of play, which was particularly evident during the season that they played on artificial turf on their home ground. Oldham reached a cup final for the first time in 1990 when they reached the final of the [League Cup](/wiki/League_Cup "League Cup"), but they were beaten 1–0 by [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. "Nottingham Forest F.C."). They also reached the FA Cup semi\-finals that season, and held [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") to a 3–3 draw in the first match at [Maine Road](/wiki/Maine_Road "Maine Road") before losing the replay 2–1\.
When [England national football team](/wiki/England_national_football_team "England national football team") manager [Bobby Robson](/wiki/Bobby_Robson "Bobby Robson") announced in May 1990 that he would be quitting the job after the [World Cup](/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup "1990 FIFA World Cup") that summer, Royle's name was strongly linked with the role and [the Football Association](/wiki/The_Football_Association "The Football Association") shortlisted him along with [Graham Taylor](/wiki/Graham_Taylor_%28footballer%29 "Graham Taylor (footballer)") and [Howard Kendall](/wiki/Howard_Kendall "Howard Kendall"). This was despite Royle having yet to manage in the First Division; whereas in contrast Kendall had won two league titles, an FA Cup and [European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup "UEFA Cup Winners' Cup") with Everton, and Taylor had taken both [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") and [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C.") to runners\-up spot in the top flight and Watford to an FA Cup [final](/wiki/1984_FA_Cup_Final "1984 FA Cup Final"). Incredibly, Royle was selected on the shortlist ahead of [Terry Venables](/wiki/Terry_Venables "Terry Venables"), the [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.") manager whose managerial CV included taking [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona") to the Spanish [league title](/wiki/La_Liga "La Liga") and to a [European Cup](/wiki/European_Cup "European Cup") final, as well as guiding [Queen's Park Rangers](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Rangers_F.C. "Queen's Park Rangers F.C.") to an FA Cup final in [1982](/wiki/1982_FA_Cup_Final "1982 FA Cup Final"). Venables himself had expressed interest in the job – which would finally become his in January 1994\. In the event, Graham Taylor was appointed as England's new manager.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/teammgr/Mgr\_TaylorG.html\|title\=England Managers \- Graham Taylor\|website\=www.englandfootballonline.com}}
In 1991, Oldham finished champions of the Second Division, and were promoted to the First Division where they had last played 68 years earlier.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.oldhamathletic.co.uk/news/2017/april/on\-this\-day\-april\-27\-1991/ \|title\=On this Day: April 27, 1991 \|website\=Oldham Athletic AFC \|date\=27 April 2017 \|access\-date\=10 February 2023}}
Royle was able to attract established stars to Oldham, as well as developing talent which would go on to excel at a higher level. These included striker [Graeme Sharp](/wiki/Graeme_Sharp "Graeme Sharp") – one of the most accomplished goalscorers of the past decade – who was signed from Everton in 1991,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.efchistory.co.uk/Graeme%20Sharp.htm \|title\=Graeme Sharp \|access\-date\=13 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090055/http://www.efchistory.co.uk/Graeme%20Sharp.htm \|archive\-date\=30 September 2011}} midfielder [Mike Milligan](/wiki/Mike_Milligan_%28footballer%29 "Mike Milligan (footballer)") (who was sold to Everton for £1million in 1990 and signed back for £600,000 a year later),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.evertonresults.com/MilliganM.htm\|title\=Everton Results\|website\=www.evertonresults.com}} left back [Earl Barrett](/wiki/Earl_Barrett "Earl Barrett") (who was one of the most expensive defenders in England when he was sold to [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") for £1\.7million in early 1992\){{cite web \|url\=http://www.oldhamathletic.co.uk/page/Facts \|title\=Oldham Athletic \| Club \| Facts \| FACTS \|access\-date\=13 July 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210201009/http://www.oldhamathletic.co.uk/page/Facts \|archive\-date\=10 December 2011}} and right\-back [Denis Irwin](/wiki/Denis_Irwin "Denis Irwin"), who was signed on a free transfer from [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. "Leeds United F.C.") in 1986 and was sold to [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") for £625,000 in 1990, where he went on to win numerous domestic and European honours over the next 12 years.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.soccer\-ireland.com/manchester\-united/denis\-irwin.htm\|title\=Denis Irwin : Manchester United : Irish Footballer : Cork\|website\=www.soccer\-ireland.com\|date\=3 January 2023 }}
The Latics finished 17th in [1991–92 season](/wiki/1991-92_in_English_football "1991-92 in English football") – their first top flight campaign for almost 70 years – and secured their place in the new Premier League. A key game which helped ensure survival was a 5–1 home win over eventually relegated [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. "Luton Town F.C."), in which Graeme Sharp scored four goals. They also hosted Manchester United on Boxing Day 1991, and went down 6–3 in one of the most thrilling league contests of the season.
They survived on goal difference on the last day of the [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_in_English_football "1992–93 in English football") with a remarkable 4–3 home win over [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. "Southampton F.C."), their survival also boosted by an earlier 1–0 away win over [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. "Aston Villa F.C.") – a victory which handed the title to Oldham's local rivals [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/may/02/5 \|title\=The Joy of Six: great escapes \|author\=Rob Smyth \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=2 May 2008 \|access\-date\=10 February 2023}} This result sent [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. "Crystal Palace F.C.") down instead.
However, [1993–94](/wiki/1993-94_in_English_football "1993-94 in English football") brought another battle against relegation and this time the Latics were unable to win it. They were rarely outside the bottom three all season. Another away win over Southampton at the end of March 1994 lifted the Latics out of the relegation zone{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldhamathletic\-mad.co.uk/footydb/loadgen.asp?Day\=30\&Month\=Mar\&ssnno\=123\&teamno\=404\|title\=Oldham Athletic Sky Bet League One 2017/2018 \- Footymad\|first\=Digital Sports Group\|last\=LTD\|website\=www.oldhamathletic\-mad.co.uk}} and a 4–1 home win over [QPR](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Rangers_F.C. "Queen's Park Rangers F.C.") in the next game put them three points clear of the drop zone with two games in hand.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldhamathletic\-mad.co.uk/footydb/loadgen.asp?Day\=02\&Month\=Apr\&ssnno\=123\&teamno\=404\|title\=Oldham Athletic Sky Bet League One 2017/2018 \- Footymad\|first\=Digital Sports Group\|last\=LTD\|website\=www.oldhamathletic\-mad.co.uk}} However, a late Manchester United equaliser put their FA Cup dream on ice in the Wembley semi\-final and they were defeated 4–1 three days later in the [Maine Road](/wiki/Maine_Road "Maine Road") replay.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\-fa\-cup\-semifinal\-replay\-imperious\-robson\-sweeps\-united\-down\-wembley\-way\-kanchelskis\-helps\-set\-up\-final\-with\-chelsea\-1370046\.html \|title\=Football / FA Cup Semi\-Final Replay: Imperious Robson sweeps United down Wembley way: Kanchelskis helps set up final with Chelsea \|author\=Joe Lovejoy \|work\=The Independent \|date\=13 April 1994 \|access\-date\=10 February 2023}} The Premier League campaign had already brought two thrilling matches between Oldham and their bigger local rivals \- a 5–2 win for United at Boundary Park just after Christmas, and at the beginning of April the return match at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford "Old Trafford") saw the hosts win a closely\-fought game 3–2\.
The Latics failed to win any of their final eight games and a 1–1 draw at [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.") on the final day of the season was not enough to stave off relegation. Royle remained in charge of Oldham despite their relegation, and oversaw their first few months in Division One.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oldhamathletic\-mad.co.uk/footydb/loadtmrs.asp?ssnno\=123\&teamno\=404 \|title\=Fixtures/Results \- Oldham Athletic FC \- Latics Mad \|website\=www.oldhamathletic\-mad.co.uk \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007114535/http://www.oldhamathletic\-mad.co.uk/footydb/loadtmrs.asp?ssnno\=123\&teamno\=404 \|archive\-date\=7 October 2011}}
### Everton
After 12 years of managing Oldham, Royle returned to Everton in November 1994 to succeed manager [Mike Walker](/wiki/Mike_Walker_%28Welsh_footballer%29 "Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)"), who had been sacked after less than a year in charge following Everton's worst start to a league season, with no wins from their first 12 league games. He permanently signed Scottish striker [Duncan Ferguson](/wiki/Duncan_Ferguson "Duncan Ferguson"), who was at Everton on loan. Ferguson would go on to play a big part in Everton's success after Royle's arrival, and would remain loyal to the team after retiring as a player in 2006 (taking a position as a trainer at Everton and even having an interim spell as manager in the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Premier_League "2019–20 Premier League") when he took over as temporary manager for three games before the arrival of [Carlo Ancelotti](/wiki/Carlo_Ancelotti "Carlo Ancelotti")).
Everton's league form improved under Royle, and they achieved Premier League survival at the beginning of May, finally achieving a 15th\-place finish. After defeating [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. "Tottenham Hotspur F.C.") 4–1 in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup") semi\-final, they went on to beat [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. "Manchester United F.C.") 1–0 in [the final](/wiki/1995_FA_Cup_Final "1995 FA Cup Final"), which remains their most recent major trophy to date.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1654270/on\-this\-day\-all\-about\-the\-1995\-cup\-semi\-final \|title\=On This Day: All About The 1995 Cup Semi\-Final \|author\=Darren Griffiths \|publisher\=Everton FC \|date\=9 April 2020 \|access\-date\=10 February 2023}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11991234/evertons\-25\-years\-without\-silverware\-no\-luck\-little\-money\-and\-lack\-of\-belief\-but\-carlo\-ancelotti\-can\-turn\-around\-fortunes \|title\=Everton's 25 years without silverware: No luck, little money and lack of belief... but Carlo Ancelotti can turn around fortunes \|author\=Julian Warren \|publisher\=Sky Sports \|date\=12 June 2020 \|access\-date\=10 February 2023}}
That summer, Royle signed Manchester United's top scorer [Andrei Kanchelskis](/wiki/Andrei_Kanchelskis "Andrei Kanchelskis") for a club record £5 million, and Everton progressed further in [1995–96](/wiki/1995-96_in_English_football "1995-96 in English football") as they finished sixth in the league, although they only reached the second round of the [European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup "UEFA Cup Winners' Cup"), their first European campaign for 11 years. He then signed winger [Gary Speed](/wiki/Gary_Speed "Gary Speed") from [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United "Leeds United") for £3\.5 million in the summer of 1996, and paid a club record £5\.75 million for [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. "Middlesbrough F.C.") forward [Nick Barmby](/wiki/Nick_Barmby "Nick Barmby") later in 1996, but Everton's form in [1996–97](/wiki/1996-97_in_English_football "1996-97 in English football") was less convincing and on transfer deadline day in 1997 he was not permitted to sign Norwegians [Tore André Flo](/wiki/Tore_Andr%C3%A9_Flo "Tore André Flo") and [Claus Eftevaag](/wiki/Claus_Eftevaag "Claus Eftevaag") by chairman [Peter Johnson](/wiki/Peter_Johnson_%28businessman%29 "Peter Johnson (businessman)"), which led to his resignation.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/everton/10791377/Evertons\-defeat\-by\-Southampton\-shows\-the\-size\-of\-the\-summer\-task\-now\-facing\-manager\-Roberto\-Martinez.html\|title\=Everton's defeat by Southampton shows the size of the summer task now facing manager Roberto Martínez\|date\=27 April 2014 }} Everton were just four points above the relegation zone when Royle resigned, their form having dipped since the sale of Andrei Kanchelskis to [Fiorentina](/wiki/Fiorentina "Fiorentina") two months earlier.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.evertonfc.com/content/history/players\-and\-managers/managers/joe\-royle \|title\=Joe Royle \| Everton Football Club \|access\-date\=7 May 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507221241/http://www.evertonfc.com/content/history/players\-and\-managers/managers/joe\-royle \|archive\-date\=7 May 2019 \|url\-status\=dead }}
Royle was named an Everton Giant in 2004 for his successes as both a player and a manager for the team.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.evertonfc.com/history/10172/joe\-royle.html\|title\=Everton FC \- Undergoing Maintenance\|website\=www.evertonfc.com\|access\-date\=17 October 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527071959/http://www.evertonfc.com/history/10172/joe\-royle.html\|archive\-date\=27 May 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
### Manchester City
After 11 months out of the game, he accepted the challenge to manage Manchester City in February 1998\. When Royle arrived the club was battling against relegation from Division One. They won their final game of the season 5–2 away to [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. "Stoke City F.C."), but both teams were relegated due to the other three relegation\-threatened teams all winning. Royle's services were retained and he delivered an instant promotion the following season, as City beat [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham_F.C. "Gillingham F.C.") on penalties in the [1999 Division Two play\-off final](/wiki/1999_Football_League_Second_Division_play-off_final "1999 Football League Second Division play-off final") after drawing 2–2 in open play.{{cite web\|url\= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jun/02/manchester\-united\-treble\-city\-third\-tier\-may\-1999\-late\-goals\|title\=When Manchester City escaped the third tier – as United won the treble\|date\=1 June 2023\|work\=Guardian\|accessdate\=2 June 2023}}
A year later, he delivered City a second successive promotion as they finished runners\-up in Division One and clinched a place in the Premier League on the final day of the league season. However, City were relegated straight back to Division One and Royle was sacked in May 2001\.{{cite news
\| title\=Man City sack Royle
\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man\_city/1342293\.stm
\| publisher\=BBC Sport
\| date\=21 May 2001
\| access\-date\=28 October 2007}}
### Ipswich Town
After more than a year out of the game, Royle returned to football in October 2002 to manage [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. "Ipswich Town F.C."), who had been relegated from the Premier League the previous season and had dismissed long\-serving manager [George Burley](/wiki/George_Burley "George Burley").{{cite news \|title\=Ipswich role for Royle \|url\=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/018a\-0e6a5057d2e9\-8aba9512f8d4\-1000\-\-ipswich\-role\-for\-royle/ \|access\-date\=26 February 2021 \|publisher\=UEFA \|date\=28 October 2002}} From February to May 2003 the club was in [administration](/wiki/Administration_%28law%29 "Administration (law)"), which led to the exit of several key players and a restriction of transfer and wage funds.{{cite news \|title\=Ipswich exit administration \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/ipswich\_town/2950192\.stm \|access\-date\=26 February 2021 \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=30 May 2003}} Royle twice led Ipswich to the play\-offs, in 2004 and 2005, but lost on both occasions to [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C.") in the semi\-finals. Several players were subsequently sold off to Premier League sides, and Ipswich finished 15th in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005-06_in_English_football "2005-06 in English football") season, their lowest finish since 1966, and Royle left the club by mutual consent.{{cite news \|last1\=James \|first1\=Stuart \|title\=Royle's reign ends after Ipswich's failure to justify pre\-season hype \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/may/12/newsstory.sport2 \|access\-date\=26 February 2021 \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=12 May 2006}}
### Later career
In December 2006, Royle was appointed as a Patron of [Trust Oldham](/wiki/Trust_Oldham "Trust Oldham"), the official supporter's association of [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C. "Oldham Athletic A.F.C."). In November 2007, Royle was under serious consideration for the [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") and [Wigan Athletic](/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C. "Wigan Athletic F.C.") managerial roles, but decided to pull out of the running for both.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?view\=DETAILS\&grid\=A1YourView\&xml\=/sport/2007/11/14/sfnwig114\.xml \| work\=The Daily Telegraph \| location\=London \| title\=Wigan hope to gain Joe Royle's approval \| first\=Neil \| last\=Johnston \| date\=14 November 2007 \| access\-date\=6 May 2010}}{{dead link\|date\=July 2021\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
During his break from management, Royle co\-commentated alongside the likes of John Helm and Tony Jones on [Five](/wiki/Five_%28TV_channel%29 "Five (TV channel)")'s UEFA Cup Football coverage.
On 15 March 2009, Royle was re\-appointed to Oldham Athletic on a temporary basis, following the resignation of [John Sheridan](/wiki/John_Sheridan_%28footballer%29 "John Sheridan (footballer)").{{cite news\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oldham\_athletic/7945172\.stm\| title\=Royle replaces Sheridan at Oldham\| publisher\=BBC Sport\| date\=15 March 2009\| access\-date\=2 May 2009}} In April, he was offered the job on a permanent basis,{{cite news\| url\=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11730\_5195706,00\.html\| title\=Royle offered Latics job\| publisher\=Sky Sports\| date\=16 April 2009\| access\-date\=2 May 2009}} but turned it down on 28 April, and announced that he would be leaving the club after the final game.{{cite news\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oldham\_athletic/8022275\.stm\| title\=Manager Royle set to leave Oldham\| publisher\=BBC Sport\| date\=28 April 2009\| access\-date\=2 May 2009}} On 2 May, in his final game, and the club's final game of the season, Royle led Oldham to a 2–1 away victory at [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. "Walsall F.C.").{{cite news\| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\_div\_2/8014947\.stm\| title\=Walsall 1–2 Oldham\| publisher\=BBC Sport\| date\=2 May 2009\| access\-date\=2 May 2009}}
On 2 June 2014, Royle joined [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. "Norwich City F.C.") as a footballing consultant to new manager [Neil Adams](/wiki/Neil_Adams_%28footballer%29 "Neil Adams (footballer)"). On 14 July of the same year, Royle was appointed to help oversee the youth development at Everton, alongside [David Unsworth](/wiki/David_Unsworth "David Unsworth"). On 12 May 2016, following the departure of [Roberto Martinez](/wiki/Roberto_Martinez "Roberto Martinez"), Royle assisted Unsworth in taking charge of Everton's final game of the season against Norwich.{{cite news \|first\=Phil \|last\=Kirkbride \|title\=Everton confirm temporary management team \|url\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/david\-unsworth\-joe\-royle\-take\-11325854 \|newspaper\=Liverpool Echo \|date\=12 May 2016 \|access\-date\=15 May 2016}}{{cite news \|first\=Eleanor \|last\=Crooks \|title\=Unsworth on pride at managing Everton FC, Martinez and wanting the job full time \|url\=http://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/unsworth\-pride\-managing\-everton\-fc\-11330443 \|newspaper\=Daily Post \|date\=13 May 2016 \|access\-date\=15 May 2016}}
In October 2018, Royle was appointed as a director at Wigan Athletic, following the club's takeover.{{Cite web\|url\=https://wiganathletic.com/club/whos\-who/\|title \= Wigan Athletic FC \- Who's Who}}
In July 2022, Royle has been appointed as the director of Oldham Athletic after its takeover from the previous owners.{{Cite web \|title\=Joe Royle returns to Oldham Athletic in key role \|url\=https://www.theoldhamtimes.co.uk/sport/20586764\.joe\-royle\-returns\-oldham\-athletic\-following\-club\-takeover/ \|access\-date\=1 August 2022 \|website\=The Oldham Times \|date\=29 July 2022 \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Managerial career\n-----------------",
"### Oldham Athletic",
"In June 1982, Royle moved into management in the Second Division at [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C. \"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.\"). He spent more than 12 years in charge at [Boundary Park](/wiki/Boundary_Park \"Boundary Park\"), taking them into the First Division in 1991 (a year before it became the [FA Premier League](/wiki/FA_Premier_League \"FA Premier League\")) as Second Division champions. Royle's teams won many friends with their cavalier style of play, which was particularly evident during the season that they played on artificial turf on their home ground. Oldham reached a cup final for the first time in 1990 when they reached the final of the [League Cup](/wiki/League_Cup \"League Cup\"), but they were beaten 1–0 by [Nottingham Forest](/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C. \"Nottingham Forest F.C.\"). They also reached the FA Cup semi\\-finals that season, and held [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") to a 3–3 draw in the first match at [Maine Road](/wiki/Maine_Road \"Maine Road\") before losing the replay 2–1\\.",
"When [England national football team](/wiki/England_national_football_team \"England national football team\") manager [Bobby Robson](/wiki/Bobby_Robson \"Bobby Robson\") announced in May 1990 that he would be quitting the job after the [World Cup](/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup \"1990 FIFA World Cup\") that summer, Royle's name was strongly linked with the role and [the Football Association](/wiki/The_Football_Association \"The Football Association\") shortlisted him along with [Graham Taylor](/wiki/Graham_Taylor_%28footballer%29 \"Graham Taylor (footballer)\") and [Howard Kendall](/wiki/Howard_Kendall \"Howard Kendall\"). This was despite Royle having yet to manage in the First Division; whereas in contrast Kendall had won two league titles, an FA Cup and [European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup \"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\") with Everton, and Taylor had taken both [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") and [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\") to runners\\-up spot in the top flight and Watford to an FA Cup [final](/wiki/1984_FA_Cup_Final \"1984 FA Cup Final\"). Incredibly, Royle was selected on the shortlist ahead of [Terry Venables](/wiki/Terry_Venables \"Terry Venables\"), the [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\") manager whose managerial CV included taking [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona \"FC Barcelona\") to the Spanish [league title](/wiki/La_Liga \"La Liga\") and to a [European Cup](/wiki/European_Cup \"European Cup\") final, as well as guiding [Queen's Park Rangers](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Rangers_F.C. \"Queen's Park Rangers F.C.\") to an FA Cup final in [1982](/wiki/1982_FA_Cup_Final \"1982 FA Cup Final\"). Venables himself had expressed interest in the job – which would finally become his in January 1994\\. In the event, Graham Taylor was appointed as England's new manager.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/teammgr/Mgr\\_TaylorG.html\\|title\\=England Managers \\- Graham Taylor\\|website\\=www.englandfootballonline.com}}",
"In 1991, Oldham finished champions of the Second Division, and were promoted to the First Division where they had last played 68 years earlier.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.oldhamathletic.co.uk/news/2017/april/on\\-this\\-day\\-april\\-27\\-1991/ \\|title\\=On this Day: April 27, 1991 \\|website\\=Oldham Athletic AFC \\|date\\=27 April 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2023}}",
"Royle was able to attract established stars to Oldham, as well as developing talent which would go on to excel at a higher level. These included striker [Graeme Sharp](/wiki/Graeme_Sharp \"Graeme Sharp\") – one of the most accomplished goalscorers of the past decade – who was signed from Everton in 1991,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.efchistory.co.uk/Graeme%20Sharp.htm \\|title\\=Graeme Sharp \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090055/http://www.efchistory.co.uk/Graeme%20Sharp.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2011}} midfielder [Mike Milligan](/wiki/Mike_Milligan_%28footballer%29 \"Mike Milligan (footballer)\") (who was sold to Everton for £1million in 1990 and signed back for £600,000 a year later),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.evertonresults.com/MilliganM.htm\\|title\\=Everton Results\\|website\\=www.evertonresults.com}} left back [Earl Barrett](/wiki/Earl_Barrett \"Earl Barrett\") (who was one of the most expensive defenders in England when he was sold to [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") for £1\\.7million in early 1992\\){{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oldhamathletic.co.uk/page/Facts \\|title\\=Oldham Athletic \\| Club \\| Facts \\| FACTS \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210201009/http://www.oldhamathletic.co.uk/page/Facts \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2011}} and right\\-back [Denis Irwin](/wiki/Denis_Irwin \"Denis Irwin\"), who was signed on a free transfer from [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C. \"Leeds United F.C.\") in 1986 and was sold to [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") for £625,000 in 1990, where he went on to win numerous domestic and European honours over the next 12 years.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.soccer\\-ireland.com/manchester\\-united/denis\\-irwin.htm\\|title\\=Denis Irwin : Manchester United : Irish Footballer : Cork\\|website\\=www.soccer\\-ireland.com\\|date\\=3 January 2023 }}",
"The Latics finished 17th in [1991–92 season](/wiki/1991-92_in_English_football \"1991-92 in English football\") – their first top flight campaign for almost 70 years – and secured their place in the new Premier League. A key game which helped ensure survival was a 5–1 home win over eventually relegated [Luton Town](/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C. \"Luton Town F.C.\"), in which Graeme Sharp scored four goals. They also hosted Manchester United on Boxing Day 1991, and went down 6–3 in one of the most thrilling league contests of the season.",
"They survived on goal difference on the last day of the [1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_in_English_football \"1992–93 in English football\") with a remarkable 4–3 home win over [Southampton](/wiki/Southampton_F.C. \"Southampton F.C.\"), their survival also boosted by an earlier 1–0 away win over [Aston Villa](/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C. \"Aston Villa F.C.\") – a victory which handed the title to Oldham's local rivals [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/may/02/5 \\|title\\=The Joy of Six: great escapes \\|author\\=Rob Smyth \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=2 May 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2023}} This result sent [Crystal Palace](/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C. \"Crystal Palace F.C.\") down instead.",
"However, [1993–94](/wiki/1993-94_in_English_football \"1993-94 in English football\") brought another battle against relegation and this time the Latics were unable to win it. They were rarely outside the bottom three all season. Another away win over Southampton at the end of March 1994 lifted the Latics out of the relegation zone{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldhamathletic\\-mad.co.uk/footydb/loadgen.asp?Day\\=30\\&Month\\=Mar\\&ssnno\\=123\\&teamno\\=404\\|title\\=Oldham Athletic Sky Bet League One 2017/2018 \\- Footymad\\|first\\=Digital Sports Group\\|last\\=LTD\\|website\\=www.oldhamathletic\\-mad.co.uk}} and a 4–1 home win over [QPR](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Rangers_F.C. \"Queen's Park Rangers F.C.\") in the next game put them three points clear of the drop zone with two games in hand.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldhamathletic\\-mad.co.uk/footydb/loadgen.asp?Day\\=02\\&Month\\=Apr\\&ssnno\\=123\\&teamno\\=404\\|title\\=Oldham Athletic Sky Bet League One 2017/2018 \\- Footymad\\|first\\=Digital Sports Group\\|last\\=LTD\\|website\\=www.oldhamathletic\\-mad.co.uk}} However, a late Manchester United equaliser put their FA Cup dream on ice in the Wembley semi\\-final and they were defeated 4–1 three days later in the [Maine Road](/wiki/Maine_Road \"Maine Road\") replay.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football\\-fa\\-cup\\-semifinal\\-replay\\-imperious\\-robson\\-sweeps\\-united\\-down\\-wembley\\-way\\-kanchelskis\\-helps\\-set\\-up\\-final\\-with\\-chelsea\\-1370046\\.html \\|title\\=Football / FA Cup Semi\\-Final Replay: Imperious Robson sweeps United down Wembley way: Kanchelskis helps set up final with Chelsea \\|author\\=Joe Lovejoy \\|work\\=The Independent \\|date\\=13 April 1994 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2023}} The Premier League campaign had already brought two thrilling matches between Oldham and their bigger local rivals \\- a 5–2 win for United at Boundary Park just after Christmas, and at the beginning of April the return match at [Old Trafford](/wiki/Old_Trafford \"Old Trafford\") saw the hosts win a closely\\-fought game 3–2\\.",
"The Latics failed to win any of their final eight games and a 1–1 draw at [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\") on the final day of the season was not enough to stave off relegation. Royle remained in charge of Oldham despite their relegation, and oversaw their first few months in Division One.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oldhamathletic\\-mad.co.uk/footydb/loadtmrs.asp?ssnno\\=123\\&teamno\\=404 \\|title\\=Fixtures/Results \\- Oldham Athletic FC \\- Latics Mad \\|website\\=www.oldhamathletic\\-mad.co.uk \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007114535/http://www.oldhamathletic\\-mad.co.uk/footydb/loadtmrs.asp?ssnno\\=123\\&teamno\\=404 \\|archive\\-date\\=7 October 2011}}",
"### Everton",
"After 12 years of managing Oldham, Royle returned to Everton in November 1994 to succeed manager [Mike Walker](/wiki/Mike_Walker_%28Welsh_footballer%29 \"Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)\"), who had been sacked after less than a year in charge following Everton's worst start to a league season, with no wins from their first 12 league games. He permanently signed Scottish striker [Duncan Ferguson](/wiki/Duncan_Ferguson \"Duncan Ferguson\"), who was at Everton on loan. Ferguson would go on to play a big part in Everton's success after Royle's arrival, and would remain loyal to the team after retiring as a player in 2006 (taking a position as a trainer at Everton and even having an interim spell as manager in the [2019–20 season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Premier_League \"2019–20 Premier League\") when he took over as temporary manager for three games before the arrival of [Carlo Ancelotti](/wiki/Carlo_Ancelotti \"Carlo Ancelotti\")).",
"Everton's league form improved under Royle, and they achieved Premier League survival at the beginning of May, finally achieving a 15th\\-place finish. After defeating [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\") 4–1 in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") semi\\-final, they went on to beat [Manchester United](/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C. \"Manchester United F.C.\") 1–0 in [the final](/wiki/1995_FA_Cup_Final \"1995 FA Cup Final\"), which remains their most recent major trophy to date.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1654270/on\\-this\\-day\\-all\\-about\\-the\\-1995\\-cup\\-semi\\-final \\|title\\=On This Day: All About The 1995 Cup Semi\\-Final \\|author\\=Darren Griffiths \\|publisher\\=Everton FC \\|date\\=9 April 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2023}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11991234/evertons\\-25\\-years\\-without\\-silverware\\-no\\-luck\\-little\\-money\\-and\\-lack\\-of\\-belief\\-but\\-carlo\\-ancelotti\\-can\\-turn\\-around\\-fortunes \\|title\\=Everton's 25 years without silverware: No luck, little money and lack of belief... but Carlo Ancelotti can turn around fortunes \\|author\\=Julian Warren \\|publisher\\=Sky Sports \\|date\\=12 June 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2023}}",
"That summer, Royle signed Manchester United's top scorer [Andrei Kanchelskis](/wiki/Andrei_Kanchelskis \"Andrei Kanchelskis\") for a club record £5 million, and Everton progressed further in [1995–96](/wiki/1995-96_in_English_football \"1995-96 in English football\") as they finished sixth in the league, although they only reached the second round of the [European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup \"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\"), their first European campaign for 11 years. He then signed winger [Gary Speed](/wiki/Gary_Speed \"Gary Speed\") from [Leeds United](/wiki/Leeds_United \"Leeds United\") for £3\\.5 million in the summer of 1996, and paid a club record £5\\.75 million for [Middlesbrough](/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C. \"Middlesbrough F.C.\") forward [Nick Barmby](/wiki/Nick_Barmby \"Nick Barmby\") later in 1996, but Everton's form in [1996–97](/wiki/1996-97_in_English_football \"1996-97 in English football\") was less convincing and on transfer deadline day in 1997 he was not permitted to sign Norwegians [Tore André Flo](/wiki/Tore_Andr%C3%A9_Flo \"Tore André Flo\") and [Claus Eftevaag](/wiki/Claus_Eftevaag \"Claus Eftevaag\") by chairman [Peter Johnson](/wiki/Peter_Johnson_%28businessman%29 \"Peter Johnson (businessman)\"), which led to his resignation.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/everton/10791377/Evertons\\-defeat\\-by\\-Southampton\\-shows\\-the\\-size\\-of\\-the\\-summer\\-task\\-now\\-facing\\-manager\\-Roberto\\-Martinez.html\\|title\\=Everton's defeat by Southampton shows the size of the summer task now facing manager Roberto Martínez\\|date\\=27 April 2014 }} Everton were just four points above the relegation zone when Royle resigned, their form having dipped since the sale of Andrei Kanchelskis to [Fiorentina](/wiki/Fiorentina \"Fiorentina\") two months earlier.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.evertonfc.com/content/history/players\\-and\\-managers/managers/joe\\-royle \\|title\\=Joe Royle \\| Everton Football Club \\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507221241/http://www.evertonfc.com/content/history/players\\-and\\-managers/managers/joe\\-royle \\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"Royle was named an Everton Giant in 2004 for his successes as both a player and a manager for the team.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.evertonfc.com/history/10172/joe\\-royle.html\\|title\\=Everton FC \\- Undergoing Maintenance\\|website\\=www.evertonfc.com\\|access\\-date\\=17 October 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527071959/http://www.evertonfc.com/history/10172/joe\\-royle.html\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"### Manchester City",
"After 11 months out of the game, he accepted the challenge to manage Manchester City in February 1998\\. When Royle arrived the club was battling against relegation from Division One. They won their final game of the season 5–2 away to [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. \"Stoke City F.C.\"), but both teams were relegated due to the other three relegation\\-threatened teams all winning. Royle's services were retained and he delivered an instant promotion the following season, as City beat [Gillingham](/wiki/Gillingham_F.C. \"Gillingham F.C.\") on penalties in the [1999 Division Two play\\-off final](/wiki/1999_Football_League_Second_Division_play-off_final \"1999 Football League Second Division play-off final\") after drawing 2–2 in open play.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jun/02/manchester\\-united\\-treble\\-city\\-third\\-tier\\-may\\-1999\\-late\\-goals\\|title\\=When Manchester City escaped the third tier – as United won the treble\\|date\\=1 June 2023\\|work\\=Guardian\\|accessdate\\=2 June 2023}}\nA year later, he delivered City a second successive promotion as they finished runners\\-up in Division One and clinched a place in the Premier League on the final day of the league season. However, City were relegated straight back to Division One and Royle was sacked in May 2001\\.{{cite news\n\\| title\\=Man City sack Royle\n\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man\\_city/1342293\\.stm\n\\| publisher\\=BBC Sport\n\\| date\\=21 May 2001\n\\| access\\-date\\=28 October 2007}}",
"### Ipswich Town",
"After more than a year out of the game, Royle returned to football in October 2002 to manage [Ipswich Town](/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C. \"Ipswich Town F.C.\"), who had been relegated from the Premier League the previous season and had dismissed long\\-serving manager [George Burley](/wiki/George_Burley \"George Burley\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Ipswich role for Royle \\|url\\=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/018a\\-0e6a5057d2e9\\-8aba9512f8d4\\-1000\\-\\-ipswich\\-role\\-for\\-royle/ \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2021 \\|publisher\\=UEFA \\|date\\=28 October 2002}} From February to May 2003 the club was in [administration](/wiki/Administration_%28law%29 \"Administration (law)\"), which led to the exit of several key players and a restriction of transfer and wage funds.{{cite news \\|title\\=Ipswich exit administration \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/ipswich\\_town/2950192\\.stm \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2021 \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=30 May 2003}} Royle twice led Ipswich to the play\\-offs, in 2004 and 2005, but lost on both occasions to [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\") in the semi\\-finals. Several players were subsequently sold off to Premier League sides, and Ipswich finished 15th in the [2005–06](/wiki/2005-06_in_English_football \"2005-06 in English football\") season, their lowest finish since 1966, and Royle left the club by mutual consent.{{cite news \\|last1\\=James \\|first1\\=Stuart \\|title\\=Royle's reign ends after Ipswich's failure to justify pre\\-season hype \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/may/12/newsstory.sport2 \\|access\\-date\\=26 February 2021 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=12 May 2006}}",
"### Later career",
"In December 2006, Royle was appointed as a Patron of [Trust Oldham](/wiki/Trust_Oldham \"Trust Oldham\"), the official supporter's association of [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C. \"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.\"). In November 2007, Royle was under serious consideration for the [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") and [Wigan Athletic](/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C. \"Wigan Athletic F.C.\") managerial roles, but decided to pull out of the running for both.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?view\\=DETAILS\\&grid\\=A1YourView\\&xml\\=/sport/2007/11/14/sfnwig114\\.xml \\| work\\=The Daily Telegraph \\| location\\=London \\| title\\=Wigan hope to gain Joe Royle's approval \\| first\\=Neil \\| last\\=Johnston \\| date\\=14 November 2007 \\| access\\-date\\=6 May 2010}}{{dead link\\|date\\=July 2021\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
"During his break from management, Royle co\\-commentated alongside the likes of John Helm and Tony Jones on [Five](/wiki/Five_%28TV_channel%29 \"Five (TV channel)\")'s UEFA Cup Football coverage.",
"On 15 March 2009, Royle was re\\-appointed to Oldham Athletic on a temporary basis, following the resignation of [John Sheridan](/wiki/John_Sheridan_%28footballer%29 \"John Sheridan (footballer)\").{{cite news\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oldham\\_athletic/7945172\\.stm\\| title\\=Royle replaces Sheridan at Oldham\\| publisher\\=BBC Sport\\| date\\=15 March 2009\\| access\\-date\\=2 May 2009}} In April, he was offered the job on a permanent basis,{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11730\\_5195706,00\\.html\\| title\\=Royle offered Latics job\\| publisher\\=Sky Sports\\| date\\=16 April 2009\\| access\\-date\\=2 May 2009}} but turned it down on 28 April, and announced that he would be leaving the club after the final game.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oldham\\_athletic/8022275\\.stm\\| title\\=Manager Royle set to leave Oldham\\| publisher\\=BBC Sport\\| date\\=28 April 2009\\| access\\-date\\=2 May 2009}} On 2 May, in his final game, and the club's final game of the season, Royle led Oldham to a 2–1 away victory at [Walsall](/wiki/Walsall_F.C. \"Walsall F.C.\").{{cite news\\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_2/8014947\\.stm\\| title\\=Walsall 1–2 Oldham\\| publisher\\=BBC Sport\\| date\\=2 May 2009\\| access\\-date\\=2 May 2009}}",
"On 2 June 2014, Royle joined [Norwich City](/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C. \"Norwich City F.C.\") as a footballing consultant to new manager [Neil Adams](/wiki/Neil_Adams_%28footballer%29 \"Neil Adams (footballer)\"). On 14 July of the same year, Royle was appointed to help oversee the youth development at Everton, alongside [David Unsworth](/wiki/David_Unsworth \"David Unsworth\"). On 12 May 2016, following the departure of [Roberto Martinez](/wiki/Roberto_Martinez \"Roberto Martinez\"), Royle assisted Unsworth in taking charge of Everton's final game of the season against Norwich.{{cite news \\|first\\=Phil \\|last\\=Kirkbride \\|title\\=Everton confirm temporary management team \\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/david\\-unsworth\\-joe\\-royle\\-take\\-11325854 \\|newspaper\\=Liverpool Echo \\|date\\=12 May 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=15 May 2016}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Eleanor \\|last\\=Crooks \\|title\\=Unsworth on pride at managing Everton FC, Martinez and wanting the job full time \\|url\\=http://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/unsworth\\-pride\\-managing\\-everton\\-fc\\-11330443 \\|newspaper\\=Daily Post \\|date\\=13 May 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=15 May 2016}}",
"In October 2018, Royle was appointed as a director at Wigan Athletic, following the club's takeover.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://wiganathletic.com/club/whos\\-who/\\|title \\= Wigan Athletic FC \\- Who's Who}}",
"In July 2022, Royle has been appointed as the director of Oldham Athletic after its takeover from the previous owners.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Joe Royle returns to Oldham Athletic in key role \\|url\\=https://www.theoldhamtimes.co.uk/sport/20586764\\.joe\\-royle\\-returns\\-oldham\\-athletic\\-following\\-club\\-takeover/ \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2022 \\|website\\=The Oldham Times \\|date\\=29 July 2022 \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Rhames first appeared on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") in the play *The Boys of Winter* in 1984\. He started out in film in [Wes Craven](/wiki/Wes_Craven "Wes Craven")'s *[The People Under the Stairs](/wiki/The_People_Under_the_Stairs "The People Under the Stairs")* (1991\) as Leroy, watched over [Kevin Kline](/wiki/Kevin_Kline "Kevin Kline") as Secret Service agent Duane Stevensen in *[Dave](/wiki/Dave_%28film%29 "Dave (film)")* (1993\), and played [Marsellus Wallace](/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_%28film%29%23Cast "Pulp Fiction (film)#Cast") in *[Pulp Fiction](/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_%28film%29 "Pulp Fiction (film)")* (1994\). He also played Buddy Bragg in *[Out of Sight](/wiki/Out_of_Sight_%28film%29 "Out of Sight (film)")* (1998\).
Rhames played Dr. Peter Benton's brother\-in\-law on the TV medical drama *[ER](/wiki/ER_%28TV_series%29 "ER (TV series)")*, a recurring role he filled for three seasons. He played ace computer hacker [Luther Stickell](/wiki/Luther_Stickell "Luther Stickell") opposite [Tom Cruise](/wiki/Tom_Cruise "Tom Cruise") in [Brian De Palma](/wiki/Brian_De_Palma "Brian De Palma")'s *[Mission: Impossible](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%28film%29 "Impossible (film)")* (1996\). In 1997, Rhames portrayed the character of Nathan 'Diamond Dog' Jones in the popular film *[Con Air](/wiki/Con_Air "Con Air")*, and Muki in the Ice Cube film *[Dangerous Ground](/wiki/Dangerous_Ground_%281997_film%29 "Dangerous Ground (1997 film)")*.
Rhames won a [Golden Globe](/wiki/Golden_Globe "Golden Globe") in 1998 for [Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Miniseries_or_Television_Film "Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film") in [HBO](/wiki/HBO "HBO")'s *Don King: Only in America*. At the ceremony he gave his award to fellow nominee [Jack Lemmon](/wiki/Jack_Lemmon "Jack Lemmon"), saying, "I feel that being an artist is about giving, and I'd like to give this to you." Lemmon was clearly touched by the gesture as was the celebrity audience who gave Lemmon a standing ovation. Lemmon, who tried unsuccessfully to give the award back to Rhames, said it was "one of the nicest, sweetest moments I've ever known in my life." The [Hollywood Foreign Press Association](/wiki/Hollywood_Foreign_Press_Association "Hollywood Foreign Press Association") announced later that they would have a duplicate award prepared for Rhames. That moment was \#98 on E!'s 101 Awesome Moments in Entertainment.{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=IlcS25xYsC4C\&q\=golden\+globe\+black\+actor\&pg\=PA187\|title\=Black masculinity and the U.S. South: from Uncle Tom to gangsta\|isbn\=978\-0\-8203\-2890\-4\|publisher\=University of Georgia Press\|year\=2007\|first\=Riché\|last\=Richardson\|access\-date\=February 24, 2011\|archive\-date\=May 13, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513164547/https://books.google.com/books?id\=IlcS25xYsC4C\&q\=golden\+globe\+black\+actor\&pg\=PA187\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Fe6z86wQD\_YC\&q\=golden\+globe\+\&pg\=PA107\|title\=Diasporic Lives: Alienation and Violence as Themes in African American Jamaican Cultural Texts\|isbn\=978\-3\-643\-10574\-5\|publisher\=LIT Verlag Münster\|year\=2010\|first\=Marlene\|last\=Calvin\|access\-date\=February 24, 2011\|archive\-date\=May 8, 2023\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508011852/https://books.google.com/books?id\=Fe6z86wQD\_YC\&q\=golden\+globe\+\&pg\=PA107\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|last\=Gerston\|first\=Jill\|url\=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/59836/Ving\-Rhames/biography\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726012132/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/59836/Ving\-Rhames/biography\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=July 26, 2013\|department\=Movies \& TV Dept.\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|date\=2013\|title\=Ving Rhames – About This Person\|access\-date\=February 24, 2011}} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* lauded Rhames for the act, writing that in doing so he "demonstrated his capacity for abundant generosity."
Rhames appeared in *[Striptease](/wiki/Striptease_%28film%29 "Striptease (film)")* (1996\) as the wisecracking bodyguard Shad, Jesus\-praising paramedic Marcus in *[Bringing Out the Dead](/wiki/Bringing_Out_the_Dead "Bringing Out the Dead")* (1999\), and reprised his Luther Stickell role for *[Mission: Impossible 2](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_2 "Impossible 2")* (2000\). He played [Johnnie Cochran](/wiki/Johnnie_Cochran "Johnnie Cochran") in *[American Tragedy](/wiki/American_Tragedy_%28film%29 "American Tragedy (film)")* (2000\), the ex\-con boyfriend of Jody's mother in the [John Singleton](/wiki/John_Singleton "John Singleton") film *[Baby Boy](/wiki/Baby_Boy_%28film%29 "Baby Boy (film)")*, portrayed a [gay](/wiki/Gay "Gay") [drag queen](/wiki/Drag_queen "Drag queen") in the television film *[Holiday Heart](/wiki/Holiday_Heart "Holiday Heart")*, contributed his voice for the character of [Cobra Bubbles](/wiki/Cobra_Bubbles "Cobra Bubbles") in *[Lilo \& Stitch](/wiki/Lilo_%26_Stitch "Lilo & Stitch")* (2002\) and the subsequent TV series, and played a stoic cop fighting zombie hordes in *[Dawn of the Dead](/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_%282004_film%29 "Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)")* (2004\) and *[Day of the Dead](/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead_%282008_film%29 "Day of the Dead (2008 film)")* (2008\) remakes. Rhames has also appeared in a series of television commercials for [RadioShack](/wiki/RadioShack "RadioShack"), usually performing with [Vanessa L. Williams](/wiki/Vanessa_L._Williams "Vanessa L. Williams").
In March 2005, Rhames played the lead role on a new *[Kojak](/wiki/Kojak_%282005_TV_series%29 "Kojak (2005 TV series)")* series, on the [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network "USA Network") cable channel (and on ITV4 in the UK). The bald head, lollipops, and "Who loves ya, baby?" catchphrase remained intact, but little else remained from the [Telly Savalas\-starring original](/wiki/Kojak "Kojak").
Rhames voiced the part of Tobias Jones in the [computer game](/wiki/Video_game "Video game") *[Driver 3](/wiki/Driver_3 "Driver 3")*.
Reprising his Luther Stickell role, Rhames co\-starred in *[Mission: Impossible III](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_III "Impossible III")* (2006\), had a cameo appearance in *[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%E2%80%93_Ghost_Protocol "Impossible – Ghost Protocol")* (2011\), and played a major role in *[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%E2%80%93_Rogue_Nation "Impossible – Rogue Nation")* (2015\), *[Mission: Impossible – Fallout](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%E2%80%93_Fallout "Impossible – Fallout")* (2018\) and *[Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%E2%80%93_Dead_Reckoning "Impossible – Dead Reckoning")* (2023\), the fifth, sixth and seventh installments in the *Mission Impossible* film series, respectively.{{cite news\|title\=Ving Rhames Returns for Mission: Impossible 5\|url\=http://www.superherohype.com/news/312893\-ving\-rhames\-returns\-for\-mission\-impossible\-5\|access\-date\=August 17, 2014\|publisher\=www.superherohype.com\|date\=August 17, 2014\|archive\-date\=August 19, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090253/http://www.superherohype.com/news/312893\-ving\-rhames\-returns\-for\-mission\-impossible\-5\|url\-status\=live}} He is the only actor besides Tom Cruise to appear in all seven *Mission: Impossible* films. It was announced that he would have a role in the [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman "Aquaman")\-based show *[Mercy Reef](/wiki/Aquaman_%28TV_program%29 "Aquaman (TV program)")*; however, due to the integration of [The WB](/wiki/The_WB_Television_Network "The WB Television Network") and [UPN](/wiki/UPN "UPN") for the new network, [CW](/wiki/The_CW_Television_Network "The CW Television Network"), *Mercy Reef* was not picked up. Rhames played a gay – and possibly also homicidal – firefighter who comes out of the closet in *[I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry](/wiki/I_Now_Pronounce_You_Chuck_and_Larry "I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry")*. He narrates the [BET](/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television "Black Entertainment Television") television series *[American Gangster](/wiki/American_Gangster_%28TV_series%29 "American Gangster (TV series)")*.
In the 2008 film *[Saving God](/wiki/Saving_God "Saving God")*, he played an ex\-con who is released from prison a changed man, looking to take over his father's former church congregation in a deteriorating neighborhood. Rhames stars in *[Phantom Punch](/wiki/Phantom_Punch_%28film%29 "Phantom Punch (film)")*, a biopic of boxer [Sonny Liston](/wiki/Sonny_Liston "Sonny Liston"), released directly to DVD, as well as *[The Tournament](/wiki/The_Tournament_%282009_film%29 "The Tournament (2009 film)")*, portraying a fighter out to win a no\-rules tournament.
Rhames makes an appearance in [Ludacris](/wiki/Ludacris "Ludacris")'s song "Southern Gangstas" on his album *[Theater of the Mind](/wiki/Theater_of_the_Mind "Theater of the Mind")*. Rappers [Playaz Circle](/wiki/Playaz_Circle "Playaz Circle") and [Rick Ross](/wiki/Rick_Ross "Rick Ross") are also featured on the track.
He filmed the film *The Red Canvas* with [Ernie Reyes Jr.](/wiki/Ernie_Reyes_Jr. "Ernie Reyes Jr."), UFC lightweight contender [Gray Maynard](/wiki/Gray_Maynard "Gray Maynard"), and [Randy Couture](/wiki/Randy_Couture "Randy Couture"). In 2010, he filed a lawsuit against the film's producer,[Ving Rhames to Producer: Do I Look Like a Bitch?](http://www.tmz.com/2010/02/20/ving-rhames-lawsuit-sued-money-red-canvas-kenneth-chamitoff/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323184814/http://www.tmz.com/2010/02/20/ving\-rhames\-lawsuit\-sued\-money\-red\-canvas\-kenneth\-chamitoff \|date\=March 23, 2010 }}. TMZ.com. Retrieved on August 28, 2010\. claiming that he had only been paid $175,000 of a $200,000 contract.
In 2015, he filmed a series of commercials for [The ADT Corporation](/wiki/The_ADT_Corporation "The ADT Corporation").{{fact\|date\=September 2024}}
Rhames is one of the narrators for [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship").
Rhames narrated the team introductions for the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots") and [Atlanta Falcons](/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons "Atlanta Falcons") in [Super Bowl LI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI "Super Bowl LI") in February 2017\.{{fact\|date\=September 2024}}
Since 2014, Rhames has provided the narration for numerous [Arby's](/wiki/Arby%27s "Arby's") commercials, with the slogan "Arby's: We have the meats!"{{Cite web\|last\=Felix\|first\=Maria\|date\=2021\-06\-26\|title\=Who Is The Narrator For The Arby's Commercials?\|url\=https://www.looper.com/447423/who\-is\-the\-narrator\-for\-the\-arbys\-commercials/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-16\|website\=Looper.com\|archive\-date\=November 16, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116205357/https://www.looper.com/447423/who\-is\-the\-narrator\-for\-the\-arbys\-commercials/\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Rhames first appeared on [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") in the play *The Boys of Winter* in 1984\\. He started out in film in [Wes Craven](/wiki/Wes_Craven \"Wes Craven\")'s *[The People Under the Stairs](/wiki/The_People_Under_the_Stairs \"The People Under the Stairs\")* (1991\\) as Leroy, watched over [Kevin Kline](/wiki/Kevin_Kline \"Kevin Kline\") as Secret Service agent Duane Stevensen in *[Dave](/wiki/Dave_%28film%29 \"Dave (film)\")* (1993\\), and played [Marsellus Wallace](/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_%28film%29%23Cast \"Pulp Fiction (film)#Cast\") in *[Pulp Fiction](/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_%28film%29 \"Pulp Fiction (film)\")* (1994\\). He also played Buddy Bragg in *[Out of Sight](/wiki/Out_of_Sight_%28film%29 \"Out of Sight (film)\")* (1998\\).",
"Rhames played Dr. Peter Benton's brother\\-in\\-law on the TV medical drama *[ER](/wiki/ER_%28TV_series%29 \"ER (TV series)\")*, a recurring role he filled for three seasons. He played ace computer hacker [Luther Stickell](/wiki/Luther_Stickell \"Luther Stickell\") opposite [Tom Cruise](/wiki/Tom_Cruise \"Tom Cruise\") in [Brian De Palma](/wiki/Brian_De_Palma \"Brian De Palma\")'s *[Mission: Impossible](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%28film%29 \"Impossible (film)\")* (1996\\). In 1997, Rhames portrayed the character of Nathan 'Diamond Dog' Jones in the popular film *[Con Air](/wiki/Con_Air \"Con Air\")*, and Muki in the Ice Cube film *[Dangerous Ground](/wiki/Dangerous_Ground_%281997_film%29 \"Dangerous Ground (1997 film)\")*.",
"Rhames won a [Golden Globe](/wiki/Golden_Globe \"Golden Globe\") in 1998 for [Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Miniseries_or_Television_Film \"Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film\") in [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\")'s *Don King: Only in America*. At the ceremony he gave his award to fellow nominee [Jack Lemmon](/wiki/Jack_Lemmon \"Jack Lemmon\"), saying, \"I feel that being an artist is about giving, and I'd like to give this to you.\" Lemmon was clearly touched by the gesture as was the celebrity audience who gave Lemmon a standing ovation. Lemmon, who tried unsuccessfully to give the award back to Rhames, said it was \"one of the nicest, sweetest moments I've ever known in my life.\" The [Hollywood Foreign Press Association](/wiki/Hollywood_Foreign_Press_Association \"Hollywood Foreign Press Association\") announced later that they would have a duplicate award prepared for Rhames. That moment was \\#98 on E!'s 101 Awesome Moments in Entertainment.{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IlcS25xYsC4C\\&q\\=golden\\+globe\\+black\\+actor\\&pg\\=PA187\\|title\\=Black masculinity and the U.S. South: from Uncle Tom to gangsta\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8203\\-2890\\-4\\|publisher\\=University of Georgia Press\\|year\\=2007\\|first\\=Riché\\|last\\=Richardson\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=May 13, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513164547/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IlcS25xYsC4C\\&q\\=golden\\+globe\\+black\\+actor\\&pg\\=PA187\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Fe6z86wQD\\_YC\\&q\\=golden\\+globe\\+\\&pg\\=PA107\\|title\\=Diasporic Lives: Alienation and Violence as Themes in African American Jamaican Cultural Texts\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-643\\-10574\\-5\\|publisher\\=LIT Verlag Münster\\|year\\=2010\\|first\\=Marlene\\|last\\=Calvin\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=May 8, 2023\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508011852/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Fe6z86wQD\\_YC\\&q\\=golden\\+globe\\+\\&pg\\=PA107\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|last\\=Gerston\\|first\\=Jill\\|url\\=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/59836/Ving\\-Rhames/biography\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726012132/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/59836/Ving\\-Rhames/biography\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=July 26, 2013\\|department\\=Movies \\& TV Dept.\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|date\\=2013\\|title\\=Ving Rhames – About This Person\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2011}} *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* lauded Rhames for the act, writing that in doing so he \"demonstrated his capacity for abundant generosity.\"",
"Rhames appeared in *[Striptease](/wiki/Striptease_%28film%29 \"Striptease (film)\")* (1996\\) as the wisecracking bodyguard Shad, Jesus\\-praising paramedic Marcus in *[Bringing Out the Dead](/wiki/Bringing_Out_the_Dead \"Bringing Out the Dead\")* (1999\\), and reprised his Luther Stickell role for *[Mission: Impossible 2](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_2 \"Impossible 2\")* (2000\\). He played [Johnnie Cochran](/wiki/Johnnie_Cochran \"Johnnie Cochran\") in *[American Tragedy](/wiki/American_Tragedy_%28film%29 \"American Tragedy (film)\")* (2000\\), the ex\\-con boyfriend of Jody's mother in the [John Singleton](/wiki/John_Singleton \"John Singleton\") film *[Baby Boy](/wiki/Baby_Boy_%28film%29 \"Baby Boy (film)\")*, portrayed a [gay](/wiki/Gay \"Gay\") [drag queen](/wiki/Drag_queen \"Drag queen\") in the television film *[Holiday Heart](/wiki/Holiday_Heart \"Holiday Heart\")*, contributed his voice for the character of [Cobra Bubbles](/wiki/Cobra_Bubbles \"Cobra Bubbles\") in *[Lilo \\& Stitch](/wiki/Lilo_%26_Stitch \"Lilo & Stitch\")* (2002\\) and the subsequent TV series, and played a stoic cop fighting zombie hordes in *[Dawn of the Dead](/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_%282004_film%29 \"Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)\")* (2004\\) and *[Day of the Dead](/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead_%282008_film%29 \"Day of the Dead (2008 film)\")* (2008\\) remakes. Rhames has also appeared in a series of television commercials for [RadioShack](/wiki/RadioShack \"RadioShack\"), usually performing with [Vanessa L. Williams](/wiki/Vanessa_L._Williams \"Vanessa L. Williams\").",
"In March 2005, Rhames played the lead role on a new *[Kojak](/wiki/Kojak_%282005_TV_series%29 \"Kojak (2005 TV series)\")* series, on the [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network \"USA Network\") cable channel (and on ITV4 in the UK). The bald head, lollipops, and \"Who loves ya, baby?\" catchphrase remained intact, but little else remained from the [Telly Savalas\\-starring original](/wiki/Kojak \"Kojak\").",
"Rhames voiced the part of Tobias Jones in the [computer game](/wiki/Video_game \"Video game\") *[Driver 3](/wiki/Driver_3 \"Driver 3\")*.",
"Reprising his Luther Stickell role, Rhames co\\-starred in *[Mission: Impossible III](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_III \"Impossible III\")* (2006\\), had a cameo appearance in *[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%E2%80%93_Ghost_Protocol \"Impossible – Ghost Protocol\")* (2011\\), and played a major role in *[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%E2%80%93_Rogue_Nation \"Impossible – Rogue Nation\")* (2015\\), *[Mission: Impossible – Fallout](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%E2%80%93_Fallout \"Impossible – Fallout\")* (2018\\) and *[Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning](/wiki/Mission:Impossible_%E2%80%93_Dead_Reckoning \"Impossible – Dead Reckoning\")* (2023\\), the fifth, sixth and seventh installments in the *Mission Impossible* film series, respectively.{{cite news\\|title\\=Ving Rhames Returns for Mission: Impossible 5\\|url\\=http://www.superherohype.com/news/312893\\-ving\\-rhames\\-returns\\-for\\-mission\\-impossible\\-5\\|access\\-date\\=August 17, 2014\\|publisher\\=www.superherohype.com\\|date\\=August 17, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=August 19, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090253/http://www.superherohype.com/news/312893\\-ving\\-rhames\\-returns\\-for\\-mission\\-impossible\\-5\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He is the only actor besides Tom Cruise to appear in all seven *Mission: Impossible* films. It was announced that he would have a role in the [Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman \"Aquaman\")\\-based show *[Mercy Reef](/wiki/Aquaman_%28TV_program%29 \"Aquaman (TV program)\")*; however, due to the integration of [The WB](/wiki/The_WB_Television_Network \"The WB Television Network\") and [UPN](/wiki/UPN \"UPN\") for the new network, [CW](/wiki/The_CW_Television_Network \"The CW Television Network\"), *Mercy Reef* was not picked up. Rhames played a gay – and possibly also homicidal – firefighter who comes out of the closet in *[I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry](/wiki/I_Now_Pronounce_You_Chuck_and_Larry \"I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry\")*. He narrates the [BET](/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television \"Black Entertainment Television\") television series *[American Gangster](/wiki/American_Gangster_%28TV_series%29 \"American Gangster (TV series)\")*.",
"In the 2008 film *[Saving God](/wiki/Saving_God \"Saving God\")*, he played an ex\\-con who is released from prison a changed man, looking to take over his father's former church congregation in a deteriorating neighborhood. Rhames stars in *[Phantom Punch](/wiki/Phantom_Punch_%28film%29 \"Phantom Punch (film)\")*, a biopic of boxer [Sonny Liston](/wiki/Sonny_Liston \"Sonny Liston\"), released directly to DVD, as well as *[The Tournament](/wiki/The_Tournament_%282009_film%29 \"The Tournament (2009 film)\")*, portraying a fighter out to win a no\\-rules tournament.",
"Rhames makes an appearance in [Ludacris](/wiki/Ludacris \"Ludacris\")'s song \"Southern Gangstas\" on his album *[Theater of the Mind](/wiki/Theater_of_the_Mind \"Theater of the Mind\")*. Rappers [Playaz Circle](/wiki/Playaz_Circle \"Playaz Circle\") and [Rick Ross](/wiki/Rick_Ross \"Rick Ross\") are also featured on the track.",
"He filmed the film *The Red Canvas* with [Ernie Reyes Jr.](/wiki/Ernie_Reyes_Jr. \"Ernie Reyes Jr.\"), UFC lightweight contender [Gray Maynard](/wiki/Gray_Maynard \"Gray Maynard\"), and [Randy Couture](/wiki/Randy_Couture \"Randy Couture\"). In 2010, he filed a lawsuit against the film's producer,[Ving Rhames to Producer: Do I Look Like a Bitch?](http://www.tmz.com/2010/02/20/ving-rhames-lawsuit-sued-money-red-canvas-kenneth-chamitoff/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323184814/http://www.tmz.com/2010/02/20/ving\\-rhames\\-lawsuit\\-sued\\-money\\-red\\-canvas\\-kenneth\\-chamitoff \\|date\\=March 23, 2010 }}. TMZ.com. Retrieved on August 28, 2010\\. claiming that he had only been paid $175,000 of a $200,000 contract.",
"In 2015, he filmed a series of commercials for [The ADT Corporation](/wiki/The_ADT_Corporation \"The ADT Corporation\").{{fact\\|date\\=September 2024}}",
"Rhames is one of the narrators for [UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship \"Ultimate Fighting Championship\").",
"Rhames narrated the team introductions for the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\") and [Atlanta Falcons](/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons \"Atlanta Falcons\") in [Super Bowl LI](/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI \"Super Bowl LI\") in February 2017\\.{{fact\\|date\\=September 2024}}",
"Since 2014, Rhames has provided the narration for numerous [Arby's](/wiki/Arby%27s \"Arby's\") commercials, with the slogan \"Arby's: We have the meats!\"{{Cite web\\|last\\=Felix\\|first\\=Maria\\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-26\\|title\\=Who Is The Narrator For The Arby's Commercials?\\|url\\=https://www.looper.com/447423/who\\-is\\-the\\-narrator\\-for\\-the\\-arbys\\-commercials/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-16\\|website\\=Looper.com\\|archive\\-date\\=November 16, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116205357/https://www.looper.com/447423/who\\-is\\-the\\-narrator\\-for\\-the\\-arbys\\-commercials/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Variants
--------
The Slavic name survives in two traditions, the [Old Church Slavonic](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic "Old Church Slavonic") one using the vocalism *Vladi\-* and the [Old East Slavic](/wiki/Old_East_Slavic "Old East Slavic") one in the vocalism *Volodi\-*.
The Old Church Slavonic form *Vladimir* (Владимир) is used in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"), [Bulgarian](/wiki/Bulgarian_language "Bulgarian language"), [Serbian](/wiki/Serbian_language "Serbian language"), and [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_language "Macedonian language"), borrowed into [Slovenian](/wiki/Slovenian_language "Slovenian language"), [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language "Croatian language") *Vladimir*, [Czech](/wiki/Czech_language "Czech language") and [Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language "Slovak language") *Vladimír*.
The *[polnoglasie](/wiki/Polnoglasie "Polnoglasie")* "\-olo\-" of Old East Slavic form *Vladimir* (Владимиръ) (likely pronounced as *Volodymyr*) persists in the [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language "Ukrainian language") form *[Volodymyr](/wiki/Volodymyr_%28name%29 "Volodymyr (name)")* (Володимир), borrowed into [Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language "Slovak language") *Volodymýr*.
Historical diminutive forms: [Vladimirko](/wiki/Vladimirko "Vladimirko") (Russian), [Volodymyrko](/wiki/Volodymyrko "Volodymyrko") (Ukrainian).
In [Belarusian](/wiki/Belarusian_language "Belarusian language") the name is spelled *Uladzimir (Uładzimir, Уладзімір)* or *Uladzimier (Uładzimier, Уладзімер)*.
In [Polish](/wiki/Polish_language "Polish language"), the name is spelled *[Włodzimierz](/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_%28given_name%29 "Włodzimierz (given name)").*
In Russian, [shortened and endeared versions](/wiki/Hypocorism "Hypocorism") of the name are Volodya (and variants with [diminutive suffixes](/wiki/Diminutive_suffix "Diminutive suffix"): Volod'ka, Volodyen'ka, Volodechka etc.), Vova (and diminutives: Vovka, [Vovochka](/wiki/Vovochka "Vovochka"), etc.), Vovchik, Vovan. In West and South Slavic countries, other short versions are used: e.g., Vlade, Vlado, Vlada, Vladica, Vladko, Vlatko, Vlajko, Vladan, Władek, Wlodik and Włodek.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2018}}
The Germanic form, [Waldemar](/wiki/Waldemar "Waldemar") or [Woldemar](/wiki/Woldemar "Woldemar"), is sometimes traced to [Valdemar I of Denmark](/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark "Valdemar I of Denmark") (1131–1182\) named after his Russian maternal grandfather, [Vladimir II Monomakh](/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh "Vladimir II Monomakh").Ф.Б. Успенский, ["ИМЯ И ВЛАСТЬ (Выбор имени как инструмент династической борьбы в средневековой Скандинавии)"](http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/ouspensky1.htm), In: *Фольклор и постфольклор: структура, типология, семиотика* (["Folklore and Post\-Folklore: Structure, Typology and Semiotics"](http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/english.htm)) The Germanic name is reflected in Latvian [Voldemārs](/wiki/Voldem%C4%81rs "Voldemārs") and Finnic ([Finnish](/wiki/Finnish_language "Finnish language") and [Estonian](/wiki/Estonian_language "Estonian language")) *[Voldemar](/wiki/Voldemar "Voldemar")*.
The Greek form is *Vladimiros* (Βλαδίμηρος). The name is most common in [Northern Greece](/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29 "Macedonia (Greece)") especially among the [Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia](/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia "Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia"). Diminutives of the name among these Slavic speakers are *Vlade* and *Mire*.
|
[
"Variants\n--------",
"The Slavic name survives in two traditions, the [Old Church Slavonic](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic \"Old Church Slavonic\") one using the vocalism *Vladi\\-* and the [Old East Slavic](/wiki/Old_East_Slavic \"Old East Slavic\") one in the vocalism *Volodi\\-*.",
"The Old Church Slavonic form *Vladimir* (Владимир) is used in [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"), [Bulgarian](/wiki/Bulgarian_language \"Bulgarian language\"), [Serbian](/wiki/Serbian_language \"Serbian language\"), and [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_language \"Macedonian language\"), borrowed into [Slovenian](/wiki/Slovenian_language \"Slovenian language\"), [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language \"Croatian language\") *Vladimir*, [Czech](/wiki/Czech_language \"Czech language\") and [Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language \"Slovak language\") *Vladimír*.",
"The *[polnoglasie](/wiki/Polnoglasie \"Polnoglasie\")* \"\\-olo\\-\" of Old East Slavic form *Vladimir* (Владимиръ) (likely pronounced as *Volodymyr*) persists in the [Ukrainian](/wiki/Ukrainian_language \"Ukrainian language\") form *[Volodymyr](/wiki/Volodymyr_%28name%29 \"Volodymyr (name)\")* (Володимир), borrowed into [Slovak](/wiki/Slovak_language \"Slovak language\") *Volodymýr*.",
"Historical diminutive forms: [Vladimirko](/wiki/Vladimirko \"Vladimirko\") (Russian), [Volodymyrko](/wiki/Volodymyrko \"Volodymyrko\") (Ukrainian).",
"In [Belarusian](/wiki/Belarusian_language \"Belarusian language\") the name is spelled *Uladzimir (Uładzimir, Уладзімір)* or *Uladzimier (Uładzimier, Уладзімер)*.",
"In [Polish](/wiki/Polish_language \"Polish language\"), the name is spelled *[Włodzimierz](/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_%28given_name%29 \"Włodzimierz (given name)\").*",
"In Russian, [shortened and endeared versions](/wiki/Hypocorism \"Hypocorism\") of the name are Volodya (and variants with [diminutive suffixes](/wiki/Diminutive_suffix \"Diminutive suffix\"): Volod'ka, Volodyen'ka, Volodechka etc.), Vova (and diminutives: Vovka, [Vovochka](/wiki/Vovochka \"Vovochka\"), etc.), Vovchik, Vovan. In West and South Slavic countries, other short versions are used: e.g., Vlade, Vlado, Vlada, Vladica, Vladko, Vlatko, Vlajko, Vladan, Władek, Wlodik and Włodek.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2018}}",
"The Germanic form, [Waldemar](/wiki/Waldemar \"Waldemar\") or [Woldemar](/wiki/Woldemar \"Woldemar\"), is sometimes traced to [Valdemar I of Denmark](/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark \"Valdemar I of Denmark\") (1131–1182\\) named after his Russian maternal grandfather, [Vladimir II Monomakh](/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh \"Vladimir II Monomakh\").Ф.Б. Успенский, [\"ИМЯ И ВЛАСТЬ (Выбор имени как инструмент династической борьбы в средневековой Скандинавии)\"](http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/ouspensky1.htm), In: *Фольклор и постфольклор: структура, типология, семиотика* ([\"Folklore and Post\\-Folklore: Structure, Typology and Semiotics\"](http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/english.htm)) The Germanic name is reflected in Latvian [Voldemārs](/wiki/Voldem%C4%81rs \"Voldemārs\") and Finnic ([Finnish](/wiki/Finnish_language \"Finnish language\") and [Estonian](/wiki/Estonian_language \"Estonian language\")) *[Voldemar](/wiki/Voldemar \"Voldemar\")*.",
"The Greek form is *Vladimiros* (Βλαδίμηρος). The name is most common in [Northern Greece](/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29 \"Macedonia (Greece)\") especially among the [Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia](/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia \"Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia\"). Diminutives of the name among these Slavic speakers are *Vlade* and *Mire*.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Father Brennan presses Father Harris about an [occult](/wiki/Occult "Occult") conspiracy; Harris gives him a photograph of a baby with the name "Scianna" inscribed. Harris is killed when a falling pipe splits his head open.
In [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), 1971, amid [political protests](/wiki/Years_of_Lead_%28Italy%29 "Years of Lead (Italy)"), American novitiate Margaret Daino arrives at the Vizzardeli Orphanage. She meets Cardinal Lawrence, Father Gabriel, Abess Sister Silva, nun Anjelica, and her roommate and fellow novitiate Luz. Luz invites Margaret to a [disco](/wiki/Disco "Disco"), where they meet two men. Margaret dances with the man named Paolo before blacking out. She awakens the next day with no memory of what happened.
Margaret bonds with the mistreated orphan Carlita, who is plagued by bad visions. Father Brennan warns her about Carlita, saying "evil things" will happen. She spots Carlita showing Anjelica a drawing of a pregnant woman being restrained; moments later, Anjelica self\-immolates and hangs herself.
Brennan explains that radicals within the church, desperate to regain power against the [rise of secularism](/wiki/Secularization "Secularization"), seek to bring about the [Antichrist](/wiki/Antichrist "Antichrist") to create fear and drive people back to the church, with Carlita intended to be his mother. During a field trip, a riot breaks out and Margaret experiences demonic hallucinations. Sister Silva postpones Margaret's vows and orders her to distance herself from Carlita. She runs into Paolo; horrified, he tells her to "look for the mark" before being struck and killed by an oncoming truck.
In Sister Silva's office, Margaret uncovers a hidden, underground chamber and a series of subject files, all labeled "Scianna". They contain photos of [dysmorphic babies](/wiki/Monstrous_birth "Monstrous birth") all with a birthmark in the shape of [three sixes](/wiki/Number_of_the_beast "Number of the beast"), with Carlita as the only survivor. Margaret attempts to flee with Carlita but is intercepted and spots the mark on Carlita's [palate](/wiki/Palate "Palate") before being imprisoned.
Father Gabriel frees Margaret; as they examine the files with Brennan, they discover that another baby had survived. Margaret locates the mark on her own scalp and suddenly remembers that she was forcefully impregnated in a satanic ritual the night she blacked out at the disco. They come to realize that the orphanage leaders have determined that [The Devil](/wiki/Satan "Satan") will need to mate with his own spawn in order to conceive the Antichrist, and Margaret had been brought to Rome as her half\-sister Carlita was too young. The group drives off to have the pregnancy aborted, but another car crashes into theirs on the way and Margaret's womb suddenly fills.
She awakens strapped to a hospital bed and is greeted by Cardinal Lawrence, the head of the conspiracy. Cardinal Lawrence and the other conspirators watch as she gives birth to two children via caesarean, a girl and a boy; the latter is hailed as the Antichrist. Luz and the man who was with Paolo at the disco are revealed to be among the conspirators. Margaret stabs Lawrence but cannot bring herself to [kill her son](/wiki/Filicide "Filicide"). Luz stabs Margaret as the conspirators flee with the boy and set the chamber ablaze to cover their tracks. Carlita saves Margaret and her daughter, and Margaret sees a demonic [jackal](/wiki/Jackal "Jackal") in the flames. The baby boy is given to American diplomat Robert Thorn to secretly replace the child his wife Katherine has supposedly miscarried.{{efn\|As depicted in ''\[\[The Omen]]'' (1976\).}}
Years later, Margaret lives secluded in the mountains with Carlita and her daughter, now a happy family. Brennan visits and warns that the conspirators will be hunting her, and that her son has been named [Damien](/wiki/Damien_Thorn "Damien Thorn").
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Father Brennan presses Father Harris about an [occult](/wiki/Occult \"Occult\") conspiracy; Harris gives him a photograph of a baby with the name \"Scianna\" inscribed. Harris is killed when a falling pipe splits his head open.",
"In [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\"), 1971, amid [political protests](/wiki/Years_of_Lead_%28Italy%29 \"Years of Lead (Italy)\"), American novitiate Margaret Daino arrives at the Vizzardeli Orphanage. She meets Cardinal Lawrence, Father Gabriel, Abess Sister Silva, nun Anjelica, and her roommate and fellow novitiate Luz. Luz invites Margaret to a [disco](/wiki/Disco \"Disco\"), where they meet two men. Margaret dances with the man named Paolo before blacking out. She awakens the next day with no memory of what happened.",
"Margaret bonds with the mistreated orphan Carlita, who is plagued by bad visions. Father Brennan warns her about Carlita, saying \"evil things\" will happen. She spots Carlita showing Anjelica a drawing of a pregnant woman being restrained; moments later, Anjelica self\\-immolates and hangs herself.",
"Brennan explains that radicals within the church, desperate to regain power against the [rise of secularism](/wiki/Secularization \"Secularization\"), seek to bring about the [Antichrist](/wiki/Antichrist \"Antichrist\") to create fear and drive people back to the church, with Carlita intended to be his mother. During a field trip, a riot breaks out and Margaret experiences demonic hallucinations. Sister Silva postpones Margaret's vows and orders her to distance herself from Carlita. She runs into Paolo; horrified, he tells her to \"look for the mark\" before being struck and killed by an oncoming truck.",
"In Sister Silva's office, Margaret uncovers a hidden, underground chamber and a series of subject files, all labeled \"Scianna\". They contain photos of [dysmorphic babies](/wiki/Monstrous_birth \"Monstrous birth\") all with a birthmark in the shape of [three sixes](/wiki/Number_of_the_beast \"Number of the beast\"), with Carlita as the only survivor. Margaret attempts to flee with Carlita but is intercepted and spots the mark on Carlita's [palate](/wiki/Palate \"Palate\") before being imprisoned.",
"Father Gabriel frees Margaret; as they examine the files with Brennan, they discover that another baby had survived. Margaret locates the mark on her own scalp and suddenly remembers that she was forcefully impregnated in a satanic ritual the night she blacked out at the disco. They come to realize that the orphanage leaders have determined that [The Devil](/wiki/Satan \"Satan\") will need to mate with his own spawn in order to conceive the Antichrist, and Margaret had been brought to Rome as her half\\-sister Carlita was too young. The group drives off to have the pregnancy aborted, but another car crashes into theirs on the way and Margaret's womb suddenly fills.",
"She awakens strapped to a hospital bed and is greeted by Cardinal Lawrence, the head of the conspiracy. Cardinal Lawrence and the other conspirators watch as she gives birth to two children via caesarean, a girl and a boy; the latter is hailed as the Antichrist. Luz and the man who was with Paolo at the disco are revealed to be among the conspirators. Margaret stabs Lawrence but cannot bring herself to [kill her son](/wiki/Filicide \"Filicide\"). Luz stabs Margaret as the conspirators flee with the boy and set the chamber ablaze to cover their tracks. Carlita saves Margaret and her daughter, and Margaret sees a demonic [jackal](/wiki/Jackal \"Jackal\") in the flames. The baby boy is given to American diplomat Robert Thorn to secretly replace the child his wife Katherine has supposedly miscarried.{{efn\\|As depicted in ''\\[\\[The Omen]]'' (1976\\).}}",
"Years later, Margaret lives secluded in the mountains with Carlita and her daughter, now a happy family. Brennan visits and warns that the conspirators will be hunting her, and that her son has been named [Damien](/wiki/Damien_Thorn \"Damien Thorn\").",
""
] |
History
-------
Zhang Sijia ({{Lang\-zh\|c\=张思家\|labels\=no}}) returned back to his hometown, Huichang, [Yi County, Anhui](/wiki/Yi_County%2C_Anhui "Yi County, Anhui") after mastering the techniques of making scissors at [Wuhu, Anhui](/wiki/Wuhu "Wuhu"), and then opened Zhang Dalong Scissors Shop ({{Lang\-zh\|c\=张大隆剪刀店\|p\=Zhāng dàlóng jiǎndāo diàn\|labels\=no}}). His son, Zhang Xiaoqun ({{Lang\-zh\|c\=张小泉\|p\=Zhāng Xiǎoquán\|labels\=no}}) would take up apprenticeship under him, and assisted his father in tending the shop.
Due to chaos resulted from the war, the shop shuttered, and Zhang Xiaoqun and his son, Zhang Jin'gao ({{Lang\-zh\|c\=张近高\|p\=Zhāng Jìn'gāo\|labels\=no}}), had to flee and settled in what was the most prosperous region of Hangzhou then, at the foot of Chenghuang Mountain (now known as {{Ill\|Wushan, Hangzhou\|zh\|吴山 (杭州)}}). To earn a living, in 1580 the Zhang family decided to settle up shop, making and selling scissors, with the shop taking on the name Zhang Dalong Scissors Shop ({{Lang\-zh\|c\=张大隆剪刀铺\|p\=Zhāng dàlóng jiǎndāo pù\|labels\=no}}).{{Cite web \|title\=三百多岁的张小泉弄错了年纪？一份"传人主店资料"揭开身世谜团 \|url\=http://www.zjscdb.com/detail.php?newsid\=128281 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825051123/http://www.zjscdb.com/detail.php%3Fnewsid%3D128281 \|archive\-date\=2019\-08\-25 \|access\-date\=2014\-05\-23 \|publisher\=市场导报 \|language\=Zh\-hans}}{{Cite web \|title\=一个三百多年中国品牌的传承：张小泉 \|url\=http://www.daguangg.com/web/article/index/id/11024\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825051125/http://www.daguangg.com/web/article/index/id/11024\.html \|archive\-date\=2019\-08\-25 \|access\-date\=2019\-01\-21 \|publisher\=品牌价值(中国)网 \|language\=Zh\-hans}} As the scissors manufactured by Zhang Dalong Scissors Shop was sharp and long lasting, it slowly gained its reputation.
However, the brand 'Zhang Xiaoqun' would only be established some 50 years later in 1628, when it decided to use its founder's name 'Zhang Dalong' as the trademark. It was only in 1663 that the company changed its name to Zhang Xiaoqun Jinji ({{Lang\-zh\|c\=张小泉近记\|p\=Zhāng Xiǎoquán Jìnjì\|labels\=no}}).
During the reign of [Qianlong Emperor](/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor "Qianlong Emperor") (1735–1796\), Zhang Xiaoquan was managed by the third generation owner, Zhang Shuting ({{Lang\-zh\|c\=张树庭\|labels\=no}}), and its scissors were presented to the royal family and used in the palaces. By the reign of [Tongzhi Emperor](/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor "Tongzhi Emperor") (1861–1875\), it was one of the five most well\-known brands of Hangzhou.[清朝](/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D "清朝")·范祖述《杭俗遗风》：「五杭者，杭扇、杭线、杭粉、杭烟、杭剪也。扇店推芳风馆为首，其馀则张子元、顾升泰、朱敏时等。线店推张允升为首，其馀则胡开泰、孙大森、鼎隆德一等。粉店推裘鼎聚为首，其馀则关玉山、金建侯等。烟店推达昌为首，其馀则陈四海、迎丰天、润天隆、玉润等。剪刀店则惟张小全一家而已 。」
In 1915, at the [Panama–Pacific International Exposition](/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition "Panama–Pacific International Exposition"), the company was awarded with a silver medal. In 1929, at the [Westlake exposition](/wiki/Westlake_exposition "Westlake exposition"), it was presented with the highest award.
Business was disrupted due to the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War"), and continued to flounder with production almost to a halt, and the company resorting to rent out their shopfront for 190 teals of gold. To restore the production line, the local government decided to establish 5 cooperatives under the company's name in 1953\. In 1954, the 5 cooperatives was relocated to Hangzhou Haiyue Bridge, and was consolidated into Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoqun Scissors Cooperative ({{Lang\-zh\|c\=杭州张小泉剪刀厂\|labels\=no}}) in 1955\. In 1956, under the directions of [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong"), the Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoquan Scissors Factory, located at No. 33 Daguan Road, Hangzhou, was built with an allocation of 400,000 yuan from the national government and 200,000 yuan raised by the local government.
In 1991, Zhang Xiaoquan was identified as a [China Time\-honored Brand](/wiki/China_Time-honored_Brand "China Time-honored Brand") by the predecessor of [Ministry of Commerce](/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_%28China%29 "Ministry of Commerce (China)"), the Ministry of State Economic, in its initial batch of companies. In 1997, the company was given the {{Ill\|China Well\-known Trademark\|zh\|中国驰名商标}}. In 2000, the company was reincorporated as Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoman Group, Co. Ltd. In 2002, the company was issued with an [certificate of origin](/wiki/Certificate_of_origin "Certificate of origin"). In 2006, after the Ministry of Commerce released a new "China Time\-honored Brand" guidelines, the company was reaffirmed as so. On May 20, 2006, the company's scissors manufacturing techniques was part of the first batch of intangible assets to be registered in the China National Intangible Cultural Heritage list.
There are 72 processes in the traditional hand\-forging process. The scissors are characterized by "sharp cutting face, smooth pivoting, and ease of handling".{{Cite web \|title\=杭州张小泉剪刀 \|url\=http://hangzhou.techan.dqccc.com/Detail\-1114\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101858/http://hangzhou.techan.dqccc.com/Detail\-1114\.html \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-27 \|year\=2012 \|publisher\=名品特产 \|language\=}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Zhang Sijia ({{Lang\\-zh\\|c\\=张思家\\|labels\\=no}}) returned back to his hometown, Huichang, [Yi County, Anhui](/wiki/Yi_County%2C_Anhui \"Yi County, Anhui\") after mastering the techniques of making scissors at [Wuhu, Anhui](/wiki/Wuhu \"Wuhu\"), and then opened Zhang Dalong Scissors Shop ({{Lang\\-zh\\|c\\=张大隆剪刀店\\|p\\=Zhāng dàlóng jiǎndāo diàn\\|labels\\=no}}). His son, Zhang Xiaoqun ({{Lang\\-zh\\|c\\=张小泉\\|p\\=Zhāng Xiǎoquán\\|labels\\=no}}) would take up apprenticeship under him, and assisted his father in tending the shop.",
"Due to chaos resulted from the war, the shop shuttered, and Zhang Xiaoqun and his son, Zhang Jin'gao ({{Lang\\-zh\\|c\\=张近高\\|p\\=Zhāng Jìn'gāo\\|labels\\=no}}), had to flee and settled in what was the most prosperous region of Hangzhou then, at the foot of Chenghuang Mountain (now known as {{Ill\\|Wushan, Hangzhou\\|zh\\|吴山 (杭州)}}). To earn a living, in 1580 the Zhang family decided to settle up shop, making and selling scissors, with the shop taking on the name Zhang Dalong Scissors Shop ({{Lang\\-zh\\|c\\=张大隆剪刀铺\\|p\\=Zhāng dàlóng jiǎndāo pù\\|labels\\=no}}).{{Cite web \\|title\\=三百多岁的张小泉弄错了年纪？一份\"传人主店资料\"揭开身世谜团 \\|url\\=http://www.zjscdb.com/detail.php?newsid\\=128281 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825051123/http://www.zjscdb.com/detail.php%3Fnewsid%3D128281 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-05\\-23 \\|publisher\\=市场导报 \\|language\\=Zh\\-hans}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=一个三百多年中国品牌的传承：张小泉 \\|url\\=http://www.daguangg.com/web/article/index/id/11024\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825051125/http://www.daguangg.com/web/article/index/id/11024\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-01\\-21 \\|publisher\\=品牌价值(中国)网 \\|language\\=Zh\\-hans}} As the scissors manufactured by Zhang Dalong Scissors Shop was sharp and long lasting, it slowly gained its reputation.",
"However, the brand 'Zhang Xiaoqun' would only be established some 50 years later in 1628, when it decided to use its founder's name 'Zhang Dalong' as the trademark. It was only in 1663 that the company changed its name to Zhang Xiaoqun Jinji ({{Lang\\-zh\\|c\\=张小泉近记\\|p\\=Zhāng Xiǎoquán Jìnjì\\|labels\\=no}}).",
"During the reign of [Qianlong Emperor](/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor \"Qianlong Emperor\") (1735–1796\\), Zhang Xiaoquan was managed by the third generation owner, Zhang Shuting ({{Lang\\-zh\\|c\\=张树庭\\|labels\\=no}}), and its scissors were presented to the royal family and used in the palaces. By the reign of [Tongzhi Emperor](/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor \"Tongzhi Emperor\") (1861–1875\\), it was one of the five most well\\-known brands of Hangzhou.[清朝](/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D \"清朝\")·范祖述《杭俗遗风》：「五杭者，杭扇、杭线、杭粉、杭烟、杭剪也。扇店推芳风馆为首，其馀则张子元、顾升泰、朱敏时等。线店推张允升为首，其馀则胡开泰、孙大森、鼎隆德一等。粉店推裘鼎聚为首，其馀则关玉山、金建侯等。烟店推达昌为首，其馀则陈四海、迎丰天、润天隆、玉润等。剪刀店则惟张小全一家而已 。」",
"In 1915, at the [Panama–Pacific International Exposition](/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition \"Panama–Pacific International Exposition\"), the company was awarded with a silver medal. In 1929, at the [Westlake exposition](/wiki/Westlake_exposition \"Westlake exposition\"), it was presented with the highest award.",
"Business was disrupted due to the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\"), and continued to flounder with production almost to a halt, and the company resorting to rent out their shopfront for 190 teals of gold. To restore the production line, the local government decided to establish 5 cooperatives under the company's name in 1953\\. In 1954, the 5 cooperatives was relocated to Hangzhou Haiyue Bridge, and was consolidated into Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoqun Scissors Cooperative ({{Lang\\-zh\\|c\\=杭州张小泉剪刀厂\\|labels\\=no}}) in 1955\\. In 1956, under the directions of [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong \"Mao Zedong\"), the Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoquan Scissors Factory, located at No. 33 Daguan Road, Hangzhou, was built with an allocation of 400,000 yuan from the national government and 200,000 yuan raised by the local government.",
"In 1991, Zhang Xiaoquan was identified as a [China Time\\-honored Brand](/wiki/China_Time-honored_Brand \"China Time-honored Brand\") by the predecessor of [Ministry of Commerce](/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_%28China%29 \"Ministry of Commerce (China)\"), the Ministry of State Economic, in its initial batch of companies. In 1997, the company was given the {{Ill\\|China Well\\-known Trademark\\|zh\\|中国驰名商标}}. In 2000, the company was reincorporated as Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoman Group, Co. Ltd. In 2002, the company was issued with an [certificate of origin](/wiki/Certificate_of_origin \"Certificate of origin\"). In 2006, after the Ministry of Commerce released a new \"China Time\\-honored Brand\" guidelines, the company was reaffirmed as so. On May 20, 2006, the company's scissors manufacturing techniques was part of the first batch of intangible assets to be registered in the China National Intangible Cultural Heritage list.",
"There are 72 processes in the traditional hand\\-forging process. The scissors are characterized by \"sharp cutting face, smooth pivoting, and ease of handling\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=杭州张小泉剪刀 \\|url\\=http://hangzhou.techan.dqccc.com/Detail\\-1114\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101858/http://hangzhou.techan.dqccc.com/Detail\\-1114\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-27 \\|year\\=2012 \\|publisher\\=名品特产 \\|language\\=}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The first person to produce a practical thermal method was [Marcel Grateau](/wiki/Marcel_Grateau "Marcel Grateau") in 1872\.Ed. [Foan, G.A.](/wiki/Gilbert_Foan "Gilbert Foan") \& Bari\-Woolls, J., "The Art and Craft of Hairdressing, Pitman, 1938\. There were three editions and the second (1938\) edited by Bari\-Woollss is strongly recommended for this subject. He devised a pair of specially manufactured tongs, in which one of the arms had a circular cross\-section and the other a concave one, so that one fitted inside the other when the tongs were closed. The tongs were generally heated over a gas or alcohol flame and the correct temperature was achieved by testing the tongs on a newspaper; if the paper browned slightly it was about right. The waving itself was safe if care was taken to keep the tongs away from the scalp. The procedure was to comb a lock of hair towards the operator, moving the comb slowly with one hand to maintain some tension, while applying the tongs to the hair successively down the lock of hair towards the point. Each time the tongs were applied, they were moved slightly in a direction normal to the lock of hair, thus producing a continuous flat or two\-dimensional wave. Skill using the wrist could produce slight variations of the wave. Thus, Marcel waving produced a two\-dimensional wave, by thermal means only and the change was produced by plastic flow of the hair, rather than by any chemical means. Because of the high temperature used, the process tended to degrade the hair. However, in spite of its drawbacks, forms of Marcel waving have persisted until today, when speedy results and low cost are important.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hairarchives.com/private/victorian1new.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121181721/http://www.hairarchives.com/private/victorian1new.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2003\-11\-21 \|title\=victorian piece 1 \|publisher\=Hairarchives.com \|access\-date\=2009\-08\-20 }}
In the Western world, long hair was standard for women until the 1920s, when [flappers](/wiki/Flapper "Flapper") cut their hair short (into a "[bob](/wiki/Bob_cut "Bob cut")") as a form of rebellion against tradition.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts\-culture/the\-history\-of\-the\-flapper\-part\-4\-emboldened\-by\-the\-bob\-27361862/\|title\=The History of the Flapper, Part 4: Emboldened by the Bob\|last\=Spivack\|first\=Emily\|date\=February 26, 2013\|work\=Smithsonian Magazine\|access\-date\=26 May 2019}} As the demand for [self\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination "Self-determination") grew among women, hair was shortened so that it did not pass the lower end of the neck. This was not only a political gesture but a practical one, as women began to take over men's work due to the great shortage of labour during the First World War. At the same time, electricity, which had been introduced mainly for [lighting](/wiki/Lighting "Lighting") and industrial use, began to be used for heating and the application of the [electric motor](/wiki/Electric_motor "Electric motor") at the small business and domestic level. As shorter hair was improved in appearance by waving even more than long hair, it was only a matter of time before an improved form of waving appeared.
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Early 20th century advertisement for Nessler's permanent wave machine](/wiki/Image:Oldpermwavead.jpg "Oldpermwavead.jpg")
### Nessler
An early alternative method for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in 1905 by [German](/wiki/Germany "Germany") hairdresser [Karl Nessler](/wiki/Karl_Nessler "Karl Nessler").{{cite journal\|date\=Feb 5, 1951\|title\=A Revolutionist Dies\|journal\=LIFE Magazine\|publisher\=Time Inc\|volume\= 30\|issue\= 6\|issn\=0024\-3019\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=50sEAAAAMBAJ\&q\=nestler}} He used a mixture of [cow urine](/wiki/Cow_urine "Cow urine") and water. The first public demonstration took place on 8 October 1905, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896\. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use next to human skin. His method, called the spiral heat method, was only useful for long hair. The hair was wrapped in a spiral around rods connected to a machine with an electric heating device. [Sodium hydroxide](/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide "Sodium hydroxide") (caustic soda) was applied and the hair was heated to {{convert\|212\|F\|C}} or more for an extended period of time. The process used about twelve {{convert\|2\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=1\|adj\=on}} [brass](/wiki/Brass "Brass") rollers and took six hours to complete. These hot rollers were kept from touching the scalp by a complex system of countering weights which were suspended from an overhead chandelier and mounted on a stand. Nessler conducted his first experiments on his wife, Katharina Laible. The first two attempts resulted in completely burning her hair off and some scalp burns, but the method was improved and his electric permanent wave machine was used in London in 1909 on the long hair of the time.
Nessler had moved to London in 1901, and during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), the British jailed Nessler because he was German and forced him to surrender his assets. He escaped to New York City in 1915, buying passage on a steamship under an assumed name. In New York, he found that hundreds of copies of his machine were in use, but most did not work well and were unreliable. Nessler opened a shop on East 49th Street, and soon had salons in Chicago, Detroit, Palm Beach, Florida and Philadelphia. Nessler also developed a machine for home use that was sold for fifteen dollars. However, his machine made little impression in Europe and his first attempts were not even mentioned in the professional press, perhaps because they were too long\-winded, cumbersome and dangerous. [thumb\|right\|300 px\|Eugene Suter using early heaters designed by Isidoro Calvete. The heaters had two windings that heated the ends and roots separately](/wiki/Image:Eugene_shown_in_1920_advert.jpg "Eugene shown in 1920 advert.jpg")
### Eugene Suter and Isidoro Calvete
Eugene Suter was a Swiss immigrant who set up a fashionable ladies' salon in London's West End. He claimed to have come from Paris, which in those days was the center of fashion and style. He became aware of the possibilities of electrical permanent waving particularly when shorter hair allowed the design of smaller equipment. The system had two parts; one was the electric heater and the other was the system of winding and holding the hair on a form which was inserted into a heater. Suter tried to design a heater, but was unsuccessful.
Isidoro Calvete was a Spanish immigrant who set up a workshop for the repair and manufacture of electrical equipment in the same area of London in 1917\. This equipment was just coming into use for the hairdressing and medical professions. Suter consulted him on the heater and Calvete designed a practical model consisting of two windings inserted into an aluminium tube. This ensured that when inserted over a root winding, the thicker hair nearer to the root became hotter than the thinner hair at the end. Suter patented the design in his own name and for the next 12 years ordered all his hairdressing equipment from Calvete but marketed under his commercial name, Eugene Ltd, which became synonymous with permanent waving throughout the world. At the same time, Calvete developed his own products which he manufactured under the name Icall, Ltd. The simultaneous manufacture of two competing lines would inevitably result in conflict.
Eugene company had a factory in [Edgware Road](/wiki/Edgware_Road "Edgware Road"), London.{{Cite web \|title\=The premises of Eugene Limited viewed from Edgware Road (BL34206/002\) Archive Item \- The Bedford Lemere Collection {{!}} Historic England \|url\=https://historicengland.org.uk/images\-books/photos/item/BL34206/002 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-06 \|website\=historicengland.org.uk \|language\=en}} Its products included colour rinses, lustre\-lending shampoos, setting lotions and patented steaming sachets as well as its curlers and electric dryer. At least two dozen of the steaming sachets were used for each perm. The company published its own magazine, *The Eugène Waver*, which was sent to hairdressers across the country. It covered advice on using Eugène products, styling techniques and hairdressing trends. Readers were referred to as ‘Eugène wavers’. The [National Art Library](/wiki/National_Art_Library "National Art Library") at the [V\&A Museum](/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum "Victoria and Albert Museum") holds volumes of the magazine covering the period 1928 to 1947\. During the war, the company made millions of screws and rivets for airplanes and tanks in its factory.{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-02\-17 \|title\="Have you done something jolly with your hair?": the Eugène Waver magazine in the National Art Library’s Trade Literature Collection • V\&A Blog \|url\=https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum\-life/have\-you\-done\-something\-jolly\-with\-your\-hair\-the\-eugene\-waver\-magazine\-in\-the\-national\-art\-librarys\-trade\-literature\-collection \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-06 \|website\=V\&A Blog \|language\=en\-US}} The company’s name was so well known that a 1945 page advertisement in Good Housekeeping magazine consisted of a blank page with just the handwritten words:{{Cite journal \|last\=Anon \|date\=December 1945 \|title\=Advertisement \|journal\=Good Housekeeping \|pages\=47}}
> ‘What would you like for Christmas?'
'Oh, a Eugène wave, please!’From the onset, Eugene had realised the importance of the United States market and made great inroads, challenging Nessler who had started up there. The former also sued the latter for infringing the patent which he had taken out based on Calvete's design, and won his case. Nessler was to retaliate some years later suing Eugene in the United Kingdom, over some curlers designed by Calvete which were similar to the Nessler ones.
[thumb\|200px\|left\|First permanent\-waving heaters designed by Calvete in 1917](/wiki/Image:First_permanent-waving_heaters_designed_by_Calvete_in_1917.jpg "First permanent-waving heaters designed by Calvete in 1917.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Machine made in 1923 by Icall for Eugene](/wiki/Image:Icall_Machine_1920.jpg "Icall Machine 1920.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Hair wound ready for perming. Root winding on top to take tubular heaters, Point winding on sides to take croquignole heaters. 1934](/wiki/Image:Hair_Windings.jpg "Hair Windings.jpg")
#### Development of the heaters
The first heaters as described above were tubular, and were inserted over the hair which had been previously wound on to a form or curler. To facilitate this, after a preliminary preparation of the hair, such as washing, cutting or tapering, the hair was combed into up to about 22 sections or locks, a process known a sectioning or squaring off. Each lock of hair was then wound onto the curler (which was basically a rod standing perpendicular to the head), starting at the bottom using the hair nearest the scalp and proceeding spirally up the curler for the length of the lock. For this reason, the process was colloquially referred to as root winding. Considerable ingenuity was exercised in designing the curler to minimize the time, effort and difficulties entailed in winding. In early models, the heaters had a tendency to flop downward on to the head, but with improved designs, they tended to point outwards (see illustration).
A second type of curler was invented later, allegedly in 1924 by a [Czech](/wiki/Czech_people "Czech people") hairdresser called Josef Mayer. In this method, the hair was fed through a small clamp which, after winding, would hold the two ends of a roller. The ends of the hair were held on the roller which was wound around a point until it reached the clamp into which it was inserted. For obvious reasons, this was called point\-winding. Mayer attempted to claim a patent on this method of winding, which was challenged in a Federal lawsuit by the National Hairdressers' and Cosmetologists' Association.{{cite web\|url\=http://de.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFDCT%5CDDE%5C1941%5C19411014\_0000020\.DDE.htm/qx\|title\=NATIONAL HAIRDRESSERS' \& COSMETOLOGISTS' v. PHILAD CO.\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-18\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120711111145/http://de.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFDCT%5CDDE%5C1941%5C19411014\_0000020\.DDE.htm/qx\|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-11}}
Calvete designed a new type of heater for this called a croquignole heater which fitted over the winding, rather like a bulldog clip. The trend was to replace some of the tubular heaters on the sides of the head with croquignole ones, to allow greater scope of styling.
#### Development of the units
Apart from portable models which became available later, some system of support was necessary for the curlers. At first these were fixed to the ceiling, but these were soon replaced by a machine that was universally adopted. A vertical metal pipe held a circular unit, called a "chandelier" from which the heaters were suspended. The bottom of the pipe was mounted on a base with wheels which enabled the device to be moved easily between clients or to one side of the salon. By providing a structure from which to distribute the electricity to the heaters, as well as to keep all of them in the correct position and orientation, the chandelier helped minimize the weight of the entire system while also keeping things tidy.
Because of expense, the early models only had a few tubular heaters, and permanent\-waving process took place in more than one stage. As the process became more popular and competitive, a whole head of hair could be processed in one sitting, using up to 22 heaters, some of which might be croquignole.
#### Development of the "reagents"
Although heat was required for perming, it was soon realized that if an improvement had to be made over the Marcel method, other means were necessary to avoid overheating and to speed up the waving process. The use of water on its own was an obvious choice, particularly as the hair was already wet from washing, for no other reason than that it prevented overheating, and that steam seemed to improve the process (hence the expression "steaming time"). It was not long before experiments were carried out on the use of additives, and it was soon apparent that [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline "Alkaline") additives improved the results.
Thus the profession started using what was called a "reagent", perhaps concocted by the hairdresser himself or sold commercially by the manufacturers of the machine. Two common ingredients were [borax](/wiki/Borax "Borax") and [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia "Ammonia"), which are mildly alkaline (having a high [pH](/wiki/PH "PH")) but are relatively harmless.
### J. Bari\-Woollss
Until about 1930, most progress was empirical, that is, each hairdresser tended to use a method which he had found to be useful. By then, although some academic work had been done on the subject of hair, Calvete felt that more research should be done on the chemistry of hair, and engaged a chemist by the name of Bari\-Woollss, who specialized in the subject. He carried out controlled experiments on known factors such as the effect of heat, water/steam and alkalinity and experimented on variations of the winding process, such as the type of hair, the tension or tightness of winding, the flatness of winding, the overlap and pitch.Bari\-Woollss, J., "The Manual of the Permanent Waver 1st edition", Westminster City Publishing Co., August 1934 His practical lectures on the subject proved highly popular among hairdressing professionals, and he wrote a book on the subject.
Certain basic factors he pointed out are still relevant today. A point winding is almost two dimensional, rather like the spring of a watch [spiral](/wiki/Spiral "Spiral"). A root winding is three\-dimensional much like a spiral staircase or, more properly, a [helix](/wiki/Helix "Helix"). Thus point winding tends to produce more of a curl, but both produce waved hair when pulled slightly. Point produces a thicker winding and so heat takes longer to penetrate the core of the winding. Root winding is heated over a greater length and the thickness of the winding will depend on the overlap between turns.
Bari\-Woollss was probably instrumental in introducing a new factor\-redox reduction. In chemistry, this is the opposite of oxidation and can mean the removal of oxygen or, in this case, the addition of hydrogen, which by breaking the bonds of the keratin in the hair, allowed waving to take place more easily. This resulted in addition of a sulfite, bisulfite or metabisulfite to Icall reagents, [sulfur dioxide](/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide "Sulfur dioxide"), a reducing agent, being evolved on heating. The only alternative to sulfites at the time would have been [mercaptans](/wiki/Mercaptans "Mercaptans") which are unpleasant to use. However, later alternatives were found which led to the development of cold\-waving. Bari\-Woollss left Icall in about 1934 to take over the editorship of an encyclopedic volume on women's hairdressing.
### Developments after 1930
[thumb\|right\|upright\|State\-of\-the\-Art Machine made by Icall in 1934, fitted with Bakelite heaters and a timer which compensated for the type of hair and other factors. The wheels were designed to avoid pick\-up of hair from the salon floor. The design incorporated 15 tubular heaters and 6 croquignole.](/wiki/Image:Icall_1934_Permanent-Waving_Machine.jpg "Icall 1934 Permanent-Waving Machine.jpg")
By 1930, the process of permanent\-waving was well established and its importance can be gauged if one considers that the majority of middle\-class women, at a rough estimate, had their hair set once a week and permed perhaps once every three months as new hair replaced the waved hair. Meanwhile, hairdressers sought to improve the process and reduce the work involved; this meant savings at the lower end of the market and yet more women getting their hair permed. This was also stimulated by pictures of the rich and famous, particularly film stars, who all had their hair permed.
This resulted in many copies of the original equipment being made by reputable firms in some cases with innovations of their own:
* **Nestlé**. Nessler re\-entered the British market under this name, introducing the "Radione" system in which the hair was wound dry and inserted into hollow [cellophane](/wiki/Cellophane "Cellophane") tubes sealed at both ends, but contained moistened paper. Also introduced the "oleum" system in which water was replaced by oil.
* **MacDonald**. A revolutionary system, as it did not use direct electrical heating. Steam was generated in a separate kettle, or later in small individual kettles, the steam being led by tubes to each "heater". Arrangements had to be made to remove the condensed water, but there was no risk of overheating nor of electric shock, but scalding was a risk.
* **Gallia** originated by J. Metelski, is credited with first moistening the hair with a reagent. which gave better results but made winding more difficult. It was said to be a very fast system.
* **Superma** originated by Sartory, was a machineless system that relied on the chemical reaction of the contents of a [cotton](/wiki/Cotton "Cotton") pad, with water. Temperature control was rather more difficult but the method was popular in the United States perhaps because electricity was not used.
* **Wella\-Rapide** was a German system that used croquignole heaters exclusively. A chandelier was not used and for safety worked at a reduced voltage.
* **Frigidine** was one of the few, apart from Icall, to use a timing mechanism and Bakelite heaters.
* **Vapeur Marcel** was a French machine based on the same principles as the MacDonald.
The manner in which reagents worked when applied to the hair and heated, was not only due to the chemicals they contained, but also the effect of the water. Water not only played a part in "steaming" the hair, but there was better heat control, because while there was water, the temperature hardly passed 100 °C. However, this evaporated the water, and it was found that by wrapping the windings with aluminium foil, the hair stayed moist for longer, and also kept the windings upright, facilitating the addition of the heaters.
A further advance was the use of so\-called sachets: small absorbent pads containing certain chemicals, attached to foil or other waterproof material, such as vegetable parchment.{{cite web\|url\=http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/don/dt/dt3683\.html \|title\=Conservation OnLine \- CoOL \|publisher\=Palimpsest.stanford.edu \|access\-date\=2014\-06\-10}} The sachets were placed in water and then wound rapidly round the curlers. These were popular with hairdressers as a labour\-saving device, and with manufacturers, as they were only used once and some 20 would be used for a head of hair.
There were also changes in the equipment. Icall pioneered the use of plastics in hairdressing equipment, specifically a thermosetting plastic, ([Bakelite](/wiki/Bakelite "Bakelite")) which was used not only because of its electrical properties in the windings of motors and heaters, but in the outer coverings of the heaters. They were less affected by corrosion and were less likely to burn the fingers of the hairdresser. Icall also used Bakelite for the outer casings of hand\-held hair\-dryers and also for the large linings of pedestal hair\-dryers.
It can be imagined that at a time when electrical installations were not to today's standards and at one time were not even grounded, the application of electrical windings to wet hair resulted in enough accidents to worry women. Icall developed what was called the "wireless" system, in which the electric lead to the heater was replaced by a cord that took the weight of the heater, and the heater was heated by plugging into a socket in the chandelier. Outwardly, the machine looked similar to the earlier model, but at no time was there an electric potential near the head.
Also during this time, in the United States a machine\-less method that applied preheated clamps over the wrapped rods was invented, In 1931, at the Midwest Beauty Show in Chicago, Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough showed a heatless system for the first time. Their method used bi\-sulfide solution and was often applied at the [salon](/wiki/Beauty_salon "Beauty salon"), left on while the client went home and removed the next day, leading it to be called the overnight wave.
With the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") in 1939, all production of such equipment stopped in Europe and hardly recovered afterwards, being replaced either by home heater kits or cold\-waving methods.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The first person to produce a practical thermal method was [Marcel Grateau](/wiki/Marcel_Grateau \"Marcel Grateau\") in 1872\\.Ed. [Foan, G.A.](/wiki/Gilbert_Foan \"Gilbert Foan\") \\& Bari\\-Woolls, J., \"The Art and Craft of Hairdressing, Pitman, 1938\\. There were three editions and the second (1938\\) edited by Bari\\-Woollss is strongly recommended for this subject. He devised a pair of specially manufactured tongs, in which one of the arms had a circular cross\\-section and the other a concave one, so that one fitted inside the other when the tongs were closed. The tongs were generally heated over a gas or alcohol flame and the correct temperature was achieved by testing the tongs on a newspaper; if the paper browned slightly it was about right. The waving itself was safe if care was taken to keep the tongs away from the scalp. The procedure was to comb a lock of hair towards the operator, moving the comb slowly with one hand to maintain some tension, while applying the tongs to the hair successively down the lock of hair towards the point. Each time the tongs were applied, they were moved slightly in a direction normal to the lock of hair, thus producing a continuous flat or two\\-dimensional wave. Skill using the wrist could produce slight variations of the wave. Thus, Marcel waving produced a two\\-dimensional wave, by thermal means only and the change was produced by plastic flow of the hair, rather than by any chemical means. Because of the high temperature used, the process tended to degrade the hair. However, in spite of its drawbacks, forms of Marcel waving have persisted until today, when speedy results and low cost are important.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hairarchives.com/private/victorian1new.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121181721/http://www.hairarchives.com/private/victorian1new.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-11\\-21 \\|title\\=victorian piece 1 \\|publisher\\=Hairarchives.com \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-20 }}",
"In the Western world, long hair was standard for women until the 1920s, when [flappers](/wiki/Flapper \"Flapper\") cut their hair short (into a \"[bob](/wiki/Bob_cut \"Bob cut\")\") as a form of rebellion against tradition.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts\\-culture/the\\-history\\-of\\-the\\-flapper\\-part\\-4\\-emboldened\\-by\\-the\\-bob\\-27361862/\\|title\\=The History of the Flapper, Part 4: Emboldened by the Bob\\|last\\=Spivack\\|first\\=Emily\\|date\\=February 26, 2013\\|work\\=Smithsonian Magazine\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2019}} As the demand for [self\\-determination](/wiki/Self-determination \"Self-determination\") grew among women, hair was shortened so that it did not pass the lower end of the neck. This was not only a political gesture but a practical one, as women began to take over men's work due to the great shortage of labour during the First World War. At the same time, electricity, which had been introduced mainly for [lighting](/wiki/Lighting \"Lighting\") and industrial use, began to be used for heating and the application of the [electric motor](/wiki/Electric_motor \"Electric motor\") at the small business and domestic level. As shorter hair was improved in appearance by waving even more than long hair, it was only a matter of time before an improved form of waving appeared.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Early 20th century advertisement for Nessler's permanent wave machine](/wiki/Image:Oldpermwavead.jpg \"Oldpermwavead.jpg\")",
"### Nessler",
"An early alternative method for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in 1905 by [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") hairdresser [Karl Nessler](/wiki/Karl_Nessler \"Karl Nessler\").{{cite journal\\|date\\=Feb 5, 1951\\|title\\=A Revolutionist Dies\\|journal\\=LIFE Magazine\\|publisher\\=Time Inc\\|volume\\= 30\\|issue\\= 6\\|issn\\=0024\\-3019\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=50sEAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=nestler}} He used a mixture of [cow urine](/wiki/Cow_urine \"Cow urine\") and water. The first public demonstration took place on 8 October 1905, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896\\. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use next to human skin. His method, called the spiral heat method, was only useful for long hair. The hair was wrapped in a spiral around rods connected to a machine with an electric heating device. [Sodium hydroxide](/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide \"Sodium hydroxide\") (caustic soda) was applied and the hair was heated to {{convert\\|212\\|F\\|C}} or more for an extended period of time. The process used about twelve {{convert\\|2\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=1\\|adj\\=on}} [brass](/wiki/Brass \"Brass\") rollers and took six hours to complete. These hot rollers were kept from touching the scalp by a complex system of countering weights which were suspended from an overhead chandelier and mounted on a stand. Nessler conducted his first experiments on his wife, Katharina Laible. The first two attempts resulted in completely burning her hair off and some scalp burns, but the method was improved and his electric permanent wave machine was used in London in 1909 on the long hair of the time.",
"Nessler had moved to London in 1901, and during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the British jailed Nessler because he was German and forced him to surrender his assets. He escaped to New York City in 1915, buying passage on a steamship under an assumed name. In New York, he found that hundreds of copies of his machine were in use, but most did not work well and were unreliable. Nessler opened a shop on East 49th Street, and soon had salons in Chicago, Detroit, Palm Beach, Florida and Philadelphia. Nessler also developed a machine for home use that was sold for fifteen dollars. However, his machine made little impression in Europe and his first attempts were not even mentioned in the professional press, perhaps because they were too long\\-winded, cumbersome and dangerous. [thumb\\|right\\|300 px\\|Eugene Suter using early heaters designed by Isidoro Calvete. The heaters had two windings that heated the ends and roots separately](/wiki/Image:Eugene_shown_in_1920_advert.jpg \"Eugene shown in 1920 advert.jpg\")",
"### Eugene Suter and Isidoro Calvete",
"Eugene Suter was a Swiss immigrant who set up a fashionable ladies' salon in London's West End. He claimed to have come from Paris, which in those days was the center of fashion and style. He became aware of the possibilities of electrical permanent waving particularly when shorter hair allowed the design of smaller equipment. The system had two parts; one was the electric heater and the other was the system of winding and holding the hair on a form which was inserted into a heater. Suter tried to design a heater, but was unsuccessful.",
"Isidoro Calvete was a Spanish immigrant who set up a workshop for the repair and manufacture of electrical equipment in the same area of London in 1917\\. This equipment was just coming into use for the hairdressing and medical professions. Suter consulted him on the heater and Calvete designed a practical model consisting of two windings inserted into an aluminium tube. This ensured that when inserted over a root winding, the thicker hair nearer to the root became hotter than the thinner hair at the end. Suter patented the design in his own name and for the next 12 years ordered all his hairdressing equipment from Calvete but marketed under his commercial name, Eugene Ltd, which became synonymous with permanent waving throughout the world. At the same time, Calvete developed his own products which he manufactured under the name Icall, Ltd. The simultaneous manufacture of two competing lines would inevitably result in conflict.",
"Eugene company had a factory in [Edgware Road](/wiki/Edgware_Road \"Edgware Road\"), London.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The premises of Eugene Limited viewed from Edgware Road (BL34206/002\\) Archive Item \\- The Bedford Lemere Collection {{!}} Historic England \\|url\\=https://historicengland.org.uk/images\\-books/photos/item/BL34206/002 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=historicengland.org.uk \\|language\\=en}} Its products included colour rinses, lustre\\-lending shampoos, setting lotions and patented steaming sachets as well as its curlers and electric dryer. At least two dozen of the steaming sachets were used for each perm. The company published its own magazine, *The Eugène Waver*, which was sent to hairdressers across the country. It covered advice on using Eugène products, styling techniques and hairdressing trends. Readers were referred to as ‘Eugène wavers’. The [National Art Library](/wiki/National_Art_Library \"National Art Library\") at the [V\\&A Museum](/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum \"Victoria and Albert Museum\") holds volumes of the magazine covering the period 1928 to 1947\\. During the war, the company made millions of screws and rivets for airplanes and tanks in its factory.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-17 \\|title\\=\"Have you done something jolly with your hair?\": the Eugène Waver magazine in the National Art Library’s Trade Literature Collection • V\\&A Blog \\|url\\=https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum\\-life/have\\-you\\-done\\-something\\-jolly\\-with\\-your\\-hair\\-the\\-eugene\\-waver\\-magazine\\-in\\-the\\-national\\-art\\-librarys\\-trade\\-literature\\-collection \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=V\\&A Blog \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The company’s name was so well known that a 1945 page advertisement in Good Housekeeping magazine consisted of a blank page with just the handwritten words:{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Anon \\|date\\=December 1945 \\|title\\=Advertisement \\|journal\\=Good Housekeeping \\|pages\\=47}}\n> ‘What would you like for Christmas?'",
"",
"'Oh, a Eugène wave, please!’From the onset, Eugene had realised the importance of the United States market and made great inroads, challenging Nessler who had started up there. The former also sued the latter for infringing the patent which he had taken out based on Calvete's design, and won his case. Nessler was to retaliate some years later suing Eugene in the United Kingdom, over some curlers designed by Calvete which were similar to the Nessler ones.",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|left\\|First permanent\\-waving heaters designed by Calvete in 1917](/wiki/Image:First_permanent-waving_heaters_designed_by_Calvete_in_1917.jpg \"First permanent-waving heaters designed by Calvete in 1917.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Machine made in 1923 by Icall for Eugene](/wiki/Image:Icall_Machine_1920.jpg \"Icall Machine 1920.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Hair wound ready for perming. Root winding on top to take tubular heaters, Point winding on sides to take croquignole heaters. 1934](/wiki/Image:Hair_Windings.jpg \"Hair Windings.jpg\")",
"#### Development of the heaters",
"The first heaters as described above were tubular, and were inserted over the hair which had been previously wound on to a form or curler. To facilitate this, after a preliminary preparation of the hair, such as washing, cutting or tapering, the hair was combed into up to about 22 sections or locks, a process known a sectioning or squaring off. Each lock of hair was then wound onto the curler (which was basically a rod standing perpendicular to the head), starting at the bottom using the hair nearest the scalp and proceeding spirally up the curler for the length of the lock. For this reason, the process was colloquially referred to as root winding. Considerable ingenuity was exercised in designing the curler to minimize the time, effort and difficulties entailed in winding. In early models, the heaters had a tendency to flop downward on to the head, but with improved designs, they tended to point outwards (see illustration).",
"A second type of curler was invented later, allegedly in 1924 by a [Czech](/wiki/Czech_people \"Czech people\") hairdresser called Josef Mayer. In this method, the hair was fed through a small clamp which, after winding, would hold the two ends of a roller. The ends of the hair were held on the roller which was wound around a point until it reached the clamp into which it was inserted. For obvious reasons, this was called point\\-winding. Mayer attempted to claim a patent on this method of winding, which was challenged in a Federal lawsuit by the National Hairdressers' and Cosmetologists' Association.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://de.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFDCT%5CDDE%5C1941%5C19411014\\_0000020\\.DDE.htm/qx\\|title\\=NATIONAL HAIRDRESSERS' \\& COSMETOLOGISTS' v. PHILAD CO.\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-18\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120711111145/http://de.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFDCT%5CDDE%5C1941%5C19411014\\_0000020\\.DDE.htm/qx\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-11}}",
"Calvete designed a new type of heater for this called a croquignole heater which fitted over the winding, rather like a bulldog clip. The trend was to replace some of the tubular heaters on the sides of the head with croquignole ones, to allow greater scope of styling.",
"#### Development of the units",
"Apart from portable models which became available later, some system of support was necessary for the curlers. At first these were fixed to the ceiling, but these were soon replaced by a machine that was universally adopted. A vertical metal pipe held a circular unit, called a \"chandelier\" from which the heaters were suspended. The bottom of the pipe was mounted on a base with wheels which enabled the device to be moved easily between clients or to one side of the salon. By providing a structure from which to distribute the electricity to the heaters, as well as to keep all of them in the correct position and orientation, the chandelier helped minimize the weight of the entire system while also keeping things tidy.",
"Because of expense, the early models only had a few tubular heaters, and permanent\\-waving process took place in more than one stage. As the process became more popular and competitive, a whole head of hair could be processed in one sitting, using up to 22 heaters, some of which might be croquignole.",
"#### Development of the \"reagents\"",
"Although heat was required for perming, it was soon realized that if an improvement had to be made over the Marcel method, other means were necessary to avoid overheating and to speed up the waving process. The use of water on its own was an obvious choice, particularly as the hair was already wet from washing, for no other reason than that it prevented overheating, and that steam seemed to improve the process (hence the expression \"steaming time\"). It was not long before experiments were carried out on the use of additives, and it was soon apparent that [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline \"Alkaline\") additives improved the results.",
"Thus the profession started using what was called a \"reagent\", perhaps concocted by the hairdresser himself or sold commercially by the manufacturers of the machine. Two common ingredients were [borax](/wiki/Borax \"Borax\") and [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia \"Ammonia\"), which are mildly alkaline (having a high [pH](/wiki/PH \"PH\")) but are relatively harmless.",
"### J. Bari\\-Woollss",
"Until about 1930, most progress was empirical, that is, each hairdresser tended to use a method which he had found to be useful. By then, although some academic work had been done on the subject of hair, Calvete felt that more research should be done on the chemistry of hair, and engaged a chemist by the name of Bari\\-Woollss, who specialized in the subject. He carried out controlled experiments on known factors such as the effect of heat, water/steam and alkalinity and experimented on variations of the winding process, such as the type of hair, the tension or tightness of winding, the flatness of winding, the overlap and pitch.Bari\\-Woollss, J., \"The Manual of the Permanent Waver 1st edition\", Westminster City Publishing Co., August 1934 His practical lectures on the subject proved highly popular among hairdressing professionals, and he wrote a book on the subject.",
"Certain basic factors he pointed out are still relevant today. A point winding is almost two dimensional, rather like the spring of a watch [spiral](/wiki/Spiral \"Spiral\"). A root winding is three\\-dimensional much like a spiral staircase or, more properly, a [helix](/wiki/Helix \"Helix\"). Thus point winding tends to produce more of a curl, but both produce waved hair when pulled slightly. Point produces a thicker winding and so heat takes longer to penetrate the core of the winding. Root winding is heated over a greater length and the thickness of the winding will depend on the overlap between turns.",
"Bari\\-Woollss was probably instrumental in introducing a new factor\\-redox reduction. In chemistry, this is the opposite of oxidation and can mean the removal of oxygen or, in this case, the addition of hydrogen, which by breaking the bonds of the keratin in the hair, allowed waving to take place more easily. This resulted in addition of a sulfite, bisulfite or metabisulfite to Icall reagents, [sulfur dioxide](/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide \"Sulfur dioxide\"), a reducing agent, being evolved on heating. The only alternative to sulfites at the time would have been [mercaptans](/wiki/Mercaptans \"Mercaptans\") which are unpleasant to use. However, later alternatives were found which led to the development of cold\\-waving. Bari\\-Woollss left Icall in about 1934 to take over the editorship of an encyclopedic volume on women's hairdressing.",
"### Developments after 1930",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|State\\-of\\-the\\-Art Machine made by Icall in 1934, fitted with Bakelite heaters and a timer which compensated for the type of hair and other factors. The wheels were designed to avoid pick\\-up of hair from the salon floor. The design incorporated 15 tubular heaters and 6 croquignole.](/wiki/Image:Icall_1934_Permanent-Waving_Machine.jpg \"Icall 1934 Permanent-Waving Machine.jpg\")",
"By 1930, the process of permanent\\-waving was well established and its importance can be gauged if one considers that the majority of middle\\-class women, at a rough estimate, had their hair set once a week and permed perhaps once every three months as new hair replaced the waved hair. Meanwhile, hairdressers sought to improve the process and reduce the work involved; this meant savings at the lower end of the market and yet more women getting their hair permed. This was also stimulated by pictures of the rich and famous, particularly film stars, who all had their hair permed.",
"This resulted in many copies of the original equipment being made by reputable firms in some cases with innovations of their own:",
"* **Nestlé**. Nessler re\\-entered the British market under this name, introducing the \"Radione\" system in which the hair was wound dry and inserted into hollow [cellophane](/wiki/Cellophane \"Cellophane\") tubes sealed at both ends, but contained moistened paper. Also introduced the \"oleum\" system in which water was replaced by oil.\n* **MacDonald**. A revolutionary system, as it did not use direct electrical heating. Steam was generated in a separate kettle, or later in small individual kettles, the steam being led by tubes to each \"heater\". Arrangements had to be made to remove the condensed water, but there was no risk of overheating nor of electric shock, but scalding was a risk.\n* **Gallia** originated by J. Metelski, is credited with first moistening the hair with a reagent. which gave better results but made winding more difficult. It was said to be a very fast system.\n* **Superma** originated by Sartory, was a machineless system that relied on the chemical reaction of the contents of a [cotton](/wiki/Cotton \"Cotton\") pad, with water. Temperature control was rather more difficult but the method was popular in the United States perhaps because electricity was not used.\n* **Wella\\-Rapide** was a German system that used croquignole heaters exclusively. A chandelier was not used and for safety worked at a reduced voltage.\n* **Frigidine** was one of the few, apart from Icall, to use a timing mechanism and Bakelite heaters.\n* **Vapeur Marcel** was a French machine based on the same principles as the MacDonald.",
"The manner in which reagents worked when applied to the hair and heated, was not only due to the chemicals they contained, but also the effect of the water. Water not only played a part in \"steaming\" the hair, but there was better heat control, because while there was water, the temperature hardly passed 100 °C. However, this evaporated the water, and it was found that by wrapping the windings with aluminium foil, the hair stayed moist for longer, and also kept the windings upright, facilitating the addition of the heaters.",
"A further advance was the use of so\\-called sachets: small absorbent pads containing certain chemicals, attached to foil or other waterproof material, such as vegetable parchment.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/don/dt/dt3683\\.html \\|title\\=Conservation OnLine \\- CoOL \\|publisher\\=Palimpsest.stanford.edu \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-10}} The sachets were placed in water and then wound rapidly round the curlers. These were popular with hairdressers as a labour\\-saving device, and with manufacturers, as they were only used once and some 20 would be used for a head of hair.",
"There were also changes in the equipment. Icall pioneered the use of plastics in hairdressing equipment, specifically a thermosetting plastic, ([Bakelite](/wiki/Bakelite \"Bakelite\")) which was used not only because of its electrical properties in the windings of motors and heaters, but in the outer coverings of the heaters. They were less affected by corrosion and were less likely to burn the fingers of the hairdresser. Icall also used Bakelite for the outer casings of hand\\-held hair\\-dryers and also for the large linings of pedestal hair\\-dryers.",
"It can be imagined that at a time when electrical installations were not to today's standards and at one time were not even grounded, the application of electrical windings to wet hair resulted in enough accidents to worry women. Icall developed what was called the \"wireless\" system, in which the electric lead to the heater was replaced by a cord that took the weight of the heater, and the heater was heated by plugging into a socket in the chandelier. Outwardly, the machine looked similar to the earlier model, but at no time was there an electric potential near the head.",
"Also during this time, in the United States a machine\\-less method that applied preheated clamps over the wrapped rods was invented, In 1931, at the Midwest Beauty Show in Chicago, Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough showed a heatless system for the first time. Their method used bi\\-sulfide solution and was often applied at the [salon](/wiki/Beauty_salon \"Beauty salon\"), left on while the client went home and removed the next day, leading it to be called the overnight wave.",
"With the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") in 1939, all production of such equipment stopped in Europe and hardly recovered afterwards, being replaced either by home heater kits or cold\\-waving methods.",
""
] |
### Eugene Suter and Isidoro Calvete
Eugene Suter was a Swiss immigrant who set up a fashionable ladies' salon in London's West End. He claimed to have come from Paris, which in those days was the center of fashion and style. He became aware of the possibilities of electrical permanent waving particularly when shorter hair allowed the design of smaller equipment. The system had two parts; one was the electric heater and the other was the system of winding and holding the hair on a form which was inserted into a heater. Suter tried to design a heater, but was unsuccessful.
Isidoro Calvete was a Spanish immigrant who set up a workshop for the repair and manufacture of electrical equipment in the same area of London in 1917\. This equipment was just coming into use for the hairdressing and medical professions. Suter consulted him on the heater and Calvete designed a practical model consisting of two windings inserted into an aluminium tube. This ensured that when inserted over a root winding, the thicker hair nearer to the root became hotter than the thinner hair at the end. Suter patented the design in his own name and for the next 12 years ordered all his hairdressing equipment from Calvete but marketed under his commercial name, Eugene Ltd, which became synonymous with permanent waving throughout the world. At the same time, Calvete developed his own products which he manufactured under the name Icall, Ltd. The simultaneous manufacture of two competing lines would inevitably result in conflict.
Eugene company had a factory in [Edgware Road](/wiki/Edgware_Road "Edgware Road"), London.{{Cite web \|title\=The premises of Eugene Limited viewed from Edgware Road (BL34206/002\) Archive Item \- The Bedford Lemere Collection {{!}} Historic England \|url\=https://historicengland.org.uk/images\-books/photos/item/BL34206/002 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-06 \|website\=historicengland.org.uk \|language\=en}} Its products included colour rinses, lustre\-lending shampoos, setting lotions and patented steaming sachets as well as its curlers and electric dryer. At least two dozen of the steaming sachets were used for each perm. The company published its own magazine, *The Eugène Waver*, which was sent to hairdressers across the country. It covered advice on using Eugène products, styling techniques and hairdressing trends. Readers were referred to as ‘Eugène wavers’. The [National Art Library](/wiki/National_Art_Library "National Art Library") at the [V\&A Museum](/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum "Victoria and Albert Museum") holds volumes of the magazine covering the period 1928 to 1947\. During the war, the company made millions of screws and rivets for airplanes and tanks in its factory.{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-02\-17 \|title\="Have you done something jolly with your hair?": the Eugène Waver magazine in the National Art Library’s Trade Literature Collection • V\&A Blog \|url\=https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum\-life/have\-you\-done\-something\-jolly\-with\-your\-hair\-the\-eugene\-waver\-magazine\-in\-the\-national\-art\-librarys\-trade\-literature\-collection \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-06 \|website\=V\&A Blog \|language\=en\-US}} The company’s name was so well known that a 1945 page advertisement in Good Housekeeping magazine consisted of a blank page with just the handwritten words:{{Cite journal \|last\=Anon \|date\=December 1945 \|title\=Advertisement \|journal\=Good Housekeeping \|pages\=47}}
> ‘What would you like for Christmas?'
'Oh, a Eugène wave, please!’From the onset, Eugene had realised the importance of the United States market and made great inroads, challenging Nessler who had started up there. The former also sued the latter for infringing the patent which he had taken out based on Calvete's design, and won his case. Nessler was to retaliate some years later suing Eugene in the United Kingdom, over some curlers designed by Calvete which were similar to the Nessler ones.
[thumb\|200px\|left\|First permanent\-waving heaters designed by Calvete in 1917](/wiki/Image:First_permanent-waving_heaters_designed_by_Calvete_in_1917.jpg "First permanent-waving heaters designed by Calvete in 1917.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Machine made in 1923 by Icall for Eugene](/wiki/Image:Icall_Machine_1920.jpg "Icall Machine 1920.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Hair wound ready for perming. Root winding on top to take tubular heaters, Point winding on sides to take croquignole heaters. 1934](/wiki/Image:Hair_Windings.jpg "Hair Windings.jpg")
#### Development of the heaters
The first heaters as described above were tubular, and were inserted over the hair which had been previously wound on to a form or curler. To facilitate this, after a preliminary preparation of the hair, such as washing, cutting or tapering, the hair was combed into up to about 22 sections or locks, a process known a sectioning or squaring off. Each lock of hair was then wound onto the curler (which was basically a rod standing perpendicular to the head), starting at the bottom using the hair nearest the scalp and proceeding spirally up the curler for the length of the lock. For this reason, the process was colloquially referred to as root winding. Considerable ingenuity was exercised in designing the curler to minimize the time, effort and difficulties entailed in winding. In early models, the heaters had a tendency to flop downward on to the head, but with improved designs, they tended to point outwards (see illustration).
A second type of curler was invented later, allegedly in 1924 by a [Czech](/wiki/Czech_people "Czech people") hairdresser called Josef Mayer. In this method, the hair was fed through a small clamp which, after winding, would hold the two ends of a roller. The ends of the hair were held on the roller which was wound around a point until it reached the clamp into which it was inserted. For obvious reasons, this was called point\-winding. Mayer attempted to claim a patent on this method of winding, which was challenged in a Federal lawsuit by the National Hairdressers' and Cosmetologists' Association.{{cite web\|url\=http://de.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFDCT%5CDDE%5C1941%5C19411014\_0000020\.DDE.htm/qx\|title\=NATIONAL HAIRDRESSERS' \& COSMETOLOGISTS' v. PHILAD CO.\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-18\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120711111145/http://de.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFDCT%5CDDE%5C1941%5C19411014\_0000020\.DDE.htm/qx\|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-11}}
Calvete designed a new type of heater for this called a croquignole heater which fitted over the winding, rather like a bulldog clip. The trend was to replace some of the tubular heaters on the sides of the head with croquignole ones, to allow greater scope of styling.
#### Development of the units
Apart from portable models which became available later, some system of support was necessary for the curlers. At first these were fixed to the ceiling, but these were soon replaced by a machine that was universally adopted. A vertical metal pipe held a circular unit, called a "chandelier" from which the heaters were suspended. The bottom of the pipe was mounted on a base with wheels which enabled the device to be moved easily between clients or to one side of the salon. By providing a structure from which to distribute the electricity to the heaters, as well as to keep all of them in the correct position and orientation, the chandelier helped minimize the weight of the entire system while also keeping things tidy.
Because of expense, the early models only had a few tubular heaters, and permanent\-waving process took place in more than one stage. As the process became more popular and competitive, a whole head of hair could be processed in one sitting, using up to 22 heaters, some of which might be croquignole.
#### Development of the "reagents"
Although heat was required for perming, it was soon realized that if an improvement had to be made over the Marcel method, other means were necessary to avoid overheating and to speed up the waving process. The use of water on its own was an obvious choice, particularly as the hair was already wet from washing, for no other reason than that it prevented overheating, and that steam seemed to improve the process (hence the expression "steaming time"). It was not long before experiments were carried out on the use of additives, and it was soon apparent that [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline "Alkaline") additives improved the results.
Thus the profession started using what was called a "reagent", perhaps concocted by the hairdresser himself or sold commercially by the manufacturers of the machine. Two common ingredients were [borax](/wiki/Borax "Borax") and [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia "Ammonia"), which are mildly alkaline (having a high [pH](/wiki/PH "PH")) but are relatively harmless.
|
[
"### Eugene Suter and Isidoro Calvete",
"Eugene Suter was a Swiss immigrant who set up a fashionable ladies' salon in London's West End. He claimed to have come from Paris, which in those days was the center of fashion and style. He became aware of the possibilities of electrical permanent waving particularly when shorter hair allowed the design of smaller equipment. The system had two parts; one was the electric heater and the other was the system of winding and holding the hair on a form which was inserted into a heater. Suter tried to design a heater, but was unsuccessful.",
"Isidoro Calvete was a Spanish immigrant who set up a workshop for the repair and manufacture of electrical equipment in the same area of London in 1917\\. This equipment was just coming into use for the hairdressing and medical professions. Suter consulted him on the heater and Calvete designed a practical model consisting of two windings inserted into an aluminium tube. This ensured that when inserted over a root winding, the thicker hair nearer to the root became hotter than the thinner hair at the end. Suter patented the design in his own name and for the next 12 years ordered all his hairdressing equipment from Calvete but marketed under his commercial name, Eugene Ltd, which became synonymous with permanent waving throughout the world. At the same time, Calvete developed his own products which he manufactured under the name Icall, Ltd. The simultaneous manufacture of two competing lines would inevitably result in conflict.",
"Eugene company had a factory in [Edgware Road](/wiki/Edgware_Road \"Edgware Road\"), London.{{Cite web \\|title\\=The premises of Eugene Limited viewed from Edgware Road (BL34206/002\\) Archive Item \\- The Bedford Lemere Collection {{!}} Historic England \\|url\\=https://historicengland.org.uk/images\\-books/photos/item/BL34206/002 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=historicengland.org.uk \\|language\\=en}} Its products included colour rinses, lustre\\-lending shampoos, setting lotions and patented steaming sachets as well as its curlers and electric dryer. At least two dozen of the steaming sachets were used for each perm. The company published its own magazine, *The Eugène Waver*, which was sent to hairdressers across the country. It covered advice on using Eugène products, styling techniques and hairdressing trends. Readers were referred to as ‘Eugène wavers’. The [National Art Library](/wiki/National_Art_Library \"National Art Library\") at the [V\\&A Museum](/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum \"Victoria and Albert Museum\") holds volumes of the magazine covering the period 1928 to 1947\\. During the war, the company made millions of screws and rivets for airplanes and tanks in its factory.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-17 \\|title\\=\"Have you done something jolly with your hair?\": the Eugène Waver magazine in the National Art Library’s Trade Literature Collection • V\\&A Blog \\|url\\=https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum\\-life/have\\-you\\-done\\-something\\-jolly\\-with\\-your\\-hair\\-the\\-eugene\\-waver\\-magazine\\-in\\-the\\-national\\-art\\-librarys\\-trade\\-literature\\-collection \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-06 \\|website\\=V\\&A Blog \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The company’s name was so well known that a 1945 page advertisement in Good Housekeeping magazine consisted of a blank page with just the handwritten words:{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Anon \\|date\\=December 1945 \\|title\\=Advertisement \\|journal\\=Good Housekeeping \\|pages\\=47}}\n> ‘What would you like for Christmas?'",
"",
"'Oh, a Eugène wave, please!’From the onset, Eugene had realised the importance of the United States market and made great inroads, challenging Nessler who had started up there. The former also sued the latter for infringing the patent which he had taken out based on Calvete's design, and won his case. Nessler was to retaliate some years later suing Eugene in the United Kingdom, over some curlers designed by Calvete which were similar to the Nessler ones.",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|left\\|First permanent\\-waving heaters designed by Calvete in 1917](/wiki/Image:First_permanent-waving_heaters_designed_by_Calvete_in_1917.jpg \"First permanent-waving heaters designed by Calvete in 1917.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Machine made in 1923 by Icall for Eugene](/wiki/Image:Icall_Machine_1920.jpg \"Icall Machine 1920.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Hair wound ready for perming. Root winding on top to take tubular heaters, Point winding on sides to take croquignole heaters. 1934](/wiki/Image:Hair_Windings.jpg \"Hair Windings.jpg\")",
"#### Development of the heaters",
"The first heaters as described above were tubular, and were inserted over the hair which had been previously wound on to a form or curler. To facilitate this, after a preliminary preparation of the hair, such as washing, cutting or tapering, the hair was combed into up to about 22 sections or locks, a process known a sectioning or squaring off. Each lock of hair was then wound onto the curler (which was basically a rod standing perpendicular to the head), starting at the bottom using the hair nearest the scalp and proceeding spirally up the curler for the length of the lock. For this reason, the process was colloquially referred to as root winding. Considerable ingenuity was exercised in designing the curler to minimize the time, effort and difficulties entailed in winding. In early models, the heaters had a tendency to flop downward on to the head, but with improved designs, they tended to point outwards (see illustration).",
"A second type of curler was invented later, allegedly in 1924 by a [Czech](/wiki/Czech_people \"Czech people\") hairdresser called Josef Mayer. In this method, the hair was fed through a small clamp which, after winding, would hold the two ends of a roller. The ends of the hair were held on the roller which was wound around a point until it reached the clamp into which it was inserted. For obvious reasons, this was called point\\-winding. Mayer attempted to claim a patent on this method of winding, which was challenged in a Federal lawsuit by the National Hairdressers' and Cosmetologists' Association.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://de.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFDCT%5CDDE%5C1941%5C19411014\\_0000020\\.DDE.htm/qx\\|title\\=NATIONAL HAIRDRESSERS' \\& COSMETOLOGISTS' v. PHILAD CO.\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-18\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120711111145/http://de.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.%5CFDCT%5CDDE%5C1941%5C19411014\\_0000020\\.DDE.htm/qx\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-11}}",
"Calvete designed a new type of heater for this called a croquignole heater which fitted over the winding, rather like a bulldog clip. The trend was to replace some of the tubular heaters on the sides of the head with croquignole ones, to allow greater scope of styling.",
"#### Development of the units",
"Apart from portable models which became available later, some system of support was necessary for the curlers. At first these were fixed to the ceiling, but these were soon replaced by a machine that was universally adopted. A vertical metal pipe held a circular unit, called a \"chandelier\" from which the heaters were suspended. The bottom of the pipe was mounted on a base with wheels which enabled the device to be moved easily between clients or to one side of the salon. By providing a structure from which to distribute the electricity to the heaters, as well as to keep all of them in the correct position and orientation, the chandelier helped minimize the weight of the entire system while also keeping things tidy.",
"Because of expense, the early models only had a few tubular heaters, and permanent\\-waving process took place in more than one stage. As the process became more popular and competitive, a whole head of hair could be processed in one sitting, using up to 22 heaters, some of which might be croquignole.",
"#### Development of the \"reagents\"",
"Although heat was required for perming, it was soon realized that if an improvement had to be made over the Marcel method, other means were necessary to avoid overheating and to speed up the waving process. The use of water on its own was an obvious choice, particularly as the hair was already wet from washing, for no other reason than that it prevented overheating, and that steam seemed to improve the process (hence the expression \"steaming time\"). It was not long before experiments were carried out on the use of additives, and it was soon apparent that [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline \"Alkaline\") additives improved the results.",
"Thus the profession started using what was called a \"reagent\", perhaps concocted by the hairdresser himself or sold commercially by the manufacturers of the machine. Two common ingredients were [borax](/wiki/Borax \"Borax\") and [ammonia](/wiki/Ammonia \"Ammonia\"), which are mildly alkaline (having a high [pH](/wiki/PH \"PH\")) but are relatively harmless.",
""
] |
### Developments after 1930
[thumb\|right\|upright\|State\-of\-the\-Art Machine made by Icall in 1934, fitted with Bakelite heaters and a timer which compensated for the type of hair and other factors. The wheels were designed to avoid pick\-up of hair from the salon floor. The design incorporated 15 tubular heaters and 6 croquignole.](/wiki/Image:Icall_1934_Permanent-Waving_Machine.jpg "Icall 1934 Permanent-Waving Machine.jpg")
By 1930, the process of permanent\-waving was well established and its importance can be gauged if one considers that the majority of middle\-class women, at a rough estimate, had their hair set once a week and permed perhaps once every three months as new hair replaced the waved hair. Meanwhile, hairdressers sought to improve the process and reduce the work involved; this meant savings at the lower end of the market and yet more women getting their hair permed. This was also stimulated by pictures of the rich and famous, particularly film stars, who all had their hair permed.
This resulted in many copies of the original equipment being made by reputable firms in some cases with innovations of their own:
* **Nestlé**. Nessler re\-entered the British market under this name, introducing the "Radione" system in which the hair was wound dry and inserted into hollow [cellophane](/wiki/Cellophane "Cellophane") tubes sealed at both ends, but contained moistened paper. Also introduced the "oleum" system in which water was replaced by oil.
* **MacDonald**. A revolutionary system, as it did not use direct electrical heating. Steam was generated in a separate kettle, or later in small individual kettles, the steam being led by tubes to each "heater". Arrangements had to be made to remove the condensed water, but there was no risk of overheating nor of electric shock, but scalding was a risk.
* **Gallia** originated by J. Metelski, is credited with first moistening the hair with a reagent. which gave better results but made winding more difficult. It was said to be a very fast system.
* **Superma** originated by Sartory, was a machineless system that relied on the chemical reaction of the contents of a [cotton](/wiki/Cotton "Cotton") pad, with water. Temperature control was rather more difficult but the method was popular in the United States perhaps because electricity was not used.
* **Wella\-Rapide** was a German system that used croquignole heaters exclusively. A chandelier was not used and for safety worked at a reduced voltage.
* **Frigidine** was one of the few, apart from Icall, to use a timing mechanism and Bakelite heaters.
* **Vapeur Marcel** was a French machine based on the same principles as the MacDonald.
The manner in which reagents worked when applied to the hair and heated, was not only due to the chemicals they contained, but also the effect of the water. Water not only played a part in "steaming" the hair, but there was better heat control, because while there was water, the temperature hardly passed 100 °C. However, this evaporated the water, and it was found that by wrapping the windings with aluminium foil, the hair stayed moist for longer, and also kept the windings upright, facilitating the addition of the heaters.
A further advance was the use of so\-called sachets: small absorbent pads containing certain chemicals, attached to foil or other waterproof material, such as vegetable parchment.{{cite web\|url\=http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/don/dt/dt3683\.html \|title\=Conservation OnLine \- CoOL \|publisher\=Palimpsest.stanford.edu \|access\-date\=2014\-06\-10}} The sachets were placed in water and then wound rapidly round the curlers. These were popular with hairdressers as a labour\-saving device, and with manufacturers, as they were only used once and some 20 would be used for a head of hair.
There were also changes in the equipment. Icall pioneered the use of plastics in hairdressing equipment, specifically a thermosetting plastic, ([Bakelite](/wiki/Bakelite "Bakelite")) which was used not only because of its electrical properties in the windings of motors and heaters, but in the outer coverings of the heaters. They were less affected by corrosion and were less likely to burn the fingers of the hairdresser. Icall also used Bakelite for the outer casings of hand\-held hair\-dryers and also for the large linings of pedestal hair\-dryers.
It can be imagined that at a time when electrical installations were not to today's standards and at one time were not even grounded, the application of electrical windings to wet hair resulted in enough accidents to worry women. Icall developed what was called the "wireless" system, in which the electric lead to the heater was replaced by a cord that took the weight of the heater, and the heater was heated by plugging into a socket in the chandelier. Outwardly, the machine looked similar to the earlier model, but at no time was there an electric potential near the head.
Also during this time, in the United States a machine\-less method that applied preheated clamps over the wrapped rods was invented, In 1931, at the Midwest Beauty Show in Chicago, Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough showed a heatless system for the first time. Their method used bi\-sulfide solution and was often applied at the [salon](/wiki/Beauty_salon "Beauty salon"), left on while the client went home and removed the next day, leading it to be called the overnight wave.
With the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") in 1939, all production of such equipment stopped in Europe and hardly recovered afterwards, being replaced either by home heater kits or cold\-waving methods.
|
[
"### Developments after 1930",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|State\\-of\\-the\\-Art Machine made by Icall in 1934, fitted with Bakelite heaters and a timer which compensated for the type of hair and other factors. The wheels were designed to avoid pick\\-up of hair from the salon floor. The design incorporated 15 tubular heaters and 6 croquignole.](/wiki/Image:Icall_1934_Permanent-Waving_Machine.jpg \"Icall 1934 Permanent-Waving Machine.jpg\")",
"By 1930, the process of permanent\\-waving was well established and its importance can be gauged if one considers that the majority of middle\\-class women, at a rough estimate, had their hair set once a week and permed perhaps once every three months as new hair replaced the waved hair. Meanwhile, hairdressers sought to improve the process and reduce the work involved; this meant savings at the lower end of the market and yet more women getting their hair permed. This was also stimulated by pictures of the rich and famous, particularly film stars, who all had their hair permed.",
"This resulted in many copies of the original equipment being made by reputable firms in some cases with innovations of their own:",
"* **Nestlé**. Nessler re\\-entered the British market under this name, introducing the \"Radione\" system in which the hair was wound dry and inserted into hollow [cellophane](/wiki/Cellophane \"Cellophane\") tubes sealed at both ends, but contained moistened paper. Also introduced the \"oleum\" system in which water was replaced by oil.\n* **MacDonald**. A revolutionary system, as it did not use direct electrical heating. Steam was generated in a separate kettle, or later in small individual kettles, the steam being led by tubes to each \"heater\". Arrangements had to be made to remove the condensed water, but there was no risk of overheating nor of electric shock, but scalding was a risk.\n* **Gallia** originated by J. Metelski, is credited with first moistening the hair with a reagent. which gave better results but made winding more difficult. It was said to be a very fast system.\n* **Superma** originated by Sartory, was a machineless system that relied on the chemical reaction of the contents of a [cotton](/wiki/Cotton \"Cotton\") pad, with water. Temperature control was rather more difficult but the method was popular in the United States perhaps because electricity was not used.\n* **Wella\\-Rapide** was a German system that used croquignole heaters exclusively. A chandelier was not used and for safety worked at a reduced voltage.\n* **Frigidine** was one of the few, apart from Icall, to use a timing mechanism and Bakelite heaters.\n* **Vapeur Marcel** was a French machine based on the same principles as the MacDonald.",
"The manner in which reagents worked when applied to the hair and heated, was not only due to the chemicals they contained, but also the effect of the water. Water not only played a part in \"steaming\" the hair, but there was better heat control, because while there was water, the temperature hardly passed 100 °C. However, this evaporated the water, and it was found that by wrapping the windings with aluminium foil, the hair stayed moist for longer, and also kept the windings upright, facilitating the addition of the heaters.",
"A further advance was the use of so\\-called sachets: small absorbent pads containing certain chemicals, attached to foil or other waterproof material, such as vegetable parchment.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/don/dt/dt3683\\.html \\|title\\=Conservation OnLine \\- CoOL \\|publisher\\=Palimpsest.stanford.edu \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-10}} The sachets were placed in water and then wound rapidly round the curlers. These were popular with hairdressers as a labour\\-saving device, and with manufacturers, as they were only used once and some 20 would be used for a head of hair.",
"There were also changes in the equipment. Icall pioneered the use of plastics in hairdressing equipment, specifically a thermosetting plastic, ([Bakelite](/wiki/Bakelite \"Bakelite\")) which was used not only because of its electrical properties in the windings of motors and heaters, but in the outer coverings of the heaters. They were less affected by corrosion and were less likely to burn the fingers of the hairdresser. Icall also used Bakelite for the outer casings of hand\\-held hair\\-dryers and also for the large linings of pedestal hair\\-dryers.",
"It can be imagined that at a time when electrical installations were not to today's standards and at one time were not even grounded, the application of electrical windings to wet hair resulted in enough accidents to worry women. Icall developed what was called the \"wireless\" system, in which the electric lead to the heater was replaced by a cord that took the weight of the heater, and the heater was heated by plugging into a socket in the chandelier. Outwardly, the machine looked similar to the earlier model, but at no time was there an electric potential near the head.",
"Also during this time, in the United States a machine\\-less method that applied preheated clamps over the wrapped rods was invented, In 1931, at the Midwest Beauty Show in Chicago, Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough showed a heatless system for the first time. Their method used bi\\-sulfide solution and was often applied at the [salon](/wiki/Beauty_salon \"Beauty salon\"), left on while the client went home and removed the next day, leading it to be called the overnight wave.",
"With the outbreak of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") in 1939, all production of such equipment stopped in Europe and hardly recovered afterwards, being replaced either by home heater kits or cold\\-waving methods.",
""
] |
Modern perms
------------
### Cold wave
[thumb\|A Wireless Permanent\-Waving Machine designed by Icall in 1934, in which the heaters were disconnected before applying to the head, known as the "falling\-heat" method. The heaters were bulkier so as to store more heat, since they began to cool as soon as applied. The heat was controlled according to the type of hair by a thermostat control.](/wiki/Image:Icall_1934_Wireless_Permanent_Waving_Machine.jpg "Icall 1934 Wireless Permanent Waving Machine.jpg")
In 1938, Arnold F. Willatt invented the cold wave, the precursor to the modern perm.Obituary: [Arnold F. Willat, 102; Cold Hair Wave Developer](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-13-mn-1575-story.html), March 13, 1988\|Associated Press. It used no machines and no heat. The hair was wrapped on rods and a reduction lotion containing [ammonium thioglycolate](/wiki/Ammonium_thioglycolate "Ammonium thioglycolate") was applied. This chemical breaks open the disulfide linkages between the polypeptide bonds in the keratin; the protein structure in the hair. The disulfide bonds give hair its elasticity, and can be reformed with chemicals. Next, an oxidation lotion—hydrogen peroxide—was applied to close the disulfide bridges again, and the hair was reformed to the shape of the rod. The entire process took 6–8 hours at room temperature.
In the 1970s, acid perms were invented. These ammonia\-free acid perms, sometimes called buffered waves, use glyceryl monothioglycolate in the place of ammonia. Acid perms, or buffered wavers, are slower but gentler to the hair. Heat is usually added by placing the client under a dryer, after covering the wrapped head with a plastic cap. The reaction is endothermic and the additional heat causes the pH to rise from 6\.9 to 7\.2\.
Perms today use this method with sodium thioglycolate instead of ammonium thioglycolate, at a pH of 8 to 9\.5\. Perming hair with the sodium thioglycolate method takes only 15–30 minutes of exposure to the sodium thioglycolate solution before a neutralizer solution is applied to bring the pH back to normal and re\-bond the hair.
The [permanent relaxer](/wiki/Relaxer "Relaxer") [straightens the hair](/wiki/Hair_straightening "Hair straightening") instead of curling it. The same chemical methods can be used for this, but the hair is not wrapped around rods.
### Other modern perms
[thumb\|right\|upright\|Permanent wave machine invented in 1928 by [Marjorie Joyner](/wiki/Marjorie_Joyner "Marjorie Joyner") — The first African American woman to receive a patent](/wiki/Image:Permmach.gif "Permmach.gif")
Other types of modern perms include [exothermic](/wiki/Exothermic "Exothermic") perms, which are self timing and self heating; and neutral, or low pH, thioglycolate free perms.
[Digital perms](/wiki/Digital_perm "Digital perm") were introduced in the 21st century and in use especially in modern Asian cultures. The process was patented and invented by a Japanese company, Paimore Ltd.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.paimore.com/english/index.html \|title\=Paimore Ltd. website in Japan \|publisher\=Paimore.com \|access\-date\=2009\-08\-20 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207015804/http://www.paimore.com/english/index.html \|archive\-date\=2009\-02\-07 }}
|
[
"Modern perms\n------------",
"### Cold wave",
"[thumb\\|A Wireless Permanent\\-Waving Machine designed by Icall in 1934, in which the heaters were disconnected before applying to the head, known as the \"falling\\-heat\" method. The heaters were bulkier so as to store more heat, since they began to cool as soon as applied. The heat was controlled according to the type of hair by a thermostat control.](/wiki/Image:Icall_1934_Wireless_Permanent_Waving_Machine.jpg \"Icall 1934 Wireless Permanent Waving Machine.jpg\")",
"In 1938, Arnold F. Willatt invented the cold wave, the precursor to the modern perm.Obituary: [Arnold F. Willat, 102; Cold Hair Wave Developer](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-13-mn-1575-story.html), March 13, 1988\\|Associated Press. It used no machines and no heat. The hair was wrapped on rods and a reduction lotion containing [ammonium thioglycolate](/wiki/Ammonium_thioglycolate \"Ammonium thioglycolate\") was applied. This chemical breaks open the disulfide linkages between the polypeptide bonds in the keratin; the protein structure in the hair. The disulfide bonds give hair its elasticity, and can be reformed with chemicals. Next, an oxidation lotion—hydrogen peroxide—was applied to close the disulfide bridges again, and the hair was reformed to the shape of the rod. The entire process took 6–8 hours at room temperature.",
"In the 1970s, acid perms were invented. These ammonia\\-free acid perms, sometimes called buffered waves, use glyceryl monothioglycolate in the place of ammonia. Acid perms, or buffered wavers, are slower but gentler to the hair. Heat is usually added by placing the client under a dryer, after covering the wrapped head with a plastic cap. The reaction is endothermic and the additional heat causes the pH to rise from 6\\.9 to 7\\.2\\.",
"Perms today use this method with sodium thioglycolate instead of ammonium thioglycolate, at a pH of 8 to 9\\.5\\. Perming hair with the sodium thioglycolate method takes only 15–30 minutes of exposure to the sodium thioglycolate solution before a neutralizer solution is applied to bring the pH back to normal and re\\-bond the hair.",
"The [permanent relaxer](/wiki/Relaxer \"Relaxer\") [straightens the hair](/wiki/Hair_straightening \"Hair straightening\") instead of curling it. The same chemical methods can be used for this, but the hair is not wrapped around rods.",
"### Other modern perms",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\|Permanent wave machine invented in 1928 by [Marjorie Joyner](/wiki/Marjorie_Joyner \"Marjorie Joyner\") — The first African American woman to receive a patent](/wiki/Image:Permmach.gif \"Permmach.gif\")",
"Other types of modern perms include [exothermic](/wiki/Exothermic \"Exothermic\") perms, which are self timing and self heating; and neutral, or low pH, thioglycolate free perms.",
"[Digital perms](/wiki/Digital_perm \"Digital perm\") were introduced in the 21st century and in use especially in modern Asian cultures. The process was patented and invented by a Japanese company, Paimore Ltd.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.paimore.com/english/index.html \\|title\\=Paimore Ltd. website in Japan \\|publisher\\=Paimore.com \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-20 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207015804/http://www.paimore.com/english/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-07 }}",
""
] |
Beginnings
----------
[thumb\|[Vic Elford](/wiki/Vic_Elford "Vic Elford"), [Nürburgring](/wiki/1000km_N%C3%BCrburgring "1000km Nürburgring") 1971, [Porsche 908](/wiki/Porsche_908 "Porsche 908")](/wiki/Image:1971-05-29_Vic_Elford%2C_Porsche_908-3_%28Hatzenbach%29.jpg "1971-05-29 Vic Elford, Porsche 908-3 (Hatzenbach).jpg")
[thumb\|Hippe\-Car 917LH as entered in 1970 Le Mans](/wiki/File:Goodwood_Festival_of_Speed_2004_-_IMG_1201_-_Flickr_-_edvvc.jpg "Goodwood Festival of Speed 2004 - IMG 1201 - Flickr - edvvc.jpg")
[thumb\|Winner of 1971 Sebring](/wiki/File:Porsche_917_Martini.jpg "Porsche 917 Martini.jpg")
Martini's first sponsorship program happened at the Daytona 3 hours in 1962 with two [Alfa Romeo Giulietta SZ](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Giulietta_%28750/101%29%23Giulietta_Sprint_Zagato "Alfa Romeo Giulietta (750/101)#Giulietta Sprint Zagato") Coda Troncas, but they had no Martini stickers or logos on them, only "Martini \& Rossi Racing Team" written along the front quarter panels.
The two key individuals at the start of Martini Racing's grand adventure were Paul Goppert, head of publicity and public relations for Martini Germany, and his close friend Hans\-Dieter Dechent (1940\-2014\), a racing driver specializing in endurance racing who ran his father's Opel dealership in [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken "Saarbrücken"), Germany.
At the start of 1968, advertising unrelated to racing was permitted for the first time on the bodywork of racing cars. Paul asked Hans\-Dieter to place a few stickers on his car in exchange for overalls and similar equipment.
Martini stickers then appeared, in April 1968 on the [Porsche 910](/wiki/Porsche_910 "Porsche 910") raced by Scuderia Lufthansa Racing Team set up by Robert Huhn, an executive manager of the German airline.
As Dechent wanted to race the sooner with its new car, the car's first appearance of 910\-023 in its silver livery with front Lufthansa colors and Martini stickers was at [Eberbach](/wiki/Eberbach_%28Baden%29 "Eberbach (Baden)"){{cite web \| url\=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/eberbach.html \| title\=Eberbach Hill Climb \| the Motor Racing Programme Covers Project }}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.eberbach\-history.de/bergrennen \| title\=Eberbacher Bergrennen im Odenwald }}\-[Schwanheim](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_%28Baden%29 "Schönbrunn (Baden)") [hill climb](/wiki/Hill_climb "Hill climb"), the 28 April with n° 174\. Then the same car appeared at Dijon\-Longvic GP on the fifth of May (Nr 10\) where it made 2nd just behind the Matra\-Ford 630, then at Paris GP on May 12 (Nr 26\) where it renewed its 2nd place and mostly known at the 1000 km of Nürburgring on May 19 (Nr 24\). Later in a minor event at the [Hockenheimring](/wiki/Hockenheimring "Hockenheimring") on 21 July 1968 it did not finish (Nr 13\).
Martini Racing was then formed to enter two [Porsche 907](/wiki/Porsche_907 "Porsche 907") in several sports car races in 1969 to back up the factory effort.
|
[
"Beginnings\n----------",
"[thumb\\|[Vic Elford](/wiki/Vic_Elford \"Vic Elford\"), [Nürburgring](/wiki/1000km_N%C3%BCrburgring \"1000km Nürburgring\") 1971, [Porsche 908](/wiki/Porsche_908 \"Porsche 908\")](/wiki/Image:1971-05-29_Vic_Elford%2C_Porsche_908-3_%28Hatzenbach%29.jpg \"1971-05-29 Vic Elford, Porsche 908-3 (Hatzenbach).jpg\") \n[thumb\\|Hippe\\-Car 917LH as entered in 1970 Le Mans](/wiki/File:Goodwood_Festival_of_Speed_2004_-_IMG_1201_-_Flickr_-_edvvc.jpg \"Goodwood Festival of Speed 2004 - IMG 1201 - Flickr - edvvc.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Winner of 1971 Sebring](/wiki/File:Porsche_917_Martini.jpg \"Porsche 917 Martini.jpg\")",
"Martini's first sponsorship program happened at the Daytona 3 hours in 1962 with two [Alfa Romeo Giulietta SZ](/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Giulietta_%28750/101%29%23Giulietta_Sprint_Zagato \"Alfa Romeo Giulietta (750/101)#Giulietta Sprint Zagato\") Coda Troncas, but they had no Martini stickers or logos on them, only \"Martini \\& Rossi Racing Team\" written along the front quarter panels.",
"The two key individuals at the start of Martini Racing's grand adventure were Paul Goppert, head of publicity and public relations for Martini Germany, and his close friend Hans\\-Dieter Dechent (1940\\-2014\\), a racing driver specializing in endurance racing who ran his father's Opel dealership in [Saarbrücken](/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken \"Saarbrücken\"), Germany.",
"At the start of 1968, advertising unrelated to racing was permitted for the first time on the bodywork of racing cars. Paul asked Hans\\-Dieter to place a few stickers on his car in exchange for overalls and similar equipment.",
"Martini stickers then appeared, in April 1968 on the [Porsche 910](/wiki/Porsche_910 \"Porsche 910\") raced by Scuderia Lufthansa Racing Team set up by Robert Huhn, an executive manager of the German airline.",
"As Dechent wanted to race the sooner with its new car, the car's first appearance of 910\\-023 in its silver livery with front Lufthansa colors and Martini stickers was at [Eberbach](/wiki/Eberbach_%28Baden%29 \"Eberbach (Baden)\"){{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.progcovers.com/motor/eberbach.html \\| title\\=Eberbach Hill Climb \\| the Motor Racing Programme Covers Project }}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.eberbach\\-history.de/bergrennen \\| title\\=Eberbacher Bergrennen im Odenwald }}\\-[Schwanheim](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_%28Baden%29 \"Schönbrunn (Baden)\") [hill climb](/wiki/Hill_climb \"Hill climb\"), the 28 April with n° 174\\. Then the same car appeared at Dijon\\-Longvic GP on the fifth of May (Nr 10\\) where it made 2nd just behind the Matra\\-Ford 630, then at Paris GP on May 12 (Nr 26\\) where it renewed its 2nd place and mostly known at the 1000 km of Nürburgring on May 19 (Nr 24\\). Later in a minor event at the [Hockenheimring](/wiki/Hockenheimring \"Hockenheimring\") on 21 July 1968 it did not finish (Nr 13\\).",
"Martini Racing was then formed to enter two [Porsche 907](/wiki/Porsche_907 \"Porsche 907\") in several sports car races in 1969 to back up the factory effort.",
""
] |
History
-------
### World Sevens Series
The All Blacks Sevens have won 14 of the 24 World Rugby Sevens Series, and have been the most successful team in the history of the world series. They won the first six series between 1999–2004, before placing 4th in the 2005 series, and then later winning back to back series again in the 2006–2007 seasons. In 2008, the team placed 4th for the second time, and were runners\-up for the first ever time in 2009\. In the years of 2010–2013, the All Blacks Sevens had another period of success by winning all 4 of those series, before going onto have 5 straight seasons without winning a series between 2014–2018, which saw them come in 3rd place a total of 4 times and placed 4th once, which is also the third time that they have placed 4th in a world series. In 2019, the team won its first series again since 2013, and it was followed by a Covid\-19 disrupted 2020–21 season, which was then followed by a disappointing 2021–22 series, that saw them come in 8th place, which was the lowest that the team has ever placed in any of the World Sevens Series. The team won its 14th World Series title on the 13th of May 2023, wrapping up the 2022–23 season, after beating France in the semi finals of the Toulouse tournament, and wrapping up the series due to a points difference gap being greater than the 2nd placed Argentina side. The All Blacks Sevens finished in 4th place in the 2023–24 season after the Madrid, Spain Grand Final (Winner takes all) tournament.
### Summer Olympic Games
The All Blacks Sevens have played in 3 tournaments at the Summer Olympics, but have failed to obtain a Gold Medal from all 3 competitions. In 2016, they were eliminated in the quarter\-finals by Fiji before finishing in 5th place by beating Argentina (17–14\) in the 5th place final. In 2020, they improved from the previous tournament and made it to the Grand Final but they were beaten by Fiji once again by (12–27\). This caused them to finish the tournament in 2nd place after losing the final. In 2024, The All Blacks Sevens failed again to obtain a Gold Medal at the Olympics after losing to South Africa in the quarter\-finals (7–14\), and finishing in 5th place after defeating Ireland (17–7\) in the 5th place final.
### Rugby World Cup Sevens
New Zealand have won 3 Sevens Rugby World Cups. Their first appearance was in the 1993 tournament which was held in Scotland. They were knocked out in the quarter\-finals by the eventual winners England (12–21\) before finishing in 7th place. In 1997, they placed 3rd after they were beaten in the semi\-finals by South Africa (7–31\). In 2001, they won their first World Cup by beating Australia (31–12\), and would also make the final again in 2005 but went on to lose to Fiji (19–29\). In 2009, they lost to Wales in the quarter\-finals (14–15\) and would finish in 5th place. They then would go on to win the next two World Cups in 2013 and 2018 by beating England in both tournaments (33–0\) and (33–12\), to become the first team in history to go back to back in consecutive tournaments. In 2022, they lost to Fiji in the final once again by (12–27\), and finished runners\-up for the second time in their World Cup history.
### Commonwealth Games
New Zealand have found the most success in the Commonwealth Games Sevens Series by winning 5 out of the 7 Tournaments. They won in 1998 by beating Fiji in the final (21–12\), won in 2002 by winning against Fiji again (33–15\), beat England in the 2006 Final (29–21\), before beating Australia in the final in 2010 (24–17\) and would go on to beat Fiji for the 3rd consecutive time in the final (14–0\). In 2014, they were runners\-up after losing to England (12–17\) in the final and came in 3rd place after losing to Fiji (14–19\) in the semi\-finals in the 2022 tournament.
### Oceania Sevens
The All Blacks sevens have been the Oceania Sevens Champions twice. In 2022 after having the best round\-robin record of (5–1\), they secured the title. In 2023, they retained their title after defeating Samoa (24–19\) in the Final. They have been runners\-up 4 times, the first being in 2014 by losing to Fiji in the final (5–21\), the second time was in 2017 when they lost to Fiji again in the final (0–26\), the third time was in 2018, when they lost to Fiji again for the 3rd straight final (12–17\), and the 4th time would be by having the 2nd best round\-robin record in 2021 (4–2\), behind Fiji who had a better record (6–0\), and they would also finish the 2019 competition in 7th place.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### World Sevens Series",
"The All Blacks Sevens have won 14 of the 24 World Rugby Sevens Series, and have been the most successful team in the history of the world series. They won the first six series between 1999–2004, before placing 4th in the 2005 series, and then later winning back to back series again in the 2006–2007 seasons. In 2008, the team placed 4th for the second time, and were runners\\-up for the first ever time in 2009\\. In the years of 2010–2013, the All Blacks Sevens had another period of success by winning all 4 of those series, before going onto have 5 straight seasons without winning a series between 2014–2018, which saw them come in 3rd place a total of 4 times and placed 4th once, which is also the third time that they have placed 4th in a world series. In 2019, the team won its first series again since 2013, and it was followed by a Covid\\-19 disrupted 2020–21 season, which was then followed by a disappointing 2021–22 series, that saw them come in 8th place, which was the lowest that the team has ever placed in any of the World Sevens Series. The team won its 14th World Series title on the 13th of May 2023, wrapping up the 2022–23 season, after beating France in the semi finals of the Toulouse tournament, and wrapping up the series due to a points difference gap being greater than the 2nd placed Argentina side. The All Blacks Sevens finished in 4th place in the 2023–24 season after the Madrid, Spain Grand Final (Winner takes all) tournament.",
"### Summer Olympic Games",
"The All Blacks Sevens have played in 3 tournaments at the Summer Olympics, but have failed to obtain a Gold Medal from all 3 competitions. In 2016, they were eliminated in the quarter\\-finals by Fiji before finishing in 5th place by beating Argentina (17–14\\) in the 5th place final. In 2020, they improved from the previous tournament and made it to the Grand Final but they were beaten by Fiji once again by (12–27\\). This caused them to finish the tournament in 2nd place after losing the final. In 2024, The All Blacks Sevens failed again to obtain a Gold Medal at the Olympics after losing to South Africa in the quarter\\-finals (7–14\\), and finishing in 5th place after defeating Ireland (17–7\\) in the 5th place final.",
"### Rugby World Cup Sevens",
"New Zealand have won 3 Sevens Rugby World Cups. Their first appearance was in the 1993 tournament which was held in Scotland. They were knocked out in the quarter\\-finals by the eventual winners England (12–21\\) before finishing in 7th place. In 1997, they placed 3rd after they were beaten in the semi\\-finals by South Africa (7–31\\). In 2001, they won their first World Cup by beating Australia (31–12\\), and would also make the final again in 2005 but went on to lose to Fiji (19–29\\). In 2009, they lost to Wales in the quarter\\-finals (14–15\\) and would finish in 5th place. They then would go on to win the next two World Cups in 2013 and 2018 by beating England in both tournaments (33–0\\) and (33–12\\), to become the first team in history to go back to back in consecutive tournaments. In 2022, they lost to Fiji in the final once again by (12–27\\), and finished runners\\-up for the second time in their World Cup history.",
"### Commonwealth Games",
"New Zealand have found the most success in the Commonwealth Games Sevens Series by winning 5 out of the 7 Tournaments. They won in 1998 by beating Fiji in the final (21–12\\), won in 2002 by winning against Fiji again (33–15\\), beat England in the 2006 Final (29–21\\), before beating Australia in the final in 2010 (24–17\\) and would go on to beat Fiji for the 3rd consecutive time in the final (14–0\\). In 2014, they were runners\\-up after losing to England (12–17\\) in the final and came in 3rd place after losing to Fiji (14–19\\) in the semi\\-finals in the 2022 tournament.",
"### Oceania Sevens",
"The All Blacks sevens have been the Oceania Sevens Champions twice. In 2022 after having the best round\\-robin record of (5–1\\), they secured the title. In 2023, they retained their title after defeating Samoa (24–19\\) in the Final. They have been runners\\-up 4 times, the first being in 2014 by losing to Fiji in the final (5–21\\), the second time was in 2017 when they lost to Fiji again in the final (0–26\\), the third time was in 2018, when they lost to Fiji again for the 3rd straight final (12–17\\), and the 4th time would be by having the 2nd best round\\-robin record in 2021 (4–2\\), behind Fiji who had a better record (6–0\\), and they would also finish the 2019 competition in 7th place.",
""
] |
Career
------
Following four years at the academy Larkin reported to the Boston\-based [USCGC Bibb](/wiki/USCGC_Bibb "USCGC Bibb"). There, while serving as navigator, Larkin was awarded the [Silver Lifesaving Medal](/wiki/Silver_Lifesaving_Medal "Silver Lifesaving Medal") for rescuing a drowning crewmember who had fallen into the harbor after slipping from an icy dock.
In 1985, after another year on a Boston homeported ocean station vessel, Larkin entered the Navy Flight Training Program, graduating in September 1952\. He spent the next six years flying at various aviation commands from [CGAS Salem](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Salem "Coast Guard Air Station Salem"), to [CGAS Kodiak](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Kodiak "Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak"). In 1957 Larkin received training as a helicopter pilot and while assigned to [CGAS San Francisco](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_San_Francisco "Coast Guard Air Station San Francisco") was awarded the [Air Medal](/wiki/Air_Medal "Air Medal") for the helicopter rescue of a seriously injured man from a vessel 38 miles offshore in a fog bank.
The early sixties saw Larkin continuing his involvement with Coast Guard aviation, going from [Barbers Point](/wiki/Barbers_Point "Barbers Point"), Hawaii to [CGAS Elizabeth City](/wiki/CGAS_Elizabeth_City "CGAS Elizabeth City"). and to [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples"), Italy where Larkin served as commanding officer. In 1968, then commander, Larkin became a distinguished graduate of the [Air War College](/wiki/Air_War_College "Air War College") at [Maxwell AFB](/wiki/Maxwell_AFB "Maxwell AFB"). Also during this period he acquired a master of science degree from [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University "George Washington University").
After two years as executive officer of the [Coast Guard Aviation Training Center](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Aviation_Training_Center "Coast Guard Aviation Training Center") in [Mobile](/wiki/Mobile%2C_Alabama "Mobile, Alabama"), Larkin returned to [CGAS San Francisco](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_San_Francisco "Coast Guard Air Station San Francisco") as commanding officer. The air station received the [Commandant's Letter of Commendation Ribbon](/wiki/Commandant%27s_Letter_of_Commendation_Ribbon_%28United_States_Coast_Guard%29 "Commandant's Letter of Commendation Ribbon (United States Coast Guard)") and he was awarded the [Coast Guard Commendation Medal](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Commendation_Medal "Coast Guard Commendation Medal"). After three years on the West Coast, Larkin was assigned to Coast Guard Headquarters as chief of the aviation branch where he earned the [Meritorious Service Medal](/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal "Meritorious Service Medal").
While serving as Chief of Staff, 7th Coast Guard District in Miami, Larkin was selected for promotion to flag rank and received his new stars in July 1976, and also was awarded a second [Meritorious Service Medal](/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal "Meritorious Service Medal"). He then assumed the responsibilities of chief, office of personnel at Coast Guard Headquarters where he was awarded his third [Meritorious Service Medal](/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal "Meritorious Service Medal"). Larkin left [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") in the summer of 1978 for [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), where he took over as Commander, 13th Coast Guard District. During this period Larkin received the [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit "Legion of Merit"). He then served as Superintendent, [U.S. Coast Guard Academy](/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard_Academy "U.S. Coast Guard Academy") until June 1982\.
Larkin retired as a [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_Admiral "Vice Admiral") in 1984\.{{cite web \|title\=Charles Larkin \- Recipient \- \|url\=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/33767 \|website\=valor.militarytimes.com \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Following four years at the academy Larkin reported to the Boston\\-based [USCGC Bibb](/wiki/USCGC_Bibb \"USCGC Bibb\"). There, while serving as navigator, Larkin was awarded the [Silver Lifesaving Medal](/wiki/Silver_Lifesaving_Medal \"Silver Lifesaving Medal\") for rescuing a drowning crewmember who had fallen into the harbor after slipping from an icy dock.",
"In 1985, after another year on a Boston homeported ocean station vessel, Larkin entered the Navy Flight Training Program, graduating in September 1952\\. He spent the next six years flying at various aviation commands from [CGAS Salem](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Salem \"Coast Guard Air Station Salem\"), to [CGAS Kodiak](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Kodiak \"Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak\"). In 1957 Larkin received training as a helicopter pilot and while assigned to [CGAS San Francisco](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_San_Francisco \"Coast Guard Air Station San Francisco\") was awarded the [Air Medal](/wiki/Air_Medal \"Air Medal\") for the helicopter rescue of a seriously injured man from a vessel 38 miles offshore in a fog bank.",
"The early sixties saw Larkin continuing his involvement with Coast Guard aviation, going from [Barbers Point](/wiki/Barbers_Point \"Barbers Point\"), Hawaii to [CGAS Elizabeth City](/wiki/CGAS_Elizabeth_City \"CGAS Elizabeth City\"). and to [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\"), Italy where Larkin served as commanding officer. In 1968, then commander, Larkin became a distinguished graduate of the [Air War College](/wiki/Air_War_College \"Air War College\") at [Maxwell AFB](/wiki/Maxwell_AFB \"Maxwell AFB\"). Also during this period he acquired a master of science degree from [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University \"George Washington University\").",
"After two years as executive officer of the [Coast Guard Aviation Training Center](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Aviation_Training_Center \"Coast Guard Aviation Training Center\") in [Mobile](/wiki/Mobile%2C_Alabama \"Mobile, Alabama\"), Larkin returned to [CGAS San Francisco](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_San_Francisco \"Coast Guard Air Station San Francisco\") as commanding officer. The air station received the [Commandant's Letter of Commendation Ribbon](/wiki/Commandant%27s_Letter_of_Commendation_Ribbon_%28United_States_Coast_Guard%29 \"Commandant's Letter of Commendation Ribbon (United States Coast Guard)\") and he was awarded the [Coast Guard Commendation Medal](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Commendation_Medal \"Coast Guard Commendation Medal\"). After three years on the West Coast, Larkin was assigned to Coast Guard Headquarters as chief of the aviation branch where he earned the [Meritorious Service Medal](/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal \"Meritorious Service Medal\").",
"While serving as Chief of Staff, 7th Coast Guard District in Miami, Larkin was selected for promotion to flag rank and received his new stars in July 1976, and also was awarded a second [Meritorious Service Medal](/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal \"Meritorious Service Medal\"). He then assumed the responsibilities of chief, office of personnel at Coast Guard Headquarters where he was awarded his third [Meritorious Service Medal](/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal \"Meritorious Service Medal\"). Larkin left [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") in the summer of 1978 for [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"), where he took over as Commander, 13th Coast Guard District. During this period Larkin received the [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit \"Legion of Merit\"). He then served as Superintendent, [U.S. Coast Guard Academy](/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard_Academy \"U.S. Coast Guard Academy\") until June 1982\\.",
"Larkin retired as a [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_Admiral \"Vice Admiral\") in 1984\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Charles Larkin \\- Recipient \\- \\|url\\=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/33767 \\|website\\=valor.militarytimes.com \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Themes covered in *Cartesian Linguistics*
-----------------------------------------
### Man vs. brute
Certain mechanical factors of language function, such as response to stimuli, are evident in both humans and animals; however, Chomsky cites several 17th\-century Cartesian experiments that show that the *creative* aspect of language is specific only to human beings. This is, in essence, the Cartesian theory of language production.
Chomsky writes, "one fundamental contribution of what we have been calling 'Cartesian linguistics' is the observation that human language, in its normal use, is free from the control of independently identifiable external stimuli or internal states and is not restricted to any practical communicative function, in contrast, for example, to the pseudo\-language of animals". "In short, animal 'language' remains completely within the bounds of mechanical explanation as this was conceived by Descartes and [Cordemoy](/wiki/G%C3%A9raud_de_Cordemoy "Géraud de Cordemoy")" and the creative aspect of language is what separates humans and animals.
### Freedom from instinct
[Philosophical](/wiki/Philosophy "Philosophy") undertones permeate Cartesian theory. One example of this is the idea that freedom from instinct and from stimulus control is the basis for what we call "human reason". Weakness of instinct is man's natural advantage, that which makes him a rational being. "From this conception of language, it is only a short step to the association of the creative aspect of language use with true *artistic* creativity". In other words, "the 'poetical' quality of ordinary language derives from its independence of immediate stimulation and its freedom from practical ends", essentially subject matter that correlates with Cartesian philosophy.
### Universality
Chomsky parallels theories of [Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment") thinkers [Humboldt](/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt "Wilhelm von Humboldt"), [Goethe](/wiki/Goethe "Goethe"), and [Herder](/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder "Johann Gottfried Herder"), holding them up as researchers who were seeking a universal order and to show the tendency of Cartesian thinking to diffuse into different areas of academia. Humboldt's effort to reveal the organic form of language, like many of the cited experiments, is placed into the context of modern linguistics to show the differences between the Cartesian model of linguistics and the modern model of linguistics, and to illustrate the contributions of the former to the latter.
Another aspect of this universality is [generative grammar](/wiki/Generative_grammar "Generative grammar"), a Chomskyan approach, which is one finite, ubiquitous aspect of language that provides the "[organic unity](/wiki/Organic_unity "Organic unity")" of which Humboldt wrote. Also Humboldtian is the idea that the forces generating language and thought are one and the same.
### Deep structure vs. surface structure
"Pursuing the fundamental distinction between body and mind, Cartesian linguistics characteristically assumes that language has two aspects", namely, the sound/character of a linguistic sign and its significance. Semantic and phonetic interpretation may not be identical in Cartesian linguistics. [Deep structures](/wiki/Deep_structure "Deep structure") are often only represented in the mind (a mirror of thought), as opposed to surface structures, which are not{{clarify\|date\=November 2013}}.
Deep structures vary less between languages than surface structures. For instance, the transformational operations yielding surface forms of Latin and French may obscure common features of their deep structures. Chomsky proposes, "In many respects, it seems to me quite accurate, then, to regard the theory of [transformational generative grammar](/wiki/Transformational_grammar "Transformational grammar"), as it is developing in current work, as essentially a modern and more explicit version of the [Port\-Royal](/wiki/Port_Royal_Grammar "Port Royal Grammar") theory".
### Summary of Port Royal Grammar
The [Port Royal Grammar](/wiki/Port_Royal_Grammar "Port Royal Grammar") is heavily cited in *Cartesian Linguistics* as an example of Cartesian linguistic philosophy. "A sentence has an inner mental aspect (a deep structure that conveys its meaning) and an outer, physical aspect as a sound sequence." {{citation needed\|date\=October 2022}} Chomsky claims that Port Royal linguists developed a theory of [deep and surface structures](/wiki/Transformational_grammar "Transformational grammar") that meets the formal requirements of language theory. Chomsky describes it in modern terms as "a base system that generates deep structures and a transformational system that maps these into surface structures", essentially a form of [transformational grammar](/wiki/Transformational_grammar "Transformational grammar") akin to modern theories.
### Past and present
Chomsky bridges the past with the present by stating that from the standpoint of modern linguistic theory, the characterization and discovery of deep structures is absurd, in accordance with the present study and quantification of such things as "linguistic fact" and "sound\-meaning correspondences". In any case, traditional attempts to deal with deep and surface structure theory were unsuccessful.
Descartes' idea of language is that it is a form of self\-expression, not merely communication…Modern linguistics hasn't dealt with, or rather hasn't fully acknowledged, problems raised by Cartesian philosophy. They have been glossed over as unnecessary problems of a generally well\-accepted theory.
Another aspect of Cartesian linguistics is the "necessity for supplementing descriptive statements with a rational explanation", in order to qualify as a true science. Chomsky claims that an excessive rationality and priorism were common to the Enlightenment period and that a great, underlying hypothesis as to the general nature of language is missing in the Cartesian analysis of deep structure.
### "Common notions" (Herbert of Cherbury's *De Veritate* (1624\))
These refer to the "inborn capacitiies" or a certain "natural instinct" that "instructs us in the nature, manner, and scope of what is to be heard, hoped for, or desired" (Cherbury). These latent notions are only activated through an outside stimulus. Chomsky asserts that this focus on innate and psychological doctrine as a precursor to experience and knowledge is typical of *Cartesian* linguistics, along with the requisite of an external stimulus for activation of the doctrine's latent function.
### Approach to language learning
With this said, "language acquisition is a matter of growth and maturation of relatively fixed capacities, under appropriate external conditions". The 17th century's amenable approach to language learning was very non\-conforming, as the overall perception was that knowledge arose on the basis of scattered, inadequate data. Properties conducive to what is learned were attributed to the mind. Theories of perception and learning were essentially the same, though it was an acknowledged difference that would consequently become indistinct during acquisition.
"Thus prior knowledge and set play a large role in determining what we see" ([Cudworth](/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth "Ralph Cudworth") \[Treatise on Morality] 423\-424\)
A common idea/perception was that an object/idea could be stamped upon the soul upon the occasion of an idea excited from the comprehensive power of the intellect itself. Only Humboldt, who was a living connection between the rationalist Enlightenment and the Romantic period, devised the underlying generative system of language perception. Again, Chomsky asserts that "contemporary research in perception has returned to the investigation of internally represented schemata...". The current work of modern linguistics continues the tradition of *Cartesian* linguistics in transformational grammar.
Chomsky formulates fundamental conclusions of Cartesian linguistics in his studies.
|
[
"Themes covered in *Cartesian Linguistics*\n-----------------------------------------",
"### Man vs. brute",
"Certain mechanical factors of language function, such as response to stimuli, are evident in both humans and animals; however, Chomsky cites several 17th\\-century Cartesian experiments that show that the *creative* aspect of language is specific only to human beings. This is, in essence, the Cartesian theory of language production.",
"Chomsky writes, \"one fundamental contribution of what we have been calling 'Cartesian linguistics' is the observation that human language, in its normal use, is free from the control of independently identifiable external stimuli or internal states and is not restricted to any practical communicative function, in contrast, for example, to the pseudo\\-language of animals\". \"In short, animal 'language' remains completely within the bounds of mechanical explanation as this was conceived by Descartes and [Cordemoy](/wiki/G%C3%A9raud_de_Cordemoy \"Géraud de Cordemoy\")\" and the creative aspect of language is what separates humans and animals.",
"### Freedom from instinct",
"[Philosophical](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\") undertones permeate Cartesian theory. One example of this is the idea that freedom from instinct and from stimulus control is the basis for what we call \"human reason\". Weakness of instinct is man's natural advantage, that which makes him a rational being. \"From this conception of language, it is only a short step to the association of the creative aspect of language use with true *artistic* creativity\". In other words, \"the 'poetical' quality of ordinary language derives from its independence of immediate stimulation and its freedom from practical ends\", essentially subject matter that correlates with Cartesian philosophy.",
"### Universality",
"Chomsky parallels theories of [Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\") thinkers [Humboldt](/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt \"Wilhelm von Humboldt\"), [Goethe](/wiki/Goethe \"Goethe\"), and [Herder](/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder \"Johann Gottfried Herder\"), holding them up as researchers who were seeking a universal order and to show the tendency of Cartesian thinking to diffuse into different areas of academia. Humboldt's effort to reveal the organic form of language, like many of the cited experiments, is placed into the context of modern linguistics to show the differences between the Cartesian model of linguistics and the modern model of linguistics, and to illustrate the contributions of the former to the latter.",
"Another aspect of this universality is [generative grammar](/wiki/Generative_grammar \"Generative grammar\"), a Chomskyan approach, which is one finite, ubiquitous aspect of language that provides the \"[organic unity](/wiki/Organic_unity \"Organic unity\")\" of which Humboldt wrote. Also Humboldtian is the idea that the forces generating language and thought are one and the same.",
"### Deep structure vs. surface structure",
"\"Pursuing the fundamental distinction between body and mind, Cartesian linguistics characteristically assumes that language has two aspects\", namely, the sound/character of a linguistic sign and its significance. Semantic and phonetic interpretation may not be identical in Cartesian linguistics. [Deep structures](/wiki/Deep_structure \"Deep structure\") are often only represented in the mind (a mirror of thought), as opposed to surface structures, which are not{{clarify\\|date\\=November 2013}}.",
"Deep structures vary less between languages than surface structures. For instance, the transformational operations yielding surface forms of Latin and French may obscure common features of their deep structures. Chomsky proposes, \"In many respects, it seems to me quite accurate, then, to regard the theory of [transformational generative grammar](/wiki/Transformational_grammar \"Transformational grammar\"), as it is developing in current work, as essentially a modern and more explicit version of the [Port\\-Royal](/wiki/Port_Royal_Grammar \"Port Royal Grammar\") theory\".",
"### Summary of Port Royal Grammar",
"The [Port Royal Grammar](/wiki/Port_Royal_Grammar \"Port Royal Grammar\") is heavily cited in *Cartesian Linguistics* as an example of Cartesian linguistic philosophy. \"A sentence has an inner mental aspect (a deep structure that conveys its meaning) and an outer, physical aspect as a sound sequence.\" {{citation needed\\|date\\=October 2022}} Chomsky claims that Port Royal linguists developed a theory of [deep and surface structures](/wiki/Transformational_grammar \"Transformational grammar\") that meets the formal requirements of language theory. Chomsky describes it in modern terms as \"a base system that generates deep structures and a transformational system that maps these into surface structures\", essentially a form of [transformational grammar](/wiki/Transformational_grammar \"Transformational grammar\") akin to modern theories.",
"### Past and present",
"Chomsky bridges the past with the present by stating that from the standpoint of modern linguistic theory, the characterization and discovery of deep structures is absurd, in accordance with the present study and quantification of such things as \"linguistic fact\" and \"sound\\-meaning correspondences\". In any case, traditional attempts to deal with deep and surface structure theory were unsuccessful.",
"Descartes' idea of language is that it is a form of self\\-expression, not merely communication…Modern linguistics hasn't dealt with, or rather hasn't fully acknowledged, problems raised by Cartesian philosophy. They have been glossed over as unnecessary problems of a generally well\\-accepted theory.",
"Another aspect of Cartesian linguistics is the \"necessity for supplementing descriptive statements with a rational explanation\", in order to qualify as a true science. Chomsky claims that an excessive rationality and priorism were common to the Enlightenment period and that a great, underlying hypothesis as to the general nature of language is missing in the Cartesian analysis of deep structure.",
"### \"Common notions\" (Herbert of Cherbury's *De Veritate* (1624\\))",
"These refer to the \"inborn capacitiies\" or a certain \"natural instinct\" that \"instructs us in the nature, manner, and scope of what is to be heard, hoped for, or desired\" (Cherbury). These latent notions are only activated through an outside stimulus. Chomsky asserts that this focus on innate and psychological doctrine as a precursor to experience and knowledge is typical of *Cartesian* linguistics, along with the requisite of an external stimulus for activation of the doctrine's latent function.",
"### Approach to language learning",
"With this said, \"language acquisition is a matter of growth and maturation of relatively fixed capacities, under appropriate external conditions\". The 17th century's amenable approach to language learning was very non\\-conforming, as the overall perception was that knowledge arose on the basis of scattered, inadequate data. Properties conducive to what is learned were attributed to the mind. Theories of perception and learning were essentially the same, though it was an acknowledged difference that would consequently become indistinct during acquisition.",
"\"Thus prior knowledge and set play a large role in determining what we see\" ([Cudworth](/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth \"Ralph Cudworth\") \\[Treatise on Morality] 423\\-424\\)\nA common idea/perception was that an object/idea could be stamped upon the soul upon the occasion of an idea excited from the comprehensive power of the intellect itself. Only Humboldt, who was a living connection between the rationalist Enlightenment and the Romantic period, devised the underlying generative system of language perception. Again, Chomsky asserts that \"contemporary research in perception has returned to the investigation of internally represented schemata...\". The current work of modern linguistics continues the tradition of *Cartesian* linguistics in transformational grammar.",
"Chomsky formulates fundamental conclusions of Cartesian linguistics in his studies.",
""
] |
Crime spree
-----------
In August 1997, Alix embarked on a six\-month violent crime spree in Houston. Over the course of the crime spree, he committed at least three murders.{{Cite web \|title\=Execution Report: Franklin Alix – Page 1 \|url\=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/452\-Franklin\-Alix.htm \|access\-date\=April 20, 2022 \|website\=www.txexecutions.org}} Alix committed most of his crimes at apartment complexes and kidnapped people by forcing them into car trunks on four occasions.
On August 8, Alix allegedly shot 41\-year\-old Gregorio Ramirez during an attempted robbery in an apartment parking lot. Ramirez's widow identified him as the shooter. On August 15, Alix pumped gas without paying. When he got stuck in traffic and the store owner confronted him, Alix punched the man in the face.
On September 2, Alix bumped into a woman's car. When she asked him for his insurance papers, he threw her to the ground and robbed her at gunpoint. He then fled after the woman started screaming and another woman said she was calling the police.
On September 29, Alix robbed a woman and kidnapped her at gunpoint as she got out of her car in an apartment parking lot. After forcing her into her trunk and driving off, Alix pulled over and made the woman perform oral sex on him before fleeing.
On October 5, Alix fatally shot Selemawi Tewolde in an apartment parking lot. On October 13 he robbed a man at gunpoint at an apartment, and on On November 30 robbed a man getting out of his car in an apartment parking lot and locked him in the trunk.
On December 6, Alix stopped a patrolling apartment security guard at gunpoint. He had the security guard turn around and run away. He then fired three shots, hitting the guard in the back. The man survived.
On December 19, Alix shot and wounded a townhome security guard after searching for money. Later that day, Alix got out of a car to rob a man in an apartment parking lot. The man got in the car and drove away. He later found a woman in the trunk. The woman said she had been robbed and raped.
On January 3, Alix kidnapped 19\-year\-old Karyl Bridgeford. After forcing her into her car trunk and driving off, Alix threatened her and demanded money. Karyl told him he could take things from her home.
Alix threatened Karyl with his gun, saying he would kill her and anyone else in the house if anything went wrong. Alix then searched the home and stole several electronics. He also raped Karyl. As he was ransacking the home, Karyl's 23\-year\-old brother Eric and his friend suddenly arrived. The two men fled, but Alix chased them and fatally shot Eric. Later that day, Alix pulled over a woman in an apartment parking lot at gunpoint before robbing and kidnapping her. The woman was forced into her car trunk. Alix, who then started driving the car, released her half an hour later.
On January 4, Alix robbed a man walking home. Later that day, he robbed and fatally shot 34\-year\-old Christopher Thomas as he was listening to music in his car outside of his home.{{Cite news \|date\=January 8, 1998 \|title\=Franklin Alix \|pages\=3 \|work\=Tyler Morning Telegraph \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100112810/franklin\-alix/ \|access\-date\=April 20, 2022}}
|
[
"Crime spree\n-----------",
"In August 1997, Alix embarked on a six\\-month violent crime spree in Houston. Over the course of the crime spree, he committed at least three murders.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Execution Report: Franklin Alix – Page 1 \\|url\\=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/452\\-Franklin\\-Alix.htm \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2022 \\|website\\=www.txexecutions.org}} Alix committed most of his crimes at apartment complexes and kidnapped people by forcing them into car trunks on four occasions.",
"On August 8, Alix allegedly shot 41\\-year\\-old Gregorio Ramirez during an attempted robbery in an apartment parking lot. Ramirez's widow identified him as the shooter. On August 15, Alix pumped gas without paying. When he got stuck in traffic and the store owner confronted him, Alix punched the man in the face.",
"On September 2, Alix bumped into a woman's car. When she asked him for his insurance papers, he threw her to the ground and robbed her at gunpoint. He then fled after the woman started screaming and another woman said she was calling the police.",
"On September 29, Alix robbed a woman and kidnapped her at gunpoint as she got out of her car in an apartment parking lot. After forcing her into her trunk and driving off, Alix pulled over and made the woman perform oral sex on him before fleeing.",
"On October 5, Alix fatally shot Selemawi Tewolde in an apartment parking lot. On October 13 he robbed a man at gunpoint at an apartment, and on On November 30 robbed a man getting out of his car in an apartment parking lot and locked him in the trunk.",
"On December 6, Alix stopped a patrolling apartment security guard at gunpoint. He had the security guard turn around and run away. He then fired three shots, hitting the guard in the back. The man survived.",
"On December 19, Alix shot and wounded a townhome security guard after searching for money. Later that day, Alix got out of a car to rob a man in an apartment parking lot. The man got in the car and drove away. He later found a woman in the trunk. The woman said she had been robbed and raped.",
"On January 3, Alix kidnapped 19\\-year\\-old Karyl Bridgeford. After forcing her into her car trunk and driving off, Alix threatened her and demanded money. Karyl told him he could take things from her home.",
"Alix threatened Karyl with his gun, saying he would kill her and anyone else in the house if anything went wrong. Alix then searched the home and stole several electronics. He also raped Karyl. As he was ransacking the home, Karyl's 23\\-year\\-old brother Eric and his friend suddenly arrived. The two men fled, but Alix chased them and fatally shot Eric. Later that day, Alix pulled over a woman in an apartment parking lot at gunpoint before robbing and kidnapping her. The woman was forced into her car trunk. Alix, who then started driving the car, released her half an hour later.",
"On January 4, Alix robbed a man walking home. Later that day, he robbed and fatally shot 34\\-year\\-old Christopher Thomas as he was listening to music in his car outside of his home.{{Cite news \\|date\\=January 8, 1998 \\|title\\=Franklin Alix \\|pages\\=3 \\|work\\=Tyler Morning Telegraph \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100112810/franklin\\-alix/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2022}}",
""
] |
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