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Arrest, trial, and execution ---------------------------- On January 6, 1998, officers in Houston arrested Alix. He confessed to killing Eric on videotape and led police to the weapon. Alix was charged with capital murder for killing Eric. Prosecutors announced they would seek a death sentence for him. While in jail awaiting trial, Alix got into two fights with other inmates, one on April 6, 1998, and the other on May 27, 1998\. Alix's trial started in August 1998\. During the trial, he admitted to kidnapping Karyl but claimed the sex was consensual, the stolen items were gifts, and that he killed Eric in self defense. Alix was found guilty of capital murder on August 26, 1998\. During the sentencing phase, the prosecution introduced Alix's prior convictions and evidence of the other crimes he committed. They said he was the poster boy for capital murder and called him a "one\-man crime wave".{{Cite news \|date\=September 4, 1998 \|title\=Alix wave \|pages\=3 \|work\=Times Record News \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100113903/alix\-wave/ \|access\-date\=April 20, 2022}} The defense had witnesses testify that Alix was kind when he was younger. One person described him as having been a "typical fun\-loving teenager". Alix himself said he committed the crimes under duress, and that a man named Kevin Smith had threatened to kill him if he did not pay a drug debt. Although Texas did not have life without parole at the time, the judge also allowed the defense to tell the jury that if they gave Alix a life sentence, he would not become eligible for parole for 40 years. This meant that Alix would have no chance of release until he was in his early 60s.{{Cite news \|date\=December 27, 1998 \|title\=Alix parole \|pages\=16 \|work\=The Monitor \|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100113830/alix\-parole/ \|access\-date\=April 20, 2022}} During his trial, Alix had several outbursts. At one point, he was removed from the courtroom. The jury ultimately recommended a death sentence, and Alix was formally sentenced to death on September 2, 1998\. In 2006, the crime lab for [Houston Police Department](/wiki/Houston_Police_Department "Houston Police Department") was caught in a controversy over complaints of bad police work and mishandled evidence in multiple cases. In Alix's case, his lawyers argued that DNA evidence did not conclusively connect him to Ramirez's murder. However, an appellate court ruled that this would not have changed the jury's decision, pointing to Alix's lengthy history of violence and other evidence. Alix was interviewed on death row shortly before his execution: Referring to his alleged drug debt, Alix said he had wanted to do the right things in life, but got caught with a bad crowd. He admitted to killing Eric but claimed his gun went off after Eric charged at him. Alix said he did not want to die. He claimed he was remorseful, but said he would not apologize. Alix admitted to some of the robberies, but denied most of the other crimes, including the rapes and all of the other murders. Alix was executed by [lethal injection](/wiki/Lethal_injection "Lethal injection") at the [Huntsville Unit](/wiki/Huntsville_Unit "Huntsville Unit") on March 30, 2010\. He declined a [last meal](/wiki/Last_meal "Last meal"). Alix's last words were "I am not the monster they made me out to be. I made lots of mistakes that took your son. I messed up, made poor choices. I'll take it to the grave, I will be at peace. It is what it is. I got peace in my heart." He was pronounced dead seven minutes later. Bridgeford's sister and mother, as well as Thomas's father and sister, witnessed the execution. "Our lives are forever changed but we need to go on", said Bridgeford's mother, Janey. She said she took no pleasure in seeing Alix die and that she forgave him, but understood he might not admit to everything he did. Janey brought a photo of her son to the witness room. "Every photo has been of Alix", she said. "I wanted to put a face to this." Janey said her family had been through a lot of pain and it took two years before she could return to work. Thomas's sister, Fernellifa Jolivette, said she had to forgive Alix to find peace with herself.
[ "Arrest, trial, and execution\n----------------------------", "On January 6, 1998, officers in Houston arrested Alix. He confessed to killing Eric on videotape and led police to the weapon.", "Alix was charged with capital murder for killing Eric. Prosecutors announced they would seek a death sentence for him. While in jail awaiting trial, Alix got into two fights with other inmates, one on April 6, 1998, and the other on May 27, 1998\\. Alix's trial started in August 1998\\. During the trial, he admitted to kidnapping Karyl but claimed the sex was consensual, the stolen items were gifts, and that he killed Eric in self defense. Alix was found guilty of capital murder on August 26, 1998\\.", "During the sentencing phase, the prosecution introduced Alix's prior convictions and evidence of the other crimes he committed. They said he was the poster boy for capital murder and called him a \"one\\-man crime wave\".{{Cite news \\|date\\=September 4, 1998 \\|title\\=Alix wave \\|pages\\=3 \\|work\\=Times Record News \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100113903/alix\\-wave/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2022}} The defense had witnesses testify that Alix was kind when he was younger. One person described him as having been a \"typical fun\\-loving teenager\". Alix himself said he committed the crimes under duress, and that a man named Kevin Smith had threatened to kill him if he did not pay a drug debt.", "Although Texas did not have life without parole at the time, the judge also allowed the defense to tell the jury that if they gave Alix a life sentence, he would not become eligible for parole for 40 years. This meant that Alix would have no chance of release until he was in his early 60s.{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 27, 1998 \\|title\\=Alix parole \\|pages\\=16 \\|work\\=The Monitor \\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100113830/alix\\-parole/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 20, 2022}}", "During his trial, Alix had several outbursts. At one point, he was removed from the courtroom. The jury ultimately recommended a death sentence, and Alix was formally sentenced to death on September 2, 1998\\. In 2006, the crime lab for [Houston Police Department](/wiki/Houston_Police_Department \"Houston Police Department\") was caught in a controversy over complaints of bad police work and mishandled evidence in multiple cases. In Alix's case, his lawyers argued that DNA evidence did not conclusively connect him to Ramirez's murder. However, an appellate court ruled that this would not have changed the jury's decision, pointing to Alix's lengthy history of violence and other evidence.", "Alix was interviewed on death row shortly before his execution:", "Referring to his alleged drug debt, Alix said he had wanted to do the right things in life, but got caught with a bad crowd. He admitted to killing Eric but claimed his gun went off after Eric charged at him. Alix said he did not want to die. He claimed he was remorseful, but said he would not apologize. Alix admitted to some of the robberies, but denied most of the other crimes, including the rapes and all of the other murders.", "Alix was executed by [lethal injection](/wiki/Lethal_injection \"Lethal injection\") at the [Huntsville Unit](/wiki/Huntsville_Unit \"Huntsville Unit\") on March 30, 2010\\. He declined a [last meal](/wiki/Last_meal \"Last meal\"). Alix's last words were \"I am not the monster they made me out to be. I made lots of mistakes that took your son. I messed up, made poor choices. I'll take it to the grave, I will be at peace. It is what it is. I got peace in my heart.\" He was pronounced dead seven minutes later.", "Bridgeford's sister and mother, as well as Thomas's father and sister, witnessed the execution. \"Our lives are forever changed but we need to go on\", said Bridgeford's mother, Janey. She said she took no pleasure in seeing Alix die and that she forgave him, but understood he might not admit to everything he did. Janey brought a photo of her son to the witness room. \"Every photo has been of Alix\", she said. \"I wanted to put a face to this.\" Janey said her family had been through a lot of pain and it took two years before she could return to work. Thomas's sister, Fernellifa Jolivette, said she had to forgive Alix to find peace with herself.", "" ]
History ------- At the end of the 1980s, the first management company was founded under the name Azimut as part of Akros Finanziaria. In 1990, a few months after the arrival of Pietro Giuliani, the Group's current chairman, the project from which the current Group was born came to life. In 1998, Bipop\-Carire acquires Azimut. At the end of the 1990s, the Luxembourg management of AzFund (now [Azimut Investments](https://www.azimutinvestments.com/home)) starts. In 2001, as a result of the restructuring of Bipop Carire, Azimut buys the company supported by Apax Partners. About 700 people invest in the MBO completed in June 2002\. In 2001 the regional distribution companies merge into Azimut Consulenza SIM (now [Azimut Capital Management SGR](https://www.azimut.it/)). In 2004 the holding company, Azimut Holding SpA, is listed on the Milan stock exchange. AzLife (now Azimut Life) insurance company is established in Ireland and hedge management in Italy begins. In 2010, Azimut Holding's stock entered the FTSE Mib index, and in the same year the Group began international expansion. Between late 2010 and 2011, Azimut launches offices in Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Turkey and strengthens its position in Europe with a presence in Munich and Switzerland. In 2013 it expands to Taiwan, Brazil, and Singapore. In 2014 it signs its first acquisition in Mexico and enters the Australian market. It also launches a project in the area of alternative investments in private markets, later establishing a dedicated company, Azimut Libera Impresa SGR. In 2015 he enters Chile and in 2016 the United States, in Miami. Two years later it starts a presence in the United Arab Emirates. In 2019 it enters Egypt and starts Azimut Alternative Capital Partners in the United States with the aim of creating partnerships with management companies specializing in alternative investments. In 2022 it opens an office in Portugal.
[ "History\n-------", "At the end of the 1980s, the first management company was founded under the name Azimut as part of Akros Finanziaria.", "In 1990, a few months after the arrival of Pietro Giuliani, the Group's current chairman, the project from which the current Group was born came to life.", "In 1998, Bipop\\-Carire acquires Azimut.", "At the end of the 1990s, the Luxembourg management of AzFund (now [Azimut Investments](https://www.azimutinvestments.com/home)) starts.", "In 2001, as a result of the restructuring of Bipop Carire, Azimut buys the company supported by Apax Partners. About 700 people invest in the MBO completed in June 2002\\.", "In 2001 the regional distribution companies merge into Azimut Consulenza SIM (now [Azimut Capital Management SGR](https://www.azimut.it/)).", "In 2004 the holding company, Azimut Holding SpA, is listed on the Milan stock exchange.", "AzLife (now Azimut Life) insurance company is established in Ireland and hedge management in Italy begins.", "In 2010, Azimut Holding's stock entered the FTSE Mib index, and in the same year the Group began international expansion.", "Between late 2010 and 2011, Azimut launches offices in Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Turkey and strengthens its position in Europe with a presence in Munich and Switzerland.", "In 2013 it expands to Taiwan, Brazil, and Singapore.", "In 2014 it signs its first acquisition in Mexico and enters the Australian market. It also launches a project in the area of alternative investments in private markets, later establishing a dedicated company, Azimut Libera Impresa SGR.", "In 2015 he enters Chile and in 2016 the United States, in Miami. Two years later it starts a presence in the United Arab Emirates.", "In 2019 it enters Egypt and starts Azimut Alternative Capital Partners in the United States with the aim of creating partnerships with management companies specializing in alternative investments.", "In 2022 it opens an office in Portugal.", "" ]
Service history --------------- On completing trials and working\-up, *Venturer* commenced operations patrolling the Norwegian coast for coastal traffic and U\-boats leaving or entering base. She was successful on several occasions, sinking three [Axis](/wiki/Axis_powers "Axis powers") vessels during 1944\. She also sank the {{GS\|U\-771}} on 11 November 1944 {{convert\|7\|nmi\|km\|0}} east of [Andenes](/wiki/Andenes "Andenes"), Norway, off the [Lofoten Islands](/wiki/Lofoten_Islands "Lofoten Islands"). [left\|thumb\|Lt [J S Launders](/wiki/Jimmy_Launders "Jimmy Launders") DSC RN, on commissioning of *Venturer* at Holy Loch, 20 August 1943 (IWM A18834\)](/wiki/File:HM_Submarine_Venturer%2C_Latest_Submarine_To_Be_Commissioned._20_August_1943%2C_Holy_Loch._A18834.jpg "HM Submarine Venturer, Latest Submarine To Be Commissioned. 20 August 1943, Holy Loch. A18834.jpg") Her most famous mission, however, was her eleventh patrol out of the British submarine base at [Lerwick](/wiki/Lerwick "Lerwick") in the Shetland Islands, under the command of 25\-year\-old [Jimmy Launders](/wiki/Jimmy_Launders "Jimmy Launders"), which included the first time in the history of naval warfare that one submarine intentionally sank another while both were submerged. Sent to the [Fedje](/wiki/Fedje "Fedje") area, *Venturer* was then ordered on the basis of [Enigma decrypts](/wiki/Ultra_%28cryptography%29 "Ultra (cryptography)") to seek, intercept and destroy {{GS\|U\-864\|\|2}} which was in the area. *U\-864* was carrying a cargo of 65 tonnes of [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 "Mercury (element)") as well as [Junkers Jumo 004B](/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_004 "Junkers Jumo 004") [jet engine](/wiki/Jet_engine "Jet engine") parts (used in the [Messerschmitt Me 262](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262 "Messerschmitt Me 262")) to Japan,{{cite news \| url\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3\-2511387,00\.html \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080821213047/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3\-2511387,00\.html \| url\-status\= dead \| archive\-date\= 21 August 2008 \|work\=The Times \|location\=London \| title \= Toxic timebomb surfaces 60 years after U\-boat lost duel to the death \| date \= 19 December 2006 \| accessdate\=9 November 2008 \| first\=Martin \| last\=Fletcher}}{{cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6193979\.stm \| title \= Norway tackles toxic war grave \| publisher \= BBC News \| date \= 20 December 2006 \| accessdate\=9 November 2008}} a mission code\-named [Operation Caesar](/wiki/Operation_Caesar "Operation Caesar"). ### Action of 9 February 1945 {{Further\|Action of 9 February 1945}} On 6 February 1945, *U\-864* passed through the Fedje area without being detected, but on 9 February *Venturer* heard *U\-864*{{'}}s engine noise. Launders had decided not to use [ASDIC](/wiki/ASDIC "ASDIC") since it would betray his position and spotted the U\-boat's periscope as her captain looked for his escort. In an unusually long engagement for a submarine, and in a situation for which neither crew had been trained, Launders waited 45 minutes after first contact before going to action stations. Launders was waiting for *U\-864* to surface and thus present an easier target. Upon realising they were being followed by the British submarine and that their escort had still not arrived, *U\-864* zig\-zagged underwater in attempted evasive manoeuvres, with each submarine occasionally risking raising her periscope. *Venturer* had eight torpedoes. *U\-864* could carry up to 22 torpedoes but due to the nature of the trip (transport to Japan) she did only hold 4 torpedoes at time of action. After three hours Launders decided to make a prediction of *U\-864*{{'}}s zig\-zag and released a spread of his torpedoes into its predicted course. This manual computation of a firing solution against a three\-dimensionally manoeuvring target was the first occasion on which techniques were used and became the basis of modern computer\-based torpedo targeting systems. Prior to this attack, no target had been sunk by torpedo where the firing ship had to consider the target's position in three\-dimensional terms, where the depth of the target was variable and not a fixed value. The computation thus differs fundamentally from those performed by analogue torpedo fire\-control computers which regarded the target in strictly 2D terms with a constant depth determined by the target's draught. The torpedoes were released in 17\-second intervals beginning at 12:12, and all taking four minutes to reach their target. Launders then dived *Venturer* suddenly to evade any retaliation. *U\-864* heard the torpedoes coming, dived deeper, and turned away to avoid them. The first three torpedoes were avoided, but *U\-864* unknowingly steered into the path of the fourth. Exploding, *U\-864* split in two, and sank with all hands coming to rest more than {{convert\|150\|m\|ft}} below the surface. Launders was awarded a bar to his [DSO](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order "Distinguished Service Order") for this action. ### Merchant ships sunk During her career, she sank five merchant ships all off the Norwegian coast. | Date | Name | Nationality | TonnageMerchant ship tonnages are in [gross register tons](/wiki/Gross_register_tons "Gross register tons"). Military vessels are listed by tons [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28ship%29 "Displacement (ship)"). | Location{{cite web \|url\=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3585\.html \|title\=Ships hit by HMS Venturer \|last\=Helgason \|first\=Guðmundur \|website\=German U\-boats of WWII – uboat.net \|access\-date\=18 April 2014 }}{{cite book \|last1\=Busch \|first1\=Rainer \|last2\=Röll \|first2\=Hans\-Joachim \|date\=2001 \|title\=Der U\-Boot\-Krieg, 1939–1945: Deutsche U\-Boot\-Erfolge von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 \|language\=de \|trans\-title\=The U\-boat War 1939–1945: German U\-boat successes from September 1939 to May 1945 \|location\=Hamburg \|publisher\=Mittler \& Sohn \|pages\=268–270}} | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |2 Mar 1944 *Thor* {{flagcountry\|Nazi Germany\|23px}} 5559 [Stadlandet](/wiki/Stadlandet "Stadlandet") |15 Apr 1944 *Friedrichshafen* {{flagcountry\|Nazi Germany\|23px}} 1923 [Egersund](/wiki/Egersund "Egersund") |11 Sep 1944 *Vang* {{flag\|Norway}} 678 [Lister](/wiki/Lister_Region "Lister Region") |22 Jan 1945 *Stockholm* {{flagcountry\|Nazi Germany\|23px}} 618 [Stavanger](/wiki/Stavanger "Stavanger") |19 Mar 1945 *Sirius* {{flagcountry\|Nazi Germany\|23px}} 1,350 [Namsos](/wiki/Namsos "Namsos")
[ "Service history\n---------------", "On completing trials and working\\-up, *Venturer* commenced operations patrolling the Norwegian coast for coastal traffic and U\\-boats leaving or entering base.", "She was successful on several occasions, sinking three [Axis](/wiki/Axis_powers \"Axis powers\") vessels during 1944\\.", "She also sank the {{GS\\|U\\-771}} on 11 November 1944 {{convert\\|7\\|nmi\\|km\\|0}} east of [Andenes](/wiki/Andenes \"Andenes\"), Norway, off the [Lofoten Islands](/wiki/Lofoten_Islands \"Lofoten Islands\").\n[left\\|thumb\\|Lt [J S Launders](/wiki/Jimmy_Launders \"Jimmy Launders\") DSC RN, on commissioning of *Venturer* at Holy Loch, 20 August 1943 (IWM A18834\\)](/wiki/File:HM_Submarine_Venturer%2C_Latest_Submarine_To_Be_Commissioned._20_August_1943%2C_Holy_Loch._A18834.jpg \"HM Submarine Venturer, Latest Submarine To Be Commissioned. 20 August 1943, Holy Loch. A18834.jpg\")", "Her most famous mission, however, was her eleventh patrol out of the British submarine base at [Lerwick](/wiki/Lerwick \"Lerwick\") in the Shetland Islands, under the command of 25\\-year\\-old [Jimmy Launders](/wiki/Jimmy_Launders \"Jimmy Launders\"), which included the first time in the history of naval warfare that one submarine intentionally sank another while both were submerged.", "Sent to the [Fedje](/wiki/Fedje \"Fedje\") area, *Venturer* was then ordered on the basis of [Enigma decrypts](/wiki/Ultra_%28cryptography%29 \"Ultra (cryptography)\") to seek, intercept and destroy {{GS\\|U\\-864\\|\\|2}} which was in the area. *U\\-864* was carrying a cargo of 65 tonnes of [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 \"Mercury (element)\") as well as [Junkers Jumo 004B](/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_004 \"Junkers Jumo 004\") [jet engine](/wiki/Jet_engine \"Jet engine\") parts (used in the [Messerschmitt Me 262](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262 \"Messerschmitt Me 262\")) to Japan,{{cite news \\| url\\= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3\\-2511387,00\\.html \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080821213047/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3\\-2511387,00\\.html \\| url\\-status\\= dead \\| archive\\-date\\= 21 August 2008 \\|work\\=The Times \\|location\\=London \\| title \\= Toxic timebomb surfaces 60 years after U\\-boat lost duel to the death \\| date \\= 19 December 2006 \\| accessdate\\=9 November 2008 \\| first\\=Martin \\| last\\=Fletcher}}{{cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6193979\\.stm \\| title \\= Norway tackles toxic war grave \\| publisher \\= BBC News \\| date \\= 20 December 2006 \\| accessdate\\=9 November 2008}} a mission code\\-named [Operation Caesar](/wiki/Operation_Caesar \"Operation Caesar\").", "### Action of 9 February 1945", "{{Further\\|Action of 9 February 1945}}\nOn 6 February 1945, *U\\-864* passed through the Fedje area without being detected, but on 9 February *Venturer* heard *U\\-864*{{'}}s engine noise. Launders had decided not to use [ASDIC](/wiki/ASDIC \"ASDIC\") since it would betray his position and spotted the U\\-boat's periscope as her captain looked for his escort. In an unusually long engagement for a submarine, and in a situation for which neither crew had been trained, Launders waited 45 minutes after first contact before going to action stations. Launders was waiting for *U\\-864* to surface and thus present an easier target. Upon realising they were being followed by the British submarine and that their escort had still not arrived, *U\\-864* zig\\-zagged underwater in attempted evasive manoeuvres, with each submarine occasionally risking raising her periscope.", "*Venturer* had eight torpedoes. *U\\-864* could carry up to 22 torpedoes but due to the nature of the trip (transport to Japan) she did only hold 4 torpedoes at time of action. After three hours Launders decided to make a prediction of *U\\-864*{{'}}s zig\\-zag and released a spread of his torpedoes into its predicted course. This manual computation of a firing solution against a three\\-dimensionally manoeuvring target was the first occasion on which techniques were used and became the basis of modern computer\\-based torpedo targeting systems. Prior to this attack, no target had been sunk by torpedo where the firing ship had to consider the target's position in three\\-dimensional terms, where the depth of the target was variable and not a fixed value. The computation thus differs fundamentally from those performed by analogue torpedo fire\\-control computers which regarded the target in strictly 2D terms with a constant depth determined by the target's draught.", "The torpedoes were released in 17\\-second intervals beginning at 12:12, and all taking four minutes to reach their target. Launders then dived *Venturer* suddenly to evade any retaliation. *U\\-864* heard the torpedoes coming, dived deeper, and turned away to avoid them. The first three torpedoes were avoided, but *U\\-864* unknowingly steered into the path of the fourth. Exploding, *U\\-864* split in two, and sank with all hands coming to rest more than {{convert\\|150\\|m\\|ft}} below the surface. Launders was awarded a bar to his [DSO](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\") for this action.", "### Merchant ships sunk", "During her career, she sank five merchant ships all off the Norwegian coast.", "", "| Date | Name | Nationality | TonnageMerchant ship tonnages are in [gross register tons](/wiki/Gross_register_tons \"Gross register tons\"). Military vessels are listed by tons [displacement](/wiki/Displacement_%28ship%29 \"Displacement (ship)\"). | Location{{cite web \\|url\\=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3585\\.html \\|title\\=Ships hit by HMS Venturer \\|last\\=Helgason \\|first\\=Guðmundur \\|website\\=German U\\-boats of WWII – uboat.net \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2014 }}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Busch \\|first1\\=Rainer \\|last2\\=Röll \\|first2\\=Hans\\-Joachim \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Der U\\-Boot\\-Krieg, 1939–1945: Deutsche U\\-Boot\\-Erfolge von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 \\|language\\=de \\|trans\\-title\\=The U\\-boat War 1939–1945: German U\\-boat successes from September 1939 to May 1945 \\|location\\=Hamburg \\|publisher\\=Mittler \\& Sohn \\|pages\\=268–270}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|2 Mar 1944", "*Thor*", "{{flagcountry\\|Nazi Germany\\|23px}}", "5559", "[Stadlandet](/wiki/Stadlandet \"Stadlandet\")", "|15 Apr 1944", "*Friedrichshafen*", "{{flagcountry\\|Nazi Germany\\|23px}}", "1923", "[Egersund](/wiki/Egersund \"Egersund\")", "|11 Sep 1944", "*Vang*", "{{flag\\|Norway}}", "678", "[Lister](/wiki/Lister_Region \"Lister Region\")", "|22 Jan 1945", "*Stockholm*", "{{flagcountry\\|Nazi Germany\\|23px}}", "618", "[Stavanger](/wiki/Stavanger \"Stavanger\")", "|19 Mar 1945", "*Sirius*", "{{flagcountry\\|Nazi Germany\\|23px}}", "1,350", "[Namsos](/wiki/Namsos \"Namsos\")", "" ]
History ------- Following the destruction by fire of the previous theater in town, the New Star, the Center Theatre was built in 1940\.{{Cite journal\|last\=Myers\|first\=Patrick\|date\=Fall 2009\|title\=The Rise and Fall and Rise of Small Town Movie Theatres\|journal\=Memories of Maine: Bangor \& Penobscot Edition\|pages\=16–19}} The grand opening took place on June 6, 1940\. The 1950s saw the theater go into decline. The theater continued to run until 1971, when it shut its doors. From its shutdown until its revival, several businesses such as restaurants, video arcades and retail stores used the Theatre's lobby while the auditorium was abandoned. In 1998, the non\-profit Center Theatre Group, later to become Center Theatre, Inc., was formed by a group of local citizens with the purpose of protecting the landmark and renovating it into a performing arts center. Renovations to the structure included structural repairs to concrete supports below the auditorium, new entry doors, installation of a sprinkler system, new plumbing, electrical, and HVAC systems. The stage was expanded and a lighting catwalk was installed. The projection booth was reconfigured to house a single 35mm projector and platter system as well as theatrical spotlights. The original marquee was taken down in 1974 for fear of its collapse. The marquee was then recreated by NeoKraft Signs of Lewiston, Maine and rehung on Oct. 29, 2004\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://cinematreasures.org/blog/2004/11/2/center\-theatre\-shows\-new\-face\-on\-main\-street\|title\=Center Theatre Shows New Face on Main Street \- Cinema Treasures\|website\=cinematreasures.org\|access\-date\=2017\-11\-06}} It was then unveiled in a lighting ceremony in December 2004, 30 years after the original was taken down. In 2016 the front panels of the marquee were converted from fluorescent lights to LEDs during a major energy efficiency and [weatherization](/wiki/Weatherization "Weatherization") project through the Grants to Green Maine Program. The newly renovated theater, now branded the Center Theatre for the Performing Arts, had its grand opening in August, 2006, just 66 years after its first grand opening. The first movie shown by the theater, in April 2007, was *[Gone With the Wind](/wiki/Gone_With_the_Wind_%28film%29 "Gone With the Wind (film)")*, chosen because the theater was not built in time to screen it in 1940\. [left\|thumb\|293x293px\|A picture taken from the rear of the second screen's auditorium.](/wiki/File:2nd_screen.jpg "2nd screen.jpg") In 2013, with support from the community and foundation grants, the Center Theatre purchased and installed a [Christie](/wiki/Christie_%28company%29 "Christie (company)") Solaria One digital projector. The Theatre's 35mm projector is now on display in the Theatre lobby and holds a time capsule sealed into the projector in 2016 as part of the Theatre's 10\-year anniversary celebrations. In February, 2021, construction was completed on a second screen. The 40\-seat "Off\-Center Theatre" allowed the Theatre to schedule more first\-run movies along with documentaries, independent films, and Maine\-made movies.{{Cite web\|last\=Community\|first\=B. D. N.\|date\=2021\-03\-07\|title\=Center Theatre brings back general admission\|url\=http://bangordailynews.com/2021/03/07/bdn\-maine/center\-theatre\-brings\-back\-general\-admission/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-21\|website\=Bangor Daily News\|language\=en\-US}} On May 22, 2021, the Center Theatre was awarded the Golden Apple Award by the Maine Education Association.{{Cite web\|title\=Center Theatre receives Golden Apple Award from Maine Education Association\|url\=https://observer\-me.com/2021/05/24/news/center\-theatre\-receives\-golden\-apple\-award\-from\-maine\-education\-association/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-22\|website\=Piscataquis Observer\|language\=en\-US}} The award is given "\[t]o recognize an individual or group that has demonstrated a strong commitment to the local school(s) and/or to the children of a community."{{Cite web\|title\=Awards Grants\|url\=https://maineea.org/award\-grants/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-22\|website\=Maine Education Association\|language\=en\-US}}
[ "History\n-------", "Following the destruction by fire of the previous theater in town, the New Star, the Center Theatre was built in 1940\\.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Myers\\|first\\=Patrick\\|date\\=Fall 2009\\|title\\=The Rise and Fall and Rise of Small Town Movie Theatres\\|journal\\=Memories of Maine: Bangor \\& Penobscot Edition\\|pages\\=16–19}} The grand opening took place on June 6, 1940\\. The 1950s saw the theater go into decline. The theater continued to run until 1971, when it shut its doors.", "From its shutdown until its revival, several businesses such as restaurants, video arcades and retail stores used the Theatre's lobby while the auditorium was abandoned.", "In 1998, the non\\-profit Center Theatre Group, later to become Center Theatre, Inc., was formed by a group of local citizens with the purpose of protecting the landmark and renovating it into a performing arts center. Renovations to the structure included structural repairs to concrete supports below the auditorium, new entry doors, installation of a sprinkler system, new plumbing, electrical, and HVAC systems. The stage was expanded and a lighting catwalk was installed. The projection booth was reconfigured to house a single 35mm projector and platter system as well as theatrical spotlights.", "The original marquee was taken down in 1974 for fear of its collapse. The marquee was then recreated by NeoKraft Signs of Lewiston, Maine and rehung on Oct. 29, 2004\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://cinematreasures.org/blog/2004/11/2/center\\-theatre\\-shows\\-new\\-face\\-on\\-main\\-street\\|title\\=Center Theatre Shows New Face on Main Street \\- Cinema Treasures\\|website\\=cinematreasures.org\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-11\\-06}} It was then unveiled in a lighting ceremony in December 2004, 30 years after the original was taken down. In 2016 the front panels of the marquee were converted from fluorescent lights to LEDs during a major energy efficiency and [weatherization](/wiki/Weatherization \"Weatherization\") project through the Grants to Green Maine Program.", "The newly renovated theater, now branded the Center Theatre for the Performing Arts, had its grand opening in August, 2006, just 66 years after its first grand opening. The first movie shown by the theater, in April 2007, was *[Gone With the Wind](/wiki/Gone_With_the_Wind_%28film%29 \"Gone With the Wind (film)\")*, chosen because the theater was not built in time to screen it in 1940\\.\n[left\\|thumb\\|293x293px\\|A picture taken from the rear of the second screen's auditorium.](/wiki/File:2nd_screen.jpg \"2nd screen.jpg\")\nIn 2013, with support from the community and foundation grants, the Center Theatre purchased and installed a [Christie](/wiki/Christie_%28company%29 \"Christie (company)\") Solaria One digital projector. The Theatre's 35mm projector is now on display in the Theatre lobby and holds a time capsule sealed into the projector in 2016 as part of the Theatre's 10\\-year anniversary celebrations.", "In February, 2021, construction was completed on a second screen. The 40\\-seat \"Off\\-Center Theatre\" allowed the Theatre to schedule more first\\-run movies along with documentaries, independent films, and Maine\\-made movies.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Community\\|first\\=B. D. N.\\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-07\\|title\\=Center Theatre brings back general admission\\|url\\=http://bangordailynews.com/2021/03/07/bdn\\-maine/center\\-theatre\\-brings\\-back\\-general\\-admission/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-21\\|website\\=Bangor Daily News\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "On May 22, 2021, the Center Theatre was awarded the Golden Apple Award by the Maine Education Association.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Center Theatre receives Golden Apple Award from Maine Education Association\\|url\\=https://observer\\-me.com/2021/05/24/news/center\\-theatre\\-receives\\-golden\\-apple\\-award\\-from\\-maine\\-education\\-association/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-22\\|website\\=Piscataquis Observer\\|language\\=en\\-US}} The award is given \"\\[t]o recognize an individual or group that has demonstrated a strong commitment to the local school(s) and/or to the children of a community.\"{{Cite web\\|title\\=Awards Grants\\|url\\=https://maineea.org/award\\-grants/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-22\\|website\\=Maine Education Association\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "" ]
Legality -------- {{original research\|section\|date\=January 2012}} The legality of unique bid auctions depends on a combination of governing gambling laws and the design of the specific auction model. If an investigating authority were to determine that randomness or chance plays too large a role in the outcome, the auction may be considered a type of lottery. If, on the other hand, the investigating authority found strategy and skill played a sufficient enough role in the outcome, they may find the auction to be legal. Worldwide, there are no reported cases or statutes specifically outlawing the lowest\-unique bid auction model. The definition of a lottery differs among jurisdictions and is to be judged in a case by case manner.One Life V Roy \[1996] 2 Bclc (concerning gaming); Re Senator Hanseatische Verwaltungsgesellschaft Mbh \[1996] 4 All Er 933 (concerning a lottery); Re Titan International \[1998] 1 Bclc 102 (concerning a lottery); Re Vanilla Accumulation Ltd (1998\) Times, 24 February (concerning a lottery) An English case held that "there will seemingly be never any finality on the question what is a lottery" because “attempts to do so may indeed be counter\-productive, since each added precision merely provides an incentive to devise a variant which eludes it”.Seay V Eastwood \[1976] 3 All ER 153 At 155 Legislatures tend to leave the definition open in order to encompass lotteries that were not envisaged at the time of the enactment of the legislation. Under English common law, a lottery includes any game, method, device, scheme or competition whereby money or money’s worth is distributed or allotted in any manner depending upon or to be determined by chance or lot, whether the same is held, drawn, exercised or managed within or without the jurisdiction. A business model is therefore a lottery if participants are required to:\- * pay a non\-refundable fee of money or money in kind, in * a scheme of lot or chance, to * receive a reward of some kind, Depending on a combination of governing gambling laws and the design of the specific auction, unique bid auctions may satisfy the above criteria. ### Paying a non\-refundable fee Unique bid auction companies typically avoid calling the payment by the bidder an outright fee for the chance of winning an item, applying synonyms to elude the purpose of raising revenue from a collective pool of bidders that covers the cost of the auction item. Some businesses, rather than refunding the fee paid, provide something else in kind to distance themselves from being a lottery. In the New Zealand case *Department of Internal Affairs v Hayes* \[2007],DCR 1; 2006 NZDCR LEXIS 36 customers offered bids costing 99 cents for the chance to win a Peugot car. The company offered Pizza Hut discount coupons to the bidders. Although customers received an item of value, the bids were sent for the purpose of winning a car, and the refund was not identical to what had been offered, and was held to be a lottery. Other auction models offer rewards points, discounts and other bonuses. If no fee of any kind is required to bid, as with traditional auction models like eBay, the scheme is not a lottery because participants are not losing money or kind. ### Chance Chance means that the result be uncertain, indefinite or doubtful.Rex v. Langlois 23 C.C.C. 43; 1914 C.C.C. LEXIS 460 Although the role of chance makes a scheme a lottery, unique bid auctions may avoid lottery classification if chance plays only an incidental role when skill is the overriding factor.Moore V Elphick \[1945] 2 All ER 155 The legal question becomes whether "chance predominates and is the one outstanding feature". "The exercise of any skill, greater than a mere scintilla, which, looking at the scheme as a whole, has contributed to the successful result, will be sufficient to take the case out of the (English) Act."Scott v Director of Public Prosecutions \[1914] KB 868 An example where a scheme was permitted to run despite the role of chance was when the individual "used his knowledge and experience of the football world in choosing the pools to be entered into and the method of completing them". Sports wagering is legal in only a few US locales that typically also allow other forms of gambling—Las Vegas for instance. Gambling laws, which are predominantly written at the State level, continue to evolve in the US. The degree to which 'chance', 'randomness' or 'luck' factors into the determination of legality varies significantly between the states and around the world. A distinguishing difference between unique bid auctions and traditional lotteries, games of chance, and sporting events (gambling) is the absence of an external randomizing device. All cards games, lotteries, raffles and mechanical games typically found in casinos utilize an exogenous device to introduce chance into the game. In card games it is the deck of cards. Lotteries use randomly selected numbers while raffles rely on randomly selected tickets or markers to select the winner. Table games in casinos use dice. In sporting events, the participants in the competition (football players for instance) represent the element of chance since their behavior is outside the control of those wagering on the outcome. In a unique bid auction, there is no external device that introduces chance or randomness. The outcome of the auction, while not controlled exclusively by one player, is controlled exclusively by the collective group of players wagering on the outcome. And only those participating in the game can wager on the outcome. ### Receiving a reward of some kind The unique bid auction model's attractiveness is the possibility of obtaining an item at significantly lower cost than the retail price.
[ "Legality\n--------", "{{original research\\|section\\|date\\=January 2012}}", "The legality of unique bid auctions depends on a combination of governing gambling laws and the design of the specific auction model. If an investigating authority were to determine that randomness or chance plays too large a role in the outcome, the auction may be considered a type of lottery. If, on the other hand, the investigating authority found strategy and skill played a sufficient enough role in the outcome, they may find the auction to be legal. Worldwide, there are no reported cases or statutes specifically outlawing the lowest\\-unique bid auction model.", "The definition of a lottery differs among jurisdictions and is to be judged in a case by case manner.One Life V Roy \\[1996] 2 Bclc (concerning gaming); Re Senator Hanseatische Verwaltungsgesellschaft Mbh \\[1996] 4 All Er 933 (concerning a lottery); Re Titan International \\[1998] 1 Bclc 102 (concerning a lottery); Re Vanilla Accumulation Ltd (1998\\) Times, 24 February (concerning a lottery) An English case held that \"there will seemingly be never any finality on the question what is a lottery\" because “attempts to do so may indeed be counter\\-productive, since each added precision merely provides an incentive to devise a variant which eludes it”.Seay V Eastwood \\[1976] 3 All ER 153 At 155 Legislatures tend to leave the definition open in order to encompass lotteries that were not envisaged at the time of the enactment of the legislation.", "Under English common law, a lottery includes any game, method, device, scheme or competition whereby money or money’s worth is distributed or allotted in any manner depending upon or to be determined by chance or lot, whether the same is held, drawn, exercised or managed within or without the jurisdiction. A business model is therefore a lottery if participants are required to:\\-", "* pay a non\\-refundable fee of money or money in kind, in\n* a scheme of lot or chance, to\n* receive a reward of some kind,", "Depending on a combination of governing gambling laws and the design of the specific auction, unique bid auctions may satisfy the above criteria.", "### Paying a non\\-refundable fee", "Unique bid auction companies typically avoid calling the payment by the bidder an outright fee for the chance of winning an item, applying synonyms to elude the purpose of raising revenue from a collective pool of bidders that covers the cost of the auction item.", "Some businesses, rather than refunding the fee paid, provide something else in kind to distance themselves from being a lottery. In the New Zealand case *Department of Internal Affairs v Hayes* \\[2007],DCR 1; 2006 NZDCR LEXIS 36 customers offered bids costing 99 cents for the chance to win a Peugot car. The company offered Pizza Hut discount coupons to the bidders. Although customers received an item of value, the bids were sent for the purpose of winning a car, and the refund was not identical to what had been offered, and was held to be a lottery.", "Other auction models offer rewards points, discounts and other bonuses.", "If no fee of any kind is required to bid, as with traditional auction models like eBay, the scheme is not a lottery because participants are not losing money or kind.", "### Chance", "Chance means that the result be uncertain, indefinite or doubtful.Rex v. Langlois 23 C.C.C. 43; 1914 C.C.C. LEXIS 460", "Although the role of chance makes a scheme a lottery, unique bid auctions may avoid lottery classification if chance plays only an incidental role when skill is the overriding factor.Moore V Elphick \\[1945] 2 All ER 155 The legal question becomes whether \"chance predominates and is the one outstanding feature\". \"The exercise of any skill, greater than a mere scintilla, which, looking at the scheme as a whole, has contributed to the successful result, will be sufficient to take the case out of the (English) Act.\"Scott v Director of Public Prosecutions \\[1914] KB 868 An example where a scheme was permitted to run despite the role of chance was when the individual \"used his knowledge and experience of the football world in choosing the pools to be entered into and the method of completing them\". Sports wagering is legal in only a few US locales that typically also allow other forms of gambling—Las Vegas for instance. Gambling laws, which are predominantly written at the State level, continue to evolve in the US. The degree to which 'chance', 'randomness' or 'luck' factors into the determination of legality varies significantly between the states and around the world.", "A distinguishing difference between unique bid auctions and traditional lotteries, games of chance, and sporting events (gambling) is the absence of an external randomizing device. All cards games, lotteries, raffles and mechanical games typically found in casinos utilize an exogenous device to introduce chance into the game. In card games it is the deck of cards. Lotteries use randomly selected numbers while raffles rely on randomly selected tickets or markers to select the winner. Table games in casinos use dice. In sporting events, the participants in the competition (football players for instance) represent the element of chance since their behavior is outside the control of those wagering on the outcome. In a unique bid auction, there is no external device that introduces chance or randomness. The outcome of the auction, while not controlled exclusively by one player, is controlled exclusively by the collective group of players wagering on the outcome. And only those participating in the game can wager on the outcome.", "### Receiving a reward of some kind", "The unique bid auction model's attractiveness is the possibility of obtaining an item at significantly lower cost than the retail price.", "" ]
Mathematical analysis --------------------- The theory of unique bid auctions has been the subject of mathematical investigation. In a 2007 paper Bruss, Louchard and Ward proposed a technique for calculating [game\-theoretic](/wiki/Game-theoretic "Game-theoretic") probabilistic optimal strategies for unique bid auctions, given a small set of extra assumptions about the nature of the auction.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stat.purdue.edu/\~mdw/papers/paper013full.pdf\|title\=Injecting unique minima into random sets and applications to "Inverse Auctions"\|author\=Bruss, Louchard and Ward\|year\=2007}} Another paper by Raviv and Virag in the same year made theoretical predictions and compared their results to the results of real\-world unique bid auctions.{{Cite SSRN\|ssrn\=905606\|title\=Gambling by Auctions\|author1\=Yaron Raviv \|author2\=Gabor Virag \|date\=April 17, 2007}} Another paper by Rapoport et al. compared theoretical results to the results of experimental auctions.{{Cite web\|url\=http://mpra.ub.uni\-muenchen.de/4185/\|title\=Unique bid auctions: Equilibrium solutions and experimental evidence\|author\=Rapoport, Amnon, Otsubo, Hironori, Kim, Bora and Stein, William E.\|year\=2007\|access\-date\=2010\-01\-29}} Further work by Bruss et al.{{Cite journal \| last1 \= Bruss \| first1 \= F. T. \| last2 \= Louchard \| first2 \= G. \| last3 \= Ward \| first3 \= M. D. \| title \= Inverse auctions \| doi \= 10\.1145/1644015\.1644036 \| journal \= ACM Transactions on Algorithms \| volume \= 6 \| pages \= 1–19 \| year \= 2009 \| s2cid \= 2512243 \| url \= https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/49695/3/Inverse\_auctions\_Injecting\_unique\_minima.pdf }} and a number of other researchers including Gallice,{{Cite journal\|url\=http://ideas.repec.org/p/cca/wpaper/112\.html\|title\=Lowest Unique Bid Auctions with Signals\|author\=Andrea Gallice\|journal\=Carlo Alberto Notebooks \|date\=September 2009\|access\-date\=2010\-01\-29}} and Rapoport and Otsubo{{Cite web\|url\=http://zs.thulb.uni\-jena.de/receive/jportal\_jparticle\_00141919?lang\=en\|title\=Unique Bid Auction Games\|author1\=Amnon Rapoport \|author2\=Hironori Otsubo \|author3\=Bora Kim \|author4\=William E. Stein \|year\=2009\|access\-date\=2010\-01\-29}} has continued to develop the theory on this subject. In a 2012 study Pigolotti et al. conducted a thorough study of the unique bid auction in the grand canonical ensemble, finding a theoretical expression for the [Nash equilibrium](/wiki/Nash_equilibrium "Nash equilibrium") distribution and showing that real\-world players play according to this distribution when the number of players in the auction is low.{{cite journal\|arxiv\=1105\.0819\|title\=Equilibrium strategy and population\-size effects in lowest unique bid auctions\|author1\=Simone Pigolotti \|author2\=Sebastian Bernhardsson \|author3\=Jeppe Juul \|author4\=Gorm Galster \|author5\=Pierpaolo Vivo \|year\=2012 \|doi\=10\.1103/PhysRevLett.108\.088701 \|pmid\=22463583\|volume\=108 \|issue\=8\|pages\=088701\|journal\=Physical Review Letters \|bibcode\=2012PhRvL.108h8701P\|s2cid\=13888942}} [thumb\|right\|Nash equilibrium distribution for the Lowest Unique Positive Integer (LUPI) game with *N*\=100 players](/wiki/File:Lupi.svg "Lupi.svg") Closely related is the **Lowest Unique Positive Integer** (LUPI) game, studied by Östling *et al* (2011\).{{Cite journal\|title\=Testing Game Theory in the Field: Swedish LUPI Lottery Games\|last1\=Östling\|first1\=Robert\|last2\=Wang\|first2\=Joseph Tao\-yi\|last3\=Chou\|first3\=Eileen Y.\|last4\=Camerer\|first4\=Colin F.\|journal\=American Economic Journal: Microeconomics\|volume\=3\|number\=3\|pages\=1–33\|year\=2011\|jstor\=41237195\|doi\=10\.1257/mic.3\.3\.1\|s2cid\=15362757 \|url\=http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/\~aldous/157/Papers/ostling.pdf}} This simplification removes the requirement that the winner pays the successful bid value, so the game is simply to select the lowest unique positive integer, with the value of that integer having no further consequence. In practice, because the value of the bid in the auction game is usually negligible compared to the prize, in those circumstances the strategy for a full auction is essentially identical to that of the simpler LUPI game. A daily LUPI game called "Limbo" was offered by the Swedish state gaming company [Svenska Spel](/wiki/Svenska_Spel "Svenska Spel") between January and March 2007, attracting on average about 50,000 players. Östling *et al* give a method for calculating the Nash equilibrium distribution for the game, shown on the right for the case of *N*\=100 independent entries. This is also the probability of that integer winning the game, if all the players are following the distribution to pick their integer. A striking feature is the existence of a maximum integer, above which the strategy recommends a weighting of zero. In the case here p(n)\=0 for n\>31. Above this number, the chance that the game has not been won by a lower integer falls below 1/(N\+1\). Therefore, even if one knew with certainty that a given high number would be a unique guess, the chance of that number winning would still be less than one could achieve with a lower number. Below this threshold the Nash distribution is constructed to give each player the same chance of winning, regardless of which number they choose. This chance is a combination of two factors: first, there must be no other player who has chosen the same number; and second, there must be no lower number that has already won the game. Together these lead to the distinctive shape of the curve. At lower numbers, the chance of an even lower number having already won the game is smaller; but this is compensated by players being more likely to choose the number, and so it is less likely to be unique. These factors exactly cancel each other out, giving each *player* the same chance of winning whichever number they choose; but more such players are likely to choose the lower number, so these *numbers* are more likely to win, following the shape of the curve shown. The size of the two factors can be estimated as follows, for reasonably large values of N: If all players play according to the Nash distribution, the number of times a particular integer n is picked should follow a Poisson distribution, with a probability e^{\- (N\-1\) p(n)} that no other player will have picked the number. The chance of a lower number having already won the game is \\sum\_1^{n\-1} p(i), Combining theseTechnically, the multiplication is appropriate only if the two probabilities are independent. This turns out to be exactly the case if N is not known and fixed, but instead follows a Poisson distribution with mean \\bar{N}. The analysis of both Östling *et al* (2011\) and Pigolotti *et al* (2012\) is based on this assumption, which greatly simplifies the mathematics. However Östling *et al* find in their online Appendix A that, for small N "the equilibrium probabilities for fixed\-N Nash and Poisson\-Nash equilibrium are practically indistinguishable" (page 4, note 7\). leads to the equation: \\left( e^{\- (N\-1\) p(n)} \\right) \\left(1 \- \\sum\_1^{n\-1} p(i) \\right) \= r where r is the chance each player has of winning. Using the estimate r \= 1/(N\+1\) then gives the formula p(n) \= \\frac{1}{N\-1} \\left( \\ln (N\+1\) \+ \\ln (1 \- \\sum\_1^{n\-1} p(i) ) \\right) The cut\-off value will thus be a little above N / \\ln(N).Pigolotti *et al* give the sharper estimate of just above \\tfrac{N}{\\ln(N)} (1 \+ \\tfrac{1}{\\ln(N)} ) ### Deviations from the Nash distribution Considering data from the Swedish "Limbo" game, Östling *et al* found that players had rapidly adapted to avoid high numbers, above the Nash cut\-off, when these did not win. Similarly a marked initial excess of very low numbers also disappeared, as players became more aware of the pattern of typical winning numbers. However, the range of numbers backed by most players did not extend quite as high as the Nash equilibrium would predict. This appears to be a self\-perpetuating feature, since if players do not back the numbers at the higher end of the Nash range, such numbers are less likely to win, and therefore players will continue to be disinclined to back them. Östling *et al* found that a model based on a mixture of iterative solutions of increasing depth was able to reproduce the observed distribution quite well. Looking at auction data, Pigolotti *et al* found behaviour in auctions with smaller numbers of players (N \\approx 200) to be in "striking" agreement with the predicted Nash distribution, in particular accurately matching the position of the sharp cut\-off. Östling *et al* found similarly in a LUPI game recreated for the study with an average of 27 players. However, agreement deteriorated as the size of the auction increased, until in auctions with N \> 2000 the observed pattern of bids was better matched by an exponential distribution. Pigolotti *et al* suggest that the larger auctions had attracted more players with less knowledge of the pattern of typical winning bids; and that some players may have had a reluctance against making higher bids. As a result, other players bidding in the middle of the Nash range sometimes had a probability of success over 10 times the level they would have had, had all players adopted the Nash strategy. In both cases the researchers found typical psychological patterns in the finer structure of the numbers chosen. In the Swedish "Limbo" game, a number of players appeared to have disproportionately chosen particular favourite numbers, such as their year of birth. On the other hand, players apparently sought to avoid particular "[focal](/wiki/Focal_point_%28game_theory%29 "Focal point (game theory)")" numbers, such as even numbers or round numbers divisible by 10, in favour of odd numbers or prime numbers \-\- although Östling *et al* found that after 49 rounds of their smaller game, the tendency to disproportionately choose odd numbers became almost eradicated. ### Similar games A similar game is [Guess 2/3 of the average](/wiki/Guess_2/3_of_the_average "Guess 2/3 of the average"), where the optimal strategy depends on the actions of the other players.
[ "Mathematical analysis\n---------------------", "The theory of unique bid auctions has been the subject of mathematical investigation. In a 2007 paper Bruss, Louchard and Ward proposed a technique for calculating [game\\-theoretic](/wiki/Game-theoretic \"Game-theoretic\") probabilistic optimal strategies for unique bid auctions, given a small set of extra assumptions about the nature of the auction.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stat.purdue.edu/\\~mdw/papers/paper013full.pdf\\|title\\=Injecting unique minima into random sets and applications to \"Inverse Auctions\"\\|author\\=Bruss, Louchard and Ward\\|year\\=2007}} Another paper by Raviv and Virag in the same year made theoretical predictions and compared their results to the results of real\\-world unique bid auctions.{{Cite SSRN\\|ssrn\\=905606\\|title\\=Gambling by Auctions\\|author1\\=Yaron Raviv \\|author2\\=Gabor Virag \\|date\\=April 17, 2007}} Another paper by Rapoport et al. compared theoretical results to the results of experimental auctions.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://mpra.ub.uni\\-muenchen.de/4185/\\|title\\=Unique bid auctions: Equilibrium solutions and experimental evidence\\|author\\=Rapoport, Amnon, Otsubo, Hironori, Kim, Bora and Stein, William E.\\|year\\=2007\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-29}}", "Further work by Bruss et al.{{Cite journal \\| last1 \\= Bruss \\| first1 \\= F. T. \\| last2 \\= Louchard \\| first2 \\= G. \\| last3 \\= Ward \\| first3 \\= M. D. \\| title \\= Inverse auctions \\| doi \\= 10\\.1145/1644015\\.1644036 \\| journal \\= ACM Transactions on Algorithms \\| volume \\= 6 \\| pages \\= 1–19 \\| year \\= 2009 \\| s2cid \\= 2512243 \\| url \\= https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/49695/3/Inverse\\_auctions\\_Injecting\\_unique\\_minima.pdf }} and a number of other researchers including Gallice,{{Cite journal\\|url\\=http://ideas.repec.org/p/cca/wpaper/112\\.html\\|title\\=Lowest Unique Bid Auctions with Signals\\|author\\=Andrea Gallice\\|journal\\=Carlo Alberto Notebooks \\|date\\=September 2009\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-29}} and Rapoport and Otsubo{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://zs.thulb.uni\\-jena.de/receive/jportal\\_jparticle\\_00141919?lang\\=en\\|title\\=Unique Bid Auction Games\\|author1\\=Amnon Rapoport \\|author2\\=Hironori Otsubo \\|author3\\=Bora Kim \\|author4\\=William E. Stein \\|year\\=2009\\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-29}} has continued to develop the theory on this subject.", "In a 2012 study Pigolotti et al. conducted a thorough study of the unique bid auction in the grand canonical ensemble, finding a theoretical expression for the [Nash equilibrium](/wiki/Nash_equilibrium \"Nash equilibrium\") distribution and showing that real\\-world players play according to this distribution when the number of players in the auction is low.{{cite journal\\|arxiv\\=1105\\.0819\\|title\\=Equilibrium strategy and population\\-size effects in lowest unique bid auctions\\|author1\\=Simone Pigolotti \\|author2\\=Sebastian Bernhardsson \\|author3\\=Jeppe Juul \\|author4\\=Gorm Galster \\|author5\\=Pierpaolo Vivo \\|year\\=2012 \\|doi\\=10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.108\\.088701 \\|pmid\\=22463583\\|volume\\=108 \\|issue\\=8\\|pages\\=088701\\|journal\\=Physical Review Letters \\|bibcode\\=2012PhRvL.108h8701P\\|s2cid\\=13888942}}", "[thumb\\|right\\|Nash equilibrium distribution for the Lowest Unique Positive Integer (LUPI) game with *N*\\=100 players](/wiki/File:Lupi.svg \"Lupi.svg\")\nClosely related is the **Lowest Unique Positive Integer** (LUPI) game, studied by Östling *et al* (2011\\).{{Cite journal\\|title\\=Testing Game Theory in the Field: Swedish LUPI Lottery Games\\|last1\\=Östling\\|first1\\=Robert\\|last2\\=Wang\\|first2\\=Joseph Tao\\-yi\\|last3\\=Chou\\|first3\\=Eileen Y.\\|last4\\=Camerer\\|first4\\=Colin F.\\|journal\\=American Economic Journal: Microeconomics\\|volume\\=3\\|number\\=3\\|pages\\=1–33\\|year\\=2011\\|jstor\\=41237195\\|doi\\=10\\.1257/mic.3\\.3\\.1\\|s2cid\\=15362757 \\|url\\=http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/\\~aldous/157/Papers/ostling.pdf}} This simplification removes the requirement that the winner pays the successful bid value, so the game is simply to select the lowest unique positive integer, with the value of that integer having no further consequence. In practice, because the value of the bid in the auction game is usually negligible compared to the prize, in those circumstances the strategy for a full auction is essentially identical to that of the simpler LUPI game. A daily LUPI game called \"Limbo\" was offered by the Swedish state gaming company [Svenska Spel](/wiki/Svenska_Spel \"Svenska Spel\") between January and March 2007, attracting on average about 50,000 players.", "Östling *et al* give a method for calculating the Nash equilibrium distribution for the game, shown on the right for the case of *N*\\=100 independent entries. This is also the probability of that integer winning the game, if all the players are following the distribution to pick their integer. A striking feature is the existence of a maximum integer, above which the strategy recommends a weighting of zero. In the case here p(n)\\=0 for n\\>31. Above this number, the chance that the game has not been won by a lower integer falls below 1/(N\\+1\\). Therefore, even if one knew with certainty that a given high number would be a unique guess, the chance of that number winning would still be less than one could achieve with a lower number.", "Below this threshold the Nash distribution is constructed to give each player the same chance of winning, regardless of which number they choose. This chance is a combination of two factors: first, there must be no other player who has chosen the same number; and second, there must be no lower number that has already won the game. Together these lead to the distinctive shape of the curve. At lower numbers, the chance of an even lower number having already won the game is smaller; but this is compensated by players being more likely to choose the number, and so it is less likely to be unique. These factors exactly cancel each other out, giving each *player* the same chance of winning whichever number they choose; but more such players are likely to choose the lower number, so these *numbers* are more likely to win, following the shape of the curve shown.", "The size of the two factors can be estimated as follows, for reasonably large values of N:", "If all players play according to the Nash distribution, the number of times a particular integer n is picked should follow a Poisson distribution, with a probability e^{\\- (N\\-1\\) p(n)} that no other player will have picked the number.", "The chance of a lower number having already won the game is \\\\sum\\_1^{n\\-1} p(i),", "Combining theseTechnically, the multiplication is appropriate only if the two probabilities are independent. This turns out to be exactly the case if N is not known and fixed, but instead follows a Poisson distribution with mean \\\\bar{N}. The analysis of both Östling *et al* (2011\\) and Pigolotti *et al* (2012\\) is based on this assumption, which greatly simplifies the mathematics. However Östling *et al* find in their online Appendix A that, for small N \"the equilibrium probabilities for fixed\\-N Nash and Poisson\\-Nash equilibrium are practically indistinguishable\" (page 4, note 7\\). leads to the equation:\n\\\\left( e^{\\- (N\\-1\\) p(n)} \\\\right) \\\\left(1 \\- \\\\sum\\_1^{n\\-1} p(i) \\\\right) \\= r\nwhere r is the chance each player has of winning.", "Using the estimate r \\= 1/(N\\+1\\) then gives the formula\np(n) \\= \\\\frac{1}{N\\-1} \\\\left( \\\\ln (N\\+1\\) \\+ \\\\ln (1 \\- \\\\sum\\_1^{n\\-1} p(i) ) \\\\right)", "The cut\\-off value will thus be a little above N / \\\\ln(N).Pigolotti *et al* give the sharper estimate of just above \\\\tfrac{N}{\\\\ln(N)} (1 \\+ \\\\tfrac{1}{\\\\ln(N)} )", "### Deviations from the Nash distribution", "Considering data from the Swedish \"Limbo\" game, Östling *et al* found that players had rapidly adapted to avoid high numbers, above the Nash cut\\-off, when these did not win. Similarly a marked initial excess of very low numbers also disappeared, as players became more aware of the pattern of typical winning numbers. However, the range of numbers backed by most players did not extend quite as high as the Nash equilibrium would predict. This appears to be a self\\-perpetuating feature, since if players do not back the numbers at the higher end of the Nash range, such numbers are less likely to win, and therefore players will continue to be disinclined to back them. Östling *et al* found that a model based on a mixture of iterative solutions of increasing depth was able to reproduce the observed distribution quite well.", "Looking at auction data, Pigolotti *et al* found behaviour in auctions with smaller numbers of players (N \\\\approx 200) to be in \"striking\" agreement with the predicted Nash distribution, in particular accurately matching the position of the sharp cut\\-off. Östling *et al* found similarly in a LUPI game recreated for the study with an average of 27 players. However, agreement deteriorated as the size of the auction increased, until in auctions with N \\> 2000 the observed pattern of bids was better matched by an exponential distribution. Pigolotti *et al* suggest that the larger auctions had attracted more players with less knowledge of the pattern of typical winning bids; and that some players may have had a reluctance against making higher bids. As a result, other players bidding in the middle of the Nash range sometimes had a probability of success over 10 times the level they would have had, had all players adopted the Nash strategy.", "In both cases the researchers found typical psychological patterns in the finer structure of the numbers chosen. In the Swedish \"Limbo\" game, a number of players appeared to have disproportionately chosen particular favourite numbers, such as their year of birth. On the other hand, players apparently sought to avoid particular \"[focal](/wiki/Focal_point_%28game_theory%29 \"Focal point (game theory)\")\" numbers, such as even numbers or round numbers divisible by 10, in favour of odd numbers or prime numbers \\-\\- although Östling *et al* found that after 49 rounds of their smaller game, the tendency to disproportionately choose odd numbers became almost eradicated.", "### Similar games", "A similar game is [Guess 2/3 of the average](/wiki/Guess_2/3_of_the_average \"Guess 2/3 of the average\"), where the optimal strategy depends on the actions of the other players.", "" ]
Biography --------- The band formed in [Hertfordshire](/wiki/Hertfordshire "Hertfordshire"), England in 1980 from the remaining members of The Epileptics (who during the first half of 1979 changed their name to *Epi\-X*, owing to letters of complaint from The [British Epilepsy Association](/wiki/British_Epilepsy_Association "British Epilepsy Association")) by Colsk Latter (vocals) and Derek Birkett (bass guitar) with guitarists Andy Smith, Neil Puncher, and drummer Sid Ation (who was also a member of [Rubella Ballet](/wiki/Rubella_Ballet "Rubella Ballet")).{{cite book\|title\=\[\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music]]\|editor\=Colin Larkin\|editor\-link\=Colin Larkin (writer)\|publisher\=\[\[Virgin Books]]\|date\=2003\|edition\=Third\|isbn\=1\-85227\-969\-9\|page\=199}} The group signed with the [Crass Records](/wiki/Crass_Records "Crass Records") label in 1981\. Their debut [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play") *Neu Smell* was released on Crass in 1981; it featured indie hit "Tube Disaster". Flux of Pink Indians continued in 1982 with the album *[Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible](/wiki/Strive_to_Survive_Causing_Least_Suffering_Possible "Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible")* released on their own label, Spiderleg. They released a second album in 1983, *[The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks](/wiki/The_Fucking_Cunts_Treat_Us_Like_Pricks "The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks")*; this was banned by many British retailers, and copies were seized by [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police "Greater Manchester Police") from the Eastern Bloc record shop, which was charged with displaying "Obscene Articles For Publication For Gain". Ation left the group to work full\-time with his other band [Rubella Ballet](/wiki/Rubella_Ballet "Rubella Ballet"), and was soon replaced by Bambi, formerly of [Discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28band%29 "Discharge (band)"), while Smith was replaced by Simon Middlehurst. However, both departed quickly for their original band, The Insane. While auditioning for their replacements, Puncher also left; the line\-up was completed by former Darlex and Epileptics guitarist Kev Hunter, and drummer Martin Wilson. An extensive interview with the band appeared in *No Class* fanzine.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.noclass.co.uk/fluxinterview.html\|title\=No Class Fanzine \- Flux of Pink Indians Interview\|website\=Noclass.co.uk\|access\-date\=3 November 2019}} By 1986, the band had shortened their name to **Flux**; in that year they released their third album, *[Uncarved Block](/wiki/Uncarved_Block_%28Flux_album%29 "Uncarved Block (Flux album)")*, which was produced by [Adrian Sherwood](/wiki/Adrian_Sherwood "Adrian Sherwood") and featured several members of the [On\-U Sound Records](/wiki/On-U_Sound_Records "On-U Sound Records") label. Flux disbanded in 1987\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/flux\-of\-pink\-indians\-mn0000194586/biography\|title\=Flux of Pink Indians \| Biography \& History\|website\=\[\[AllMusic]]\|access\-date\=3 November 2019}} [200px\|thumb\|right\|Flux performing material from *Uncarved Block*, [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London "University of London"), 1986](/wiki/File:Fluxulu.jpg "Fluxulu.jpg") Birkett, making use of his experiences with Spiderleg, set up [One Little Indian Records](/wiki/One_Little_Indian_Records "One Little Indian Records"). Latter went on to form the dance\-influenced Hotalacio, and was joined by drummer Wilson and guitarist Middlehurst. In 2007, the band re\-formed for an intended one\-off gig supporting ex\-[Crass](/wiki/Crass "Crass") vocalist [Steve Ignorant](/wiki/Steve_Ignorant "Steve Ignorant") for his "The Feeding of the 5000" gig at London's [Shepherd's Bush Empire](/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire "Shepherd's Bush Empire") in November of that year. The *Strive To Survive*\-era line\-up (Latter, Hunter and Wilson) was joined by ex\-Decadence Within bass player Ian Glasper, replacing Birkett, and as a result of their well\-received set the band played another three gigs in 2008, in Bradford, Dijon and London. The band and their album *Uncarved Block* were mentioned in the 2013 book *Taoism for Dummies*, under the sidebar titled "An uncarved Flux of Pink anarchy".
[ "Biography\n---------", "The band formed in [Hertfordshire](/wiki/Hertfordshire \"Hertfordshire\"), England in 1980 from the remaining members of The Epileptics (who during the first half of 1979 changed their name to *Epi\\-X*, owing to letters of complaint from The [British Epilepsy Association](/wiki/British_Epilepsy_Association \"British Epilepsy Association\")) by Colsk Latter (vocals) and Derek Birkett (bass guitar) with guitarists Andy Smith, Neil Puncher, and drummer Sid Ation (who was also a member of [Rubella Ballet](/wiki/Rubella_Ballet \"Rubella Ballet\")).{{cite book\\|title\\=\\[\\[Encyclopedia of Popular Music\\|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music]]\\|editor\\=Colin Larkin\\|editor\\-link\\=Colin Larkin (writer)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Virgin Books]]\\|date\\=2003\\|edition\\=Third\\|isbn\\=1\\-85227\\-969\\-9\\|page\\=199}}", "The group signed with the [Crass Records](/wiki/Crass_Records \"Crass Records\") label in 1981\\. Their debut [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\") *Neu Smell* was released on Crass in 1981; it featured indie hit \"Tube Disaster\". Flux of Pink Indians continued in 1982 with the album *[Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible](/wiki/Strive_to_Survive_Causing_Least_Suffering_Possible \"Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible\")* released on their own label, Spiderleg.", "They released a second album in 1983, *[The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks](/wiki/The_Fucking_Cunts_Treat_Us_Like_Pricks \"The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks\")*; this was banned by many British retailers, and copies were seized by [Greater Manchester Police](/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police \"Greater Manchester Police\") from the Eastern Bloc record shop, which was charged with displaying \"Obscene Articles For Publication For Gain\".", "Ation left the group to work full\\-time with his other band [Rubella Ballet](/wiki/Rubella_Ballet \"Rubella Ballet\"), and was soon replaced by Bambi, formerly of [Discharge](/wiki/Discharge_%28band%29 \"Discharge (band)\"), while Smith was replaced by Simon Middlehurst. However, both departed quickly for their original band, The Insane. While auditioning for their replacements, Puncher also left; the line\\-up was completed by former Darlex and Epileptics guitarist Kev Hunter, and drummer Martin Wilson. An extensive interview with the band appeared in *No Class* fanzine.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.noclass.co.uk/fluxinterview.html\\|title\\=No Class Fanzine \\- Flux of Pink Indians Interview\\|website\\=Noclass.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=3 November 2019}}", "By 1986, the band had shortened their name to **Flux**; in that year they released their third album, *[Uncarved Block](/wiki/Uncarved_Block_%28Flux_album%29 \"Uncarved Block (Flux album)\")*, which was produced by [Adrian Sherwood](/wiki/Adrian_Sherwood \"Adrian Sherwood\") and featured several members of the [On\\-U Sound Records](/wiki/On-U_Sound_Records \"On-U Sound Records\") label.", "Flux disbanded in 1987\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/flux\\-of\\-pink\\-indians\\-mn0000194586/biography\\|title\\=Flux of Pink Indians \\| Biography \\& History\\|website\\=\\[\\[AllMusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=3 November 2019}}", "[200px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Flux performing material from *Uncarved Block*, [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London \"University of London\"), 1986](/wiki/File:Fluxulu.jpg \"Fluxulu.jpg\")", "Birkett, making use of his experiences with Spiderleg, set up [One Little Indian Records](/wiki/One_Little_Indian_Records \"One Little Indian Records\"). Latter went on to form the dance\\-influenced Hotalacio, and was joined by drummer Wilson and guitarist Middlehurst.", "In 2007, the band re\\-formed for an intended one\\-off gig supporting ex\\-[Crass](/wiki/Crass \"Crass\") vocalist [Steve Ignorant](/wiki/Steve_Ignorant \"Steve Ignorant\") for his \"The Feeding of the 5000\" gig at London's [Shepherd's Bush Empire](/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire \"Shepherd's Bush Empire\") in November of that year. The *Strive To Survive*\\-era line\\-up (Latter, Hunter and Wilson) was joined by ex\\-Decadence Within bass player Ian Glasper, replacing Birkett, and as a result of their well\\-received set the band played another three gigs in 2008, in Bradford, Dijon and London.", "The band and their album *Uncarved Block* were mentioned in the 2013 book *Taoism for Dummies*, under the sidebar titled \"An uncarved Flux of Pink anarchy\".", "" ]
Plot ---- The movie opens with Tracey Thurman being rushed to the hospital after being physically assaulted by her estranged husband, Buck. An extended flashback shows how Tracey and Buck met. Tracey was working in a hotel in Florida and came across Buck and his fellow construction workers. At first, Buck was a charming person, until, over time, he started to display raging tempers, even taking them all out on Tracey, telling her all about how his mother abused him as a child. Despite the violent outbursts, she agrees not to leave him. When she tells him that she is pregnant with his child, he punched her in the face and kicked her in the stomach. She then returns to [Torrington, Connecticut](/wiki/Torrington%2C_Connecticut "Torrington, Connecticut"), to be with her friends, Judy and Rick. Buck finds her and seemingly humbly apologizes for his behavior. He asked to marry her and promised to settle down in Connecticut. Tracey is hesitant, but when Buck promises never to hit her again, she agrees. After they got married, she gives birth to a boy, C.J. Buck has no luck finding a job, so the family have no choice but to return to Florida. Over the next year, Buck manages to gamble away all their money, and continues to assault her, even in front of C.J. Tracey left him and returned to Torrington. The night after Tracey left for Torrington, Buck hopped in his pickup truck and drove all the way up to Torrington and hoped to surprise her while welcoming himself into the home she was staying at and told her that he found a job at a diner, but she didn't care. Tracey tells him to just stay away from her and grabs the phone, and he grabs their son C.J. and runs outside, Tracey calls the police where they find Buck feeding his son at work and have him clock out to take him into custody. The police said that she could have her son back if she and Buck reunite. Tracey decides to divorce Buck, and was given custody of her son without Buck seeing him for the time being. As she left, Buck attacks her in her own car. Buck is arrested, and Tracey issues a restraining order against him, but he continues to harass and threaten to kill her. Tracey goes to the police, but they did very little to help. After the divorce is finalized, he shows up again, causing Tracey to call the police hoping that when they see him threatening her, they will arrest him. Buck demands Tracey to come out immediately, and when he stated that he wanted them back together, she refused to stop the divorce. When the police show up, Buck pulls out a knife and stabs her numerous times. He goes into the house and grabs C.J., showing him his injured mother lying on the ground in a pool of blood. Many neighbors witness Buck still assaulting Tracey, and yet the police fail to intervene. It wasn't until after Tracey was loaded in the ambulance that Buck was finally apprehended. In the hospital, Tracey's lawyer, Burton Weinstein, together with Tracey's sister, discuss filing a civil lawsuit against the Torrington police department for not protecting her. Tracey spent months recuperating, and Buck is sentenced to 20 years in prison with the possibility of parole in 1991\. Tracey is apprehensive about the possibility of his parole, knowing that upon his release, he would be coming after her. However, Weinstein is able to keep Tracey focused on the lawsuit. Following the civil suit trial, the jury rules in favor of Tracey, finding that her rights were violated, and she is awarded $2,300,000\. She is also granted a permanent [restraining order](/wiki/Restraining_order "Restraining order") against Buck and he will not be allowed to contact C.J. or Tracey for the rest of their lives. Happy with the decision, she hugs Weinstein. In real life, Tracey was remarried to Michael Motuzick; Michael was granted permission to adopt C.J. so the family could build their lives together.
[ "Plot\n----", "The movie opens with Tracey Thurman being rushed to the hospital after being physically assaulted by her estranged husband, Buck.", "An extended flashback shows how Tracey and Buck met. Tracey was working in a hotel in Florida and came across Buck and his fellow construction workers. At first, Buck was a charming person, until, over time, he started to display raging tempers, even taking them all out on Tracey, telling her all about how his mother abused him as a child. Despite the violent outbursts, she agrees not to leave him. When she tells him that she is pregnant with his child, he punched her in the face and kicked her in the stomach. She then returns to [Torrington, Connecticut](/wiki/Torrington%2C_Connecticut \"Torrington, Connecticut\"), to be with her friends, Judy and Rick. Buck finds her and seemingly humbly apologizes for his behavior. He asked to marry her and promised to settle down in Connecticut. Tracey is hesitant, but when Buck promises never to hit her again, she agrees. After they got married, she gives birth to a boy, C.J.", "Buck has no luck finding a job, so the family have no choice but to return to Florida. Over the next year, Buck manages to gamble away all their money, and continues to assault her, even in front of C.J. Tracey left him and returned to Torrington. The night after Tracey left for Torrington, Buck hopped in his pickup truck and drove all the way up to Torrington and hoped to surprise her while welcoming himself into the home she was staying at and told her that he found a job at a diner, but she didn't care. Tracey tells him to just stay away from her and grabs the phone, and he grabs their son C.J. and runs outside, Tracey calls the police where they find Buck feeding his son at work and have him clock out to take him into custody. The police said that she could have her son back if she and Buck reunite. Tracey decides to divorce Buck, and was given custody of her son without Buck seeing him for the time being. As she left, Buck attacks her in her own car. Buck is arrested, and Tracey issues a restraining order against him, but he continues to harass and threaten to kill her. Tracey goes to the police, but they did very little to help.", "After the divorce is finalized, he shows up again, causing Tracey to call the police hoping that when they see him threatening her, they will arrest him. Buck demands Tracey to come out immediately, and when he stated that he wanted them back together, she refused to stop the divorce. When the police show up, Buck pulls out a knife and stabs her numerous times. He goes into the house and grabs C.J., showing him his injured mother lying on the ground in a pool of blood. Many neighbors witness Buck still assaulting Tracey, and yet the police fail to intervene. It wasn't until after Tracey was loaded in the ambulance that Buck was finally apprehended.", "In the hospital, Tracey's lawyer, Burton Weinstein, together with Tracey's sister, discuss filing a civil lawsuit against the Torrington police department for not protecting her. Tracey spent months recuperating, and Buck is sentenced to 20 years in prison with the possibility of parole in 1991\\. Tracey is apprehensive about the possibility of his parole, knowing that upon his release, he would be coming after her. However, Weinstein is able to keep Tracey focused on the lawsuit. Following the civil suit trial, the jury rules in favor of Tracey, finding that her rights were violated, and she is awarded $2,300,000\\. She is also granted a permanent [restraining order](/wiki/Restraining_order \"Restraining order\") against Buck and he will not be allowed to contact C.J. or Tracey for the rest of their lives. Happy with the decision, she hugs Weinstein. In real life, Tracey was remarried to Michael Motuzick; Michael was granted permission to adopt C.J. so the family could build their lives together.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- In the field of opera, she first achieved recognition in 2001 as a National Grand Finalist in the [Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_National_Council_Auditions "Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions"). Noted in *[Opera News](/wiki/Opera_News "Opera News")* magazine as a [coloratura](/wiki/Coloratura "Coloratura") singer with a "silvery, resonant soprano" voice,Wasserman, Adam. ["Sound Bites: Sarah Coburn"](http://www.operanews.com/operanews/templates/content.aspx?id=5031), *Opera News* (New York), Vol. 69, No. 9, March 2005\. (By subscription) Coburn has performed leading roles at the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera "Metropolitan Opera") in New York; the [Vienna State Opera](/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera "Vienna State Opera"); and other major companies. In 2004, she played the role of [Johanna Barker](/wiki/Johanna_Barker "Johanna Barker") in the musical [*Sweeney Todd*](/wiki/Sweeney_Todd_%28musical%29 "Sweeney Todd (musical)") at the [New York City Opera](/wiki/New_York_City_Opera "New York City Opera"). In 2007 she succeeded [Elizabeth Futral](/wiki/Elizabeth_Futral "Elizabeth Futral") in the role of Princess Yue\-Yang in the world premiere production of [Tan Dun](/wiki/Tan_Dun "Tan Dun")'s *[The First Emperor](/wiki/The_First_Emperor "The First Emperor")* at the Metropolitan. ["Sarah Coburn \- Biography"](http://www.fletcherartists.com/artists/sarah-coburn/) on fletcherartists.com. Retrieved 24 November 2013 That same year she performed the role of Kitty in the world premiere of [David Carlson](/wiki/David_Carlson "David Carlson")'s *[Anna Karenina](/wiki/Anna_Karenina_%28American_opera%29 "Anna Karenina (American opera)")* at the [Florida Grand Opera](/wiki/Florida_Grand_Opera "Florida Grand Opera"). Her repertoire has included the leading roles of: Lucia in both Donizetti's *[Lucia di Lammermoor](/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor "Lucia di Lammermoor")* and its French version, *[Lucie de Lammermoor](/wiki/Lucie_de_Lammermoor "Lucie de Lammermoor")* at [Glimmerglass Opera](/wiki/Glimmerglass_Opera "Glimmerglass Opera") and [Cincinnati Opera](/wiki/Cincinnati_Opera "Cincinnati Opera"); Amina in Bellini's *[La sonnambula](/wiki/La_sonnambula "La sonnambula")* in Vienna; Gilda in Verdi's *[Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto "Rigoletto")* at the [Opéra de Montréal](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Montr%C3%A9al "Opéra de Montréal"), [Welsh National Opera](/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera "Welsh National Opera"), and [Los Angeles Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera "Los Angeles Opera"); the title role in Delibes' *[Lakmé](/wiki/Lakm%C3%A9 "Lakmé")* at [Tulsa Opera](/wiki/Tulsa_Opera "Tulsa Opera"); Asteria in Handel's *[Tamerlano](/wiki/Tamerlano "Tamerlano")* and Rosina in Rossini's *[Il barbiere di Siviglia](/wiki/Il_barbiere_di_Siviglia "Il barbiere di Siviglia")*, both with [Los Angeles Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera "Los Angeles Opera"). In March 2014 she sang at the [Washington National Opera](/wiki/Washington_National_Opera "Washington National Opera") as Adina in *[L'elisir d'amore](/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore "L'elisir d'amore")* by [Gaetano Donizetti](/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti "Gaetano Donizetti") and, as part of the summer 2014 [Tivoli Festival](/wiki/Tivoli_Festival "Tivoli Festival") in Copenhagen, she sang the role of Elvira in *[I Puritani](/wiki/I_Puritani "I Puritani")*.Driscoll, F. Paul, "Opera Watch", *Opera News* (New York), Vol. 78, No. 9, November 2013, p. 6
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "In the field of opera, she first achieved recognition in 2001 as a National Grand Finalist in the [Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_National_Council_Auditions \"Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions\").", "Noted in *[Opera News](/wiki/Opera_News \"Opera News\")* magazine as a [coloratura](/wiki/Coloratura \"Coloratura\") singer with a \"silvery, resonant soprano\" voice,Wasserman, Adam. [\"Sound Bites: Sarah Coburn\"](http://www.operanews.com/operanews/templates/content.aspx?id=5031), *Opera News* (New York), Vol. 69, No. 9, March 2005\\. (By subscription)\nCoburn has performed leading roles at the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\") in New York; the [Vienna State Opera](/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera \"Vienna State Opera\"); and other major companies.", "In 2004, she played the role of [Johanna Barker](/wiki/Johanna_Barker \"Johanna Barker\") in the musical [*Sweeney Todd*](/wiki/Sweeney_Todd_%28musical%29 \"Sweeney Todd (musical)\") at the [New York City Opera](/wiki/New_York_City_Opera \"New York City Opera\").", "In 2007 she succeeded [Elizabeth Futral](/wiki/Elizabeth_Futral \"Elizabeth Futral\") in the role of Princess Yue\\-Yang in the world premiere production of [Tan Dun](/wiki/Tan_Dun \"Tan Dun\")'s *[The First Emperor](/wiki/The_First_Emperor \"The First Emperor\")* at the Metropolitan. [\"Sarah Coburn \\- Biography\"](http://www.fletcherartists.com/artists/sarah-coburn/) on fletcherartists.com. Retrieved 24 November 2013\nThat same year she performed the role of Kitty in the world premiere of [David Carlson](/wiki/David_Carlson \"David Carlson\")'s *[Anna Karenina](/wiki/Anna_Karenina_%28American_opera%29 \"Anna Karenina (American opera)\")* at the [Florida Grand Opera](/wiki/Florida_Grand_Opera \"Florida Grand Opera\").", "Her repertoire has included the leading roles of: Lucia in both Donizetti's *[Lucia di Lammermoor](/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor \"Lucia di Lammermoor\")* and its French version, *[Lucie de Lammermoor](/wiki/Lucie_de_Lammermoor \"Lucie de Lammermoor\")* at [Glimmerglass Opera](/wiki/Glimmerglass_Opera \"Glimmerglass Opera\") and [Cincinnati Opera](/wiki/Cincinnati_Opera \"Cincinnati Opera\"); Amina in Bellini's *[La sonnambula](/wiki/La_sonnambula \"La sonnambula\")* in Vienna; Gilda in Verdi's *[Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto \"Rigoletto\")* at the [Opéra de Montréal](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Montr%C3%A9al \"Opéra de Montréal\"), [Welsh National Opera](/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera \"Welsh National Opera\"), and [Los Angeles Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera \"Los Angeles Opera\"); the title role in Delibes' *[Lakmé](/wiki/Lakm%C3%A9 \"Lakmé\")* at [Tulsa Opera](/wiki/Tulsa_Opera \"Tulsa Opera\"); Asteria in Handel's *[Tamerlano](/wiki/Tamerlano \"Tamerlano\")* and Rosina in Rossini's *[Il barbiere di Siviglia](/wiki/Il_barbiere_di_Siviglia \"Il barbiere di Siviglia\")*, both with [Los Angeles Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera \"Los Angeles Opera\").", "In March 2014 she sang at the [Washington National Opera](/wiki/Washington_National_Opera \"Washington National Opera\") as Adina in *[L'elisir d'amore](/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore \"L'elisir d'amore\")* by [Gaetano Donizetti](/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti \"Gaetano Donizetti\") and, as part of the summer 2014 [Tivoli Festival](/wiki/Tivoli_Festival \"Tivoli Festival\") in Copenhagen, she sang the role of Elvira in *[I Puritani](/wiki/I_Puritani \"I Puritani\")*.Driscoll, F. Paul, \"Opera Watch\", *Opera News* (New York), Vol. 78, No. 9, November 2013, p. 6", "" ]
History ------- Kansas City, Kansas Public Library originated in 1855 when the Wyandotte Lyceum and Library Association was established to create a library in "Indian Country". Civil War veteran E.F. Heisler joined the effort in 1871 and established a small library in his office for a $1 fee. In 1873, the Wyandotte Library Association was formed to benefit this subscription library. As the library outgrew this space, it moved to the second floor of the Court Block building near 7th and Minnesota in 1893\. The same year, the Board of Education began support and funding of the library. It took over governance of the library in 1899\. In 1897, Miss Elizabeth Dickinson served as the first librarian. That same year, Sarah Richart, a former teacher and president of the Federation of Clubs, proposed a tax on the dogs in the city to fund a new library and had herself appointed as the "dog enumerator". Upon her death in 1901, Richart left her estate to the city on the condition that the city dedicate a building to house a Free Public Library. Her donation, along with a $75,000 pledge from Andrew Carnegie, led to the construction of the Carnegie Library at Huron Place. It opened in 1904 under the direction of Mrs. Sarah Judd Greenman. The community embraced the new library, which featured a rose garden, fish pond, and museum. The building was adorned with carved heads of classic authors and poets and featured a life\-size portrait of Mrs. Sarah Richart. In 1958 citizens recognized the need for a more modern library facility. A Bond Issue passed that year funding the library that is currently located at 625 Minnesota. The new facility opened in 1966 in a building that was shared with the Board of Education. As the city grew, so did the library system. In 1910, the City of Argentine was annexed, and W. W. Thomas, through an agreement with local businesses, created a public library in a storefront with Miss Hazel Beeler was the first librarian. This new library soon became a branch of the Kansas City, Kansas Library, and in 1917 the city opened the [Argentine Carnegie Library](/wiki/Argentine_Carnegie_Library "Argentine Carnegie Library") adjacent to Emerson Park. This facility survived the 1951 flood and, by the 1970s, housed the largest Spanish Language collection in the metro area. When the downtown Carnegie Library was demolished in 1958 to build the Main Library, it was the sole remaining Carnegie library in the city.{{cite web \|date\=1998\-07\-02 \|title\=Argentine \|url\=http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/19980702072231/http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm \|archive\-date\=1998\-07\-02 \|accessdate\=2020\-04\-18 \|publisher\=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}} In 1998, it was added to [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places "National Register of Historic Places").The building served as both the public library and the school library for Emerson Elementary school until 2012\. In 2012 the current South Branch opened at a cost of $6 million, one third of which was acquired by the fundraisers of local residents. The school district agreed to pay for the rest if residents raised $1\.5 million to $2 million. A former grocery store was demolished to make way for the current library, and the school district took possession of the former library. Demand for library service in the western part of the city led to the creation, in 1963, of a small library at the old Horniff School at 98th and state. In 1971, the library moved to a storefront library in the Wyandotte Plaza shopping center under the direction of Pat Gaunce. The storefront became popular with families, and soon the community needed a larger facility. In 1986 the new West Wyandotte Library was opened, featuring art gallery space and a new home for the Fine Arts department. The library system began offering mobile library services to residents throughout the county in 1964\. Over the years, service was provided via various vehicles, from a converted bread truck to the current fleet of three mobile libraries. In 2001, the library entered into a unique agreement with the Board of Education and Parks Department to create the Mr. \& Mrs. F. L. Schlagle Library and Environmental Learning Center at Wyandotte County Lake. This facility offers visitors library materials on science and nature and houses a small menagerie of local animals. It offers programming for youth throughout the area, at the library facility, as well as area schools and organizations. This facility is one of only two such library environmental learning centers in the United States. In collaboration with the Turner Recreation Commission, the Kansas City, KS School District 500, and the Wyandotte County Library Board, the library's newest branch, was opened in the Turner Recreation Center in 2008\. It provides full library services to patrons in the southwest part of our community.
[ "History\n-------", "Kansas City, Kansas Public Library originated in 1855 when the Wyandotte Lyceum and Library Association was established to create a library in \"Indian Country\". Civil War veteran E.F. Heisler joined the effort in 1871 and established a small library in his office for a $1 fee. In 1873, the Wyandotte Library Association was formed to benefit this subscription library. As the library outgrew this space, it moved to the second floor of the Court Block building near 7th and Minnesota in 1893\\. The same year, the Board of Education began support and funding of the library. It took over governance of the library in 1899\\.", "In 1897, Miss Elizabeth Dickinson served as the first librarian. That same year, Sarah Richart, a former teacher and president of the Federation of Clubs, proposed a tax on the dogs in the city to fund a new library and had herself appointed as the \"dog enumerator\". Upon her death in 1901, Richart left her estate to the city on the condition that the city dedicate a building to house a Free Public Library. Her donation, along with a $75,000 pledge from Andrew Carnegie, led to the construction of the Carnegie Library at Huron Place. It opened in 1904 under the direction of Mrs. Sarah Judd Greenman. The community embraced the new library, which featured a rose garden, fish pond, and museum. The building was adorned with carved heads of classic authors and poets and featured a life\\-size portrait of Mrs. Sarah Richart. In 1958 citizens recognized the need for a more modern library facility. A Bond Issue passed that year funding the library that is currently located at 625 Minnesota. The new facility opened in 1966 in a building that was shared with the Board of Education.", "As the city grew, so did the library system. In 1910, the City of Argentine was annexed, and W. W. Thomas, through an agreement with local businesses, created a public library in a storefront with Miss Hazel Beeler was the first librarian. This new library soon became a branch of the Kansas City, Kansas Library, and in 1917 the city opened the [Argentine Carnegie Library](/wiki/Argentine_Carnegie_Library \"Argentine Carnegie Library\") adjacent to Emerson Park. This facility survived the 1951 flood and, by the 1970s, housed the largest Spanish Language collection in the metro area. When the downtown Carnegie Library was demolished in 1958 to build the Main Library, it was the sole remaining Carnegie library in the city.{{cite web \\|date\\=1998\\-07\\-02 \\|title\\=Argentine \\|url\\=http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/19980702072231/http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=1998\\-07\\-02 \\|accessdate\\=2020\\-04\\-18 \\|publisher\\=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}} In 1998, it was added to [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\").The building served as both the public library and the school library for Emerson Elementary school until 2012\\. In 2012 the current South Branch opened at a cost of $6 million, one third of which was acquired by the fundraisers of local residents. The school district agreed to pay for the rest if residents raised $1\\.5 million to $2 million. A former grocery store was demolished to make way for the current library, and the school district took possession of the former library.", "Demand for library service in the western part of the city led to the creation, in 1963, of a small library at the old Horniff School at 98th and state. In 1971, the library moved to a storefront library in the Wyandotte Plaza shopping center under the direction of Pat Gaunce. The storefront became popular with families, and soon the community needed a larger facility. In 1986 the new West Wyandotte Library was opened, featuring art gallery space and a new home for the Fine Arts department.", "The library system began offering mobile library services to residents throughout the county in 1964\\. Over the years, service was provided via various vehicles, from a converted bread truck to the current fleet of three mobile libraries.", "In 2001, the library entered into a unique agreement with the Board of Education and Parks Department to create the Mr. \\& Mrs. F. L. Schlagle Library and Environmental Learning Center at Wyandotte County Lake. This facility offers visitors library materials on science and nature and houses a small menagerie of local animals. It offers programming for youth throughout the area, at the library facility, as well as area schools and organizations. This facility is one of only two such library environmental learning centers in the United States.", "In collaboration with the Turner Recreation Commission, the Kansas City, KS School District 500, and the Wyandotte County Library Board, the library's newest branch, was opened in the Turner Recreation Center in 2008\\. It provides full library services to patrons in the southwest part of our community.", "" ]
Synopsis -------- In the late sixteenth century, failed author\-soldier\-actor and tax collector [Miguel de Cervantes](/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes "Miguel de Cervantes") has been thrown into a dungeon by the [Spanish Inquisition](/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition "Spanish Inquisition"), along with his manservant. They have been charged with foreclosing on a monastery. Their fellow prisoners attack them, eager to steal the contents of the large trunk Cervantes has brought with him. However, a sympathetic criminal known as "the Governor" suggests setting up a mock trial instead. Only if Cervantes is found guilty will he have to hand over his possessions. A cynical prisoner, known as "the Duke," charges Cervantes with being an idealist and a bad poet. Cervantes pleads guilty, but then asks if he may offer a defense, in the form of a play, acted out by him and all the prisoners. The "Governor" agrees. Cervantes takes out a makeup kit and costume from his trunk, and transforms himself into Alonso Quijano, an old gentleman who has read so many books of chivalry and thought so much about injustice that he has lost his mind and set out as a [knight\-errant](/wiki/Knight-errant "Knight-errant"). Quijano renames himself Don Quixote de La Mancha, and goes off to find adventures with his "squire", Sancho Panza. ("Man of La Mancha (I, Don Quixote)") Don Quixote warns Sancho that they are always in danger of being attacked by Quixote's mortal enemy, an evil magician known as the Enchanter. Suddenly he spots a windmill, mistakes it for a four\-armed giant, attacks it, and receives a beating from the encounter. Quixote decides that he lost the battle because he was never properly knighted. He then mistakes a rundown inn for a castle and orders Sancho to announce their arrival by blowing his bugle. Cervantes talks some prisoners into assuming the roles of the inn's serving wench and part\-time prostitute Aldonza, and a group of muleteers who are propositioning her. Aldonza fends them off sarcastically ("It's All The Same"), but eventually deigns to accept their leader, Pedro, who pays in advance. Don Quixote enters with Sancho, asking for the lord of the castle. The Innkeeper (played by The Governor) humors Don Quixote as best he can. Quixote sees Aldonza and declares that she is his lady, Dulcinea, to whom he has sworn eternal loyalty ("Dulcinea"). Aldonza, used to rough treatment, is first flabbergasted and then annoyed at Quixote's kindness, and is further aggravated when the Muleteers turn Quixote's tender ballad into a mocking serenade. Meanwhile, Antonia, Don Quixote's niece, has gone with Quixote's housekeeper to seek advice from the local priest, who realizes that the two women are more concerned with the embarrassment Quixote's madness may bring them than with his actual welfare ("I'm Only Thinking of Him"). Cervantes chooses "the Duke" to play Dr. Sanson Carrasco, Antonia's fiancé, a man just as cynical and self\-centered as the prisoner who is playing him. Carrasco is upset at the idea of marrying into the family of a madman, but the priest convinces Carrasco that it would be a worthy challenge to use his abilities to cure his prospective uncle\-in\-law. Carrasco and the priest set out to bring Don Quixote back home ("I'm Only Thinking of Him \[Reprise]"). Back at the inn, Sancho delivers a [missive](/wiki/wikt:Missive "Missive") from Don Quixote to Aldonza courting her favor and asking for a token of her esteem. Aldonza provides the requested token: an old dishrag. She asks Sancho why he follows Quixote, but he can come up with no explanation other than "I Really Like Him". Alone, Aldonza ponders Quixote's behavior and her inability to laugh at him ("What Do You Want of Me?"). In the courtyard, the muleteers once again taunt Aldonza with a suggestive song ("Little Bird, Little Bird"). Pedro makes arrangements with her for an assignation later. The priest and Dr. Carrasco arrive, but cannot reason with Don Quixote. Quixote becomes distracted by a barber who passes by the inn, wearing his shaving basin on his head to ward off the sun's heat ("The Barber's Song"). Quixote threatens the barber with a sword and snatches the basin, declaring it is the "Golden Helmet of [Mambrino](/wiki/Mambrino "Mambrino")", which makes its wearer invulnerable. Dr. Carrasco and the priest leave, with the priest impressed by Don Quixote's view of life and wondering if curing him is really worthwhile ("To Each His Dulcinea"). Quixote still wishes to be officially dubbed a knight: he plans to stand vigil all night over his armor in the inn's courtyard, and then have the Innkeeper (whom he mistakes for a nobleman) grant him knighthood the following morning. Aldonza encounters Quixote in the courtyard and confronts him; Quixote does his best to explain the ideals he follows and the quest he is on ("The Impossible Dream"). Pedro enters, furious at being kept waiting, and slaps Aldonza. Enraged, Don Quixote takes him and all the other muleteers on in a fight ("The Combat"). Don Quixote has no martial skill, but by luck and determination – and with the help of Aldonza and Sancho – he prevails, and the muleteers are all knocked unconscious. But the noise attracts the attention of the Innkeeper, who tells Quixote that he must leave. Quixote apologizes for the trouble but reminds the Innkeeper of his promise to dub him knight. The Innkeeper does so ("Knight of the Woeful Countenance"). Quixote then declares that he must comfort the wounded muleteers, because chivalry requires kindness to one's enemies. Aldonza, impressed, says that she will help the muleteers instead. But when she comes to them with bandages, they beat her, rape her, and carry her off ("The Abduction"). Quixote, unaware of this, contemplates his recent victory and new knighthood ("The Impossible Dream" – first reprise). At this point, the Don Quixote play is brutally interrupted when the Inquisition enters the dungeon and drags off an unwilling prisoner to be tried. The Duke taunts Cervantes for his look of fear, and accuses him of not facing reality. This prompts Cervantes to passionately defend his idealism. The Don Quixote play resumes ("Man of La Mancha" – first reprise). Quixote and Sancho have left the inn and encounter a band of Gypsies ("Moorish Dance") who take advantage of Quixote's naiveté and steal everything they own, including Quixote's horse Rocinante and Sancho's donkey Dapple.The gypsy scene is omitted in some productions. Quixote and Sancho are forced to return to the inn. Aldonza also shows up at the inn, bruised and ashamed. Quixote swears to avenge her, but she tells him off, flinging her real, pitiful history in his face and blaming him for allowing her a glimpse of a life she can never have. She begs him to see her as she really is but Quixote can only see her as his Dulcinea ("Aldonza"). Suddenly, another knight enters. He announces himself as Don Quixote's mortal enemy, the Enchanter, in the form of the "Knight of the Mirrors". He insults Aldonza, so Quixote challenges him to combat. The Knight of the Mirrors and his attendants bear huge mirrored shields, and as they swing them at Quixote ("Knight of the Mirrors"), the glare blinds him. The Knight taunts Quixote, forcing him to see himself as the world sees him: a fool and a madman. Don Quixote collapses, weeping. The Knight of the Mirrors removes his helmet – he is really Dr. Carrasco, returned with his latest plan to cure Quixote. Cervantes announces that the story is finished, but the prisoners are dissatisfied with the ending. They prepare to burn his manuscript when he asks for the chance to present one last scene. The governor agrees. Quixote is back at home, and has fallen into a coma. Sancho tries to cheer him up ("A Little Gossip"), and Alonso opens his eyes. He is now sane: he gives his name as Alonso Quijano and thinks his knightly career was just a dream. However, he feels close to death, and asks the priest to help him make out his will. Aldonza suddenly forces her way into the room. She has come to visit Quixote because she can no longer bear to be anyone but Dulcinea. When he does not recognize her, she sings a reprise of "Dulcinea" and tries to help him remember the words of "The Impossible Dream." Suddenly, he remembers everything and rises from his bed, calling for his armor and sword so that he may set out again ("Man of La Mancha" – second reprise). But it is too late – in mid\-song, he cries out and falls dead. The priest sings "The Psalm" ([Psalm 130](/wiki/Psalm_130 "Psalm 130") in Latin) for the dead. Sancho is distraught at his friend's death. Aldonza tries to comfort him, saying that Alonso Quijano may be dead but Don Quixote lives on. When Sancho addresses her as Aldonza, she replies, "My name is Dulcinea." The Inquisition enters to take Cervantes to his trial, and the prisoners, finding him not guilty, return his manuscript. It is his (as yet) unfinished novel, *[Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote "Don Quixote")*. As Cervantes and his servant mount the staircase to go to their impending trial, the prisoners, led by the girl who played Dulcinea, sing "The Impossible Dream" in chorus.
[ "Synopsis\n--------", "In the late sixteenth century, failed author\\-soldier\\-actor and tax collector [Miguel de Cervantes](/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes \"Miguel de Cervantes\") has been thrown into a dungeon by the [Spanish Inquisition](/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition \"Spanish Inquisition\"), along with his manservant. They have been charged with foreclosing on a monastery. Their fellow prisoners attack them, eager to steal the contents of the large trunk Cervantes has brought with him. However, a sympathetic criminal known as \"the Governor\" suggests setting up a mock trial instead. Only if Cervantes is found guilty will he have to hand over his possessions. A cynical prisoner, known as \"the Duke,\" charges Cervantes with being an idealist and a bad poet. Cervantes pleads guilty, but then asks if he may offer a defense, in the form of a play, acted out by him and all the prisoners. The \"Governor\" agrees.", "Cervantes takes out a makeup kit and costume from his trunk, and transforms himself into Alonso Quijano, an old gentleman who has read so many books of chivalry and thought so much about injustice that he has lost his mind and set out as a [knight\\-errant](/wiki/Knight-errant \"Knight-errant\"). Quijano renames himself Don Quixote de La Mancha, and goes off to find adventures with his \"squire\", Sancho Panza. (\"Man of La Mancha (I, Don Quixote)\")", "Don Quixote warns Sancho that they are always in danger of being attacked by Quixote's mortal enemy, an evil magician known as the Enchanter. Suddenly he spots a windmill, mistakes it for a four\\-armed giant, attacks it, and receives a beating from the encounter. Quixote decides that he lost the battle because he was never properly knighted. He then mistakes a rundown inn for a castle and orders Sancho to announce their arrival by blowing his bugle.", "Cervantes talks some prisoners into assuming the roles of the inn's serving wench and part\\-time prostitute Aldonza, and a group of muleteers who are propositioning her. Aldonza fends them off sarcastically (\"It's All The Same\"), but eventually deigns to accept their leader, Pedro, who pays in advance.", "Don Quixote enters with Sancho, asking for the lord of the castle. The Innkeeper (played by The Governor) humors Don Quixote as best he can. Quixote sees Aldonza and declares that she is his lady, Dulcinea, to whom he has sworn eternal loyalty (\"Dulcinea\"). Aldonza, used to rough treatment, is first flabbergasted and then annoyed at Quixote's kindness, and is further aggravated when the Muleteers turn Quixote's tender ballad into a mocking serenade.", "Meanwhile, Antonia, Don Quixote's niece, has gone with Quixote's housekeeper to seek advice from the local priest, who realizes that the two women are more concerned with the embarrassment Quixote's madness may bring them than with his actual welfare (\"I'm Only Thinking of Him\").", "Cervantes chooses \"the Duke\" to play Dr. Sanson Carrasco, Antonia's fiancé, a man just as cynical and self\\-centered as the prisoner who is playing him. Carrasco is upset at the idea of marrying into the family of a madman, but the priest convinces Carrasco that it would be a worthy challenge to use his abilities to cure his prospective uncle\\-in\\-law. Carrasco and the priest set out to bring Don Quixote back home (\"I'm Only Thinking of Him \\[Reprise]\").", "Back at the inn, Sancho delivers a [missive](/wiki/wikt:Missive \"Missive\") from Don Quixote to Aldonza courting her favor and asking for a token of her esteem. Aldonza provides the requested token: an old dishrag. She asks Sancho why he follows Quixote, but he can come up with no explanation other than \"I Really Like Him\". Alone, Aldonza ponders Quixote's behavior and her inability to laugh at him (\"What Do You Want of Me?\"). In the courtyard, the muleteers once again taunt Aldonza with a suggestive song (\"Little Bird, Little Bird\"). Pedro makes arrangements with her for an assignation later.", "The priest and Dr. Carrasco arrive, but cannot reason with Don Quixote. Quixote becomes distracted by a barber who passes by the inn, wearing his shaving basin on his head to ward off the sun's heat (\"The Barber's Song\"). Quixote threatens the barber with a sword and snatches the basin, declaring it is the \"Golden Helmet of [Mambrino](/wiki/Mambrino \"Mambrino\")\", which makes its wearer invulnerable. Dr. Carrasco and the priest leave, with the priest impressed by Don Quixote's view of life and wondering if curing him is really worthwhile (\"To Each His Dulcinea\").", "Quixote still wishes to be officially dubbed a knight: he plans to stand vigil all night over his armor in the inn's courtyard, and then have the Innkeeper (whom he mistakes for a nobleman) grant him knighthood the following morning. Aldonza encounters Quixote in the courtyard and confronts him; Quixote does his best to explain the ideals he follows and the quest he is on (\"The Impossible Dream\"). Pedro enters, furious at being kept waiting, and slaps Aldonza. Enraged, Don Quixote takes him and all the other muleteers on in a fight (\"The Combat\"). Don Quixote has no martial skill, but by luck and determination – and with the help of Aldonza and Sancho – he prevails, and the muleteers are all knocked unconscious. But the noise attracts the attention of the Innkeeper, who tells Quixote that he must leave. Quixote apologizes for the trouble but reminds the Innkeeper of his promise to dub him knight. The Innkeeper does so (\"Knight of the Woeful Countenance\").", "Quixote then declares that he must comfort the wounded muleteers, because chivalry requires kindness to one's enemies. Aldonza, impressed, says that she will help the muleteers instead. But when she comes to them with bandages, they beat her, rape her, and carry her off (\"The Abduction\"). Quixote, unaware of this, contemplates his recent victory and new knighthood (\"The Impossible Dream\" – first reprise).", "At this point, the Don Quixote play is brutally interrupted when the Inquisition enters the dungeon and drags off an unwilling prisoner to be tried. The Duke taunts Cervantes for his look of fear, and accuses him of not facing reality. This prompts Cervantes to passionately defend his idealism.", "The Don Quixote play resumes (\"Man of La Mancha\" – first reprise). Quixote and Sancho have left the inn and encounter a band of Gypsies (\"Moorish Dance\") who take advantage of Quixote's naiveté and steal everything they own, including Quixote's horse Rocinante and Sancho's donkey Dapple.The gypsy scene is omitted in some productions. Quixote and Sancho are forced to return to the inn. Aldonza also shows up at the inn, bruised and ashamed. Quixote swears to avenge her, but she tells him off, flinging her real, pitiful history in his face and blaming him for allowing her a glimpse of a life she can never have. She begs him to see her as she really is but Quixote can only see her as his Dulcinea (\"Aldonza\").", "Suddenly, another knight enters. He announces himself as Don Quixote's mortal enemy, the Enchanter, in the form of the \"Knight of the Mirrors\". He insults Aldonza, so Quixote challenges him to combat. The Knight of the Mirrors and his attendants bear huge mirrored shields, and as they swing them at Quixote (\"Knight of the Mirrors\"), the glare blinds him. The Knight taunts Quixote, forcing him to see himself as the world sees him: a fool and a madman. Don Quixote collapses, weeping. The Knight of the Mirrors removes his helmet – he is really Dr. Carrasco, returned with his latest plan to cure Quixote.", "Cervantes announces that the story is finished, but the prisoners are dissatisfied with the ending. They prepare to burn his manuscript when he asks for the chance to present one last scene. The governor agrees.", "Quixote is back at home, and has fallen into a coma. Sancho tries to cheer him up (\"A Little Gossip\"), and Alonso opens his eyes. He is now sane: he gives his name as Alonso Quijano and thinks his knightly career was just a dream. However, he feels close to death, and asks the priest to help him make out his will. Aldonza suddenly forces her way into the room. She has come to visit Quixote because she can no longer bear to be anyone but Dulcinea. When he does not recognize her, she sings a reprise of \"Dulcinea\" and tries to help him remember the words of \"The Impossible Dream.\" Suddenly, he remembers everything and rises from his bed, calling for his armor and sword so that he may set out again (\"Man of La Mancha\" – second reprise). But it is too late – in mid\\-song, he cries out and falls dead. The priest sings \"The Psalm\" ([Psalm 130](/wiki/Psalm_130 \"Psalm 130\") in Latin) for the dead. Sancho is distraught at his friend's death. Aldonza tries to comfort him, saying that Alonso Quijano may be dead but Don Quixote lives on. When Sancho addresses her as Aldonza, she replies, \"My name is Dulcinea.\"", "The Inquisition enters to take Cervantes to his trial, and the prisoners, finding him not guilty, return his manuscript. It is his (as yet) unfinished novel, *[Don Quixote](/wiki/Don_Quixote \"Don Quixote\")*. As Cervantes and his servant mount the staircase to go to their impending trial, the prisoners, led by the girl who played Dulcinea, sing \"The Impossible Dream\" in chorus.", "" ]
History ------- {{multiple image \| align \= \| direction \= vertical \| width \= 200 \| header \= Railway lines in the Kalgoorlie area in 1928 (distances in miles) \| image1 \= Railway map of Western Australia 1928 \- Kalgoorlie area 01\.png \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= The White Hope extension of the line ... \| image2 \= Railway map of Western Australia 1928 \- Kalgoorlie area 02\.png \| alt2 \= \| caption2 \= ... and the loop lines }} To service the newly\-established gold mines at Boulder, local mining companies proposed to construct private railway lines connecting the town and mines to Kalgoorlie but the Western Australian government was not willing to permit the construction of private railway lines. Instead, a Kalgoorlie to Boulder tramway was constructed by the Western Australian [Public Works Department](/wiki/Public_Works_Department_%28Western_Australia%29 "Public Works Department (Western Australia)") and the new line was officially opened on 8 November 1897\. It was referred to as a tramway instead of railway as the later would require approval by Parliament, which was obtained only after construction.{{Citation \|last1\=Gunzburg \|first1\=Adrian \|last2\=Austin \|first2\=Jeff \|author3\=Rail Heritage WA \|last4\=Gunzburg \|first4\=Adrian \|title\=Rails through the bush : timber and firewood tramways and railway contractors of Western Australia \| date\=2008 \| publisher\=Rail Heritage WA \| edition\=2nd \| isbn\=978\-0\-9803922\-2\-7 }} The *Kalgoorlie\-Gnumballa Lake and Boulder Townsite Loop Railways Act 1897*, an [act](/wiki/Act_of_Parliament "Act of Parliament") by the [Parliament of Western Australia](/wiki/Parliament_of_Western_Australia "Parliament of Western Australia") [assented to](/wiki/Royal_assent "Royal assent") on 23 December 1897, authorised the construction of an {{convert\|11\|km\|mi\|adj\=on}} long railway line from the [Kalgoorlie railway station](/wiki/Kalgoorlie_railway_station "Kalgoorlie railway station") to Gnumballa Lake as well as a {{convert\|3\.14\|km\|mi\|adj\=on}} loop railway branching off from the former to the [Boulder railway station](/wiki/Boulder_railway_station "Boulder railway station").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\_a3304\.html \|title\=Kalgoorlie\-Gnumballa Lake and Boulder Townsite Loop Railways Act 1897 \|author\= \|date\=23 December 1897 \|website\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \|publisher\=\[\[Government of Western Australia]] \|access\-date\=6 September 2024 \|quote\=}} This act was retrospective, authorising the construction of the already completed tramway, which thereby officially became a railway. The Boulder loop was also referred to as the Inner Circle. Initial railway facilities were very basic, with no stations or platforms and the Boulder station master operating and sleeping in a rail car until proper facilities were constructed. Passengers alighted at wherever the train stopped but services were nevertheless popular and well\-frequented.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article259402285 \|title\=Kalgoorlie Boulder Tramway. \|newspaper\=\[\[Menzies Weekly Times]] \|volume\=I \|issue\=54 \|location\=Western Australia \|date\=28 May 1898 \|accessdate\=6 September 2024 \|page\=12 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} The trains were essential to take miners to their work in the gold mines, with as many as 100 trains passing through Boulder every day. Trains between Boulder and Kalgoorlie, in the times up to 1916, were more frequent than [Perth to Fremantle trains](/wiki/Fremantle_line "Fremantle line").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.kalgoorlietourism.com/kalgoorlie\-tramways \|title\=Tramways and Trains \|author\= \|date\= \|website\=www.kalgoorlietourism.com \|publisher\=Kalgoorlie Boulder Visitor Centre \|access\-date\=6 September 2024 \|quote\=}} More important than passenger transport was the wood carried on the railway for the mines as support in underground operations and firewood. The wood was sourced through [timber railway lines](/wiki/Timber_railway_lines_of_Western_Australia "Timber railway lines of Western Australia") that connected to the main line. The *Brown Hill Loop Kalgoorlie\-Gnumballa Lake Railway Act 1900*, assented to on 5 December 1900, authorised the construction of a loop railway line from [Hannan Street](/wiki/Hannan_Street%2C_Kalgoorlie "Hannan Street, Kalgoorlie") station to Kamballie station via Brown Hill.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\_a142986\.html \|title\=Brown Hill Loop Kalgoorlie\-Gnumballa Lake Railway Act 1900 \|author\= \|date\=5 December 1900 \|website\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \|publisher\=\[\[Government of Western Australia]] \|access\-date\=6 September 2024 \|quote\=}} The contract to construct the loop railway was awarded to the Public Works Department in March 1901 and the loop was officially opened on 17 March 1902\. The line had become necessary as the population at the east side of the mines had risen considerably, at one point 10,000 people living there. This loop line was also referred to as the Outer Circle. The busiest station on the line was Golden Gate station, which handled a train every ten minutes. Because of congestion on the line, the section from Kalgoorlie to Kamballie via Boulder was duplicated from 1900\. By 1904 a [Kalgoorlie to Boulder tramway](/wiki/Trams_in_Kalgoorlie "Trams in Kalgoorlie") was also established, which competed with the railway line and caused financial loses for the later. The new tramway, a separate entity from the original one, had been authorised by the *Boulder Tramways Act 1904* and was operated by Kalgoorlie Electric Tramways Limited.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\_a143024\.html \|title\=Boulder Tramways Act 1904 \|author\= \|date\=16 January 1904 \|website\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \|publisher\=\[\[Government of Western Australia]] \|access\-date\=6 September 2024 \|quote\=}} On 17 June 1925, a {{convert\|37\|km\|mi\|adj\=on}} extension of the railway line from Lakeside to White Hope was opened as a government railway. The line had originally been constructed by the Woodline Company and was purchased by the government for [£A](/wiki/Australian_pound "Australian pound") 18,000 in June 1924, with the aim of assisting the development of the mines in the area. The rails used to construct the line were of low quality and the track was in poor condition at the time. The government had spent £A 2,878 operating the line since takeover and a further £A 1,392 on interest while earning £A 2,699 in revenue from it. Mining in the White Hope area had however ceased and no further mining development or revenue was expected from the railway line. By 1927, the [Kanowna line](/wiki/Kalgoorlie_to_Kanowna_railway_line "Kalgoorlie to Kanowna railway line") as well as the Kamballie to Lakeside and Lakeside to White Hope lines were under threat of closure by Parliament.{{Citation \| title\=Goldfields Railway Lines \- Kanowna, Kamballie and White Hope \- Proposal to pull up \|newspaper\=\[\[Western Argus]] \| publication\-date\=1 November 1927\| url\=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/34420642?searchTerm\=Kanowna%20railway%20closed \| access\-date\=6 September 2024}} The *Railways Discontinuance Act 1928*, assented to on 10 December 1928, authorised the closure of the Kalgoorlie to Kanowna railway line and the line from Kamballie to Lakeside as well as the one from Lakeside to White Hope.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\_a144097\.html \|title\=Railways Discontinuance Act 1928 \|author\= \|date\=10 December 1928 \|website\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \|publisher\=\[\[Government of Western Australia]] \|access\-date\=1 September 2024 \|quote\=}} By 1931, passenger services on the Brown Hill loop ceased as the houses in the area had been abandoned or dismantled because of the effects of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), with the section closing completely in 1937\. The *Railway (Brown Hill Loop Kalgoorlie\-Gnumballa Lake) Discontinuance Act 1948*, assented to on 11 November 1948, authorised the discontinuance of the loop railway from Hannan Street station to Kamballie station via Brown Hill.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\_a144820\.html \|title\=Railway (Brown Hill Loop Kalgoorlie\-Gnumballa Lake) Discontinuance Act 1948 \|author\= \|date\=11 November 1948 \|website\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \|publisher\=\[\[Government of Western Australia]] \|access\-date\=6 September 2024 \|quote\=}} In 1952, the tramline to Boulder was replaced by buses and the number of passenger services on the railway line reduced to two per day as well as one freight train to Kamballie. The *Railways (Standard Gauge) Construction Act 1961*, assented to on 30 October 1961, authorised the conversion of certain railway lines in Western Australia to [standard gauge](/wiki/Standard_gauge "Standard gauge"), among them the {{convert\|8\|km\|mi\|adj\=on}} section from Kalgoorlie to Kamballie.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\_a669\.html \|title\=Railways (Standard Gauge) Construction Act 1961 \|author\= \|date\=30 October 1961 \|website\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \|publisher\=\[\[Government of Western Australia]] \|access\-date\=12 August 2024 \|quote\=}} The *Railways Discontinuance and Land Revestment Act 1974*, assented to on 29 October 1974, authorised the discontinuance of the railway line to Gnumballa Lake and the Boulder and Brown Hill loops, as well as three other railway lines. Two of these latter three where also in the Kalgoorlie area, being the Coolgardie to Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie to Lake Lefroy sections.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\_a666\.html \|title\=Railways Discontinuance and Land Revestment Act 1974 \|author\= \|date\=29 October 1974 \|website\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \|publisher\=\[\[Government of Western Australia]] \|access\-date\=6 September 2024 \|quote\=}} Railway services on the line, now operated by [Westrail](/wiki/Westrail "Westrail"), ceased by 1976\. The Golden Mile Loopline Railway Society subsequently operated the line as a tourist railway. From 1989, the expansion of the Super Pit gold mine took up much of the land on which the line formerly lay. From 1999, a joint venture of the Golden Mile Loopline Railway Society, the Kalgoorlie\-Boulder City Council and the Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines Limited undertook the Loopline Heritage Restoration Project Plan, with the aim of preserving what was left of the former railway line. In 2004 the Loopline operations ceased, and in 2024 the society auctioned assets.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.kalminer.com.au/news/regional/golden\-mile\-loopline\-railway\-society\-lists\-its\-assets\-for\-auction\-says\-no\-projects\-are\-planned\-in\-future\-\-c\-14086432\|title\=Golden Mile Loopline railway society lists its assets for auction says no projects are planned in future\|access\-date\=2024\-09\-06}}
[ "History\n-------", "{{multiple image\n \\| align \\= \n \\| direction \\= vertical\n \\| width \\= 200\n \\| header \\= Railway lines in the Kalgoorlie area in 1928 (distances in miles)\n \\| image1 \\= Railway map of Western Australia 1928 \\- Kalgoorlie area 01\\.png\n \\| alt1 \\= \n \\| caption1 \\= The White Hope extension of the line ...\n \\| image2 \\= Railway map of Western Australia 1928 \\- Kalgoorlie area 02\\.png\n \\| alt2 \\= \n \\| caption2 \\= ... and the loop lines\n}}\nTo service the newly\\-established gold mines at Boulder, local mining companies proposed to construct private railway lines connecting the town and mines to Kalgoorlie but the Western Australian government was not willing to permit the construction of private railway lines. Instead, a Kalgoorlie to Boulder tramway was constructed by the Western Australian [Public Works Department](/wiki/Public_Works_Department_%28Western_Australia%29 \"Public Works Department (Western Australia)\") and the new line was officially opened on 8 November 1897\\. It was referred to as a tramway instead of railway as the later would require approval by Parliament, which was obtained only after construction.{{Citation \\|last1\\=Gunzburg \\|first1\\=Adrian \\|last2\\=Austin \\|first2\\=Jeff \\|author3\\=Rail Heritage WA \\|last4\\=Gunzburg \\|first4\\=Adrian \\|title\\=Rails through the bush : timber and firewood tramways and railway contractors of Western Australia \\| date\\=2008 \\| publisher\\=Rail Heritage WA \\| edition\\=2nd \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-9803922\\-2\\-7 }}", "The *Kalgoorlie\\-Gnumballa Lake and Boulder Townsite Loop Railways Act 1897*, an [act](/wiki/Act_of_Parliament \"Act of Parliament\") by the [Parliament of Western Australia](/wiki/Parliament_of_Western_Australia \"Parliament of Western Australia\") [assented to](/wiki/Royal_assent \"Royal assent\") on 23 December 1897, authorised the construction of an {{convert\\|11\\|km\\|mi\\|adj\\=on}} long railway line from the [Kalgoorlie railway station](/wiki/Kalgoorlie_railway_station \"Kalgoorlie railway station\") to Gnumballa Lake as well as a {{convert\\|3\\.14\\|km\\|mi\\|adj\\=on}} loop railway branching off from the former to the [Boulder railway station](/wiki/Boulder_railway_station \"Boulder railway station\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\\_a3304\\.html \\|title\\=Kalgoorlie\\-Gnumballa Lake and Boulder Townsite Loop Railways Act 1897 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=23 December 1897 \\|website\\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Government of Western Australia]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2024 \\|quote\\=}} This act was retrospective, authorising the construction of the already completed tramway, which thereby officially became a railway. The Boulder loop was also referred to as the Inner Circle.", "Initial railway facilities were very basic, with no stations or platforms and the Boulder station master operating and sleeping in a rail car until proper facilities were constructed. Passengers alighted at wherever the train stopped but services were nevertheless popular and well\\-frequented.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article259402285 \\|title\\=Kalgoorlie Boulder Tramway. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Menzies Weekly Times]] \\|volume\\=I \\|issue\\=54 \\|location\\=Western Australia \\|date\\=28 May 1898 \\|accessdate\\=6 September 2024 \\|page\\=12 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} The trains were essential to take miners to their work in the gold mines, with as many as 100 trains passing through Boulder every day. Trains between Boulder and Kalgoorlie, in the times up to 1916, were more frequent than [Perth to Fremantle trains](/wiki/Fremantle_line \"Fremantle line\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.kalgoorlietourism.com/kalgoorlie\\-tramways \\|title\\=Tramways and Trains \\|author\\= \\|date\\= \\|website\\=www.kalgoorlietourism.com \\|publisher\\=Kalgoorlie Boulder Visitor Centre \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2024 \\|quote\\=}}", "More important than passenger transport was the wood carried on the railway for the mines as support in underground operations and firewood. The wood was sourced through [timber railway lines](/wiki/Timber_railway_lines_of_Western_Australia \"Timber railway lines of Western Australia\") that connected to the main line.", "The *Brown Hill Loop Kalgoorlie\\-Gnumballa Lake Railway Act 1900*, assented to on 5 December 1900, authorised the construction of a loop railway line from [Hannan Street](/wiki/Hannan_Street%2C_Kalgoorlie \"Hannan Street, Kalgoorlie\") station to Kamballie station via Brown Hill.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\\_a142986\\.html \\|title\\=Brown Hill Loop Kalgoorlie\\-Gnumballa Lake Railway Act 1900 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=5 December 1900 \\|website\\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Government of Western Australia]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2024 \\|quote\\=}} The contract to construct the loop railway was awarded to the Public Works Department in March 1901 and the loop was officially opened on 17 March 1902\\. The line had become necessary as the population at the east side of the mines had risen considerably, at one point 10,000 people living there. This loop line was also referred to as the Outer Circle.", "The busiest station on the line was Golden Gate station, which handled a train every ten minutes.", "Because of congestion on the line, the section from Kalgoorlie to Kamballie via Boulder was duplicated from 1900\\. By 1904 a [Kalgoorlie to Boulder tramway](/wiki/Trams_in_Kalgoorlie \"Trams in Kalgoorlie\") was also established, which competed with the railway line and caused financial loses for the later. The new tramway, a separate entity from the original one, had been authorised by the *Boulder Tramways Act 1904* and was operated by Kalgoorlie Electric Tramways Limited.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\\_a143024\\.html \\|title\\=Boulder Tramways Act 1904 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=16 January 1904 \\|website\\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Government of Western Australia]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2024 \\|quote\\=}}", "On 17 June 1925, a {{convert\\|37\\|km\\|mi\\|adj\\=on}} extension of the railway line from Lakeside to White Hope was opened as a government railway. The line had originally been constructed by the Woodline Company and was purchased by the government for [£A](/wiki/Australian_pound \"Australian pound\") 18,000 in June 1924, with the aim of assisting the development of the mines in the area. The rails used to construct the line were of low quality and the track was in poor condition at the time. The government had spent £A 2,878 operating the line since takeover and a further £A 1,392 on interest while earning £A 2,699 in revenue from it. Mining in the White Hope area had however ceased and no further mining development or revenue was expected from the railway line.", "By 1927, the [Kanowna line](/wiki/Kalgoorlie_to_Kanowna_railway_line \"Kalgoorlie to Kanowna railway line\") as well as the Kamballie to Lakeside and Lakeside to White Hope lines were under threat of closure by Parliament.{{Citation \\| title\\=Goldfields Railway Lines \\- Kanowna, Kamballie and White Hope \\- Proposal to pull up \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Western Argus]] \\| publication\\-date\\=1 November 1927\\| url\\=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/34420642?searchTerm\\=Kanowna%20railway%20closed \\| access\\-date\\=6 September 2024}} The *Railways Discontinuance Act 1928*, assented to on 10 December 1928, authorised the closure of the Kalgoorlie to Kanowna railway line and the line from Kamballie to Lakeside as well as the one from Lakeside to White Hope.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\\_a144097\\.html \\|title\\=Railways Discontinuance Act 1928 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=10 December 1928 \\|website\\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Government of Western Australia]] \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2024 \\|quote\\=}}", "By 1931, passenger services on the Brown Hill loop ceased as the houses in the area had been abandoned or dismantled because of the effects of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), with the section closing completely in 1937\\.", "The *Railway (Brown Hill Loop Kalgoorlie\\-Gnumballa Lake) Discontinuance Act 1948*, assented to on 11 November 1948, authorised the discontinuance of the loop railway from Hannan Street station to Kamballie station via Brown Hill.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\\_a144820\\.html \\|title\\=Railway (Brown Hill Loop Kalgoorlie\\-Gnumballa Lake) Discontinuance Act 1948 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=11 November 1948 \\|website\\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Government of Western Australia]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2024 \\|quote\\=}}", "In 1952, the tramline to Boulder was replaced by buses and the number of passenger services on the railway line reduced to two per day as well as one freight train to Kamballie.", "The *Railways (Standard Gauge) Construction Act 1961*, assented to on 30 October 1961, authorised the conversion of certain railway lines in Western Australia to [standard gauge](/wiki/Standard_gauge \"Standard gauge\"), among them the {{convert\\|8\\|km\\|mi\\|adj\\=on}} section from Kalgoorlie to Kamballie.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\\_a669\\.html \\|title\\=Railways (Standard Gauge) Construction Act 1961 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=30 October 1961 \\|website\\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Government of Western Australia]] \\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2024 \\|quote\\=}}", "The *Railways Discontinuance and Land Revestment Act 1974*, assented to on 29 October 1974, authorised the discontinuance of the railway line to Gnumballa Lake and the Boulder and Brown Hill loops, as well as three other railway lines. Two of these latter three where also in the Kalgoorlie area, being the Coolgardie to Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie to Lake Lefroy sections.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/law\\_a666\\.html \\|title\\=Railways Discontinuance and Land Revestment Act 1974 \\|author\\= \\|date\\=29 October 1974 \\|website\\=www.legislation.wa.gov.au \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Government of Western Australia]] \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2024 \\|quote\\=}}", "Railway services on the line, now operated by [Westrail](/wiki/Westrail \"Westrail\"), ceased by 1976\\. The Golden Mile Loopline Railway Society subsequently operated the line as a tourist railway. From 1989, the expansion of the Super Pit gold mine took up much of the land on which the line formerly lay.", "From 1999, a joint venture of the Golden Mile Loopline Railway Society, the Kalgoorlie\\-Boulder City Council and the Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines Limited undertook the Loopline Heritage Restoration Project Plan, with the aim of preserving what was left of the former railway line. In 2004 the Loopline operations ceased, and in 2024 the society auctioned assets.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.kalminer.com.au/news/regional/golden\\-mile\\-loopline\\-railway\\-society\\-lists\\-its\\-assets\\-for\\-auction\\-says\\-no\\-projects\\-are\\-planned\\-in\\-future\\-\\-c\\-14086432\\|title\\=Golden Mile Loopline railway society lists its assets for auction says no projects are planned in future\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-06}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Construction{{Cite book\|title \= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\|last \= Turner\|first \= Richard W.\|publisher \= Town and Country Reprographics\|year \= 2011\|location \= Concord, NH\|pages \= 1–5}} Originally called the Barre\-Montpelier Airport, land was purchased on April 5, 1929 and construction proceeded throughout the rest of the year.Montpelier Annual Report \- 1929 \- Report of Airport Committee (pages 97\-98\). At the time of its construction, the airport was a primitive field with a grass surface. Depending on the wind, planes could take off in any direction. For its earlier years, this worked well, but as larger planes started to use the airport, longer paved runways became a necessity. In October 1935, the field was sold to the municipalities of Barre and Montpelier. Using government money from the [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration "Works Progress Administration"), the new field was constructed in 1936\. The two paved runways, designed by Thurman Dix, Barre City Engineer, and George Reed, Montpelier City Engineer, were 2200 ft. long and 100 ft. wide. The total cost of the project was $95,000\.Montpelier Annual Reports \- 1930, Page 93 and 1931, Page 100\. ### Early development{{Cite book\|title \= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\|last \= Turner\|first \= Richard W.\|publisher \= Town and Country Reprographics\|year \= 2011\|location \= Concord, NH\|pages \= 33–38}} On April 10, 1941, construction began on a project funded by the [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration "Works Progress Administration") and the [Civil Aeronautics Administration](/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Administration_%28United_States%29 "Civil Aeronautics Administration (United States)") to bring the airport to a standard for national defense purposes. The airport now had two 4000’ x 150’ paved runways, with the designations 17/35 and 5/23\. The total cost of the improvements was over $550,000\. In a separate project in 1941, runway lights were added, as well as obstruction lights in the nearby fields.Montpelier Annual Reports \- 1941, Pages 20\-24; 1942, Pages 20\-25; 1943, Pages 20\-23; 1944, Pages 34\-39 and 1945, Pages 16\-18\. In 1956, Runway 17/35 was lengthened by 500’ at the southern end. ### Acquisition by the State and later development{{Cite book\|title \= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\|last \= Turner\|first \= Richard W.\|publisher \= Town and Country Reprographics\|year \= 2011\|location \= Concord, NH\|pages \= 39–42, 91–92}} In 1968, the State of Vermont offered to take over the Barre\-Montpelier Airport. The municipalities agreed to the deal, as they would reap the benefits of improved facilities at no cost to them. On March 17, 1970, a ceremony was held to officially recognize that the state now owned and ran the airport. Governor [Deane Davis](/wiki/Deane_Davis "Deane Davis") spoke about plans for future expansion and development. At the end of his speech, Davis announced the name for the Barre\-Montpelier Airport was now the Edward F. Knapp State Airport, named after the Commissioner of Aeronautics.The Times Argus \- March 26, 1970\. In 1971, the runway was lengthened again, to its final length of 5000’, in a project costing $245,000\.Information provided by Jason Owen, Aviation Division, Vermont Agency of Transportation. In 2001, Capitol Earthmoving was contracted in a project, which included: reconstruction of the subbase and drainage of 17/35, the removal of the 150’ wide pavement of 17/25, and repaving it 100’ wide, along with the construction of a new taxi ramp. The cost of the project was $3,500,000\.Interview by Richard W. Turner with Mike Pitoniak of Capitol Earthmoving. In 2009, federal stimulus funds paid for a parallel taxiway for 17/35 and reconstruction of 5/23\. Runway 5/23 was shortened, so that it no longer intersected with 17/35\. Incidental construction included a new jet apron, new lighting, and construction of stormwater retention ponds. The project, completed by Pike Industries, cost a total of $6,879,000\.Information provided by Scott Fortney, Aviation Division, Vermont Agency of Transportation. This project brought runway 17 into compliance with FAA and Vermont standards for airports with [precision approach](/wiki/Instrument_approach "Instrument approach") runways. ### Operation{{Cite book\|title \= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\|last \= Turner\|first \= Richard W.\|publisher \= Town and Country Reprographics\|year \= 2011\|location \= Concord, NH\|pages \= 81–83}} When the Barre\-Montpelier Airport opened, Vermont Airways moved their operations from Derby, and became the first flying service at the airport. In 1931, a series of accidents forced Vermont Airways to close and, on July 6, 1931, Emery Davis became the field manager. In 1934, Davis left and Jack Dories took over as manager until 1938\. In anticipation of the second world war and the need for pilots, the Government created the [Civilian Pilot Training Program](/wiki/Civilian_Pilot_Training_Program "Civilian Pilot Training Program") (CPTP). A twenty student unit was founded at [Norwich University](/wiki/Norwich_University "Norwich University") and the students flew out of the Barre\-Montpelier Airport.The 1939\-1940 CPTP Director’s Report \- Norwich University Archives, Kreitzberg Library, Northfield, Vermont. Howard Dutton, who had been operating a flight school, called the Green Mountain Airways School of Aviation, took over airport management in 1939\. At the end of 1939, Dutton left to pursue aerobatics, and Airways Incorporated, which managed other airports in the state, maintained the flying school, but by the end of 1941, Bugbee Flying Service took over management. In 1942, East Coast Airways moved operations to the airport and took control of the management of the field. In 1944, the flight training operations of East Coast Airways slowed and two former instructors, Edmando Roberti and Dick Mc\-Gillicuddy, created the Vermont Flying Service. The company was incorporated in 1946 and, by 1948, Roberti had taken over. When Edmando died in 1985, his sons Dick and John took over operation.Reports of the Airport Committee published in the Montpelier Annual Reports of 1931, 1932, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1942\. ### Former airline service{{Cite book\|title \= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\|last \= Turner\|first \= Richard W.\|publisher \= Town and Country Reprographics\|year \= 2011\|location \= Concord, NH\|pages \= 45–53}} Airline service began at the Barre\-Montpelier Airport on October 22, 1933, serviced by National Airways. Amelia Earhart, a partner in the company, flew the route of the Boston Maine Airways, landing at the Barre\-Montpelier Airport, to promote commercial air travel for their business. In 1934, National Airways was given the airmail contract for northern New England.Eastward Ho By Air by Paul S. Larcom \- Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, Winter, 1980\. On November 6, 1940, Boston\-Maine Airways bought out National Airways, and became Northeast Airways, flying regularly into Barre\-Montpelier. As the airport expanded in size, more airlines flew into Barre\-Montpelier, including Terry Air Transport, New England Air Service, Executive Airlines, Air New England, Green Mountain Airways., and Precision Airways.The Times Argus \- December 15, 1966\. In 1981, when Air New England went out of business, Precision Airways was the only airline that flew into and out of E. F. Knapp State Airport. They serviced the airport until the end of 1989\.Central Vermont News \- Winter 83\-84 pages 10\-12\. Since 1989, the only commercial carrier operating out of E. F. Knapp State Airport is [Wiggins Airways](/wiki/Wiggins_Airways "Wiggins Airways"), which carries air freight for UPS.
[ "History\n-------", "### Construction{{Cite book\\|title \\= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\\|last \\= Turner\\|first \\= Richard W.\\|publisher \\= Town and Country Reprographics\\|year \\= 2011\\|location \\= Concord, NH\\|pages \\= 1–5}}", "Originally called the Barre\\-Montpelier Airport, land was purchased on April 5, 1929 and construction proceeded throughout the rest of the year.Montpelier Annual Report \\- 1929 \\- Report of Airport Committee (pages 97\\-98\\). At the time of its construction, the airport was a primitive field with a grass surface. Depending on the wind, planes could take off in any direction. For its earlier years, this worked well, but as larger planes started to use the airport, longer paved runways became a necessity. In October 1935, the field was sold to the municipalities of Barre and Montpelier. Using government money from the [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration \"Works Progress Administration\"), the new field was constructed in 1936\\. The two paved runways, designed by Thurman Dix, Barre City Engineer, and George Reed, Montpelier City Engineer, were 2200 ft. long and 100 ft. wide. The total cost of the project was $95,000\\.Montpelier Annual Reports \\- 1930, Page 93 and 1931, Page 100\\.", "", "### Early development{{Cite book\\|title \\= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\\|last \\= Turner\\|first \\= Richard W.\\|publisher \\= Town and Country Reprographics\\|year \\= 2011\\|location \\= Concord, NH\\|pages \\= 33–38}}", "On April 10, 1941, construction began on a project funded by the [Works Progress Administration](/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration \"Works Progress Administration\") and the [Civil Aeronautics Administration](/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Administration_%28United_States%29 \"Civil Aeronautics Administration (United States)\") to bring the airport to a standard for national defense purposes. The airport now had two 4000’ x 150’ paved runways, with the designations 17/35 and 5/23\\. The total cost of the improvements was over $550,000\\. In a separate project in 1941, runway lights were added, as well as obstruction lights in the nearby fields.Montpelier Annual Reports \\- 1941, Pages 20\\-24; 1942, Pages 20\\-25; 1943, Pages 20\\-23; 1944, Pages 34\\-39 and 1945, Pages 16\\-18\\. In 1956, Runway 17/35 was lengthened by 500’ at the southern end.", "### Acquisition by the State and later development{{Cite book\\|title \\= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\\|last \\= Turner\\|first \\= Richard W.\\|publisher \\= Town and Country Reprographics\\|year \\= 2011\\|location \\= Concord, NH\\|pages \\= 39–42, 91–92}}", "In 1968, the State of Vermont offered to take over the Barre\\-Montpelier Airport. The municipalities agreed to the deal, as they would reap the benefits of improved facilities at no cost to them. On March 17, 1970, a ceremony was held to officially recognize that the state now owned and ran the airport. Governor [Deane Davis](/wiki/Deane_Davis \"Deane Davis\") spoke about plans for future expansion and development. At the end of his speech, Davis announced the name for the Barre\\-Montpelier Airport was now the Edward F. Knapp State Airport, named after the Commissioner of Aeronautics.The Times Argus \\- March 26, 1970\\. In 1971, the runway was lengthened again, to its final length of 5000’, in a project costing $245,000\\.Information provided by Jason Owen, Aviation Division, Vermont Agency of Transportation. In 2001, Capitol Earthmoving was contracted in a project, which included: reconstruction of the subbase and drainage of 17/35, the removal of the 150’ wide pavement of 17/25, and repaving it 100’ wide, along with the construction of a new taxi ramp. The cost of the project was $3,500,000\\.Interview by Richard W. Turner with Mike Pitoniak of Capitol Earthmoving. In 2009, federal stimulus funds paid for a parallel taxiway for 17/35 and reconstruction of 5/23\\. Runway 5/23 was shortened, so that it no longer intersected with 17/35\\. Incidental construction included a new jet apron, new lighting, and construction of stormwater retention ponds. The project, completed by Pike Industries, cost a total of $6,879,000\\.Information provided by Scott Fortney, Aviation Division, Vermont Agency of Transportation. This project brought runway 17 into compliance with FAA and Vermont standards for airports with [precision approach](/wiki/Instrument_approach \"Instrument approach\") runways.", "### Operation{{Cite book\\|title \\= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\\|last \\= Turner\\|first \\= Richard W.\\|publisher \\= Town and Country Reprographics\\|year \\= 2011\\|location \\= Concord, NH\\|pages \\= 81–83}}", "When the Barre\\-Montpelier Airport opened, Vermont Airways moved their operations from Derby, and became the first flying service at the airport. In 1931, a series of accidents forced Vermont Airways to close and, on July 6, 1931, Emery Davis became the field manager. In 1934, Davis left and Jack Dories took over as manager until 1938\\. In anticipation of the second world war and the need for pilots, the Government created the [Civilian Pilot Training Program](/wiki/Civilian_Pilot_Training_Program \"Civilian Pilot Training Program\") (CPTP). A twenty student unit was founded at [Norwich University](/wiki/Norwich_University \"Norwich University\") and the students flew out of the Barre\\-Montpelier Airport.The 1939\\-1940 CPTP Director’s Report \\- Norwich University Archives, Kreitzberg Library, Northfield, Vermont. Howard Dutton, who had been operating a flight school, called the Green Mountain Airways School of Aviation, took over airport management in 1939\\. At the end of 1939, Dutton left to pursue aerobatics, and Airways Incorporated, which managed other airports in the state, maintained the flying school, but by the end of 1941, Bugbee Flying Service took over management. In 1942, East Coast Airways moved operations to the airport and took control of the management of the field. In 1944, the flight training operations of East Coast Airways slowed and two former instructors, Edmando Roberti and Dick Mc\\-Gillicuddy, created the Vermont Flying Service. The company was incorporated in 1946 and, by 1948, Roberti had taken over. When Edmando died in 1985, his sons Dick and John took over operation.Reports of the Airport Committee published in the Montpelier Annual Reports of 1931, 1932, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1942\\.", "### Former airline service{{Cite book\\|title \\= The Story of a Small Airport in Berlin, Vermont\\|last \\= Turner\\|first \\= Richard W.\\|publisher \\= Town and Country Reprographics\\|year \\= 2011\\|location \\= Concord, NH\\|pages \\= 45–53}}", "Airline service began at the Barre\\-Montpelier Airport on October 22, 1933, serviced by National Airways. Amelia Earhart, a partner in the company, flew the route of the Boston Maine Airways, landing at the Barre\\-Montpelier Airport, to promote commercial air travel for their business. In 1934, National Airways was given the airmail contract for northern New England.Eastward Ho By Air by Paul S. Larcom \\- Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, Winter, 1980\\. On November 6, 1940, Boston\\-Maine Airways bought out National Airways, and became Northeast Airways, flying regularly into Barre\\-Montpelier. As the airport expanded in size, more airlines flew into Barre\\-Montpelier, including Terry Air Transport, New England Air Service, Executive Airlines, Air New England, Green Mountain Airways., and Precision Airways.The Times Argus \\- December 15, 1966\\. In 1981, when Air New England went out of business, Precision Airways was the only airline that flew into and out of E. F. Knapp State Airport. They serviced the airport until the end of 1989\\.Central Vermont News \\- Winter 83\\-84 pages 10\\-12\\. Since 1989, the only commercial carrier operating out of E. F. Knapp State Airport is [Wiggins Airways](/wiki/Wiggins_Airways \"Wiggins Airways\"), which carries air freight for UPS.", "" ]
Club career ----------- ### Universitatea Craiova Ionescu is a product of [Universitatea Craiova](/wiki/FC_Universitatea_Craiova "FC Universitatea Craiova")'s youth system and has been a regular player for them. Rising through the ranks, he became captain of the side on several occasions. His talent caught the attention of Dutch club [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven") in 2004, where he spent one season in their academy.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.psv.nl/Superleague\-Formula\-2/Thursday\-morning\-training\-report\-45\.htm?channel\=ipad \| title \= Thursday morning training report\| publisher \= PSV.nl\| date\=9 December 2005\|access\-date\=26 June 2009}} Ionescu has a lot of qualities his great passes and acceleration goes along with good dribbling attributes. He is also good\-working player, who is battling for every ball in his reach. He made his professional [Liga I](/wiki/Liga_I "Liga I") debut on 27 August 2006 in a 0–4 loss to [Dinamo București](/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Dinamo București"). In his three seasons at Craiova, he played 54 matches and scored 4 goals. ### Steaua București On 24 August 2008, he signed a five\-year contract with [Steaua București](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Steaua București"). He is in [co\-ownership](/wiki/Co-ownership_%28football%29 "Co-ownership (football)") with [Universitatea Craiova](/wiki/FC_Universitatea_Craiova "FC Universitatea Craiova"). The following two seasons saw Ionescu in and out of the squad, making only 18 league and cup appearances during the two years, mostly from the substitutes bench. After the arrival of new manager [Cristiano Bergodi](/wiki/Cristiano_Bergodi "Cristiano Bergodi"), Ionescu became a regular starter for Steaua in the 2009–10 [Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") season. He made his European debut on 16 July 2009 against Hungarian side [Újpest](/wiki/%C3%9Ajpest_FC "Újpest FC") in a 2–0 win. Struggling for first team opportunities, Ionescu was sent out on loan to [Politehnica Iaşi](/wiki/FC_Politehnica_Ia%C8%99i_%281945%29 "FC Politehnica Iași (1945)") on 10 February 2010 until the summer.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.steauafc.com/ro/articol/imprumut\_ionescu\_februarie2010/ \| title \= Andrei Ionescu, imprumutat la Politehnica Iasi! \| publisher \= SteauaFC.com \| language \= Romanian \| access\-date \= 16 February 2010 \| archive\-date \= 23 March 2012 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120323154401/http://www.steauafc.com/ro/articol/imprumut\_ionescu\_februarie2010/ \| url\-status \= live }} During the 2010 summer transfer window, he was close to sign a loan deal with Turkish side [Mersin İdmanyurdu](/wiki/Mersin_%C4%B0dmanyurdu "Mersin İdmanyurdu"). However, the transfer failed. In the winter of [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti_season "2010–11 FC Steaua București season") season, Ionescu was demoted to [the B squad](/wiki/FC_Steaua_II_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Steaua II București"). In June 2011, Ionescu left Steaua. ### Royal Antwerp On 31 August 2011, the free agent signed a two\-year contract with Belgian side [Royal Antwerp](/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C. "Royal Antwerp F.C."). ### Ferencváros Budapest On 30 August 2012 he signed a contract with the Hungarian record champion Ferencváros Budapest.{{cite web\|url\=http://ulloi129\.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/ionescu\-mar\-a\-mienk/\|title\=Ionescu at Ferencváros\|date\=30 August 2012\|access\-date\=13 September 2012\|language\=hu\|archive\-date\=16 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316070615/https://ulloi129\.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/ionescu\-mar\-a\-mienk/\|url\-status\=live}} ### Later years In February 2016, 28\-year\-old Ionescu signed a four\-month contract with Dutch [Eerste Divisie](/wiki/Eerste_Divisie "Eerste Divisie") club [Eindhoven](/wiki/FC_Eindhoven "FC Eindhoven").{{cite web\|title\=Andrei Ionescu a semnat un contract pe patru luni cu FC Eindhoven \[Andrei Ionescu signed a four\-month contract with FC Eindhoven]\|date\=17 February 2016 \|url\=http://prosport.ro/fotbal\-extern/campionate\-externe/andrei\-ionescu\-a\-semnat\-un\-contract\-pe\-patru\-luni\-cu\-fc\-eindhoven\-15077861\|publisher\=Prosport\|access\-date\=29 September 2017\|language\=Romanian\|archive\-date\=29 September 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929183417/http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal\-extern/campionate\-externe/andrei\-ionescu\-a\-semnat\-un\-contract\-pe\-patru\-luni\-cu\-fc\-eindhoven\-15077861\|url\-status\=live}} In January 2017, he returned to Romania after six years by penning a deal with [Voluntari](/wiki/FC_Voluntari "FC Voluntari").{{cite web\|title\=Andrei Ionescu, aproape să revină în Liga 1 după 6 ani \[Andrei Ionescu return to Liga I after 6 years]\|url\=http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga\-1/transfer\-de\-marca\-andrei\-ionescu\-aproape\-sa\-revina\-in\-liga\-1\-dupa\-6\-ani\-498414\.html\|publisher\=GSP\|access\-date\=29 September 2017\|language\=Romanian\|archive\-date\=15 February 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215021600/http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga\-1/transfer\-de\-marca\-andrei\-ionescu\-aproape\-sa\-revina\-in\-liga\-1\-dupa\-6\-ani\-498414\.html\|url\-status\=live}} ### Aizawl Ionescu switched clubs and countries in August and signed for Indian [I\-League](/wiki/I-League "I-League") club [Aizawl FC](/wiki/Aizawl_FC "Aizawl FC").{{cite web\|title\=Aizawl FC signs striker from Romanian top division club!\|url\=http://superpowerfootball.com/aizawl\-fc\-signs\-striker\-from\-romanian\-top\-division\-club/\|publisher\=Superpower Football\|access\-date\=29 September 2017\|archive\-date\=8 April 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408173432/https://superpowerfootball.com/aizawl\-fc\-signs\-striker\-from\-romanian\-top\-division\-club/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|first\=Swapnaneel\|last\=Parasar\|url\=https://www.goal.com/en/news/i\-league\-aizawl\-fc\-sign\-striker\-andrei\-ionescu/1vgdjatn5s6pa14gnv5he1fezu\|title\=I\-League: Aizawl FC bolster squad by signing Romanian striker Andrei Ionescu\|date\=27 August 2017\|access\-date\=3 March 2022\|website\=Goal.com\|publisher\=\[\[Goal (website)\|Goal]]\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304065319/https://www.goal.com/en/news/i\-league\-aizawl\-fc\-sign\-striker\-andrei\-ionescu/1vgdjatn5s6pa14gnv5he1fezu\|archive\-date\=4 March 2022}} He scored a goal in the [2018 AFC Champions League qualifying play\-offs](/wiki/2018_AFC_Champions_League_qualifying_play-offs "2018 AFC Champions League qualifying play-offs") against [Zob Ahan](/wiki/Zob_Ahan_Esfahan_F.C. "Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C.") and became the first player to score a goal for Aizawl in any continental competitions. Ionescu's powerful right\-footer from the centre of the box beat [Zob Ahan](/wiki/Zob_Ahan_Esfahan_F.C. "Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C.") goalkeeper [Mohammad Mazaheri](/wiki/Mohammad_Rashid_Mazaheri "Mohammad Rashid Mazaheri") after he connected cross delivered by [Laldinliana Renthlei](/wiki/Laldinliana_Renthlei "Laldinliana Renthlei").
[ "Club career\n-----------", "### Universitatea Craiova", "Ionescu is a product of [Universitatea Craiova](/wiki/FC_Universitatea_Craiova \"FC Universitatea Craiova\")'s youth system and has been a regular player for them. Rising through the ranks, he became captain of the side on several occasions. His talent caught the attention of Dutch club [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\") in 2004, where he spent one season in their academy.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.psv.nl/Superleague\\-Formula\\-2/Thursday\\-morning\\-training\\-report\\-45\\.htm?channel\\=ipad \\| title \\= Thursday morning training report\\| publisher \\= PSV.nl\\| date\\=9 December 2005\\|access\\-date\\=26 June 2009}} Ionescu has a lot of qualities his great passes and acceleration goes along with good dribbling attributes. He is also good\\-working player, who is battling for every ball in his reach.", "He made his professional [Liga I](/wiki/Liga_I \"Liga I\") debut on 27 August 2006 in a 0–4 loss to [Dinamo București](/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Dinamo București\"). In his three seasons at Craiova, he played 54 matches and scored 4 goals.", "### Steaua București", "On 24 August 2008, he signed a five\\-year contract with [Steaua București](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Steaua București\"). He is in [co\\-ownership](/wiki/Co-ownership_%28football%29 \"Co-ownership (football)\") with [Universitatea Craiova](/wiki/FC_Universitatea_Craiova \"FC Universitatea Craiova\"). The following two seasons saw Ionescu in and out of the squad, making only 18 league and cup appearances during the two years, mostly from the substitutes bench. After the arrival of new manager [Cristiano Bergodi](/wiki/Cristiano_Bergodi \"Cristiano Bergodi\"), Ionescu became a regular starter for Steaua in the 2009–10 [Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") season. He made his European debut on 16 July 2009 against Hungarian side [Újpest](/wiki/%C3%9Ajpest_FC \"Újpest FC\") in a 2–0 win. Struggling for first team opportunities, Ionescu was sent out on loan to [Politehnica Iaşi](/wiki/FC_Politehnica_Ia%C8%99i_%281945%29 \"FC Politehnica Iași (1945)\") on 10 February 2010 until the summer.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.steauafc.com/ro/articol/imprumut\\_ionescu\\_februarie2010/ \\| title \\= Andrei Ionescu, imprumutat la Politehnica Iasi! \\| publisher \\= SteauaFC.com \\| language \\= Romanian \\| access\\-date \\= 16 February 2010 \\| archive\\-date \\= 23 March 2012 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120323154401/http://www.steauafc.com/ro/articol/imprumut\\_ionescu\\_februarie2010/ \\| url\\-status \\= live }} During the 2010 summer transfer window, he was close to sign a loan deal with Turkish side [Mersin İdmanyurdu](/wiki/Mersin_%C4%B0dmanyurdu \"Mersin İdmanyurdu\"). However, the transfer failed. In the winter of [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti_season \"2010–11 FC Steaua București season\") season, Ionescu was demoted to [the B squad](/wiki/FC_Steaua_II_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Steaua II București\").", "In June 2011, Ionescu left Steaua.", "### Royal Antwerp", "On 31 August 2011, the free agent signed a two\\-year contract with Belgian side [Royal Antwerp](/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C. \"Royal Antwerp F.C.\").", "### Ferencváros Budapest", "On 30 August 2012 he signed a contract with the Hungarian record champion Ferencváros Budapest.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ulloi129\\.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/ionescu\\-mar\\-a\\-mienk/\\|title\\=Ionescu at Ferencváros\\|date\\=30 August 2012\\|access\\-date\\=13 September 2012\\|language\\=hu\\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316070615/https://ulloi129\\.wordpress.com/2012/08/30/ionescu\\-mar\\-a\\-mienk/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Later years", "In February 2016, 28\\-year\\-old Ionescu signed a four\\-month contract with Dutch [Eerste Divisie](/wiki/Eerste_Divisie \"Eerste Divisie\") club [Eindhoven](/wiki/FC_Eindhoven \"FC Eindhoven\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Andrei Ionescu a semnat un contract pe patru luni cu FC Eindhoven \\[Andrei Ionescu signed a four\\-month contract with FC Eindhoven]\\|date\\=17 February 2016 \\|url\\=http://prosport.ro/fotbal\\-extern/campionate\\-externe/andrei\\-ionescu\\-a\\-semnat\\-un\\-contract\\-pe\\-patru\\-luni\\-cu\\-fc\\-eindhoven\\-15077861\\|publisher\\=Prosport\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2017\\|language\\=Romanian\\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929183417/http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal\\-extern/campionate\\-externe/andrei\\-ionescu\\-a\\-semnat\\-un\\-contract\\-pe\\-patru\\-luni\\-cu\\-fc\\-eindhoven\\-15077861\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In January 2017, he returned to Romania after six years by penning a deal with [Voluntari](/wiki/FC_Voluntari \"FC Voluntari\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Andrei Ionescu, aproape să revină în Liga 1 după 6 ani \\[Andrei Ionescu return to Liga I after 6 years]\\|url\\=http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga\\-1/transfer\\-de\\-marca\\-andrei\\-ionescu\\-aproape\\-sa\\-revina\\-in\\-liga\\-1\\-dupa\\-6\\-ani\\-498414\\.html\\|publisher\\=GSP\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2017\\|language\\=Romanian\\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215021600/http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga\\-1/transfer\\-de\\-marca\\-andrei\\-ionescu\\-aproape\\-sa\\-revina\\-in\\-liga\\-1\\-dupa\\-6\\-ani\\-498414\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Aizawl", "Ionescu switched clubs and countries in August and signed for Indian [I\\-League](/wiki/I-League \"I-League\") club [Aizawl FC](/wiki/Aizawl_FC \"Aizawl FC\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Aizawl FC signs striker from Romanian top division club!\\|url\\=http://superpowerfootball.com/aizawl\\-fc\\-signs\\-striker\\-from\\-romanian\\-top\\-division\\-club/\\|publisher\\=Superpower Football\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=8 April 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408173432/https://superpowerfootball.com/aizawl\\-fc\\-signs\\-striker\\-from\\-romanian\\-top\\-division\\-club/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|first\\=Swapnaneel\\|last\\=Parasar\\|url\\=https://www.goal.com/en/news/i\\-league\\-aizawl\\-fc\\-sign\\-striker\\-andrei\\-ionescu/1vgdjatn5s6pa14gnv5he1fezu\\|title\\=I\\-League: Aizawl FC bolster squad by signing Romanian striker Andrei Ionescu\\|date\\=27 August 2017\\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2022\\|website\\=Goal.com\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Goal (website)\\|Goal]]\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304065319/https://www.goal.com/en/news/i\\-league\\-aizawl\\-fc\\-sign\\-striker\\-andrei\\-ionescu/1vgdjatn5s6pa14gnv5he1fezu\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2022}} He scored a goal in the [2018 AFC Champions League qualifying play\\-offs](/wiki/2018_AFC_Champions_League_qualifying_play-offs \"2018 AFC Champions League qualifying play-offs\") against [Zob Ahan](/wiki/Zob_Ahan_Esfahan_F.C. \"Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C.\") and became the first player to score a goal for Aizawl in any continental competitions. Ionescu's powerful right\\-footer from the centre of the box beat [Zob Ahan](/wiki/Zob_Ahan_Esfahan_F.C. \"Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C.\") goalkeeper [Mohammad Mazaheri](/wiki/Mohammad_Rashid_Mazaheri \"Mohammad Rashid Mazaheri\") after he connected cross delivered by [Laldinliana Renthlei](/wiki/Laldinliana_Renthlei \"Laldinliana Renthlei\").", "" ]
History ------- ### Pre\-Roman history Archaeological evidence (hundreds of burial mounds or [höyüks](/wiki/H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk "Höyük")) indicates settlement of this well\-watered area since the Stone Age (at least 5500 BC). The first fortifications were built by the [Hittites](/wiki/Hittites "Hittites"), who were expelled in around 1200 BC by invaders descending from the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea"). After 700 BC the fortifications were rebuilt by the [Phrygians](/wiki/Phrygians "Phrygians"), who left a number of burial mounds and other remains. From 600 BC the Phrygians were pushed out by further invasions from the east, this time by [Cimmerians](/wiki/Cimmerians "Cimmerians") from across the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus") mountains; graves from this period have been excavated and their contents displayed in the museum in Amasya. Merzifon then became a trading post of the kings of [Pontus](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus "Kingdom of Pontus"), who ruled the Black Sea coast from their capital in Amasya. ### Rome and Byzantium The district of Amasya was destroyed during civil wars of the [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") era but Merzifon was restored by command of the emperor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian"). Finds from Roman temples in Merzifon are also on display in the Amasya museum. The city grew in importance under Roman rule as its walls and fortifications were strengthened, and it remained strong under Byzantine rule (following the division of the Roman empire in 395\), although it was held briefly by Arab armies during the 8th\-century expansion of Islam. After this the castle of *Bulak* was built as a defence. ### Turks and Ottomans In the 11th century the [Danishmend](/wiki/Danishmend "Danishmend") dynasty established Islam in Merzifon and the Byzantines never regained control. The Danishmends were followed by the [Seljuk Turks](/wiki/Seljuk_Turks "Seljuk Turks"), the [Ilkhanids](/wiki/Ilkhan "Ilkhan"), and, from 1393 onwards, by the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Turks "Ottoman Turks"). Merzifon was an important city for the Ottomans because of its proximity to Amasya (where Ottoman princes were raised and schooled for the throne). The Turkish travel writer [Evliya Çelebi](/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi "Evliya Çelebi") recorded it as a well\-fortified trading city in the 17th century. Merzifon was home to one of the last communities of [Armenian Zoroastrians](/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia "Zoroastrianism in Armenia") \- known as Arewordik (children of the sun) \- who are believed to have been killed in the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide "Armenian genocide") between 1915 and 1917\. By the 19th century Merzifon had become a centre for European trading and missionary activity, and American missionaries established a seminary here in 1862\. In 1886, a school called the [Anatolia College in Merzifon](/wiki/Anatolia_College_in_Merzifon "Anatolia College in Merzifon") was founded (it expanded to serve girls in 1893\). By 1914, the schools had over 200 boarding students, mostly ethnic Greeks and Armenians. The complex also had one of the largest hospitals in Asia Minor, and an orphanage housing 2000 children. However, the town also became a focal point for [Armenian nationalism](/wiki/Armenian_nationalism "Armenian nationalism") (Armenians comprised half of the population of what they called Marsovan in 1915\) and anti\-Western sentiment. It suffered at least two riots in the 1890s, but the damage was rebuilt. In 1915, over 11,000 Armenians were deported from the city (which had had approximately 30,000 inhabitants in the previous year) in [death marches](/wiki/Death_march "Death march"); others were killed and their property confiscated and sold to Turkish insiders, supposedly to benefit the Ottoman war effort, as documented by missionary [George E. White](/wiki/George_E._White_%28missionary%29 "George E. White (missionary)"). In addition, in 1915 several Greek men were murdered by the Ottomans, while the women were compelled to follow the Ottoman troops. Those who were exhausted after the long marches were abandoned with their babies on the roadside.{{cite news \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article64613402 \|title\=ARMENIAN ATROCITIES. \|newspaper\=\[\[The North Western Advocate and The Emu Bay Times]] \|location\=Tasmania, Australia \|date\=3 August 1915 \|accessdate\=15 February 2021 \|page\=1 \|via\=National Library of Australia}} Following the [Greco\-Turkish War](/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_%281919%E2%80%931922%29 "Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"), the Merzifon College was closed and all the remaining Christians in Merzifon were forced to relocate to Greece where a new [Anatolia College](/wiki/Anatolia_College "Anatolia College") was opened in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki") in 1924 ### Turkish Republic After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), unrest continued. British troops were deployed in formerly Ottoman lands to ensure the terms of surrender, and some of them arrived in Merzifon in 1919 just as George White returned and reopened the college and orphanage, as well as a new "baby house" for displaced Armenian mothers and infants. However, the British troops soon withdrew and unrest continued in Merzifon.
[ "History\n-------", "### Pre\\-Roman history", "Archaeological evidence (hundreds of burial mounds or [höyüks](/wiki/H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk \"Höyük\")) indicates settlement of this well\\-watered area since the Stone Age (at least 5500 BC). The first fortifications were built by the [Hittites](/wiki/Hittites \"Hittites\"), who were expelled in around 1200 BC by invaders descending from the [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea \"Black Sea\"). After 700 BC the fortifications were rebuilt by the [Phrygians](/wiki/Phrygians \"Phrygians\"), who left a number of burial mounds and other remains. From 600 BC the Phrygians were pushed out by further invasions from the east, this time by [Cimmerians](/wiki/Cimmerians \"Cimmerians\") from across the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus \"Caucasus\") mountains; graves from this period have been excavated and their contents displayed in the museum in Amasya. Merzifon then became a trading post of the kings of [Pontus](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus \"Kingdom of Pontus\"), who ruled the Black Sea coast from their capital in Amasya.", "### Rome and Byzantium", "The district of Amasya was destroyed during civil wars of the [Roman](/wiki/Ancient_Rome \"Ancient Rome\") era but Merzifon was restored by command of the emperor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\"). Finds from Roman temples in Merzifon are also on display in the Amasya museum. The city grew in importance under Roman rule as its walls and fortifications were strengthened, and it remained strong under Byzantine rule (following the division of the Roman empire in 395\\), although it was held briefly by Arab armies during the 8th\\-century expansion of Islam. After this the castle of *Bulak* was built as a defence.", "### Turks and Ottomans", "In the 11th century the [Danishmend](/wiki/Danishmend \"Danishmend\") dynasty established Islam in Merzifon and the Byzantines never regained control. The Danishmends were followed by the [Seljuk Turks](/wiki/Seljuk_Turks \"Seljuk Turks\"), the [Ilkhanids](/wiki/Ilkhan \"Ilkhan\"), and, from 1393 onwards, by the [Ottomans](/wiki/Ottoman_Turks \"Ottoman Turks\"). Merzifon was an important city for the Ottomans because of its proximity to Amasya (where Ottoman princes were raised and schooled for the throne). The Turkish travel writer [Evliya Çelebi](/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi \"Evliya Çelebi\") recorded it as a well\\-fortified trading city in the 17th century.", "Merzifon was home to one of the last communities of [Armenian Zoroastrians](/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia \"Zoroastrianism in Armenia\") \\- known as Arewordik (children of the sun) \\- who are believed to have been killed in the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide \"Armenian genocide\") between 1915 and 1917\\.", "By the 19th century Merzifon had become a centre for European trading and missionary activity, and American missionaries established a seminary here in 1862\\. In 1886, a school called the [Anatolia College in Merzifon](/wiki/Anatolia_College_in_Merzifon \"Anatolia College in Merzifon\") was founded (it expanded to serve girls in 1893\\). By 1914, the schools had over 200 boarding students, mostly ethnic Greeks and Armenians. The complex also had one of the largest hospitals in Asia Minor, and an orphanage housing 2000 children. However, the town also became a focal point for [Armenian nationalism](/wiki/Armenian_nationalism \"Armenian nationalism\") (Armenians comprised half of the population of what they called Marsovan in 1915\\) and anti\\-Western sentiment. It suffered at least two riots in the 1890s, but the damage was rebuilt. In 1915, over 11,000 Armenians were deported from the city (which had had approximately 30,000 inhabitants in the previous year) in [death marches](/wiki/Death_march \"Death march\"); others were killed and their property confiscated and sold to Turkish insiders, supposedly to benefit the Ottoman war effort, as documented by missionary [George E. White](/wiki/George_E._White_%28missionary%29 \"George E. White (missionary)\"). In addition, in 1915 several Greek men were murdered by the Ottomans, while the women were compelled to follow the Ottoman troops. Those who were exhausted after the long marches were abandoned with their babies on the roadside.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article64613402 \\|title\\=ARMENIAN ATROCITIES. \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The North Western Advocate and The Emu Bay Times]] \\|location\\=Tasmania, Australia \\|date\\=3 August 1915 \\|accessdate\\=15 February 2021 \\|page\\=1 \\|via\\=National Library of Australia}} Following the [Greco\\-Turkish War](/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_%281919%E2%80%931922%29 \"Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)\"), the Merzifon College was closed and all the remaining Christians in Merzifon were forced to relocate to Greece where a new [Anatolia College](/wiki/Anatolia_College \"Anatolia College\") was opened in [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\") in 1924", "### Turkish Republic", "After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), unrest continued. British troops were deployed in formerly Ottoman lands to ensure the terms of surrender, and some of them arrived in Merzifon in 1919 just as George White returned and reopened the college and orphanage, as well as a new \"baby house\" for displaced Armenian mothers and infants. However, the British troops soon withdrew and unrest continued in Merzifon.", "" ]
Biography --------- Yhoshua Leib Gould (or Golde) was born in Munkatch, Hungary. After the death of the Munkatcher Rebbe, Yhoshua Leib Gould moved with his parents and four sisters to [Sighet](/wiki/Sighet "Sighet"). His family became close to the Sigheter Rav, Rabbi [Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum](/wiki/Yekusiel_Yehuda_Teitelbaum_%28II%29 "Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum (II)"), and he was [Bar Mitzvahed](/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah "Bar Mitzvah") in the synagogue of the Sigheter Rebbe. He was given [semicha](/wiki/Semicha "Semicha") in [Dayanut](/wiki/Dayan_%28rabbinic_judge%29 "Dayan (rabbinic judge)") the same day. It was also in Sighet that he met the Satmar Rav, [Yoel Teitelbaum](/wiki/Yoel_Teitelbaum "Yoel Teitelbaum") for the first time. With the start of the war, rumors began to reach Hungary of the crimes being committed against the Jews. The elder Mr. Gould asked the Sigheter Rav whether he should flee or stay. He was told to stay, and was deported to Ukraine as slave labor. When he returned to Hungary the Sigheter Rav told him to take his family and flee to [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"). He did, but Yhoshua Leib remained behind to stay with the Sigheter Rebbe. The Germans invaded and they were deported to [Auschwitz](/wiki/Auschwitz "Auschwitz") only to be liberated a few months later. Rabbi Yekusiel Yehuda did not survive, and Yhoshua Leib became loyal to the new Rav of Sighet, [Moshe Teitelbaum](/wiki/Moshe_Teitelbaum_%28Satmar%29 "Moshe Teitelbaum (Satmar)"). Yhoshua Leib moved to the [Old City](/wiki/Old_City_%28Jerusalem%29 "Old City (Jerusalem)") of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem "Jerusalem"), where he became involved first with [Agudat Yisrael](/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael "Agudat Yisrael"), then the [Edah HaChareidis](/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis "Edah HaChareidis") and a controversial splinter sect led by [Amram Blau](/wiki/Amram_Blau "Amram Blau") known as [Neturei Karta](/wiki/Neturei_Karta "Neturei Karta"). When the [1947–1949 Palestine war](/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war "1947–1949 Palestine war") started, the [Jordanian Legion](/wiki/Jordanian_Legion "Jordanian Legion") captured the [Old City](/wiki/Old_City_%28Jerusalem%29 "Old City (Jerusalem)"), Yhoshua Leib fled first to [Katamon](/wiki/Katamon "Katamon") and then to [Meah Shearim](/wiki/Meah_Shearim "Meah Shearim"). He worked for several years as a tutor and yeshivah rebbe, and even as a bricklayer and furniture carpenter. In 1957 he was appointed a *chaver*, or expert consultant, of the Edah HaChareidis, having been recognized as an expert in the laws of Marriage and Divorce, then considered important due to the large number of [Agunahs](/wiki/Agunah "Agunah") following [the Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust "The Holocaust") and 1948 war. Though employed by the Eidah Cheradit, he continued to stay in contact with Amram Blau and [Moses Teitelbaum](/wiki/Moses_Teitelbaum "Moses Teitelbaum"). It was during this time, at the insistence of Moses Teittelbaum, that Yhoshua Leib developed a connection to the Satmar Rav, [Yoel Teitelbaum](/wiki/Yoel_Teitelbaum "Yoel Teitelbaum"). Yhoshua Leib used his position in the Eidah Hareidis to defend Neturei Karta. Following the first Neturei Karta mission to Iran in 1999, he used his influence to convince the Edah HaChareidis to endorse that mission publicly. An endorsement was printed in the Edah HaChareidis newspaper, the Edah.The Edah, 27 Sivan He accepted the position of Rav (Rabbi) in *Beis Midrash Tamar Avraham*, the synagogue of Neturei Karta in Ramat [Beit Shemesh](/wiki/Beit_Shemesh "Beit Shemesh"). Gould died on 29 September 2009 from complications related to congestive heart failure.{{citation needed\|date\=February 2014}} A succession feud for control of his independent wing of Neturei Karta erupted between his heir apparent, R' Avraham Tzvi Rothenberg, author of *L'reyacha Kamocha*, and Sephardi Neturei Karta scholar Chocham Neftali Maimon.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Yhoshua Leib Gould (or Golde) was born in Munkatch, Hungary. After the death of the Munkatcher Rebbe, Yhoshua Leib Gould moved with his parents and four sisters to [Sighet](/wiki/Sighet \"Sighet\"). His family became close to the Sigheter Rav, Rabbi [Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum](/wiki/Yekusiel_Yehuda_Teitelbaum_%28II%29 \"Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum (II)\"), and he was [Bar Mitzvahed](/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah \"Bar Mitzvah\") in the synagogue of the Sigheter Rebbe. He was given [semicha](/wiki/Semicha \"Semicha\") in [Dayanut](/wiki/Dayan_%28rabbinic_judge%29 \"Dayan (rabbinic judge)\") the same day. It was also in Sighet that he met the Satmar Rav, [Yoel Teitelbaum](/wiki/Yoel_Teitelbaum \"Yoel Teitelbaum\") for the first time. With the start of the war, rumors began to reach Hungary of the crimes being committed against the Jews. The elder Mr. Gould asked the Sigheter Rav whether he should flee or stay. He was told to stay, and was deported to Ukraine as slave labor. When he returned to Hungary the Sigheter Rav told him to take his family and flee to [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\"). He did, but Yhoshua Leib remained behind to stay with the Sigheter Rebbe. The Germans invaded and they were deported to [Auschwitz](/wiki/Auschwitz \"Auschwitz\") only to be liberated a few months later. Rabbi Yekusiel Yehuda did not survive, and Yhoshua Leib became loyal to the new Rav of Sighet, [Moshe Teitelbaum](/wiki/Moshe_Teitelbaum_%28Satmar%29 \"Moshe Teitelbaum (Satmar)\").", "Yhoshua Leib moved to the [Old City](/wiki/Old_City_%28Jerusalem%29 \"Old City (Jerusalem)\") of [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"), where he became involved first with [Agudat Yisrael](/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael \"Agudat Yisrael\"), then the [Edah HaChareidis](/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis \"Edah HaChareidis\") and a controversial splinter sect led by [Amram Blau](/wiki/Amram_Blau \"Amram Blau\") known as [Neturei Karta](/wiki/Neturei_Karta \"Neturei Karta\"). When the [1947–1949 Palestine war](/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war \"1947–1949 Palestine war\") started, the [Jordanian Legion](/wiki/Jordanian_Legion \"Jordanian Legion\") captured the [Old City](/wiki/Old_City_%28Jerusalem%29 \"Old City (Jerusalem)\"), Yhoshua Leib fled first to [Katamon](/wiki/Katamon \"Katamon\") and then to [Meah Shearim](/wiki/Meah_Shearim \"Meah Shearim\"). He worked for several years as a tutor and yeshivah rebbe, and even as a bricklayer and furniture carpenter.", "In 1957 he was appointed a *chaver*, or expert consultant, of the Edah HaChareidis, having been recognized as an expert in the laws of Marriage and Divorce, then considered important due to the large number of [Agunahs](/wiki/Agunah \"Agunah\") following [the Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\") and 1948 war. Though employed by the Eidah Cheradit, he continued to stay in contact with Amram Blau and [Moses Teitelbaum](/wiki/Moses_Teitelbaum \"Moses Teitelbaum\"). It was during this time, at the insistence of Moses Teittelbaum, that Yhoshua Leib developed a connection to the Satmar Rav, [Yoel Teitelbaum](/wiki/Yoel_Teitelbaum \"Yoel Teitelbaum\").", "Yhoshua Leib used his position in the Eidah Hareidis to defend Neturei Karta. Following the first Neturei Karta mission to Iran in 1999, he used his influence to convince the Edah HaChareidis to endorse that mission publicly. An endorsement was printed in the Edah HaChareidis newspaper, the Edah.The Edah, 27 Sivan He accepted the position of Rav (Rabbi) in *Beis Midrash Tamar Avraham*, the synagogue of Neturei Karta in Ramat [Beit Shemesh](/wiki/Beit_Shemesh \"Beit Shemesh\").", "Gould died on 29 September 2009 from complications related to congestive heart failure.{{citation needed\\|date\\=February 2014}} A succession feud for control of his independent wing of Neturei Karta erupted between his heir apparent, R' Avraham Tzvi Rothenberg, author of *L'reyacha Kamocha*, and Sephardi Neturei Karta scholar Chocham Neftali Maimon.", "" ]
Examples -------- The following are 4 examples, corresponding to the 3 different cases in which Pocklington divided forms of *p*. All \\equiv are taken with the [modulus](/wiki/Modular_arithmetic "Modular arithmetic") in the example. ### Example 0 x^2 \\equiv 43 \\pmod {47}. This is the first case, according to the algorithm, x \\equiv 43^{(47\+1\)/2} \= 43^{12} \\equiv 2, but then x^2\=2^2\=4 not 43, so we should not apply the algorithm at all. The reason why the algorithm is not applicable is that a\=43 is a quadratic non residue for p\=47\. ### Example 1 Solve the congruence x^2 \\equiv 18 \\pmod {23}. The modulus is 23\. This is 23 \= 4 \\cdot 5 \+ 3, so m\=5. The solution should be x \\equiv \\pm 18^6 \\equiv \\pm 8\\pmod {23}, which is indeed true: (\\pm 8\)^2 \\equiv 64 \\equiv 18\\pmod {23}. ### Example 2 Solve the congruence x^2 \\equiv 10 \\pmod{13}. The modulus is 13\. This is 13 \= 8 \\cdot 1 \+ 5, so m\=1. Now verifying 10^{2m\+1} \\equiv 10^3 \\equiv \-1\\pmod{13}. So the solution is x \\equiv \\pm y/2 \\equiv \\pm (4a)^{2}/2 \\equiv \\pm 800 \\equiv \\pm 7\\pmod{13}. This is indeed true: (\\pm 7\)^2 \\equiv 49 \\equiv 10\\pmod{13}. ### Example 3 Solve the congruence x^2 \\equiv 13 \\pmod {17}. For this, write x^2 \-13 \=0. First find a t\_1 and u\_1 such that t\_1^2 \+ 13u\_1^2 is a quadratic nonresidue. Take for example t\_1\=3, u\_1 \= 1. Now find t\_8, u\_8 by computing t\_2 \= t\_1 t\_1 \+ 13u\_1u\_1 \= 9\-13 \= \-4 \\equiv 13\\pmod {17}, u\_2 \= t\_1u\_1 \+ t\_1u\_1 \= 3\+3 \\equiv 6\\pmod {17}. And similarly t\_4 \= \-299 \\equiv 7 \\pmod {17}, u\_4\=156 \\equiv 3\\pmod {17} such that t\_8\=\-68 \\equiv 0\\pmod {17}, u\_8 \= 42 \\equiv 8\\pmod {17}. Since t\_8 \= 0, the equation 0 \\equiv t\_4^2 \+ 13u\_4^2 \\equiv 7^2 \- 13 \\cdot 3^2\\pmod {17} which leads to solving the equation 3x \\equiv \\pm 7\\pmod {17}. This has solution x \\equiv \\pm 8\\pmod {17}. Indeed, (\\pm 8\)^2 \= 64 \\equiv 13\\pmod {17}.
[ "Examples\n--------", "The following are 4 examples, corresponding to the 3 different cases in which Pocklington divided forms of *p*. All \\\\equiv are taken with the [modulus](/wiki/Modular_arithmetic \"Modular arithmetic\") in the example.", "### Example 0", "x^2 \\\\equiv 43 \\\\pmod {47}.\nThis is the first case, according to the algorithm, \nx \\\\equiv 43^{(47\\+1\\)/2} \\= 43^{12} \\\\equiv 2, but then x^2\\=2^2\\=4 not 43, so we should not apply the algorithm at all. The reason why the algorithm is not applicable is that a\\=43 is a quadratic non residue for p\\=47\\.", "### Example 1", "Solve the congruence\nx^2 \\\\equiv 18 \\\\pmod {23}.\nThe modulus is 23\\. This is 23 \\= 4 \\\\cdot 5 \\+ 3, so m\\=5. The solution should be x \\\\equiv \\\\pm 18^6 \\\\equiv \\\\pm 8\\\\pmod {23}, which is indeed true: (\\\\pm 8\\)^2 \\\\equiv 64 \\\\equiv 18\\\\pmod {23}.", "### Example 2", "Solve the congruence\nx^2 \\\\equiv 10 \\\\pmod{13}.\nThe modulus is 13\\. This is 13 \\= 8 \\\\cdot 1 \\+ 5, so m\\=1. Now verifying 10^{2m\\+1} \\\\equiv 10^3 \\\\equiv \\-1\\\\pmod{13}. So the solution is x \\\\equiv \\\\pm y/2 \\\\equiv \\\\pm (4a)^{2}/2 \\\\equiv \\\\pm 800 \\\\equiv \\\\pm 7\\\\pmod{13}. This is indeed true: (\\\\pm 7\\)^2 \\\\equiv 49 \\\\equiv 10\\\\pmod{13}.", "### Example 3", "Solve the congruence x^2 \\\\equiv 13 \\\\pmod {17}. For this, write x^2 \\-13 \\=0. First find a t\\_1 and u\\_1 such that t\\_1^2 \\+ 13u\\_1^2 is a quadratic nonresidue. Take for example t\\_1\\=3, u\\_1 \\= 1. Now find t\\_8, u\\_8 by computing\nt\\_2 \\= t\\_1 t\\_1 \\+ 13u\\_1u\\_1 \\= 9\\-13 \\= \\-4 \\\\equiv 13\\\\pmod {17},\nu\\_2 \\= t\\_1u\\_1 \\+ t\\_1u\\_1 \\= 3\\+3 \\\\equiv 6\\\\pmod {17}.\nAnd similarly t\\_4 \\= \\-299 \\\\equiv 7 \\\\pmod {17}, u\\_4\\=156 \\\\equiv 3\\\\pmod {17} such that t\\_8\\=\\-68 \\\\equiv 0\\\\pmod {17}, u\\_8 \\= 42 \\\\equiv 8\\\\pmod {17}.", "Since t\\_8 \\= 0, the equation 0 \\\\equiv t\\_4^2 \\+ 13u\\_4^2 \\\\equiv 7^2 \\- 13 \\\\cdot 3^2\\\\pmod {17} which leads to solving the equation 3x \\\\equiv \\\\pm 7\\\\pmod {17}. This has solution x \\\\equiv \\\\pm 8\\\\pmod {17}. Indeed, (\\\\pm 8\\)^2 \\= 64 \\\\equiv 13\\\\pmod {17}.", "" ]
History ------- ### Early years The conference was founded in 2002 as a six\-team league. Four of the charter members—[Loyola Marymount University](/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University "Loyola Marymount University"), [Saint Mary's College of California](/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_of_California "Saint Mary's College of California"), the [University of San Diego](/wiki/University_of_San_Diego "University of San Diego"), and [Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University "Santa Clara University")—were members of the [West Coast Conference](/wiki/West_Coast_Conference "West Coast Conference").{{Citation \| title \= West Coast Conference History \| url \= http://www.wccsports.com/school\-bio/west\-school\-bio.html \| url\-status \= dead \| archiveurl \= https://web.archive.org/web/20130405010428/http://www.wccsports.com/school\-bio/west\-school\-bio.html \| archivedate \= 2013\-04\-05 }} The other two founding members, [Portland State University](/wiki/Portland_State_University "Portland State University") and [California State University, Sacramento](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Sacramento "California State University, Sacramento") (Sacramento State), were full members of the [Big Sky Conference](/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference "Big Sky Conference").{{Citation \| title \= Member Institutions \| url \= http://www.bigskyconf.com/sports/2008/6/9/MemberInst060908\.aspx?tab\=bigskyinstitutions}} The conference doubled in size in 2009 (2010 season), with [California State University, Bakersfield](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Bakersfield "California State University, Bakersfield") (Cal State Bakersfield), [Idaho State University](/wiki/Idaho_State_University "Idaho State University"), the [University of Northern Colorado](/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado "University of Northern Colorado"), [Seattle University](/wiki/Seattle_University "Seattle University"), [Utah Valley University](/wiki/Utah_Valley_University "Utah Valley University"), and [Weber State University](/wiki/Weber_State_University "Weber State University") joining. In 2010, members were split into two divisions: Coastal and Mountain. Members of the Coastal division were Cal State Bakersfield, Loyola Marymount, Sacramento State, San Diego, Santa Clara and Saint Mary’s. Members of the Mountain division were Idaho State, Northern Colorado, Portland State, Seattle, Utah Valley and Weber State. The division champions faced each other in a best\-of\-three series to determine the conference champion. The conference champion received an automatic bid to the NCAA Division I softball tournament. In the league's final season of 2013, after the conference dropped from 12 to 7 members, the divisional alignment was scrapped and the top team in the conference standings received the PCSC's automatic bid. In 2007, the Loyola Marymount Lions advanced to the NCAA regional final, eventually losing to the [Hawaii Rainbow Wahine](/wiki/Hawaii_Rainbow_Wahine "Hawaii Rainbow Wahine"). ### Change in 2012 {{seealso\|2010–2014 NCAA conference realignment}} The conference saw major change after the 2012 season, with six members leaving and one new member joining. Five of the departed members—Idaho State, Northern Colorado, Portland State, Sacramento State, and Weber State—were full Big Sky members. With that conference adding two new softball\-sponsoring schools [in 2012](/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_NCAA_conference_realignment%23Big_Sky "2010–2014 NCAA conference realignment#Big Sky"), giving it the six softball members it needed to qualify for an automatic bid to the NCAA Division I Softball Championship, the Big Sky announced it would begin sponsoring the sport in the 2013 season.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.nbcmontana.com/Big\-Sky\-Conference\-Adds\-Southern\-Utah\-North\-Dakota\-South\-Dakota\-Awaiting\-Finalization/\-/14594424/14307812/\-/tldlah/\-/index.html \|title\=Big Sky Conference Adds Southern Utah \& North Dakota, South Dakota Awaiting Finalization \|publisher\=\[\[KECI\-TV\|NBC Montana]] \|date\=November 2, 2010 \|accessdate\=July 8, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110141835/http://www.nbcmontana.com/Big\-Sky\-Conference\-Adds\-Southern\-Utah\-North\-Dakota\-South\-Dakota\-Awaiting\-Finalization/\-/14594424/14307812/\-/tldlah/\-/index.html \|archivedate\=November 10, 2013 }} The other departing member, Seattle, was an [independent](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_independent_schools_%28basketball%29 "NCAA Division I independent schools (basketball)") before [joining](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9313_Western_Athletic_Conference_realignment "2010–13 Western Athletic Conference realignment") the [Western Athletic Conference](/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference "Western Athletic Conference") (WAC) for all sports, including softball, in 2012\.{{Cite press release \| title \= WAC Announces Addition of Seattle \| url \= http://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\_OEM\_ID\=10100\&ATCLID\=205159664 \| publisher \= Western Athletic Conference \| date \= June 14, 2011 \| accessdate \= July 8, 2012 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20121010105238/http://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\_OEM\_ID\=10100\&ATCLID\=205159664 \| archive\-date \= October 10, 2012 \| url\-status \= dead }} The new member was [Brigham Young University](/wiki/Brigham_Young_University "Brigham Young University") (BYU). In 2011, [BYU left](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9313_Mountain_West_Conference_realignment%23BYU "2010–13 Mountain West Conference realignment#BYU") its former all\-sports league, the [Mountain West Conference](/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference "Mountain West Conference") (which sponsors softball) for the WCC (which at the time did not sponsor the sport). After playing the 2012 season in the WAC, BYU moved its softball program to the PCSC.{{cite press release \|url\=https://www.ncaa.com/news/softball/article/2011\-12\-12/byu\-softball\-join\-pcsc \|title\=BYU softball to join PCSC \|publisher\=BYU Athletics \|date\=December 12, 2011 \|accessdate\=July 8, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323212233/http://www.ncaa.com/news/softball/article/2011\-12\-12/byu\-softball\-join\-pcsc \|archive\-date\=March 23, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} BYU entered the PCSC with eight straight NCAA Tournament appearances under their belts. They also won four straight conference titles (MW 2008\-2011, WAC 2012\). ### Demise in 2013 Further developments in conference realignment led to the demise of the PCSC after the 2013 season. The [University of the Pacific](/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_%28United_States%29 "University of the Pacific (United States)"), a charter member of the WCC that departed in 1971, announced plans to [rejoin the WCC in 2013](/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_NCAA_conference_realignment%23WCC "2010–2014 NCAA conference realignment#WCC"). This gave that conference the six softball\-sponsoring members it needed to sponsor the sport, and on September 13, 2012, the WCC announced that it would start softball competition in the 2013–14 school year.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.wccsports.com/genrel/091312aac.html \|title\=WCC Softball Begins Competition in 2014 \|publisher\=West Coast Conference \|date\=September 13, 2012 \|accessdate\=September 14, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604044746/http://www.wccsports.com/genrel/091312aac.html \|archive\-date\=June 4, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }} The two remaining schools, Utah Valley and Cal State Bakersfield, had been linked with moves to the WAC as softball affiliates. However, after [a massive wave of departures](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9313_Western_Athletic_Conference_realignment "2010–13 Western Athletic Conference realignment") from that conference set for 2013 placed its future existence in doubt, the WAC invited both to join as full members beginning in 2013–14, with both accepting.{{cite press release \|url\=http://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\_OEM\_ID\=10100\&ATCLID\=205708247 \|title\=WAC Adds CSUB and UVU To Its Membership \|publisher\=Western Athletic Conference \|date\=October 9, 2012 \|accessdate\=October 9, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011005650/http://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\_OEM\_ID\=10100\&ATCLID\=205708247 \|archive\-date\=October 11, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead }} Although the WAC sponsored softball, the aforementioned turnover left it with too few softball\-sponsoring schools to qualify for an automatic bid to the NCAA championship. Originally both schools accepted associate membership in the WCC for softball effective in 2013–14,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865569992/UVU\-softball\-Wolverines\-to\-join\-WCC\-in\-2014\.html?pg\=all \|title\=UVU softball: Wolverines to join WCC in 2014 \|first\=Kellen \|last\=Hiser \|newspaper\=\[\[Deseret News]] \|location\=\[\[Salt Lake City]] \|date\=January 4, 2013 \|accessdate\=June 30, 2013}} while also maintaining softball membership in the WAC.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.wacsports.com/standings/Standings.dbml?\&DB\_OEM\_ID\=10100\&SPID\=4129 \|title\=WAC Softball Standings, 2013–14 \|publisher\=Western Athletic Conference \|accessdate\=July 9, 2013}} However the addition of [Grand Canyon](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Antelopes "Grand Canyon Antelopes") brought the WAC back up to the 6 teams needed to still sponsor softball, allowing Utah Valley and Cal State Bakersfield to join the WAC full\-time for softball.
[ "History\n-------", "### Early years", "The conference was founded in 2002 as a six\\-team league. Four of the charter members—[Loyola Marymount University](/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University \"Loyola Marymount University\"), [Saint Mary's College of California](/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_of_California \"Saint Mary's College of California\"), the [University of San Diego](/wiki/University_of_San_Diego \"University of San Diego\"), and [Santa Clara University](/wiki/Santa_Clara_University \"Santa Clara University\")—were members of the [West Coast Conference](/wiki/West_Coast_Conference \"West Coast Conference\").{{Citation \\| title \\= West Coast Conference History \\| url \\= http://www.wccsports.com/school\\-bio/west\\-school\\-bio.html \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archiveurl \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20130405010428/http://www.wccsports.com/school\\-bio/west\\-school\\-bio.html \\| archivedate \\= 2013\\-04\\-05 }} The other two founding members, [Portland State University](/wiki/Portland_State_University \"Portland State University\") and [California State University, Sacramento](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Sacramento \"California State University, Sacramento\") (Sacramento State), were full members of the [Big Sky Conference](/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference \"Big Sky Conference\").{{Citation \\| title \\= Member Institutions \\| url \\= http://www.bigskyconf.com/sports/2008/6/9/MemberInst060908\\.aspx?tab\\=bigskyinstitutions}} The conference doubled in size in 2009 (2010 season), with [California State University, Bakersfield](/wiki/California_State_University%2C_Bakersfield \"California State University, Bakersfield\") (Cal State Bakersfield), [Idaho State University](/wiki/Idaho_State_University \"Idaho State University\"), the [University of Northern Colorado](/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado \"University of Northern Colorado\"), [Seattle University](/wiki/Seattle_University \"Seattle University\"), [Utah Valley University](/wiki/Utah_Valley_University \"Utah Valley University\"), and [Weber State University](/wiki/Weber_State_University \"Weber State University\") joining.", "In 2010, members were split into two divisions: Coastal and Mountain. Members of the Coastal division were Cal State Bakersfield, Loyola Marymount, Sacramento State, San Diego, Santa Clara and Saint Mary’s. Members of the Mountain division were Idaho State, Northern Colorado, Portland State, Seattle, Utah Valley and Weber State. The division champions faced each other in a best\\-of\\-three series to determine the conference champion. The conference champion received an automatic bid to the NCAA Division I softball tournament. In the league's final season of 2013, after the conference dropped from 12 to 7 members, the divisional alignment was scrapped and the top team in the conference standings received the PCSC's automatic bid.", "In 2007, the Loyola Marymount Lions advanced to the NCAA regional final, eventually losing to the [Hawaii Rainbow Wahine](/wiki/Hawaii_Rainbow_Wahine \"Hawaii Rainbow Wahine\").", "### Change in 2012", "{{seealso\\|2010–2014 NCAA conference realignment}}\nThe conference saw major change after the 2012 season, with six members leaving and one new member joining.", "Five of the departed members—Idaho State, Northern Colorado, Portland State, Sacramento State, and Weber State—were full Big Sky members. With that conference adding two new softball\\-sponsoring schools [in 2012](/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_NCAA_conference_realignment%23Big_Sky \"2010–2014 NCAA conference realignment#Big Sky\"), giving it the six softball members it needed to qualify for an automatic bid to the NCAA Division I Softball Championship, the Big Sky announced it would begin sponsoring the sport in the 2013 season.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.nbcmontana.com/Big\\-Sky\\-Conference\\-Adds\\-Southern\\-Utah\\-North\\-Dakota\\-South\\-Dakota\\-Awaiting\\-Finalization/\\-/14594424/14307812/\\-/tldlah/\\-/index.html \\|title\\=Big Sky Conference Adds Southern Utah \\& North Dakota, South Dakota Awaiting Finalization \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[KECI\\-TV\\|NBC Montana]] \\|date\\=November 2, 2010 \\|accessdate\\=July 8, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110141835/http://www.nbcmontana.com/Big\\-Sky\\-Conference\\-Adds\\-Southern\\-Utah\\-North\\-Dakota\\-South\\-Dakota\\-Awaiting\\-Finalization/\\-/14594424/14307812/\\-/tldlah/\\-/index.html \\|archivedate\\=November 10, 2013 }} The other departing member, Seattle, was an [independent](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_independent_schools_%28basketball%29 \"NCAA Division I independent schools (basketball)\") before [joining](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9313_Western_Athletic_Conference_realignment \"2010–13 Western Athletic Conference realignment\") the [Western Athletic Conference](/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference \"Western Athletic Conference\") (WAC) for all sports, including softball, in 2012\\.{{Cite press release \\| title \\= WAC Announces Addition of Seattle \\| url \\= http://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=10100\\&ATCLID\\=205159664 \\| publisher \\= Western Athletic Conference \\| date \\= June 14, 2011 \\| accessdate \\= July 8, 2012 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121010105238/http://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=10100\\&ATCLID\\=205159664 \\| archive\\-date \\= October 10, 2012 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }}", "The new member was [Brigham Young University](/wiki/Brigham_Young_University \"Brigham Young University\") (BYU). In 2011, [BYU left](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9313_Mountain_West_Conference_realignment%23BYU \"2010–13 Mountain West Conference realignment#BYU\") its former all\\-sports league, the [Mountain West Conference](/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference \"Mountain West Conference\") (which sponsors softball) for the WCC (which at the time did not sponsor the sport). After playing the 2012 season in the WAC, BYU moved its softball program to the PCSC.{{cite press release \\|url\\=https://www.ncaa.com/news/softball/article/2011\\-12\\-12/byu\\-softball\\-join\\-pcsc \\|title\\=BYU softball to join PCSC \\|publisher\\=BYU Athletics \\|date\\=December 12, 2011 \\|accessdate\\=July 8, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323212233/http://www.ncaa.com/news/softball/article/2011\\-12\\-12/byu\\-softball\\-join\\-pcsc \\|archive\\-date\\=March 23, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} BYU entered the PCSC with eight straight NCAA Tournament appearances under their belts. They also won four straight conference titles (MW 2008\\-2011, WAC 2012\\).", "### Demise in 2013", "Further developments in conference realignment led to the demise of the PCSC after the 2013 season.", "The [University of the Pacific](/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_%28United_States%29 \"University of the Pacific (United States)\"), a charter member of the WCC that departed in 1971, announced plans to [rejoin the WCC in 2013](/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_NCAA_conference_realignment%23WCC \"2010–2014 NCAA conference realignment#WCC\"). This gave that conference the six softball\\-sponsoring members it needed to sponsor the sport, and on September 13, 2012, the WCC announced that it would start softball competition in the 2013–14 school year.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.wccsports.com/genrel/091312aac.html \\|title\\=WCC Softball Begins Competition in 2014 \\|publisher\\=West Coast Conference \\|date\\=September 13, 2012 \\|accessdate\\=September 14, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604044746/http://www.wccsports.com/genrel/091312aac.html \\|archive\\-date\\=June 4, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "The two remaining schools, Utah Valley and Cal State Bakersfield, had been linked with moves to the WAC as softball affiliates. However, after [a massive wave of departures](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9313_Western_Athletic_Conference_realignment \"2010–13 Western Athletic Conference realignment\") from that conference set for 2013 placed its future existence in doubt, the WAC invited both to join as full members beginning in 2013–14, with both accepting.{{cite press release \\|url\\=http://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=10100\\&ATCLID\\=205708247 \\|title\\=WAC Adds CSUB and UVU To Its Membership \\|publisher\\=Western Athletic Conference \\|date\\=October 9, 2012 \\|accessdate\\=October 9, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011005650/http://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=10100\\&ATCLID\\=205708247 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 11, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Although the WAC sponsored softball, the aforementioned turnover left it with too few softball\\-sponsoring schools to qualify for an automatic bid to the NCAA championship. Originally both schools accepted associate membership in the WCC for softball effective in 2013–14,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865569992/UVU\\-softball\\-Wolverines\\-to\\-join\\-WCC\\-in\\-2014\\.html?pg\\=all \\|title\\=UVU softball: Wolverines to join WCC in 2014 \\|first\\=Kellen \\|last\\=Hiser \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Deseret News]] \\|location\\=\\[\\[Salt Lake City]] \\|date\\=January 4, 2013 \\|accessdate\\=June 30, 2013}} while also maintaining softball membership in the WAC.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wacsports.com/standings/Standings.dbml?\\&DB\\_OEM\\_ID\\=10100\\&SPID\\=4129 \\|title\\=WAC Softball Standings, 2013–14 \\|publisher\\=Western Athletic Conference \\|accessdate\\=July 9, 2013}} However the addition of [Grand Canyon](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Antelopes \"Grand Canyon Antelopes\") brought the WAC back up to the 6 teams needed to still sponsor softball, allowing Utah Valley and Cal State Bakersfield to join the WAC full\\-time for softball.", "" ]
Variations and market differences --------------------------------- The P510 (RHD) and PL510 (LHD) were the most prevalent models in many export markets, including the U.S. The 1969 KP510T two\-door coupe version arrived in small numbers to right\-hand\-drive markets, predominantly Japan's domestic market, unsaddled by engine emission regulations. The *K* prefix cars are coupés, with a swept roofline and shorter deck lid, while wagons carry a *W* prefix. For the 1974 model year, the 510 four\-door sedan was dropped in favor of the 1974 PL610 series cars. Around the world, the *J* series pushrod\-engined model was most common.{{cn\|date\=October 2023}} File:1970\-1972 Datsun 510 2\-door sedan in Mexican Orange, front left.jpg\|1970\-1972 Datsun 510 2\-door sedan (USA) File:Datsun 1600 (14951295867\).jpg\|Datsun 1600 4\-door File:1968 Datsun Bluebird wagon.jpg\|1968 Datsun Bluebird estate wagon File:Datsun Bluebird Coupe (510\) 001\.JPG\|Datsun Bluebird SSS coupé (Japan) ### Japan When first shown, at the 1967 [Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show "Tokyo Motor Show"), Japanese customers received the overhead\-camshaft 1\.3\-liter engine with a claimed {{convert\|72\|PS\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} – according to Nissan, an engine more capable than competitor Toyota's 1\.5\-liter version.{{cite magazine \| magazine \= \[\[Road \& Track]] \| first \= Jack \| last \= Yamaguchi \| page \= 112 \| date \= February 1968 \| title \= 14th Tokyo Motor Show: \& Still Trying Harder }} The little engine was not helped by being married to a three\-speed manual gearbox. From the beginning, however, North American customers received the larger 1\.6 coupled to a four\-speed all\-synchro transmission. Indeed, by October 1968 the Bluebird was made available with a 1600 cc engine to Japanese buyers as well.{{cite web \|url\=https://shashi.shibusawa.or.jp/details\_nenpyo.php?sid\=6680\&query\=\&class\=\&d\=all\&page\=143 \|title\=トヨタ自動車販売(株)『モータリゼーションとともに. 資料』(1970\.11\) \|trans\-title\=Toyota Motor Sales Co., Ltd. "With Motorization" document (1970\.11\) \|page\=143 \|work\=Shibusawa Shashi Database \|publisher\=Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation \|language\=ja \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124143611/https://shashi.shibusawa.or.jp/details\_nenpyo.php?sid\=6680\&query\=\&class\=\&d\=all\&page\=143 \|archive\-date\= 2020\-11\-24}} The 510\-series Bluebirds differed widely depending on the market. In South America, Asia (excluding Japan), and in Africa, the 510 sedan, two\-door, and station wagon models traded rear independent suspension for a leaf\-sprung solid axle. The engines for these markets also differed. Rather than the OHC [L\-series](/wiki/Nissan_L_engine "Nissan L engine"), they received pushrod inline four\-cylinder engines from the [J\-series](/wiki/Nissan_J_engine "Nissan J engine") with either 1\.3 or 1\.5\-liter displacement. These variants were also known as Datsun 1500 (J15 engine) and Datsun 1300 (J13 engine). [thumb\|1972\-1973 Datsun Bluebird 1400 Deluxe (510N, Japan)](/wiki/File:Datsun-Bluebird1400Deluxe.JPG "Datsun-Bluebird1400Deluxe.JPG") In September 1970, the 1\.3 and 1\.5\-liter engines were replaced with 1\.4\-liter units. In September 1971 the new, larger, [Bluebird U](/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird%23610 "Nissan Bluebird#610") (610\) appeared in Japanese showrooms, but the 510 continued on sale as a lower\-priced, more compact version. It also received a minor facelift with plastic surrounds for the headlamps, while the 1800 cc models were discontinued. The chassis code was changed to 510N. ### North America Originally only available as a four\-door sedan or a station wagon for the 1968 model year, the two\-door sedan saw a limited introduction during the summer of 1968 \- making this the rarest U.S. 510 year and model. In Canada it was marketed as the **Datsun 1600** rather than using the internal, "510" model code. The two\-door sedan body style became popular and was imported into the U.S. and Canada in large numbers for the next five model years. The Datsun 510 released to the North American market had a [Hitachi](/wiki/Hitachi%2C_Ltd. "Hitachi, Ltd.") downdraft\-[carbureted](/wiki/Carbureted "Carbureted") 1\.6\-liter [L\-series](/wiki/Nissan_L_engine "Nissan L engine") [straight\-four engine](/wiki/Straight-four_engine "Straight-four engine"), with an advertised gross power of {{cvt\|96\|hp\|kW\|0}}, a claimed top speed of 100 mph, front [disc brakes](/wiki/Disc_brake "Disc brake"), four\-wheel [independent suspension](/wiki/Independent_suspension "Independent suspension") (MacPherson struts in front and semi\-trailing arms in rear), except the wagons, which used a rear solid [live axle](/wiki/Live_axle "Live axle") with [leaf springs](/wiki/Leaf_springs "Leaf springs"). The 1968 510s are unique, with a stainless steel grille, inward pivoting wipers, small amber front turn signals, no rear side marker lights, and different taillights from later models (without chrome trim).{{cite web \| url \= http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/tech/spreadbury.guide.html \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071217023139/http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/tech/spreadbury.guide.html \| archive\-date \= 2007\-12\-17 \| title \= Datsun 510 Spotter's Guide \| first \= Michael \| last \= Spreadbury \| work \= The Dime Quarterly }} For 1969, the grille was changed and now has an unpainted, stainless steel central section with rounder bars than those found the year before. The wide "DATSUN" text was replaced with an upright rectangle with a "D" in the middle. The windshield wipers were changed for a more traditional layout and round side marker lights were added at the rear. Larger taillights, all red with a small, white reversing lamp, were introduced and remained until the end of production. The interior saw minor changes; most importantly the ignition was moved onto the steering column. All North American model 510s received tinted glass from 1970 on. In Canada and the U.S., unitized\-body Datsun PL510 cars have become rare in the Rust Belt regions, but can still be seen in areas where corrosive materials are not generally used on the roads\- such as Western and Southern States. The greatest numbers of the cars seem to be in the West Coast region, where Japanese cars first succeeded in the market. ### Europe {{original research\|section\|date\=October 2023}} The first European imports were delivered shortly after the announcement of the car in Japan, spearhead the brand there. UK imports were announced at the October 1968 Motor Show. The L16 saloons appeared first, joined shortly by the estate. L13 models arrived in early 1969, and a series of minor updates and equipment changes dictated by the US market followed. The L14 model replaced the L13 in October, 1970, and was imported with the L16 until May, 1972, when the car was replaced by the far more successful (in the UK) 610\. Nissan imported about 4000 510 models into the UK, and less than 10 of those original UK spec cars are known to exist.{{cn\|date\=October 2023}} Nissan established a proper dealer network around the time the 510 was discontinued, (Octav Botnar was instrumental in the massive success of the brand in the UK) so the 510 never really received the marketing nor recognition that was achieved in other countries. All official imports in the UK were four\-door saloons or estates, but several two\-doors and at least one four\-door SSS version are in the country.{{cn\|date\=October 2023}} ### Oceania Australian versions of the Datsun 1600 were delivered either as a full import (1967 and early 1969\), or assembled in Australia from local and Japanese parts. These 510 Datsuns were equipped with *L16* engines. Australia officially received only the four\-door sedan and station wagon models.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2010}} The last of the P510 series went through Australian assembly lines in 1972, and due to the extensive use for rallying, the cars are now quite hard to find in any reasonable condition. Nissan\-Datsun New Zealand had the four\-door manual sedans assembled locally from 1968, replacing two generations of Bluebirds (the name continued to be used in Japan and elsewhere) with the new 1600 export badge. Local content was about 40% and included glass, wiring, batteries, radiators, carpet and interior trim. Locally made radios were a dealer\-fit accessory. The cars were built under contract at Campbell Motor Industries in Thames; the preceding Bluebird had been built at NZ Motor Bodies in Auckland. The 1968 1600s/510s had inward pivoting wipers and a rectangular speedometer; wipers soon were changed to a parallel action that cleared more glass, reversible for LHD versions. The 1970 facelift brought a new safety\-style dashboard with recessed round dials, larger tail lamps with additional chrome trim in the lens, larger front combination lamps, increased bumper height, and detail changes to the grille. Automatic versions were a special import, built up, and only if (limited) import license was available, and a few SSS sedans were also imported fully assembled. The 1600, popular for modification and racing, not least due to its independent rear suspension (when contemporary rivals like the Ford Cortina and Toyota Corona had live, leaf\-sprung rear axles), was replaced by the 180B in 1972, and was sought after used for many years afterwards. ### South America South American versions of the Datsun 510 were delivered with OHV pushrod engines of the J series variety and leaf spring suspensions (no IRS) on all models. Marketed as Datsun 1300 or Datsun 1500, depending on engine size. ### Taiwan The 510 was assembled in Taiwan as the Yue Loong Bluebird 706 and was powered by the *[J13](/wiki/Nissan_J_engine "Nissan J engine")* from the 411 and had leaf spring rear suspension. ### South Africa The P510\-series Datsun 1600 was built in South Africa in Pretoria between 1969 and 1974 with sedan or coupé bodywork. This generation marked the end of the "Bluebird" badge there. The sedan was available as a 1600 DeLuxe, 1600 SSS, 1600GL, 1600GL SSS (L16 engine) and later as the 1800GL and SSS They all had independent rear suspension and the SSS version, introduced in July 1969, had twin carbs. Coupé models were 1600 GL and 1800 GL. The SSS has {{cvt\|109\|hp\|kW\|0}} SAE.{{cite journal \| ref \= mm969 \| journal \= Motoring Mirror \| title \= New Cars: Datsun 1600 SSS \| page \= 29 \| volume \= 7 \| number \= 5 \| editor\-last \= Emslie \| editor\-first \= Robin \| publisher \= Motorpress \| location \= Cape Town, South Africa \| date \= September 1969 }} These cars were very popular for motor sport in South Africa. The cars were used in numerous rallies by Ewold van Bergen from Pretoria, South Africa, who was a test engineer for Nissan Japan.
[ "Variations and market differences\n---------------------------------", "The P510 (RHD) and PL510 (LHD) were the most prevalent models in many export markets, including the U.S. The 1969 KP510T two\\-door coupe version arrived in small numbers to right\\-hand\\-drive markets, predominantly Japan's domestic market, unsaddled by engine emission regulations. The *K* prefix cars are coupés, with a swept roofline and shorter deck lid, while wagons carry a *W* prefix. For the 1974 model year, the 510 four\\-door sedan was dropped in favor of the 1974 PL610 series cars. Around the world, the *J* series pushrod\\-engined model was most common.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2023}}", "", "File:1970\\-1972 Datsun 510 2\\-door sedan in Mexican Orange, front left.jpg\\|1970\\-1972 Datsun 510 2\\-door sedan (USA)\nFile:Datsun 1600 (14951295867\\).jpg\\|Datsun 1600 4\\-door\nFile:1968 Datsun Bluebird wagon.jpg\\|1968 Datsun Bluebird estate wagon\nFile:Datsun Bluebird Coupe (510\\) 001\\.JPG\\|Datsun Bluebird SSS coupé (Japan)", "", "### Japan", "When first shown, at the 1967 [Tokyo Motor Show](/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show \"Tokyo Motor Show\"), Japanese customers received the overhead\\-camshaft 1\\.3\\-liter engine with a claimed {{convert\\|72\\|PS\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} – according to Nissan, an engine more capable than competitor Toyota's 1\\.5\\-liter version.{{cite magazine \\| magazine \\= \\[\\[Road \\& Track]] \\| first \\= Jack \\| last \\= Yamaguchi \\| page \\= 112 \\| date \\= February 1968 \\| title \\= 14th Tokyo Motor Show: \\& Still Trying Harder }} The little engine was not helped by being married to a three\\-speed manual gearbox. From the beginning, however, North American customers received the larger 1\\.6 coupled to a four\\-speed all\\-synchro transmission. Indeed, by October 1968 the Bluebird was made available with a 1600 cc engine to Japanese buyers as well.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://shashi.shibusawa.or.jp/details\\_nenpyo.php?sid\\=6680\\&query\\=\\&class\\=\\&d\\=all\\&page\\=143 \\|title\\=トヨタ自動車販売(株)『モータリゼーションとともに. 資料』(1970\\.11\\) \\|trans\\-title\\=Toyota Motor Sales Co., Ltd. \"With Motorization\" document (1970\\.11\\) \\|page\\=143 \\|work\\=Shibusawa Shashi Database \\|publisher\\=Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation \\|language\\=ja \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124143611/https://shashi.shibusawa.or.jp/details\\_nenpyo.php?sid\\=6680\\&query\\=\\&class\\=\\&d\\=all\\&page\\=143 \\|archive\\-date\\= 2020\\-11\\-24}} The 510\\-series Bluebirds differed widely depending on the market. In South America, Asia (excluding Japan), and in Africa, the 510 sedan, two\\-door, and station wagon models traded rear independent suspension for a leaf\\-sprung solid axle. The engines for these markets also differed. Rather than the OHC [L\\-series](/wiki/Nissan_L_engine \"Nissan L engine\"), they received pushrod inline four\\-cylinder engines from the [J\\-series](/wiki/Nissan_J_engine \"Nissan J engine\") with either 1\\.3 or 1\\.5\\-liter displacement. These variants were also known as Datsun 1500 (J15 engine) and Datsun 1300 (J13 engine).", "[thumb\\|1972\\-1973 Datsun Bluebird 1400 Deluxe (510N, Japan)](/wiki/File:Datsun-Bluebird1400Deluxe.JPG \"Datsun-Bluebird1400Deluxe.JPG\")\nIn September 1970, the 1\\.3 and 1\\.5\\-liter engines were replaced with 1\\.4\\-liter units. In September 1971 the new, larger, [Bluebird U](/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird%23610 \"Nissan Bluebird#610\") (610\\) appeared in Japanese showrooms, but the 510 continued on sale as a lower\\-priced, more compact version. It also received a minor facelift with plastic surrounds for the headlamps, while the 1800 cc models were discontinued. The chassis code was changed to 510N.", "### North America", "Originally only available as a four\\-door sedan or a station wagon for the 1968 model year, the two\\-door sedan saw a limited introduction during the summer of 1968 \\- making this the rarest U.S. 510 year and model. In Canada it was marketed as the **Datsun 1600** rather than using the internal, \"510\" model code. The two\\-door sedan body style became popular and was imported into the U.S. and Canada in large numbers for the next five model years. The Datsun 510 released to the North American market had a [Hitachi](/wiki/Hitachi%2C_Ltd. \"Hitachi, Ltd.\") downdraft\\-[carbureted](/wiki/Carbureted \"Carbureted\") 1\\.6\\-liter [L\\-series](/wiki/Nissan_L_engine \"Nissan L engine\") [straight\\-four engine](/wiki/Straight-four_engine \"Straight-four engine\"), with an advertised gross power of {{cvt\\|96\\|hp\\|kW\\|0}}, a claimed top speed of 100 mph, front [disc brakes](/wiki/Disc_brake \"Disc brake\"), four\\-wheel [independent suspension](/wiki/Independent_suspension \"Independent suspension\") (MacPherson struts in front and semi\\-trailing arms in rear), except the wagons, which used a rear solid [live axle](/wiki/Live_axle \"Live axle\") with [leaf springs](/wiki/Leaf_springs \"Leaf springs\").", "The 1968 510s are unique, with a stainless steel grille, inward pivoting wipers, small amber front turn signals, no rear side marker lights, and different taillights from later models (without chrome trim).{{cite web \\| url \\= http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/tech/spreadbury.guide.html \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071217023139/http://dimequarterly.tierranet.com/tech/spreadbury.guide.html \\| archive\\-date \\= 2007\\-12\\-17 \\| title \\= Datsun 510 Spotter's Guide \\| first \\= Michael \\| last \\= Spreadbury \\| work \\= The Dime Quarterly }} For 1969, the grille was changed and now has an unpainted, stainless steel central section with rounder bars than those found the year before. The wide \"DATSUN\" text was replaced with an upright rectangle with a \"D\" in the middle. The windshield wipers were changed for a more traditional layout and round side marker lights were added at the rear. Larger taillights, all red with a small, white reversing lamp, were introduced and remained until the end of production. The interior saw minor changes; most importantly the ignition was moved onto the steering column. All North American model 510s received tinted glass from 1970 on.", "In Canada and the U.S., unitized\\-body Datsun PL510 cars have become rare in the Rust Belt regions, but can still be seen in areas where corrosive materials are not generally used on the roads\\- such as Western and Southern States. The greatest numbers of the cars seem to be in the West Coast region, where Japanese cars first succeeded in the market.", "### Europe", "{{original research\\|section\\|date\\=October 2023}}\nThe first European imports were delivered shortly after the announcement of the car in Japan, spearhead the brand there. UK imports were announced at the October 1968 Motor Show. The L16 saloons appeared first, joined shortly by the estate. L13 models arrived in early 1969, and a series of minor updates and equipment changes dictated by the US market followed. The L14 model replaced the L13 in October, 1970, and was imported with the L16 until May, 1972, when the car was replaced by the far more successful (in the UK) 610\\. Nissan imported about 4000 510 models into the UK, and less than 10 of those original UK spec cars are known to exist.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2023}} Nissan established a proper dealer network around the time the 510 was discontinued, (Octav Botnar was instrumental in the massive success of the brand in the UK) so the 510 never really received the marketing nor recognition that was achieved in other countries. All official imports in the UK were four\\-door saloons or estates, but several two\\-doors and at least one four\\-door SSS version are in the country.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2023}}", "### Oceania", "Australian versions of the Datsun 1600 were delivered either as a full import (1967 and early 1969\\), or assembled in Australia from local and Japanese parts. These 510 Datsuns were equipped with *L16* engines. Australia officially received only the four\\-door sedan and station wagon models.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2010}} The last of the P510 series went through Australian assembly lines in 1972, and due to the extensive use for rallying, the cars are now quite hard to find in any reasonable condition.", "Nissan\\-Datsun New Zealand had the four\\-door manual sedans assembled locally from 1968, replacing two generations of Bluebirds (the name continued to be used in Japan and elsewhere) with the new 1600 export badge. Local content was about 40% and included glass, wiring, batteries, radiators, carpet and interior trim. Locally made radios were a dealer\\-fit accessory. The cars were built under contract at Campbell Motor Industries in Thames; the preceding Bluebird had been built at NZ Motor Bodies in Auckland. The 1968 1600s/510s had inward pivoting wipers and a rectangular speedometer; wipers soon were changed to a parallel action that cleared more glass, reversible for LHD versions. The 1970 facelift brought a new safety\\-style dashboard with recessed round dials, larger tail lamps with additional chrome trim in the lens, larger front combination lamps, increased bumper height, and detail changes to the grille. Automatic versions were a special import, built up, and only if (limited) import license was available, and a few SSS sedans were also imported fully assembled. The 1600, popular for modification and racing, not least due to its independent rear suspension (when contemporary rivals like the Ford Cortina and Toyota Corona had live, leaf\\-sprung rear axles), was replaced by the 180B in 1972, and was sought after used for many years afterwards.", "### South America", "South American versions of the Datsun 510 were delivered with OHV pushrod engines of the J series variety and leaf spring suspensions (no IRS) on all models. Marketed as Datsun 1300 or Datsun 1500, depending on engine size.", "### Taiwan", "The 510 was assembled in Taiwan as the Yue Loong Bluebird 706 and was powered by the *[J13](/wiki/Nissan_J_engine \"Nissan J engine\")* from the 411 and had leaf spring rear suspension.", "### South Africa", "The P510\\-series Datsun 1600 was built in South Africa in Pretoria between 1969 and 1974 with sedan or coupé bodywork. This generation marked the end of the \"Bluebird\" badge there. The sedan was available as a 1600 DeLuxe, 1600 SSS, 1600GL, 1600GL SSS (L16 engine) and later as the 1800GL and SSS They all had independent rear suspension and the SSS version, introduced in July 1969, had twin carbs. Coupé models were 1600 GL and 1800 GL. The SSS has {{cvt\\|109\\|hp\\|kW\\|0}} SAE.{{cite journal \\| ref \\= mm969 \\| journal \\= Motoring Mirror \\| title \\= New Cars: Datsun 1600 SSS \\| page \\= 29 \\| volume \\= 7 \\| number \\= 5 \\| editor\\-last \\= Emslie \\| editor\\-first \\= Robin \\| publisher \\= Motorpress \\| location \\= Cape Town, South Africa \\| date \\= September 1969 }} These cars were very popular for motor sport in South Africa. The cars were used in numerous rallies by Ewold van Bergen from Pretoria, South Africa, who was a test engineer for Nissan Japan.", "" ]
Rounds ------ ### Level One Each team takes turns facing the computer. They each have 60 (originally 90\) seconds to answer as many questions as possible. The value of the questions are $25, $50, $75 or $100\. One icon on the board is called "Double Click", where the team can double their current score with a correct answer. A team earned $100 if they had no money after a Double Click answer. During the second season, regular questions were no longer at the motherboard; instead, they were now at another station called "Hard Drive". One player stood at the motherboard clicking while his/her partner ran to one of the three stations. Also, the "Word Wizard" was renamed the "Chat Room". The "Web Site" stayed the same. If the first player missed the question their partner at the motherboard had a chance to answer the question. ### Level Two Starting with the lowest\-scoring team, each team keeps control of the mouse as long as they answer questions correctly. If there was a tie for second place after level one, there was a coin flip during the commercial break and the winner of the coin flip gets to start. If at any time they miss a question, the opposing teams at the main podiums can buzz in and steal control. Landing on a "Virus" ("Crash" in the second season) meant a question was asked to the teams at the podiums for control. If neither team answered correctly, the first team kept control. Question values are still worth anywhere from $25–$100\. ### Level Three—Speed Round Host Seacrest now controlled the mouse, because all three teams had a chance to play every question. In season 2, Seacrest had his back to the board while controlling the mouse. One member of each team stood at a different station while their partners remained at the podiums. After the station was chosen, the player at the appropriate place would hear the question and have a chance to answer for $100\. A wrong answer meant that the players at the podiums would have a chance to buzz in and take the money. After several questions, an off\-stage prerecorded voice yelled, "SWITCH! SWITCH! SWITCH!" Then the players swapped places with their teammates and more questions were asked. When time is up in Level 3, the top\-scoring team won the game and advanced to the Bonus Level. All three teams kept their money. The losing teams also received consolation prizes. In case of a tie for first place, or a three\-way tie at the end, one final question was asked, and the team who buzzed in with a correct answer moved on to the Bonus Level. ### Bonus Level In the Bonus Level, the winning team attempted to answer three questions within the time limit to win a pair of computers. In the first season, the team had 45 seconds to answer any three correct questions to win the grand prize. Each correct answer was worth a prize. In season two, the team had 60 seconds, but the three correct answers had to be given consecutively to win the computers otherwise they get a consolation prize. Each correct answer in the second season Bonus Level was worth $100 win or lose (regardless of whether or not they were consecutive).
[ "Rounds\n------", "### Level One", "Each team takes turns facing the computer. They each have 60 (originally 90\\) seconds to answer as many questions as possible. The value of the questions are $25, $50, $75 or $100\\. One icon on the board is called \"Double Click\", where the team can double their current score with a correct answer. A team earned $100 if they had no money after a Double Click answer.", "During the second season, regular questions were no longer at the motherboard; instead, they were now at another station called \"Hard Drive\". One player stood at the motherboard clicking while his/her partner ran to one of the three stations. Also, the \"Word Wizard\" was renamed the \"Chat Room\". The \"Web Site\" stayed the same. If the first player missed the question their partner at the motherboard had a chance to answer the question.", "### Level Two", "Starting with the lowest\\-scoring team, each team keeps control of the mouse as long as they answer questions correctly. If there was a tie for second place after level one, there was a coin flip during the commercial break and the winner of the coin flip gets to start. If at any time they miss a question, the opposing teams at the main podiums can buzz in and steal control. Landing on a \"Virus\" (\"Crash\" in the second season) meant a question was asked to the teams at the podiums for control. If neither team answered correctly, the first team kept control. Question values are still worth anywhere from $25–$100\\.", "### Level Three—Speed Round", "Host Seacrest now controlled the mouse, because all three teams had a chance to play every question. In season 2, Seacrest had his back to the board while controlling the mouse. One member of each team stood at a different station while their partners remained at the podiums. After the station was chosen, the player at the appropriate place would hear the question and have a chance to answer for $100\\. A wrong answer meant that the players at the podiums would have a chance to buzz in and take the money.", "After several questions, an off\\-stage prerecorded voice yelled, \"SWITCH! SWITCH! SWITCH!\" Then the players swapped places with their teammates and more questions were asked. When time is up in Level 3, the top\\-scoring team won the game and advanced to the Bonus Level. All three teams kept their money. The losing teams also received consolation prizes.", "In case of a tie for first place, or a three\\-way tie at the end, one final question was asked, and the team who buzzed in with a correct answer moved on to the Bonus Level.", "### Bonus Level", "In the Bonus Level, the winning team attempted to answer three questions within the time limit to win a pair of computers. In the first season, the team had 45 seconds to answer any three correct questions to win the grand prize. Each correct answer was worth a prize. In season two, the team had 60 seconds, but the three correct answers had to be given consecutively to win the computers otherwise they get a consolation prize. Each correct answer in the second season Bonus Level was worth $100 win or lose (regardless of whether or not they were consecutive).", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{US Census population \|1910\= 322 \|1920\= 737 \|1930\= 572 \|1940\= 548 \|1950\= 961 \|1960\= 1562 \|1970\= 1244 \|1980\= 1241 \|1990\= 1016 \|2000\= 1026 \|2010\= 995 \|2020\= 879 \|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}} }} ### 2010 census As of the [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census "2010 United States Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-18}} of 2010, there were 995 people, 417 households, and 254 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|938\.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 504 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|475\.5\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census") of the city was 95\.1% White, 0\.3% Native American, 0\.3% Asian, 1\.7% from other races, and 2\.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3\.0% of the population. There were 417 households, of which 30\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 13\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39\.1% were non\-families. 34\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.35 and the average family size was 3\.03\. The median age in the city was 41\.2 years. 26\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\.6% were from 25 to 44; 26\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 18\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51\.8% male and 48\.2% female. ### 2000 census As of the [2000 United States Census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census "2000 United States Census"){{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 1,026 people, 427 households, and 269 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,163\.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 505 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|572\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census "Race and ethnicity in the United States Census") of the city was 95\.13% White, 0\.49% African American, 1\.36% Native American, 1\.75% from other races, and 1\.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3\.61% of the population.[thumb\|225px\|City office / Recreation Hall on Main Street in Arco](/wiki/Image:DSC01126_-_Arco%2C_Idaho.jpg "DSC01126 - Arco, Idaho.jpg") There were 427 households, out of which 29\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 11\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\.0% were non\-families. 34\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.35 and the average family size was 3\.04\. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27\.9% under the age of 18, 6\.8% from 18 to 24, 22\.4% from 25 to 44, 25\.8% from 45 to 64, and 17\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $27,993, and the median income for a family was $34,688\. Males had a median income of $34,688 versus $17,386 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $14,744\. About 19\.6% of families and 22\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_threshold "Poverty threshold"), including 33\.8% of those under age 18 and 15\.8% of those age 65 or over.
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{US Census population\n\\|1910\\= 322\n\\|1920\\= 737\n\\|1930\\= 572\n\\|1940\\= 548\n\\|1950\\= 961\n\\|1960\\= 1562\n\\|1970\\= 1244\n\\|1980\\= 1241\n\\|1990\\= 1016\n\\|2000\\= 1026\n\\|2010\\= 995\n\\|2020\\= 879\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}\n}}", "### 2010 census", "As of the [2010 United States Census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-18}} of 2010, there were 995 people, 417 households, and 254 families living in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|938\\.7\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 504 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|475\\.5\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\") of the city was 95\\.1% White, 0\\.3% Native American, 0\\.3% Asian, 1\\.7% from other races, and 2\\.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3\\.0% of the population.", "There were 417 households, of which 30\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\\.4% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39\\.1% were non\\-families. 34\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.35 and the average family size was 3\\.03\\.", "The median age in the city was 41\\.2 years. 26\\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21\\.6% were from 25 to 44; 26\\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 18\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51\\.8% male and 48\\.2% female.", "### 2000 census", "As of the [2000 United States Census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census \"2000 United States Census\"){{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} of 2000, there were 1,026 people, 427 households, and 269 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,163\\.9\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 505 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|572\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\") of the city was 95\\.13% White, 0\\.49% African American, 1\\.36% Native American, 1\\.75% from other races, and 1\\.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3\\.61% of the population.[thumb\\|225px\\|City office / Recreation Hall \non Main Street in Arco](/wiki/Image:DSC01126_-_Arco%2C_Idaho.jpg \"DSC01126 - Arco, Idaho.jpg\")", "There were 427 households, out of which 29\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 11\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37\\.0% were non\\-families. 34\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.35 and the average family size was 3\\.04\\.", "In the city, the population was spread out, with 27\\.9% under the age of 18, 6\\.8% from 18 to 24, 22\\.4% from 25 to 44, 25\\.8% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\\.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.7 males.", "The median income for a household in the city was $27,993, and the median income for a family was $34,688\\. Males had a median income of $34,688 versus $17,386 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $14,744\\. About 19\\.6% of families and 22\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_threshold \"Poverty threshold\"), including 33\\.8% of those under age 18 and 15\\.8% of those age 65 or over.", "" ]
Political career ---------------- He was the secretary of the [Dawes Commission](/wiki/Dawes_Commission "Dawes Commission"), engaged in distributing the estates of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians in the then Indian Territory. He served as prosecuting attorney of the fifth judicial district 1904\-1908\. He served as a member of the State Democratic central committee 1910\-1912\. ### Congress Jacoway was elected as a [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 "Democratic Party (United States)") to the [Sixty\-second](/wiki/62nd_United_States_Congress "62nd United States Congress") and to the five succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1923\). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1922\. ### Later career and death He moved to [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas "Little Rock, Arkansas"), in 1922 and served as vice president of the People's Savings Bank from 1923 to 1929\.He resumed the practice of law. Regional counsel of the Social Security Board for the States of [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas "Arkansas"), [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri "Missouri"), Oklahoma, and Kansas from 1936 to 1945\. He died in [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas "Little Rock, Arkansas"), August 4, 1947\. He was interred in Roselawn Cemetery.
[ "Political career\n----------------", "He was the secretary of the [Dawes Commission](/wiki/Dawes_Commission \"Dawes Commission\"), engaged in distributing the estates of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians in the then Indian Territory.", "He served as prosecuting attorney of the fifth judicial district 1904\\-1908\\.\nHe served as a member of the State Democratic central committee 1910\\-1912\\.", "### Congress", "Jacoway was elected as a [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") to the [Sixty\\-second](/wiki/62nd_United_States_Congress \"62nd United States Congress\") and to the five succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1923\\).\nHe was not a candidate for renomination in 1922\\.", "### Later career and death", "He moved to [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas \"Little Rock, Arkansas\"), in 1922 and served as vice president of the People's Savings Bank from 1923 to 1929\\.He resumed the practice of law.\nRegional counsel of the Social Security Board for the States of [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas \"Arkansas\"), [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri \"Missouri\"), Oklahoma, and Kansas from 1936 to 1945\\.", "He died in [Little Rock, Arkansas](/wiki/Little_Rock%2C_Arkansas \"Little Rock, Arkansas\"), August 4, 1947\\.\nHe was interred in Roselawn Cemetery.", "" ]
Management ---------- The AONB is managed by a Joint Committee. Formed in 2014, through a joint agreement by the three local authority councils of [Denbighshire County Council](/wiki/Denbighshire_County_Council "Denbighshire County Council"), [Flintshire County Council](/wiki/Flintshire_County_Council "Flintshire County Council"), and Wrexham County Borough Council, it is made up of lead members from the three authorities, each of which holds the power to act on behalf of the local authorities they represent. Denbighshire County Council is the leading council on the Joint Committee.{{Cite web \|title\=How you can have a say on future of Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB \|url\=https://www.thenational.wales/environment/19983085\.clwydian\-range\-dee\-valley\-aonb\-say/ \|access\-date\=2022\-03\-14 \|website\=The National Wales \|language\=en}} The committee is supported by an Officers Working Group, which consists of officers from the three local authorities. In addition to the officers, the Joint Committee is supported by [Natural Resources Wales](/wiki/Natural_Resources_Wales "Natural Resources Wales") (NRW), and the AONB partnership including 25 groups and organisations such as: the Welsh Government, [Cadw](/wiki/Cadw "Cadw"), Cadwyn Clwyd, [Glandŵr Cymru \- the Canal \& River Trust in Wales](/wiki/Gland%C5%B5r_Cymru_-_the_Canal_%26_River_Trust_in_Wales "Glandŵr Cymru - the Canal & River Trust in Wales"), the [National Trust](/wiki/National_Trust "National Trust"), [North Wales Wildlife Trust](/wiki/North_Wales_Wildlife_Trust "North Wales Wildlife Trust"), and [Public Health Wales](/wiki/Public_Health_Wales "Public Health Wales").{{Cite book \|url\=https://www.flintshire.gov.uk/en/PDFFiles/Planning/AONB\-Consultation/SPG\-Clwydian\-Range\-and\-Dee\-Valley\-Area\-of\-Outstanding\-Natural\-Beauty\-AONB.pdf \|title\=Supplementary Planning Guidance Note — Clwydian Range and Dee Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) \|publisher\=\[\[Flintshire County Council]] \|year\=2018 \|location\=flintshire.gov.uk}}{{Cite web \|title\=AONB Governance and Management \|url\=https://www.clwydianrangeanddeevalleyaonb.org.uk/projects/aonb\-governance\-and\-management/ \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=21 July 2021 \|website\=Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB \|language\=en\-US\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810154509/https://www.clwydianrangeanddeevalleyaonb.org.uk/projects/aonb\-governance\-and\-management/ \|archive\-date\=10 August 2020 }}{{Cite book \|url\=https://www.denbighshire.gov.uk/en/documents/planning\-and\-building\-regulations/ldp/supplementary\-planning\-guidance/adopted\-spg\-documents/clwydian\-range\-and\-dee\-valley\-area\-of\-outstanding\-natural\-beauty.pdf \|title\=Supplementary Planning Guidance Note — Clwydian Range and Dee Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) \|publisher\=\[\[Denbighshire County Council]] \|year\=2018 \|location\=denbighshire.gov.uk}} The partnership also includes other key stakeholders, such as [community councils](/wiki/Community_%28Wales%29 "Community (Wales)"), statutory agencies, landowners, [farmers](/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales "Agriculture in Wales"), and members representing [conservation](/wiki/Conservation_groups "Conservation groups") and [recreation](/wiki/Recreation "Recreation") interests and groups. Under the [Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000](/wiki/Countryside_and_Rights_of_Way_Act_2000 "Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000"), local authorities are responsible for developing an AONB management plan. This plan is constructed in consultation with the advisory committees such as the AONB partnership, which reports and advises the joint committee in the development and completion of the AONB Management Plan. The management plan sets out the policies the local authorities want to enact for the management of the AONB and how these policies would be implemented and achieved, providing a framework of permitted activities in the AONB. The management plan is required to take into consideration various issues of the AONB and not be limited to only environmental priorities, but also to analyse and address social and economic issues in the AONB. The 2000 act mandates that management plans have to be revised no less than every five years, with Natural Resources Wales (formed from a merger including the Countryside Council for Wales in 2013\) providing funding for AONB management to the local authorities, allocated based on the AONB's management plan's policies. Joint committees are required to notify NRW when they are intending to publish their management plan. The same act places a duty on public bodies; including [private utility companies](/wiki/Private_utility "Private utility") to respect efforts made to conserve, protect, and enhance the AONBs natural beauty. The AONB designation shares the same status in terms of [planning](/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_Wales "Town and country planning in Wales") with national parks, however, unlike national parks, AONBs do not have their own planning authorities. Instead, the powers are exercised by the relevant unitary authorities on behalf of the AONB. These powers would likely be transferred to a newly designated national park planning authority if the proposals to redesignate the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB into a national park are followed through. ### Other designations There are 22 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in the AONB, accounting for {{Cvt\|9097\.34\|ha\|km2}} or 23\.36% of the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB's area. There are 3 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) accounting for {{Cvt\|8028\.37\|ha\|km2}} or 20\.62% of the AONB's area. One [Special Protection Area](/wiki/Special_Protection_Area "Special Protection Area") covering the Berwyn range is partly within the AONB boundaries, covering {{Cvt\|2555\|ha\|km2}} or 6\.56% of the AONB. 162 [Wildlife Sites](/wiki/County_Wildlife_Site "County Wildlife Site") are in the AONB, covering a combined {{Cvt\|3451\.92\|ha\|km2}} or 8\.87% of the area, one [local nature reserve](/wiki/Local_nature_reserve "Local nature reserve") (LNR) covering {{Cvt\|21\.33\|ha\|m2}} at [Moel Findeg](/wiki/List_of_local_nature_reserves_in_Wales "List of local nature reserves in Wales"), and 73 [regionally important geological sites](/wiki/Regionally_important_geological_site "Regionally important geological site") (RIGS) covering {{Cvt\|676\.45\|ha\|km2}}, 1\.74% of the AONB. Twelve of the SSSIs involve geological features, with the four limestone [cave systems](/wiki/Cave_systems "Cave systems") in the AONB protected with the SSSI designation: * + - {{columns\-list\|\* \[\[Alyn Gorge]] caves, within the \[\[Alyn Valley Woods and Alyn Gorge Caves]] SSSI \* Cae Gwyn and Ffynnon Beuno caves, within the \[\[Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Caves]] SSSI \* Tremeirchion Caves, within the Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Caves SSSI \* Minera Caves, such as \[\[Ogof Dydd Byraf]] and \[\[Ogof Llyn Parc]], within the \[\[Ruabon/Llantysilio Mountains and Minera]] SSSI\|colwidth\=30em}} Many of the rivers in the AONB have some sort of designation, the River Dee is designated as a SAC and [SSSI](/wiki/Afon_Dyfrdwy_%28River_Dee%29_SSSI "Afon Dyfrdwy (River Dee) SSSI"), whereas {{Cvt\|3\.31\|km\|mi}} or 16\.93% of the River Alyn are within the boundaries of an SAC, and {{Cvt\|1\.43\|km\|mi}} or 16\.46% of the River Wheeler passes through designated wildlife sites. {{Cvt\|1\.06\|km\|mi}} or 8\.16% of the River Alyn is within Loggerheads Country Park, and {{Cvt\|1\.73\|km\|mi}} or 5\.01% of the River Dee is within either [Tŷ Mawr Country Park](/wiki/T%C5%B7_Mawr_Country_Park "Tŷ Mawr Country Park") or Denbighshire Countryside Sites. There are ten Iron Age hillforts, three motte and bailey castles (Tomen y Rhodwydd, Tomen y Faerdre, and Glyndŵr's Mount), castle ruins at [Dyserth Castle](/wiki/Dyserth_Castle "Dyserth Castle"), and two 13th Century stone castles at Chirk and Dinas Brân, in the AONB.
[ "Management\n----------", "The AONB is managed by a Joint Committee. Formed in 2014, through a joint agreement by the three local authority councils of [Denbighshire County Council](/wiki/Denbighshire_County_Council \"Denbighshire County Council\"), [Flintshire County Council](/wiki/Flintshire_County_Council \"Flintshire County Council\"), and Wrexham County Borough Council, it is made up of lead members from the three authorities, each of which holds the power to act on behalf of the local authorities they represent. Denbighshire County Council is the leading council on the Joint Committee.{{Cite web \\|title\\=How you can have a say on future of Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB \\|url\\=https://www.thenational.wales/environment/19983085\\.clwydian\\-range\\-dee\\-valley\\-aonb\\-say/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-03\\-14 \\|website\\=The National Wales \\|language\\=en}} The committee is supported by an Officers Working Group, which consists of officers from the three local authorities. In addition to the officers, the Joint Committee is supported by [Natural Resources Wales](/wiki/Natural_Resources_Wales \"Natural Resources Wales\") (NRW), and the AONB partnership including 25 groups and organisations such as: the Welsh Government, [Cadw](/wiki/Cadw \"Cadw\"), Cadwyn Clwyd, [Glandŵr Cymru \\- the Canal \\& River Trust in Wales](/wiki/Gland%C5%B5r_Cymru_-_the_Canal_%26_River_Trust_in_Wales \"Glandŵr Cymru - the Canal & River Trust in Wales\"), the [National Trust](/wiki/National_Trust \"National Trust\"), [North Wales Wildlife Trust](/wiki/North_Wales_Wildlife_Trust \"North Wales Wildlife Trust\"), and [Public Health Wales](/wiki/Public_Health_Wales \"Public Health Wales\").{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://www.flintshire.gov.uk/en/PDFFiles/Planning/AONB\\-Consultation/SPG\\-Clwydian\\-Range\\-and\\-Dee\\-Valley\\-Area\\-of\\-Outstanding\\-Natural\\-Beauty\\-AONB.pdf \\|title\\=Supplementary Planning Guidance Note — Clwydian Range and Dee Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Flintshire County Council]] \\|year\\=2018 \\|location\\=flintshire.gov.uk}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=AONB Governance and Management \\|url\\=https://www.clwydianrangeanddeevalleyaonb.org.uk/projects/aonb\\-governance\\-and\\-management/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2021 \\|website\\=Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810154509/https://www.clwydianrangeanddeevalleyaonb.org.uk/projects/aonb\\-governance\\-and\\-management/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 August 2020 }}{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://www.denbighshire.gov.uk/en/documents/planning\\-and\\-building\\-regulations/ldp/supplementary\\-planning\\-guidance/adopted\\-spg\\-documents/clwydian\\-range\\-and\\-dee\\-valley\\-area\\-of\\-outstanding\\-natural\\-beauty.pdf \\|title\\=Supplementary Planning Guidance Note — Clwydian Range and Dee Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Denbighshire County Council]] \\|year\\=2018 \\|location\\=denbighshire.gov.uk}} The partnership also includes other key stakeholders, such as [community councils](/wiki/Community_%28Wales%29 \"Community (Wales)\"), statutory agencies, landowners, [farmers](/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales \"Agriculture in Wales\"), and members representing [conservation](/wiki/Conservation_groups \"Conservation groups\") and [recreation](/wiki/Recreation \"Recreation\") interests and groups.", "Under the [Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000](/wiki/Countryside_and_Rights_of_Way_Act_2000 \"Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000\"), local authorities are responsible for developing an AONB management plan. This plan is constructed in consultation with the advisory committees such as the AONB partnership, which reports and advises the joint committee in the development and completion of the AONB Management Plan. The management plan sets out the policies the local authorities want to enact for the management of the AONB and how these policies would be implemented and achieved, providing a framework of permitted activities in the AONB. The management plan is required to take into consideration various issues of the AONB and not be limited to only environmental priorities, but also to analyse and address social and economic issues in the AONB. The 2000 act mandates that management plans have to be revised no less than every five years, with Natural Resources Wales (formed from a merger including the Countryside Council for Wales in 2013\\) providing funding for AONB management to the local authorities, allocated based on the AONB's management plan's policies. Joint committees are required to notify NRW when they are intending to publish their management plan. The same act places a duty on public bodies; including [private utility companies](/wiki/Private_utility \"Private utility\") to respect efforts made to conserve, protect, and enhance the AONBs natural beauty.", "The AONB designation shares the same status in terms of [planning](/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_Wales \"Town and country planning in Wales\") with national parks, however, unlike national parks, AONBs do not have their own planning authorities. Instead, the powers are exercised by the relevant unitary authorities on behalf of the AONB. These powers would likely be transferred to a newly designated national park planning authority if the proposals to redesignate the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB into a national park are followed through.", "### Other designations", "There are 22 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in the AONB, accounting for {{Cvt\\|9097\\.34\\|ha\\|km2}} or 23\\.36% of the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB's area. There are 3 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) accounting for {{Cvt\\|8028\\.37\\|ha\\|km2}} or 20\\.62% of the AONB's area. One [Special Protection Area](/wiki/Special_Protection_Area \"Special Protection Area\") covering the Berwyn range is partly within the AONB boundaries, covering {{Cvt\\|2555\\|ha\\|km2}} or 6\\.56% of the AONB. 162 [Wildlife Sites](/wiki/County_Wildlife_Site \"County Wildlife Site\") are in the AONB, covering a combined {{Cvt\\|3451\\.92\\|ha\\|km2}} or 8\\.87% of the area, one [local nature reserve](/wiki/Local_nature_reserve \"Local nature reserve\") (LNR) covering {{Cvt\\|21\\.33\\|ha\\|m2}} at [Moel Findeg](/wiki/List_of_local_nature_reserves_in_Wales \"List of local nature reserves in Wales\"), and 73 [regionally important geological sites](/wiki/Regionally_important_geological_site \"Regionally important geological site\") (RIGS) covering {{Cvt\\|676\\.45\\|ha\\|km2}}, 1\\.74% of the AONB.", "Twelve of the SSSIs involve geological features, with the four limestone [cave systems](/wiki/Cave_systems \"Cave systems\") in the AONB protected with the SSSI designation:", "* + - {{columns\\-list\\|\\* \\[\\[Alyn Gorge]] caves, within the \\[\\[Alyn Valley Woods and Alyn Gorge Caves]] SSSI\n\t\t\\* Cae Gwyn and Ffynnon Beuno caves, within the \\[\\[Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Caves]] SSSI\n\t\t\\* Tremeirchion Caves, within the Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Caves SSSI\n\t\t\\* Minera Caves, such as \\[\\[Ogof Dydd Byraf]] and \\[\\[Ogof Llyn Parc]], within the \\[\\[Ruabon/Llantysilio Mountains and Minera]] SSSI\\|colwidth\\=30em}}", "Many of the rivers in the AONB have some sort of designation, the River Dee is designated as a SAC and [SSSI](/wiki/Afon_Dyfrdwy_%28River_Dee%29_SSSI \"Afon Dyfrdwy (River Dee) SSSI\"), whereas {{Cvt\\|3\\.31\\|km\\|mi}} or 16\\.93% of the River Alyn are within the boundaries of an SAC, and {{Cvt\\|1\\.43\\|km\\|mi}} or 16\\.46% of the River Wheeler passes through designated wildlife sites. {{Cvt\\|1\\.06\\|km\\|mi}} or 8\\.16% of the River Alyn is within Loggerheads Country Park, and {{Cvt\\|1\\.73\\|km\\|mi}} or 5\\.01% of the River Dee is within either [Tŷ Mawr Country Park](/wiki/T%C5%B7_Mawr_Country_Park \"Tŷ Mawr Country Park\") or Denbighshire Countryside Sites.", "There are ten Iron Age hillforts, three motte and bailey castles (Tomen y Rhodwydd, Tomen y Faerdre, and Glyndŵr's Mount), castle ruins at [Dyserth Castle](/wiki/Dyserth_Castle \"Dyserth Castle\"), and two 13th Century stone castles at Chirk and Dinas Brân, in the AONB.", "" ]
Recreation and tourism ---------------------- Notable outdoor activities in the AONB include: [water\-based activities](/wiki/Watersports "Watersports") ([kayaking](/wiki/Kayaking "Kayaking"), [whitewater rafting](/wiki/Whitewater_Rafting "Whitewater Rafting") and others), [hillclimbing](/wiki/Hillclimbing_in_the_British_Isles "Hillclimbing in the British Isles") and [abseilling](/wiki/Abseiling "Abseiling"), [paragliding](/wiki/Paragliding "Paragliding"), [paintball](/wiki/Paintball "Paintball"), [bushcraft](/wiki/Bushcraft "Bushcraft"), [fishing](/wiki/Fishing "Fishing"), and [archery](/wiki/Archery "Archery"). Accommodation in the AONB is mainly concentrated in the towns of Llangollen and Corwen, in addition to settlements just outside the AONB. [Mountain biking](/wiki/Mountain_biking_in_the_United_Kingdom "Mountain biking in the United Kingdom") is popular for tourists and locals to the AONB. Coed Llandegla is regarded to be a national hub for mountain biking, with up to 150,000 visitors every year on its {{cvt\|44\|km\|mi}} of bike paths. The [NCN5](/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_5 "National Cycle Route 5"), part of the [National Cycle Network](/wiki/National_Cycle_Network "National Cycle Network"), just passes outside the AONB in Prestatyn on the north Wales coast. The [International Music Eisteddfod](/wiki/Llangollen_International_Musical_Eisteddfod "Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod") is held in Llangollen annually, occurring over 6 days in mid\-July, the event attracts more than 50,000 people. Other cultural events in the AONB include three walking festivals, two food festivals, and other local outdoor events. ### Hiking The AONB is covered in an extensive network of [public right of ways](/wiki/Public_right-of-way "Public right-of-way") and permissive walking routes for tourists and locals to use for walks or [hikes](/wiki/Hikes "Hikes"). According to Denbighshire County Council, there are {{cvt\|772\.6\|km\|mi}} of public rights of way and {{cvt\|324\.4\|km\|mi}} of "promoted routes". [Offa's Dyke National Trail](/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke_Path "Offa's Dyke Path") passes through the AONB. From south to north, the northernmost section of the path spans {{cvt\|73\|km\|mi}} in the AONB. It enters the AONB at Chirk Castle and Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, it continues past [Trevor Hall](/wiki/Trevor_Hall%2C_Denbighshire "Trevor Hall, Denbighshire"), before becoming the Panorama Walk as it passes the Trevor and Eglwyseg rocks, with Castell Dinas Brân overlooking the path from a nearby hill. It then passes World's End and [Craig y Forwyn](/wiki/Craig_y_Forwyn_%28Denbighshire%29 "Craig y Forwyn (Denbighshire)"), before cutting through Maesyrchen Mountain before reaching Llandegla Forest and Llandegla. The path then transverses across the Clwydian Range passing sites such as Moel Famau, before reaching Bodfari, where it crosses the River Wheeler. It continues along the range, crossing the A55 at Rhuallt, passing Cwm and [Dyserth](/wiki/Dyserth "Dyserth"), before reaching Prestatyn and the Irish Sea.{{Cite web \|title\=Offa's Dyke Path Information \|url\=https://www.nationaltrail.co.uk/en\_GB/trails/offas\-dyke\-path/trail\-information/ \|access\-date\=2021\-10\-09 \|website\=National Trails \|language\=en\-GB}} The path attracts 33,000 people annually, and its most popular section of the path is between the ridgeline of the Clwydian Range and the Jubilee Tower on Moel Famau. Other named and waymarked footpaths passing through the AONB include the [Dee Valley Way](/wiki/Dee_Valley_Way "Dee Valley Way") (between Corwen and Llangollen), the North Wales Pilgrims Way (passing at Tremeirchion), and the North Berwyn Way. Footpaths from outside the AONB connect with the towns of Corwen (where it meets the Brenig Way) and Prestatyn (which is on the [Wales Coast Path](/wiki/Wales_Coast_Path "Wales Coast Path")).{{Citation needed\|date\=April 2023}} Most paths in the AONB are described to be in good condition, with the AONB stating they aim to improve the conditions of paths that are in deteriorating condition. There is an extensive [bridleway](/wiki/Bridleway "Bridleway") network in the AONB, with its network regarded to be more extensive than in the local authorities overall, with part of Denbighshire's {{cvt\|183\|km\|mi}} of bridleways in the AONB. The Sea Horse Ride horseriding route, part of the National Bridleroute Network, runs in the south of the AONB. It is {{cvt\|53\|mi\|km}} long, with some parts on roads, and runs from Glyndyfrdwy in the Dee Valley to [Talacre](/wiki/Talacre "Talacre") north of the AONB on the north Wales coast.
[ "Recreation and tourism\n----------------------", "Notable outdoor activities in the AONB include: [water\\-based activities](/wiki/Watersports \"Watersports\") ([kayaking](/wiki/Kayaking \"Kayaking\"), [whitewater rafting](/wiki/Whitewater_Rafting \"Whitewater Rafting\") and others), [hillclimbing](/wiki/Hillclimbing_in_the_British_Isles \"Hillclimbing in the British Isles\") and [abseilling](/wiki/Abseiling \"Abseiling\"), [paragliding](/wiki/Paragliding \"Paragliding\"), [paintball](/wiki/Paintball \"Paintball\"), [bushcraft](/wiki/Bushcraft \"Bushcraft\"), [fishing](/wiki/Fishing \"Fishing\"), and [archery](/wiki/Archery \"Archery\"). Accommodation in the AONB is mainly concentrated in the towns of Llangollen and Corwen, in addition to settlements just outside the AONB.", "[Mountain biking](/wiki/Mountain_biking_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Mountain biking in the United Kingdom\") is popular for tourists and locals to the AONB. Coed Llandegla is regarded to be a national hub for mountain biking, with up to 150,000 visitors every year on its {{cvt\\|44\\|km\\|mi}} of bike paths. The [NCN5](/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_5 \"National Cycle Route 5\"), part of the [National Cycle Network](/wiki/National_Cycle_Network \"National Cycle Network\"), just passes outside the AONB in Prestatyn on the north Wales coast.", "The [International Music Eisteddfod](/wiki/Llangollen_International_Musical_Eisteddfod \"Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod\") is held in Llangollen annually, occurring over 6 days in mid\\-July, the event attracts more than 50,000 people. Other cultural events in the AONB include three walking festivals, two food festivals, and other local outdoor events.", "### Hiking", "The AONB is covered in an extensive network of [public right of ways](/wiki/Public_right-of-way \"Public right-of-way\") and permissive walking routes for tourists and locals to use for walks or [hikes](/wiki/Hikes \"Hikes\"). According to Denbighshire County Council, there are {{cvt\\|772\\.6\\|km\\|mi}} of public rights of way and {{cvt\\|324\\.4\\|km\\|mi}} of \"promoted routes\".", "[Offa's Dyke National Trail](/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke_Path \"Offa's Dyke Path\") passes through the AONB. From south to north, the northernmost section of the path spans {{cvt\\|73\\|km\\|mi}} in the AONB. It enters the AONB at Chirk Castle and Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, it continues past [Trevor Hall](/wiki/Trevor_Hall%2C_Denbighshire \"Trevor Hall, Denbighshire\"), before becoming the Panorama Walk as it passes the Trevor and Eglwyseg rocks, with Castell Dinas Brân overlooking the path from a nearby hill. It then passes World's End and [Craig y Forwyn](/wiki/Craig_y_Forwyn_%28Denbighshire%29 \"Craig y Forwyn (Denbighshire)\"), before cutting through Maesyrchen Mountain before reaching Llandegla Forest and Llandegla. The path then transverses across the Clwydian Range passing sites such as Moel Famau, before reaching Bodfari, where it crosses the River Wheeler. It continues along the range, crossing the A55 at Rhuallt, passing Cwm and [Dyserth](/wiki/Dyserth \"Dyserth\"), before reaching Prestatyn and the Irish Sea.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Offa's Dyke Path Information \\|url\\=https://www.nationaltrail.co.uk/en\\_GB/trails/offas\\-dyke\\-path/trail\\-information/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-09 \\|website\\=National Trails \\|language\\=en\\-GB}} The path attracts 33,000 people annually, and its most popular section of the path is between the ridgeline of the Clwydian Range and the Jubilee Tower on Moel Famau.", "Other named and waymarked footpaths passing through the AONB include the [Dee Valley Way](/wiki/Dee_Valley_Way \"Dee Valley Way\") (between Corwen and Llangollen), the North Wales Pilgrims Way (passing at Tremeirchion), and the North Berwyn Way. Footpaths from outside the AONB connect with the towns of Corwen (where it meets the Brenig Way) and Prestatyn (which is on the [Wales Coast Path](/wiki/Wales_Coast_Path \"Wales Coast Path\")).{{Citation needed\\|date\\=April 2023}}", "Most paths in the AONB are described to be in good condition, with the AONB stating they aim to improve the conditions of paths that are in deteriorating condition.", "There is an extensive [bridleway](/wiki/Bridleway \"Bridleway\") network in the AONB, with its network regarded to be more extensive than in the local authorities overall, with part of Denbighshire's {{cvt\\|183\\|km\\|mi}} of bridleways in the AONB. The Sea Horse Ride horseriding route, part of the National Bridleroute Network, runs in the south of the AONB. It is {{cvt\\|53\\|mi\\|km}} long, with some parts on roads, and runs from Glyndyfrdwy in the Dee Valley to [Talacre](/wiki/Talacre \"Talacre\") north of the AONB on the north Wales coast.", "" ]
History ------- ### Development William Richard "Bill" Parkhouse, an ex [Royal Naval Air Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service "Royal Naval Air Service") (RNAS) pilot, established the Agra Engineering Company as a motor company in [Teignmouth](/wiki/Teignmouth "Teignmouth") after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). He had hoped to expand by becoming the [West Country](/wiki/West_Country "West Country") dealer for [De Havilland](/wiki/De_Havilland "De Havilland") aircraft, and wanted a flying field for himself. In 1928 he rented {{Convert\|80\|acre\|ha\|}} of [heathland](/wiki/Heath "Heath") to the north\-west of Teignmouth. There are not many flat areas in the region, and despite the rough ground and the altitude of the field leading to regular high winds and low cloud, he established an airfield. The land was rolled as flat as possible with a concrete roller pulled by an ancient tractor, and boundaries were marked with some white\-painted rocks. By this time the local De Havilland dealership had been awarded to another company, and Parkhouse gained a concession from the [Avro](/wiki/Avro "Avro") company{{cite journal \|last1\=Wickstead \|first1\=Maurice \|title\=Forgotten Fields: Haldon Aerodrome, Teignmouth \|journal\=Devon Strut News \|date\=May 2006 \|url\=http://www.devonstrut.co.uk/download/i/mark\_dl/u/4007446039/4529906124/NL0506\.pdf \|accessdate\=22 February 2020}} buying an [Avro Avian](/wiki/Avro_Avian "Avro Avian") III, G\-EBXO. This was the first aircraft to land on the new airfield – Parkhouse flew it in on 6 May 1928\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Saunders \|first1\=Keith A \|title\=Air Racing at Haldon \|journal\=Aeroplane \|date\=June 2000 \|volume\=28 \|issue\=326 \|pages\=78–81}} As there was no hangar on the airfield he folded the wings and towed the aircraft into town, placing it in his car showroom.{{cite web \|title\=Exeter Airport \|url\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/airport.php \|website\=Exeter Memories \|accessdate\=22 February 2020}} A small corrugated iron hangar was built, capable of holding two light aircraft, and a fuel tank and pump installed. A landing circle was marked out and also the name "Haldon" in {{Convert\|16\|ft\|m}} high letters. Parkhouse started giving flying lessons, and one of his first pupils was [Whitney Straight](/wiki/Whitney_Straight "Whitney Straight"), who lived at nearby [Dartington Hall](/wiki/Dartington_Hall "Dartington Hall"), who offset some of the cost of the lessons by driving the tractor to help level the field. With Parkhouse's tuition Straight gained his "A" licence a few days after his 17th birthday with 50 hours in his logbook.{{efn\-ua\|Bill Parkhouse was to have a great influence on Straight, convincing him of the concept that led to the founding of the \[\[Straight Corporation]] and their subsequent careers.}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Saunders \|first1\=Keith A \|title\=Straight to the Top \|journal\=Aeroplane \|date\=November 2002 \|volume\=30 \|issue\=355 \|pages\=76–81}} By the end of 1928, the airfield was quite busy, with 13 student pilots. The De Havilland dealership in Teignmouth had not gone well, having not sold any aircraft at all, so in 1929, Parkhouse succeeded in taking it over. He bought one himself, selling the Avian to Whitney Straight, who subsequently bought two more De Havillands, a Gipsy Moth and a Puss Moth, from Parkhouse's agency. Parkhouse also sold aircraft to his friends, and others, and several of them provided him with good business by often upgrading to the latest models. Several also based their aircraft on the airfield. He was proud to boast that his was the only garage in the country that also sold aeroplanes. Parkhouse's ground engineer around 1929 was [Howard Pixton](/wiki/Howard_Pixton "Howard Pixton") who had been [A V Roe](/wiki/Alliott_Verdon_Roe "Alliott Verdon Roe")'s first test pilot before winning the 1914 [Schneider Trophy](/wiki/Schneider_Trophy "Schneider Trophy") races at [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco "Monaco"). He had recently come from [Windermere](/wiki/Windermere "Windermere") in the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District "Lake District") where he had run a small [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane "Floatplane") operation for Avro.{{cite web \|title\=Cecil Howard Pixton \|url\=https://www.waterbird.org.uk/howard\-pixton/ \|website\=Waterbird \- Wings over Windermere \|accessdate\=23 February 2020}} The official opening of the airport took place on 21 September 1929, which Sir [Sefton Brancker](/wiki/Sefton_Brancker "Sefton Brancker"), the Director of Civil Aviation attended, arriving in his Moth appropriately registered G\-EDCA. A flying display was held, but a planned air race was abandoned due to poor weather conditions. The South Devon Flying Club was formed here in 1933,{{cite web \|title\=Haldon \|url\=http://www.ukairfieldguide.net/airfields/Haldon \|website\=UK Airfields \& Airports \|accessdate\=25 February 2020}} One of its first students was [Ruth Fontés](/wiki/Ruth_Font%C3%A9s "Ruth Fontés") who gained her 'A' certificate in a Gipsy Moth on 26 July.{{cite web \|last1\=Riley \|first1\=Gordon \|title\=The amazing story of maverick siblings Luis and Ruth Fontés \|url\=https://www.key.aero/article/luis\-and\-ruth\-fontes \|website\=Key.aero \|publisher\=Key Publishing \|access\-date\=2 January 2024 \|date\=2 September 2021}} The airfield became popular with horse jockeys and trainers visiting local racecourses at [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter "Exeter"), [Newton Abbot](/wiki/Newton_Abbot "Newton Abbot") and [Totnes](/wiki/Totnes "Totnes"). On 20 August 1934 Haldon participated in the inauguration of mail services across the UK by [Railway Air Services](/wiki/Railway_Air_Services "Railway Air Services") (RAS). It was the first stop on the already\-established scheduled route from Plymouth, with further stops at Cardiff and Birmingham en route to Liverpool, flown by a [De Havilland Dragon](/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon "De Havilland Dragon"). 574 letters were delivered on the outward flight, and more on the return the same day. However this was a one\-off as "Teignmounth", as Haldon was known by RAS, was removed from the schedule the next day.{{cite journal \|last1\=Smith \|first1\=Peter \|title\=Post Haste \|journal\=Aeroplane Monthly \|date\=January 2024 \|volume\=52 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=84–85}} On 1 January 1937 Whitney Straight's [Straight Corporation](/wiki/Straight_Corporation "Straight Corporation") formed Haldon Airport Ltd which took over the management of the airport from Parkhouse, and the following year it bought the freehold of the land. Parkhouse was at that time involved with establishing airports at [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth_City_Airport "Plymouth City Airport") and [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter_Airport "Exeter Airport"), both of which projects the Straight Corporation took over, and Parkhouse went on to be the director of Exeter Airport Ltd, and also a member of the board of Airways Union, the Straight Corporation's holding company. The flying club at Haldon became a branch of the Plymouth and District Aero Club, also run by the Straight Corporation.{{cite book \|last1\=Grey \|first1\=CG \|last2\=Bridgman \|first2\=Leonard \|title\=Jane's All the World's Aircraft \|date\=1938 \|publisher\=Sampson Low, Marston \& Co \|location\=London, UK \|isbn\=0\-7153\-5734\-4 \|page\=14a \|edition\=David \& Charles Reprints}} In the summer of 1937 the Devon Gliding Club started, and Whitney Straight was an active member. At the end of 1938 the government's [Civil Air Guard](/wiki/Civil_Air_Guard "Civil Air Guard") subsidised pilot training scheme was started, and 19 applications were received for training at the flying club. [thumb\|A Westland Wessex, G\-EBXK, of Cobham's National Aviation Days.](/wiki/File:Westland_IV_right_front_full_photo_NACA_Aircraft_Circular_No.95.jpg "Westland IV right front full photo NACA Aircraft Circular No.95.jpg") ### Scheduled services **[GWR Air Services](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway "Great Western Railway")** set up the first scheduled service at Haldon. It started on 12 April 1933 as a stop on their twice\-daily [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff_Municipal_Airport "Cardiff Municipal Airport") — Plymouth service. It used [Westland Wessex](/wiki/Westland_IV "Westland IV") airliners leased from [Imperial Airways](/wiki/Imperial_Airways "Imperial Airways"), and a suitably timed bus service connected their passengers with Teignmouth and [Torquay](/wiki/Torquay "Torquay").{{cite web \|title\=Great Western Railway Air Services \|url\=https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/gwr/gwr3304/gwr3304i.jpg \|website\=Airline Timetable Images \|accessdate\=23 February 2020}} The service only lasted until the end of the year, when the airline was merged into the new [Railway Air Services](/wiki/Railway_Air_Services "Railway Air Services"). **[Provincial Airways](/wiki/Provincial_Airways "Provincial Airways")** ran a West Country Air Service between [Croydon Airport](/wiki/Croydon_Airport "Croydon Airport") and Plymouth, with intermediate stops at Southampton and Haldon, which they called Torquay. Starting in November 1933 they used [De Havilland Fox Moths](/wiki/De_Havilland_Fox_Moth "De Havilland Fox Moth"), which in May 1934 were replaced by De Havilland Dragons. During 1935 the service ran twice daily,{{cite web \|title\=Provincial Airways \|url\=https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/prov3403\.htm \|website\=Airline Timetable Images \|accessdate\=23 February 2020}} but ended when the airline closed at the end of the year. [thumb\|DH.89 Dragon Rapide G\-ACPR of Railway Air Services in 1938\.](/wiki/File:DH.89_Dragon_Rapide_G-ACPR_Rly_AS_Ringway_07.38_edited-2.jpg "DH.89 Dragon Rapide G-ACPR Rly AS Ringway 07.38 edited-2.jpg") **Railway Air Services** started a service on 7 May 1934 linking [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport "Liverpool John Lennon Airport") with Plymouth via [Birmingham](/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Aerodrome "Castle Bromwich Aerodrome"), Cardiff and Haldon. They promoted links with [Western Airways](/wiki/Western_Airways "Western Airways") for connecting flights to [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol_%28Whitchurch%29_Airport "Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport") and [Bournemouth](/wiki/Christchurch_Airfield "Christchurch Airfield").{{cite web \|title\=Railway Air Services \|url\=https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ras/ras3405/ras3405i.jpg \|website\=Airline Timetable Images \|accessdate\=23 February 2020}} **Air Dispatch Ltd** during 1934 operated a service from their base in [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon_Airport "Croydon Airport") via Portsmouth and Haldon to Plymouth. The company was founded in 1934, one of several airlines founded by [the Hon. Mrs Victor Bruce](/wiki/Mrs_Victor_Bruce%23Commercial_aviation_1934%E2%80%931936 "Mrs Victor Bruce#Commercial aviation 1934–1936"). Scheduled services moved to Exeter when that airport opened on 31 May 1937\. ### Events After the gathering on the opening day in 1929, annual events were organised at the airport, named the **Haldon Air Rallye** \[sic]. These were very popular events, with participation from the RAF, and including air races, with the Teignmouth Air Trophy being hotly contested. The Rallyes were held on 21 June 1930 and 5 September 1931\. [thumb\|Alex Henshaw's Percival Mew Gull G\-AEXF still flying in 2015\.](/wiki/File:Percival_Mew_Gull_in_flight.jpg "Percival Mew Gull in flight.jpg") After a break, the next Rallye was held as part of the **Devon Air Day**, on 27 July 1937\. Now in the hands of the Straight Corporation the other local Straight airports at Exeter and Plymouth held shows on the same day, and Parkhouse himself did the commentary at Haldon. A formation of three [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force "Royal Air Force") [Saunders\-Roe London](/wiki/Saunders-Roe_London "Saunders-Roe London") [flying boats](/wiki/Flying_boat "Flying boat") and another of three [Gloster Gauntlets](/wiki/Gloster_Gauntlet "Gloster Gauntlet") did low flypasts at all three airports. An air race started and finished at Plymouth, with turning points at Haldon and Exeter. It attracted several of the famous aviators of the time such as [Geoffrey De Havilland](/wiki/Geoffrey_De_Havilland "Geoffrey De Havilland") in his [TK.2](/wiki/De_Havilland_T.K.2 "De Havilland T.K.2") and [Alex Henshaw](/wiki/Alex_Henshaw "Alex Henshaw") in his [Percival Mew Gull](/wiki/Percival_Mew_Gull "Percival Mew Gull"). These two were the fastest, but as it was a handicap race, they came fifth and sixth respectively, with Percival Phillips winning in an [Avro 504N](/wiki/Avro_504 "Avro 504"). All visiting pilots were invited back to Haldon for a party and prize\-giving at a Teignmouth hotel. Other notable events at Haldon were the famous shows put on by [Alan Cobham](/wiki/Alan_Cobham "Alan Cobham"). His first tour, called the **Municipal Aerodrome Campaign**, involved free flights to local dignitaries and children, followed by as many paid\-for pleasure flights as could be managed for the public. The tour visited 110 venues between May and October 1929 using a ten\-passenger [de Havilland DH.61 Giant Moth](/wiki/De_Havilland_Giant_Moth "De Havilland Giant Moth") G\-AAEV named Youth of Britain.{{cite book \|last1\=Cobham \|first1\=Sir Alan \|title\=A Time to Fly \|date\=1978 \|publisher\=Shepheard\-Walwyn (Publishers) \|location\=London, UK \|isbn\=0\-85683\-037\-2 \|pages\=150–151}} The tour called at Haldon on 27 August. After this, Cobham formed a team, known as the Cobham Air Circus, or **Cobham's Flying Circus**, who staged **National Aviation Days** around Britain. These extremely popular tours lasted for four seasons, visiting Haldon on the following dates: 15 August 1932, 25 August 1933 (No 1 Tour),{{efn\-ua\|In 1933 there were two simultaneous tours throughout the season, named Number 1 and Number 2\. In 1935 there again were two, but only from 1 July, named Astra and Ferry.{{cite book \|last1\=Cobham \|first1\=Sir Alan \|title\=A Time to Fly \|date\=1978 \|publisher\=Shepheard\-Walwyn (Publishers) \|location\=London, UK \|isbn\=0\-85683\-037\-2 \|pages\=205–214}}}} 11 August 1934 and 17 August 1935 (Astra Show). There were also visits from [**C D Barnard's Air Circus**](/wiki/C._D._Barnard%231931_Barnard%27s_Air_Tours "C. D. Barnard#1931 Barnard's Air Tours") (13 August 1931\) and the **British Hospitals Air Pageant** (8 June 1933\).{{cite web \|title\=More Circuses! \|url\=http://www.afleetingpeace.org/index.php/page\-more\-circuses?filter\_tag\[0]\=86 \|website\=A Fleeting Peace \|accessdate\=3 March 2023}}
[ "History\n-------", "### Development", "William Richard \"Bill\" Parkhouse, an ex [Royal Naval Air Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service \"Royal Naval Air Service\") (RNAS) pilot, established the Agra Engineering Company as a motor company in [Teignmouth](/wiki/Teignmouth \"Teignmouth\") after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). He had hoped to expand by becoming the [West Country](/wiki/West_Country \"West Country\") dealer for [De Havilland](/wiki/De_Havilland \"De Havilland\") aircraft, and wanted a flying field for himself.", "In 1928 he rented {{Convert\\|80\\|acre\\|ha\\|}} of [heathland](/wiki/Heath \"Heath\") to the north\\-west of Teignmouth. There are not many flat areas in the region, and despite the rough ground and the altitude of the field leading to regular high winds and low cloud, he established an airfield. The land was rolled as flat as possible with a concrete roller pulled by an ancient tractor, and boundaries were marked with some white\\-painted rocks. By this time the local De Havilland dealership had been awarded to another company, and Parkhouse gained a concession from the [Avro](/wiki/Avro \"Avro\") company{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wickstead \\|first1\\=Maurice \\|title\\=Forgotten Fields: Haldon Aerodrome, Teignmouth \\|journal\\=Devon Strut News \\|date\\=May 2006 \\|url\\=http://www.devonstrut.co.uk/download/i/mark\\_dl/u/4007446039/4529906124/NL0506\\.pdf \\|accessdate\\=22 February 2020}} buying an [Avro Avian](/wiki/Avro_Avian \"Avro Avian\") III, G\\-EBXO. This was the first aircraft to land on the new airfield – Parkhouse flew it in on 6 May 1928\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Saunders \\|first1\\=Keith A \\|title\\=Air Racing at Haldon \\|journal\\=Aeroplane \\|date\\=June 2000 \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=326 \\|pages\\=78–81}} As there was no hangar on the airfield he folded the wings and towed the aircraft into town, placing it in his car showroom.{{cite web \\|title\\=Exeter Airport \\|url\\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/airport.php \\|website\\=Exeter Memories \\|accessdate\\=22 February 2020}}", "A small corrugated iron hangar was built, capable of holding two light aircraft, and a fuel tank and pump installed. A landing circle was marked out and also the name \"Haldon\" in {{Convert\\|16\\|ft\\|m}} high letters. Parkhouse started giving flying lessons, and one of his first pupils was [Whitney Straight](/wiki/Whitney_Straight \"Whitney Straight\"), who lived at nearby [Dartington Hall](/wiki/Dartington_Hall \"Dartington Hall\"), who offset some of the cost of the lessons by driving the tractor to help level the field. With Parkhouse's tuition Straight gained his \"A\" licence a few days after his 17th birthday with 50 hours in his logbook.{{efn\\-ua\\|Bill Parkhouse was to have a great influence on Straight, convincing him of the concept that led to the founding of the \\[\\[Straight Corporation]] and their subsequent careers.}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Saunders \\|first1\\=Keith A \\|title\\=Straight to the Top \\|journal\\=Aeroplane \\|date\\=November 2002 \\|volume\\=30 \\|issue\\=355 \\|pages\\=76–81}} By the end of 1928, the airfield was quite busy, with 13 student pilots.", "The De Havilland dealership in Teignmouth had not gone well, having not sold any aircraft at all, so in 1929, Parkhouse succeeded in taking it over. He bought one himself, selling the Avian to Whitney Straight, who subsequently bought two more De Havillands, a Gipsy Moth and a Puss Moth, from Parkhouse's agency. Parkhouse also sold aircraft to his friends, and others, and several of them provided him with good business by often upgrading to the latest models. Several also based their aircraft on the airfield. He was proud to boast that his was the only garage in the country that also sold aeroplanes.", "Parkhouse's ground engineer around 1929 was [Howard Pixton](/wiki/Howard_Pixton \"Howard Pixton\") who had been [A V Roe](/wiki/Alliott_Verdon_Roe \"Alliott Verdon Roe\")'s first test pilot before winning the 1914 [Schneider Trophy](/wiki/Schneider_Trophy \"Schneider Trophy\") races at [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco \"Monaco\"). He had recently come from [Windermere](/wiki/Windermere \"Windermere\") in the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District \"Lake District\") where he had run a small [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane \"Floatplane\") operation for Avro.{{cite web \\|title\\=Cecil Howard Pixton \\|url\\=https://www.waterbird.org.uk/howard\\-pixton/ \\|website\\=Waterbird \\- Wings over Windermere \\|accessdate\\=23 February 2020}}", "The official opening of the airport took place on 21 September 1929, which Sir [Sefton Brancker](/wiki/Sefton_Brancker \"Sefton Brancker\"), the Director of Civil Aviation attended, arriving in his Moth appropriately registered G\\-EDCA. A flying display was held, but a planned air race was abandoned due to poor weather conditions.", "The South Devon Flying Club was formed here in 1933,{{cite web \\|title\\=Haldon \\|url\\=http://www.ukairfieldguide.net/airfields/Haldon \\|website\\=UK Airfields \\& Airports \\|accessdate\\=25 February 2020}} One of its first students was [Ruth Fontés](/wiki/Ruth_Font%C3%A9s \"Ruth Fontés\") who gained her 'A' certificate in a Gipsy Moth on 26 July.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Riley \\|first1\\=Gordon \\|title\\=The amazing story of maverick siblings Luis and Ruth Fontés \\|url\\=https://www.key.aero/article/luis\\-and\\-ruth\\-fontes \\|website\\=Key.aero \\|publisher\\=Key Publishing \\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2024 \\|date\\=2 September 2021}} The airfield became popular with horse jockeys and trainers visiting local racecourses at [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter \"Exeter\"), [Newton Abbot](/wiki/Newton_Abbot \"Newton Abbot\") and [Totnes](/wiki/Totnes \"Totnes\").", "On 20 August 1934 Haldon participated in the inauguration of mail services across the UK by [Railway Air Services](/wiki/Railway_Air_Services \"Railway Air Services\") (RAS). It was the first stop on the already\\-established scheduled route from Plymouth, with further stops at Cardiff and Birmingham en route to Liverpool, flown by a [De Havilland Dragon](/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon \"De Havilland Dragon\"). 574 letters were delivered on the outward flight, and more on the return the same day. However this was a one\\-off as \"Teignmounth\", as Haldon was known by RAS, was removed from the schedule the next day.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Smith \\|first1\\=Peter \\|title\\=Post Haste \\|journal\\=Aeroplane Monthly \\|date\\=January 2024 \\|volume\\=52 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=84–85}}", "On 1 January 1937 Whitney Straight's [Straight Corporation](/wiki/Straight_Corporation \"Straight Corporation\") formed Haldon Airport Ltd which took over the management of the airport from Parkhouse, and the following year it bought the freehold of the land. Parkhouse was at that time involved with establishing airports at [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth_City_Airport \"Plymouth City Airport\") and [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter_Airport \"Exeter Airport\"), both of which projects the Straight Corporation took over, and Parkhouse went on to be the director of Exeter Airport Ltd, and also a member of the board of Airways Union, the Straight Corporation's holding company. The flying club at Haldon became a branch of the Plymouth and District Aero Club, also run by the Straight Corporation.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Grey \\|first1\\=CG \\|last2\\=Bridgman \\|first2\\=Leonard \\|title\\=Jane's All the World's Aircraft \\|date\\=1938 \\|publisher\\=Sampson Low, Marston \\& Co \\|location\\=London, UK \\|isbn\\=0\\-7153\\-5734\\-4 \\|page\\=14a \\|edition\\=David \\& Charles Reprints}}", "In the summer of 1937 the Devon Gliding Club started, and Whitney Straight was an active member.", "At the end of 1938 the government's [Civil Air Guard](/wiki/Civil_Air_Guard \"Civil Air Guard\") subsidised pilot training scheme was started, and 19 applications were received for training at the flying club.", "[thumb\\|A Westland Wessex, G\\-EBXK, of Cobham's National Aviation Days.](/wiki/File:Westland_IV_right_front_full_photo_NACA_Aircraft_Circular_No.95.jpg \"Westland IV right front full photo NACA Aircraft Circular No.95.jpg\")", "### Scheduled services", "**[GWR Air Services](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\")** set up the first scheduled service at Haldon. It started on 12 April 1933 as a stop on their twice\\-daily [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff_Municipal_Airport \"Cardiff Municipal Airport\") — Plymouth service. It used [Westland Wessex](/wiki/Westland_IV \"Westland IV\") airliners leased from [Imperial Airways](/wiki/Imperial_Airways \"Imperial Airways\"), and a suitably timed bus service connected their passengers with Teignmouth and [Torquay](/wiki/Torquay \"Torquay\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Great Western Railway Air Services \\|url\\=https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/gwr/gwr3304/gwr3304i.jpg \\|website\\=Airline Timetable Images \\|accessdate\\=23 February 2020}} The service only lasted until the end of the year, when the airline was merged into the new [Railway Air Services](/wiki/Railway_Air_Services \"Railway Air Services\").", "**[Provincial Airways](/wiki/Provincial_Airways \"Provincial Airways\")** ran a West Country Air Service between [Croydon Airport](/wiki/Croydon_Airport \"Croydon Airport\") and Plymouth, with intermediate stops at Southampton and Haldon, which they called Torquay. Starting in November 1933 they used [De Havilland Fox Moths](/wiki/De_Havilland_Fox_Moth \"De Havilland Fox Moth\"), which in May 1934 were replaced by De Havilland Dragons. During 1935 the service ran twice daily,{{cite web \\|title\\=Provincial Airways \\|url\\=https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/prov3403\\.htm \\|website\\=Airline Timetable Images \\|accessdate\\=23 February 2020}} but ended when the airline closed at the end of the year.", "[thumb\\|DH.89 Dragon Rapide G\\-ACPR of Railway Air Services in 1938\\.](/wiki/File:DH.89_Dragon_Rapide_G-ACPR_Rly_AS_Ringway_07.38_edited-2.jpg \"DH.89 Dragon Rapide G-ACPR Rly AS Ringway 07.38 edited-2.jpg\")\n**Railway Air Services** started a service on 7 May 1934 linking [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport \"Liverpool John Lennon Airport\") with Plymouth via [Birmingham](/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Aerodrome \"Castle Bromwich Aerodrome\"), Cardiff and Haldon. They promoted links with [Western Airways](/wiki/Western_Airways \"Western Airways\") for connecting flights to [Bristol](/wiki/Bristol_%28Whitchurch%29_Airport \"Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport\") and [Bournemouth](/wiki/Christchurch_Airfield \"Christchurch Airfield\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Railway Air Services \\|url\\=https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ras/ras3405/ras3405i.jpg \\|website\\=Airline Timetable Images \\|accessdate\\=23 February 2020}}", "**Air Dispatch Ltd** during 1934 operated a service from their base in [Croydon](/wiki/Croydon_Airport \"Croydon Airport\") via Portsmouth and Haldon to Plymouth. The company was founded in 1934, one of several airlines founded by [the Hon. Mrs Victor Bruce](/wiki/Mrs_Victor_Bruce%23Commercial_aviation_1934%E2%80%931936 \"Mrs Victor Bruce#Commercial aviation 1934–1936\").", "Scheduled services moved to Exeter when that airport opened on 31 May 1937\\.", "### Events", "After the gathering on the opening day in 1929, annual events were organised at the airport, named the **Haldon Air Rallye** \\[sic]. These were very popular events, with participation from the RAF, and including air races, with the Teignmouth Air Trophy being hotly contested. The Rallyes were held on 21 June 1930 and 5 September 1931\\.", "[thumb\\|Alex Henshaw's Percival Mew Gull G\\-AEXF still flying in 2015\\.](/wiki/File:Percival_Mew_Gull_in_flight.jpg \"Percival Mew Gull in flight.jpg\")\nAfter a break, the next Rallye was held as part of the **Devon Air Day**, on 27 July 1937\\. Now in the hands of the Straight Corporation the other local Straight airports at Exeter and Plymouth held shows on the same day, and Parkhouse himself did the commentary at Haldon. A formation of three [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") [Saunders\\-Roe London](/wiki/Saunders-Roe_London \"Saunders-Roe London\") [flying boats](/wiki/Flying_boat \"Flying boat\") and another of three [Gloster Gauntlets](/wiki/Gloster_Gauntlet \"Gloster Gauntlet\") did low flypasts at all three airports. An air race started and finished at Plymouth, with turning points at Haldon and Exeter. It attracted several of the famous aviators of the time such as [Geoffrey De Havilland](/wiki/Geoffrey_De_Havilland \"Geoffrey De Havilland\") in his [TK.2](/wiki/De_Havilland_T.K.2 \"De Havilland T.K.2\") and [Alex Henshaw](/wiki/Alex_Henshaw \"Alex Henshaw\") in his [Percival Mew Gull](/wiki/Percival_Mew_Gull \"Percival Mew Gull\"). These two were the fastest, but as it was a handicap race, they came fifth and sixth respectively, with Percival Phillips winning in an [Avro 504N](/wiki/Avro_504 \"Avro 504\"). All visiting pilots were invited back to Haldon for a party and prize\\-giving at a Teignmouth hotel.", "Other notable events at Haldon were the famous shows put on by [Alan Cobham](/wiki/Alan_Cobham \"Alan Cobham\"). His first tour, called the **Municipal Aerodrome Campaign**, involved free flights to local dignitaries and children, followed by as many paid\\-for pleasure flights as could be managed for the public. The tour visited 110 venues between May and October 1929 using a ten\\-passenger [de Havilland DH.61 Giant Moth](/wiki/De_Havilland_Giant_Moth \"De Havilland Giant Moth\") G\\-AAEV named Youth of Britain.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Cobham \\|first1\\=Sir Alan \\|title\\=A Time to Fly \\|date\\=1978 \\|publisher\\=Shepheard\\-Walwyn (Publishers) \\|location\\=London, UK \\|isbn\\=0\\-85683\\-037\\-2 \\|pages\\=150–151}} The tour called at Haldon on 27 August. After this, Cobham formed a team, known as the Cobham Air Circus, or **Cobham's Flying Circus**, who staged **National Aviation Days** around Britain. These extremely popular tours lasted for four seasons, visiting Haldon on the following dates: 15 August 1932, 25 August 1933 (No 1 Tour),{{efn\\-ua\\|In 1933 there were two simultaneous tours throughout the season, named Number 1 and Number 2\\. In 1935 there again were two, but only from 1 July, named Astra and Ferry.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Cobham \\|first1\\=Sir Alan \\|title\\=A Time to Fly \\|date\\=1978 \\|publisher\\=Shepheard\\-Walwyn (Publishers) \\|location\\=London, UK \\|isbn\\=0\\-85683\\-037\\-2 \\|pages\\=205–214}}}} 11 August 1934 and 17 August 1935 (Astra Show).", "There were also visits from [**C D Barnard's Air Circus**](/wiki/C._D._Barnard%231931_Barnard%27s_Air_Tours \"C. D. Barnard#1931 Barnard's Air Tours\") (13 August 1931\\) and the **British Hospitals Air Pageant** (8 June 1933\\).{{cite web \\|title\\=More Circuses! \\|url\\=http://www.afleetingpeace.org/index.php/page\\-more\\-circuses?filter\\_tag\\[0]\\=86 \\|website\\=A Fleeting Peace \\|accessdate\\=3 March 2023}}", "" ]
### Development William Richard "Bill" Parkhouse, an ex [Royal Naval Air Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service "Royal Naval Air Service") (RNAS) pilot, established the Agra Engineering Company as a motor company in [Teignmouth](/wiki/Teignmouth "Teignmouth") after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). He had hoped to expand by becoming the [West Country](/wiki/West_Country "West Country") dealer for [De Havilland](/wiki/De_Havilland "De Havilland") aircraft, and wanted a flying field for himself. In 1928 he rented {{Convert\|80\|acre\|ha\|}} of [heathland](/wiki/Heath "Heath") to the north\-west of Teignmouth. There are not many flat areas in the region, and despite the rough ground and the altitude of the field leading to regular high winds and low cloud, he established an airfield. The land was rolled as flat as possible with a concrete roller pulled by an ancient tractor, and boundaries were marked with some white\-painted rocks. By this time the local De Havilland dealership had been awarded to another company, and Parkhouse gained a concession from the [Avro](/wiki/Avro "Avro") company{{cite journal \|last1\=Wickstead \|first1\=Maurice \|title\=Forgotten Fields: Haldon Aerodrome, Teignmouth \|journal\=Devon Strut News \|date\=May 2006 \|url\=http://www.devonstrut.co.uk/download/i/mark\_dl/u/4007446039/4529906124/NL0506\.pdf \|accessdate\=22 February 2020}} buying an [Avro Avian](/wiki/Avro_Avian "Avro Avian") III, G\-EBXO. This was the first aircraft to land on the new airfield – Parkhouse flew it in on 6 May 1928\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Saunders \|first1\=Keith A \|title\=Air Racing at Haldon \|journal\=Aeroplane \|date\=June 2000 \|volume\=28 \|issue\=326 \|pages\=78–81}} As there was no hangar on the airfield he folded the wings and towed the aircraft into town, placing it in his car showroom.{{cite web \|title\=Exeter Airport \|url\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/airport.php \|website\=Exeter Memories \|accessdate\=22 February 2020}} A small corrugated iron hangar was built, capable of holding two light aircraft, and a fuel tank and pump installed. A landing circle was marked out and also the name "Haldon" in {{Convert\|16\|ft\|m}} high letters. Parkhouse started giving flying lessons, and one of his first pupils was [Whitney Straight](/wiki/Whitney_Straight "Whitney Straight"), who lived at nearby [Dartington Hall](/wiki/Dartington_Hall "Dartington Hall"), who offset some of the cost of the lessons by driving the tractor to help level the field. With Parkhouse's tuition Straight gained his "A" licence a few days after his 17th birthday with 50 hours in his logbook.{{efn\-ua\|Bill Parkhouse was to have a great influence on Straight, convincing him of the concept that led to the founding of the \[\[Straight Corporation]] and their subsequent careers.}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Saunders \|first1\=Keith A \|title\=Straight to the Top \|journal\=Aeroplane \|date\=November 2002 \|volume\=30 \|issue\=355 \|pages\=76–81}} By the end of 1928, the airfield was quite busy, with 13 student pilots. The De Havilland dealership in Teignmouth had not gone well, having not sold any aircraft at all, so in 1929, Parkhouse succeeded in taking it over. He bought one himself, selling the Avian to Whitney Straight, who subsequently bought two more De Havillands, a Gipsy Moth and a Puss Moth, from Parkhouse's agency. Parkhouse also sold aircraft to his friends, and others, and several of them provided him with good business by often upgrading to the latest models. Several also based their aircraft on the airfield. He was proud to boast that his was the only garage in the country that also sold aeroplanes. Parkhouse's ground engineer around 1929 was [Howard Pixton](/wiki/Howard_Pixton "Howard Pixton") who had been [A V Roe](/wiki/Alliott_Verdon_Roe "Alliott Verdon Roe")'s first test pilot before winning the 1914 [Schneider Trophy](/wiki/Schneider_Trophy "Schneider Trophy") races at [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco "Monaco"). He had recently come from [Windermere](/wiki/Windermere "Windermere") in the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District "Lake District") where he had run a small [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane "Floatplane") operation for Avro.{{cite web \|title\=Cecil Howard Pixton \|url\=https://www.waterbird.org.uk/howard\-pixton/ \|website\=Waterbird \- Wings over Windermere \|accessdate\=23 February 2020}} The official opening of the airport took place on 21 September 1929, which Sir [Sefton Brancker](/wiki/Sefton_Brancker "Sefton Brancker"), the Director of Civil Aviation attended, arriving in his Moth appropriately registered G\-EDCA. A flying display was held, but a planned air race was abandoned due to poor weather conditions. The South Devon Flying Club was formed here in 1933,{{cite web \|title\=Haldon \|url\=http://www.ukairfieldguide.net/airfields/Haldon \|website\=UK Airfields \& Airports \|accessdate\=25 February 2020}} One of its first students was [Ruth Fontés](/wiki/Ruth_Font%C3%A9s "Ruth Fontés") who gained her 'A' certificate in a Gipsy Moth on 26 July.{{cite web \|last1\=Riley \|first1\=Gordon \|title\=The amazing story of maverick siblings Luis and Ruth Fontés \|url\=https://www.key.aero/article/luis\-and\-ruth\-fontes \|website\=Key.aero \|publisher\=Key Publishing \|access\-date\=2 January 2024 \|date\=2 September 2021}} The airfield became popular with horse jockeys and trainers visiting local racecourses at [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter "Exeter"), [Newton Abbot](/wiki/Newton_Abbot "Newton Abbot") and [Totnes](/wiki/Totnes "Totnes"). On 20 August 1934 Haldon participated in the inauguration of mail services across the UK by [Railway Air Services](/wiki/Railway_Air_Services "Railway Air Services") (RAS). It was the first stop on the already\-established scheduled route from Plymouth, with further stops at Cardiff and Birmingham en route to Liverpool, flown by a [De Havilland Dragon](/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon "De Havilland Dragon"). 574 letters were delivered on the outward flight, and more on the return the same day. However this was a one\-off as "Teignmounth", as Haldon was known by RAS, was removed from the schedule the next day.{{cite journal \|last1\=Smith \|first1\=Peter \|title\=Post Haste \|journal\=Aeroplane Monthly \|date\=January 2024 \|volume\=52 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=84–85}} On 1 January 1937 Whitney Straight's [Straight Corporation](/wiki/Straight_Corporation "Straight Corporation") formed Haldon Airport Ltd which took over the management of the airport from Parkhouse, and the following year it bought the freehold of the land. Parkhouse was at that time involved with establishing airports at [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth_City_Airport "Plymouth City Airport") and [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter_Airport "Exeter Airport"), both of which projects the Straight Corporation took over, and Parkhouse went on to be the director of Exeter Airport Ltd, and also a member of the board of Airways Union, the Straight Corporation's holding company. The flying club at Haldon became a branch of the Plymouth and District Aero Club, also run by the Straight Corporation.{{cite book \|last1\=Grey \|first1\=CG \|last2\=Bridgman \|first2\=Leonard \|title\=Jane's All the World's Aircraft \|date\=1938 \|publisher\=Sampson Low, Marston \& Co \|location\=London, UK \|isbn\=0\-7153\-5734\-4 \|page\=14a \|edition\=David \& Charles Reprints}} In the summer of 1937 the Devon Gliding Club started, and Whitney Straight was an active member. At the end of 1938 the government's [Civil Air Guard](/wiki/Civil_Air_Guard "Civil Air Guard") subsidised pilot training scheme was started, and 19 applications were received for training at the flying club. [thumb\|A Westland Wessex, G\-EBXK, of Cobham's National Aviation Days.](/wiki/File:Westland_IV_right_front_full_photo_NACA_Aircraft_Circular_No.95.jpg "Westland IV right front full photo NACA Aircraft Circular No.95.jpg")
[ "### Development", "William Richard \"Bill\" Parkhouse, an ex [Royal Naval Air Service](/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service \"Royal Naval Air Service\") (RNAS) pilot, established the Agra Engineering Company as a motor company in [Teignmouth](/wiki/Teignmouth \"Teignmouth\") after [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). He had hoped to expand by becoming the [West Country](/wiki/West_Country \"West Country\") dealer for [De Havilland](/wiki/De_Havilland \"De Havilland\") aircraft, and wanted a flying field for himself.", "In 1928 he rented {{Convert\\|80\\|acre\\|ha\\|}} of [heathland](/wiki/Heath \"Heath\") to the north\\-west of Teignmouth. There are not many flat areas in the region, and despite the rough ground and the altitude of the field leading to regular high winds and low cloud, he established an airfield. The land was rolled as flat as possible with a concrete roller pulled by an ancient tractor, and boundaries were marked with some white\\-painted rocks. By this time the local De Havilland dealership had been awarded to another company, and Parkhouse gained a concession from the [Avro](/wiki/Avro \"Avro\") company{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Wickstead \\|first1\\=Maurice \\|title\\=Forgotten Fields: Haldon Aerodrome, Teignmouth \\|journal\\=Devon Strut News \\|date\\=May 2006 \\|url\\=http://www.devonstrut.co.uk/download/i/mark\\_dl/u/4007446039/4529906124/NL0506\\.pdf \\|accessdate\\=22 February 2020}} buying an [Avro Avian](/wiki/Avro_Avian \"Avro Avian\") III, G\\-EBXO. This was the first aircraft to land on the new airfield – Parkhouse flew it in on 6 May 1928\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Saunders \\|first1\\=Keith A \\|title\\=Air Racing at Haldon \\|journal\\=Aeroplane \\|date\\=June 2000 \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=326 \\|pages\\=78–81}} As there was no hangar on the airfield he folded the wings and towed the aircraft into town, placing it in his car showroom.{{cite web \\|title\\=Exeter Airport \\|url\\=http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/airport.php \\|website\\=Exeter Memories \\|accessdate\\=22 February 2020}}", "A small corrugated iron hangar was built, capable of holding two light aircraft, and a fuel tank and pump installed. A landing circle was marked out and also the name \"Haldon\" in {{Convert\\|16\\|ft\\|m}} high letters. Parkhouse started giving flying lessons, and one of his first pupils was [Whitney Straight](/wiki/Whitney_Straight \"Whitney Straight\"), who lived at nearby [Dartington Hall](/wiki/Dartington_Hall \"Dartington Hall\"), who offset some of the cost of the lessons by driving the tractor to help level the field. With Parkhouse's tuition Straight gained his \"A\" licence a few days after his 17th birthday with 50 hours in his logbook.{{efn\\-ua\\|Bill Parkhouse was to have a great influence on Straight, convincing him of the concept that led to the founding of the \\[\\[Straight Corporation]] and their subsequent careers.}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Saunders \\|first1\\=Keith A \\|title\\=Straight to the Top \\|journal\\=Aeroplane \\|date\\=November 2002 \\|volume\\=30 \\|issue\\=355 \\|pages\\=76–81}} By the end of 1928, the airfield was quite busy, with 13 student pilots.", "The De Havilland dealership in Teignmouth had not gone well, having not sold any aircraft at all, so in 1929, Parkhouse succeeded in taking it over. He bought one himself, selling the Avian to Whitney Straight, who subsequently bought two more De Havillands, a Gipsy Moth and a Puss Moth, from Parkhouse's agency. Parkhouse also sold aircraft to his friends, and others, and several of them provided him with good business by often upgrading to the latest models. Several also based their aircraft on the airfield. He was proud to boast that his was the only garage in the country that also sold aeroplanes.", "Parkhouse's ground engineer around 1929 was [Howard Pixton](/wiki/Howard_Pixton \"Howard Pixton\") who had been [A V Roe](/wiki/Alliott_Verdon_Roe \"Alliott Verdon Roe\")'s first test pilot before winning the 1914 [Schneider Trophy](/wiki/Schneider_Trophy \"Schneider Trophy\") races at [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco \"Monaco\"). He had recently come from [Windermere](/wiki/Windermere \"Windermere\") in the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District \"Lake District\") where he had run a small [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane \"Floatplane\") operation for Avro.{{cite web \\|title\\=Cecil Howard Pixton \\|url\\=https://www.waterbird.org.uk/howard\\-pixton/ \\|website\\=Waterbird \\- Wings over Windermere \\|accessdate\\=23 February 2020}}", "The official opening of the airport took place on 21 September 1929, which Sir [Sefton Brancker](/wiki/Sefton_Brancker \"Sefton Brancker\"), the Director of Civil Aviation attended, arriving in his Moth appropriately registered G\\-EDCA. A flying display was held, but a planned air race was abandoned due to poor weather conditions.", "The South Devon Flying Club was formed here in 1933,{{cite web \\|title\\=Haldon \\|url\\=http://www.ukairfieldguide.net/airfields/Haldon \\|website\\=UK Airfields \\& Airports \\|accessdate\\=25 February 2020}} One of its first students was [Ruth Fontés](/wiki/Ruth_Font%C3%A9s \"Ruth Fontés\") who gained her 'A' certificate in a Gipsy Moth on 26 July.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Riley \\|first1\\=Gordon \\|title\\=The amazing story of maverick siblings Luis and Ruth Fontés \\|url\\=https://www.key.aero/article/luis\\-and\\-ruth\\-fontes \\|website\\=Key.aero \\|publisher\\=Key Publishing \\|access\\-date\\=2 January 2024 \\|date\\=2 September 2021}} The airfield became popular with horse jockeys and trainers visiting local racecourses at [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter \"Exeter\"), [Newton Abbot](/wiki/Newton_Abbot \"Newton Abbot\") and [Totnes](/wiki/Totnes \"Totnes\").", "On 20 August 1934 Haldon participated in the inauguration of mail services across the UK by [Railway Air Services](/wiki/Railway_Air_Services \"Railway Air Services\") (RAS). It was the first stop on the already\\-established scheduled route from Plymouth, with further stops at Cardiff and Birmingham en route to Liverpool, flown by a [De Havilland Dragon](/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon \"De Havilland Dragon\"). 574 letters were delivered on the outward flight, and more on the return the same day. However this was a one\\-off as \"Teignmounth\", as Haldon was known by RAS, was removed from the schedule the next day.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Smith \\|first1\\=Peter \\|title\\=Post Haste \\|journal\\=Aeroplane Monthly \\|date\\=January 2024 \\|volume\\=52 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=84–85}}", "On 1 January 1937 Whitney Straight's [Straight Corporation](/wiki/Straight_Corporation \"Straight Corporation\") formed Haldon Airport Ltd which took over the management of the airport from Parkhouse, and the following year it bought the freehold of the land. Parkhouse was at that time involved with establishing airports at [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth_City_Airport \"Plymouth City Airport\") and [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter_Airport \"Exeter Airport\"), both of which projects the Straight Corporation took over, and Parkhouse went on to be the director of Exeter Airport Ltd, and also a member of the board of Airways Union, the Straight Corporation's holding company. The flying club at Haldon became a branch of the Plymouth and District Aero Club, also run by the Straight Corporation.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Grey \\|first1\\=CG \\|last2\\=Bridgman \\|first2\\=Leonard \\|title\\=Jane's All the World's Aircraft \\|date\\=1938 \\|publisher\\=Sampson Low, Marston \\& Co \\|location\\=London, UK \\|isbn\\=0\\-7153\\-5734\\-4 \\|page\\=14a \\|edition\\=David \\& Charles Reprints}}", "In the summer of 1937 the Devon Gliding Club started, and Whitney Straight was an active member.", "At the end of 1938 the government's [Civil Air Guard](/wiki/Civil_Air_Guard \"Civil Air Guard\") subsidised pilot training scheme was started, and 19 applications were received for training at the flying club.", "[thumb\\|A Westland Wessex, G\\-EBXK, of Cobham's National Aviation Days.](/wiki/File:Westland_IV_right_front_full_photo_NACA_Aircraft_Circular_No.95.jpg \"Westland IV right front full photo NACA Aircraft Circular No.95.jpg\")", "" ]
Career and personal life ------------------------ Nicholson was comfortable with Army life and performed well, as a captain and company commander in a [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army "U.S. Army") [intelligence unit](/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29 "Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)"). He served in the "Screaming Eagles", the Army's [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division "101st Airborne Division"). His training in [cryptography](/wiki/Cryptography "Cryptography") enabled him to acquire a staff position in Army intelligence. His wife was unhappy with military life, and moving from post to post. After the birth of their first child, in 1978, Nicholson quit the Army and moved his family to Kansas City, Kansas, to work for [Hallmark Cards](/wiki/Hallmark_Cards "Hallmark Cards"). A year later, Nicholson was bored with this unchallenging new career. Nicholson joined the CIA in October 1980, and entered a top\-secret training program at [Camp Peary](/wiki/Camp_Peary "Camp Peary"), Virginia, and soon began to accept overseas postings and espionage assignments. In his career with the CIA, Nicholson was assigned duties throughout the world. He worked for the CIA as an operations officer specializing in intelligence operations against foreign intelligence services, including the intelligence services of the [USSR](/wiki/USSR "USSR") and later, the Russian Federation. From 1982 to 1985, he worked for the CIA in [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila"), where he had direct contacts with targeted Soviet officials; from 1985 to 1987 he worked for the CIA in [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok"), from 1987 to 1989 in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). From 1990 to 1992, he was the CIA [Chief of Station](/wiki/Chief_of_Station "Chief of Station") in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"). At this point, Nicholson's personal family problems and his workaholic lifestyle raised red flags, and ensuring security concerns. [John R. Davis Jr.](/wiki/John_R._Davis_Jr. "John R. Davis Jr."), who was U.S. Ambassador to Romania during the last three months of Nicholson's tenure remembers that he "wasn't keen" on having Nicholson remain at the embassy. A few years later, after Nicholson had committed espionage and been discovered, Davis said: "He must have had severe psychological problems to do what he did, having spent all those years on the side of the angels, then suddenly to flip like that." Although senior Embassy officials say they reported warnings to the CIA, the cautionary warnings, if received, were not heeded, because Nicholson was moved to another important overseas position, in Malaysia. Despite Nicholson's career success, his personal life had suffered, as his constant reassignments weighed heavily on his wife and three children, eventually leading to a difficult divorce and a custody battle. Over a 23\-year period, his family had moved 21 times. His workaholic habits meant that he skipped family vacations and was often away due to travel. The children were unhappy with the constant moves, from one foreign country to another, and their father's frequent absences. His wife was unhappy and embittered. Nicholson and Laura filed for a divorce in 1992, which was finalized in 1994\. He was awarded custody of his three children, as the court\-appointed guardian judged that their mother's continued anger at her husband negatively affected the children.{{Cite news \|last1\=Risen \|first1\=James \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1996\-11\-22\-mn\-1710\-story.html \|title\=Suspected CIA Turncoat Was a Spy on the Way Up \|date\=November 22, 1996 \|work\=Los Angeles Times \|access\-date\=April 11, 2020 \|last2\=Richter \|first2\=Paul \|language\=en\-US \|last3\=Morain \|first3\=Dan \|archive\-date\=April 11, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411032452/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1996\-11\-22\-mn\-1710\-story.html \|url\-status\=live }} The CIA was aware that such personal problems were typical, given that senior CIA officers often put careers first and family second. Divorces were common amongst officers in their mid\-forties. Because of his troubled personal life, officials feared he might be a candidate for recruitment by foreign intelligence agencies. During two years of great personal distress, from 1992 to 1994, Nicholson was the Deputy Chief of Station/Operations Officer in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia"). The post may have appeared as a sort of promotion, as this was a larger station than Bucharest, and a position where he met with and targeted recruitment of Russian intelligence officers. As his wife was no longer present, any personal turmoil was less apparent to his superiors, and he was free to continue his relationship with a Thai girlfriend, whom he wished to marry. He began his espionage activities in June 1994\. From 1994 to July 1996, Nicholson worked as an instructor at the classified CIA's Special Training Center at [Camp Peary](/wiki/Camp_Peary "Camp Peary"), Virginia (also known as "The Farm"), teaching CIA trainees intelligence tradecraft. In July 1996, he was assigned as a branch chief in the Counterterrorism Center, [Directorate of Operations](/wiki/National_Clandestine_Service "National Clandestine Service"), at [CIA Headquarters](/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence "George Bush Center for Intelligence") in Langley, Virginia. That position carried a pay grade of GS\-15, his salary being approximately US$73,000\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.loyola.edu/departments/academics/political\-science/strategic\-intelligence/intel/nich\-aff.html\|title\=Affidavit for U.S. v. Harold J. Nicholson\|work\=loyola.edu\|access\-date\=December 9, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701154835/http://www.loyola.edu/departments/academics/political\-science/strategic\-intelligence/intel/nich\-aff.html\|archive\-date\=July 1, 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} It was discovered that the identities of trainees of the classes of 1994, 1995 and 1996 had been sold to the Russians, and many of these trainees were his own students.
[ "Career and personal life\n------------------------", "Nicholson was comfortable with Army life and performed well, as a captain and company commander in a [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army \"U.S. Army\") [intelligence unit](/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29 \"Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)\"). He served in the \"Screaming Eagles\", the Army's [101st Airborne Division](/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division \"101st Airborne Division\"). His training in [cryptography](/wiki/Cryptography \"Cryptography\") enabled him to acquire a staff position in Army intelligence.", "His wife was unhappy with military life, and moving from post to post. After the birth of their first child, in 1978, Nicholson quit the Army and moved his family to Kansas City, Kansas, to work for [Hallmark Cards](/wiki/Hallmark_Cards \"Hallmark Cards\"). A year later, Nicholson was bored with this unchallenging new career.", "Nicholson joined the CIA in October 1980, and entered a top\\-secret training program at [Camp Peary](/wiki/Camp_Peary \"Camp Peary\"), Virginia, and soon began to accept overseas postings and espionage assignments.", "In his career with the CIA, Nicholson was assigned duties throughout the world. He worked for the CIA as an operations officer specializing in intelligence operations against foreign intelligence services, including the intelligence services of the [USSR](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\") and later, the Russian Federation. From 1982 to 1985, he worked for the CIA in [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\"), where he had direct contacts with targeted Soviet officials; from 1985 to 1987 he worked for the CIA in [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok \"Bangkok\"), from 1987 to 1989 in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\").", "From 1990 to 1992, he was the CIA [Chief of Station](/wiki/Chief_of_Station \"Chief of Station\") in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest \"Bucharest\"), [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\"). At this point, Nicholson's personal family problems and his workaholic lifestyle raised red flags, and ensuring security concerns. [John R. Davis Jr.](/wiki/John_R._Davis_Jr. \"John R. Davis Jr.\"), who was U.S. Ambassador to Romania during the last three months of Nicholson's tenure remembers that he \"wasn't keen\" on having Nicholson remain at the embassy. A few years later, after Nicholson had committed espionage and been discovered, Davis said: \"He must have had severe psychological problems to do what he did, having spent all those years on the side of the angels, then suddenly to flip like that.\" Although senior Embassy officials say they reported warnings to the CIA, the cautionary warnings, if received, were not heeded, because Nicholson was moved to another important overseas position, in Malaysia.", "Despite Nicholson's career success, his personal life had suffered, as his constant reassignments weighed heavily on his wife and three children, eventually leading to a difficult divorce and a custody battle. Over a 23\\-year period, his family had moved 21 times. His workaholic habits meant that he skipped family vacations and was often away due to travel. The children were unhappy with the constant moves, from one foreign country to another, and their father's frequent absences. His wife was unhappy and embittered. Nicholson and Laura filed for a divorce in 1992, which was finalized in 1994\\. He was awarded custody of his three children, as the court\\-appointed guardian judged that their mother's continued anger at her husband negatively affected the children.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Risen \\|first1\\=James \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1996\\-11\\-22\\-mn\\-1710\\-story.html \\|title\\=Suspected CIA Turncoat Was a Spy on the Way Up \\|date\\=November 22, 1996 \\|work\\=Los Angeles Times \\|access\\-date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|last2\\=Richter \\|first2\\=Paul \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|last3\\=Morain \\|first3\\=Dan \\|archive\\-date\\=April 11, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411032452/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1996\\-11\\-22\\-mn\\-1710\\-story.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The CIA was aware that such personal problems were typical, given that senior CIA officers often put careers first and family second. Divorces were common amongst officers in their mid\\-forties. Because of his troubled personal life, officials feared he might be a candidate for recruitment by foreign intelligence agencies. During two years of great personal distress, from 1992 to 1994, Nicholson was the Deputy Chief of Station/Operations Officer in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"). The post may have appeared as a sort of promotion, as this was a larger station than Bucharest, and a position where he met with and targeted recruitment of Russian intelligence officers. As his wife was no longer present, any personal turmoil was less apparent to his superiors, and he was free to continue his relationship with a Thai girlfriend, whom he wished to marry. He began his espionage activities in June 1994\\.", "From 1994 to July 1996, Nicholson worked as an instructor at the classified CIA's Special Training Center at [Camp Peary](/wiki/Camp_Peary \"Camp Peary\"), Virginia (also known as \"The Farm\"), teaching CIA trainees intelligence tradecraft. In July 1996, he was assigned as a branch chief in the Counterterrorism Center, [Directorate of Operations](/wiki/National_Clandestine_Service \"National Clandestine Service\"), at [CIA Headquarters](/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence \"George Bush Center for Intelligence\") in Langley, Virginia. That position carried a pay grade of GS\\-15, his salary being approximately US$73,000\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.loyola.edu/departments/academics/political\\-science/strategic\\-intelligence/intel/nich\\-aff.html\\|title\\=Affidavit for U.S. v. Harold J. Nicholson\\|work\\=loyola.edu\\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701154835/http://www.loyola.edu/departments/academics/political\\-science/strategic\\-intelligence/intel/nich\\-aff.html\\|archive\\-date\\=July 1, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} It was discovered that the identities of trainees of the classes of 1994, 1995 and 1996 had been sold to the Russians, and many of these trainees were his own students.", "" ]
Espionage against the United States, FBI investigation and convictions ---------------------------------------------------------------------- An FBI affidavit submitted at Nicholson's first espionage trial suggests that, while in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur "Kuala Lumpur"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") during 1992–1994, as Deputy Chief of Station/Operations Officer, Nicholson might have been recruited by the Russian intelligence service ([SVR](/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_%28Russia%29 "Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)")) while meeting with an officer of the Russian intelligence service in Kuala Lumpur on four occasions during his final months there; three of those meetings took place in the Russian Embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Those meetings were authorized by the CIA and reported by Nicholson. On June 30, 1994, one day after his last reported meeting with the SVR officer, financial records showed that $12,000 was wired into Nicholson's savings account at Selco Credit Union in Eugene, Oregon; the FBI was unable to trace this money to any legitimate source of income. Nicholson later admitted to providing the Russian intelligence service with national defense information, including photographic negatives, between June 1994 and his arrest on November 16, 1996\. The FBI affidavit implies that the investigation of Nicholson's espionage for Russia was triggered following his failure of three [polygraph](/wiki/Polygraph "Polygraph") examinations administered by CIA polygraphers as part of his routine security update in October and December 1995, when questions "Have you had unauthorized contact with a Foreign Intelligence Service?", "Since 1990, have you had contact with a Foreign Intelligence Service that you are trying to hide from the CIA?" revealed a high probability of deception or were marked as "inconclusive". The CIA examiner noted that Nicholson appeared to be trying to manipulate the test by taking deep breaths on the control questions, which he stopped after a verbal warning. Another piece of information that linked Nicholson to his activities was that a US mole inside the FSB had informed the CIA that a top priority for Russian intelligence was to gather information on activities and movements of Chechen rebels. While an instructor at [Langley](/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence "George Bush Center for Intelligence"), Nicholson had gone to CIA Headquarters and asked several CIA employees in the European section about information on [Chechnya](/wiki/Chechnya "Chechnya"). Nicholson claimed the need to know was for an upcoming exercise with students. According to Langley leadership, there were no lessons on Chechen separatism. Requests for changes to the training program needed to be brought before a board of review, and Nicholson did not submit any proposed changes.{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2015}} Nicholson was then placed under surveillance by the FBI. Nicholson was watched during his travels to [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore"). During his time in Singapore, surveillance saw him get in a car registered to the Russian embassy. This meeting with Russian nationals was not authorized, nor did Nicholson report it to the CIA as required. Following this meeting, Nicholson returned to the United States where he was seen making a large cash deposit into his bank account, with which he both retired an outstanding car loan and transferred the remainder into three joint accounts that he held with his children. The FBI was unable to trace this cash to any legal source of income. The CIA assigned Nicholson to a management position in the [counterterrorism](/wiki/Counterterrorism "Counterterrorism") branch at CIA Headquarters, while keeping a close eye on him. The CIA limited his access to information on Russian matters and Chechnya in particular, which were the primary subjects of interest to his Russian handlers. During his tenure at headquarters, he made a request to the office of technical services for a briefcase\-type camera,{{what\|date\=July 2022}} which is often used to clandestinely copy documents. According to the job description at the time, Nicholson had no need for any camera in order to fulfill his obligations at the counterterrorism office. The FBI also retrieved mail sent from Nicholson to his handlers from local public mailboxes, where he signed postcards with code words under the alias "Nevil R. Strachey." The FBI conducted a search for Nevil R. Strachey through phone books in the District of Columbia and adjacent counties but found no listing. An FBI investigation of the residence listed on the return address listed revealed no one residing there named Nevil Strachey. The postcards were enclosed in envelopes, both of which had overpaid on the postage. The FBI believes that the envelopes were sent to an address where an intermediary would then get the postcards to the FSB. One postcard was written "I will not be in your neighborhood as expected, still the work is beneficial, I know you will find it very attractive", which was likely code words telling the SVR he had recently been rejected from a chief of station position he had applied for, instead getting a management job at CIA headquarters. Another postcard intercepted in the summer of 1996 stated "I hope you will be able to join me for a ski holiday this November. A bit early but it would fit into my schedule nicely", which was code words for meeting with the SVR in [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland "Switzerland") in November ("a bit early" was likely code words that their meetings traditionally convened in December). {{cn\|date\=September 2023}} That same month he was scheduled to travel to Europe on official CIA business to meet with European intelligence officers. Nicholson told the CIA he planned to take a personal vacation to [Zurich](/wiki/Zurich "Zurich") afterwards. On November 16, 1996, the FBI arrested Nicholson at [Dulles International Airport](/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport "Dulles International Airport"). He had a ticket to Zurich, a bundle of exposed film and a computer disk bearing classified information from CIA files. This included "information on the identities on the CIA Moscow chief and his staff, the identities and code names of CIA informants and the identities of CIA case officers." He said he planned to divulge knowledge the U.S. possessed concerning the intelligence and military capabilities of the Russian Federation." ### First conviction Nicholson was convicted of selling US intelligence to [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") for $300,000 and was sentenced to 23 years 7 months of [imprisonment](/wiki/Imprisonment "Imprisonment") on June 5, 1997\.{{cite news\|last\=Weiner\|first\=Tim\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=June 6, 1997\|access\-date\=January 25, 2011\|title\=C.I.A. Traitor, Saying He Wanted Cash for Family, Gets 23 Years\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/06/us/cia\-traitor\-saying\-he\-wanted\-cash\-for\-family\-gets\-23\-years.html?ref\=haroldjnicholson\|archive\-date\=May 30, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530001825/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/06/us/cia\-traitor\-saying\-he\-wanted\-cash\-for\-family\-gets\-23\-years.html?ref\=haroldjnicholson\|url\-status\=live}} He did not get a life without parole or [death sentence](/wiki/Death_sentence "Death sentence") as prosecutors said he had cooperated fully with them after his arrest. He was sent to [FCI Sheridan](/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution%2C_Sheridan "Federal Correctional Institution, Sheridan"), a medium\-security federal prison in [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon"), to serve his sentence. Prosecutors believed that he had sold the identities of all US intelligence officers stationed in Russia, as well as the identities of his trainees at the CIA school. He told the court that he had intended for the money he received from the Russians to benefit his children. Although his case received far less publicity than that of [Aldrich Ames](/wiki/Aldrich_Ames "Aldrich Ames"), and apparently caused less damage to US national security, Nicholson was said to be the highest ranking CIA official ever convicted of spying for a foreign power.{{cite news\|last\=Weiner\|first\=Tim\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=June 4, 1997\|access\-date\=January 25, 2011\|title\=C.I.A. Traitor Severely Hurt U.S. Security, Judge Is Told\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/04/us/cia\-traitor\-severely\-hurt\-us\-security\-judge\-is\-told.html?ref\=haroldjnicholson\|archive\-date\=May 29, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529170331/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/04/us/cia\-traitor\-severely\-hurt\-us\-security\-judge\-is\-told.html?ref\=haroldjnicholson\|url\-status\=live}} In court, Nicholson stated he was inspired to commit espionage by looking at the case of Aldrich Ames, rather than being deterred by it. Nicholson noted Ames' professional sloppiness and that the investigation, while it ultimately caught him, had been laggard. Such a combination inspired Nicholson to believe his tradecraft was superior to Ames' and that he could elude detection. ### Second crime, conviction and release At the end of 2008, Nicholson's youngest son Nathaniel was arrested; prosecutors said Jim Nicholson had used his son to collect more than $47,000 from Russian officials in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico"), [Peru](/wiki/Peru "Peru"), and [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") for past spy work: between December 2006 and December 2008 Nathaniel had met with representatives of the Russian Federation six times, including twice at a consulate in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). Jim Nicholson was pulled out of prison to plead in court on charges of [conspiracy](/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29 "Conspiracy (crime)") along with his son.{{cite magazine \|title\=Application and Affidavit for Search Warrant \|url\=https://www.wired.com/images\_blogs/threatlevel/files/spyaffidavit.pdf \|magazine\=Wired \|access\-date\=December 2, 2018 \|date\=December 11, 2008 \|archive\-date\=January 1, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101144041/https://www.wired.com/images\_blogs/threatlevel/files/spyaffidavit.pdf \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite news \|title\=Ex\-CIA Spy Renewed Russian Contact via Son \|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009\-01\-29\-cia\-spy\_N.htm \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|work\=\[\[USA Today]] \|date\=January 29, 2009 \|access\-date\=January 22, 2011 \|archive\-date\=February 3, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203052842/https://usatoday30\.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009\-01\-29\-cia\-spy\_N.htm \|url\-status\=live }} On January 18, 2011, Nicholson was sentenced to eight more years in prison, having pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy to act as an agent of a foreign government and conspiracy to commit money laundering; five other charges had been dropped as part of the plea deal.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/01/18/twice\-convicted\-ex\-cia\-spy\-gets\-years/ \|work\=\[\[Fox News Channel\|Fox News]] \|agency\=Associated Press \|date\=January 19, 2011 \|access\-date\=August 25, 2013 \|title\=Twice convicted ex\-CIA spy gets 8 more years \|archive\-date\=November 2, 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102112405/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/01/18/twice\-convicted\-ex\-cia\-spy\-gets\-years/ \|url\-status\=live }} Nathaniel Nicholson had been sentenced in December 2010 to five years on probation after making a deal with prosecutors to help build the case against his father. Nicholson was transferred to the [United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX](/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary%2C_Florence_ADX "United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX"), the federal [supermax](/wiki/Supermax "Supermax") prison in Colorado, and was incarcerated there until his release on November 24, 2023\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction\=IDSearch\&needingMoreList\=false\&IDType\=IRN\&IDNumber\=49535\-083\&x\=75\&y\=18\|title\=Inmate Locator\|publisher\=Bureau of Prisons\|access\-date\=June 12, 2012\|archive\-date\=February 3, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203052740/https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Espionage against the United States, FBI investigation and convictions\n----------------------------------------------------------------------", "An FBI affidavit submitted at Nicholson's first espionage trial suggests that, while in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") during 1992–1994, as Deputy Chief of Station/Operations Officer, Nicholson might have been recruited by the Russian intelligence service ([SVR](/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_%28Russia%29 \"Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)\")) while meeting with an officer of the Russian intelligence service in Kuala Lumpur on four occasions during his final months there; three of those meetings took place in the Russian Embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Those meetings were authorized by the CIA and reported by Nicholson. On June 30, 1994, one day after his last reported meeting with the SVR officer, financial records showed that $12,000 was wired into Nicholson's savings account at Selco Credit Union in Eugene, Oregon; the FBI was unable to trace this money to any legitimate source of income.", "Nicholson later admitted to providing the Russian intelligence service with national defense information, including photographic negatives, between June 1994 and his arrest on November 16, 1996\\.", "The FBI affidavit implies that the investigation of Nicholson's espionage for Russia was triggered following his failure of three [polygraph](/wiki/Polygraph \"Polygraph\") examinations administered by CIA polygraphers as part of his routine security update in October and December 1995, when questions \"Have you had unauthorized contact with a Foreign Intelligence Service?\", \"Since 1990, have you had contact with a Foreign Intelligence Service that you are trying to hide from the CIA?\" revealed a high probability of deception or were marked as \"inconclusive\". The CIA examiner noted that Nicholson appeared to be trying to manipulate the test by taking deep breaths on the control questions, which he stopped after a verbal warning.", "Another piece of information that linked Nicholson to his activities was that a US mole inside the FSB had informed the CIA that a top priority for Russian intelligence was to gather information on activities and movements of Chechen rebels. While an instructor at [Langley](/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence \"George Bush Center for Intelligence\"), Nicholson had gone to CIA Headquarters and asked several CIA employees in the European section about information on [Chechnya](/wiki/Chechnya \"Chechnya\"). Nicholson claimed the need to know was for an upcoming exercise with students. According to Langley leadership, there were no lessons on Chechen separatism. Requests for changes to the training program needed to be brought before a board of review, and Nicholson did not submit any proposed changes.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2015}}", "Nicholson was then placed under surveillance by the FBI. Nicholson was watched during his travels to [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") and [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"). During his time in Singapore, surveillance saw him get in a car registered to the Russian embassy. This meeting with Russian nationals was not authorized, nor did Nicholson report it to the CIA as required. Following this meeting, Nicholson returned to the United States where he was seen making a large cash deposit into his bank account, with which he both retired an outstanding car loan and transferred the remainder into three joint accounts that he held with his children. The FBI was unable to trace this cash to any legal source of income. The CIA assigned Nicholson to a management position in the [counterterrorism](/wiki/Counterterrorism \"Counterterrorism\") branch at CIA Headquarters, while keeping a close eye on him. The CIA limited his access to information on Russian matters and Chechnya in particular, which were the primary subjects of interest to his Russian handlers. During his tenure at headquarters, he made a request to the office of technical services for a briefcase\\-type camera,{{what\\|date\\=July 2022}} which is often used to clandestinely copy documents. According to the job description at the time, Nicholson had no need for any camera in order to fulfill his obligations at the counterterrorism office.", "The FBI also retrieved mail sent from Nicholson to his handlers from local public mailboxes, where he signed postcards with code words under the alias \"Nevil R. Strachey.\" The FBI conducted a search for Nevil R. Strachey through phone books in the District of Columbia and adjacent counties but found no listing. An FBI investigation of the residence listed on the return address listed revealed no one residing there named Nevil Strachey. The postcards were enclosed in envelopes, both of which had overpaid on the postage. The FBI believes that the envelopes were sent to an address where an intermediary would then get the postcards to the FSB. One postcard was written \"I will not be in your neighborhood as expected, still the work is beneficial, I know you will find it very attractive\", which was likely code words telling the SVR he had recently been rejected from a chief of station position he had applied for, instead getting a management job at CIA headquarters. Another postcard intercepted in the summer of 1996 stated \"I hope you will be able to join me for a ski holiday this November. A bit early but it would fit into my schedule nicely\", which was code words for meeting with the SVR in [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") in November (\"a bit early\" was likely code words that their meetings traditionally convened in December). {{cn\\|date\\=September 2023}}", "That same month he was scheduled to travel to Europe on official CIA business to meet with European intelligence officers. Nicholson told the CIA he planned to take a personal vacation to [Zurich](/wiki/Zurich \"Zurich\") afterwards. On November 16, 1996, the FBI arrested Nicholson at [Dulles International Airport](/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport \"Dulles International Airport\"). He had a ticket to Zurich, a bundle of exposed film and a computer disk bearing classified information from CIA files. This included \"information on the identities on the CIA Moscow chief and his staff, the identities and code names of CIA informants and the identities of CIA case officers.\" He said he planned to divulge knowledge the U.S. possessed concerning the intelligence and military capabilities of the Russian Federation.\"", "### First conviction", "Nicholson was convicted of selling US intelligence to [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") for $300,000 and was sentenced to 23 years 7 months of [imprisonment](/wiki/Imprisonment \"Imprisonment\") on June 5, 1997\\.{{cite news\\|last\\=Weiner\\|first\\=Tim\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=June 6, 1997\\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2011\\|title\\=C.I.A. Traitor, Saying He Wanted Cash for Family, Gets 23 Years\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/06/us/cia\\-traitor\\-saying\\-he\\-wanted\\-cash\\-for\\-family\\-gets\\-23\\-years.html?ref\\=haroldjnicholson\\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530001825/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/06/us/cia\\-traitor\\-saying\\-he\\-wanted\\-cash\\-for\\-family\\-gets\\-23\\-years.html?ref\\=haroldjnicholson\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He did not get a life without parole or [death sentence](/wiki/Death_sentence \"Death sentence\") as prosecutors said he had cooperated fully with them after his arrest. He was sent to [FCI Sheridan](/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution%2C_Sheridan \"Federal Correctional Institution, Sheridan\"), a medium\\-security federal prison in [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\"), to serve his sentence.", "Prosecutors believed that he had sold the identities of all US intelligence officers stationed in Russia, as well as the identities of his trainees at the CIA school. He told the court that he had intended for the money he received from the Russians to benefit his children.", "Although his case received far less publicity than that of [Aldrich Ames](/wiki/Aldrich_Ames \"Aldrich Ames\"), and apparently caused less damage to US national security, Nicholson was said to be the highest ranking CIA official ever convicted of spying for a foreign power.{{cite news\\|last\\=Weiner\\|first\\=Tim\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=June 4, 1997\\|access\\-date\\=January 25, 2011\\|title\\=C.I.A. Traitor Severely Hurt U.S. Security, Judge Is Told\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/04/us/cia\\-traitor\\-severely\\-hurt\\-us\\-security\\-judge\\-is\\-told.html?ref\\=haroldjnicholson\\|archive\\-date\\=May 29, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529170331/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/04/us/cia\\-traitor\\-severely\\-hurt\\-us\\-security\\-judge\\-is\\-told.html?ref\\=haroldjnicholson\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In court, Nicholson stated he was inspired to commit espionage by looking at the case of Aldrich Ames, rather than being deterred by it. Nicholson noted Ames' professional sloppiness and that the investigation, while it ultimately caught him, had been laggard. Such a combination inspired Nicholson to believe his tradecraft was superior to Ames' and that he could elude detection.", "### Second crime, conviction and release", "At the end of 2008, Nicholson's youngest son Nathaniel was arrested; prosecutors said Jim Nicholson had used his son to collect more than $47,000 from Russian officials in [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"), [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\"), and [Cyprus](/wiki/Cyprus \"Cyprus\") for past spy work: between December 2006 and December 2008 Nathaniel had met with representatives of the Russian Federation six times, including twice at a consulate in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). Jim Nicholson was pulled out of prison to plead in court on charges of [conspiracy](/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29 \"Conspiracy (crime)\") along with his son.{{cite magazine \\|title\\=Application and Affidavit for Search Warrant \\|url\\=https://www.wired.com/images\\_blogs/threatlevel/files/spyaffidavit.pdf \\|magazine\\=Wired \\|access\\-date\\=December 2, 2018 \\|date\\=December 11, 2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101144041/https://www.wired.com/images\\_blogs/threatlevel/files/spyaffidavit.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Ex\\-CIA Spy Renewed Russian Contact via Son \\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009\\-01\\-29\\-cia\\-spy\\_N.htm \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|work\\=\\[\\[USA Today]] \\|date\\=January 29, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=January 22, 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203052842/https://usatoday30\\.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009\\-01\\-29\\-cia\\-spy\\_N.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On January 18, 2011, Nicholson was sentenced to eight more years in prison, having pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy to act as an agent of a foreign government and conspiracy to commit money laundering; five other charges had been dropped as part of the plea deal.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/01/18/twice\\-convicted\\-ex\\-cia\\-spy\\-gets\\-years/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[Fox News Channel\\|Fox News]] \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|date\\=January 19, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2013 \\|title\\=Twice convicted ex\\-CIA spy gets 8 more years \\|archive\\-date\\=November 2, 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102112405/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/01/18/twice\\-convicted\\-ex\\-cia\\-spy\\-gets\\-years/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Nathaniel Nicholson had been sentenced in December 2010 to five years on probation after making a deal with prosecutors to help build the case against his father.", "Nicholson was transferred to the [United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX](/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary%2C_Florence_ADX \"United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX\"), the federal [supermax](/wiki/Supermax \"Supermax\") prison in Colorado, and was incarcerated there until his release on November 24, 2023\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction\\=IDSearch\\&needingMoreList\\=false\\&IDType\\=IRN\\&IDNumber\\=49535\\-083\\&x\\=75\\&y\\=18\\|title\\=Inmate Locator\\|publisher\\=Bureau of Prisons\\|access\\-date\\=June 12, 2012\\|archive\\-date\\=February 3, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203052740/https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early period In 1958, Fugard organised "a multiracial theatre for which he wrote, directed, and acted", writing and producing several plays for it, including *No\-Good Friday* (1958\) and *Nongogo* (1959\), in which he and his colleague, black South African actor [Zakes Mokae](/wiki/Zakes_Mokae "Zakes Mokae") performed. In 1978, Richard Eder of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* criticized *Nongogo* as "awkward and thin. It is unable to communicate very much about its characters, or make them much more than the servants of a noticeably ticking plot." Eder said, "Queenie is the most real of the characters. Her sense of herself and where she wants to go makes her believable and the crumbling of her dour defenses at a touch of hope makes her affecting. By contrast, Johnny is unreal. His warmth and hopefulness at the start crumble too suddenly and too completely".{{Cite news\|last\=Eder\|first\=Richard\|date\=1978\-12\-04\|title\='Nongogo,' a Drama\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/04/archives/nongogo\-a\-drama\-early\-fugard\-work.html\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10\|issn\=0362\-4331}} After returning to Port Elizabeth in the early 1960s, Athol and Sheila Fugard started The Circle Players, which derives its name from the production of *[The Caucasian Chalk Circle](/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle "The Caucasian Chalk Circle")* by [Bertolt Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht "Bertolt Brecht").{{cite book\|first\=Loren\|last\= Kruger\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=s4Qizpti1Z4C\|chapter\=Chapter 5: The Dis\-illusion of Apartheid: Brecht in South Africa\|title\=Post\-Imperial Brecht Politics and Performance, East and South\|series\=Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre\|publisher\=Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press\|pages\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=s4Qizpti1Z4C\&pg\=PA215 215–80]\|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-81708\-0\|year\=2004}} ([Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books").) In 1961, in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg "Johannesburg"), Fugard and Mokae starred as the brothers Morris and Zachariah in the single\-performance world première of Fugard's play *[The Blood Knot](/wiki/Blood_Knot "Blood Knot")* (revised and retitled *Blood Knot* in 1987\), directed by [Barney Simon](/wiki/Barney_Simon "Barney Simon").{{cite news\|first\=Mel\|last\= Gussow\|url\=http://theater2\.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res\=9C05E5D91439F937A1575AC0A963948260\|title\=Stage: 'The Blood Knot' by Fugard\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=24 September 1985\|access\-date\=5 October 2008\|author\-link \= Mel Gussow}} In 1989, Lloyd Richards of *[The Paris Review](/wiki/The_Paris_Review "The Paris Review")* declared *The Blood Knot* to be Fugard's first "major play".{{Cite news\|last\=Richards\|first\=Lloyd\|date\=1989\|title\=Athol Fugard, The Art of Theater No. 8\|journal\=The Paris Review. Interviews.\|volume\=Summer 1989\|issue\=111\|url\=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2416/the\-art\-of\-theater\-no\-8\-athol\-fugard\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10\|issn\=0031\-2037}} ### Refusal to stage for "Whites Only" audiences In 1962, Fugard found the question of whether he could "work in a theatre which excludes 'Non\-Whites'\-\-or includes them only on the basis of special segregated performance\-\- increasingly pressing". It was made more so by the decision of [British Equity](/wiki/Equity_%28British_trade_union%29 "Equity (British trade union)") to prevent any British entertainer visiting South Africa unless the audiences were allowed to be multi\-racial. In a decision that caused him to reflect on the power of art to effect change, Fugard decided that the "answer must be No" to segregation. > That old argument used to be so comforting; so plausible: 'One person in that segregated, white audience, might be moved to think, and then to change, by what he saw'. > I'm beginning to wonder whether it really works that way. The supposition seems to be that there is a didactic\-\-a teaching through feeling element in art. What I do know is that art can give meaning, can render meaningful areas of experience, and most certainly also enhances. But teach? Contradict? State the opposite to what you believe and then lead you to accept it? > In other words, can art change a man or woman? No. That is what life does. Art is no substitute for life.{{cite book \|last1\=Fugard \|first1\=Athol \|title\=Notebooks 1960–1977 \|date\=1984 \|publisher\=Alfred A. Knopf \|location\=New York \|isbn\=0\-394\-53755\-6 \|page\=59}} Of the few venues in the country where a play could be presented to mixed audiences, Fugard noted that some were little better than barns. But he concluded that under these circumstances, "every conceivable dignity\-\-audience, producer, act, 'professional' etc.\-\-" was "operative" in the white theatre except one, "human dignity".Fugard (1984\), p. 60 Fugard publicly supported the [Anti\-Apartheid Movement](/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement "Anti-Apartheid Movement") (1959–94\) in the international boycott of South African theatres due to their segregated audiences. The results were additional restrictions and surveillance. He had his plays published and produced outside South Africa. [Lucille Lortel](/wiki/Lucille_Lortel "Lucille Lortel") produced *The Blood Knot* at the Cricket Theatre, [Off Broadway](/wiki/Off_Broadway "Off Broadway"), in New York City in 1964, "launch\[ing]" Fugard's "American career."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lortel.org/LLA\_archive/index.cfm?search\_by\=people\&keyword\=name\&first\=Athol\&last\=Fugard\&middle\=\|title\=Athol Fugard: Biography\|publisher\=\[\[Lortel Archives\|The Internet Off\-Broadway Database]]\|access\-date\=2 October 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315033734/http://www.lortel.org/LLA\_archive/index.cfm?search\_by\=people\&keyword\=name\&first\=Athol\&last\=Fugard\&middle\=\|archive\-date\=15 March 2009}} ### The Serpent Players In the 1960s, Fugard formed the Serpent Players, whose name derives from its first venue, the former snake pit (hence the name) at the Port Elizabeth Museum, "a group of black actors worker\-players who earned their living as teachers, clerks, and industrial workers, and cannot thus be considered amateurs in the manner of leisured whites", developing and performing plays "under surveillance by the Security Police", according to Loren Kruger's *The Dis\-illusion of Apartheid*, published in 2004\.{{cite book\|first\=Loren\|last\= Kruger\|chapter\=Chapter 5: The Dis\-illusion of Apartheid: Brecht in South Africa\|title\=Post\-Imperial Brecht Politics and Performance, East and South\|series\=Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre\|publisher\=Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press\|pages\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=s4Qizpti1Z4C\&pg\=PA215 217–18]\|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-81708\-0\|year\=2004}} ([Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books") limited preview.) The group largely consisted of black men, including [Winston Ntshona](/wiki/Winston_Ntshona "Winston Ntshona"), [John Kani](/wiki/John_Kani "John Kani"), [Welcome Duru](/wiki/Welcome_Duru "Welcome Duru"), Fats Bookholane and Mike Ngxolo as well as Nomhle Nkonyeni and Mabel Magada. They all got together, albeit at different intervals, and decided to do something about their lives using the stage. In 1961 they met Athol Fugard, a white man who grew up in Port Elizabeth and who recently returned from Johannesburg, and asked him if he could work with them "as he had the know\-how theatrically—the tricks, how to use the stage, movements, everything"; they worked with Athol Fugard since then, "and that is how the Serpent Players got together.""'Art is Life and Life is Art'. An interview with John Kani and Winston Ntshona of the Serpent Players from South Africa", in *Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies* \[Internet], 6(2\), 1976, pp. 5–26\. Available from: [eScholarship](http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9qb6w2wz), University of California. Retrieved 26 July 2017\. At the time, the group performed anything they could lay their hands on in South Africa as they had no access to any libraries. These included [Bertolt Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht "Bertolt Brecht"), [August Strindberg](/wiki/August_Strindberg "August Strindberg"), [Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Samuel_Beckett "Samuel Beckett"), [William Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare "William Shakespeare") and many other prominent playwrights of the time. In an interview in California, Ntshona and Kani were asked why they were doing the play *[Sizwe Banzi Is Dead](/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead "Sizwe Banzi Is Dead")*, considered a highly political and telling story of the South African political landscape at the time. Ntshona answered: "We are just a group of artists who love theatre. And we have every right to open the doors to anyone who wants to take a look at our play and our work...We believe that art is life and conversely, life is art. And no sensible man can divorce one from the other. That's it. Other attributes are merely labels." They mainly performed at the St Stephen's Hall – renamed the Douglas Ngange Mbopa Memorial Hall in 2013 – adjacent to St Stephen's Church, and other spaces in and around New Brighton, the oldest Black township in Port Elizabeth. According to Loren Kruger, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago"), > the Serpent Players used [Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht "Bertolt Brecht")'s elucidation of [gestic acting](/wiki/Gestus "Gestus"), dis\-illusion, and social critique, as well as their own experience of the satiric comic routines of urban African [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville "Vaudeville"), to explore the theatrical force of [Brecht's techniques](/wiki/Epic_Theatre "Epic Theatre"), as well as the immediate political relevance of a play about land distribution. Their work on the *[Caucasian Chalk Circle](/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle "The Caucasian Chalk Circle")* and, a year later, on *[Antigone](/wiki/Antigone_%28Sophocles%29 "Antigone (Sophocles)")* led directly to the creation, in 1966, of what is still \[2004] South Africa's most distinctive *Lehrstück* \[learning play]:*The Coat*. Based on an incident at one of the many political trials involving the Serpent Players, *The Coat* dramatized the choices facing a woman whose husband, convicted of anti\-apartheid political activity, left her only a coat and instructions to use it. Clive Barnes of *The New York Times* panned *People Are Living There* (1969\) in 1971, arguing: "There are splinters of realities here, and pregnancies of feeling, hut \[sic] nothing of significance emerges. In Mr. Fugard's earlier plays he seemed to be dealing with life at a proper level of humanity. Here—if real people are living there—they remain oddly quiet about it...The first act rambles disconsolately, like a lonely type writer looking for a subject and the second act produces with pride a birthday party of [Chaplinesque](/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin "Charlie Chaplin") bathos but less than Chaplinesque invention and spirit..\[The characters] harangue one another in an awkward dislocation between a formal speech and an interior monologue."{{Cite news\|last\=Barnes\|first\=Clive\|date\=1971\-11\-19\|title\=Theater: People Are Living There'\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/19/archives/theater\-people\-are\-living\-there\-athol\-fugards\-drama\-opens\-at\-forum.html\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10\|issn\=0362\-4331}} Mark Blankenship of *Variety* negatively reviewed a 2005 revival of the same work, writing that it "lacks the emotional intensity and theatrical imagination that mark such Fugard favorites" as *["Master Harold"...and the Boys](/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys)*. Blankenship also stated, however, that the performance he attended featuring "only haphazard sketches of plot and character" was perhaps the result of Fugard allowing director Suzanne Shepard to revise the play without showing him the changes.{{Cite web\|title\=People Are Living There\|url\=https://variety.com/2005/legit/reviews/people\-are\-living\-there\-1200525087/\|last\=Blankenship\|first\=Mark\|date\=2005\-06\-17\|website\=Variety\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10}} The Serpent Players conceptualised and co\-authored many plays that it performed for a variety of audiences in many theatres around the world. The following are some of its notable and most popular plays: * Its first production was [Niccolò Machiavelli](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli "Niccolò Machiavelli")'s *[La Mandragola](/wiki/La_Mandragola "La Mandragola")*, directed by Fugard as *[The Cure](/wiki/The_Cure "The Cure")* and set in the township. Other productions include [Georg Buchner](/wiki/Georg_Buchner "Georg Buchner")'s *[Woyzeck](/wiki/Woyzeck "Woyzeck")*, Brecht's *[The Caucasian Chalk Circle](/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle "The Caucasian Chalk Circle")* and Sophocles' *[Antigone](/wiki/Antigone_%28Sophocles_play%29 "Antigone (Sophocles play)")*. When the group had turned to improvisation, they came up with classic works such as *[Sizwe Banzi Is Dead](/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead "Sizwe Banzi Is Dead")* and *[The Island](/wiki/The_Island_%28play%29 "The Island (play)")*, emerging as inner experiences of the actors who are also the co\-authors of the plays. * In *The Coat*, Kruger observes, "The participants were engaged not only in representing social relationships on stage but also on enacting and revising their own dealings with each other and with institutions of apartheid oppression from the law courts downward", and "this engagement testified to the real power of Brecht's apparently utopian plan to abolish the separation of player and audience and to make of each player a 'statesman' or social actor...Work on *The Coat* led indirectly to the Serpent Players' most famous and most Brechtian productions: *[Sizwe Banzi Is Dead](/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead "Sizwe Banzi Is Dead")* (1972\) and *[The Island](/wiki/The_Island_%28play%29 "The Island (play)")* (1973\)." Fugard developed these two plays for the Serpent Players in workshops, working with [John Kani](/wiki/John_Kani "John Kani") and [Winston Ntshona](/wiki/Winston_Ntshona "Winston Ntshona"), publishing them in 1974 with his own play *Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act* (1972\). The authorities considered the title of *The Island*, which alludes to [Robben Island](/wiki/Robben_Island "Robben Island"), the prison where [Nelson Mandela](/wiki/Nelson_Mandela "Nelson Mandela") was being held, too controversial, so Fugard and the Serpent Players used the alternative title *The Hodoshe Span* (*Hodoshe* meaning "carrion fly" in [Xhosa](/wiki/Xhosa_language "Xhosa language")). * These plays "espoused a Brechtian attention to the demonstration of [gest](/wiki/Gestus "Gestus") and social situations and encouraged audiences to analyze rather than merely applaud the action"; for example, *[Sizwe Banzi Is Dead](/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead "Sizwe Banzi Is Dead")*, which infused a Brechtian critique and [vaudevillian irony](/wiki/Vaudeville "Vaudeville")\-–especially in Kani's virtuoso improvisation\-–even provoked an African audience's critical interruption and interrogation of the action. * While dramatising frustrations in the lives of his audience members, the plays simultaneously drew them into the action and attempted to have them analyse the situations of the characters in Brechtian fashion, according to Kruger. * *Blood Knot* was filmed by the BBC in 1967, with Fugard's collaboration, starring the Jamaican actor [Charles Hyatt](/wiki/Charles_Hyatt "Charles Hyatt") as Zachariah and Fugard himself as Morris, as in the original 1961 première in Johannesburg.{{cite book\|first\=Athol\|last\= Fugard\|title\=''Notebooks 1960–1977''\|publisher\=Craighall: A. D. Donker, 1983\|isbn\=0\-86852\-011\-X\|quote\=Back in S'Kop after five weeks in London for BBC TV production of The Blood Knot. Myself as Morrie, with Charles Hyatt as Zach. Robin Midgley directing. Midgley reduced the play to 90 minutes...Midgley did manage to dig up things that had been missed in all the other productions. Most exciting was his treatment of the letter writing scene – 'Address her' – which he turned into an essay in literacy...Zach sweating as the words clot in his mouth...\|year\=1983}} Less pleased than Fugard, the South African government of [B.J. Vorster](/wiki/B.J._Vorster "B.J. Vorster") confiscated Fugard's passport.Dennis Walder, ["Crossing Boundaries: The Genesis of the Township Plays"](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_n4_v39/ai_16087646/pg_7), Special issue on Athol Fugard, *Twentieth Century Literature* (Winter 1993\); rpt. *findarticles.com*. Retrieved 4 October 2008\. Fugard's play *[A Lesson from Aloes](/wiki/A_Lesson_from_Aloes "A Lesson from Aloes")* (1978\) was described as one of his major works by Alvin Klein of *The New York Times*,{{Cite news\|last\=Klein\|first\=Alvin\|date\=1994\-02\-13\|title\=THEATER; 'Hello and Goodbye,' Early Fugard Play\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/13/nyregion/theater\-hello\-and\-goodbye\-early\-fugard\-play.html\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-10\|issn\=0362\-4331}} though others have written more lukewarm reviews. ### Yale Rep premieres, 1980s [thumb\|upright\|The Fugard Theatre in [District Six](/wiki/District_Six "District Six"), Cape Town](/wiki/File:Fugard_Theatre%2C_front_relief%2C_Cape_Town.JPG "Fugard Theatre, front relief, Cape Town.JPG") *["Master Harold"...and the Boys](/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys)*, written in 1982, incorporates "strong autobiographical matter"; nonetheless "it is fiction, not memoir", as *[Cousins: A Memoir](/wiki/Cousins:A_Memoir "A Memoir")* and some of Fugard's other works are subtitled.{{cite book\|first\=Albert\|last\= Wertheim\|title\=The Dramatic Art of Athol Fugard: From South Africa to the World\|publisher\=Bloomington: Indiana University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-253\-33823\-5\|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/dramaticartofath0000wert/page/221 225]\|year\=2000}} ([Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books") limited preview.) The play deals with the relationship between a 17\-year\-old white South African and two African men who work for the white youth's family. Its world premiere was performed by [Danny Glover](/wiki/Danny_Glover "Danny Glover"), [Željko Ivanek](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Ivanek "Željko Ivanek") and [Zakes Mokae](/wiki/Zakes_Mokae "Zakes Mokae"), at the [Yale Repertory Theatre](/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre "Yale Repertory Theatre") in [New Haven, Connecticut](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut "New Haven, Connecticut"), in March 1982\.{{Cite news \|date\=1982\-02\-21 \|title\=Yale to Stage Premiere of Fugard Play \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/21/theater/yale\-to\-stage\-premiere\-of\-fugard\-play.html \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24 \|issn\=0362\-4331}}{{Cite news \|last\=Rich \|first\=Frank \|date\=1982\-03\-17 \|title\=THEATER: WORLD PREMIERE OF FUGARD' NEW PLAY \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/17/theater/theater\-world\-premiere\-of\-fugard\-new\-play.html \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} *The Road to Mecca* was presented at the [Yale Repertory Theatre](/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre "Yale Repertory Theatre"), New Haven, Connecticut, in May 1984\. Directed by Fugard, the cast starred [Carmen Mathews](/wiki/Carmen_Mathews "Carmen Mathews"), Marianne Owen, and [Tom Aldredge](/wiki/Tom_Aldredge "Tom Aldredge"). Along with *Master Harold*, it proved to be one of Fugard's most acclaimed works.{{Cite web\|title\=Fugard's 'A Lesson From Aloes' Ends Hartford Stage's 2017\-18 Season\|url\=https://www.courant.com/ctnow/arts\-theater/hc\-ctnow\-lesson\-from\-aloes\-hartford\-stage\-20180507\-story.html\|last\=Arnott\|first\=Christopher\|date\=2018\-05\-08\|website\=courant.com\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-11}}[Rich, Frank](/wiki/Frank_Rich "Frank Rich"). ["Stage: 'To Mecca,' By Athol Fugard"](https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/15/theater/stage-to-mecca-by-athol-fugard.html?pagewanted=) *The New York Times*, 15 May 1984 It is the story of an elderly recluse in a small South African town who has spent 15 years on an obsessive artistic project.{{Cite news \|last1\=Rich \|first1\=Frank \|date\=1987\-04\-03 \|title\=STAGE: FUGARD'S 'PLACE WITH THE PIGS' \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/03/theater/stage\-fugard\-s\-place\-with\-the\-pigs.html \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24 \|issn\=0362\-4331}} Fugard appeared in his *A Place With the Pigs* at the Yale Rep in New Haven CT, in 1987\. Inspired by the true story of World War II Soviet deserter, Fugard plays a paranoid who spent four decades hiding with his pigs. As with *The Road to Mecca*, Fugards critics readily appreciated the metaphor for a life of internal exile.{{Cite news \|last\=Rich \|first\=Frank \|date\=1984\-05\-15 \|title\=STAGE: 'TO MECCA,' BY ATHOL FUGARD (Published 1984\) \|work\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/15/theater/stage\-to\-mecca\-by\-athol\-fugard.html?pagewanted\= \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24}} ### Post\-apartheid plays The first play that Fugard wrote after the end of apartheid, *Valley Song*, was premiered in Johannesburg, in August, 1995, with Fugard in the role of both a white, and of a [coloured](/wiki/Coloureds "Coloureds"), farmer. While they dispute property titles, both share a reverence for the land and fear change.{{Cite book \|url\=http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide\-valleysong/ \|title\=Valley Song Summary }} In October 1995, Fugard took the play to the United States with a production by the Manhattan Theatre Club at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey. In January 2009, Fugard returned to New Haven for the premiere in the *Coming Home.* Veronika, the granddaughter of Buk, the coloured farmer in *Valley Song*, leaves the Karoo to pursue a singing career in Cape Town but then returns, after his death, to create a new life on the land for her young son.{{Cite web \|last\=Gans \|first\=Andrew \|date\=11 August 2008 \|title\=Fugard's Coming Home Will Premiere at Long Wharf Theatre \|url\=https://playbill.com/article/fugards\-coming\-home\-will\-premiere\-at\-long\-wharf\-theatre\-com\-152377 \|website\=Playbill}} The [Fugard Theatre](/wiki/Fugard_Theatre "Fugard Theatre"), in the [District Six](/wiki/District_Six "District Six") area of Cape Town opened with performances by the [Isango Portobello](/wiki/Isango_Portobello "Isango Portobello") theatre company in February 2010 and a new play written and directed by Athol Fugard, *The Train Driver*, played at the theatre in March 2010\.{{cite news \|last\=Dugger \|first\=Celia W. \|date\=13 March 2010 \|title\=His Next Act: Driving Out Apartheid's Ghost \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/theater/13fugard.html \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=25 April 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324034851/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/theater/13fugard.html \|archive\-date\=24 March 2010}} In April 2014, returned to the stage in the world premiere of his *The Shadow of a Hummingbird* at the [Long Wharf Theatre](/wiki/Long_Wharf_Theatre "Long Wharf Theatre"), New Haven. This short play was performed with an "introductory scene" compiled by Paula Fourie from Fugard's journal writings. With "the playwright digging through these diaries on a set which resembles an old, busy writer's workspace", the scene blends into the main play, which begins when Boba, the grandson of the story\-telling grandfather character Oupa (played by Fugard) comes to visit.{{Cite web \|title\=Fugard's Hummingbird Flies \|url\=https://www.newhavenindependent.org/article/fugards\_hummingbird\_flies \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24 \|website\=New Haven Independent }} ### Film Fugard's plays are produced internationally and have won multiple awards, and several have been made into films"Filmography" in {{AllMovie name\|id\=25251}}. Retrieved 3 October 2008\. (see *Filmography* below). Fugard himself performed in the first of these, as Boesman alongside [Yvonne Bryceland](/wiki/Yvonne_Bryceland "Yvonne Bryceland") as Lena, in *Boesman and Lena* directed by [Ross Devenish](/wiki/Ross_Devenish "Ross Devenish") in 1973\.{{Cite web \|title\=Boesman and Lena (1973\) \|url\=https://www2\.bfi.org.uk/films\-tv\-people/4ce2b6a5f083a \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804000440/https://www2\.bfi.org.uk/films\-tv\-people/4ce2b6a5f083a \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=4 August 2021 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-24 \|website\=BFI }} His film debut as a director occurred in 1992, when he co\-directed the adaptation of his play *[The Road to Mecca](/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_%28play%29 "The Road to Mecca (play)")* with Peter Goldsmid, who also wrote the screenplay. The film adaptation of his novel *[Tsotsi](/wiki/Tsotsi "Tsotsi")*, written and directed by [Gavin Hood](/wiki/Gavin_Hood "Gavin Hood"), won the 2005 [Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film "Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film") in 2006\. Outside of his own work, Fugard has a number of cameo film roles, most notably as [General Smuts](/wiki/Jan_Smuts "Jan Smuts") in [Richard Attenborough](/wiki/Richard_Attenborough "Richard Attenborough")'s [*Gandhi* (1982\)](/wiki/Gandhi_%28film%29 "Gandhi (film)"), and as Doctor Sundesval in [Sydney Schanberg](/wiki/Sydney_Schanberg "Sydney Schanberg")'s [*The Killing Fields* (1984\)](/wiki/The_Killing_Fields_%28film%29 "The Killing Fields (film)").
[ "Career\n------", "### Early period", "In 1958, Fugard organised \"a multiracial theatre for which he wrote, directed, and acted\", writing and producing several plays for it, including *No\\-Good Friday* (1958\\) and *Nongogo* (1959\\), in which he and his colleague, black South African actor [Zakes Mokae](/wiki/Zakes_Mokae \"Zakes Mokae\") performed. In 1978, Richard Eder of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* criticized *Nongogo* as \"awkward and thin. It is unable to communicate very much about its characters, or make them much more than the servants of a noticeably ticking plot.\" Eder said, \"Queenie is the most real of the characters. Her sense of herself and where she wants to go makes her believable and the crumbling of her dour defenses at a touch of hope makes her affecting. By contrast, Johnny is unreal. His warmth and hopefulness at the start crumble too suddenly and too completely\".{{Cite news\\|last\\=Eder\\|first\\=Richard\\|date\\=1978\\-12\\-04\\|title\\='Nongogo,' a Drama\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/04/archives/nongogo\\-a\\-drama\\-early\\-fugard\\-work.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}", "After returning to Port Elizabeth in the early 1960s, Athol and Sheila Fugard started The Circle Players, which derives its name from the production of *[The Caucasian Chalk Circle](/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle \"The Caucasian Chalk Circle\")* by [Bertolt Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht \"Bertolt Brecht\").{{cite book\\|first\\=Loren\\|last\\= Kruger\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=s4Qizpti1Z4C\\|chapter\\=Chapter 5: The Dis\\-illusion of Apartheid: Brecht in South Africa\\|title\\=Post\\-Imperial Brecht Politics and Performance, East and South\\|series\\=Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre\\|publisher\\=Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press\\|pages\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=s4Qizpti1Z4C\\&pg\\=PA215 215–80]\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-81708\\-0\\|year\\=2004}} ([Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\").)", "In 1961, in [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\"), Fugard and Mokae starred as the brothers Morris and Zachariah in the single\\-performance world première of Fugard's play *[The Blood Knot](/wiki/Blood_Knot \"Blood Knot\")* (revised and retitled *Blood Knot* in 1987\\), directed by [Barney Simon](/wiki/Barney_Simon \"Barney Simon\").{{cite news\\|first\\=Mel\\|last\\= Gussow\\|url\\=http://theater2\\.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res\\=9C05E5D91439F937A1575AC0A963948260\\|title\\=Stage: 'The Blood Knot' by Fugard\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=24 September 1985\\|access\\-date\\=5 October 2008\\|author\\-link \\= Mel Gussow}} In 1989, Lloyd Richards of *[The Paris Review](/wiki/The_Paris_Review \"The Paris Review\")* declared *The Blood Knot* to be Fugard's first \"major play\".{{Cite news\\|last\\=Richards\\|first\\=Lloyd\\|date\\=1989\\|title\\=Athol Fugard, The Art of Theater No. 8\\|journal\\=The Paris Review. Interviews.\\|volume\\=Summer 1989\\|issue\\=111\\|url\\=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2416/the\\-art\\-of\\-theater\\-no\\-8\\-athol\\-fugard\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10\\|issn\\=0031\\-2037}}", "### Refusal to stage for \"Whites Only\" audiences", "In 1962, Fugard found the question of whether he could \"work in a theatre which excludes 'Non\\-Whites'\\-\\-or includes them only on the basis of special segregated performance\\-\\- increasingly pressing\". It was made more so by the decision of [British Equity](/wiki/Equity_%28British_trade_union%29 \"Equity (British trade union)\") to prevent any British entertainer visiting South Africa unless the audiences were allowed to be multi\\-racial. In a decision that caused him to reflect on the power of art to effect change, Fugard decided that the \"answer must be No\" to segregation.", "", "> That old argument used to be so comforting; so plausible: 'One person in that segregated, white audience, might be moved to think, and then to change, by what he saw'. \n> I'm beginning to wonder whether it really works that way. The supposition seems to be that there is a didactic\\-\\-a teaching through feeling element in art. What I do know is that art can give meaning, can render meaningful areas of experience, and most certainly also enhances. But teach? Contradict? State the opposite to what you believe and then lead you to accept it?\n> In other words, can art change a man or woman? No. That is what life does. Art is no substitute for life.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Fugard \\|first1\\=Athol \\|title\\=Notebooks 1960–1977 \\|date\\=1984 \\|publisher\\=Alfred A. Knopf \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=0\\-394\\-53755\\-6 \\|page\\=59}}", "Of the few venues in the country where a play could be presented to mixed audiences, Fugard noted that some were little better than barns. But he concluded that under these circumstances, \"every conceivable dignity\\-\\-audience, producer, act, 'professional' etc.\\-\\-\" was \"operative\" in the white theatre except one, \"human dignity\".Fugard (1984\\), p. 60", "Fugard publicly supported the [Anti\\-Apartheid Movement](/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement \"Anti-Apartheid Movement\") (1959–94\\) in the international boycott of South African theatres due to their segregated audiences. The results were additional restrictions and surveillance. He had his plays published and produced outside South Africa.", "[Lucille Lortel](/wiki/Lucille_Lortel \"Lucille Lortel\") produced *The Blood Knot* at the Cricket Theatre, [Off Broadway](/wiki/Off_Broadway \"Off Broadway\"), in New York City in 1964, \"launch\\[ing]\" Fugard's \"American career.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lortel.org/LLA\\_archive/index.cfm?search\\_by\\=people\\&keyword\\=name\\&first\\=Athol\\&last\\=Fugard\\&middle\\=\\|title\\=Athol Fugard: Biography\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Lortel Archives\\|The Internet Off\\-Broadway Database]]\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315033734/http://www.lortel.org/LLA\\_archive/index.cfm?search\\_by\\=people\\&keyword\\=name\\&first\\=Athol\\&last\\=Fugard\\&middle\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=15 March 2009}}", "### The Serpent Players", "In the 1960s, Fugard formed the Serpent Players, whose name derives from its first venue, the former snake pit (hence the name) at the Port Elizabeth Museum, \"a group of black actors worker\\-players who earned their living as teachers, clerks, and industrial workers, and cannot thus be considered amateurs in the manner of leisured whites\", developing and performing plays \"under surveillance by the Security Police\", according to Loren Kruger's *The Dis\\-illusion of Apartheid*, published in 2004\\.{{cite book\\|first\\=Loren\\|last\\= Kruger\\|chapter\\=Chapter 5: The Dis\\-illusion of Apartheid: Brecht in South Africa\\|title\\=Post\\-Imperial Brecht Politics and Performance, East and South\\|series\\=Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre\\|publisher\\=Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press\\|pages\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=s4Qizpti1Z4C\\&pg\\=PA215 217–18]\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-81708\\-0\\|year\\=2004}} ([Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\") limited preview.) The group largely consisted of black men, including [Winston Ntshona](/wiki/Winston_Ntshona \"Winston Ntshona\"), [John Kani](/wiki/John_Kani \"John Kani\"), [Welcome Duru](/wiki/Welcome_Duru \"Welcome Duru\"), Fats Bookholane and Mike Ngxolo as well as Nomhle Nkonyeni and Mabel Magada. They all got together, albeit at different intervals, and decided to do something about their lives using the stage. In 1961 they met Athol Fugard, a white man who grew up in Port Elizabeth and who recently returned from Johannesburg, and asked him if he could work with them \"as he had the know\\-how theatrically—the tricks, how to use the stage, movements, everything\"; they worked with Athol Fugard since then, \"and that is how the Serpent Players got together.\"\"'Art is Life and Life is Art'. An interview with John Kani and Winston Ntshona of the Serpent Players from South Africa\", in *Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies* \\[Internet], 6(2\\), 1976, pp. 5–26\\. Available from: [eScholarship](http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9qb6w2wz), University of California. Retrieved 26 July 2017\\. At the time, the group performed anything they could lay their hands on in South Africa as they had no access to any libraries. These included [Bertolt Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht \"Bertolt Brecht\"), [August Strindberg](/wiki/August_Strindberg \"August Strindberg\"), [Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Samuel_Beckett \"Samuel Beckett\"), [William Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare \"William Shakespeare\") and many other prominent playwrights of the time. In an interview in California, Ntshona and Kani were asked why they were doing the play *[Sizwe Banzi Is Dead](/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead \"Sizwe Banzi Is Dead\")*, considered a highly political and telling story of the South African political landscape at the time. Ntshona answered: \"We are just a group of artists who love theatre. And we have every right to open the doors to anyone who wants to take a look at our play and our work...We believe that art is life and conversely, life is art. And no sensible man can divorce one from the other. That's it. Other attributes are merely labels.\" They mainly performed at the St Stephen's Hall – renamed the Douglas Ngange Mbopa Memorial Hall in 2013 – adjacent to St Stephen's Church, and other spaces in and around New Brighton, the oldest Black township in Port Elizabeth.", "According to Loren Kruger, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\"),", "> the Serpent Players used [Brecht](/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht \"Bertolt Brecht\")'s elucidation of [gestic acting](/wiki/Gestus \"Gestus\"), dis\\-illusion, and social critique, as well as their own experience of the satiric comic routines of urban African [vaudeville](/wiki/Vaudeville \"Vaudeville\"), to explore the theatrical force of [Brecht's techniques](/wiki/Epic_Theatre \"Epic Theatre\"), as well as the immediate political relevance of a play about land distribution. Their work on the *[Caucasian Chalk Circle](/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle \"The Caucasian Chalk Circle\")* and, a year later, on *[Antigone](/wiki/Antigone_%28Sophocles%29 \"Antigone (Sophocles)\")* led directly to the creation, in 1966, of what is still \\[2004] South Africa's most distinctive *Lehrstück* \\[learning play]:*The Coat*. Based on an incident at one of the many political trials involving the Serpent Players, *The Coat* dramatized the choices facing a woman whose husband, convicted of anti\\-apartheid political activity, left her only a coat and instructions to use it.", "", "Clive Barnes of *The New York Times* panned *People Are Living There* (1969\\) in 1971, arguing: \"There are splinters of realities here, and pregnancies of feeling, hut \\[sic] nothing of significance emerges. In Mr. Fugard's earlier plays he seemed to be dealing with life at a proper level of humanity. Here—if real people are living there—they remain oddly quiet about it...The first act rambles disconsolately, like a lonely type writer looking for a subject and the second act produces with pride a birthday party of [Chaplinesque](/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin \"Charlie Chaplin\") bathos but less than Chaplinesque invention and spirit..\\[The characters] harangue one another in an awkward dislocation between a formal speech and an interior monologue.\"{{Cite news\\|last\\=Barnes\\|first\\=Clive\\|date\\=1971\\-11\\-19\\|title\\=Theater: People Are Living There'\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/19/archives/theater\\-people\\-are\\-living\\-there\\-athol\\-fugards\\-drama\\-opens\\-at\\-forum.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Mark Blankenship of *Variety* negatively reviewed a 2005 revival of the same work, writing that it \"lacks the emotional intensity and theatrical imagination that mark such Fugard favorites\" as *[\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys](/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys)*. Blankenship also stated, however, that the performance he attended featuring \"only haphazard sketches of plot and character\" was perhaps the result of Fugard allowing director Suzanne Shepard to revise the play without showing him the changes.{{Cite web\\|title\\=People Are Living There\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2005/legit/reviews/people\\-are\\-living\\-there\\-1200525087/\\|last\\=Blankenship\\|first\\=Mark\\|date\\=2005\\-06\\-17\\|website\\=Variety\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10}}", "The Serpent Players conceptualised and co\\-authored many plays that it performed for a variety of audiences in many theatres around the world. The following are some of its notable and most popular plays:", "* Its first production was [Niccolò Machiavelli](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli \"Niccolò Machiavelli\")'s *[La Mandragola](/wiki/La_Mandragola \"La Mandragola\")*, directed by Fugard as *[The Cure](/wiki/The_Cure \"The Cure\")* and set in the township. Other productions include [Georg Buchner](/wiki/Georg_Buchner \"Georg Buchner\")'s *[Woyzeck](/wiki/Woyzeck \"Woyzeck\")*, Brecht's *[The Caucasian Chalk Circle](/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle \"The Caucasian Chalk Circle\")* and Sophocles' *[Antigone](/wiki/Antigone_%28Sophocles_play%29 \"Antigone (Sophocles play)\")*. When the group had turned to improvisation, they came up with classic works such as *[Sizwe Banzi Is Dead](/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead \"Sizwe Banzi Is Dead\")* and *[The Island](/wiki/The_Island_%28play%29 \"The Island (play)\")*, emerging as inner experiences of the actors who are also the co\\-authors of the plays.\n* In *The Coat*, Kruger observes, \"The participants were engaged not only in representing social relationships on stage but also on enacting and revising their own dealings with each other and with institutions of apartheid oppression from the law courts downward\", and \"this engagement testified to the real power of Brecht's apparently utopian plan to abolish the separation of player and audience and to make of each player a 'statesman' or social actor...Work on *The Coat* led indirectly to the Serpent Players' most famous and most Brechtian productions: *[Sizwe Banzi Is Dead](/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead \"Sizwe Banzi Is Dead\")* (1972\\) and *[The Island](/wiki/The_Island_%28play%29 \"The Island (play)\")* (1973\\).\"\nFugard developed these two plays for the Serpent Players in workshops, working with [John Kani](/wiki/John_Kani \"John Kani\") and [Winston Ntshona](/wiki/Winston_Ntshona \"Winston Ntshona\"), publishing them in 1974 with his own play *Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act* (1972\\). The authorities considered the title of *The Island*, which alludes to [Robben Island](/wiki/Robben_Island \"Robben Island\"), the prison where [Nelson Mandela](/wiki/Nelson_Mandela \"Nelson Mandela\") was being held, too controversial, so Fugard and the Serpent Players used the alternative title *The Hodoshe Span* (*Hodoshe* meaning \"carrion fly\" in [Xhosa](/wiki/Xhosa_language \"Xhosa language\")).\n* These plays \"espoused a Brechtian attention to the demonstration of [gest](/wiki/Gestus \"Gestus\") and social situations and encouraged audiences to analyze rather than merely applaud the action\"; for example, *[Sizwe Banzi Is Dead](/wiki/Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead \"Sizwe Banzi Is Dead\")*, which infused a Brechtian critique and [vaudevillian irony](/wiki/Vaudeville \"Vaudeville\")\\-–especially in Kani's virtuoso improvisation\\-–even provoked an African audience's critical interruption and interrogation of the action.\n* While dramatising frustrations in the lives of his audience members, the plays simultaneously drew them into the action and attempted to have them analyse the situations of the characters in Brechtian fashion, according to Kruger.\n* *Blood Knot* was filmed by the BBC in 1967, with Fugard's collaboration, starring the Jamaican actor [Charles Hyatt](/wiki/Charles_Hyatt \"Charles Hyatt\") as Zachariah and Fugard himself as Morris, as in the original 1961 première in Johannesburg.{{cite book\\|first\\=Athol\\|last\\= Fugard\\|title\\=''Notebooks 1960–1977''\\|publisher\\=Craighall: A. D. Donker, 1983\\|isbn\\=0\\-86852\\-011\\-X\\|quote\\=Back in S'Kop after five weeks in London for BBC TV production of The Blood Knot. Myself as Morrie, with Charles Hyatt as Zach. Robin Midgley directing. Midgley reduced the play to 90 minutes...Midgley did manage to dig up things that had been missed in all the other productions. Most exciting was his treatment of the letter writing scene – 'Address her' – which he turned into an essay in literacy...Zach sweating as the words clot in his mouth...\\|year\\=1983}} Less pleased than Fugard, the South African government of [B.J. Vorster](/wiki/B.J._Vorster \"B.J. Vorster\") confiscated Fugard's passport.Dennis Walder, [\"Crossing Boundaries: The Genesis of the Township Plays\"](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_n4_v39/ai_16087646/pg_7), Special issue on Athol Fugard, *Twentieth Century Literature* (Winter 1993\\); rpt. *findarticles.com*. Retrieved 4 October 2008\\.", "Fugard's play *[A Lesson from Aloes](/wiki/A_Lesson_from_Aloes \"A Lesson from Aloes\")* (1978\\) was described as one of his major works by Alvin Klein of *The New York Times*,{{Cite news\\|last\\=Klein\\|first\\=Alvin\\|date\\=1994\\-02\\-13\\|title\\=THEATER; 'Hello and Goodbye,' Early Fugard Play\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/13/nyregion/theater\\-hello\\-and\\-goodbye\\-early\\-fugard\\-play.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-10\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} though others have written more lukewarm reviews.", "### Yale Rep premieres, 1980s", "[thumb\\|upright\\|The Fugard Theatre in [District Six](/wiki/District_Six \"District Six\"), Cape Town](/wiki/File:Fugard_Theatre%2C_front_relief%2C_Cape_Town.JPG \"Fugard Theatre, front relief, Cape Town.JPG\")\n*[\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys](/wiki/%22Master_Harold%22...and_the_Boys)*, written in 1982, incorporates \"strong autobiographical matter\"; nonetheless \"it is fiction, not memoir\", as *[Cousins: A Memoir](/wiki/Cousins:A_Memoir \"A Memoir\")* and some of Fugard's other works are subtitled.{{cite book\\|first\\=Albert\\|last\\= Wertheim\\|title\\=The Dramatic Art of Athol Fugard: From South Africa to the World\\|publisher\\=Bloomington: Indiana University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-253\\-33823\\-5\\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/dramaticartofath0000wert/page/221 225]\\|year\\=2000}} ([Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\") limited preview.) The play deals with the relationship between a 17\\-year\\-old white South African and two African men who work for the white youth's family. Its world premiere was performed by [Danny Glover](/wiki/Danny_Glover \"Danny Glover\"), [Željko Ivanek](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Ivanek \"Željko Ivanek\") and [Zakes Mokae](/wiki/Zakes_Mokae \"Zakes Mokae\"), at the [Yale Repertory Theatre](/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre \"Yale Repertory Theatre\") in [New Haven, Connecticut](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut \"New Haven, Connecticut\"), in March 1982\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1982\\-02\\-21 \\|title\\=Yale to Stage Premiere of Fugard Play \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/21/theater/yale\\-to\\-stage\\-premiere\\-of\\-fugard\\-play.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Rich \\|first\\=Frank \\|date\\=1982\\-03\\-17 \\|title\\=THEATER: WORLD PREMIERE OF FUGARD' NEW PLAY \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/17/theater/theater\\-world\\-premiere\\-of\\-fugard\\-new\\-play.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}", "*The Road to Mecca* was presented at the [Yale Repertory Theatre](/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre \"Yale Repertory Theatre\"), New Haven, Connecticut, in May 1984\\. Directed by Fugard, the cast starred [Carmen Mathews](/wiki/Carmen_Mathews \"Carmen Mathews\"), Marianne Owen, and [Tom Aldredge](/wiki/Tom_Aldredge \"Tom Aldredge\"). Along with *Master Harold*, it proved to be one of Fugard's most acclaimed works.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Fugard's 'A Lesson From Aloes' Ends Hartford Stage's 2017\\-18 Season\\|url\\=https://www.courant.com/ctnow/arts\\-theater/hc\\-ctnow\\-lesson\\-from\\-aloes\\-hartford\\-stage\\-20180507\\-story.html\\|last\\=Arnott\\|first\\=Christopher\\|date\\=2018\\-05\\-08\\|website\\=courant.com\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-11}}[Rich, Frank](/wiki/Frank_Rich \"Frank Rich\"). [\"Stage: 'To Mecca,' By Athol Fugard\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/15/theater/stage-to-mecca-by-athol-fugard.html?pagewanted=) *The New York Times*, 15 May 1984 It is the story of an elderly recluse in a small South African town who has spent 15 years on an obsessive artistic project.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Rich \\|first1\\=Frank \\|date\\=1987\\-04\\-03 \\|title\\=STAGE: FUGARD'S 'PLACE WITH THE PIGS' \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/03/theater/stage\\-fugard\\-s\\-place\\-with\\-the\\-pigs.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24 \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}", "Fugard appeared in his *A Place With the Pigs* at the Yale Rep in New Haven CT, in 1987\\. Inspired by the true story of World War II Soviet deserter, Fugard plays a paranoid who spent four decades hiding with his pigs. As with *The Road to Mecca*, Fugards critics readily appreciated the metaphor for a life of internal exile.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Rich \\|first\\=Frank \\|date\\=1984\\-05\\-15 \\|title\\=STAGE: 'TO MECCA,' BY ATHOL FUGARD (Published 1984\\) \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/15/theater/stage\\-to\\-mecca\\-by\\-athol\\-fugard.html?pagewanted\\= \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24}}", "### Post\\-apartheid plays", "The first play that Fugard wrote after the end of apartheid, *Valley Song*, was premiered in Johannesburg, in August, 1995, with Fugard in the role of both a white, and of a [coloured](/wiki/Coloureds \"Coloureds\"), farmer. While they dispute property titles, both share a reverence for the land and fear change.{{Cite book \\|url\\=http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide\\-valleysong/ \\|title\\=Valley Song Summary }} In October 1995, Fugard took the play to the United States with a production by the Manhattan Theatre Club at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey.", "In January 2009, Fugard returned to New Haven for the premiere in the *Coming Home.* Veronika, the granddaughter of Buk, the coloured farmer in *Valley Song*, leaves the Karoo to pursue a singing career in Cape Town but then returns, after his death, to create a new life on the land for her young son.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Gans \\|first\\=Andrew \\|date\\=11 August 2008 \\|title\\=Fugard's Coming Home Will Premiere at Long Wharf Theatre \\|url\\=https://playbill.com/article/fugards\\-coming\\-home\\-will\\-premiere\\-at\\-long\\-wharf\\-theatre\\-com\\-152377 \\|website\\=Playbill}}", "The [Fugard Theatre](/wiki/Fugard_Theatre \"Fugard Theatre\"), in the [District Six](/wiki/District_Six \"District Six\") area of Cape Town opened with performances by the [Isango Portobello](/wiki/Isango_Portobello \"Isango Portobello\") theatre company in February 2010 and a new play written and directed by Athol Fugard, *The Train Driver*, played at the theatre in March 2010\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Dugger \\|first\\=Celia W. \\|date\\=13 March 2010 \\|title\\=His Next Act: Driving Out Apartheid's Ghost \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/theater/13fugard.html \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=25 April 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324034851/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/theater/13fugard.html \\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2010}}", "In April 2014, returned to the stage in the world premiere of his *The Shadow of a Hummingbird* at the [Long Wharf Theatre](/wiki/Long_Wharf_Theatre \"Long Wharf Theatre\"), New Haven. This short play was performed with an \"introductory scene\" compiled by Paula Fourie from Fugard's journal writings. With \"the playwright digging through these diaries on a set which resembles an old, busy writer's workspace\", the scene blends into the main play, which begins when Boba, the grandson of the story\\-telling grandfather character Oupa (played by Fugard) comes to visit.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Fugard's Hummingbird Flies \\|url\\=https://www.newhavenindependent.org/article/fugards\\_hummingbird\\_flies \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24 \\|website\\=New Haven Independent }}", "### Film", "Fugard's plays are produced internationally and have won multiple awards, and several have been made into films\"Filmography\" in {{AllMovie name\\|id\\=25251}}. Retrieved 3 October 2008\\. (see *Filmography* below). Fugard himself performed in the first of these, as Boesman alongside [Yvonne Bryceland](/wiki/Yvonne_Bryceland \"Yvonne Bryceland\") as Lena, in *Boesman and Lena* directed by [Ross Devenish](/wiki/Ross_Devenish \"Ross Devenish\") in 1973\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Boesman and Lena (1973\\) \\|url\\=https://www2\\.bfi.org.uk/films\\-tv\\-people/4ce2b6a5f083a \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804000440/https://www2\\.bfi.org.uk/films\\-tv\\-people/4ce2b6a5f083a \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=4 August 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-24 \\|website\\=BFI }}", "His film debut as a director occurred in 1992, when he co\\-directed the adaptation of his play *[The Road to Mecca](/wiki/The_Road_to_Mecca_%28play%29 \"The Road to Mecca (play)\")* with Peter Goldsmid, who also wrote the screenplay. The film adaptation of his novel *[Tsotsi](/wiki/Tsotsi \"Tsotsi\")*, written and directed by [Gavin Hood](/wiki/Gavin_Hood \"Gavin Hood\"), won the 2005 [Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film \"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film\") in 2006\\.", "Outside of his own work, Fugard has a number of cameo film roles, most notably as [General Smuts](/wiki/Jan_Smuts \"Jan Smuts\") in [Richard Attenborough](/wiki/Richard_Attenborough \"Richard Attenborough\")'s [*Gandhi* (1982\\)](/wiki/Gandhi_%28film%29 \"Gandhi (film)\"), and as Doctor Sundesval in [Sydney Schanberg](/wiki/Sydney_Schanberg \"Sydney Schanberg\")'s [*The Killing Fields* (1984\\)](/wiki/The_Killing_Fields_%28film%29 \"The Killing Fields (film)\").", "" ]
History ------- It was founded in 1888 as the Amateur Gymnastics and Fencing Association. Gymnastics had been adopted in this country, having been invented in Germany by [Friedrich Ludwig Jahn](/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn "Friedrich Ludwig Jahn"), to improve the health and fitness of its soldiers. The [rings](/wiki/Rings_%28gymnastics%29 "Rings (gymnastics)"), [pommel horse](/wiki/Pommel_horse "Pommel horse"), [parallel bars](/wiki/Parallel_bars "Parallel bars"), and [horizontal bar](/wiki/Horizontal_bar "Horizontal bar") were developed by Jahn. In the late 1800s gymnastics became popular for men thanks to the [Army Physical Training Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Physical_Training_Corps "Royal Army Physical Training Corps") which was formed in 1860\. [Walter Tysall](/wiki/Walter_Tysall "Walter Tysall") won the men's silver medal in the [1908 Olympics](/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics "1908 Summer Olympics"). After this time the Swedish form of gymnastics became more popular, a more artistic version developed by [Pehr Henrik Ling](/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling "Pehr Henrik Ling") which was for men and women, and needed little apparatus. Women first competed at the Olympics in gymnastics at the [1928 Olympics](/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics "1928 Summer Olympics") in Amsterdam, where the British women's team [took the bronze](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1928 Summer Olympics") – its best performance. After the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), the German and Swedish forms of gymnastics were combined. The [1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics "1960 Summer Olympics") were the first to be televised, and this led to a greater interest in Britain of gymnastics. [This Olympics](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1960 Summer Olympics") had been dominated by Russian female gymnasts. In 1963 the Amateur Gymnastics Association became the British Amateur Gymnastics Association, and the BAGA first received a government grant, allowing it to pay coaches, and appoint a full\-time national coach, [Nik Stuart](/wiki/Nik_Stuart "Nik Stuart"). He developed the [BAGA Awards](/wiki/BAGA_Awards "BAGA Awards"), a proficiency scheme for young gymnasts, which was adopted by seventy other countries. The BAGA Awards started to produce results for Britain. Gymnastics were given superstar status by the [1972 Olympics at Munich](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics "Gymnastics at the 1972 Summer Olympics"). At the [2008 Beijing Olympics](/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympics "2008 Beijing Olympics"), an individual Bronze for [Louis Smith](/wiki/Louis_Smith_%28gymnast%29 "Louis Smith (gymnast)") was a breakthrough with the first medal in decades. At the [2012 London Olympics](/wiki/2012_London_Olympics "2012 London Olympics"), the Men's Artistic Gymnastics team won Bronze with individual Silver for [Louis Smith](/wiki/Louis_Smith_%28gymnast%29 "Louis Smith (gymnast)") and Bronze for [Max Whitlock](/wiki/Max_Whitlock "Max Whitlock") on [Pommel](/wiki/Pommel_horse "Pommel horse") and individual Bronze for [Beth Tweddle](/wiki/Beth_Tweddle "Beth Tweddle") on [Uneven bars](/wiki/Uneven_bars "Uneven bars"). [thumb\|right\|Lilleshall Hall](/wiki/File:Lilleshall_Hall_from_the_South_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1393406.jpg "Lilleshall Hall from the South - geograph.org.uk - 1393406.jpg") BAGA was registered as a company on 20 April 1982\. In 1979 the Sports Council had built a gym at Lilleshall, equipped to international standards in 1980, with the Queen Elizabeth Hall. In 1981 a £18,000 feasibility study looked at developing Lilleshall into a national centre, and in October 1982 the Sports Council allocated £1 million to develop a national centre. [Anne, Princess Royal](/wiki/Anne%2C_Princess_Royal "Anne, Princess Royal") opened the £1\.75 million Princess Royal Hall at Lilleshall on 26 April 1988, paid for by the [Sports Council](/wiki/Sports_Council "Sports Council"). There is also the King George VI Hall and Ford Hall. Use of Lilleshall for gymnastics increased greatly throughout the late 1970s under Derek Tremayne. In 1997 BAGA became British Gymnastics.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.british\-gymnastics.org/news\-and\-events/press/history \|title\=BAGA history \|access\-date\=8 July 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627035454/http://www.british\-gymnastics.org/news\-and\-events/press/history \|archive\-date\=27 June 2013 \|url\-status\=dead }}
[ "History\n-------", "It was founded in 1888 as the Amateur Gymnastics and Fencing Association. Gymnastics had been adopted in this country, having been invented in Germany by [Friedrich Ludwig Jahn](/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn \"Friedrich Ludwig Jahn\"), to improve the health and fitness of its soldiers. The [rings](/wiki/Rings_%28gymnastics%29 \"Rings (gymnastics)\"), [pommel horse](/wiki/Pommel_horse \"Pommel horse\"), [parallel bars](/wiki/Parallel_bars \"Parallel bars\"), and [horizontal bar](/wiki/Horizontal_bar \"Horizontal bar\") were developed by Jahn. In the late 1800s gymnastics became popular for men thanks to the [Army Physical Training Corps](/wiki/Royal_Army_Physical_Training_Corps \"Royal Army Physical Training Corps\") which was formed in 1860\\. [Walter Tysall](/wiki/Walter_Tysall \"Walter Tysall\") won the men's silver medal in the [1908 Olympics](/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics \"1908 Summer Olympics\"). After this time the Swedish form of gymnastics became more popular, a more artistic version developed by [Pehr Henrik Ling](/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling \"Pehr Henrik Ling\") which was for men and women, and needed little apparatus.", "Women first competed at the Olympics in gymnastics at the [1928 Olympics](/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics \"1928 Summer Olympics\") in Amsterdam, where the British women's team [took the bronze](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics \"Gymnastics at the 1928 Summer Olympics\") – its best performance.", "After the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), the German and Swedish forms of gymnastics were combined. The [1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics \"1960 Summer Olympics\") were the first to be televised, and this led to a greater interest in Britain of gymnastics. [This Olympics](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics \"Gymnastics at the 1960 Summer Olympics\") had been dominated by Russian female gymnasts. In 1963 the Amateur Gymnastics Association became the British Amateur Gymnastics Association, and the BAGA first received a government grant, allowing it to pay coaches, and appoint a full\\-time national coach, [Nik Stuart](/wiki/Nik_Stuart \"Nik Stuart\"). He developed the [BAGA Awards](/wiki/BAGA_Awards \"BAGA Awards\"), a proficiency scheme for young gymnasts, which was adopted by seventy other countries.", "The BAGA Awards started to produce results for Britain. Gymnastics were given superstar status by the [1972 Olympics at Munich](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics \"Gymnastics at the 1972 Summer Olympics\").", "At the [2008 Beijing Olympics](/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympics \"2008 Beijing Olympics\"), an individual Bronze for [Louis Smith](/wiki/Louis_Smith_%28gymnast%29 \"Louis Smith (gymnast)\") was a breakthrough with the first medal in decades.", "At the [2012 London Olympics](/wiki/2012_London_Olympics \"2012 London Olympics\"), the Men's Artistic Gymnastics team won Bronze with individual Silver for [Louis Smith](/wiki/Louis_Smith_%28gymnast%29 \"Louis Smith (gymnast)\") and Bronze for [Max Whitlock](/wiki/Max_Whitlock \"Max Whitlock\") on [Pommel](/wiki/Pommel_horse \"Pommel horse\") and individual Bronze for [Beth Tweddle](/wiki/Beth_Tweddle \"Beth Tweddle\") on [Uneven bars](/wiki/Uneven_bars \"Uneven bars\").", "[thumb\\|right\\|Lilleshall Hall](/wiki/File:Lilleshall_Hall_from_the_South_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1393406.jpg \"Lilleshall Hall from the South - geograph.org.uk - 1393406.jpg\")", "BAGA was registered as a company on 20 April 1982\\. In 1979 the Sports Council had built a gym at Lilleshall, equipped to international standards in 1980, with the Queen Elizabeth Hall. In 1981 a £18,000 feasibility study looked at developing Lilleshall into a national centre, and in October 1982 the Sports Council allocated £1 million to develop a national centre.", "[Anne, Princess Royal](/wiki/Anne%2C_Princess_Royal \"Anne, Princess Royal\") opened the £1\\.75 million Princess Royal Hall at Lilleshall on 26 April 1988, paid for by the [Sports Council](/wiki/Sports_Council \"Sports Council\"). There is also the King George VI Hall and Ford Hall. Use of Lilleshall for gymnastics increased greatly throughout the late 1970s under Derek Tremayne. In 1997 BAGA became British Gymnastics.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.british\\-gymnastics.org/news\\-and\\-events/press/history \\|title\\=BAGA history \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627035454/http://www.british\\-gymnastics.org/news\\-and\\-events/press/history \\|archive\\-date\\=27 June 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Aram Karamanoukian was born in May 1910 in [Aintab](/wiki/Aintab "Aintab") (today [Gaziantep](/wiki/Gaziantep "Gaziantep")), [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") to his father, Hagop (Effendi) Karamanoukian, a lawyer by profession, and his mother Mariam Leylekian.{{cite book\|last1\=Karamanoukian\|first1\=Hasmik\|last2\=Kazanchian\|first2\=Garbis\|title\=Զօրավար Արամ Գարամանուկեանի կեանքն ու գործը\|date\=1998\|publisher\=Mayreni Publishing\|isbn\=9780965371865\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y2ttAAAAMAAJ\|language\=Armenian}} During the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide "Armenian genocide"), the Armenians of Aintab were deported and Karamanoukian, along with his family, were driven into the [Syrian desert](/wiki/Syrian_desert "Syrian desert") where they arrived in [Hama](/wiki/Hama "Hama") and ultimately settled in [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo "Aleppo"), [Ottoman Syria](/wiki/Ottoman_Syria "Ottoman Syria").{{cite news\|title\=Սուրիական բանակի հայ զորավարները\|url\=http://aadmag.am/%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6\-%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB\-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5\-%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8/\|agency\=AADmag\|date\=9 November 2014\|language\=Armenian\|access\-date\=4 September 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202111144/http://aadmag.am/%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6\-%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB\-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5\-%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8/\|archive\-date\=2 December 2014\|url\-status\=dead}} He received his early education at Atenagan and the Haigazian Lyceum in Aleppo, graduating from there in 1923\. Setting aside his education for a few years, he briefly became a dentist in 1924\. Thereafter, he resumed his education at the [Marist Brothers](/wiki/Marist_Brothers "Marist Brothers") College in Aleppo.{{cite book\|last1\=Sarafian\|first1\=Gevorg\|last2\=Sarafian\|first2\=Kevork Avedis\|title\=A briefer history of Aintab: a concise history of the cultural, religious, educational, political, industrial and commercial life of the Armenians of Aintab\|date\=1957\|publisher\=Union of the Armenians of Aintab\|page\=297\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5tUmAQAAMAAJ}} Thereafter, in 1932, Karamanoukian entered the Syrian Military Academy in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus "Damascus") and specialized in artillery. After graduating from the academy in 1934, he was then transferred to [France](/wiki/France "France") to the [School of Applied Artillery](/wiki/School_of_Applied_Artillery_%28France%29 "School of Applied Artillery (France)") where he received additional training from 1938 to 1939\. He furthered his education at the [École spéciale militaire de Saint\-Cyr](/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr "École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr"), graduating from there in 1945 with the rank of officer. Returning to Syria, Karamanoukian was admitted into the newly formed [Syrian Army](/wiki/Syrian_Army "Syrian Army") and was responsible for various positions. He participated in the [First Arab\-Israeli war](/wiki/First_Arab-Israeli_war "First Arab-Israeli war") at the [Quneitra](/wiki/Quneitra "Quneitra") front as the leader of the Syrian artillery regiment.{{cite news\|title\=آرام كارامانوكيان، من الضباط الأوائل المؤسسين للجيشالسوري\|url\=http://khabararmani.com/?p\=8936\|agency\=Khabar Armani\|date\=3 September 2015\|language\=Arabic}}{{cite news\|title\=في عيد تأسيس الجيش الضباط القادة الأرمن في الجيش العربي السوري\|url\=http://www.aztagarabic.com/archives/5820\|agency\=\[\[Aztag (daily)\|Aztag]]\|date\=1 August 2012\|language\=Arabic}} From 1949 to 1957, he became the commander in chief of the Syrian Army's artillery. While serving this post, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant\-general in 1956\. He was transferred to [Washington D.C.](/wiki/Washington_D.C. "Washington D.C.") where he served as a military attache to the Syrian embassy. After spending a year abroad, he retired from the military in 1958 and went into public service. In the same year, he married Hasmig Meghrigian, an [Armenian American](/wiki/Armenian_American "Armenian American") from [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"). He became a member of parliament in 1961 as an independent representing Aleppo.{{cite book\|title\=Middle East Record Volume 2\|date\=1961\|publisher\=Moshe Dayan Center\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/bub\_gb\_vzZ71Eh5QvMC/page/n524 505]\|url\=https://archive.org/details/bub\_gb\_vzZ71Eh5QvMC}}{{cite book\|last1\=Migliorino\|first1\=Nicola\|title\=(Re)Constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria Ethno\-Cultural Diversity and the State in the Aftermath of a Refugee Crisis.\|date\=2008\|publisher\=Berghahn Books, Inc.\|location\=New York\|isbn\=978\-0857450579\|page\=109\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rP4kg8cew2QC}} During his brief political career, he was elected as a member of the National Defense Commission. However, due to growing instability in the country, he retired from the political sphere in 1964 to further his education. In 1964, Karamanoukian returned to scholarly activity. He attended courses on law at [Saint Joseph University](/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University "Saint Joseph University") in [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut") and graduated with a law degree. He was then accepted into the [Sorbonne University](/wiki/Sorbonne_University "Sorbonne University") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"). He continued his PhD studies there and eventually graduated with a [LLD](/wiki/Legum_Doctor "Legum Doctor") degree in 1972\. His thesis was on military service and foreigners with a special emphasis on the [French Armenian Legion](/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion "French Armenian Legion"). He became a United States citizen in 1990\. He was then awarded by the New Jersey Association for Lifetime Learning as an *Outstanding Adult Learner* from [Bergen County](/wiki/Bergen_County "Bergen County") for the 1989–1990 academic year. During the [Nagorno\-Karabakh war](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "First Nagorno-Karabakh War"), he visited various battlefronts. He was particularly elated about the Armenian victory at the [Battle of Kalbajar](/wiki/Battle_of_Kalbajar "Battle of Kalbajar"). In the last months of his life, Karamanoukian toured around the world and visited friends and family in Syria, Armenia, France, and Lebanon. After returning to the United States, he fell gravely ill, and died in [Fort Lee, New Jersey](/wiki/Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey "Fort Lee, New Jersey") on 23 December 1996\.{{cite news\|title\=Death Elsewhere\|url\=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996\-12\-28/news/1996363063\_1\_green\-bay\-lung\-surgery\-cancer\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155613/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996\-12\-28/news/1996363063\_1\_green\-bay\-lung\-surgery\-cancer\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=December 22, 2015\|agency\=The Baltimore Sun\|date\=28 December 1996}} In accordance with his will, his remains were transferred to [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo "Aleppo") and [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia "Armenia"). In Armenia, part of his remains were buried next to his brother Levon in [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan "Yerevan"). In Aleppo, the rest of his remains were buried at a local Armenian church. His funeral was attended by many senior officials and dignitaries.
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Aram Karamanoukian was born in May 1910 in [Aintab](/wiki/Aintab \"Aintab\") (today [Gaziantep](/wiki/Gaziantep \"Gaziantep\")), [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") to his father, Hagop (Effendi) Karamanoukian, a lawyer by profession, and his mother Mariam Leylekian.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Karamanoukian\\|first1\\=Hasmik\\|last2\\=Kazanchian\\|first2\\=Garbis\\|title\\=Զօրավար Արամ Գարամանուկեանի կեանքն ու գործը\\|date\\=1998\\|publisher\\=Mayreni Publishing\\|isbn\\=9780965371865\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y2ttAAAAMAAJ\\|language\\=Armenian}} During the [Armenian genocide](/wiki/Armenian_genocide \"Armenian genocide\"), the Armenians of Aintab were deported and Karamanoukian, along with his family, were driven into the [Syrian desert](/wiki/Syrian_desert \"Syrian desert\") where they arrived in [Hama](/wiki/Hama \"Hama\") and ultimately settled in [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo \"Aleppo\"), [Ottoman Syria](/wiki/Ottoman_Syria \"Ottoman Syria\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Սուրիական բանակի հայ զորավարները\\|url\\=http://aadmag.am/%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6\\-%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB\\-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5\\-%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8/\\|agency\\=AADmag\\|date\\=9 November 2014\\|language\\=Armenian\\|access\\-date\\=4 September 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202111144/http://aadmag.am/%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6\\-%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB\\-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5\\-%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8/\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He received his early education at Atenagan and the Haigazian Lyceum in Aleppo, graduating from there in 1923\\. Setting aside his education for a few years, he briefly became a dentist in 1924\\. Thereafter, he resumed his education at the [Marist Brothers](/wiki/Marist_Brothers \"Marist Brothers\") College in Aleppo.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Sarafian\\|first1\\=Gevorg\\|last2\\=Sarafian\\|first2\\=Kevork Avedis\\|title\\=A briefer history of Aintab: a concise history of the cultural, religious, educational, political, industrial and commercial life of the Armenians of Aintab\\|date\\=1957\\|publisher\\=Union of the Armenians of Aintab\\|page\\=297\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5tUmAQAAMAAJ}}", "Thereafter, in 1932, Karamanoukian entered the Syrian Military Academy in [Damascus](/wiki/Damascus \"Damascus\") and specialized in artillery. After graduating from the academy in 1934, he was then transferred to [France](/wiki/France \"France\") to the [School of Applied Artillery](/wiki/School_of_Applied_Artillery_%28France%29 \"School of Applied Artillery (France)\") where he received additional training from 1938 to 1939\\. He furthered his education at the [École spéciale militaire de Saint\\-Cyr](/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr \"École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr\"), graduating from there in 1945 with the rank of officer.", "Returning to Syria, Karamanoukian was admitted into the newly formed [Syrian Army](/wiki/Syrian_Army \"Syrian Army\") and was responsible for various positions. He participated in the [First Arab\\-Israeli war](/wiki/First_Arab-Israeli_war \"First Arab-Israeli war\") at the [Quneitra](/wiki/Quneitra \"Quneitra\") front as the leader of the Syrian artillery regiment.{{cite news\\|title\\=آرام كارامانوكيان، من الضباط الأوائل المؤسسين للجيشالسوري\\|url\\=http://khabararmani.com/?p\\=8936\\|agency\\=Khabar Armani\\|date\\=3 September 2015\\|language\\=Arabic}}{{cite news\\|title\\=في عيد تأسيس الجيش الضباط القادة الأرمن في الجيش العربي السوري\\|url\\=http://www.aztagarabic.com/archives/5820\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Aztag (daily)\\|Aztag]]\\|date\\=1 August 2012\\|language\\=Arabic}} From 1949 to 1957, he became the commander in chief of the Syrian Army's artillery. While serving this post, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant\\-general in 1956\\. He was transferred to [Washington D.C.](/wiki/Washington_D.C. \"Washington D.C.\") where he served as a military attache to the Syrian embassy. After spending a year abroad, he retired from the military in 1958 and went into public service. In the same year, he married Hasmig Meghrigian, an [Armenian American](/wiki/Armenian_American \"Armenian American\") from [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\").", "He became a member of parliament in 1961 as an independent representing Aleppo.{{cite book\\|title\\=Middle East Record Volume 2\\|date\\=1961\\|publisher\\=Moshe Dayan Center\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/bub\\_gb\\_vzZ71Eh5QvMC/page/n524 505]\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/bub\\_gb\\_vzZ71Eh5QvMC}}{{cite book\\|last1\\=Migliorino\\|first1\\=Nicola\\|title\\=(Re)Constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria Ethno\\-Cultural Diversity and the State in the Aftermath of a Refugee Crisis.\\|date\\=2008\\|publisher\\=Berghahn Books, Inc.\\|location\\=New York\\|isbn\\=978\\-0857450579\\|page\\=109\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rP4kg8cew2QC}} During his brief political career, he was elected as a member of the National Defense Commission. However, due to growing instability in the country, he retired from the political sphere in 1964 to further his education.", "In 1964, Karamanoukian returned to scholarly activity. He attended courses on law at [Saint Joseph University](/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University \"Saint Joseph University\") in [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\") and graduated with a law degree. He was then accepted into the [Sorbonne University](/wiki/Sorbonne_University \"Sorbonne University\") in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"). He continued his PhD studies there and eventually graduated with a [LLD](/wiki/Legum_Doctor \"Legum Doctor\") degree in 1972\\. His thesis was on military service and foreigners with a special emphasis on the [French Armenian Legion](/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion \"French Armenian Legion\").", "He became a United States citizen in 1990\\. He was then awarded by the New Jersey Association for Lifetime Learning as an *Outstanding Adult Learner* from [Bergen County](/wiki/Bergen_County \"Bergen County\") for the 1989–1990 academic year.", "During the [Nagorno\\-Karabakh war](/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War \"First Nagorno-Karabakh War\"), he visited various battlefronts. He was particularly elated about the Armenian victory at the [Battle of Kalbajar](/wiki/Battle_of_Kalbajar \"Battle of Kalbajar\"). In the last months of his life, Karamanoukian toured around the world and visited friends and family in Syria, Armenia, France, and Lebanon. After returning to the United States, he fell gravely ill, and died in [Fort Lee, New Jersey](/wiki/Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey \"Fort Lee, New Jersey\") on 23 December 1996\\.{{cite news\\|title\\=Death Elsewhere\\|url\\=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996\\-12\\-28/news/1996363063\\_1\\_green\\-bay\\-lung\\-surgery\\-cancer\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155613/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996\\-12\\-28/news/1996363063\\_1\\_green\\-bay\\-lung\\-surgery\\-cancer\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2015\\|agency\\=The Baltimore Sun\\|date\\=28 December 1996}} In accordance with his will, his remains were transferred to [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo \"Aleppo\") and [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia \"Armenia\"). In Armenia, part of his remains were buried next to his brother Levon in [Yerevan](/wiki/Yerevan \"Yerevan\"). In Aleppo, the rest of his remains were buried at a local Armenian church. His funeral was attended by many senior officials and dignitaries.", "" ]
History ------- **Origins** Naso, a village with roots in the early [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages"), was established by people seeking refuge from Arab invasions. The settlement's establishment around the 9th century AD is documented by Carlo Incudine. Residents from neighboring regions, especially Agatirso and Nasida, relocated to higher terrains for safety. Historian Giuseppe Buttà, a Naso native, provides an account: "Naso, often referred to as 'Castel di Naso' by ancient historians, stands on the ruins of Nasida. Located near the present town of [Ficarra](/wiki/Ficarra "Ficarra"), Nasida was notable due to [Basilian](/wiki/Basilian_monks "Basilian monks") Abbot Conone Navacita, a revered figure from the era of [King Roger II](/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily "Roger II of Sicily"). The relics of St. Conone, born under King Roger II and believed to have died in 1236, are preserved here, and he is honored as the town's [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint "Patron saint")." Nearby [Capo d'Orlando](/wiki/Capo_d%27Orlando "Capo d'Orlando") hosted the ancient settlement of Agathyrsum, believed to be founded by Agathirsus, son of [Aeolus](/wiki/Aeolus "Aeolus"). Historical records differ in their naming conventions, with some, like [Diodorus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus "Diodorus Siculus") (90\-27 BC), referring to it as "Agathyrnus," while others, including Polybius (200\-118 BC), called it 'Agathirsa’. Over time, after Agathyrsum was razed by Muslims, its inhabitants migrated to Nasida, which was also eventually destroyed by the Saracens. Survivors from Nasida then established Naso on a fortified hill. **Norman Era** During Norman rule, Naso first appeared as "Nasa" in 1082 when Count Roger documented a property grant to the Church of Traina. This name resurfaced in 1094 when [Count Roger](/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily "Roger I of Sicily") endowed part of the 'Nasa' castle to the Abbey of St. Bartholomew. Over time, Naso changed hands among prominent feudal families like the Barresi and the Alagona. The Middle Ages in Naso were marked by frequent changes in dominion. Historian V. Castelli summarized the tumultuous transitions, highlighting the rule of prominent figures such as Goffredo di Naso, Gualtieri di Guantes, Abbo Barresi, and various others spanning centuries. The town was adversely affected by numerous earthquakes, notably in [1693](/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake "1693 Sicily earthquake") when it suffered extensive damage. **Later periods** By the 18th century, Naso was under the dominion of the Sandoval family. Giovan Diego of the Sandoval, in particular, was notorious for his oppressive rule. In 1788, Naso was declared a State town by the decree of [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies"). An earthquake in 1823 further damaged the town, leading to the collapse of several significant structures. In more recent times, like many Sicilian towns, Naso faced economic challenges, compounded by significant emigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. Presently, the town's economy revolves around agribusiness and tourism.
[ "History\n-------", "**Origins**", "Naso, a village with roots in the early [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), was established by people seeking refuge from Arab invasions. The settlement's establishment around the 9th century AD is documented by Carlo Incudine. Residents from neighboring regions, especially Agatirso and Nasida, relocated to higher terrains for safety.", "Historian Giuseppe Buttà, a Naso native, provides an account: \"Naso, often referred to as 'Castel di Naso' by ancient historians, stands on the ruins of Nasida. Located near the present town of [Ficarra](/wiki/Ficarra \"Ficarra\"), Nasida was notable due to [Basilian](/wiki/Basilian_monks \"Basilian monks\") Abbot Conone Navacita, a revered figure from the era of [King Roger II](/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily \"Roger II of Sicily\"). The relics of St. Conone, born under King Roger II and believed to have died in 1236, are preserved here, and he is honored as the town's [patron saint](/wiki/Patron_saint \"Patron saint\").\"", "Nearby [Capo d'Orlando](/wiki/Capo_d%27Orlando \"Capo d'Orlando\") hosted the ancient settlement of Agathyrsum, believed to be founded by Agathirsus, son of [Aeolus](/wiki/Aeolus \"Aeolus\"). Historical records differ in their naming conventions, with some, like [Diodorus](/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus \"Diodorus Siculus\") (90\\-27 BC), referring to it as \"Agathyrnus,\" while others, including Polybius (200\\-118 BC), called it 'Agathirsa’. Over time, after Agathyrsum was razed by Muslims, its inhabitants migrated to Nasida, which was also eventually destroyed by the Saracens. Survivors from Nasida then established Naso on a fortified hill.", "**Norman Era**", "During Norman rule, Naso first appeared as \"Nasa\" in 1082 when Count Roger documented a property grant to the Church of Traina. This name resurfaced in 1094 when [Count Roger](/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily \"Roger I of Sicily\") endowed part of the 'Nasa' castle to the Abbey of St. Bartholomew. Over time, Naso changed hands among prominent feudal families like the Barresi and the Alagona.", "The Middle Ages in Naso were marked by frequent changes in dominion. Historian V. Castelli summarized the tumultuous transitions, highlighting the rule of prominent figures such as Goffredo di Naso, Gualtieri di Guantes, Abbo Barresi, and various others spanning centuries. The town was adversely affected by numerous earthquakes, notably in [1693](/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake \"1693 Sicily earthquake\") when it suffered extensive damage.", "**Later periods**", "By the 18th century, Naso was under the dominion of the Sandoval family. Giovan Diego of the Sandoval, in particular, was notorious for his oppressive rule. In 1788, Naso was declared a State town by the decree of [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies\"). An earthquake in 1823 further damaged the town, leading to the collapse of several significant structures.", "In more recent times, like many Sicilian towns, Naso faced economic challenges, compounded by significant emigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. Presently, the town's economy revolves around agribusiness and tourism.", "" ]
Design and development ---------------------- The NBS\-1 was a wood\-and\-fabric [biplane](/wiki/Biplane "Biplane") without [staggered wings](/wiki/Stagger_%28aviation%29 "Stagger (aviation)"), employing twin rudders on a twin vertical tail. Its two [Liberty 12\-A](/wiki/Liberty_L-12 "Liberty L-12") engines sat in [nacelles](/wiki/Nacelle "Nacelle") on the lower wing, flanking the fuselage. Ordered under the company designation MB\-2 in June 1920, the NBS\-1 was an improved larger version of the [Martin MB\-1](/wiki/Martin_MB-1 "Martin MB-1") bomber built by the [Glenn L. Martin Company](/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company "Glenn L. Martin Company") in 1918, also known as the GMB or Glenn Martin Bomber. The first flight of the MB\-2 took place 3 September 1920\. In addition to more powerful engines, larger wings and fuselage, and simplified landing gear, the NBS\-1 also had a unique folding wing system, hinged outside the engine nacelles to fold backward for storage in small hangars. Unlike the MB\-1, whose engines were mounted between the wings in a fashion similar to the German [Staaken R.VI](/wiki/Zeppelin-Staaken_R.VI "Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI") [Riesenflugzeug](/wiki/Riesenflugzeug "Riesenflugzeug"), the engines of the NBS\-1 were fixed to the lower wing over the landing gear. The MB\-2 was designed as a night bomber and except for a greater load capacity, had reduced performance characteristics compared to its MB\-1 predecessor. The first 20 (five MB\-2s and 15 NBS\-1s) were ordered from the Martin Company, which recommended a further 50 be produced to help its struggling financial condition. However the design was owned by the U.S. Army and subsequent contracts for 110 bombers were awarded by low bid to three other companies: [Curtiss Aircraft](/wiki/Curtiss_Aeroplane_and_Motor_Company "Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company") (50 ordered); [L\-W\-F Engineering Company](/wiki/Lowe%2C_Willard_%26_Fowler_Engineering_Company "Lowe, Willard & Fowler Engineering Company") of College Point, New York (35\); and [Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company](/wiki/Aeromarine "Aeromarine") of Keyport, New Jersey (25\). The engines of the last 20 bombers of the Curtiss order came equipped with [turbosuperchargers](/wiki/Turbosupercharger "Turbosupercharger") manufactured by [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"), the first such modification made in production quantity. Although enabling the NBS\-1 to reach an altitude of over 25,000 ft (7,650 m), the turbosuperchargers were mechanically unreliable and not used operationally. The bomber was equipped defensively with five .30 in (7\.62 mm) [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun "Lewis gun"), mounted in pairs in positions in the nose and upper rear fuselage, and singly in a bottom mount, firing behind and beneath the rear fuselage. The first two Martin MB\-2s, Air Service serials *64195* and *64196*, were retained at [McCook Field](/wiki/McCook_Field "McCook Field") in Dayton, Ohio, for research and development flight testing, marked with project numbers 'P162' and 'P227' respectively, as was the second NBS\-1, *64201*, marked as 'P222'. Four Curtiss NBS\-1s were also assigned to McCook.
[ "Design and development\n----------------------", "The NBS\\-1 was a wood\\-and\\-fabric [biplane](/wiki/Biplane \"Biplane\") without [staggered wings](/wiki/Stagger_%28aviation%29 \"Stagger (aviation)\"), employing twin rudders on a twin vertical tail. Its two [Liberty 12\\-A](/wiki/Liberty_L-12 \"Liberty L-12\") engines sat in [nacelles](/wiki/Nacelle \"Nacelle\") on the lower wing, flanking the fuselage. Ordered under the company designation MB\\-2 in June 1920, the NBS\\-1 was an improved larger version of the [Martin MB\\-1](/wiki/Martin_MB-1 \"Martin MB-1\") bomber built by the [Glenn L. Martin Company](/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company \"Glenn L. Martin Company\") in 1918, also known as the GMB or Glenn Martin Bomber. The first flight of the MB\\-2 took place 3 September 1920\\.", "In addition to more powerful engines, larger wings and fuselage, and simplified landing gear, the NBS\\-1 also had a unique folding wing system, hinged outside the engine nacelles to fold backward for storage in small hangars. Unlike the MB\\-1, whose engines were mounted between the wings in a fashion similar to the German [Staaken R.VI](/wiki/Zeppelin-Staaken_R.VI \"Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI\") [Riesenflugzeug](/wiki/Riesenflugzeug \"Riesenflugzeug\"), the engines of the NBS\\-1 were fixed to the lower wing over the landing gear.", "The MB\\-2 was designed as a night bomber and except for a greater load capacity, had reduced performance characteristics compared to its MB\\-1 predecessor. The first 20 (five MB\\-2s and 15 NBS\\-1s) were ordered from the Martin Company, which recommended a further 50 be produced to help its struggling financial condition. However the design was owned by the U.S. Army and subsequent contracts for 110 bombers were awarded by low bid to three other companies: [Curtiss Aircraft](/wiki/Curtiss_Aeroplane_and_Motor_Company \"Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company\") (50 ordered); [L\\-W\\-F Engineering Company](/wiki/Lowe%2C_Willard_%26_Fowler_Engineering_Company \"Lowe, Willard & Fowler Engineering Company\") of College Point, New York (35\\); and [Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company](/wiki/Aeromarine \"Aeromarine\") of Keyport, New Jersey (25\\).", "The engines of the last 20 bombers of the Curtiss order came equipped with [turbosuperchargers](/wiki/Turbosupercharger \"Turbosupercharger\") manufactured by [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\"), the first such modification made in production quantity. Although enabling the NBS\\-1 to reach an altitude of over 25,000 ft (7,650 m), the turbosuperchargers were mechanically unreliable and not used operationally.", "The bomber was equipped defensively with five .30 in (7\\.62 mm) [Lewis guns](/wiki/Lewis_gun \"Lewis gun\"), mounted in pairs in positions in the nose and upper rear fuselage, and singly in a bottom mount, firing behind and beneath the rear fuselage.", "The first two Martin MB\\-2s, Air Service serials *64195* and *64196*, were retained at [McCook Field](/wiki/McCook_Field \"McCook Field\") in Dayton, Ohio, for research and development flight testing, marked with project numbers 'P162' and 'P227' respectively, as was the second NBS\\-1, *64201*, marked as 'P222'. Four Curtiss NBS\\-1s were also assigned to McCook.", "" ]
History ------- Jikjisa was established in 418 by Preceptor Ado. [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism"), a religion originating in what is now [India](/wiki/India "India"), was transmitted to [Korea](/wiki/Korea "Korea") via [China](/wiki/China "China") in the late 4th century.[Arts of Korea \| Explore \& Learn \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art](http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Korea/koreaonline/IntroSculpture.htm) The [Samguk yusa](/wiki/Samguk_yusa "Samguk yusa") records Ado among 3 monks who first brought [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist "Buddhist") teaching, or [Dharma](/wiki/Dharma "Dharma"), to [Korea](/wiki/Korea "Korea"): [Malananta](/wiki/Malananta "Malananta") (late 4th century) \- an [Indian](/wiki/India "India") [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist "Buddhist") monk who brought Buddhism to [Baekje](/wiki/Baekje "Baekje") in the southern [Korean peninsula](/wiki/Korea "Korea"), [Sundo](/wiki/Shandao "Shandao") \-a Chinese Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to [Goguryeo](/wiki/Goguryeo "Goguryeo") in northern Korea, and Ado \- a monk who brought Buddhism to [Silla](/wiki/Silla "Silla") in central Korea."Malananta bring Buddhism to Baekje" in *Samguk Yusa* III, Ha \& Mintz translation, pp. 178\-179\. There are two stories concerning this temple's name, *Jikji* ({{korean\|hangul\=직지\|hanja\=直指\|rr\=\|mr\=\|labels\=no}}, literally “pointing with an index finger”). One is that Ado pointed to [Hwangaksan](/wiki/Hwangaksan "Hwangaksan") from [Dorisa](/wiki/Dorisa "Dorisa") in [Seonsan](/wiki/Seonsan "Seonsan"), and said, “There is also a good temple site on that mountain. The story is that in 936 when Great Master [Neungyeo](/wiki/Neungyeo "Neungyeo") reconstructed the temple, he didn’t use a ruler but instead he used his own hands to measure the land and construction materials, thus, the name Jikji. Hwangaksan (literally “Yellow Mountain”), on which Jikjisa stands, represents the color yellow, one of the five colors that correspond to the [Wu Xing](/wiki/Wuxing_%28Chinese_philosophy%29 "Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)"). The colors black, blue, red, white and yellow correspond respectively to north, east, south, west and center. Jikjisa is located near the center of Korea. That is why the mountain is called Hwangaksan and why Jikjisa has been considered one of Korea's foremost temples since ancient times. From Biro Peak, the summit of Hwangaksan, one can see the three provinces of Gyeongsang, Jeolla and Chungcheong. Thus it can also be said that the temple is situated at the center of three of Korea's southern provinces. Jikjisa saw two reconstruction efforts during the Silla era. The first reconstruction, passed down as oral history, was supposedly conducted in 645 by [Vinaya](/wiki/Vinaya "Vinaya") Master Jajang Yulsa. The second reconstruction, verified by written records, was carried out in 930 by Great Master Cheonmuk. The “Stele of Jikjisa’s Daejangdang Hall Record,” published in the *Daedong Geumseokseo* (大東金石書; "Daedong Epigraphy Collection"), says that Daejangdang Hall was built in 930 and that “transcripts of the entire Buddhist canon in gold ink” were enshrined there. During the Joseon era, an earthenware urn holding the placenta from the birth of Joseon's second king, Jeongjong, was enshrined on a Hwangaksan peak north of Jikjisa which is auspicious “snake\-head formation” from a geomantic perspective, making the temple the guardian of the royal placenta. Today Jikjisa is the head temple of the eighth religious district of the Jogye Order of Seon and supervises 54 branch temples scattered among the deep folds of the [Baekdu\-daegan](/wiki/Baekdu-daegan "Baekdu-daegan") range in northwestern North Gyeongsang Province. It was at Jikjisa that Great Master [Yujeong](/wiki/Yujeong "Yujeong") was ordained, who led a [righteous army](/wiki/Righteous_army "Righteous army") of monks to save Korea during the [Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98\)](/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_%281592%E2%80%9398%29 "Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)"). Originally from [Miryang](/wiki/Miryang "Miryang"), [South Gyeongsang Province](/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province "South Gyeongsang Province"), Yujeong moved to Yuchon Village very near Jikjisa at age 13 and he studied under Hwang Yeoheon, the great\-great\-grandson of Chief State Councilor Hwang Hui. However, at age 15, his mother died, and the next year his father also died. This sudden turn of events led Samyeong to become a monk under the guidance of Great Master Sinmuk. When Yujeong was 18, he earned the highest score in the State Examination for Monks, and later, when he was 30, he became the head of Jikjisa Temple. At age 32 he was recommended to be the head of Bongeunsa, succeeding his teacher Great Master Seosan. However, he followed Master Seosan to [Bohyeonsa](/wiki/Bohyeonsa "Bohyeonsa") on [Myohyangsan](/wiki/Myohyangsan "Myohyangsan") instead. While at Yujeomsa on [Mount Kumgang](/wiki/Mount_Kumgang "Mount Kumgang") (now [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea")), Japanese troops invaded Korea in 1592\. Yujeong quickly responded to a letter sent by his teacher Seosan and organized and led a righteous army, eventually gaining fame for his leadership. There is one remaining object related to Yujeong's early days at Jikjisa. It is a flat stone beside the Heavenly Kings’ Gate. One day, Great Master Sinmuk dozed off during meditation. In a dream he saw a golden dragon entwined around the gingko tree next to the Heavenly Kings’ Gate. When he awoke, he rushed to the gingko tree and saw a flat stone which appeared as if someone had carved it. A young boy was asleep on it, so Sinmuk took the boy as his disciple; he later became Great Master Yujeong. In 1800 that gingko tree was destroyed in a fire that also burned down Manseru Pavilion, but the flat stone next to the Heavenly Kings’ Gate remains. Perhaps the stone is awaiting another Yujeong.
[ "History\n-------", "Jikjisa was established in 418 by Preceptor Ado. [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), a religion originating in what is now [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), was transmitted to [Korea](/wiki/Korea \"Korea\") via [China](/wiki/China \"China\") in the late 4th century.[Arts of Korea \\| Explore \\& Learn \\| The Metropolitan Museum of Art](http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Korea/koreaonline/IntroSculpture.htm) The [Samguk yusa](/wiki/Samguk_yusa \"Samguk yusa\") records Ado among 3 monks who first brought [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist \"Buddhist\") teaching, or [Dharma](/wiki/Dharma \"Dharma\"), to [Korea](/wiki/Korea \"Korea\"): [Malananta](/wiki/Malananta \"Malananta\") (late 4th century) \\- an [Indian](/wiki/India \"India\") [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhist \"Buddhist\") monk who brought Buddhism to [Baekje](/wiki/Baekje \"Baekje\") in the southern [Korean peninsula](/wiki/Korea \"Korea\"), [Sundo](/wiki/Shandao \"Shandao\") \\-a Chinese Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to [Goguryeo](/wiki/Goguryeo \"Goguryeo\") in northern Korea, and Ado \\- a monk who brought Buddhism to [Silla](/wiki/Silla \"Silla\") in central Korea.\"Malananta bring Buddhism to Baekje\" in *Samguk Yusa* III, Ha \\& Mintz translation, pp. 178\\-179\\.", "There are two stories concerning this temple's name, *Jikji* ({{korean\\|hangul\\=직지\\|hanja\\=直指\\|rr\\=\\|mr\\=\\|labels\\=no}}, literally “pointing with an index finger”). One is that Ado pointed to [Hwangaksan](/wiki/Hwangaksan \"Hwangaksan\") from [Dorisa](/wiki/Dorisa \"Dorisa\") in [Seonsan](/wiki/Seonsan \"Seonsan\"), and said, “There is also a good temple site on that mountain. The story is that in 936 when Great Master [Neungyeo](/wiki/Neungyeo \"Neungyeo\") reconstructed the temple, he didn’t use a ruler but instead he used his own hands to measure the land and construction materials, thus, the name Jikji.", "Hwangaksan (literally “Yellow Mountain”), on which Jikjisa stands, represents the color yellow, one of the five colors that correspond to the [Wu Xing](/wiki/Wuxing_%28Chinese_philosophy%29 \"Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)\"). The colors black, blue, red, white and yellow correspond respectively to north, east, south, west and center. Jikjisa is located near the center of Korea. That is why the mountain is called Hwangaksan and why Jikjisa has been considered one of Korea's foremost temples since ancient times. From Biro Peak, the summit of Hwangaksan, one can see the three provinces of Gyeongsang, Jeolla and Chungcheong. Thus it can also be said that the temple is situated at the center of three of Korea's southern provinces.", "Jikjisa saw two reconstruction efforts during the Silla era. The first reconstruction, passed down as oral history, was supposedly conducted in 645 by [Vinaya](/wiki/Vinaya \"Vinaya\") Master Jajang Yulsa. The second reconstruction, verified by written records, was carried out in 930 by Great Master Cheonmuk. The “Stele of Jikjisa’s Daejangdang Hall Record,” published in the *Daedong Geumseokseo* (大東金石書; \"Daedong Epigraphy Collection\"), says that Daejangdang Hall was built in 930 and that “transcripts of the entire Buddhist canon in gold ink” were enshrined there.", "During the Joseon era, an earthenware urn holding the placenta from the birth of Joseon's second king, Jeongjong, was enshrined on a Hwangaksan peak north of Jikjisa which is auspicious “snake\\-head formation” from a geomantic perspective, making the temple the guardian of the royal placenta. Today Jikjisa is the head temple of the eighth religious district of the Jogye Order of Seon and supervises 54 branch temples scattered among the deep folds of the [Baekdu\\-daegan](/wiki/Baekdu-daegan \"Baekdu-daegan\") range in northwestern North Gyeongsang Province.", "It was at Jikjisa that Great Master [Yujeong](/wiki/Yujeong \"Yujeong\") was ordained, who led a [righteous army](/wiki/Righteous_army \"Righteous army\") of monks to save Korea during the [Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98\\)](/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_%281592%E2%80%9398%29 \"Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)\"). Originally from [Miryang](/wiki/Miryang \"Miryang\"), [South Gyeongsang Province](/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province \"South Gyeongsang Province\"), Yujeong moved to Yuchon Village very near Jikjisa at age 13 and he studied under Hwang Yeoheon, the great\\-great\\-grandson of Chief State Councilor Hwang Hui. However, at age 15, his mother died, and the next year his father also died. This sudden turn of events led Samyeong to become a monk under the guidance of Great Master Sinmuk.", "When Yujeong was 18, he earned the highest score in the State Examination for Monks, and later, when he was 30, he became the head of Jikjisa Temple. At age 32 he was recommended to be the head of Bongeunsa, succeeding his teacher Great Master Seosan. However, he followed Master Seosan to [Bohyeonsa](/wiki/Bohyeonsa \"Bohyeonsa\") on [Myohyangsan](/wiki/Myohyangsan \"Myohyangsan\") instead. While at Yujeomsa on [Mount Kumgang](/wiki/Mount_Kumgang \"Mount Kumgang\") (now [North Korea](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\")), Japanese troops invaded Korea in 1592\\. Yujeong quickly responded to a letter sent by his teacher Seosan and organized and led a righteous army, eventually gaining fame for his leadership.", "There is one remaining object related to Yujeong's early days at Jikjisa. It is a flat stone beside the Heavenly Kings’ Gate. One day, Great Master Sinmuk dozed off during meditation. In a dream he saw a golden dragon entwined around the gingko tree next to the Heavenly Kings’ Gate. When he awoke, he rushed to the gingko tree and saw a flat stone which appeared as if someone had carved it. A young boy was asleep on it, so Sinmuk took the boy as his disciple; he later became Great Master Yujeong. In 1800 that gingko tree was destroyed in a fire that also burned down Manseru Pavilion, but the flat stone next to the Heavenly Kings’ Gate remains. Perhaps the stone is awaiting another Yujeong.", "" ]
History ------- [Newbridge Colliery](/wiki/Newbridge_Colliery "Newbridge Colliery"){{Coord\|51\|35\|46\.2\|N\|3\|21\|00\.8\|W\|display\=inline}} in [Gelliwion](/wiki/Gelliwion "Gelliwion"), [Pontypridd](/wiki/Pontypridd "Pontypridd") was sunk in 1844\.{{Coflein \|desc\=Newbridge Colliery, Pontypridd \|num\=403679 \|fewer\-links\=yes }} Its owner was [John Calvert](/wiki/John_Calvert_%28mine_owner%29 "John Calvert (mine owner)") (1812–1890\), a [Yorkshireman](/wiki/Yorkshireman "Yorkshireman"), who would give his name to this engine. Calvert had previously been a railway contractor, the major contractor of the [Taff Vale Railway](/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway "Taff Vale Railway"), but after his initial distrust of Wales{{sfnp\|Jones (Vol I)\|2005\|pages\= 139,180 }} he remained in the area once the line opened and switched to mining. The [winding engine](/wiki/Winding_engine "Winding engine") was installed in 1845, in which year production began from the 55 yard [No.3 Rhondda seam](/wiki/No.3_Rhondda_seam "No.3 Rhondda seam"). Winding was carried out with an iron flat chain, with wooden blocks through the links. The winding engine also powered the water pump for draining the mine. The pump was at the bottom of the shaft, worked by a vertical pump rod and linked to the engine by a 'tee bob'. Ventilation was by the [bratticed](/wiki/Brattice "Brattice") split\-shaft furnace method and so there was no fan engine for ventilation.{{efn\-lr\|This pre\-dates the 1862 \[\[Hartley Colliery Disaster]], which brought an end to single\-shaft ventilation.}} Later the winding chain was replaced by rope. Steam was supplied from an [egg\-ended boiler](/wiki/Egg-ended_boiler "Egg-ended boiler") at a pressure of between {{convert\|8\|\-\|10\|psi\|kPa\|lk\=on}}. The original engine was built in 1845 by the [Varteg Ironworks](/wiki/Varteg_Ironworks "Varteg Ironworks"){{Cite web \|title\=Varteg Ironworks \|url\=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Varteg\_Ironworks \|website\=Grace's Guide }} of [Cwmavon](/wiki/Cwmavon%2C_Torfaen "Cwmavon, Torfaen"), near [Blaenavon](/wiki/Blaenavon "Blaenavon").{{efn\-lr\|Another comparable engine of 1845, from the \[\[Neath Abbey Ironworks]], survives nearby at the \[\[Glyn Pits]].}} This was the first steam winding engine to be installed in the [Rhondda valley](/wiki/Rhondda_valley "Rhondda valley"). [thumb\|The valve gear gab The hooked rod from the right is driven by the eccentric. When engaged, it rocks the valve arbor, the square shaft, back and forth. Bellcranks behind the shaft work the valves via the vertical pullrods.](/wiki/File:JD_Varteg02.jpg "JD Varteg02.jpg") The cylinder was replaced in 1861 by [Brown, Lenox and Co.](/wiki/Brown_Lenox_%26_Co_Ltd "Brown Lenox & Co Ltd"){{Cite web \|title\=Brown, Lenox and Co \|url\=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Brown,\_Lenox\_and\_Co \|website\=Grace's Guide }} of Newbridge Works, Pontypridd.Maker's name and date may still be seen cast into the cylinder and valve chest. This new cylinder was of {{convert\|26\.5\|inch}} bore, {{convert\|5\|feet}} stroke. Although the original bore is unknown, the stroke remained the same, as the crank was unchanged. Reversing is by [slip eccentric](/wiki/Slip_eccentric_valve_gear "Slip eccentric valve gear") and [gab valve gear](/wiki/Gab_valve_gear "Gab valve gear"). Similar engines were used for winding at both [Glyn Pits](/wiki/Glyn_Pits "Glyn Pits") and at Calvert's second pit, [Gyfeillion](/wiki/Gyfeillion "Gyfeillion"), which would become the [Great Western Colliery](/wiki/Great_Western_Colliery "Great Western Colliery"). Other dual\-purpose engines were used at Welsh collieries at this time, but later it became more usual to use separate engines for each purpose. By 1869, ownership of the mine had passed to the Fowler Brothers. In 1880 it was owned by the [Newbridge and Rhondda Coal Company](/wiki/Newbridge_and_Rhondda_Coal_Company "Newbridge and Rhondda Coal Company"). Later the [Crawshay](/wiki/Crawshay_Bailey "Crawshay Bailey") family owned it. At the end of the colliery's working, the [Inspector of Mines](/wiki/Inspector_of_Mines "Inspector of Mines")' list of 1896 shows 489 employed there. The colliery closed in 1897 and the shaft was abandoned.{{efn\-lr\|Unlike some closed collieries, such as \[\[Glyn Pits]], the shaft did not remain in use for other services, such as ventilation or water pumping.}} The engine and winding house lay derelict. A widely known postcard of 1912 shows the hose overgrown with ivy, but the engine [beam](/wiki/Beam_%28beam_engine%29 "Beam (beam engine)") still in place.{{Cite book \|title\=Welsh Coal Mines \|first\=W.G. \|last\=Thomas \|publisher\=\[\[National Museum of Wales]] \|location\=Cardiff \|year\=1976 }} There is some question as to when the engine finally worked. The 1897 closure is well documented, but many sources also state that the engine was last worked in 1919\. It is not clear if this is an error, in either direction, or that the engine was re\-started for a time, possibly during World War I and then closed soon after.
[ "History\n-------", "[Newbridge Colliery](/wiki/Newbridge_Colliery \"Newbridge Colliery\"){{Coord\\|51\\|35\\|46\\.2\\|N\\|3\\|21\\|00\\.8\\|W\\|display\\=inline}} in [Gelliwion](/wiki/Gelliwion \"Gelliwion\"), [Pontypridd](/wiki/Pontypridd \"Pontypridd\") was sunk in 1844\\.{{Coflein\n \\|desc\\=Newbridge Colliery, Pontypridd\n \\|num\\=403679\n \\|fewer\\-links\\=yes\n}} Its owner was [John Calvert](/wiki/John_Calvert_%28mine_owner%29 \"John Calvert (mine owner)\") (1812–1890\\), a [Yorkshireman](/wiki/Yorkshireman \"Yorkshireman\"), who would give his name to this engine. Calvert had previously been a railway contractor, the major contractor of the [Taff Vale Railway](/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway \"Taff Vale Railway\"), but after his initial distrust of Wales{{sfnp\\|Jones (Vol I)\\|2005\\|pages\\= 139,180 }} he remained in the area once the line opened and switched to mining. The [winding engine](/wiki/Winding_engine \"Winding engine\") was installed in 1845, in which year production began from the 55 yard [No.3 Rhondda seam](/wiki/No.3_Rhondda_seam \"No.3 Rhondda seam\").", "Winding was carried out with an iron flat chain, with wooden blocks through the links. The winding engine also powered the water pump for draining the mine. The pump was at the bottom of the shaft, worked by a vertical pump rod and linked to the engine by a 'tee bob'. Ventilation was by the [bratticed](/wiki/Brattice \"Brattice\") split\\-shaft furnace method and so there was no fan engine for ventilation.{{efn\\-lr\\|This pre\\-dates the 1862 \\[\\[Hartley Colliery Disaster]], which brought an end to single\\-shaft ventilation.}} Later the winding chain was replaced by rope. Steam was supplied from an [egg\\-ended boiler](/wiki/Egg-ended_boiler \"Egg-ended boiler\") at a pressure of between {{convert\\|8\\|\\-\\|10\\|psi\\|kPa\\|lk\\=on}}.", "The original engine was built in 1845 by the [Varteg Ironworks](/wiki/Varteg_Ironworks \"Varteg Ironworks\"){{Cite web\n \\|title\\=Varteg Ironworks\n \\|url\\=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Varteg\\_Ironworks\n \\|website\\=Grace's Guide\n}} of [Cwmavon](/wiki/Cwmavon%2C_Torfaen \"Cwmavon, Torfaen\"), near [Blaenavon](/wiki/Blaenavon \"Blaenavon\").{{efn\\-lr\\|Another comparable engine of 1845, from the \\[\\[Neath Abbey Ironworks]], survives nearby at the \\[\\[Glyn Pits]].}} This was the first steam winding engine to be installed in the [Rhondda valley](/wiki/Rhondda_valley \"Rhondda valley\").", "[thumb\\|The valve gear gab \nThe hooked rod from the right is driven by the eccentric. When engaged, it rocks the valve arbor, the square shaft, back and forth. Bellcranks behind the shaft work the valves via the vertical pullrods.](/wiki/File:JD_Varteg02.jpg \"JD Varteg02.jpg\")\nThe cylinder was replaced in 1861 by [Brown, Lenox and Co.](/wiki/Brown_Lenox_%26_Co_Ltd \"Brown Lenox & Co Ltd\"){{Cite web\n \\|title\\=Brown, Lenox and Co\n \\|url\\=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Brown,\\_Lenox\\_and\\_Co\n \\|website\\=Grace's Guide\n}} of Newbridge Works, Pontypridd.Maker's name and date may still be seen cast into the cylinder and valve chest. This new cylinder was of {{convert\\|26\\.5\\|inch}} bore, {{convert\\|5\\|feet}} stroke. Although the original bore is unknown, the stroke remained the same, as the crank was unchanged. Reversing is by [slip eccentric](/wiki/Slip_eccentric_valve_gear \"Slip eccentric valve gear\") and [gab valve gear](/wiki/Gab_valve_gear \"Gab valve gear\").", "Similar engines were used for winding at both [Glyn Pits](/wiki/Glyn_Pits \"Glyn Pits\") and at Calvert's second pit, [Gyfeillion](/wiki/Gyfeillion \"Gyfeillion\"), which would become the [Great Western Colliery](/wiki/Great_Western_Colliery \"Great Western Colliery\"). Other dual\\-purpose engines were used at Welsh collieries at this time, but later it became more usual to use separate engines for each purpose.", "By 1869, ownership of the mine had passed to the Fowler Brothers. In 1880 it was owned by the [Newbridge and Rhondda Coal Company](/wiki/Newbridge_and_Rhondda_Coal_Company \"Newbridge and Rhondda Coal Company\"). Later the [Crawshay](/wiki/Crawshay_Bailey \"Crawshay Bailey\") family owned it.", "At the end of the colliery's working, the [Inspector of Mines](/wiki/Inspector_of_Mines \"Inspector of Mines\")' list of 1896 shows 489 employed there. The colliery closed in 1897 and the shaft was abandoned.{{efn\\-lr\\|Unlike some closed collieries, such as \\[\\[Glyn Pits]], the shaft did not remain in use for other services, such as ventilation or water pumping.}}", "The engine and winding house lay derelict. A widely known postcard of 1912 shows the hose overgrown with ivy, but the engine [beam](/wiki/Beam_%28beam_engine%29 \"Beam (beam engine)\") still in place.{{Cite book\n \\|title\\=Welsh Coal Mines\n \\|first\\=W.G. \\|last\\=Thomas \n \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[National Museum of Wales]] \\|location\\=Cardiff \n \\|year\\=1976\n}} There is some question as to when the engine finally worked. The 1897 closure is well documented, but many sources also state that the engine was last worked in 1919\\. It is not clear if this is an error, in either direction, or that the engine was re\\-started for a time, possibly during World War I and then closed soon after.", "" ]
Case work --------- {{more citations needed section\|date\=November 2012}} Case work functions as an exercise in framing problems so as to identify potentially significant elements, relations, and interfaces. Case work underscores questions of how such material should be presented. Case work can indicate strengths and weaknesses in the venues in which inquiry is initiated and formed. Casework, therefore, is an essential aspect of inquiry neither reducible to theory nor an end\-in\-itself. (a) *Constructing Equipment, Can the Human and Life Science Collaborate? (SynBERC 2006–2011\).* Rabinow was an investigator in the (Human) Practices Thrust of the Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center. [Synberc (Synthetic Biology Research Center) \| EBRC](http://synberc.org). With Gaymon Bennett, he had been part of a collaborative effort to re\-think the relationship between ethics and science within this NSF\-funded Engineering Research Center. In SynBERC, the mandate from the NSF was to invent a collaborative mode of engagement such that the relationship between ethics and science might be reconceived and reworked. (b) *Chronicling Emergent Organizations (Celera Diagnostics 2003\).* Rabinow, working with Talia Dan\-Cohen, then an undergraduate at Berkeley, took up the challenge of chronicling Celera Diagnostic’s efforts to turn the complete sequence of the human genome into tools for diagnosing molecular predispositions for pathological developments in health. The anthropological work was an experiment in thought and production, given a self\-imposed one\-year time limit for both research and writing. It was an experiment in collaboration involving first and second order modes of observation. The product is Rabinow and Dan\-Cohen’s *A Machine to Make a Future: Biotech Chronicles*. (c) *New Venues: Problematizing Knowledge, Care and Ethics (Centre d'Études du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) 1994\).* The fieldwork leading up to *French DNA: Trouble in Purgatory* focused on a multidimensional crisis revolving around a proposal for commercial collaboration between an American biotechnology start\-up company and the French laboratory that led the genome sequencing effort in France, the CEPH. As opposed to his earlier book, *French Modern*, *French DNA* is not a history of the present but an initial case study in the anthropology of the contemporary. Rabinow accepted the challenge from the Center’s scientific director to be a "philosophic observer." His task was to identify the formation of constellations of value judgments around new forms of scientific knowledge and to make that process available for further debate and modification, not to adjudicate disputes. The text is, in part, a meditation on committed "disinterestedness," or “a certain vocational integrity, an asceticism in Weber and Foucault's senses, a certain rigor and patience that could, lead us somewhere beyond what we already believe and know.”{{Cite book \|last\=Rabinow \|first\=Paul \|url\=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3633075\.html \|title\=French DNA: Trouble in Purgatory \|publisher\=University of Chicago Press \|year\=1999 \|isbn\=9780226701516 \|location\=Chicago, IL \|page\=171 \|language\=en}} This work still emphasizes the observation in “participant\-observation” and can be contrasted to later work at SynBERC in which both poles are put into play. (d) *New Venues of Knowledge and Commerce: The Rise of Biotech Start\-up Companies, (Cetus Corporation 1980s).* Cetus Corporation (later, Roche Molecular Systems) figured as both a scientific and anthropological milieu within which to explore a highly specific set of political, economic, scientific, and legal vectors that generated a new industry as well as a major technological development, the polymerase chain reaction. Contrary to narratives of invention and discovery as the work of individual geniuses, *Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology* highlights the assembling and governing of scientific and technical prowess, sustained teamwork, management skills, legal input, and material resources, all of which were necessary for this fundamental molecular biological tool to emerge, be stabilized, commercialized and to rapidly become a fundamental tool for all biological research. (e) *The Invention of Modern Equipment: (France and its Colonies 1830\-1930*). *French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment* is a fine\-grained genealogical account of the rise of the French “social” moving conceptually through domains as diverse as nineteenth century epidemiology, sociology, the Beaux Arts, colonial administration, Lamarckian biology, statistics, etc. *French Modern* demonstrates the century long process of bringing these domains of knowledge and practices of power slowly into a common frame of rationality and eventually into an operative apparatus characteristic of the welfare state. (f) *Philosophy as Inquiry: Fieldwork in Philosophy (Encountering Hubert Dreyfus, Robert Bellah and Michel Foucault, 1976\-84\).* Trained at the University of Chicago in the history of philosophy under the tutelage of Richard McKeon, where McKeon emphasized the rhetorical and pragmatic functions of philosophy (Dewey), Rabinow renewed this activity and moved beyond the work of his advisor, Clifford Geertz. Encounters with Robert Bellah and Hubert Dreyfus at UC Berkeley in the context of a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship year (1976–77\) led to a focus on interpretive social science and ethical practice on the one hand, and an education in Heidegger and the question of technology and modern philosophy on the other. The work with Dreyfus led to a fortuitous encounter with Michel Foucault in 1979, the development of an intense dialogic working relationship, and a joint book with Dreyfus, *Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics*, as well as an anthology of Foucault’s works (in consultation with Foucault), *The Foucault Reader*, published shortly before his death. (g) *Anthropology as Inquiry: Inheriting the Modern(Morocco, Middle Atlas Mountains 1968\-1970\).* The importance of colonial history, the self\-understanding of descendants of an Islamic saint, the dilemma of tradition and modernity, as well as fieldwork itself, as a practice, rite, and site of self\-formation, became case material for reflection. The major themes that Rabinow planned to consistently pursue for the next decades are all incipiently present in these untimely reflections: ethics as form giving, motion, and care.
[ "Case work\n---------", "{{more citations needed section\\|date\\=November 2012}}\nCase work functions as an exercise in framing problems so as to identify potentially significant elements, relations, and interfaces. Case work underscores questions of how such material should be presented. Case work can indicate strengths and weaknesses in the venues in which inquiry is initiated and formed. Casework, therefore, is an essential aspect of inquiry neither reducible to theory nor an end\\-in\\-itself.", "(a) *Constructing Equipment, Can the Human and Life Science Collaborate? (SynBERC 2006–2011\\).*", "Rabinow was an investigator in the (Human) Practices Thrust of the Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center. [Synberc (Synthetic Biology Research Center) \\| EBRC](http://synberc.org). With Gaymon Bennett, he had been part of a collaborative effort to re\\-think the relationship between ethics and science within this NSF\\-funded Engineering Research Center. In SynBERC, the mandate from the NSF was to invent a collaborative mode of engagement such that the relationship between ethics and science might be reconceived and reworked.", "(b) *Chronicling Emergent Organizations (Celera Diagnostics 2003\\).*", "Rabinow, working with Talia Dan\\-Cohen, then an undergraduate at Berkeley, took up the challenge of chronicling Celera Diagnostic’s efforts to turn the complete sequence of the human genome into tools for diagnosing molecular predispositions for pathological developments in health. The anthropological work was an experiment in thought and production, given a self\\-imposed one\\-year time limit for both research and writing. It was an experiment in collaboration involving first and second order modes of observation. The product is Rabinow and Dan\\-Cohen’s *A Machine to Make a Future: Biotech Chronicles*.", "(c) *New Venues: Problematizing Knowledge, Care and Ethics (Centre d'Études du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) 1994\\).*", "The fieldwork leading up to *French DNA: Trouble in Purgatory* focused on a multidimensional crisis revolving around a proposal for commercial collaboration between an American biotechnology start\\-up company and the French laboratory that led the genome sequencing effort in France, the CEPH. As opposed to his earlier book, *French Modern*, *French DNA* is not a history of the present but an initial case study in the anthropology of the contemporary. Rabinow accepted the challenge from the Center’s scientific director to be a \"philosophic observer.\" His task was to identify the formation of constellations of value judgments around new forms of scientific knowledge and to make that process available for further debate and modification, not to adjudicate disputes. The text is, in part, a meditation on committed \"disinterestedness,\" or “a certain vocational integrity, an asceticism in Weber and Foucault's senses, a certain rigor and patience that could, lead us somewhere beyond what we already believe and know.”{{Cite book \\|last\\=Rabinow \\|first\\=Paul \\|url\\=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3633075\\.html \\|title\\=French DNA: Trouble in Purgatory \\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press \\|year\\=1999 \\|isbn\\=9780226701516 \\|location\\=Chicago, IL \\|page\\=171 \\|language\\=en}} This work still emphasizes the observation in “participant\\-observation” and can be contrasted to later work at SynBERC in which both poles are put into play.", "(d) *New Venues of Knowledge and Commerce: The Rise of Biotech Start\\-up Companies, (Cetus Corporation 1980s).*", "Cetus Corporation (later, Roche Molecular Systems) figured as both a scientific and anthropological milieu within which to explore a highly specific set of political, economic, scientific, and legal vectors that generated a new industry as well as a major technological development, the polymerase chain reaction. Contrary to narratives of invention and discovery as the work of individual geniuses, *Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology* highlights the assembling and governing of scientific and technical prowess, sustained teamwork, management skills, legal input, and material resources, all of which were necessary for this fundamental molecular biological tool to emerge, be stabilized, commercialized and to rapidly become a fundamental tool for all biological research.", "(e) *The Invention of Modern Equipment: (France and its Colonies 1830\\-1930*).", "*French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment* is a fine\\-grained genealogical account of the rise of the French “social” moving conceptually through domains as diverse as nineteenth century epidemiology, sociology, the Beaux Arts, colonial administration, Lamarckian biology, statistics, etc. *French Modern* demonstrates the century long process of bringing these domains of knowledge and practices of power slowly into a common frame of rationality and eventually into an operative apparatus characteristic of the welfare state.", "(f) *Philosophy as Inquiry: Fieldwork in Philosophy (Encountering Hubert Dreyfus, Robert Bellah and Michel Foucault, 1976\\-84\\).*", "Trained at the University of Chicago in the history of philosophy under the tutelage of Richard McKeon, where McKeon emphasized the rhetorical and pragmatic functions of philosophy (Dewey), Rabinow renewed this activity and moved beyond the work of his advisor, Clifford Geertz. Encounters with Robert Bellah and Hubert Dreyfus at UC Berkeley in the context of a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship year (1976–77\\) led to a focus on interpretive social science and ethical practice on the one hand, and an education in Heidegger and the question of technology and modern philosophy on the other. The work with Dreyfus led to a fortuitous encounter with Michel Foucault in 1979, the development of an intense dialogic working relationship, and a joint book with Dreyfus, *Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics*, as well as an anthology of Foucault’s works (in consultation with Foucault), *The Foucault Reader*, published shortly before his death.", "(g) *Anthropology as Inquiry: Inheriting the Modern(Morocco, Middle Atlas Mountains 1968\\-1970\\).*", "The importance of colonial history, the self\\-understanding of descendants of an Islamic saint, the dilemma of tradition and modernity, as well as fieldwork itself, as a practice, rite, and site of self\\-formation, became case material for reflection. The major themes that Rabinow planned to consistently pursue for the next decades are all incipiently present in these untimely reflections: ethics as form giving, motion, and care.", "" ]
The Campaign ------------ On 23 March, Easter Sunday militants of the Mahdi Army fired 107 mm rockets on the heavily fortified [Green Zone](/wiki/Green_Zone "Green Zone") in [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad "Baghdad") killing Paul Converse, a U.S. government employee, and wounding several other employees and contractors.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/07/AR2008040702533\.html \|title\=Anxiety Rises over Vulnerable Housing in Iraqi Green Zone \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|access\-date\=17 April 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619205009/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/07/AR2008040702533\.html \|archive\-date\=19 June 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} At least 12 Iraqi civilians were also killed by rockets from Sadr City that missed the Green Zone and hit the civilian sectors around the Zone.{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12569 \|title\=Sunday: 4 US Soldiers, 91 Iraqis Killed; 152 Wounded – Antiwar.com \|access\-date\=26 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327140245/http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12569 \|archive\-date\=27 March 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} ### Basra operation {{Main\|Battle of Basra (2008\)}} On 25 March, the Iraqi Army and police attacked the second largest Iraqi city, Basra, which had for the most part been under Mahdi Army control for the past seven months since the [British troop withdrawal](/wiki/Siege_of_U.K._bases_in_Basra "Siege of U.K. bases in Basra") from the city in the beginning of September the previous year. Since then the city was in the middle of a turf war between three different militias, including the Mahdi Army, for the control of the [oil](/wiki/Oil "Oil") exports which had been dominated by the Black Market. Street fighting spread through six neighbourhoods after the government operation started at 2:00am. Plumes of smoke were seen over the northern neighbourhoods, and by the end of the first day of fighting government forces took the center of the city but the Mahdi Army was still holding on to the northern part of the city.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2008}} On 26 March, the [Iraqi Prime Minister](/wiki/Iraqi_Prime_Minister "Iraqi Prime Minister") issued an ultimatum to the Mahdi Army to surrender within 72 hours.{{Citation needed\|date\=March 2008}} On 28 March, U.S. aircraft bombed two targets in the city while being supported by British planes, a day after militiamen paraded in the city with some 20 captured soldiers and a captured Iraqi Army [Humvee](/wiki/Humvee "Humvee"). At least two Iraqi Army armoured vehicles and a [BMP infantry fighting vehicle](/wiki/BMP-1 "BMP-1") were seen destroyed on the streets. By 29 March, the Iraqi military offensive against the city was faltering in the face of stiff resistance as the 72\-hour ultimatum by the government passed and the militants refused to surrender. On 31 March, the fighting in the city ended after al\-Sadr's declaration of a new cease\-fire. By that point the Mahdi Army was still in control of about 75% of the city. Up to 236 people were killed and 1,200 wounded in the fighting in districts of central and northern Basra. 921 members of the security forces, including 421 policemen and a full Iraqi Army battalion of 500 men, deserted, defected or were captured. Clashes between militiamen and al\-Maliki's tribe in [Qurna](/wiki/Qurna%2C_Iraq "Qurna, Iraq"), north of Basra, left 7 dead, including a policeman and a civilian, and 2 wounded on both sides.[Round\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Friday March 28, 2008 McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31877.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402181527/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31877\.html \|date\=2 April 2008 }} [5 killed, 2 wounded in clashes in Basra – Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74543&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095205/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\=1\&IdPublication\=4\&NrArticle\=74543\&NrIssue\=2\&NrSection\=1 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} [Civilian killed, policeman wounded in clashes in Basra – Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=73950&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095201/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\=1\&IdPublication\=4\&NrArticle\=73950\&NrIssue\=2\&NrSection\=1 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} Mortars also killed two policemen and wounded 23 people, including 13 policemen, in [Karma](/wiki/Karma%2C_Iraq "Karma, Iraq"), a town {{convert\|50\|mi\|km}} north of Basra.[FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 28 – Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=105058) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100251/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\=105058 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} Following the cease\-fire in Basra there were still sporadic clashes in the city for some time leaving at least 32 civilians, 34 militants, five policemen and one U.S. Marine dead. Among the dead was also police Major Ali Haider, a commander in the police department's serious crimes directorate.{{cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7327926\.stm \| work\=BBC News \| title\=Air strike levels house in Basra \| date\=3 April 2008 \| access\-date\=5 May 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407062531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7327926\.stm \| archive\-date\=7 April 2008 \| url\-status\=live }}[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – ISF recover weapons cache, kill 10 in separate operations in Basra](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18253&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408200956/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18253\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=8 April 2008 }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id\=1897387\&Language\=en \|title\=كونا : Eight persons killed in fiery blast in Basra – الدفاع والأمن – 07/04/2008 \|access\-date\=9 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040004/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id\=1897387\&Language\=en \|archive\-date\=28 September 2011 \|url\-status\=live }}[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – UAV destroys mortar position, kills 6 (Hyanniyah)](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18354&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514125049/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18354\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=14 May 2008 }} ### Post\-operation Basra fighting 1 April: Gunmen are reportedly off the streets and Iraqis cautiously emerge back on the streets of Basra with opening markets and men cleaning up trash from the roadsides. Maliki claims military "security, stability and success" and vows to continue operations with a seven\-point plan, including recruiting 10,000 new [Iraqi security forces](/wiki/Iraqi_security_forces "Iraqi security forces") members and moving to enhance public services in Basra.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iraqi\-pm\-basra\-strikes\-a\-success/ \|title\=Iraqi PM: Basra Strikes A "Success", CBS News April 1, 2008 \|website\=\[\[CBS News]] \|access\-date\=16 April 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021063010/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/01/iraq/main3985302\.shtml \|archive\-date\=21 October 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} 2500 citizens of Basra have already volunteered to work with the Iraqi army since the start of the operation, according to a US military spokesman in Baghdad.[Operational Update: Maj. Gen. Bergner, April 2](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18058&Itemid=131) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513235320/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18058\&Itemid\=131 \|date\=13 May 2008 }} – MNF\-I [thumb\|200px\|right\|The Hillah [SWAT](/wiki/SWAT "SWAT") Team in training in 2006\. The unit was redeployed to Basra following operations in al\-Kut and Hillah. On 1 April, they detained 20 vehicle smugglers in Basra.](/wiki/File:Hillah_SWAT_Team.jpg "Hillah SWAT Team.jpg") Maj. Gen. Abdul Aziz Mohammad, director of military operations at Iraq's Defense Ministry, said the Iraqi military planned to seal and search every neighbourhood to capture suspected criminals and confiscate weapons.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/01/AR2008040100833\.html \|title\=U.S. Appears to Take Lead in Fighting in Baghdad, Washington Post, April 1, 2008 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|access\-date\=1 September 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826072121/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/01/AR2008040100833\.html \|archive\-date\=26 August 2017 \|url\-status\=live }} Sadr vows to continue fight against occupation forces "in a peaceful manner" and plans mass demonstrations against the Coalition on 9 April. The Hillah [Special Weapons and Tactics](/wiki/Special_Weapons_and_Tactics "Special Weapons and Tactics") team detained 20 vehicle smugglers in Basra as part of "continuing deliberate operations against criminals to restore a rule of law", according to a US military spokesman.[Hillah Special Weapons and Tactics unit detain 20 suspected smugglers in Basra](https://web.archive.org/web/20080413010935/http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18036&Itemid=128) – MNF\-I The British defence minister announces a pause in troop reductions.{{Cite web \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/01/uk.iraq/index.html \|title\="UK halts troop cuts after Iraq clashes", CNN, April 1, 2008 \|access\-date\=4 May 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211153346/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/01/uk.iraq/index.html \|archive\-date\=11 December 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} 2 April: Lt. Gen. Mohan al\-Furayji leads a 12 vehicle Iraqi Army convoy though the Hayaniya district, a Sadr stronghold in central Basra, in an apparent show of force. A roadside bomb explodes near the convoy, but there were no casualties. A reporter for an Iraqi TV station was shot in the leg while filming the convoy. Afterwards gunmen attacked the convoy and one Iraqi Army Humvee was torched.ROBERT H. REID – [Iraq army flexes muscles in Basra](https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/iraq;_ylt=ArGIX8e6ZMrutLo3VyIS52BX6GMA) {{dead link\|date\=September 2016\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} – AP via Yahoo News Overall, Basra was reportedly relatively calm for a third straight day.[Bomb explodes near top Iraq generals in Basra, Reuters, April 2, 2008](https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2884231520080402?sp=true) [U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff") Admiral [Michael Mullen](/wiki/Michael_Mullen "Michael Mullen") said in a Pentagon press briefing that the Basra operation is still ongoing and that it is premature to comment on the results of the operation.[DoD Press Briefing – CJCS Adm Mullen, Transcript, April 3, 2008](http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4186) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521133807/http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid\=4186 \|date\=21 May 2008 }} A US [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle](/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle") (UAV) attacked a [technical](/wiki/Technical_%28fighting_vehicle%29 "Technical (fighting vehicle)") in the Halaf area of Basra, killing 6 "armed criminals" after heavy machine gun fire was reported.[Iraqi forces conduct airstrike in al\-Halaf, six criminals killed (al\-Halaf)](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18112&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517204613/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18112\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=17 May 2008 }} – MNF\-I 3 April: A U.S. airstrike destroyed a house in Basra killing two militant snipers and at least six civilians.[Air strike levels house in Basra](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7327926.stm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405223622/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7327926\.stm \|date\=5 April 2008 }} – BBC News Iraqi Security Forces, advised by U.S. Special Forces, killed seven criminal members and detained 16 others during three separate operations in Basra directed by the Iraqi government.[ISF kill 7 criminal members, detain 16 in 3 separate operations in Basra, MNF\-I press release, April 4, 2008](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18111&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518031127/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18111\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=18 May 2008 }} Muqtada al\-Sadr offers the Iraqi government to help purge militia members from Iraqi security forces.{{Cite web \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/04/iraq.main/index.html \|title\=Iraqi leader freezes assault on militias, CNN, April 4, 2008 \|access\-date\=4 May 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512101837/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/04/iraq.main/index.html \|archive\-date\=12 May 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} Sadr also angrily criticises the Iraqi government for "denying it sent envoys to him"{{Cite web \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/03/iraq.alsadr/index.html \|title\=Al\-Sadr offers to help Iraqi security forces \|access\-date\=4 May 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925171750/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/03/iraq.alsadr/index.html \|archive\-date\=25 September 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} 4 April: Iraqi PM Nuri al\-Maliki orders his security forces to stop raids on suspected Shiite militiamen to "give time to those who are repentant" to lay down their weapons. The PM's order did not mention the Mahdi Army by name. Al\-Maliki also ordered a resumption of reconstruction projects and services in the areas of fighting. 3,000 Iraqi soldiers and policemen, including soldiers from the Iraqi Army 1st Division moved into Hayyaniyah to distribute food and water to Iraqis who had been without supplies for several days.[Iraqi Army distributes food and water al\-Hayyaniyah](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18255&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515161620/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18255\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=15 May 2008 }} – MNF\-I Coalition forces attacked Mahdi Army members west of Basra and ordered an air strike during the ensuing clashes. Two children were killed along with another person.{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12633 \|title\=– Antiwar.com \|date\=4 April 2008 \|access\-date\=4 May 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514035021/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12633 \|archive\-date\=14 May 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} In a Coalition raid during the night 10 militants were killed and two weapons caches, including 60 mm mortar rounds, rocket propelled grenades and [explosively formed penetrators](/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrators "Explosively formed penetrators"), were found.[ISF recover weapons cache, kill 10 in separate operations in Basra](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18253&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408200956/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18253\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=8 April 2008 }} – MNF I 5 April: A U.S. airstrike in the Hayaniyah district hit a militant mortar position killing one gunman.[Coalition forces conduct airstrike in Basra, one criminal killed, MNF\-I Press release, April 5, 2008](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18152&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514123723/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18152\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=14 May 2008 }} 6 April: The Iraqi Political Council for National Security, with representatives from all major political parties holds a meeting and agrees unanimously to a resolution with a number of points and actions necessary to "end the existence of this gang" (the Mahdi Army). Among those points is a decision that the Sadr trend will not have the right to participate in the political process or take part in the provincial elections unless they disband the Mahdi army.{{Cite web \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/07/al.maliki.transcript/index.html \|title\=Transcript: Prime Minister Nuri al\-Maliki on Iraq, CNN, April 7, 2008 \|access\-date\=19 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412005839/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/07/al.maliki.transcript/index.html \|archive\-date\=12 April 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al\-Maliki continues to deny that any concessions were made or that Iran was involved in negotiating Muqtada al\-Sadr's cease\-fire order on 30 March 2008\. An explosion of unknown source occurred in Basra destroying a house and killing eight people. MNF\-I confirms that an explosion occurred but denies involvement.[Eight persons killed in fiery blast in Basra](http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1897387&Language=en) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040004/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id\=1897387\&Language\=en \|date\=28 September 2011 }} – Kuna News 7 April: Moqtada al\-Sadr offers to disband the Mahdi army if the highest Shi'ite religious authorities, including [Grand Ayatollah Ali al\-Sistani](/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah_Ali_al-Sistani "Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani") and senior Shi'ite clergy based in Iran, demand it. "If they order the Mahdi army to disband, Muqtada al\-Sadr and the Sadr movement will obey the orders of the religious leaders", senior Sadr aide Hassan Zargani told Reuters from Iran.[Iraq's Sadr to disband Mehdi Army if clerics order, Reuters, April 7, 2008](https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL0434078820080407?sp=true) 8 April: A roadside bomb targeted the convoy of interior ministry spokesman Major\-General Abdul\-Karim Khalaf, wounding two of his guards in northern Basra.[FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, April 7](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=118077) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409103740/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\=118077 \|date\=9 April 2008 }} 9 April: The US military reported that [Iraqi Special Operations Forces](/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces "Iraqi Special Operations Forces") (ISOF) had captured 12 "suspected terrorists and Special Group members" and killed 14 others in operations in Basra in the past week.[ISOF snare terrorist and criminal suspects (Basrah)](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18292&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515161318/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18292\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=15 May 2008 }} – MNF\-I 11 April: The German Press reports that Riyad al\-Nuri was the victim of an assassination as he left a mosque in Najaf on a Friday. He was gunned down by non\-uniformed militants in the style of the assassinations that marked the Quds campaign in Basra. No group took credit for the killing. Riyad al\-Nuri was Moqtada al\-Sadr's brother\-in\-law, and a close aide. Moqtada al\-Sadr lives in the Holy City of Qom, Iran and has become dependent on his aides in Iraq.{{cite web \|url\=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/middleeast/news/article\_1399504\.php/Al\-Sadrs\_brother\-in\-law\_killed\_in\_Iraqs\_Najaf\_\_Roundup \|title\=Al\-Sadr's brother\-in\-law killed in Iraq's Najaf (Roundup) – Monsters and Critics \|website\=news.monstersandcritics.com \|access\-date\=2 February 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130128235954/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/middleeast/news/article\_1399504\.php/Al\-Sadrs\_brother\-in\-law\_killed\_in\_Iraqs\_Najaf\_\_Roundup \|archive\-date\=28 January 2013 \|url\-status\=dead}} \_ 12 April: Soldiers from the 1st Brigade of the 1st IA (QRF) Division from Al\-Anbar, as well as elements from the 14th Division, cleared the suburb of al\-Qibla in Basra "without incident", the US military reported. It also reported an al\-Qaida in Iraq leader was captured by Iraqi forces in Abu al\-Khasib, a small town 20 km southeast of Basra.[Operation Charge of Knights continues progress in Basrah](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18441&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515172528/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18441\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=15 May 2008 }} – MNF\-I 13 April: A policeman is killed in a drive\-by shooting and two dumped bodies are found.{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12686 \|title\=Sunday: 46 Iraqis Killed, 29 Wounded – Antiwar.com \|date\=13 April 2008 \|access\-date\=4 May 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514035027/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12686 \|archive\-date\=14 May 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} 14 April: [Richard Butler](/wiki/Richard_Butler_%28journalist%29 "Richard Butler (journalist)"), a UK journalist held captive in Basra for two months after being kidnapped in central Basra was freed in an Iraqi Army sweep. [Kidnapped UK journalist freed in Iraq's Basra](https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/iraq_dc;_ylt=AtNLUsusFOzddv0ClLcKbcxX6GMA) {{webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20080527130348/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/iraq\_dc;\_ylt\=AtNLUsusFOzddv0ClLcKbcxX6GMA \|date\= 27 May 2008 }} – Reuters via Yahoo News Police Major Ali Haider, a commander in the police department's serious crimes directorate, is shot and killed.{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12691 \|title\=Monday: 2 US Soldiers, 87 Iraqis Killed; 142 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|date\=14 April 2008 \|access\-date\=4 May 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514034736/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12691 \|archive\-date\=14 May 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} 15 April: Maj\-Gen Abdul Jalil Khalaf and Lt\-Gen Mohan al\-Furayji are reassigned to posts in Baghdad. The Iraqi government says that the two chiefs are returning to their posts in the Defence Ministry at the end of a 6\-month assignment to the southern city. Brig. Gen. Qassim al\-Moussawi, an Iraqi military spokesman, said: "The two have done a great job and their efforts were highly appreciated by the commander in chief". However, a spokesman for the Sadrist bloc in Basra, Ali al\-Suaidi, says the Iraqi government "wants to blame its failure on somebody" and the moves are "punishment for the botched execution of the campaign". According to Brig. Gen al\-Moussawi, Gen. Furayji will be replaced by Maj. Gen. Mohammad Jawad, the commander of the 14th Division, in the Basra Operational Command and Maj. Gen. Adel Dahham will become the new police chief in Basra.{{cite news\|work\=BBC News\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/7350434\.stm\|title\=Basra security leaders removed\|date\=16 April 2008\|access\-date\=4 May 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420082710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/7350434\.stm\|archive\-date\=20 April 2008\|url\-status\=live}}Amit R. Paley – [Iraq Reassigns Chiefs Of Basra's Army, Police](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/16/AR2008041600932.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822075056/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/16/AR2008041600932\.html \|date\=22 August 2016 }} – Washington Post 16 April: An unmanned U.S. drone plane launched missiles that killed four militiamen and wounded one more, but police said six people were killed and three more were wounded. 17 April: Gunmen tried to kill former police chief Brigadier\-General Mohamed Kadhim al\-Ali. One of his bodyguards was killed and two more were wounded. In a separate incident, gunmen shot and wounded a police commando. Also, two policemen were killed in a drive\-by shooting. [thumb\|225px\|right\|An Iraqi soldier from the 1st QRF division examines a mortar captured during clearing operations in Hayaniya, 19 April](/wiki/File:Weapons_cache_basra.jpg "Weapons cache basra.jpg") 19 April: Iraqi security forces launched a clearing operation in the Hayaniya district, a Sadr stronghold in central Basra. After a show of force in which coalition forces bombed an empty area west of Hayaniya, Iraqi forces, with advisers from the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") and the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps").,[Iraqi soldiers continue to target Basra militias](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/IraqiSoldiersContinueToTargetBasraMilitias.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513203724/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/IraqiSoldiersContinueToTargetBasraMilitias.htm \|date\=13 May 2008 }} – UK Ministry of Defence moved into the Hayaniya city center. According to General [Mohan al\-Furayji](/wiki/Mohan_al-Furayji "Mohan al-Furayji"), Iraqi forces faced only "isolated skirmishes".Aref Mohammed – [Show of force as Iraqi forces advance in Basra](https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20080419/wl_nm/iraq_dc) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421035946/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20080419/wl\_nm/iraq\_dc \|date\=21 April 2008 }} – Reuters via Yahoo News A large number of weapons were captured during the operation, including 140 rockets, 50 mortars, 70 IEDs and a number of anti\-aircraft missiles. Seven Iraqi Army vehicles were recaptured as well. 20 April: In a statement, Muqtada al\-Sadr warned that he would declare "open war" if the campaign against him did not stop.[Al\-Sadr's followers refuse to disband militia in Iraq, Associated Press, April 20, 2008](http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/I/IRAQ?SITE=NHPOR&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519032040/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/I/IRAQ?SITE\=NHPOR\&SECTION\=HOME\&TEMPLATE\=DEFAULT \|date\=19 May 2007 }} Coincidentally, [Al\-Qaeda in Iraq](/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq "Al-Qaeda in Iraq") released a similar message the same day, calling for a 30\-day period of violence.[New Al\-Qaida in Iraq tape calls for monthlong offensive, Washington Post, April 20, 2008](https://web.archive.org/web/20121104185737/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/19/AR2008041901723.html) Iran's ambassador to Baghdad declared support for the Iraqi government crackdown against "lawbreakers" in Basra. Since major Sunni, Shiite and Kurdish parties have already supported the Maliki government in its crackdown for some time, Sadr appears increasingly politically isolated. 21 April: Two roadside\-bombs hit two Coalition patrols in the city. One was an American, the second a British. There were no casualties suffered in the attack on the British patrol but in the first attack one U.S. Marine was killed and a second wounded. Also, an al\-Sistani aide who was wounded a week before in an attack in the city died of his wounds. 24 April: Prime Minister Nuri al\-Maliki claimed historic victory over armed militias. "The ideology of having rival militias is over. The weapon is now in state hands", a statement said that Maliki told British Foreign Secretary David Miliband during talks. "We have political support from all \[political] entities for the measures taken by the government", Maliki continued.[AFP: Iraqi PM says private army mentality in Iraq is over, AFP, April 24, 2008](http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iHul4DZp-axz3iOT91x_oRVSoL5Q) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501060937/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iHul4DZp\-axz3iOT91x\_oRVSoL5Q \|date\=1 May 2008 }} [Multi\-National Corps\-Iraq](/wiki/Multinational_Force_Iraq "Multinational Force Iraq") commander [Lt. Gen Lloyd J. Austin](/wiki/Lloyd_J._Austin "Lloyd J. Austin") said in a press briefing that Iraqi security forces are in control of Basra. 25 April: Muqtada al\-Sadr reaffirmed his cease\-fire order. In a statement to followers read on his behalf during Friday prayers, Muqtada al\-Sadr urged his followers to "observe more patience in commitment to the freeze decision." Sadr also tried to clarify his call for "open war" on 20 April, stressing that the threat "is meant against the occupiers only."["Open war against occupiers only," Sadr tells followers, Voices of Iraq, April 25, 2008](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=77383&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1){{dead link\|date\=May 2016}} In the town of Qurna, near Basra, journalist Jassim al\-Batat was gunned down by gunmen in a speeding car as he left his house.[Iraqi journalist killed near Basra, radio station says](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=142737){{dead link\|date\=May 2016}} 28 April: A Sadrist lawmaker was killed and his wife was injured during an armed attack. 8 May: A British soldier is wounded and two unidentified foreign contractors are killed when rockets hit the main British military base in Basra at the airport. Coalition aircraft responded to the attack killing six militants who fired on the base. 10 May: Two civilians were killed and five others were wounded when a roadside bomb blasted a police patrol in Basra. Also, 14 suspects were arrested during raids. ### Fighting in Sadr City and Baghdad {{Main\|Siege of Sadr City}} The clashes, soon after the start of the security operation, spread from Basra to Baghdad, mainly the [Sadr City](/wiki/Sadr_City "Sadr City") district of the capital, which was under the control of the Mahdi Army. **25 March**: Militants attacked police and army checkpoints in the western and northern parts of Baghdad and the Green Zone was constantly coming under mortar and rocket attacks leaving dozens of people wounded and many Iraqi civilians killed by rockets that missed their targets. On the first day of fighting in Baghdad one U.S. soldier was among the dead, killed by a mortar in the Adhamiya district of Baghdad. The mortar was fired from the vicinity of Sadr City. In Baghdad's al\-Amin neighbourhood, Mahdi Army gunmen stormed two offices of the Dawa party and clashed with guards there. Five Mahdi Army gunmen and two Dawa guards were killed. Fighters also captured six policemen with their two police vehicles from their checkpoint in New Baghdad.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/25/AR2008032500461\_pf.html \|title\=Intense Fighting Erupts In Iraq {{!}} Washington Post \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|access\-date\=1 September 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114060257/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/25/AR2008032500461\_pf.html \|archive\-date\=14 January 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} **26 March**: Mortar strikes killed five people in the Karrada neighbourhood and four in Risala on 26 March. Another two people were killed in mortar attacks elsewhere. More rockets and mortars hit the Green Zone wounding four people. Among the wounded were two American civilians and one American and one Iraqi soldier. In Sadr City militants were planting roadside bombs on a main thoroughfare and declared the ceasefire over. Mahdi Army fighters sealed off their neighbourhoods, blocking roads with refrigerators, [burning tires](/wiki/Burning_tires "Burning tires") and garbage. Heavy clashes erupted between militiamen and U.S. and Iraqi forces. A roadside bomb set a U.S. Stryker on fire in Sadr City but all soldiers inside survived. Also in fighting in northern and eastern parts of Baghdad two US soldiers and three Iraqi civilians were killed.{{Cite journal \|url\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0326/p01s13\-woiq.html \|title\=Across Iraq, battles erupt with Mahdi Army – Christian Science Monitor \|journal\=\[\[The Christian Science Monitor]] \|date\=26 March 2008 \|access\-date\=26 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328080208/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0326/p01s13\-woiq.html \|archive\-date\=28 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }}[FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 26 Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=101578) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100230/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\=101578 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} [thumb\|left\|225px\|Map showing location of fighting in eastern Baghdad, March–May 2008](/wiki/File:Sadr_City_April_2008.jpg "Sadr City April 2008.jpg") **27 March**: On 27 March, a mortar bomb at a Baghdad bus station killed three people and wounded 15 and 2 mortar rounds hit the Ministry of Interior, al\-Tasfeerat compound in central Baghdad killing one employee and injuring four. The Green Zone was still being bombarded with one Iraqi civilian killed and another 14 wounded by misfired mortars. Several mortar rounds hit a building in the U.S. embassy complex in the Zone leaving one U.S. government employee dead and another three wounded. Also, a U.S. soldier died in the fighting during the day. Street battles in Sadr City and other parts of the capital in the previous 24 hours left 88 people dead, including 68 militants, three U.S. and one Iraqi soldier, one Iraqi policeman and at least 15 civilians who were killed when an artillery barrage hit a market in Sadr City. At least 12 U.S. soldiers were wounded and three policemen captured.[Round\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Thursday March 27, 2008 McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622184755/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750\.html \|date\=22 June 2008 }}[24 terrorists killed in Baghdad – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17878&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021027/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17878\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Terrorists launch eleven indirect fire attacks, other unrest (Baghdad) – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17880&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021033/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17880\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[ISF, CF take fight to terrorists – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17888&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072414/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17888\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Iraqi Security Forces, Coalition forces target terrorists, kill 26 – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17887&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072408/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17887\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[ISF, CF defend checkpoint, kill 8 militants (Baghdad) – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17885&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072404/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17885\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }} Tahseen Sheikhly, a Sunni civilian spokesman for operation Imposing Law, was kidnapped by gunmen who stormed his house in a Mahdi Army stronghold in southeastern Baghdad and torched it. Three of his bodyguards were killed. The Times reported areas of Baghdad were slowly falling into the hands of the Mahdi Army. The Mahdi Army took over neighbourhood after neighbourhood, some amid heavy fighting, others without firing a shot. In New Baghdad, militiamen simply ordered the police to leave their checkpoints, the officers complied en masse and the guerrillas took over their checkpoints.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article3631718\.ece \|title\=Areas of Baghdad fall to militias as Iraqi Army falters in Basra \|access\-date\=27 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513120701/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article3631718\.ece \|archive\-date\=13 May 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} The US Army denied this. Lieutenant Colonel Steve Stover, the [Public Affairs Officer](/wiki/Public_affairs_%28military%29 "Public affairs (military)") for the 4th Infantry Division and Multinational Division Baghdad said "All checkpoints and ISF \[Iraqi security forces] buildings are in ISF and/or Coalition control. No checkpoint is in enemy control."Bill Roggio [Fighting in Baghdad, South against Mahdi Army completes fourth day](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/03/fighting_in_baghdad.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410030614/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/03/fighting\_in\_baghdad.php \|date\=10 April 2008 }} – Long War Journal In other fighting during the day a father and son were killed in the Talbiyah neighbourhood where at least eight Iraqi soldiers were wounded in street battles.[Round\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Thursday March 27, 2008 \| McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622184755/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750\.html \|date\=22 June 2008 }} **28 March**: Early on 28 March, a U.S. helicopter fired a Hellfire missile during fighting in Sadr City in support of ground troops who were clearing a main supply route. Four militants and nine civilians were killed. Meanwhile, an insurgent mortar hit Iraqi Vice\-President Tareq Hashemi's offices in the Green Zone, killing two guards, and a U.S. air strike killed three people and wounded six in Kadhimiya. In other fighting throughout the capital 13 militants and two civilians were killed and four U.S. Stryker armoured vehicles entered Sadr City and engaged militiamen. A U.S. soldier was killed by a roadside bomb just south of Baghdad.{{Cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7317935\.stm \|title\=Iraq extends Shia arms deadline – BBC News \|date\=28 March 2008 \|access\-date\=28 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329041545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7317935\.stm \|archive\-date\=29 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }}[FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 28 – Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=104998) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100236/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\=104998 \|date\=2 April 2008 }}[MND\-B Soldiers kill 13 terrorists – MNF\-I](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17897&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072418/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17897\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }} Ten of the militants were killed by US forces when a joint security station in eastern Baghdad was attacked with small arms fire. In a separate incident, a US air strike destroyed a rocket site in eastern Baghdad.[MND\-B Soldiers destroy rocket site, kill 12 terrorists](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17906&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072422/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17906\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }} – MNF\-I One U.S. soldier was killed the fighting. Late in the evening reports came in that a unit of 500 policemen decided to stop working with the government and join the Mahdi Army.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032803810\_pf.html \| newspaper\=The Washington Post \| title\=19 Tense Hours in Sadr City Alongside the Mahdi Army \| first\=Sudarsan \| last\=Raghavan \| access\-date\=5 May 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727004101/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032803810\_pf.html \| archive\-date\=27 July 2008 \| url\-status\=live }} **29 March**: In another day of mortar bombardment mortars landed in Shiite areas of eastern Baghdad, killing at least one person and injuring 12\. The [New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times") reported that in a well\-publicized event in Sadr City, 40 men who said they were Iraqi police officers surrendered their weapons to Sadr officials saying "We can't fight our brothers in the Mahdi Army, so we came here to submit our weapons." In return, the Sadr officials gave the officers olive branches and Korans. The weapons were returned after the officers pledged not to use them against Mahdi Army members. "These weapons are for defending the country but not for fighting your brothers," said Sheik Salman al\-Fraji, head of the Sadr office there.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?\_r\=1\&oref\=slogin\&ref\=todayspaper\&pagewanted\=print \|title\=Shiite Militias Cling to Swaths of Basra and Stage Raids By JAMES GLANZ and MICHAEL KAMBER \|website\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=30 March 2008 \|access\-date\=22 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203616/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?\_r\=1\&oref\=slogin\&ref\=todayspaper\&pagewanted\=print \|archive\-date\=19 July 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Glanz \|first1\=James \|last2\=Kamber \|first2\=Michael }} {{YouTube\|OcWG\-hJbSNo\|Video coverage of event}} Another 15 soldiers also surrendered elsewhere in the city. By this point the Iraqi Health Ministry reported at least 75 civilians killed and 500 injured in fighting in Sadr City and other eastern Baghdad neighbourhoods. The U.S. military sharply disputes the claims, having said that most of those killed were militia members. Two U.S. soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb in eastern Baghdad and one Iraqi policeman was killed in the Amil district by another bomb. A militia member was killed when his RPG misfired. U.S. forces stated that they killed a total of 48 militants in Baghdad in the previous 24 hours, while three US Soldiers were killed in the fighting that day.{{cite web\|url\=http://icasualties.org/oif/prdDetails.aspx?hndRef%3D3\-2008 \|title\=Period Details \|access\-date\=30 March 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403055622/http://icasualties.org/oif/prdDetails.aspx?hndRef\=3\-2008 \|archive\-date\=3 April 2008 }} **30 March**: U.S. forces killed at least 62 fighters in fighting across Baghdad. Another mortar strike, aimed at the Green Zone, killed at least seven Iraqis and wounded 21 when two rounds apparently fell short, striking houses in the commercial district of Karradah. Gunmen also attacked an Iraqi checkpoint in eastern Baghdad, killing six troops. An American soldier was killed by a roadside bomb just north of the city.[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – Air weapons team engages, kills 12 criminals](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17936&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072437/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17936\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – ISF, CF kill 8 criminals, detain 2 others in pursuit to secure streets of Baghdad](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17957&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072533/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17957\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – MND\-B Soldiers kill 8 criminals in separate operations](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17950&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403031843/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17950\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – MND\-B Soldiers kill 2 during routine operation](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17937&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072520/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17937\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }} **31 March**: Mortars fell again on the Green Zone, however there were only sporadic sounds of gunfire in the city, a day after al\-Sadr declared a new ceasefire. One U.S. soldier was killed on the outskirts of Sadr City by a roadside bomb. Just before the fighting stopped eight civilians were killed in Sadr City due to American shelling.{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12609 \|title\=Monday: 2 US Soldiers, 50 Iraqis Killed; 45 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|date\=31 March 2008 \|access\-date\=2 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401150911/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12609 \|archive\-date\=1 April 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} **1–5 April**: During this time a cease\-fire was in effect in Baghdad which eased the violence in the capital. However this will not last. **6 April – 11 May**: A U.S. military raid in Sadr City provokes heavy street fighting in the district and most of eastern Baghdad which leads to the collapse of the cease\-fire in the district. Two Iraqi Army armoured vehicles and two trucks are destroyed and one U.S. Stryker armoured personnel carrier is damaged on the first day of the street battles. U.S. Apache helicopter gunships swooped overhead during the battle. Militants shelled the Green Zone and other U.S. military bases around the capital. Unmanned Predator aircraft fired Hellfire missiles into Sadr City every day targeting the mortar and rocket teams. At least 941 people were killed. Among the dead were 22 U.S. and 17 Iraqi soldiers as well as 331 militants and 591 civilians. 100 U.S. soldiers and more than 1,700 civilians were wounded. 549 of the civilians were killed in Sadr City{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12733 \|title\=Wednesday: 2 US Soldiers, 1 US Contractor, 59 Iraqis Killed; 114 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|date\=23 April 2008 \|access\-date\=24 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426015933/http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12733 \|archive\-date\=26 April 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} while another 42 were killed in different parts of Baghdad by mortars, fired from Sadr City, which missed the Green Zone. The fighting mostly stopped early on 11 April, as U.S. and Iraqi forces managed to advance down the main road through Sadr City and set up a forward defence line inside the district. However, that night fighting continued as U.S. and Iraqi units were attacked with small\-arms, machine guns and RPGs. Snipers and roadside bombs were also used against Coalition forces.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/11/iraq.main/index.html \| work\=CNN \| title\=Iraqi, U.S. troops accused of Sadr City attack – CNN.com \| date\=11 April 2008 \| access\-date\=5 May 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413004733/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/11/iraq.main/index.html \| archive\-date\=13 April 2009 \| url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.antiwar.com/ \|title\=Antiwar.com \|access\-date\=27 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327063906/http://www.antiwar.com/ \|archive\-date\=27 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} On 17 April, a heavy dust storm engulfed Baghdad and the militiamen used this to their advantage. Gunmen attacked the coalition frontlines under the cover of the storm and heavy fighting ensued. At one point an Iraqi company deserted their position at a police station and the militiamen moved in but U.S. forces moved in soon to fill in the gap in the line. Fighting continued throughout the night and new attacks were staged the next day as the storm continued and U.S. forces were not able to send in helicopters, planes or drones to assist. This day another company of Iraqi soldiers deserted their post after almost being overrun by militants. The fighting finally died down in the evening as the sand storm lifted. In the fighting on 17 and 18 April 17 Iraqi soldiers and 22 militiamen were killed along with a number of civilians. On 28 April, another dust storm swept through Baghdad and the Mahdi Army once again attacked the blockades around Sadr City. In an effort to resupply troops conducting extended combat operations, soldiers from [10th Mountain Division](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division "10th Mountain Division") staged a 40\-vehicle resupply convoy; however, Mahdi Army launched a devastating indirect fire attack against FOB Loyalty, killing four U.S. soldiers and injuring twenty others.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/06/mahdi\_army\_uses\_flyi.php\| title\=Archived copy\| access\-date\=18 May 2015\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525035609/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/06/mahdi\_army\_uses\_flyi.php\| archive\-date\=25 May 2015\| url\-status\=live}} In the ensuing fighting four more U.S. soldiers, 45 militants and eight civilians were killed.{{cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7370659\.stm \| work\=BBC News \| title\=US troops killed in Iraq clashes \| date\=28 April 2008 \| access\-date\=5 May 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501144712/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7370659\.stm \| archive\-date\=1 May 2008 \| url\-status\=live }} On 29 April, U.S. forces in Stryker vehicles tried to push deeper into Sadr City but were met with stiff resistance from fighters using machine\-guns and RPGs. After heavy fighting the troops withdrew to their start positions. 28 militants were killed, 6 U.S. soldiers were wounded, several U.S. military vehicles were damaged and three buildings used by militants were destroyed by American bombing during the battle. On 3–4 May, an infantry company from the [10th Mountain Division](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division "10th Mountain Division") attempted to isolate the Mahdi Army along the eastern boundary of Sadr City by placing barriers along major intersections. This was an effort to facilitate the Iraqi Army's movement into Sadr City. The U.S. forces met with strong opposition as militants attacked the soldiers with heavy machine guns, RPGs, and IEDs. The unit suffered heavy damages to men, weapons, and equipment, but maintained pressure on the militia and controlled the grounds. Using [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support "Close air support"), tanks, and armoured vehicles the soldiers defeated militia strongholds along the eastern sections of Sadr City.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/07/battle\_over\_sadr\_cit.php\| title\=Battle over Sadr City Defines Apache Helicopter Regiment's Tour in Iraq – the Long War Journal\| access\-date\=25 July 2011\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229154519/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/07/battle\_over\_sadr\_cit.php\| archive\-date\=29 February 2012\| url\-status\=live}} On 8 May, the Iraqi government called on the residents of Sadr City to flee after more than 40 days of fighting, which left between 500 and 1,000 people dead. Due to the nearly constant violence, there are ongoing shortages of food, water, and other supplies.{{cite news\|last\=Fadel \|first\=Leila \|title\=Iraqi military orders Sadr City residents to evacuate \|publisher\=McClatchy Newspapers \|date\=8 May 2008 \|url\=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/36436\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015010410/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/36436\.html \|archive\-date\=15 October 2008 }} On 10 May, Iranian backed "special groups" fired a surface\-to\-air missile at a US helicopter gunship over Sadr City, the missile was reportedly fired from an unknown location in eastern Baghdad but missed the target, it was reported to be a type 7 SAM.[Zee News – Clashes in Iraq's Sadr City](http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=442786&sid=WOR) On 11 May, a cease\-fire agreement was reached, but despite this some sporadic fighting still continued in Sadr city. During the latest round of fighting six Iraqi and three U.S. soldiers, six policemen, one U.S.\-allied militiaman, 93 militiamen and 30 civilians were killed in clashes between the Mahdi Army and security forces in other parts of the capital.[McClatchy Washington Bureau \| 04/11/2008 \| Round\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Friday April 11, 2008](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33381.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529035636/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33381\.html \|date\=29 May 2008 }} **Post\-11 May:** 12 May: Overnight clashes in Sadr city continued despite the cease\-fire, the clashes killed 3 militiamen and 2 civilians and wounded 24 people. US military Spokesman Rear Adm Patrick Driscoll warned that a truce had not yet been brokered and that the Iraqi government and Shiite representatives were still talking, Sadrist lawmaker Nasar al\-Rubaie said: said talks on final touches to the agreement were continuing. In fighting elsewhere in the capital 12 gunmen were killed.[Zee News – Sadr city](http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=442567&sid=WOR) 13 May: Clashes between security forces and Shi'ite gunmen killed 2 Iraqi soldiers, 11 militiamen and 12 civilians and wounded 28 people in Baghdad overnight. One of those killed was a seven\-year\-old who died after an Iraqi army vehicle ran over him. Fighting also erupted in Baghdad's Shula district, another Mahdi Army stronghold{{Vague\|date\=December 2008}}. Also, one U.S. soldier was killed in a roadside bombing in a northwestern part of Baghdad. 14 May: In overnight clashes five people were killed in Sadr City. Also, two militiamen were killed while planting a bomb during house\-to\-house searches in the area.{{cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7401634\.stm \| work\=BBC News \| title\=Bombing at Iraq funeral kills 20 \| date\=14 May 2008 \| access\-date\=5 May 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930115044/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7401634\.stm \| archive\-date\=30 September 2009 \| url\-status\=live }} 15 May: In overnight clashes in Baghdad's Sadr City slum 7 people were killed and 19 were wounded. Two militiamen were also killed.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL0439231320080515 \| work\=Reuters \| title\=Seven die in clashes in Baghdad's Sadr City \| first\=Aseel \| last\=Kami \| date\=15 May 2008}} 187 dumped bodies were found during the fighting throughout Baghdad since 23 March, all apparent victims of sectarian violence. ### Al Kut fighting In the city of [Al Kut](/wiki/Kut "Kut"), the capital of [Wasit Governorate](/wiki/Wasit_Governorate "Wasit Governorate"), militants went out in the streets in force on 25 March, and took control of 5 out of 18 districts of the city. Heavy street fighting took place on 26 March, and mortar impacts resounded leaving buildings and cars aflame. Another three districts fell into the hands of the militants for a total of eight. 35 people were reported killed, including a baby. 15 of those were killed when a mortar barrage struck homes amid the clashes.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/iraq.main/index.html \|title\=More than 100 dead in two days of Iraq fighting {{!}} CNN \|website\=\[\[CNN]] \|access\-date\=26 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329002144/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/iraq.main/index.html \|archive\-date\=29 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} The security forces stated that six Iraqi soldiers and policemen died while 11 militants were killed in a combined US Special Forces\-Iraqi SWAT patrol.[McClatchy Washington Bureau \| 03/26/2008 \| Clashes spread as U.S., Iraqi forces attack Shiite militia](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31662.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528191600/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31662\.html \|date\=28 May 2008 }}[Iraqi Security Forces, U.S. Special Forces engage criminal elements in Hillah, al\-Kut](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17886&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214002615/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17886\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=14 February 2012 }} MNF\-I Also at least two policemen and one civilian were killed and another eight or ten policemen were wounded in fighting in the town of Aziziya just north of Al Kut.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L2558442\.htm \|title\=FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 25 – Reuters Alertnet \|access\-date\=26 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402231011/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L2558442\.htm \|archive\-date\=2 April 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} 49 people were killed and 75 wounded in Al Kut by 27 March. Another four policemen and two civilians were killed in the next two days.[FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 29](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=106674) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100256/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\=106674 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} 400 policemen deserted or defected during the fighting in Al Kut.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080413/ap\_on\_re\_mi\_ea/iraq \|title\=1,300 Iraqi troops, police dismissed – Yahoo! News \|access\-date\=13 April 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414211801/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080413/ap\_on\_re\_mi\_ea/iraq \|archive\-date\=14 April 2008 }} On 26 April, a raid was conducted in the city in which one Iraqi soldier was killed. ### Hilla clashes Fighting was also happening in [Hilla](/wiki/Hilla "Hilla"), the capital of [Babil province](/wiki/Babil_province "Babil province"), where two people were killed on 25 March. On 26 March, U.S. forces conducted air strikes in support of Hillah's Iraqi [SWAT](/wiki/SWAT "SWAT") unit during fighting with Shi'ite militia in the Thawra neighbourhood. Iraqi police sources estimate the casualties at between 11 and 29 people dead and 18 and 39 wounded. At least 19 of the dead were confirmed to be militiamen.{{Cite web \|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id\=4529879 \|title\=Many killed by U.S. strike in Iraq's Hilla: sources {{!}} ABC News \|website\=\[\[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]] \|access\-date\=16 April 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402013528/http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id\=4529879 \|archive\-date\=2 April 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} 9 Iraqi SWAT members were killed and two wounded during the battle.[Iraqi Security Forces, U.S. Special Forces engage criminal elements in Hillah, al\-Kut](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17886&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214002615/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17886\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=14 February 2012 }} – MNF\-I The next day heavy street battles continued in Hilla, most of them in the city center, with at least one soldier and five policemen killed and another 26 members of the security forces being wounded. The offices of the al\-Da'wa Party and the Supreme Council were destroyed by militants.Juan Cole – [– Mahdi Army Stands Firm in its Basra Neighborhoods.Demonstrations in Baghdad against al\-Maliki](http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/03/28/18489102.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401003254/http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/03/28/18489102\.php \|date\=1 April 2008 }} – Indybay.org The toll in two days of fighting in Hilla was at least 60 dead. On 29 March, a police source in Babil province reported that since the fighting began on 25 March 85 militiamen have been captured in the province. He also said a large number of gunmen had been killed. [12 killed, 42 wounded in Hilla clashes – source](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74643&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095219/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\=1\&IdPublication\=4\&NrArticle\=74643\&NrIssue\=2\&NrSection\=1 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} – Aswat Aliraq On 3 April, U.S. soldiers, in civilian clothes, clashed with Mahdi Army fighters during an attempted raid to arrest rogue elements in the Mehdi Army. Later Iraqi police joined the fight and five people, including four policemen were killed. On 4 April, a roadside bomb killed four policemen and injured one other. On 5 April, the body of a police commando was found in the city, he was shot dead. Police killed one gunman and arrested two others when they tried to assassinate a local police chief in the town of Hamza al\-Gharbi, south of Hilla. On 25 April, a man was shot dead in the city. Six people were arrested in connection to the killing. ### Other clashes In response to the fighting the political movement of powerful [Shiite](/wiki/Shia_Islam "Shia Islam") cleric [Muqtada al\-Sadr](/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr "Muqtada al-Sadr") launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq") to protest the raids and detentions against the [Mahdi Army](/wiki/Mahdi_Army "Mahdi Army").{{Cite web \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/25/iraq.main/index.html \|title\=Iraqi raids anger Shiite militia {{!}} CNN \|access\-date\=26 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430191245/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/25/iraq.main/index.html \|archive\-date\=30 April 2009 \|url\-status\=live }} **[Diwaniyah](/wiki/Diwaniyah "Diwaniyah")**: On 26 March, seven Iraqi soldiers, a policeman and two militants were killed and another seven militants were captured and seven policemen wounded. On 27 March, one gunman was killed and a policeman was wounded in a security operation that netted eight suspects. The next day militia fighters killed the top administrator in a village near Diwaniyah.[Clashes spread as U.S., Iraqi forces attack Shiite militia – McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31662.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528191600/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31662\.html \|date\=28 May 2008 }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L26327762\.htm \|title\=FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 26 – Reuters Alertnet \|access\-date\=26 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329182847/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L26327762\.htm \|archive\-date\=29 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} On 29 March 200 local residents held a demonstration in support of the Iraqi operations in Basrah.[Demonstrators chant slogans during a protest in Diwaniya](https://archive.today/20120714024110/http://news.yahoo.com/nphotos/Iraq/ss/events/ts/082701iraqplane/im:/080329/photos_wl/2008_03_29t121213_450x355_us_iraq/) – Reuters via Yahoo News On 27 April, gunmen killed a police officer outside his home. **[Najaf](/wiki/Najaf "Najaf")**: Four mortars landed in different parts of Najaf on 26 March, and sporadic fighting throughout the city left two policemen wounded. A few days later a roadside bomb killed one army officer and wounded two soldiers when it struck their vehicle in northern Najaf.[Round\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq – Wednesday March 26, 2008 \| McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31661.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331230422/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31661\.html \|date\=31 March 2008 }} On 11 April, gunmen killed a senior aide to Muqtada al\-Sadr, Riyadh al\-Nouri. He was the director of al\-Sadr's office in Najaf. On 21 April, an al\-Sistani aide was killed in the city. **[Amarah](/wiki/Amarah "Amarah")**: In Amara, capital of [Maysan Governorate](/wiki/Maysan_Governorate "Maysan Governorate"), two soldiers were killed by unknown gunmen. Two civilians died in clashes on the Yugoslav Bridge in northern Amara. Gunmen attacked the Badr Organization Bureau located in Hitteen Square, in the centre of Amara, using RPGs.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12586 \|title\=Wednesday: 2 GIs, 1 British Soldier, 76 Iraqis Killed; 367 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|access\-date\=27 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401150848/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12586 \|archive\-date\=1 April 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} **[Nasiriyah](/wiki/Nasiriyah "Nasiriyah")**: Two Iraqi soldiers were killed near Nasiriyah as they were heading to reinforce the attack on Basra. On 28 March 2008, Sadrist forces had taken control of the center of [Nasiriyah](/wiki/Nasiriyah "Nasiriyah"). In heavy street fighting 5 policemen, 10 militants and 20 civilians were killed. Another 52 people were wounded, including 19 policemen, 26 civilians and 7 gunmen. Another 13 militants were captured. The Mahdi Army had also taken control of the town of Shatra, 40 kilometres north of Nasiriyah.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL2799267\.\_CH\_.2400 \|title\=Shi'ite fighters seize centre of Nassiriya – Reuters \|website\=\[\[Reuters]] \|access\-date\=1 July 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509082857/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL2799267\.\_CH\_.2400 \|archive\-date\=9 May 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} [30 killed, 52 wounded in Nassiriya until Friday night – Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74588&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402083026/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\=1\&IdPublication\=4\&NrArticle\=74588\&NrIssue\=2\&NrSection\=1 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} On 29 March, the city was back under the control of Iraqi security forces, according to a provincial police spokesman. [30 killed, 52 wounded in Nassiriya until Friday night](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74588&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402083026/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\=1\&IdPublication\=4\&NrArticle\=74588\&NrIssue\=2\&NrSection\=1 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} – Aswat Aliraq On 19 April, a large firefight broke out in the village of Suq al\-Shiyoukh, near Nasiriyah, which left 40 militiamen, 4 policemen and one civilian dead, another 37 militiamen were captured and 19 policemen were wounded. On 13 May, one woman was killed in a mortar attack in the city.{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12832 \|title\=Tuesday: 1 US Soldier, 36 Iraqis Killed; 73 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|date\=13 May 2008 \|access\-date\=14 May 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514035127/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12832 \|archive\-date\=14 May 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} **[Mahmoudiya](/wiki/Mahmoudiyah%2C_Iraq "Mahmoudiyah, Iraq")**: At least 12 militia fighters were killed and seven others wounded in fighting in Mahmoudiya, {{convert\|20\|mi\|km}} south of the capital. Some 15 Iraqi soldiers were reported to be captured. Four civilians were killed in the crossfire. **[Karbala](/wiki/Karbala "Karbala")**: In fighting in the holy city of Kerbala on 28 March 21 militants and 2 policemen were killed.[toll rises in Baghdad fighting, March 29 – Reuters](http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2008-03-29T121357Z_01_L24231863_RTRUKOC_0_US-IRAQ.xml&pageNumber=2&imageid=&cap=&sz=13&WTModLoc=NewsArt-C1-ArticlePage2-Death) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403084603/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type\=topNews\&storyID\=2008\-03\-29T121357Z\_01\_L24231863\_RTRUKOC\_0\_US\-IRAQ.xml\&pageNumber\=2\&imageid\=∩\=\&sz\=13\&WTModLoc\=NewsArt\-C1\-ArticlePage2\-Death \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74672&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095232/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\=1\&IdPublication\=4\&NrArticle\=74672\&NrIssue\=2\&NrSection\=1 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} On Friday night, Iraqi forces launched a major operation targeting Mahdi Army networks in Karbala. 12 militiamen were killed and 50 wounded. 30 gunmen surrendered to police on Thursday to benefit from the Iraqi prime minister's pardon. On Saturday an Egyptian in command of fighters in Karbala surrendered to police, along with 6 members of his group. [Egyptian leader of armed group surrenders in Karbala](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74628&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095214/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\=1\&IdPublication\=4\&NrArticle\=74628\&NrIssue\=2\&NrSection\=1 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} – Aswat Aliraq **[Hamza](/wiki/Hamza%2C_Iraq "Hamza, Iraq")**: Clashes with the Mahdi Army on 27 March, left three policemen dead in Hamza. Another officer was wounded along with two Iraqi soldiers.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12591 \|title\=Thursday: 225 Iraqis, 1 US Soldier, 3 US Contractors Killed; 538 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|access\-date\=28 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409042345/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12591 \|archive\-date\=9 April 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} The next day another six policemen were killed. On 30 March, police forces supported by aircraft launched a large\-scale attack killing four gunmen and arresting 30\.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12599 \|title\=Friday: 1 US Soldier, 163 Iraqis Killed; 214 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|date\=28 March 2008 \|access\-date\=29 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331231918/http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12599 \|archive\-date\=31 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }}[Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74725&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095242/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\=1\&IdPublication\=4\&NrArticle\=74725\&NrIssue\=2\&NrSection\=1 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} **[Suwayrah](/wiki/Suwayrah "Suwayrah")**: In clashes Iraqi Army scouts and U.S. Special Forces soldiers killed 13 militants and destroyed two cargo trucks. Another three were killed the next day.[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – Iraqi Army, U.S. Special Forces patrol attacked; 13 criminal fighters killed (Suwayrah)](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17918&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072428/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17918\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Shiite cleric Sadr pulls fighters off streets – International Herald Tribune](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/03/30/africa/ME-GEN-Iraq.php) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907024620/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/03/30/africa/ME\-GEN\-Iraq.php \|date\=7 September 2008 }} **Nationwide**: A roadside bomb in al\-Kafl, which is just south of Hilla, left three policemen dead and another four wounded. A roadside bomb killed four policemen and wounded four more in Mahaweel, south of Baghdad.[FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 27 – Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=103111) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401063741/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\=103111 \|date\=1 April 2008 }} An Army Colonel was killed in clashes with Mehdi Army fighters in Numaniya, {{convert\|72\|mi\|km}} south of Baghdad.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/ANW848978\.htm \|title\=Reuters AlertNet – FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 28 \|access\-date\=29 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331193309/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/ANW848978\.htm \|archive\-date\=31 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} Militiamen attacked the village of Al Daoum, south\-east of Karbala, killing five people, kidnapping six others and destroying four houses in retaliation against the families of Iraqi soldiers.[McClatchy Washington Bureau \| 04/15/2008 \| Round\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq – Tuesday April 15, 2008](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33729.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204182530/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33729\.html \|date\=4 December 2008 }} In another attack on a village near Karbala five people were killed and two were wounded, around 150 people were forced to flee and fourteen homes were destroyed.{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12714 \|title\=Saturday: 2 US Soldiers, 95 Iraqis Killed; 185 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|date\=19 April 2008 \|access\-date\=19 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422211614/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12714 \|archive\-date\=22 April 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} On 21 April, the Iraqi Army reported to have killed 30 militants over the course of the previous 24 hours, in one of those clashes south of Baghdad six police officers were killed also.[FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, April 21](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=136593){{dead link\|date\=May 2016}} In the town of Hussaniyah, north of Baghdad, on 22 April, an Iraqi Army patrol, accompanied by U.S. Special Forces members, was attacked by militiamen, and in the ensuing firefight nine militiamen were killed. An Iraqi army officer was killed during an armed attack near his home in Numaniya on 7 May.[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – Iraqi Army Forces kill nine criminals, destroy two vehicles in Hussaniyah](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18730&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515171421/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=18730\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=15 May 2008 }} ### 11 May 2008: cease\-fire Shiite militants reached an agreement with the Iraqi government to end fighting in Baghdad's Sadr City district, a spokesman for Muqtada al\-Sadr reported.[Iraqi government, al\-Mahdi Army agree to a cease\-fire (Updates) – Irna](http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-234/0805111112010754.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210103217/http://www2\.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu\-234/0805111112010754\.htm \|date\=10 February 2012 }} The Iraqi government confirmed that.[Reuters AlertNet – Iraqi govt confirms ceasefire with Sadr movement](http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L10494319.htm) However, despite the cease\-fire, sporadic fighting still continued until 15 May.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL0434078820080512 \| work\=Reuters \| title\=Iraqi PM says crackdown shows he's not sectarian \| date\=12 May 2008}}
[ "The Campaign\n------------", "On 23 March, Easter Sunday militants of the Mahdi Army fired 107 mm rockets on the heavily fortified [Green Zone](/wiki/Green_Zone \"Green Zone\") in [Baghdad](/wiki/Baghdad \"Baghdad\") killing Paul Converse, a U.S. government employee, and wounding several other employees and contractors.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/07/AR2008040702533\\.html \\|title\\=Anxiety Rises over Vulnerable Housing in Iraqi Green Zone \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619205009/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/07/AR2008040702533\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 June 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} At least 12 Iraqi civilians were also killed by rockets from Sadr City that missed the Green Zone and hit the civilian sectors around the Zone.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12569 \\|title\\=Sunday: 4 US Soldiers, 91 Iraqis Killed; 152 Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327140245/http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12569 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### Basra operation", "{{Main\\|Battle of Basra (2008\\)}}\nOn 25 March, the Iraqi Army and police attacked the second largest Iraqi city, Basra, which had for the most part been under Mahdi Army control for the past seven months since the [British troop withdrawal](/wiki/Siege_of_U.K._bases_in_Basra \"Siege of U.K. bases in Basra\") from the city in the beginning of September the previous year. Since then the city was in the middle of a turf war between three different militias, including the Mahdi Army, for the control of the [oil](/wiki/Oil \"Oil\") exports which had been dominated by the Black Market.", "Street fighting spread through six neighbourhoods after the government operation started at 2:00am. Plumes of smoke were seen over the northern neighbourhoods, and by the end of the first day of fighting government forces took the center of the city but the Mahdi Army was still holding on to the northern part of the city.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2008}}", "On 26 March, the [Iraqi Prime Minister](/wiki/Iraqi_Prime_Minister \"Iraqi Prime Minister\") issued an ultimatum to the Mahdi Army to surrender within 72 hours.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=March 2008}}", "On 28 March, U.S. aircraft bombed two targets in the city while being supported by British planes, a day after militiamen paraded in the city with some 20 captured soldiers and a captured Iraqi Army [Humvee](/wiki/Humvee \"Humvee\"). At least two Iraqi Army armoured vehicles and a [BMP infantry fighting vehicle](/wiki/BMP-1 \"BMP-1\") were seen destroyed on the streets.\nBy 29 March, the Iraqi military offensive against the city was faltering in the face of stiff resistance as the 72\\-hour ultimatum by the government passed and the militants refused to surrender.", "On 31 March, the fighting in the city ended after al\\-Sadr's declaration of a new cease\\-fire. By that point the Mahdi Army was still in control of about 75% of the city.", "Up to 236 people were killed and 1,200 wounded in the fighting in districts of central and northern Basra. 921 members of the security forces, including 421 policemen and a full Iraqi Army battalion of 500 men, deserted, defected or were captured.", "Clashes between militiamen and al\\-Maliki's tribe in [Qurna](/wiki/Qurna%2C_Iraq \"Qurna, Iraq\"), north of Basra, left 7 dead, including a policeman and a civilian, and 2 wounded on both sides.[Round\\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Friday March 28, 2008 McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31877.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402181527/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31877\\.html \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}\n[5 killed, 2 wounded in clashes in Basra – Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74543&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095205/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\\=1\\&IdPublication\\=4\\&NrArticle\\=74543\\&NrIssue\\=2\\&NrSection\\=1 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}\n[Civilian killed, policeman wounded in clashes in Basra – Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=73950&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095201/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\\=1\\&IdPublication\\=4\\&NrArticle\\=73950\\&NrIssue\\=2\\&NrSection\\=1 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}", "Mortars also killed two policemen and wounded 23 people, including 13 policemen, in [Karma](/wiki/Karma%2C_Iraq \"Karma, Iraq\"), a town {{convert\\|50\\|mi\\|km}} north of Basra.[FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 28 – Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=105058) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100251/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\\=105058 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}", "Following the cease\\-fire in Basra there were still sporadic clashes in the city for some time leaving at least 32 civilians, 34 militants, five policemen and one U.S. Marine dead. Among the dead was also police Major Ali Haider, a commander in the police department's serious crimes directorate.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7327926\\.stm \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=Air strike levels house in Basra \\| date\\=3 April 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=5 May 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407062531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7327926\\.stm \\| archive\\-date\\=7 April 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – ISF recover weapons cache, kill 10 in separate operations in Basra](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18253&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408200956/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18253\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=8 April 2008 }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id\\=1897387\\&Language\\=en \\|title\\=كونا : Eight persons killed in fiery blast in Basra – الدفاع والأمن – 07/04/2008 \\|access\\-date\\=9 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040004/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id\\=1897387\\&Language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=28 September 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – UAV destroys mortar position, kills 6 (Hyanniyah)](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18354&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514125049/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18354\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=14 May 2008 }}", "### Post\\-operation Basra fighting", "1 April: Gunmen are reportedly off the streets and Iraqis cautiously emerge back on the streets of Basra with opening markets and men cleaning up trash from the roadsides. Maliki claims military \"security, stability and success\" and vows to continue operations with a seven\\-point plan, including recruiting 10,000 new [Iraqi security forces](/wiki/Iraqi_security_forces \"Iraqi security forces\") members and moving to enhance public services in Basra.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iraqi\\-pm\\-basra\\-strikes\\-a\\-success/ \\|title\\=Iraqi PM: Basra Strikes A \"Success\", CBS News April 1, 2008 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CBS News]] \\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021063010/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/01/iraq/main3985302\\.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} 2500 citizens of Basra have already volunteered to work with the Iraqi army since the start of the operation, according to a US military spokesman in Baghdad.[Operational Update: Maj. Gen. Bergner, April 2](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18058&Itemid=131) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513235320/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18058\\&Itemid\\=131 \\|date\\=13 May 2008 }} – MNF\\-I", "[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|The Hillah [SWAT](/wiki/SWAT \"SWAT\") Team in training in 2006\\. The unit was redeployed to Basra following operations in al\\-Kut and Hillah. On 1 April, they detained 20 vehicle smugglers in Basra.](/wiki/File:Hillah_SWAT_Team.jpg \"Hillah SWAT Team.jpg\")\nMaj. Gen. Abdul Aziz Mohammad, director of military operations at Iraq's Defense Ministry, said the Iraqi military planned to seal and search every neighbourhood to capture suspected criminals and confiscate weapons.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/01/AR2008040100833\\.html \\|title\\=U.S. Appears to Take Lead in Fighting in Baghdad, Washington Post, April 1, 2008 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826072121/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/01/AR2008040100833\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Sadr vows to continue fight against occupation forces \"in a peaceful manner\" and plans mass demonstrations against the Coalition on 9 April.", "The Hillah [Special Weapons and Tactics](/wiki/Special_Weapons_and_Tactics \"Special Weapons and Tactics\") team detained 20 vehicle smugglers in Basra as part of \"continuing deliberate operations against criminals to restore a rule of law\", according to a US military spokesman.[Hillah Special Weapons and Tactics unit detain 20 suspected smugglers in Basra](https://web.archive.org/web/20080413010935/http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18036&Itemid=128) – MNF\\-I", "The British defence minister announces a pause in troop reductions.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/01/uk.iraq/index.html \\|title\\=\"UK halts troop cuts after Iraq clashes\", CNN, April 1, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211153346/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/01/uk.iraq/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=11 December 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "2 April: Lt. Gen. Mohan al\\-Furayji leads a 12 vehicle Iraqi Army convoy though the Hayaniya district, a Sadr stronghold in central Basra, in an apparent show of force. A roadside bomb explodes near the convoy, but there were no casualties. A reporter for an Iraqi TV station was shot in the leg while filming the convoy. Afterwards gunmen attacked the convoy and one Iraqi Army Humvee was torched.ROBERT H. REID – [Iraq army flexes muscles in Basra](https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/iraq;_ylt=ArGIX8e6ZMrutLo3VyIS52BX6GMA) {{dead link\\|date\\=September 2016\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} – AP via Yahoo News Overall, Basra was reportedly relatively calm for a third straight day.[Bomb explodes near top Iraq generals in Basra, Reuters, April 2, 2008](https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2884231520080402?sp=true)", "[U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff \"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff\") Admiral [Michael Mullen](/wiki/Michael_Mullen \"Michael Mullen\") said in a Pentagon press briefing that the Basra operation is still ongoing and that it is premature to comment on the results of the operation.[DoD Press Briefing – CJCS Adm Mullen, Transcript, April 3, 2008](http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4186) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521133807/http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid\\=4186 \\|date\\=21 May 2008 }}", "A US [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle](/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle \"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle\") (UAV) attacked a [technical](/wiki/Technical_%28fighting_vehicle%29 \"Technical (fighting vehicle)\") in the Halaf area of Basra, killing 6 \"armed criminals\" after heavy machine gun fire was reported.[Iraqi forces conduct airstrike in al\\-Halaf, six criminals killed (al\\-Halaf)](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18112&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517204613/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18112\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=17 May 2008 }} – MNF\\-I", "3 April: A U.S. airstrike destroyed a house in Basra killing two militant snipers and at least six civilians.[Air strike levels house in Basra](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7327926.stm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405223622/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7327926\\.stm \\|date\\=5 April 2008 }} – BBC News Iraqi Security Forces, advised by U.S. Special Forces, killed seven criminal members and detained 16 others during three separate operations in Basra directed by the Iraqi government.[ISF kill 7 criminal members, detain 16 in 3 separate operations in Basra, MNF\\-I press release, April 4, 2008](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18111&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518031127/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18111\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=18 May 2008 }}", "Muqtada al\\-Sadr offers the Iraqi government to help purge militia members from Iraqi security forces.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/04/iraq.main/index.html \\|title\\=Iraqi leader freezes assault on militias, CNN, April 4, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512101837/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/04/iraq.main/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Sadr also angrily criticises the Iraqi government for \"denying it sent envoys to him\"{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/03/iraq.alsadr/index.html \\|title\\=Al\\-Sadr offers to help Iraqi security forces \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925171750/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/03/iraq.alsadr/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "4 April: Iraqi PM Nuri al\\-Maliki orders his security forces to stop raids on suspected Shiite militiamen to \"give time to those who are repentant\" to lay down their weapons. The PM's order did not mention the Mahdi Army by name. Al\\-Maliki also ordered a resumption of reconstruction projects and services in the areas of fighting. 3,000 Iraqi soldiers and policemen, including soldiers from the Iraqi Army 1st Division moved into Hayyaniyah to distribute food and water to Iraqis who had been without supplies for several days.[Iraqi Army distributes food and water al\\-Hayyaniyah](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18255&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515161620/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18255\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=15 May 2008 }} – MNF\\-I", "Coalition forces attacked Mahdi Army members west of Basra and ordered an air strike during the ensuing clashes. Two children were killed along with another person.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12633 \\|title\\=– Antiwar.com \\|date\\=4 April 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514035021/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12633 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In a Coalition raid during the night 10 militants were killed and two weapons caches, including 60 mm mortar rounds, rocket propelled grenades and [explosively formed penetrators](/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrators \"Explosively formed penetrators\"), were found.[ISF recover weapons cache, kill 10 in separate operations in Basra](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18253&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408200956/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18253\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=8 April 2008 }} – MNF I", "5 April: A U.S. airstrike in the Hayaniyah district hit a militant mortar position killing one gunman.[Coalition forces conduct airstrike in Basra, one criminal killed, MNF\\-I Press release, April 5, 2008](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18152&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514123723/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18152\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=14 May 2008 }}", "6 April: The Iraqi Political Council for National Security, with representatives from all major political parties holds a meeting and agrees unanimously to a resolution with a number of points and actions necessary to \"end the existence of this gang\" (the Mahdi Army). Among those points is a decision that the Sadr trend will not have the right to participate in the political process or take part in the provincial elections unless they disband the Mahdi army.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/07/al.maliki.transcript/index.html \\|title\\=Transcript: Prime Minister Nuri al\\-Maliki on Iraq, CNN, April 7, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412005839/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/07/al.maliki.transcript/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al\\-Maliki continues to deny that any concessions were made or that Iran was involved in negotiating Muqtada al\\-Sadr's cease\\-fire order on 30 March 2008\\.", "An explosion of unknown source occurred in Basra destroying a house and killing eight people. MNF\\-I confirms that an explosion occurred but denies involvement.[Eight persons killed in fiery blast in Basra](http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1897387&Language=en) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040004/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id\\=1897387\\&Language\\=en \\|date\\=28 September 2011 }} – Kuna News", "7 April: Moqtada al\\-Sadr offers to disband the Mahdi army if the highest Shi'ite religious authorities, including [Grand Ayatollah Ali al\\-Sistani](/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah_Ali_al-Sistani \"Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani\") and senior Shi'ite clergy based in Iran, demand it. \"If they order the Mahdi army to disband, Muqtada al\\-Sadr and the Sadr movement will obey the orders of the religious leaders\", senior Sadr aide Hassan Zargani told Reuters from Iran.[Iraq's Sadr to disband Mehdi Army if clerics order, Reuters, April 7, 2008](https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL0434078820080407?sp=true)", "8 April: A roadside bomb targeted the convoy of interior ministry spokesman Major\\-General Abdul\\-Karim Khalaf, wounding two of his guards in northern Basra.[FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, April 7](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=118077) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409103740/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\\=118077 \\|date\\=9 April 2008 }}", "9 April: The US military reported that [Iraqi Special Operations Forces](/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces \"Iraqi Special Operations Forces\") (ISOF) had captured 12 \"suspected terrorists and Special Group members\" and killed 14 others in operations in Basra in the past week.[ISOF snare terrorist and criminal suspects (Basrah)](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18292&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515161318/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18292\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=15 May 2008 }} – MNF\\-I", "11 April: The German Press reports that Riyad al\\-Nuri was the victim of an assassination as he left a mosque in Najaf on a Friday. He was gunned down by non\\-uniformed militants in the style of the assassinations that marked the Quds campaign in Basra. No group took credit for the killing. Riyad al\\-Nuri was Moqtada al\\-Sadr's brother\\-in\\-law, and a close aide. Moqtada al\\-Sadr lives in the Holy City of Qom, Iran and has become dependent on his aides in Iraq.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/middleeast/news/article\\_1399504\\.php/Al\\-Sadrs\\_brother\\-in\\-law\\_killed\\_in\\_Iraqs\\_Najaf\\_\\_Roundup \\|title\\=Al\\-Sadr's brother\\-in\\-law killed in Iraq's Najaf (Roundup) – Monsters and Critics \\|website\\=news.monstersandcritics.com \\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130128235954/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/middleeast/news/article\\_1399504\\.php/Al\\-Sadrs\\_brother\\-in\\-law\\_killed\\_in\\_Iraqs\\_Najaf\\_\\_Roundup \\|archive\\-date\\=28 January 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} \\_", "12 April: Soldiers from the 1st Brigade of the 1st IA (QRF) Division from Al\\-Anbar, as well as elements from the 14th Division, cleared the suburb of al\\-Qibla in Basra \"without incident\", the US military reported. It also reported an al\\-Qaida in Iraq leader was captured by Iraqi forces in Abu al\\-Khasib, a small town 20 km southeast of Basra.[Operation Charge of Knights continues progress in Basrah](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18441&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515172528/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18441\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=15 May 2008 }} – MNF\\-I", "13 April: A policeman is killed in a drive\\-by shooting and two dumped bodies are found.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12686 \\|title\\=Sunday: 46 Iraqis Killed, 29 Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|date\\=13 April 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514035027/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12686 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "14 April: [Richard Butler](/wiki/Richard_Butler_%28journalist%29 \"Richard Butler (journalist)\"), a UK journalist held captive in Basra for two months after being kidnapped in central Basra was freed in an Iraqi Army sweep. [Kidnapped UK journalist freed in Iraq's Basra](https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/iraq_dc;_ylt=AtNLUsusFOzddv0ClLcKbcxX6GMA) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20080527130348/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/iraq\\_dc;\\_ylt\\=AtNLUsusFOzddv0ClLcKbcxX6GMA \\|date\\= 27 May 2008 }} – Reuters via Yahoo News Police Major Ali Haider, a commander in the police department's serious crimes directorate, is shot and killed.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12691 \\|title\\=Monday: 2 US Soldiers, 87 Iraqis Killed; 142 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|date\\=14 April 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514034736/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12691 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "15 April: Maj\\-Gen Abdul Jalil Khalaf and Lt\\-Gen Mohan al\\-Furayji are reassigned to posts in Baghdad. The Iraqi government says that the two chiefs are returning to their posts in the Defence Ministry at the end of a 6\\-month assignment to the southern city. Brig. Gen. Qassim al\\-Moussawi, an Iraqi military spokesman, said: \"The two have done a great job and their efforts were highly appreciated by the commander in chief\". However, a spokesman for the Sadrist bloc in Basra, Ali al\\-Suaidi, says the Iraqi government \"wants to blame its failure on somebody\" and the moves are \"punishment for the botched execution of the campaign\". According to Brig. Gen al\\-Moussawi, Gen. Furayji will be replaced by Maj. Gen. Mohammad Jawad, the commander of the 14th Division, in the Basra Operational Command and Maj. Gen. Adel Dahham will become the new police chief in Basra.{{cite news\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/7350434\\.stm\\|title\\=Basra security leaders removed\\|date\\=16 April 2008\\|access\\-date\\=4 May 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420082710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/7350434\\.stm\\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2008\\|url\\-status\\=live}}Amit R. Paley – [Iraq Reassigns Chiefs Of Basra's Army, Police](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/16/AR2008041600932.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822075056/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/04/16/AR2008041600932\\.html \\|date\\=22 August 2016 }} – Washington Post", "16 April: An unmanned U.S. drone plane launched missiles that killed four militiamen and wounded one more, but police said six people were killed and three more were wounded.", "17 April: Gunmen tried to kill former police chief Brigadier\\-General Mohamed Kadhim al\\-Ali. One of his bodyguards was killed and two more were wounded. In a separate incident, gunmen shot and wounded a police commando. Also, two policemen were killed in a drive\\-by shooting.\n[thumb\\|225px\\|right\\|An Iraqi soldier from the 1st QRF division examines a mortar captured during clearing operations in Hayaniya, 19 April](/wiki/File:Weapons_cache_basra.jpg \"Weapons cache basra.jpg\")\n19 April: Iraqi security forces launched a clearing operation in the Hayaniya district, a Sadr stronghold in central Basra. After a show of force in which coalition forces bombed an empty area west of Hayaniya, Iraqi forces, with advisers from the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") and the [United States Marine Corps](/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps \"United States Marine Corps\").,[Iraqi soldiers continue to target Basra militias](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/IraqiSoldiersContinueToTargetBasraMilitias.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513203724/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/IraqiSoldiersContinueToTargetBasraMilitias.htm \\|date\\=13 May 2008 }} – UK Ministry of Defence moved into the Hayaniya city center. According to General [Mohan al\\-Furayji](/wiki/Mohan_al-Furayji \"Mohan al-Furayji\"), Iraqi forces faced only \"isolated skirmishes\".Aref Mohammed – [Show of force as Iraqi forces advance in Basra](https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20080419/wl_nm/iraq_dc) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421035946/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20080419/wl\\_nm/iraq\\_dc \\|date\\=21 April 2008 }} – Reuters via Yahoo News A large number of weapons were captured during the operation, including 140 rockets, 50 mortars, 70 IEDs and a number of anti\\-aircraft missiles. Seven Iraqi Army vehicles were recaptured as well.", "20 April: In a statement, Muqtada al\\-Sadr warned that he would declare \"open war\" if the campaign against him did not stop.[Al\\-Sadr's followers refuse to disband militia in Iraq, Associated Press, April 20, 2008](http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/I/IRAQ?SITE=NHPOR&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519032040/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/I/IRAQ?SITE\\=NHPOR\\&SECTION\\=HOME\\&TEMPLATE\\=DEFAULT \\|date\\=19 May 2007 }} Coincidentally, [Al\\-Qaeda in Iraq](/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq \"Al-Qaeda in Iraq\") released a similar message the same day, calling for a 30\\-day period of violence.[New Al\\-Qaida in Iraq tape calls for monthlong offensive, Washington Post, April 20, 2008](https://web.archive.org/web/20121104185737/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/19/AR2008041901723.html)", "Iran's ambassador to Baghdad declared support for the Iraqi government crackdown against \"lawbreakers\" in Basra. Since major Sunni, Shiite and Kurdish parties have already supported the Maliki government in its crackdown for some time, Sadr appears increasingly politically isolated.", "21 April: Two roadside\\-bombs hit two Coalition patrols in the city. One was an American, the second a British. There were no casualties suffered in the attack on the British patrol but in the first attack one U.S. Marine was killed and a second wounded.", "Also, an al\\-Sistani aide who was wounded a week before in an attack in the city died of his wounds.", "24 April: Prime Minister Nuri al\\-Maliki claimed historic victory over armed militias. \"The ideology of having rival militias is over. The weapon is now in state hands\", a statement said that Maliki told British Foreign Secretary David Miliband during talks. \"We have political support from all \\[political] entities for the measures taken by the government\", Maliki continued.[AFP: Iraqi PM says private army mentality in Iraq is over, AFP, April 24, 2008](http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iHul4DZp-axz3iOT91x_oRVSoL5Q) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501060937/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iHul4DZp\\-axz3iOT91x\\_oRVSoL5Q \\|date\\=1 May 2008 }}", "[Multi\\-National Corps\\-Iraq](/wiki/Multinational_Force_Iraq \"Multinational Force Iraq\") commander [Lt. Gen Lloyd J. Austin](/wiki/Lloyd_J._Austin \"Lloyd J. Austin\") said in a press briefing that Iraqi security forces are in control of Basra.", "25 April: Muqtada al\\-Sadr reaffirmed his cease\\-fire order. In a statement to followers read on his behalf during Friday prayers, Muqtada al\\-Sadr urged his followers to \"observe more patience in commitment to the freeze decision.\" Sadr also tried to clarify his call for \"open war\" on 20 April, stressing that the threat \"is meant against the occupiers only.\"[\"Open war against occupiers only,\" Sadr tells followers, Voices of Iraq, April 25, 2008](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=77383&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1){{dead link\\|date\\=May 2016}}", "In the town of Qurna, near Basra, journalist Jassim al\\-Batat was gunned down by gunmen in a speeding car as he left his house.[Iraqi journalist killed near Basra, radio station says](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=142737){{dead link\\|date\\=May 2016}}", "28 April: A Sadrist lawmaker was killed and his wife was injured during an armed attack.", "8 May: A British soldier is wounded and two unidentified foreign contractors are killed when rockets hit the main British military base in Basra at the airport. Coalition aircraft responded to the attack killing six militants who fired on the base.", "10 May: Two civilians were killed and five others were wounded when a roadside bomb blasted a police patrol in Basra. Also, 14 suspects were arrested during raids.", "### Fighting in Sadr City and Baghdad", "{{Main\\|Siege of Sadr City}}\nThe clashes, soon after the start of the security operation, spread from Basra to Baghdad, mainly the [Sadr City](/wiki/Sadr_City \"Sadr City\") district of the capital, which was under the control of the Mahdi Army.\n**25 March**: Militants attacked police and army checkpoints in the western and northern parts of Baghdad and the Green Zone was constantly coming under mortar and rocket attacks leaving dozens of people wounded and many Iraqi civilians killed by rockets that missed their targets. On the first day of fighting in Baghdad one U.S. soldier was among the dead, killed by a mortar in the Adhamiya district of Baghdad. The mortar was fired from the vicinity of Sadr City. In Baghdad's al\\-Amin neighbourhood, Mahdi Army gunmen stormed two offices of the Dawa party and clashed with guards there. Five Mahdi Army gunmen and two Dawa guards were killed. Fighters also captured six policemen with their two police vehicles from their checkpoint in New Baghdad.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/25/AR2008032500461\\_pf.html \\|title\\=Intense Fighting Erupts In Iraq {{!}} Washington Post \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114060257/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/25/AR2008032500461\\_pf.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "**26 March**: Mortar strikes killed five people in the Karrada neighbourhood and four in Risala on 26 March. Another two people were killed in mortar attacks elsewhere. More rockets and mortars hit the Green Zone wounding four people. Among the wounded were two American civilians and one American and one Iraqi soldier.", "In Sadr City militants were planting roadside bombs on a main thoroughfare and declared the ceasefire over. Mahdi Army fighters sealed off their neighbourhoods, blocking roads with refrigerators, [burning tires](/wiki/Burning_tires \"Burning tires\") and garbage. Heavy clashes erupted between militiamen and U.S. and Iraqi forces. A roadside bomb set a U.S. Stryker on fire in Sadr City but all soldiers inside survived. Also in fighting in northern and eastern parts of Baghdad two US soldiers and three Iraqi civilians were killed.{{Cite journal \\|url\\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0326/p01s13\\-woiq.html \\|title\\=Across Iraq, battles erupt with Mahdi Army – Christian Science Monitor \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Christian Science Monitor]] \\|date\\=26 March 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328080208/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0326/p01s13\\-woiq.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 26 Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=101578) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100230/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\\=101578 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}\n[thumb\\|left\\|225px\\|Map showing location of fighting in eastern Baghdad, March–May 2008](/wiki/File:Sadr_City_April_2008.jpg \"Sadr City April 2008.jpg\")\n**27 March**: On 27 March, a mortar bomb at a Baghdad bus station killed three people and wounded 15 and 2 mortar rounds hit the Ministry of Interior, al\\-Tasfeerat compound in central Baghdad killing one employee and injuring four. The Green Zone was still being bombarded with one Iraqi civilian killed and another 14 wounded by misfired mortars. Several mortar rounds hit a building in the U.S. embassy complex in the Zone leaving one U.S. government employee dead and another three wounded. Also, a U.S. soldier died in the fighting during the day.", "Street battles in Sadr City and other parts of the capital in the previous 24 hours left 88 people dead, including 68 militants, three U.S. and one Iraqi soldier, one Iraqi policeman and at least 15 civilians who were killed when an artillery barrage hit a market in Sadr City. At least 12 U.S. soldiers were wounded and three policemen captured.[Round\\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Thursday March 27, 2008 McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622184755/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750\\.html \\|date\\=22 June 2008 }}[24 terrorists killed in Baghdad – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17878&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021027/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17878\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Terrorists launch eleven indirect fire attacks, other unrest (Baghdad) – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17880&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021033/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17880\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[ISF, CF take fight to terrorists – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17888&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072414/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17888\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Iraqi Security Forces, Coalition forces target terrorists, kill 26 – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17887&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072408/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17887\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[ISF, CF defend checkpoint, kill 8 militants (Baghdad) – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17885&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072404/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17885\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}", "Tahseen Sheikhly, a Sunni civilian spokesman for operation Imposing Law, was kidnapped by gunmen who stormed his house in a Mahdi Army stronghold in southeastern Baghdad and torched it. Three of his bodyguards were killed.", "The Times reported areas of Baghdad were slowly falling into the hands of the Mahdi Army. The Mahdi Army took over neighbourhood after neighbourhood, some amid heavy fighting, others without firing a shot. In New Baghdad, militiamen simply ordered the police to leave their checkpoints, the officers complied en masse and the guerrillas took over their checkpoints.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article3631718\\.ece \\|title\\=Areas of Baghdad fall to militias as Iraqi Army falters in Basra \\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513120701/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article3631718\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The US Army denied this. Lieutenant Colonel Steve Stover, the [Public Affairs Officer](/wiki/Public_affairs_%28military%29 \"Public affairs (military)\") for the 4th Infantry Division and Multinational Division Baghdad said \"All checkpoints and ISF \\[Iraqi security forces] buildings are in ISF and/or Coalition control. No checkpoint is in enemy control.\"Bill Roggio [Fighting in Baghdad, South against Mahdi Army completes fourth day](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/03/fighting_in_baghdad.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410030614/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/03/fighting\\_in\\_baghdad.php \\|date\\=10 April 2008 }} – Long War Journal", "In other fighting during the day a father and son were killed in the Talbiyah neighbourhood where at least eight Iraqi soldiers were wounded in street battles.[Round\\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Thursday March 27, 2008 \\| McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622184755/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750\\.html \\|date\\=22 June 2008 }}", "**28 March**: Early on 28 March, a U.S. helicopter fired a Hellfire missile during fighting in Sadr City in support of ground troops who were clearing a main supply route. Four militants and nine civilians were killed. Meanwhile, an insurgent mortar hit Iraqi Vice\\-President Tareq Hashemi's offices in the Green Zone, killing two guards, and a U.S. air strike killed three people and wounded six in Kadhimiya. In other fighting throughout the capital 13 militants and two civilians were killed and four U.S. Stryker armoured vehicles entered Sadr City and engaged militiamen. A U.S. soldier was killed by a roadside bomb just south of Baghdad.{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7317935\\.stm \\|title\\=Iraq extends Shia arms deadline – BBC News \\|date\\=28 March 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329041545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7317935\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 28 – Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=104998) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100236/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\\=104998 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}[MND\\-B Soldiers kill 13 terrorists – MNF\\-I](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17897&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072418/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17897\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}", "Ten of the militants were killed by US forces when a joint security station in eastern Baghdad was attacked with small arms fire. In a separate incident, a US air strike destroyed a rocket site in eastern Baghdad.[MND\\-B Soldiers destroy rocket site, kill 12 terrorists](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17906&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072422/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17906\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }} – MNF\\-I One U.S. soldier was killed the fighting.", "Late in the evening reports came in that a unit of 500 policemen decided to stop working with the government and join the Mahdi Army.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032803810\\_pf.html \\| newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\| title\\=19 Tense Hours in Sadr City Alongside the Mahdi Army \\| first\\=Sudarsan \\| last\\=Raghavan \\| access\\-date\\=5 May 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727004101/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032803810\\_pf.html \\| archive\\-date\\=27 July 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "**29 March**: In another day of mortar bombardment mortars landed in Shiite areas of eastern Baghdad, killing at least one person and injuring 12\\. The [New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\") reported that in a well\\-publicized event in Sadr City, 40 men who said they were Iraqi police officers surrendered their weapons to Sadr officials saying \"We can't fight our brothers in the Mahdi Army, so we came here to submit our weapons.\" In return, the Sadr officials gave the officers olive branches and Korans. The weapons were returned after the officers pledged not to use them against Mahdi Army members. \"These weapons are for defending the country but not for fighting your brothers,\" said Sheik Salman al\\-Fraji, head of the Sadr office there.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?\\_r\\=1\\&oref\\=slogin\\&ref\\=todayspaper\\&pagewanted\\=print \\|title\\=Shiite Militias Cling to Swaths of Basra and Stage Raids By JAMES GLANZ and MICHAEL KAMBER \\|website\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=30 March 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203616/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?\\_r\\=1\\&oref\\=slogin\\&ref\\=todayspaper\\&pagewanted\\=print \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Glanz \\|first1\\=James \\|last2\\=Kamber \\|first2\\=Michael }} {{YouTube\\|OcWG\\-hJbSNo\\|Video coverage of event}} Another 15 soldiers also surrendered elsewhere in the city.", "By this point the Iraqi Health Ministry reported at least 75 civilians killed and 500 injured in fighting in Sadr City and other eastern Baghdad neighbourhoods. The U.S. military sharply disputes the claims, having said that most of those killed were militia members. Two U.S. soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb in eastern Baghdad and one Iraqi policeman was killed in the Amil district by another bomb. A militia member was killed when his RPG misfired.", "U.S. forces stated that they killed a total of 48 militants in Baghdad in the previous 24 hours, while three US Soldiers were killed in the fighting that day.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://icasualties.org/oif/prdDetails.aspx?hndRef%3D3\\-2008 \\|title\\=Period Details \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403055622/http://icasualties.org/oif/prdDetails.aspx?hndRef\\=3\\-2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2008 }}", "**30 March**: U.S. forces killed at least 62 fighters in fighting across Baghdad. Another mortar strike, aimed at the Green Zone, killed at least seven Iraqis and wounded 21 when two rounds apparently fell short, striking houses in the commercial district of Karradah. Gunmen also attacked an Iraqi checkpoint in eastern Baghdad, killing six troops. An American soldier was killed by a roadside bomb just north of the city.[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – Air weapons team engages, kills 12 criminals](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17936&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072437/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17936\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – ISF, CF kill 8 criminals, detain 2 others in pursuit to secure streets of Baghdad](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17957&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072533/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17957\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – MND\\-B Soldiers kill 8 criminals in separate operations](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17950&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403031843/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17950\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – MND\\-B Soldiers kill 2 during routine operation](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17937&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072520/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17937\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}", "**31 March**: Mortars fell again on the Green Zone, however there were only sporadic sounds of gunfire in the city, a day after al\\-Sadr declared a new ceasefire. One U.S. soldier was killed on the outskirts of Sadr City by a roadside bomb. Just before the fighting stopped eight civilians were killed in Sadr City due to American shelling.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12609 \\|title\\=Monday: 2 US Soldiers, 50 Iraqis Killed; 45 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|date\\=31 March 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401150911/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12609 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "**1–5 April**: During this time a cease\\-fire was in effect in Baghdad which eased the violence in the capital. However this will not last.", "**6 April – 11 May**: A U.S. military raid in Sadr City provokes heavy street fighting in the district and most of eastern Baghdad which leads to the collapse of the cease\\-fire in the district. Two Iraqi Army armoured vehicles and two trucks are destroyed and one U.S. Stryker armoured personnel carrier is damaged on the first day of the street battles. U.S. Apache helicopter gunships swooped overhead during the battle. Militants shelled the Green Zone and other U.S. military bases around the capital. Unmanned Predator aircraft fired Hellfire missiles into Sadr City every day targeting the mortar and rocket teams. At least 941 people were killed. Among the dead were 22 U.S. and 17 Iraqi soldiers as well as 331 militants and 591 civilians. 100 U.S. soldiers and more than 1,700 civilians were wounded. 549 of the civilians were killed in Sadr City{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12733 \\|title\\=Wednesday: 2 US Soldiers, 1 US Contractor, 59 Iraqis Killed; 114 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|date\\=23 April 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426015933/http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12733 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while another 42 were killed in different parts of Baghdad by mortars, fired from Sadr City, which missed the Green Zone. The fighting mostly stopped early on 11 April, as U.S. and Iraqi forces managed to advance down the main road through Sadr City and set up a forward defence line inside the district. However, that night fighting continued as U.S. and Iraqi units were attacked with small\\-arms, machine guns and RPGs. Snipers and roadside bombs were also used against Coalition forces.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/11/iraq.main/index.html \\| work\\=CNN \\| title\\=Iraqi, U.S. troops accused of Sadr City attack – CNN.com \\| date\\=11 April 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=5 May 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413004733/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/11/iraq.main/index.html \\| archive\\-date\\=13 April 2009 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.antiwar.com/ \\|title\\=Antiwar.com \\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327063906/http://www.antiwar.com/ \\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 17 April, a heavy dust storm engulfed Baghdad and the militiamen used this to their advantage. Gunmen attacked the coalition frontlines under the cover of the storm and heavy fighting ensued. At one point an Iraqi company deserted their position at a police station and the militiamen moved in but U.S. forces moved in soon to fill in the gap in the line. Fighting continued throughout the night and new attacks were staged the next day as the storm continued and U.S. forces were not able to send in helicopters, planes or drones to assist. This day another company of Iraqi soldiers deserted their post after almost being overrun by militants. The fighting finally died down in the evening as the sand storm lifted. In the fighting on 17 and 18 April 17 Iraqi soldiers and 22 militiamen were killed along with a number of civilians.", "On 28 April, another dust storm swept through Baghdad and the Mahdi Army once again attacked the blockades around Sadr City. In an effort to resupply troops conducting extended combat operations, soldiers from [10th Mountain Division](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division \"10th Mountain Division\") staged a 40\\-vehicle resupply convoy; however, Mahdi Army launched a devastating indirect fire attack against FOB Loyalty, killing four U.S. soldiers and injuring twenty others.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/06/mahdi\\_army\\_uses\\_flyi.php\\| title\\=Archived copy\\| access\\-date\\=18 May 2015\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525035609/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/06/mahdi\\_army\\_uses\\_flyi.php\\| archive\\-date\\=25 May 2015\\| url\\-status\\=live}} In the ensuing fighting four more U.S. soldiers, 45 militants and eight civilians were killed.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7370659\\.stm \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=US troops killed in Iraq clashes \\| date\\=28 April 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=5 May 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501144712/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7370659\\.stm \\| archive\\-date\\=1 May 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 29 April, U.S. forces in Stryker vehicles tried to push deeper into Sadr City but were met with stiff resistance from fighters using machine\\-guns and RPGs. After heavy fighting the troops withdrew to their start positions. 28 militants were killed, 6 U.S. soldiers were wounded, several U.S. military vehicles were damaged and three buildings used by militants were destroyed by American bombing during the battle.", "On 3–4 May, an infantry company from the [10th Mountain Division](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division \"10th Mountain Division\") attempted to isolate the Mahdi Army along the eastern boundary of Sadr City by placing barriers along major intersections. This was an effort to facilitate the Iraqi Army's movement into Sadr City. The U.S. forces met with strong opposition as militants attacked the soldiers with heavy machine guns, RPGs, and IEDs. The unit suffered heavy damages to men, weapons, and equipment, but maintained pressure on the militia and controlled the grounds. Using [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support \"Close air support\"), tanks, and armoured vehicles the soldiers defeated militia strongholds along the eastern sections of Sadr City.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/07/battle\\_over\\_sadr\\_cit.php\\| title\\=Battle over Sadr City Defines Apache Helicopter Regiment's Tour in Iraq – the Long War Journal\\| access\\-date\\=25 July 2011\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229154519/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/07/battle\\_over\\_sadr\\_cit.php\\| archive\\-date\\=29 February 2012\\| url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 8 May, the Iraqi government called on the residents of Sadr City to flee after more than 40 days of fighting, which left between 500 and 1,000 people dead. Due to the nearly constant violence, there are ongoing shortages of food, water, and other supplies.{{cite news\\|last\\=Fadel \\|first\\=Leila \\|title\\=Iraqi military orders Sadr City residents to evacuate \\|publisher\\=McClatchy Newspapers \\|date\\=8 May 2008 \\|url\\=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/36436\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015010410/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/36436\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2008 }}", "On 10 May, Iranian backed \"special groups\" fired a surface\\-to\\-air missile at a US helicopter gunship over Sadr City, the missile was reportedly fired from an unknown location in eastern Baghdad but missed the target, it was reported to be a type 7 SAM.[Zee News – Clashes in Iraq's Sadr City](http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=442786&sid=WOR)", "On 11 May, a cease\\-fire agreement was reached, but despite this some sporadic fighting still continued in Sadr city.", "During the latest round of fighting six Iraqi and three U.S. soldiers, six policemen, one U.S.\\-allied militiaman, 93 militiamen and 30 civilians were killed in clashes between the Mahdi Army and security forces in other parts of the capital.[McClatchy Washington Bureau \\| 04/11/2008 \\| Round\\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Friday April 11, 2008](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33381.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529035636/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33381\\.html \\|date\\=29 May 2008 }}", "**Post\\-11 May:**", "12 May: Overnight clashes in Sadr city continued despite the cease\\-fire, the clashes killed 3 militiamen and 2 civilians and wounded 24 people. US military Spokesman Rear Adm Patrick Driscoll warned that a truce had not yet been brokered and that the Iraqi government and Shiite representatives were still talking, Sadrist lawmaker Nasar al\\-Rubaie said: said talks on final touches to the agreement were continuing. In fighting elsewhere in the capital 12 gunmen were killed.[Zee News – Sadr city](http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=442567&sid=WOR)", "13 May: Clashes between security forces and Shi'ite gunmen killed 2 Iraqi soldiers, 11 militiamen and 12 civilians and wounded 28 people in Baghdad overnight. One of those killed was a seven\\-year\\-old who died after an Iraqi army vehicle ran over him. Fighting also erupted in Baghdad's Shula district, another Mahdi Army stronghold{{Vague\\|date\\=December 2008}}. Also, one U.S. soldier was killed in a roadside bombing in a northwestern part of Baghdad.", "14 May: In overnight clashes five people were killed in Sadr City. Also, two militiamen were killed while planting a bomb during house\\-to\\-house searches in the area.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7401634\\.stm \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=Bombing at Iraq funeral kills 20 \\| date\\=14 May 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=5 May 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930115044/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7401634\\.stm \\| archive\\-date\\=30 September 2009 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "15 May: In overnight clashes in Baghdad's Sadr City slum 7 people were killed and 19 were wounded. Two militiamen were also killed.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL0439231320080515 \\| work\\=Reuters \\| title\\=Seven die in clashes in Baghdad's Sadr City \\| first\\=Aseel \\| last\\=Kami \\| date\\=15 May 2008}}", "187 dumped bodies were found during the fighting throughout Baghdad since 23 March, all apparent victims of sectarian violence.", "### Al Kut fighting", "In the city of [Al Kut](/wiki/Kut \"Kut\"), the capital of [Wasit Governorate](/wiki/Wasit_Governorate \"Wasit Governorate\"), militants went out in the streets in force on 25 March, and took control of 5 out of 18 districts of the city.", "Heavy street fighting took place on 26 March, and mortar impacts resounded leaving buildings and cars aflame. Another three districts fell into the hands of the militants for a total of eight. 35 people were reported killed, including a baby. 15 of those were killed when a mortar barrage struck homes amid the clashes.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/iraq.main/index.html \\|title\\=More than 100 dead in two days of Iraq fighting {{!}} CNN \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329002144/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/iraq.main/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The security forces stated that six Iraqi soldiers and policemen died while 11 militants were killed in a combined US Special Forces\\-Iraqi SWAT patrol.[McClatchy Washington Bureau \\| 03/26/2008 \\| Clashes spread as U.S., Iraqi forces attack Shiite militia](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31662.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528191600/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31662\\.html \\|date\\=28 May 2008 }}[Iraqi Security Forces, U.S. Special Forces engage criminal elements in Hillah, al\\-Kut](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17886&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214002615/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17886\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=14 February 2012 }} MNF\\-I", "Also at least two policemen and one civilian were killed and another eight or ten policemen were wounded in fighting in the town of Aziziya just north of Al Kut.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L2558442\\.htm \\|title\\=FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 25 – Reuters Alertnet \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402231011/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L2558442\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "49 people were killed and 75 wounded in Al Kut by 27 March.", "Another four policemen and two civilians were killed in the next two days.[FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 29](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=106674) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100256/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\\=106674 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}", "400 policemen deserted or defected during the fighting in Al Kut.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080413/ap\\_on\\_re\\_mi\\_ea/iraq \\|title\\=1,300 Iraqi troops, police dismissed – Yahoo! News \\|access\\-date\\=13 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414211801/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080413/ap\\_on\\_re\\_mi\\_ea/iraq \\|archive\\-date\\=14 April 2008 }}", "On 26 April, a raid was conducted in the city in which one Iraqi soldier was killed.", "### Hilla clashes", "Fighting was also happening in [Hilla](/wiki/Hilla \"Hilla\"), the capital of [Babil province](/wiki/Babil_province \"Babil province\"), where two people were killed on 25 March.", "On 26 March, U.S. forces conducted air strikes in support of Hillah's Iraqi [SWAT](/wiki/SWAT \"SWAT\") unit during fighting with Shi'ite militia in the Thawra neighbourhood. Iraqi police sources estimate the casualties at between 11 and 29 people dead and 18 and 39 wounded. At least 19 of the dead were confirmed to be militiamen.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id\\=4529879 \\|title\\=Many killed by U.S. strike in Iraq's Hilla: sources {{!}} ABC News \\|website\\=\\[\\[ABC News (United States)\\|ABC News]] \\|access\\-date\\=16 April 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402013528/http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id\\=4529879 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} 9 Iraqi SWAT members were killed and two wounded during the battle.[Iraqi Security Forces, U.S. Special Forces engage criminal elements in Hillah, al\\-Kut](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17886&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214002615/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17886\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=14 February 2012 }} – MNF\\-I", "The next day heavy street battles continued in Hilla, most of them in the city center, with at least one soldier and five policemen killed and another 26 members of the security forces being wounded. The offices of the al\\-Da'wa Party and the Supreme Council were destroyed by militants.Juan Cole – [– Mahdi Army Stands Firm in its Basra Neighborhoods.Demonstrations in Baghdad against al\\-Maliki](http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/03/28/18489102.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401003254/http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/03/28/18489102\\.php \\|date\\=1 April 2008 }} – Indybay.org", "The toll in two days of fighting in Hilla was at least 60 dead.", "On 29 March, a police source in Babil province reported that since the fighting began on 25 March 85 militiamen have been captured in the province. He also said a large number of gunmen had been killed. [12 killed, 42 wounded in Hilla clashes – source](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74643&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095219/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\\=1\\&IdPublication\\=4\\&NrArticle\\=74643\\&NrIssue\\=2\\&NrSection\\=1 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }} – Aswat Aliraq", "On 3 April, U.S. soldiers, in civilian clothes, clashed with Mahdi Army fighters during an attempted raid to arrest rogue elements in the Mehdi Army. Later Iraqi police joined the fight and five people, including four policemen were killed.", "On 4 April, a roadside bomb killed four policemen and injured one other.", "On 5 April, the body of a police commando was found in the city, he was shot dead. Police killed one gunman and arrested two others when they tried to assassinate a local police chief in the town of Hamza al\\-Gharbi, south of Hilla.", "On 25 April, a man was shot dead in the city. Six people were arrested in connection to the killing.", "### Other clashes", "In response to the fighting the political movement of powerful [Shiite](/wiki/Shia_Islam \"Shia Islam\") cleric [Muqtada al\\-Sadr](/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr \"Muqtada al-Sadr\") launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\") to protest the raids and detentions against the [Mahdi Army](/wiki/Mahdi_Army \"Mahdi Army\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/25/iraq.main/index.html \\|title\\=Iraqi raids anger Shiite militia {{!}} CNN \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430191245/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/25/iraq.main/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=30 April 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "**[Diwaniyah](/wiki/Diwaniyah \"Diwaniyah\")**: On 26 March, seven Iraqi soldiers, a policeman and two militants were killed and another seven militants were captured and seven policemen wounded. On 27 March, one gunman was killed and a policeman was wounded in a security operation that netted eight suspects. The next day militia fighters killed the top administrator in a village near Diwaniyah.[Clashes spread as U.S., Iraqi forces attack Shiite militia – McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31662.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528191600/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31662\\.html \\|date\\=28 May 2008 }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L26327762\\.htm \\|title\\=FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 26 – Reuters Alertnet \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329182847/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L26327762\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 29 March 200 local residents held a demonstration in support of the Iraqi operations in Basrah.[Demonstrators chant slogans during a protest in Diwaniya](https://archive.today/20120714024110/http://news.yahoo.com/nphotos/Iraq/ss/events/ts/082701iraqplane/im:/080329/photos_wl/2008_03_29t121213_450x355_us_iraq/) – Reuters via Yahoo News", "On 27 April, gunmen killed a police officer outside his home.", "**[Najaf](/wiki/Najaf \"Najaf\")**: Four mortars landed in different parts of Najaf on 26 March, and sporadic fighting throughout the city left two policemen wounded. A few days later a roadside bomb killed one army officer and wounded two soldiers when it struck their vehicle in northern Najaf.[Round\\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq – Wednesday March 26, 2008 \\| McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31661.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331230422/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31661\\.html \\|date\\=31 March 2008 }}", "On 11 April, gunmen killed a senior aide to Muqtada al\\-Sadr, Riyadh al\\-Nouri. He was the director of al\\-Sadr's office in Najaf.", "On 21 April, an al\\-Sistani aide was killed in the city.", "**[Amarah](/wiki/Amarah \"Amarah\")**: In Amara, capital of [Maysan Governorate](/wiki/Maysan_Governorate \"Maysan Governorate\"), two soldiers were killed by unknown gunmen. Two civilians died in clashes on the Yugoslav Bridge in northern Amara. Gunmen attacked the Badr Organization Bureau located in Hitteen Square, in the centre of Amara, using RPGs.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12586 \\|title\\=Wednesday: 2 GIs, 1 British Soldier, 76 Iraqis Killed; 367 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401150848/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12586 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "**[Nasiriyah](/wiki/Nasiriyah \"Nasiriyah\")**: Two Iraqi soldiers were killed near Nasiriyah as they were heading to reinforce the attack on Basra. On 28 March 2008, Sadrist forces had taken control of the center of [Nasiriyah](/wiki/Nasiriyah \"Nasiriyah\"). In heavy street fighting 5 policemen, 10 militants and 20 civilians were killed. Another 52 people were wounded, including 19 policemen, 26 civilians and 7 gunmen. Another 13 militants were captured. The Mahdi Army had also taken control of the town of Shatra, 40 kilometres north of Nasiriyah.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL2799267\\.\\_CH\\_.2400 \\|title\\=Shi'ite fighters seize centre of Nassiriya – Reuters \\|website\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|access\\-date\\=1 July 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509082857/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL2799267\\.\\_CH\\_.2400 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n[30 killed, 52 wounded in Nassiriya until Friday night – Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74588&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402083026/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\\=1\\&IdPublication\\=4\\&NrArticle\\=74588\\&NrIssue\\=2\\&NrSection\\=1 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}", "On 29 March, the city was back under the control of Iraqi security forces, according to a provincial police spokesman. [30 killed, 52 wounded in Nassiriya until Friday night](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74588&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402083026/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\\=1\\&IdPublication\\=4\\&NrArticle\\=74588\\&NrIssue\\=2\\&NrSection\\=1 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }} – Aswat Aliraq", "On 19 April, a large firefight broke out in the village of Suq al\\-Shiyoukh, near Nasiriyah, which left 40 militiamen, 4 policemen and one civilian dead, another 37 militiamen were captured and 19 policemen were wounded.", "On 13 May, one woman was killed in a mortar attack in the city.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12832 \\|title\\=Tuesday: 1 US Soldier, 36 Iraqis Killed; 73 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|date\\=13 May 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=14 May 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514035127/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12832 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "**[Mahmoudiya](/wiki/Mahmoudiyah%2C_Iraq \"Mahmoudiyah, Iraq\")**: At least 12 militia fighters were killed and seven others wounded in fighting in Mahmoudiya, {{convert\\|20\\|mi\\|km}} south of the capital. Some 15 Iraqi soldiers were reported to be captured. Four civilians were killed in the crossfire.", "**[Karbala](/wiki/Karbala \"Karbala\")**: In fighting in the holy city of Kerbala on 28 March 21 militants and 2 policemen were killed.[toll rises in Baghdad fighting, March 29 – Reuters](http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2008-03-29T121357Z_01_L24231863_RTRUKOC_0_US-IRAQ.xml&pageNumber=2&imageid=&cap=&sz=13&WTModLoc=NewsArt-C1-ArticlePage2-Death) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403084603/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type\\=topNews\\&storyID\\=2008\\-03\\-29T121357Z\\_01\\_L24231863\\_RTRUKOC\\_0\\_US\\-IRAQ.xml\\&pageNumber\\=2\\&imageid\\=∩\\=\\&sz\\=13\\&WTModLoc\\=NewsArt\\-C1\\-ArticlePage2\\-Death \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74672&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095232/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\\=1\\&IdPublication\\=4\\&NrArticle\\=74672\\&NrIssue\\=2\\&NrSection\\=1 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}\nOn Friday night, Iraqi forces launched a major operation targeting Mahdi Army networks in Karbala. 12 militiamen were killed and 50 wounded. 30 gunmen surrendered to police on Thursday to benefit from the Iraqi prime minister's pardon. On Saturday an Egyptian in command of fighters in Karbala surrendered to police, along with 6 members of his group. [Egyptian leader of armed group surrenders in Karbala](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74628&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095214/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\\=1\\&IdPublication\\=4\\&NrArticle\\=74628\\&NrIssue\\=2\\&NrSection\\=1 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }} – Aswat Aliraq", "**[Hamza](/wiki/Hamza%2C_Iraq \"Hamza, Iraq\")**: Clashes with the Mahdi Army on 27 March, left three policemen dead in Hamza. Another officer was wounded along with two Iraqi soldiers.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12591 \\|title\\=Thursday: 225 Iraqis, 1 US Soldier, 3 US Contractors Killed; 538 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409042345/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12591 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The next day another six policemen were killed. On 30 March, police forces supported by aircraft launched a large\\-scale attack killing four gunmen and arresting 30\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12599 \\|title\\=Friday: 1 US Soldier, 163 Iraqis Killed; 214 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|date\\=28 March 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331231918/http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12599 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[Aswat Aliraq](http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=74725&NrIssue=2&NrSection=1) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402095242/http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/english/article.tpl?IdLanguage\\=1\\&IdPublication\\=4\\&NrArticle\\=74725\\&NrIssue\\=2\\&NrSection\\=1 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}", "**[Suwayrah](/wiki/Suwayrah \"Suwayrah\")**: In clashes Iraqi Army scouts and U.S. Special Forces soldiers killed 13 militants and destroyed two cargo trucks. Another three were killed the next day.[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – Iraqi Army, U.S. Special Forces patrol attacked; 13 criminal fighters killed (Suwayrah)](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17918&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072428/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17918\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Shiite cleric Sadr pulls fighters off streets – International Herald Tribune](http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/03/30/africa/ME-GEN-Iraq.php) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907024620/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/03/30/africa/ME\\-GEN\\-Iraq.php \\|date\\=7 September 2008 }}", "**Nationwide**: A roadside bomb in al\\-Kafl, which is just south of Hilla, left three policemen dead and another four wounded. A roadside bomb killed four policemen and wounded four more in Mahaweel, south of Baghdad.[FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 27 – Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=103111) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401063741/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\\=103111 \\|date\\=1 April 2008 }} An Army Colonel was killed in clashes with Mehdi Army fighters in Numaniya, {{convert\\|72\\|mi\\|km}} south of Baghdad.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/ANW848978\\.htm \\|title\\=Reuters AlertNet – FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 28 \\|access\\-date\\=29 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331193309/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/ANW848978\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Militiamen attacked the village of Al Daoum, south\\-east of Karbala, killing five people, kidnapping six others and destroying four houses in retaliation against the families of Iraqi soldiers.[McClatchy Washington Bureau \\| 04/15/2008 \\| Round\\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq – Tuesday April 15, 2008](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33729.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204182530/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33729\\.html \\|date\\=4 December 2008 }} In another attack on a village near Karbala five people were killed and two were wounded, around 150 people were forced to flee and fourteen homes were destroyed.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12714 \\|title\\=Saturday: 2 US Soldiers, 95 Iraqis Killed; 185 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|date\\=19 April 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422211614/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12714 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 21 April, the Iraqi Army reported to have killed 30 militants over the course of the previous 24 hours, in one of those clashes south of Baghdad six police officers were killed also.[FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, April 21](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=136593){{dead link\\|date\\=May 2016}} In the town of Hussaniyah, north of Baghdad, on 22 April, an Iraqi Army patrol, accompanied by U.S. Special Forces members, was attacked by militiamen, and in the ensuing firefight nine militiamen were killed. An Iraqi army officer was killed during an armed attack near his home in Numaniya on 7 May.[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – Iraqi Army Forces kill nine criminals, destroy two vehicles in Hussaniyah](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18730&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515171421/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=18730\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=15 May 2008 }}", "### 11 May 2008: cease\\-fire", "Shiite militants reached an agreement with the Iraqi government to end fighting in Baghdad's Sadr City district, a spokesman for Muqtada al\\-Sadr reported.[Iraqi government, al\\-Mahdi Army agree to a cease\\-fire (Updates) – Irna](http://www2.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-234/0805111112010754.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210103217/http://www2\\.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu\\-234/0805111112010754\\.htm \\|date\\=10 February 2012 }} The Iraqi government confirmed that.[Reuters AlertNet – Iraqi govt confirms ceasefire with Sadr movement](http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L10494319.htm)", "However, despite the cease\\-fire, sporadic fighting still continued until 15 May.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL0434078820080512 \\| work\\=Reuters \\| title\\=Iraqi PM says crackdown shows he's not sectarian \\| date\\=12 May 2008}}", "" ]
### Fighting in Sadr City and Baghdad {{Main\|Siege of Sadr City}} The clashes, soon after the start of the security operation, spread from Basra to Baghdad, mainly the [Sadr City](/wiki/Sadr_City "Sadr City") district of the capital, which was under the control of the Mahdi Army. **25 March**: Militants attacked police and army checkpoints in the western and northern parts of Baghdad and the Green Zone was constantly coming under mortar and rocket attacks leaving dozens of people wounded and many Iraqi civilians killed by rockets that missed their targets. On the first day of fighting in Baghdad one U.S. soldier was among the dead, killed by a mortar in the Adhamiya district of Baghdad. The mortar was fired from the vicinity of Sadr City. In Baghdad's al\-Amin neighbourhood, Mahdi Army gunmen stormed two offices of the Dawa party and clashed with guards there. Five Mahdi Army gunmen and two Dawa guards were killed. Fighters also captured six policemen with their two police vehicles from their checkpoint in New Baghdad.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/25/AR2008032500461\_pf.html \|title\=Intense Fighting Erupts In Iraq {{!}} Washington Post \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|access\-date\=1 September 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114060257/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/25/AR2008032500461\_pf.html \|archive\-date\=14 January 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} **26 March**: Mortar strikes killed five people in the Karrada neighbourhood and four in Risala on 26 March. Another two people were killed in mortar attacks elsewhere. More rockets and mortars hit the Green Zone wounding four people. Among the wounded were two American civilians and one American and one Iraqi soldier. In Sadr City militants were planting roadside bombs on a main thoroughfare and declared the ceasefire over. Mahdi Army fighters sealed off their neighbourhoods, blocking roads with refrigerators, [burning tires](/wiki/Burning_tires "Burning tires") and garbage. Heavy clashes erupted between militiamen and U.S. and Iraqi forces. A roadside bomb set a U.S. Stryker on fire in Sadr City but all soldiers inside survived. Also in fighting in northern and eastern parts of Baghdad two US soldiers and three Iraqi civilians were killed.{{Cite journal \|url\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0326/p01s13\-woiq.html \|title\=Across Iraq, battles erupt with Mahdi Army – Christian Science Monitor \|journal\=\[\[The Christian Science Monitor]] \|date\=26 March 2008 \|access\-date\=26 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328080208/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0326/p01s13\-woiq.html \|archive\-date\=28 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }}[FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 26 Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=101578) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100230/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\=101578 \|date\=2 April 2008 }} [thumb\|left\|225px\|Map showing location of fighting in eastern Baghdad, March–May 2008](/wiki/File:Sadr_City_April_2008.jpg "Sadr City April 2008.jpg") **27 March**: On 27 March, a mortar bomb at a Baghdad bus station killed three people and wounded 15 and 2 mortar rounds hit the Ministry of Interior, al\-Tasfeerat compound in central Baghdad killing one employee and injuring four. The Green Zone was still being bombarded with one Iraqi civilian killed and another 14 wounded by misfired mortars. Several mortar rounds hit a building in the U.S. embassy complex in the Zone leaving one U.S. government employee dead and another three wounded. Also, a U.S. soldier died in the fighting during the day. Street battles in Sadr City and other parts of the capital in the previous 24 hours left 88 people dead, including 68 militants, three U.S. and one Iraqi soldier, one Iraqi policeman and at least 15 civilians who were killed when an artillery barrage hit a market in Sadr City. At least 12 U.S. soldiers were wounded and three policemen captured.[Round\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Thursday March 27, 2008 McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622184755/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750\.html \|date\=22 June 2008 }}[24 terrorists killed in Baghdad – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17878&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021027/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17878\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Terrorists launch eleven indirect fire attacks, other unrest (Baghdad) – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17880&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021033/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17880\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[ISF, CF take fight to terrorists – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17888&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072414/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17888\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Iraqi Security Forces, Coalition forces target terrorists, kill 26 – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17887&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072408/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17887\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[ISF, CF defend checkpoint, kill 8 militants (Baghdad) – MNF\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17885&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072404/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17885\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }} Tahseen Sheikhly, a Sunni civilian spokesman for operation Imposing Law, was kidnapped by gunmen who stormed his house in a Mahdi Army stronghold in southeastern Baghdad and torched it. Three of his bodyguards were killed. The Times reported areas of Baghdad were slowly falling into the hands of the Mahdi Army. The Mahdi Army took over neighbourhood after neighbourhood, some amid heavy fighting, others without firing a shot. In New Baghdad, militiamen simply ordered the police to leave their checkpoints, the officers complied en masse and the guerrillas took over their checkpoints.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article3631718\.ece \|title\=Areas of Baghdad fall to militias as Iraqi Army falters in Basra \|access\-date\=27 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513120701/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article3631718\.ece \|archive\-date\=13 May 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} The US Army denied this. Lieutenant Colonel Steve Stover, the [Public Affairs Officer](/wiki/Public_affairs_%28military%29 "Public affairs (military)") for the 4th Infantry Division and Multinational Division Baghdad said "All checkpoints and ISF \[Iraqi security forces] buildings are in ISF and/or Coalition control. No checkpoint is in enemy control."Bill Roggio [Fighting in Baghdad, South against Mahdi Army completes fourth day](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/03/fighting_in_baghdad.php) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410030614/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/03/fighting\_in\_baghdad.php \|date\=10 April 2008 }} – Long War Journal In other fighting during the day a father and son were killed in the Talbiyah neighbourhood where at least eight Iraqi soldiers were wounded in street battles.[Round\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Thursday March 27, 2008 \| McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622184755/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750\.html \|date\=22 June 2008 }} **28 March**: Early on 28 March, a U.S. helicopter fired a Hellfire missile during fighting in Sadr City in support of ground troops who were clearing a main supply route. Four militants and nine civilians were killed. Meanwhile, an insurgent mortar hit Iraqi Vice\-President Tareq Hashemi's offices in the Green Zone, killing two guards, and a U.S. air strike killed three people and wounded six in Kadhimiya. In other fighting throughout the capital 13 militants and two civilians were killed and four U.S. Stryker armoured vehicles entered Sadr City and engaged militiamen. A U.S. soldier was killed by a roadside bomb just south of Baghdad.{{Cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7317935\.stm \|title\=Iraq extends Shia arms deadline – BBC News \|date\=28 March 2008 \|access\-date\=28 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329041545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7317935\.stm \|archive\-date\=29 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }}[FACTBOX\-Security developments in Iraq, March 28 – Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=104998) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100236/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\=104998 \|date\=2 April 2008 }}[MND\-B Soldiers kill 13 terrorists – MNF\-I](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17897&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072418/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17897\&Itemid\=21 \|date\=3 April 2008 }} Ten of the militants were killed by US forces when a joint security station in eastern Baghdad was attacked with small arms fire. In a separate incident, a US air strike destroyed a rocket site in eastern Baghdad.[MND\-B Soldiers destroy rocket site, kill 12 terrorists](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17906&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072422/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17906\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }} – MNF\-I One U.S. soldier was killed the fighting. Late in the evening reports came in that a unit of 500 policemen decided to stop working with the government and join the Mahdi Army.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032803810\_pf.html \| newspaper\=The Washington Post \| title\=19 Tense Hours in Sadr City Alongside the Mahdi Army \| first\=Sudarsan \| last\=Raghavan \| access\-date\=5 May 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727004101/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032803810\_pf.html \| archive\-date\=27 July 2008 \| url\-status\=live }} **29 March**: In another day of mortar bombardment mortars landed in Shiite areas of eastern Baghdad, killing at least one person and injuring 12\. The [New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times") reported that in a well\-publicized event in Sadr City, 40 men who said they were Iraqi police officers surrendered their weapons to Sadr officials saying "We can't fight our brothers in the Mahdi Army, so we came here to submit our weapons." In return, the Sadr officials gave the officers olive branches and Korans. The weapons were returned after the officers pledged not to use them against Mahdi Army members. "These weapons are for defending the country but not for fighting your brothers," said Sheik Salman al\-Fraji, head of the Sadr office there.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?\_r\=1\&oref\=slogin\&ref\=todayspaper\&pagewanted\=print \|title\=Shiite Militias Cling to Swaths of Basra and Stage Raids By JAMES GLANZ and MICHAEL KAMBER \|website\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|date\=30 March 2008 \|access\-date\=22 February 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203616/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?\_r\=1\&oref\=slogin\&ref\=todayspaper\&pagewanted\=print \|archive\-date\=19 July 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|last1\=Glanz \|first1\=James \|last2\=Kamber \|first2\=Michael }} {{YouTube\|OcWG\-hJbSNo\|Video coverage of event}} Another 15 soldiers also surrendered elsewhere in the city. By this point the Iraqi Health Ministry reported at least 75 civilians killed and 500 injured in fighting in Sadr City and other eastern Baghdad neighbourhoods. The U.S. military sharply disputes the claims, having said that most of those killed were militia members. Two U.S. soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb in eastern Baghdad and one Iraqi policeman was killed in the Amil district by another bomb. A militia member was killed when his RPG misfired. U.S. forces stated that they killed a total of 48 militants in Baghdad in the previous 24 hours, while three US Soldiers were killed in the fighting that day.{{cite web\|url\=http://icasualties.org/oif/prdDetails.aspx?hndRef%3D3\-2008 \|title\=Period Details \|access\-date\=30 March 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403055622/http://icasualties.org/oif/prdDetails.aspx?hndRef\=3\-2008 \|archive\-date\=3 April 2008 }} **30 March**: U.S. forces killed at least 62 fighters in fighting across Baghdad. Another mortar strike, aimed at the Green Zone, killed at least seven Iraqis and wounded 21 when two rounds apparently fell short, striking houses in the commercial district of Karradah. Gunmen also attacked an Iraqi checkpoint in eastern Baghdad, killing six troops. An American soldier was killed by a roadside bomb just north of the city.[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – Air weapons team engages, kills 12 criminals](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17936&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072437/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17936\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – ISF, CF kill 8 criminals, detain 2 others in pursuit to secure streets of Baghdad](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17957&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072533/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17957\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – MND\-B Soldiers kill 8 criminals in separate operations](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17950&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403031843/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17950\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\-National Force – Iraq – MND\-B Soldiers kill 2 during routine operation](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17937&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072520/http://www.mnf\-iraq.com/index.php?option\=com\_content\&task\=view\&id\=17937\&Itemid\=128 \|date\=3 April 2008 }} **31 March**: Mortars fell again on the Green Zone, however there were only sporadic sounds of gunfire in the city, a day after al\-Sadr declared a new ceasefire. One U.S. soldier was killed on the outskirts of Sadr City by a roadside bomb. Just before the fighting stopped eight civilians were killed in Sadr City due to American shelling.{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12609 \|title\=Monday: 2 US Soldiers, 50 Iraqis Killed; 45 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|date\=31 March 2008 \|access\-date\=2 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401150911/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12609 \|archive\-date\=1 April 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} **1–5 April**: During this time a cease\-fire was in effect in Baghdad which eased the violence in the capital. However this will not last. **6 April – 11 May**: A U.S. military raid in Sadr City provokes heavy street fighting in the district and most of eastern Baghdad which leads to the collapse of the cease\-fire in the district. Two Iraqi Army armoured vehicles and two trucks are destroyed and one U.S. Stryker armoured personnel carrier is damaged on the first day of the street battles. U.S. Apache helicopter gunships swooped overhead during the battle. Militants shelled the Green Zone and other U.S. military bases around the capital. Unmanned Predator aircraft fired Hellfire missiles into Sadr City every day targeting the mortar and rocket teams. At least 941 people were killed. Among the dead were 22 U.S. and 17 Iraqi soldiers as well as 331 militants and 591 civilians. 100 U.S. soldiers and more than 1,700 civilians were wounded. 549 of the civilians were killed in Sadr City{{Cite web \|url\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12733 \|title\=Wednesday: 2 US Soldiers, 1 US Contractor, 59 Iraqis Killed; 114 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \|date\=23 April 2008 \|access\-date\=24 April 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426015933/http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\=12733 \|archive\-date\=26 April 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} while another 42 were killed in different parts of Baghdad by mortars, fired from Sadr City, which missed the Green Zone. The fighting mostly stopped early on 11 April, as U.S. and Iraqi forces managed to advance down the main road through Sadr City and set up a forward defence line inside the district. However, that night fighting continued as U.S. and Iraqi units were attacked with small\-arms, machine guns and RPGs. Snipers and roadside bombs were also used against Coalition forces.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/11/iraq.main/index.html \| work\=CNN \| title\=Iraqi, U.S. troops accused of Sadr City attack – CNN.com \| date\=11 April 2008 \| access\-date\=5 May 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413004733/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/11/iraq.main/index.html \| archive\-date\=13 April 2009 \| url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.antiwar.com/ \|title\=Antiwar.com \|access\-date\=27 March 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327063906/http://www.antiwar.com/ \|archive\-date\=27 March 2008 \|url\-status\=live }} On 17 April, a heavy dust storm engulfed Baghdad and the militiamen used this to their advantage. Gunmen attacked the coalition frontlines under the cover of the storm and heavy fighting ensued. At one point an Iraqi company deserted their position at a police station and the militiamen moved in but U.S. forces moved in soon to fill in the gap in the line. Fighting continued throughout the night and new attacks were staged the next day as the storm continued and U.S. forces were not able to send in helicopters, planes or drones to assist. This day another company of Iraqi soldiers deserted their post after almost being overrun by militants. The fighting finally died down in the evening as the sand storm lifted. In the fighting on 17 and 18 April 17 Iraqi soldiers and 22 militiamen were killed along with a number of civilians. On 28 April, another dust storm swept through Baghdad and the Mahdi Army once again attacked the blockades around Sadr City. In an effort to resupply troops conducting extended combat operations, soldiers from [10th Mountain Division](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division "10th Mountain Division") staged a 40\-vehicle resupply convoy; however, Mahdi Army launched a devastating indirect fire attack against FOB Loyalty, killing four U.S. soldiers and injuring twenty others.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/06/mahdi\_army\_uses\_flyi.php\| title\=Archived copy\| access\-date\=18 May 2015\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525035609/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/06/mahdi\_army\_uses\_flyi.php\| archive\-date\=25 May 2015\| url\-status\=live}} In the ensuing fighting four more U.S. soldiers, 45 militants and eight civilians were killed.{{cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7370659\.stm \| work\=BBC News \| title\=US troops killed in Iraq clashes \| date\=28 April 2008 \| access\-date\=5 May 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501144712/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7370659\.stm \| archive\-date\=1 May 2008 \| url\-status\=live }} On 29 April, U.S. forces in Stryker vehicles tried to push deeper into Sadr City but were met with stiff resistance from fighters using machine\-guns and RPGs. After heavy fighting the troops withdrew to their start positions. 28 militants were killed, 6 U.S. soldiers were wounded, several U.S. military vehicles were damaged and three buildings used by militants were destroyed by American bombing during the battle. On 3–4 May, an infantry company from the [10th Mountain Division](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division "10th Mountain Division") attempted to isolate the Mahdi Army along the eastern boundary of Sadr City by placing barriers along major intersections. This was an effort to facilitate the Iraqi Army's movement into Sadr City. The U.S. forces met with strong opposition as militants attacked the soldiers with heavy machine guns, RPGs, and IEDs. The unit suffered heavy damages to men, weapons, and equipment, but maintained pressure on the militia and controlled the grounds. Using [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support "Close air support"), tanks, and armoured vehicles the soldiers defeated militia strongholds along the eastern sections of Sadr City.{{cite news\| url\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/07/battle\_over\_sadr\_cit.php\| title\=Battle over Sadr City Defines Apache Helicopter Regiment's Tour in Iraq – the Long War Journal\| access\-date\=25 July 2011\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229154519/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/07/battle\_over\_sadr\_cit.php\| archive\-date\=29 February 2012\| url\-status\=live}} On 8 May, the Iraqi government called on the residents of Sadr City to flee after more than 40 days of fighting, which left between 500 and 1,000 people dead. Due to the nearly constant violence, there are ongoing shortages of food, water, and other supplies.{{cite news\|last\=Fadel \|first\=Leila \|title\=Iraqi military orders Sadr City residents to evacuate \|publisher\=McClatchy Newspapers \|date\=8 May 2008 \|url\=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/36436\.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015010410/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/36436\.html \|archive\-date\=15 October 2008 }} On 10 May, Iranian backed "special groups" fired a surface\-to\-air missile at a US helicopter gunship over Sadr City, the missile was reportedly fired from an unknown location in eastern Baghdad but missed the target, it was reported to be a type 7 SAM.[Zee News – Clashes in Iraq's Sadr City](http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=442786&sid=WOR) On 11 May, a cease\-fire agreement was reached, but despite this some sporadic fighting still continued in Sadr city. During the latest round of fighting six Iraqi and three U.S. soldiers, six policemen, one U.S.\-allied militiaman, 93 militiamen and 30 civilians were killed in clashes between the Mahdi Army and security forces in other parts of the capital.[McClatchy Washington Bureau \| 04/11/2008 \| Round\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Friday April 11, 2008](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33381.html) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529035636/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33381\.html \|date\=29 May 2008 }} **Post\-11 May:** 12 May: Overnight clashes in Sadr city continued despite the cease\-fire, the clashes killed 3 militiamen and 2 civilians and wounded 24 people. US military Spokesman Rear Adm Patrick Driscoll warned that a truce had not yet been brokered and that the Iraqi government and Shiite representatives were still talking, Sadrist lawmaker Nasar al\-Rubaie said: said talks on final touches to the agreement were continuing. In fighting elsewhere in the capital 12 gunmen were killed.[Zee News – Sadr city](http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=442567&sid=WOR) 13 May: Clashes between security forces and Shi'ite gunmen killed 2 Iraqi soldiers, 11 militiamen and 12 civilians and wounded 28 people in Baghdad overnight. One of those killed was a seven\-year\-old who died after an Iraqi army vehicle ran over him. Fighting also erupted in Baghdad's Shula district, another Mahdi Army stronghold{{Vague\|date\=December 2008}}. Also, one U.S. soldier was killed in a roadside bombing in a northwestern part of Baghdad. 14 May: In overnight clashes five people were killed in Sadr City. Also, two militiamen were killed while planting a bomb during house\-to\-house searches in the area.{{cite news \| url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7401634\.stm \| work\=BBC News \| title\=Bombing at Iraq funeral kills 20 \| date\=14 May 2008 \| access\-date\=5 May 2010 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930115044/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\_east/7401634\.stm \| archive\-date\=30 September 2009 \| url\-status\=live }} 15 May: In overnight clashes in Baghdad's Sadr City slum 7 people were killed and 19 were wounded. Two militiamen were also killed.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL0439231320080515 \| work\=Reuters \| title\=Seven die in clashes in Baghdad's Sadr City \| first\=Aseel \| last\=Kami \| date\=15 May 2008}} 187 dumped bodies were found during the fighting throughout Baghdad since 23 March, all apparent victims of sectarian violence.
[ "### Fighting in Sadr City and Baghdad", "{{Main\\|Siege of Sadr City}}\nThe clashes, soon after the start of the security operation, spread from Basra to Baghdad, mainly the [Sadr City](/wiki/Sadr_City \"Sadr City\") district of the capital, which was under the control of the Mahdi Army.\n**25 March**: Militants attacked police and army checkpoints in the western and northern parts of Baghdad and the Green Zone was constantly coming under mortar and rocket attacks leaving dozens of people wounded and many Iraqi civilians killed by rockets that missed their targets. On the first day of fighting in Baghdad one U.S. soldier was among the dead, killed by a mortar in the Adhamiya district of Baghdad. The mortar was fired from the vicinity of Sadr City. In Baghdad's al\\-Amin neighbourhood, Mahdi Army gunmen stormed two offices of the Dawa party and clashed with guards there. Five Mahdi Army gunmen and two Dawa guards were killed. Fighters also captured six policemen with their two police vehicles from their checkpoint in New Baghdad.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/25/AR2008032500461\\_pf.html \\|title\\=Intense Fighting Erupts In Iraq {{!}} Washington Post \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114060257/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/25/AR2008032500461\\_pf.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "**26 March**: Mortar strikes killed five people in the Karrada neighbourhood and four in Risala on 26 March. Another two people were killed in mortar attacks elsewhere. More rockets and mortars hit the Green Zone wounding four people. Among the wounded were two American civilians and one American and one Iraqi soldier.", "In Sadr City militants were planting roadside bombs on a main thoroughfare and declared the ceasefire over. Mahdi Army fighters sealed off their neighbourhoods, blocking roads with refrigerators, [burning tires](/wiki/Burning_tires \"Burning tires\") and garbage. Heavy clashes erupted between militiamen and U.S. and Iraqi forces. A roadside bomb set a U.S. Stryker on fire in Sadr City but all soldiers inside survived. Also in fighting in northern and eastern parts of Baghdad two US soldiers and three Iraqi civilians were killed.{{Cite journal \\|url\\=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0326/p01s13\\-woiq.html \\|title\\=Across Iraq, battles erupt with Mahdi Army – Christian Science Monitor \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Christian Science Monitor]] \\|date\\=26 March 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=26 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328080208/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0326/p01s13\\-woiq.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 26 Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=101578) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100230/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\\=101578 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}\n[thumb\\|left\\|225px\\|Map showing location of fighting in eastern Baghdad, March–May 2008](/wiki/File:Sadr_City_April_2008.jpg \"Sadr City April 2008.jpg\")\n**27 March**: On 27 March, a mortar bomb at a Baghdad bus station killed three people and wounded 15 and 2 mortar rounds hit the Ministry of Interior, al\\-Tasfeerat compound in central Baghdad killing one employee and injuring four. The Green Zone was still being bombarded with one Iraqi civilian killed and another 14 wounded by misfired mortars. Several mortar rounds hit a building in the U.S. embassy complex in the Zone leaving one U.S. government employee dead and another three wounded. Also, a U.S. soldier died in the fighting during the day.", "Street battles in Sadr City and other parts of the capital in the previous 24 hours left 88 people dead, including 68 militants, three U.S. and one Iraqi soldier, one Iraqi policeman and at least 15 civilians who were killed when an artillery barrage hit a market in Sadr City. At least 12 U.S. soldiers were wounded and three policemen captured.[Round\\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Thursday March 27, 2008 McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622184755/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750\\.html \\|date\\=22 June 2008 }}[24 terrorists killed in Baghdad – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17878&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021027/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17878\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Terrorists launch eleven indirect fire attacks, other unrest (Baghdad) – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17880&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403021033/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17880\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[ISF, CF take fight to terrorists – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17888&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072414/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17888\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Iraqi Security Forces, Coalition forces target terrorists, kill 26 – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17887&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072408/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17887\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[ISF, CF defend checkpoint, kill 8 militants (Baghdad) – MNF\\-Iraq](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17885&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072404/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17885\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}", "Tahseen Sheikhly, a Sunni civilian spokesman for operation Imposing Law, was kidnapped by gunmen who stormed his house in a Mahdi Army stronghold in southeastern Baghdad and torched it. Three of his bodyguards were killed.", "The Times reported areas of Baghdad were slowly falling into the hands of the Mahdi Army. The Mahdi Army took over neighbourhood after neighbourhood, some amid heavy fighting, others without firing a shot. In New Baghdad, militiamen simply ordered the police to leave their checkpoints, the officers complied en masse and the guerrillas took over their checkpoints.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article3631718\\.ece \\|title\\=Areas of Baghdad fall to militias as Iraqi Army falters in Basra \\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513120701/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article3631718\\.ece \\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The US Army denied this. Lieutenant Colonel Steve Stover, the [Public Affairs Officer](/wiki/Public_affairs_%28military%29 \"Public affairs (military)\") for the 4th Infantry Division and Multinational Division Baghdad said \"All checkpoints and ISF \\[Iraqi security forces] buildings are in ISF and/or Coalition control. No checkpoint is in enemy control.\"Bill Roggio [Fighting in Baghdad, South against Mahdi Army completes fourth day](http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/03/fighting_in_baghdad.php) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410030614/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/03/fighting\\_in\\_baghdad.php \\|date\\=10 April 2008 }} – Long War Journal", "In other fighting during the day a father and son were killed in the Talbiyah neighbourhood where at least eight Iraqi soldiers were wounded in street battles.[Round\\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Thursday March 27, 2008 \\| McClatchy Washington Bureau](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622184755/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/31750\\.html \\|date\\=22 June 2008 }}", "**28 March**: Early on 28 March, a U.S. helicopter fired a Hellfire missile during fighting in Sadr City in support of ground troops who were clearing a main supply route. Four militants and nine civilians were killed. Meanwhile, an insurgent mortar hit Iraqi Vice\\-President Tareq Hashemi's offices in the Green Zone, killing two guards, and a U.S. air strike killed three people and wounded six in Kadhimiya. In other fighting throughout the capital 13 militants and two civilians were killed and four U.S. Stryker armoured vehicles entered Sadr City and engaged militiamen. A U.S. soldier was killed by a roadside bomb just south of Baghdad.{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7317935\\.stm \\|title\\=Iraq extends Shia arms deadline – BBC News \\|date\\=28 March 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=28 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329041545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7317935\\.stm \\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}[FACTBOX\\-Security developments in Iraq, March 28 – Reuters](http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id=104998) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402100236/http://wiredispatch.com/news/?id\\=104998 \\|date\\=2 April 2008 }}[MND\\-B Soldiers kill 13 terrorists – MNF\\-I](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17897&Itemid=21) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072418/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17897\\&Itemid\\=21 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}", "Ten of the militants were killed by US forces when a joint security station in eastern Baghdad was attacked with small arms fire. In a separate incident, a US air strike destroyed a rocket site in eastern Baghdad.[MND\\-B Soldiers destroy rocket site, kill 12 terrorists](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17906&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072422/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17906\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }} – MNF\\-I One U.S. soldier was killed the fighting.", "Late in the evening reports came in that a unit of 500 policemen decided to stop working with the government and join the Mahdi Army.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032803810\\_pf.html \\| newspaper\\=The Washington Post \\| title\\=19 Tense Hours in Sadr City Alongside the Mahdi Army \\| first\\=Sudarsan \\| last\\=Raghavan \\| access\\-date\\=5 May 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727004101/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032803810\\_pf.html \\| archive\\-date\\=27 July 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "**29 March**: In another day of mortar bombardment mortars landed in Shiite areas of eastern Baghdad, killing at least one person and injuring 12\\. The [New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\") reported that in a well\\-publicized event in Sadr City, 40 men who said they were Iraqi police officers surrendered their weapons to Sadr officials saying \"We can't fight our brothers in the Mahdi Army, so we came here to submit our weapons.\" In return, the Sadr officials gave the officers olive branches and Korans. The weapons were returned after the officers pledged not to use them against Mahdi Army members. \"These weapons are for defending the country but not for fighting your brothers,\" said Sheik Salman al\\-Fraji, head of the Sadr office there.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?\\_r\\=1\\&oref\\=slogin\\&ref\\=todayspaper\\&pagewanted\\=print \\|title\\=Shiite Militias Cling to Swaths of Basra and Stage Raids By JAMES GLANZ and MICHAEL KAMBER \\|website\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|date\\=30 March 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203616/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/world/middleeast/30iraq.html?\\_r\\=1\\&oref\\=slogin\\&ref\\=todayspaper\\&pagewanted\\=print \\|archive\\-date\\=19 July 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|last1\\=Glanz \\|first1\\=James \\|last2\\=Kamber \\|first2\\=Michael }} {{YouTube\\|OcWG\\-hJbSNo\\|Video coverage of event}} Another 15 soldiers also surrendered elsewhere in the city.", "By this point the Iraqi Health Ministry reported at least 75 civilians killed and 500 injured in fighting in Sadr City and other eastern Baghdad neighbourhoods. The U.S. military sharply disputes the claims, having said that most of those killed were militia members. Two U.S. soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb in eastern Baghdad and one Iraqi policeman was killed in the Amil district by another bomb. A militia member was killed when his RPG misfired.", "U.S. forces stated that they killed a total of 48 militants in Baghdad in the previous 24 hours, while three US Soldiers were killed in the fighting that day.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://icasualties.org/oif/prdDetails.aspx?hndRef%3D3\\-2008 \\|title\\=Period Details \\|access\\-date\\=30 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403055622/http://icasualties.org/oif/prdDetails.aspx?hndRef\\=3\\-2008 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2008 }}", "**30 March**: U.S. forces killed at least 62 fighters in fighting across Baghdad. Another mortar strike, aimed at the Green Zone, killed at least seven Iraqis and wounded 21 when two rounds apparently fell short, striking houses in the commercial district of Karradah. Gunmen also attacked an Iraqi checkpoint in eastern Baghdad, killing six troops. An American soldier was killed by a roadside bomb just north of the city.[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – Air weapons team engages, kills 12 criminals](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17936&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072437/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17936\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – ISF, CF kill 8 criminals, detain 2 others in pursuit to secure streets of Baghdad](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17957&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072533/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17957\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – MND\\-B Soldiers kill 8 criminals in separate operations](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17950&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403031843/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17950\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}[Multi\\-National Force – Iraq – MND\\-B Soldiers kill 2 during routine operation](http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17937&Itemid=128) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403072520/http://www.mnf\\-iraq.com/index.php?option\\=com\\_content\\&task\\=view\\&id\\=17937\\&Itemid\\=128 \\|date\\=3 April 2008 }}", "**31 March**: Mortars fell again on the Green Zone, however there were only sporadic sounds of gunfire in the city, a day after al\\-Sadr declared a new ceasefire. One U.S. soldier was killed on the outskirts of Sadr City by a roadside bomb. Just before the fighting stopped eight civilians were killed in Sadr City due to American shelling.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12609 \\|title\\=Monday: 2 US Soldiers, 50 Iraqis Killed; 45 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|date\\=31 March 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401150911/http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12609 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "**1–5 April**: During this time a cease\\-fire was in effect in Baghdad which eased the violence in the capital. However this will not last.", "**6 April – 11 May**: A U.S. military raid in Sadr City provokes heavy street fighting in the district and most of eastern Baghdad which leads to the collapse of the cease\\-fire in the district. Two Iraqi Army armoured vehicles and two trucks are destroyed and one U.S. Stryker armoured personnel carrier is damaged on the first day of the street battles. U.S. Apache helicopter gunships swooped overhead during the battle. Militants shelled the Green Zone and other U.S. military bases around the capital. Unmanned Predator aircraft fired Hellfire missiles into Sadr City every day targeting the mortar and rocket teams. At least 941 people were killed. Among the dead were 22 U.S. and 17 Iraqi soldiers as well as 331 militants and 591 civilians. 100 U.S. soldiers and more than 1,700 civilians were wounded. 549 of the civilians were killed in Sadr City{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12733 \\|title\\=Wednesday: 2 US Soldiers, 1 US Contractor, 59 Iraqis Killed; 114 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com \\|date\\=23 April 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=24 April 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426015933/http://www.antiwar.com/updates/?articleid\\=12733 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while another 42 were killed in different parts of Baghdad by mortars, fired from Sadr City, which missed the Green Zone. The fighting mostly stopped early on 11 April, as U.S. and Iraqi forces managed to advance down the main road through Sadr City and set up a forward defence line inside the district. However, that night fighting continued as U.S. and Iraqi units were attacked with small\\-arms, machine guns and RPGs. Snipers and roadside bombs were also used against Coalition forces.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/11/iraq.main/index.html \\| work\\=CNN \\| title\\=Iraqi, U.S. troops accused of Sadr City attack – CNN.com \\| date\\=11 April 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=5 May 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413004733/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/11/iraq.main/index.html \\| archive\\-date\\=13 April 2009 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.antiwar.com/ \\|title\\=Antiwar.com \\|access\\-date\\=27 March 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327063906/http://www.antiwar.com/ \\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 17 April, a heavy dust storm engulfed Baghdad and the militiamen used this to their advantage. Gunmen attacked the coalition frontlines under the cover of the storm and heavy fighting ensued. At one point an Iraqi company deserted their position at a police station and the militiamen moved in but U.S. forces moved in soon to fill in the gap in the line. Fighting continued throughout the night and new attacks were staged the next day as the storm continued and U.S. forces were not able to send in helicopters, planes or drones to assist. This day another company of Iraqi soldiers deserted their post after almost being overrun by militants. The fighting finally died down in the evening as the sand storm lifted. In the fighting on 17 and 18 April 17 Iraqi soldiers and 22 militiamen were killed along with a number of civilians.", "On 28 April, another dust storm swept through Baghdad and the Mahdi Army once again attacked the blockades around Sadr City. In an effort to resupply troops conducting extended combat operations, soldiers from [10th Mountain Division](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division \"10th Mountain Division\") staged a 40\\-vehicle resupply convoy; however, Mahdi Army launched a devastating indirect fire attack against FOB Loyalty, killing four U.S. soldiers and injuring twenty others.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/06/mahdi\\_army\\_uses\\_flyi.php\\| title\\=Archived copy\\| access\\-date\\=18 May 2015\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525035609/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/06/mahdi\\_army\\_uses\\_flyi.php\\| archive\\-date\\=25 May 2015\\| url\\-status\\=live}} In the ensuing fighting four more U.S. soldiers, 45 militants and eight civilians were killed.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7370659\\.stm \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=US troops killed in Iraq clashes \\| date\\=28 April 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=5 May 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501144712/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7370659\\.stm \\| archive\\-date\\=1 May 2008 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 29 April, U.S. forces in Stryker vehicles tried to push deeper into Sadr City but were met with stiff resistance from fighters using machine\\-guns and RPGs. After heavy fighting the troops withdrew to their start positions. 28 militants were killed, 6 U.S. soldiers were wounded, several U.S. military vehicles were damaged and three buildings used by militants were destroyed by American bombing during the battle.", "On 3–4 May, an infantry company from the [10th Mountain Division](/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division \"10th Mountain Division\") attempted to isolate the Mahdi Army along the eastern boundary of Sadr City by placing barriers along major intersections. This was an effort to facilitate the Iraqi Army's movement into Sadr City. The U.S. forces met with strong opposition as militants attacked the soldiers with heavy machine guns, RPGs, and IEDs. The unit suffered heavy damages to men, weapons, and equipment, but maintained pressure on the militia and controlled the grounds. Using [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support \"Close air support\"), tanks, and armoured vehicles the soldiers defeated militia strongholds along the eastern sections of Sadr City.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/07/battle\\_over\\_sadr\\_cit.php\\| title\\=Battle over Sadr City Defines Apache Helicopter Regiment's Tour in Iraq – the Long War Journal\\| access\\-date\\=25 July 2011\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229154519/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/07/battle\\_over\\_sadr\\_cit.php\\| archive\\-date\\=29 February 2012\\| url\\-status\\=live}}", "On 8 May, the Iraqi government called on the residents of Sadr City to flee after more than 40 days of fighting, which left between 500 and 1,000 people dead. Due to the nearly constant violence, there are ongoing shortages of food, water, and other supplies.{{cite news\\|last\\=Fadel \\|first\\=Leila \\|title\\=Iraqi military orders Sadr City residents to evacuate \\|publisher\\=McClatchy Newspapers \\|date\\=8 May 2008 \\|url\\=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/36436\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015010410/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/iraq/story/36436\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2008 }}", "On 10 May, Iranian backed \"special groups\" fired a surface\\-to\\-air missile at a US helicopter gunship over Sadr City, the missile was reportedly fired from an unknown location in eastern Baghdad but missed the target, it was reported to be a type 7 SAM.[Zee News – Clashes in Iraq's Sadr City](http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=442786&sid=WOR)", "On 11 May, a cease\\-fire agreement was reached, but despite this some sporadic fighting still continued in Sadr city.", "During the latest round of fighting six Iraqi and three U.S. soldiers, six policemen, one U.S.\\-allied militiaman, 93 militiamen and 30 civilians were killed in clashes between the Mahdi Army and security forces in other parts of the capital.[McClatchy Washington Bureau \\| 04/11/2008 \\| Round\\-up of Daily Violence in Iraq, Friday April 11, 2008](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33381.html) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529035636/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/212/story/33381\\.html \\|date\\=29 May 2008 }}", "**Post\\-11 May:**", "12 May: Overnight clashes in Sadr city continued despite the cease\\-fire, the clashes killed 3 militiamen and 2 civilians and wounded 24 people. US military Spokesman Rear Adm Patrick Driscoll warned that a truce had not yet been brokered and that the Iraqi government and Shiite representatives were still talking, Sadrist lawmaker Nasar al\\-Rubaie said: said talks on final touches to the agreement were continuing. In fighting elsewhere in the capital 12 gunmen were killed.[Zee News – Sadr city](http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=442567&sid=WOR)", "13 May: Clashes between security forces and Shi'ite gunmen killed 2 Iraqi soldiers, 11 militiamen and 12 civilians and wounded 28 people in Baghdad overnight. One of those killed was a seven\\-year\\-old who died after an Iraqi army vehicle ran over him. Fighting also erupted in Baghdad's Shula district, another Mahdi Army stronghold{{Vague\\|date\\=December 2008}}. Also, one U.S. soldier was killed in a roadside bombing in a northwestern part of Baghdad.", "14 May: In overnight clashes five people were killed in Sadr City. Also, two militiamen were killed while planting a bomb during house\\-to\\-house searches in the area.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7401634\\.stm \\| work\\=BBC News \\| title\\=Bombing at Iraq funeral kills 20 \\| date\\=14 May 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=5 May 2010 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930115044/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle\\_east/7401634\\.stm \\| archive\\-date\\=30 September 2009 \\| url\\-status\\=live }}", "15 May: In overnight clashes in Baghdad's Sadr City slum 7 people were killed and 19 were wounded. Two militiamen were also killed.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL0439231320080515 \\| work\\=Reuters \\| title\\=Seven die in clashes in Baghdad's Sadr City \\| first\\=Aseel \\| last\\=Kami \\| date\\=15 May 2008}}", "187 dumped bodies were found during the fighting throughout Baghdad since 23 March, all apparent victims of sectarian violence.", "" ]
Biography --------- MacLeod attended [Ipswich High School](/wiki/Ipswich_High_School_%28Suffolk%29 "Ipswich High School (Suffolk)") and [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University "Durham University"). MacLeod worked as a researcher for the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") before making her on\-screen debut in 1987 on [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4")’s youth show *[Network 7](/wiki/Network_7 "Network 7")*. Other screen credits include channel 4’s *[A Stab in the Dark](/wiki/A_Stab_in_the_Dark_%28TV_series%29 "A Stab in the Dark (TV series)")* with [David Baddiel](/wiki/David_Baddiel "David Baddiel") and [Michael Gove](/wiki/Michael_Gove "Michael Gove"), *All I Want – A Portrait of [Rufus Wainwright](/wiki/Rufus_Wainwright "Rufus Wainwright")*, *[Kitchen Criminals](/wiki/Kitchen_Criminals "Kitchen Criminals")*, *[Masterchef](/wiki/MasterChef_%28UK_TV_series%29 "MasterChef (UK TV series)")*, and voicing over many music documentaries and the long\-running [BBC2](/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two") show *[Rapido](/wiki/Rapido_%28TV_series%29 "Rapido (TV series)")*, presented by [Antoine de Caunes](/wiki/Antoine_de_Caunes "Antoine de Caunes"). She appeared as a guest [interviewer](/wiki/Interviewer "Interviewer") in [Sean Hughes'](/wiki/Sean_Hughes_%28comedian%29 "Sean Hughes (comedian)") 1992 comedy series *[Sean's Show](/wiki/Sean%27s_Show "Sean's Show")*. Her friend [Helen Fielding](/wiki/Helen_Fielding "Helen Fielding") partly based the Jude character in *[Bridget Jones's Diary](/wiki/Bridget_Jones%27s_Diary_%28novel%29 "Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)")* on her, and she appeared as an extra in the literary party scene of the film, directed by [Sharon Maguire](/wiki/Sharon_Maguire "Sharon Maguire"). She was a team captain on the [Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 "BBC Radio 4") music quiz *[All the Way from Memphis](/wiki/All_the_Way_from_Memphis_%28radio_show%29 "All the Way from Memphis (radio show)")*, with [Andrew Collins](/wiki/Andrew_Collins_%28broadcaster%29 "Andrew Collins (broadcaster)"), and a regular contestant on the [Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 "BBC Radio 4") books quiz, *[The Write Stuff](/wiki/The_Write_Stuff "The Write Stuff")*. She was the restaurant critic of *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")* from 1997 until the paper ended its print edition in 2016,{{cite news\|author\=\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\-style/food\-and\-drink/news/macleod\-wins\-top\-guild\-award\-again\-2004782\.html\|title\=MacLeod wins top Guild Award again\|date\=23 October 2011\|newspaper\=\[\[The Independent]]\|accessdate\=13 November 2015}} winning the [Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award](/wiki/Glenfiddich_Spirit_of_Scotland_Award "Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award") for "Restaurant Writer of the Year" in 2003,{{cite journal\|last\=Vaughan\|first\=Tom\|url\=https://www.thecaterer.com/articles/324025/restaurant\-critics\-answer\-your\-questions\|title\=Restaurant critics answer your questions\|date\=16 October 2008\|journal\=\[\[The Caterer]]\|accessdate\=13 November 2015}} and being awarded "Restaurant Writer of the Year" by the [Guild of Food Writers](/wiki/Guild_of_Food_Writers "Guild of Food Writers") in 2008{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gfw.co.uk/awards/?sub\=14\|title\=2008 Awards Winners have been announced\|publisher\=\[\[Guild of Food Writers]]\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917115644/http://www.gfw.co.uk/awards/?sub\=14\|archivedate\=17 September 2008\|accessdate\=13 November 2015}} and 2010\.{{cite web\|last\=Sturgess\|first\=Emma\|url\=http://www.gfw.co.uk/stop\-article.cfm?ArticleID\=446\|title\=Stop Press! Awards 2010\|date\=18 June 2010\|publisher\=Guild of Food Writers\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221041406/http://www.gfw.co.uk/stop\-article.cfm?ArticleID\=446\|archivedate\=21 February 2011\|accessdate\=13 November 2015}} She has also been [literary editor](/wiki/Literary_editor "Literary editor") of *[Marie Claire](/wiki/Marie_Claire "Marie Claire")*, and radio critic of *[The Mail on Sunday](/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday "The Mail on Sunday")*. She is a director of the talent agency KBJ Management,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.kbjmgt.co.uk/company.php\|title\=KBJ: Company\|publisher\=KBJ Management\|url\-status\=dead\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928022338/http://www.kbjmgt.co.uk/company.php\|archivedate\=28 September 2008\|accessdate\=13 November 2015}} where she manages TV presenters including [Simon Amstell](/wiki/Simon_Amstell "Simon Amstell") and [Kevin McCloud](/wiki/Kevin_McCloud "Kevin McCloud"). She is a regular guest critic on *[Masterchef](/wiki/MasterChef_%28British_TV_series%29 "MasterChef (British TV series)")*.
[ "Biography\n---------", "MacLeod attended [Ipswich High School](/wiki/Ipswich_High_School_%28Suffolk%29 \"Ipswich High School (Suffolk)\") and [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University \"Durham University\").", "MacLeod worked as a researcher for the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") before making her on\\-screen debut in 1987 on [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\")’s youth show *[Network 7](/wiki/Network_7 \"Network 7\")*. Other screen credits include channel 4’s *[A Stab in the Dark](/wiki/A_Stab_in_the_Dark_%28TV_series%29 \"A Stab in the Dark (TV series)\")* with [David Baddiel](/wiki/David_Baddiel \"David Baddiel\") and [Michael Gove](/wiki/Michael_Gove \"Michael Gove\"), *All I Want – A Portrait of [Rufus Wainwright](/wiki/Rufus_Wainwright \"Rufus Wainwright\")*, *[Kitchen Criminals](/wiki/Kitchen_Criminals \"Kitchen Criminals\")*, *[Masterchef](/wiki/MasterChef_%28UK_TV_series%29 \"MasterChef (UK TV series)\")*, and voicing over many music documentaries and the long\\-running [BBC2](/wiki/BBC_Two \"BBC Two\") show *[Rapido](/wiki/Rapido_%28TV_series%29 \"Rapido (TV series)\")*, presented by [Antoine de Caunes](/wiki/Antoine_de_Caunes \"Antoine de Caunes\"). She appeared as a guest [interviewer](/wiki/Interviewer \"Interviewer\") in [Sean Hughes'](/wiki/Sean_Hughes_%28comedian%29 \"Sean Hughes (comedian)\") 1992 comedy series *[Sean's Show](/wiki/Sean%27s_Show \"Sean's Show\")*. Her friend [Helen Fielding](/wiki/Helen_Fielding \"Helen Fielding\") partly based the Jude character in *[Bridget Jones's Diary](/wiki/Bridget_Jones%27s_Diary_%28novel%29 \"Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)\")* on her, and she appeared as an extra in the literary party scene of the film, directed by [Sharon Maguire](/wiki/Sharon_Maguire \"Sharon Maguire\").", "She was a team captain on the [Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 \"BBC Radio 4\") music quiz *[All the Way from Memphis](/wiki/All_the_Way_from_Memphis_%28radio_show%29 \"All the Way from Memphis (radio show)\")*, with [Andrew Collins](/wiki/Andrew_Collins_%28broadcaster%29 \"Andrew Collins (broadcaster)\"), and a regular contestant on the [Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 \"BBC Radio 4\") books quiz, *[The Write Stuff](/wiki/The_Write_Stuff \"The Write Stuff\")*.", "She was the restaurant critic of *[The Independent](/wiki/The_Independent \"The Independent\")* from 1997 until the paper ended its print edition in 2016,{{cite news\\|author\\=\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/life\\-style/food\\-and\\-drink/news/macleod\\-wins\\-top\\-guild\\-award\\-again\\-2004782\\.html\\|title\\=MacLeod wins top Guild Award again\\|date\\=23 October 2011\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|accessdate\\=13 November 2015}} winning the [Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award](/wiki/Glenfiddich_Spirit_of_Scotland_Award \"Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award\") for \"Restaurant Writer of the Year\" in 2003,{{cite journal\\|last\\=Vaughan\\|first\\=Tom\\|url\\=https://www.thecaterer.com/articles/324025/restaurant\\-critics\\-answer\\-your\\-questions\\|title\\=Restaurant critics answer your questions\\|date\\=16 October 2008\\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Caterer]]\\|accessdate\\=13 November 2015}} and being awarded \"Restaurant Writer of the Year\" by the [Guild of Food Writers](/wiki/Guild_of_Food_Writers \"Guild of Food Writers\") in 2008{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gfw.co.uk/awards/?sub\\=14\\|title\\=2008 Awards Winners have been announced\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guild of Food Writers]]\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917115644/http://www.gfw.co.uk/awards/?sub\\=14\\|archivedate\\=17 September 2008\\|accessdate\\=13 November 2015}} and 2010\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=Sturgess\\|first\\=Emma\\|url\\=http://www.gfw.co.uk/stop\\-article.cfm?ArticleID\\=446\\|title\\=Stop Press! Awards 2010\\|date\\=18 June 2010\\|publisher\\=Guild of Food Writers\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221041406/http://www.gfw.co.uk/stop\\-article.cfm?ArticleID\\=446\\|archivedate\\=21 February 2011\\|accessdate\\=13 November 2015}} She has also been [literary editor](/wiki/Literary_editor \"Literary editor\") of *[Marie Claire](/wiki/Marie_Claire \"Marie Claire\")*, and radio critic of *[The Mail on Sunday](/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday \"The Mail on Sunday\")*.", "She is a director of the talent agency KBJ Management,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.kbjmgt.co.uk/company.php\\|title\\=KBJ: Company\\|publisher\\=KBJ Management\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928022338/http://www.kbjmgt.co.uk/company.php\\|archivedate\\=28 September 2008\\|accessdate\\=13 November 2015}} where she manages TV presenters including [Simon Amstell](/wiki/Simon_Amstell \"Simon Amstell\") and [Kevin McCloud](/wiki/Kevin_McCloud \"Kevin McCloud\").", "She is a regular guest critic on *[Masterchef](/wiki/MasterChef_%28British_TV_series%29 \"MasterChef (British TV series)\")*.", "" ]
History ------- In 1862, prior to the first sale of land at Bourke, William Sly, Joseph Becker and John Kelly are thought to have constructed the first buildings in Bourke on the banks of the [Darling River](/wiki/Darling_River "Darling River") on what was to become Lots 245 and 6 of Section 1 and Lots 1, 2, 3 and 5 of Section 2 located next to the punt. Sly and Kelly established the first Bourke hotels on their land and Becker established a store. Sly also owned Lot 6, which is the site of the Old London Bank. Bourke was proclaimed a township in 1862 and quickly grew and developed. By 1872 the township's businesses included bakers, cordial manufacturers, tailors, jewellers, market gardeners, and a blacksmith and wheelwright. The growth and development of Bourke continued throughout the 1890s and the early decades of the twentieth century. The telegraph system of communication was supplemented with telephone in 1911 and electricity became available in the early 1930s. With development grew numerous industries. There were two Bourke breweries operating by 1881 as woolstores, and the meat processing and export industry was established in 1889\. The local meat business, Bourke Meat Works closed in 1900 and it was not until 1938 that it was replaced by Tancred Brothers Pty Ltd who established an abattoir in Bourke in 1938\. This business prospered and continued to operate through the 1970s. The industry and business interests in the Bourke community were supported by a growing financial and banking sector. The first bank to open in Bourke was the [Commercial Banking Company of Sydney](/wiki/Commercial_Banking_Company_of_Sydney "Commercial Banking Company of Sydney") in 1865, this was followed by the [Australian Joint Stock Bank](/wiki/Australian_Joint_Stock_Bank "Australian Joint Stock Bank") in 1875, the [Bank of New South Wales](/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales "Bank of New South Wales") in 1877 and by 1881 the [London Chartered Bank of Australia](/wiki/London_Chartered_Bank_of_Australia "London Chartered Bank of Australia") was established in the town, the bank was restructured in 1888 becoming the London Bank of Australia. Most of these banking operations had started their operations in rented rooms in the business district. As they firmed their position in the community most banks purchased property and constructed imposing premises from which to operate. In April 1887 the London Chartered Bank purchased Lot 6 Section 1, which had by this time passed from the ownership of William Sly to Henry and George Colless and eventually to George Allen, Charles Cowper and Jane Becker. By 1887 a prominent firm of architects from [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), Terry and Oakden had been commissioned to design the new London Chartered Bank building and residence. The building was completed by 1889 and the bank operations and the then Bank Manager's family, the Gledhills, moved into the premises on 12 February 1889\. The building housed the operations of the London Bank of Australia from 1889 to 1942\. In 1920 the bank was amalgamated with the [English, Scottish and Australian Bank](/wiki/English%2C_Scottish_and_Australian_Bank "English, Scottish and Australian Bank") (ES\&A) bank. During these years the bank and its managers became part of the fabric of the political social and business life of the Bourke community. The bank managers' families were involved in community affairs such as local sporting event, council business and charitable activities. One bank manager, Mr Gledhill, became Mayor of Bourke and inevitably the Bank as part of its business operations came to hold substantial interests in local pastoral land through the process of administering mortgages on properties. In 1942 the Bank closed its operation in Bourke due to the wartime rationalisation scheme which aimed to free up personnel so they could enlist or contribute to the war effort. The building was purchased in 1942 by the a Sylvia Faith Randall, who immediately transferred ownership to Tancred Brothers who by this time had built a boarding house or hostel on the adjacent property to house their abattoir staff. The hostel was run by a series of managers who were either women or couples. It operated as a hostel until the 1970s. Initially rent was paid directly to the Tancred Brothers who then paid the managers. Later a system was established where the manager collected rent and paid a portion of it to Tancred Brothers. While initially confined to the hostel or barracks building, with an increasing demand for accommodation not only from Tancred employees but also itinerant shearers and others, the boarding house operations gradually encroached onto the nank premises. In 1943 a dining room building was built directly adjacent to the living room and kitchen of the original residence. The manager and her family lived in the original residence and eventually some of Tancreds' more senior employees also lived in rooms in the original residence. In 1946 the [Commonwealth Bank](/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank "Commonwealth Bank") leased the former banking chambers at the Old London Bank. The design of the building ensured that secure banking operations could be maintained even if other parts of the original residence continued to serve as a boarding house and accommodation for the boarding house managers family. The chambers had by this time been partitioned into accommodation quarters and Tancreds agreed to remove these, repair and paint the walls, windows and doors, clean the area, and install certain fittings for the bank. The verandah was enclosed for bathroom facilities in the 1950s. The Commonwealth Bank operated from the Old London Bank's chambers until 1956 when it was again used to accommodate the seasonal surges in Tancred staff numbers. Tancred's operations in Bourke were affected by the periods of drought, industrial action and shifts in the market demand for their products during the 1960s and 1970s. During this period the bank building's use as accommodation quarters ceased and the hostel quarters adjacent closed in 1972\. In 1981 the Bank building was bought and used as a residence and secondhand furniture repair shop. In 1988, the Bourke Historic Buildings Co\-op purchased the building with a grant from the New South Wales Heritage Council. Some restoration was undertaken at this time. In 1993 a Permanent Conservation Order was gazetted for the Old London Bank. Between 1993 and 1997 the Cornerstone Community established backpacker accommodation on the premises. Some maintenance work and renovations were undertaken during the lease period, but towards the end of their tenure some structural problems were identified which required quite extensive maintenance and replacement work. Between 1998 and 1999 vandalism exacerbated the maintenance problems. In 2001 an agreement was struck between Chris Ware and Kristie Smiles and the Bourke Shire Council (for the Historic Building Co\-Op) which allowed for the conservation and repair of the building "in consideration of future ownership". The work began in 2001 and the premises was opened as the Gidgee Guesthouse in 2002\.
[ "History\n-------", "In 1862, prior to the first sale of land at Bourke, William Sly, Joseph Becker and John Kelly are thought to have constructed the first buildings in Bourke on the banks of the [Darling River](/wiki/Darling_River \"Darling River\") on what was to become Lots 245 and 6 of Section 1 and Lots 1, 2, 3 and 5 of Section 2 located next to the punt. Sly and Kelly established the first Bourke hotels on their land and Becker established a store. Sly also owned Lot 6, which is the site of the Old London Bank.", "Bourke was proclaimed a township in 1862 and quickly grew and developed. By 1872 the township's businesses included bakers, cordial manufacturers, tailors, jewellers, market gardeners, and a blacksmith and wheelwright. The growth and development of Bourke continued throughout the 1890s and the early decades of the twentieth century. The telegraph system of communication was supplemented with telephone in 1911 and electricity became available in the early 1930s. With development grew numerous industries. There were two Bourke breweries operating by 1881 as woolstores, and the meat processing and export industry was established in 1889\\. The local meat business, Bourke Meat Works closed in 1900 and it was not until 1938 that it was replaced by Tancred Brothers Pty Ltd who established an abattoir in Bourke in 1938\\. This business prospered and continued to operate through the 1970s.", "The industry and business interests in the Bourke community were supported by a growing financial and banking sector. The first bank to open in Bourke was the [Commercial Banking Company of Sydney](/wiki/Commercial_Banking_Company_of_Sydney \"Commercial Banking Company of Sydney\") in 1865, this was followed by the [Australian Joint Stock Bank](/wiki/Australian_Joint_Stock_Bank \"Australian Joint Stock Bank\") in 1875, the [Bank of New South Wales](/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales \"Bank of New South Wales\") in 1877 and by 1881 the [London Chartered Bank of Australia](/wiki/London_Chartered_Bank_of_Australia \"London Chartered Bank of Australia\") was established in the town, the bank was restructured in 1888 becoming the London Bank of Australia. Most of these banking operations had started their operations in rented rooms in the business district. As they firmed their position in the community most banks purchased property and constructed imposing premises from which to operate.", "In April 1887 the London Chartered Bank purchased Lot 6 Section 1, which had by this time passed from the ownership of William Sly to Henry and George Colless and eventually to George Allen, Charles Cowper and Jane Becker. By 1887 a prominent firm of architects from [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), Terry and Oakden had been commissioned to design the new London Chartered Bank building and residence. The building was completed by 1889 and the bank operations and the then Bank Manager's family, the Gledhills, moved into the premises on 12 February 1889\\.", "The building housed the operations of the London Bank of Australia from 1889 to 1942\\. In 1920 the bank was amalgamated with the [English, Scottish and Australian Bank](/wiki/English%2C_Scottish_and_Australian_Bank \"English, Scottish and Australian Bank\") (ES\\&A) bank. During these years the bank and its managers became part of the fabric of the political social and business life of the Bourke community. The bank managers' families were involved in community affairs such as local sporting event, council business and charitable activities. One bank manager, Mr Gledhill, became Mayor of Bourke and inevitably the Bank as part of its business operations came to hold substantial interests in local pastoral land through the process of administering mortgages on properties.", "In 1942 the Bank closed its operation in Bourke due to the wartime rationalisation scheme which aimed to free up personnel so they could enlist or contribute to the war effort. The building was purchased in 1942 by the a Sylvia Faith Randall, who immediately transferred ownership to Tancred Brothers who by this time had built a boarding house or hostel on the adjacent property to house their abattoir staff.", "The hostel was run by a series of managers who were either women or couples. It operated as a hostel until the 1970s. Initially rent was paid directly to the Tancred Brothers who then paid the managers. Later a system was established where the manager collected rent and paid a portion of it to Tancred Brothers. While initially confined to the hostel or barracks building, with an increasing demand for accommodation not only from Tancred employees but also itinerant shearers and others, the boarding house operations gradually encroached onto the nank premises. In 1943 a dining room building was built directly adjacent to the living room and kitchen of the original residence. The manager and her family lived in the original residence and eventually some of Tancreds' more senior employees also lived in rooms in the original residence.", "In 1946 the [Commonwealth Bank](/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank \"Commonwealth Bank\") leased the former banking chambers at the Old London Bank. The design of the building ensured that secure banking operations could be maintained even if other parts of the original residence continued to serve as a boarding house and accommodation for the boarding house managers family. The chambers had by this time been partitioned into accommodation quarters and Tancreds agreed to remove these, repair and paint the walls, windows and doors, clean the area, and install certain fittings for the bank. The verandah was enclosed for bathroom facilities in the 1950s.", "The Commonwealth Bank operated from the Old London Bank's chambers until 1956 when it was again used to accommodate the seasonal surges in Tancred staff numbers. Tancred's operations in Bourke were affected by the periods of drought, industrial action and shifts in the market demand for their products during the 1960s and 1970s. During this period the bank building's use as accommodation quarters ceased and the hostel quarters adjacent closed in 1972\\.", "In 1981 the Bank building was bought and used as a residence and secondhand furniture repair shop. In 1988, the Bourke Historic Buildings Co\\-op purchased the building with a grant from the New South Wales Heritage Council. Some restoration was undertaken at this time. In 1993 a Permanent Conservation Order was gazetted for the Old London Bank.", "Between 1993 and 1997 the Cornerstone Community established backpacker accommodation on the premises. Some maintenance work and renovations were undertaken during the lease period, but towards the end of their tenure some structural problems were identified which required quite extensive maintenance and replacement work.", "Between 1998 and 1999 vandalism exacerbated the maintenance problems.", "In 2001 an agreement was struck between Chris Ware and Kristie Smiles and the Bourke Shire Council (for the Historic Building Co\\-Op) which allowed for the conservation and repair of the building \"in consideration of future ownership\". The work began in 2001 and the premises was opened as the Gidgee Guesthouse in 2002\\.", "" ]
Heritage listing ---------------- The Old London Bank in Bourke was built on the site of the town's first land sale in 1862\. The bank reflects the opulent buildings that sprang up during the town's boom period when Bourke was a major river port for the expanding wool trade.AHC press release, 5/04 The site of the old London Bank is able to demonstrate the planning of the township of Bourke and its early subdivision. The old London Bank is an important and rare example of Victorian style bank architecture resulting from a period of prosperity in the region and the prediction of continuity. It demonstrates Bourke's recognition of financial institutions and business people and position as a significant inland riverport, rail head and business centre important in the further development of western NSW at the turn of the century and in the early decades of the twentieth century. The combined banking chamber and residence retains its two\-storey Victorian character, form and planning and contributes to the historic streetscape. It is the only surviving example of nineteenth century banking in Bourke. The barracks and dining room are reminders of a period of ownership by Tancred Brothers, a significant local industry, and its use as a boarding house for their employees, many of whom were migrants. The old London Bank is a major landmark in Bourke. The site's successful adaptation as backpackers accommodation is evidence of the growth of two new industries in Bourke \- that of tourism and heritage. Old London Bank Building was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. **The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.** The configuration of the site of the Old London Bank of Australia demonstrates the first subdivision of allotments for the township of Bourke in 1862\. It is evidence of a period of economic expansion in Bourke in the nineteenth century that encouraged banks to establish larger more permanent officers in the Darling River Town thus facilitation the settlement and development of the then remote areas of western NSW. The premises were operated exclusively as a bank and managers residence for 53 years. Closure of the branch in 1942 was evidence of the pressure on Australian financial institutions to rationalise staff and resources in support of the war effort. The construction of the "barracks" and Tancred's dining room {{circa}} 1943 on the site is evidence of Tancred Brothers' provision of accommodation for their employees, including many new migrants. The continuing, though sporadic use of the buildings for accommodation reflects ongoing demand for casual lodging for itinerant workers and tourists. The site and its buildings continue to meet the needs of the local tourism industry at the same time emphasising several phases of Bourke's rich heritage and its contribution to the opening up and development of the State during the late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century. **The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.** The Old London Bank, Bourke is associated with the rapid development and gradual implementation of controls on the Australian Banking industry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The building is associated with the managers, the staff and their families who came to Bourke for professional reasons and participated in and contributed to community activities. It is also associated with the banks local clients who relied on the bank for financial advice and to support their business interests. The Old London Bank has a strong association with Tancred Brothers Pty Ltd through the boarding house that they established on the site {{circa}} 1943 to accommodate meatworks employees. Fluctuations in the need to accommodate the rural workforce reflected cycle of boom and bust in the Australian Meat and Livestock industry. The design of the Old London Bank is associated with Terry and Oakden, prominent bank architects based in Voctoria. The design of the building is not typical of the style for which they are best known. although the face brick treatment is reminiscent of Oakden. **The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.** The Old London Bank is a good example of the character and style of financial institution architecture of the Victorian era. Like other bank building the combined banking chamber and residence demonstrates the scale planning, symmetry and landmark qualities associated with public buildings. The scale and detailing of the impressive edifice demonstrates the social and economic importance of banking and banks. The building is evidence of the status that nineteenth century banks with to convey to customers and their optimism about the town's future. As such the building is a landmark building in the streetscape and provides a link with other nineteenth and early twentieth century elements in Oxlet Street such as the Post Office and Court House. The deep verandah, sliding timber shutters and closable wall vents are important in demonstrating the methods architects Terry and Oakden, to deal with a hot and dusty environment such as that found in areas in western NSW. **The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.** The Old London Bank is held in high regard by the community as demonstrated by its inclusion on the Register of the National Trust, the State Heritage Register, State Heritage InventoryNo. 1220004 and Bourke Shire Council's LEP Heritage Schedule. The old London Bank has a strong association with the Bourke community as a reminder of the significance of the bank as an institution integral to rural investment. It has a special association with the families of Bank Managers who were posted to Bourke, for whom it was often the first experience of life in western NSW. The building's survival into the twenty\-first century, adaptation for tourist accommodation and restoration is evidence of the community's awareness and appreciation of Bourke's heritage. **The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.** The Old London Bank has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the building materials and methods used in building in hot and dusty, outback environments such as Bourke in western NSW. Some of the site is relatively undisturbed and has the potential to provide evidence of prior occupation in addition to superseded structures such as the stables, coach house, drains, cisterns and wells. **The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.** The Old London Bank is a rare example of a nineteenth century banking building institution in Bourke. It is a rare reminder of Bourke's boomtime period and reputation as a key inland port, railhead and pastoral centre crucial in the opening up and development of western NSW in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. **The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.** The scale, form and planning of the Old London Bank is broadly representative of regional bank architecture of the late nineteenth century.
[ "Heritage listing\n----------------", "The Old London Bank in Bourke was built on the site of the town's first land sale in 1862\\. The bank reflects the\nopulent buildings that sprang up during the town's boom period when Bourke was a major river port for the expanding wool trade.AHC press release, 5/04", "The site of the old London Bank is able to demonstrate the planning of the township of Bourke and its early subdivision. The old London Bank is an important and rare example of Victorian style bank architecture resulting from a period of prosperity in the region and the prediction of continuity. It demonstrates Bourke's recognition of financial institutions and business people and position as a significant inland riverport, rail head and business centre important in the further development of western NSW at the turn of the century and in the early decades of the twentieth century.", "The combined banking chamber and residence retains its two\\-storey Victorian character, form and planning and contributes to the historic streetscape. It is the only surviving example of nineteenth century banking in Bourke.", "The barracks and dining room are reminders of a period of ownership by Tancred Brothers, a significant local industry, and its use as a boarding house for their employees, many of whom were migrants.", "The old London Bank is a major landmark in Bourke. The site's successful adaptation as backpackers accommodation is evidence of the growth of two new industries in Bourke \\- that of tourism and heritage.", "Old London Bank Building was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**", "The configuration of the site of the Old London Bank of Australia demonstrates the first subdivision of allotments for the township of Bourke in 1862\\. It is evidence of a period of economic expansion in Bourke in the nineteenth century that encouraged banks to establish larger more permanent officers in the Darling River Town thus facilitation the settlement and development of the then remote areas of western NSW.", "The premises were operated exclusively as a bank and managers residence for 53 years. Closure of the branch in 1942 was evidence of the pressure on Australian financial institutions to rationalise staff and resources in support of the war effort. The construction of the \"barracks\" and Tancred's dining room {{circa}} 1943 on the site is evidence of Tancred Brothers' provision of accommodation for their employees, including many new migrants. The continuing, though sporadic use of the buildings for accommodation reflects ongoing demand for casual lodging for itinerant workers and tourists. The site and its buildings continue to meet the needs of the local tourism industry at the same time emphasising several phases of Bourke's rich heritage and its contribution to the opening up and development of the State during the late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century.", "**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**", "The Old London Bank, Bourke is associated with the rapid development and gradual implementation of controls on the Australian Banking industry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The building is associated with the managers, the staff and their families who came to Bourke for professional reasons and participated in and contributed to community activities. It is also associated with the banks local clients who relied on the bank for financial advice and to support their business interests.", "The Old London Bank has a strong association with Tancred Brothers Pty Ltd through the boarding house that they established on the site {{circa}} 1943 to accommodate meatworks employees. Fluctuations in the need to accommodate the rural workforce reflected cycle of boom and bust in the Australian Meat and Livestock industry.", "The design of the Old London Bank is associated with Terry and Oakden, prominent bank architects based in Voctoria. The design of the building is not typical of the style for which they are best known. although the face brick treatment is reminiscent of Oakden.", "**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**", "The Old London Bank is a good example of the character and style of financial institution architecture of the Victorian era. Like other bank building the combined banking chamber and residence demonstrates the scale planning, symmetry and landmark qualities associated with public buildings. The scale and detailing of the impressive edifice demonstrates the social and economic importance of banking and banks. The building is evidence of the status that nineteenth century banks with to convey to customers and their optimism about the town's future. As such the building is a landmark building in the streetscape and provides a link with other nineteenth and early twentieth century elements in Oxlet Street such as the Post Office and Court House.", "The deep verandah, sliding timber shutters and closable wall vents are important in demonstrating the methods architects Terry and Oakden, to deal with a hot and dusty environment such as that found in areas in western NSW.", "**The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**", "The Old London Bank is held in high regard by the community as demonstrated by its inclusion on the Register of the National Trust, the State Heritage Register, State Heritage InventoryNo. 1220004 and Bourke Shire Council's LEP Heritage Schedule.", "The old London Bank has a strong association with the Bourke community as a reminder of the significance of the bank as an institution integral to rural investment. It has a special association with the families of Bank Managers who were posted to Bourke, for whom it was often the first experience of life in western NSW.", "The building's survival into the twenty\\-first century, adaptation for tourist accommodation and restoration is evidence of the community's awareness and appreciation of Bourke's heritage.", "**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**", "The Old London Bank has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the building materials and methods used in building in hot and dusty, outback environments such as Bourke in western NSW.", "Some of the site is relatively undisturbed and has the potential to provide evidence of prior occupation in addition to superseded structures such as the stables, coach house, drains, cisterns and wells.", "**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**", "The Old London Bank is a rare example of a nineteenth century banking building institution in Bourke. It is a rare reminder of Bourke's boomtime period and reputation as a key inland port, railhead and pastoral centre crucial in the opening up and development of western NSW in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**", "The scale, form and planning of the Old London Bank is broadly representative of regional bank architecture of the late nineteenth century.", "" ]
Biography --------- [thumb\|[Warsaw Conservatory](/wiki/Music_school "Music school"), prior the [Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising "Warsaw Uprising")](/wiki/File:Konserwatorium_Muzyczne_w_Warszawie_przed_1939.jpg "Konserwatorium Muzyczne w Warszawie przed 1939.jpg") [thumb\|The building of the Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/File:Bdg_Filharmonia_fr_1_07-2013.jpg "Bdg Filharmonia fr 1 07-2013.jpg") [thumb\|The current seat of the Bydgoszcz Scientific Society, at 8 [Jezuicka Street](/wiki/Jezuicka_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "Jezuicka Street in Bydgoszcz")](/wiki/File:Bdg_Jezuicka_8_07-2013.jpg "Bdg Jezuicka 8 07-2013.jpg") [thumb\|The BWA building with the connection to the Pomeranian Arts House on the left](/wiki/File:BWA_2.jpg "BWA 2.jpg") [thumb\|The building of the Bydgoszcz Music Academy](/wiki/File:Akademia_Muzyczna_Bydgoszcz%2C_ul._S%C5%82owackiego_7%2C_by_AW.jpg "Akademia Muzyczna Bydgoszcz, ul. Słowackiego 7, by AW.jpg") [thumb\|Ostromecko old palace where the Szwalbe piano collection is exhibited](/wiki/File:Ostromecko_palac_Mostowskich_3_10-2013.jpg "Ostromecko palac Mostowskich 3 10-2013.jpg") ### Pre\-WWI period Andrzej Szwalbe was born on 30 June 1923 in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw"). His mother was Eufemia née Sobieraj and his father Sylwester Jan Szwalbe. The latter worked as a tax clerk. His mother had a pivotal influence in the way Andrzej led his life: she believed that his duty was to serve his homeland in the field of high culture and that it was his life's important mission. She loved to read difficult books on national, social and philosophical topics to him.{{cite web \|url\=http://tygodnikbydgoski.pl/wydarzenia/andrzej\-szwalbe\-wyrastal\-ponad\-przecietnosc\-rozmowa \|title\=Andrzej Szwalbe wyrastał ponad przeciętność \[ROZMOWA] \|last\=Gill \|first\=Magdalena \|date\=26 September 2017 \|website\=tygodnikbydgoski.pl \|publisher\=Tygodnik Bydgoski \|access\-date\=11 August 2020}} Andrzej studied in Warsaw at *[Mikołaj Rej](/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Rej "Mikołaj Rej")* secondary school No. 11 and *[Adam Mickiewicz](/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz "Adam Mickiewicz")* secondary school No. 4\. Encouraged by his mother to develop and take on self\-discipline, he also attended the music school at [Chopin University of Music](/wiki/Chopin_University_of_Music "Chopin University of Music"), where he was a piano student in the class of professor Paweł Lewicki. There he met later famous Polish musicians, such as [Witold Lutosławski](/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski "Witold Lutosławski").{{cite web \|url\=https://archiwummuzyczne.pl/musics/people/57 \|title\=OSOBY Szwalbe Andrzej \|date\=2013 \|website\=archiwummuzyczne.pl \|publisher\=Akademia Muzyczna w Bydgoszczy Muzyczne Archiwum Pomorza i Kujaw \|access\-date\=11 August 2020}} During the Nazi [occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 "Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)"), while he was completing his first year of law studies at the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw "University of Warsaw"), he also worked as a messenger. In 1944, he was arrested and imprisoned by the Germans in the [internment camp 121](/wiki/Internment_camp "Internment camp") of [Pruszków](/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w "Pruszków"); from here he escaped to [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w "Kraków"). ### Polish People's Republic years After World War II, Szwalbe lived in [Ciechocinek](/wiki/Ciechocinek "Ciechocinek") but soon he moved to [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz "Bydgoszcz"). In 1948, he graduated from law studies at [Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń](/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84 "Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń"){{cite web \|url\=https://bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl/odszedl\-wizjoner/ar/c13\-5647711 \|title\=Odszedł wizjoner \|last\=Żuchlińska\|first\=Monika\|date\=13 November 2002 \|website\=bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl \|publisher\=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. \|access\-date\=11 August 2020}} and for three years he worked at the university in different positions as an assistant, a lecturer and then head of the [Human resources](/wiki/Human_resources "Human resources") department. However, he was more enthusiastic to become a cultural activist rather than develop his career as a lawyer. In 1949, Szwalbe made himself known to the public by giving a spontaneous speech during a concert of the *Pomeranian Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra* (the ancestor of the *[Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic "Pomeranian Philharmonic")*) at the Bydgoszcz [Chamber theatre](/wiki/Chamber_theatre "Chamber theatre") on [Grodzka Street](/wiki/Grodzka_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "Grodzka Street in Bydgoszcz") for a petition demanding not to abandon the Orchestra.{{cite book \|last\=Piórek \|first\=Magdalena \|date\=2001 \|title\=Jeden człowiek, a jakby instytucja. Kalendarz Bydgoski \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Towarzystwo Miłószników Miasta Bydgoszczy}} After collecting thousands of signatures, Szwalbe went to the administrative authorities to make his point. This event made him a recognizable figure in the local society. In 1951, he was appointed administrative director of the *Pomeranian Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra*. A year later, his efforts were rewarded. As by the decision of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage on 15 December 1952, the Pomeranian Symphony Orchestra, operating since 1946, in recognition of its high level and merits in the promotion of music, was nationalized on 1 January 1953,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.filharmonia.bydgoszcz.pl/poprzedni\-dyrektorzy/andrzej\-szwalbe/ \|title\=Andrzej Szwalbe\|date\=2019 \|website\=filharmonia.bydgoszcz.pl \|publisher\=Filharmonia Pomorska Im. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego w Bydgoszczy\|access\-date\=11 August 2020}} taking the name of *[Ignacy Jan Paderewski](/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski "Ignacy Jan Paderewski") [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic "Pomeranian Philharmonic").* Andrzej Szwalbe was designated as the head of the *Social Committee for the Construction of the Philharmonic* ({{lang\-pl\|Społeczny Komitet Budowy Filharmonii}}). The building was erected three years later, with an inaugural concert performed on 16 November 1956, broadcast on the [Polish Radio](/wiki/Polskie_Radio "Polskie Radio"). The architecture of the newly built edifice in Bydgoszcz, designed by [Stefan Klajbor](/wiki/Stefan_Klajbor "Stefan Klajbor"), referred to the [National Philharmonic](/wiki/National_Philharmonic_in_Warsaw "National Philharmonic in Warsaw") in Warsaw. In the following years, Szwalbe carried out several new projects: * with [Marian Turwid](/wiki/Marian_Turwid "Marian Turwid") he co\-initiated the *Bydgoszcz Scientific Society* ({{lang\-pl\|Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe}}) in 1959; * he was the initiator of the erection of the [Opera Nova](/wiki/Opera_Nova_Bydgoszcz "Opera Nova Bydgoszcz") (opened in 2006\) in the city. Szwalbe was the direct manager of the project for many years after the start of construction in 1973; * in 1961, he launched a publishing series at the Pomeranian Philharmonic, entitled *The history of Polish music in Pomerania* ({{lang\-pl\|Z dziejów muzyki polskiej na Pomorzu}}). He initiated the establishment of a branch of the *Scientific and Research Station of the Institute of [Musicology](/wiki/Musicology "Musicology")* from the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw "University of Warsaw") in Bydgoszcz. He conducted extensive scientific activity in coordination with both institutions and the *Bydgoszcz Scientific Society*, . In 1962, together with Stanisław Gałoński, a [music director](/wiki/Music_director "Music director") and musicologist from Kraków, Andrzej Szwalbe established the *[Capella Bydgostiensis](/wiki/Capella_Bydgostiensis "Capella Bydgostiensis")*, one of the leading Polish [chamber orchestras](/wiki/Chamber_music "Chamber music") dedicated to [Early Music](/wiki/Early_Music "Early Music"). A year later, he inaugurated the *Polish Music Festival*, which later transformed into the *Bydgoszcz Music Festival* ({{lang\-pl\|Bydgoski Festiwal Muzyczny}}). In 1966, with the help of musicologist [Zofia Lissa](/wiki/Zofia_Lissa "Zofia Lissa") and prof. Hieronim Feicht (then manager of the Polish music department at the University of Warsaw),{{cite book \|last\=Łukaszek \|first\=Ewa \|date\=1984 \|title\=35 lat Filharmonii Pomorskiej. Kalendarz Bydgoski\|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy \|pages\=43–47}} Szwalbe set up the international festivals and musicological congresses *Musica Antiqua Europae Orientalis (MAEO)*, which have become a recognized event in Europe and contributed to the increased visibility and popularity of music from [Central and Eastern Europe](/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe "Central and Eastern Europe") in the world. The achievements of the scientific congresses partnering the MAEO sessions were compiled into several books (e.g. *Acta Scientifica*) and through the publishing series *Monumenta MAEO* promote Polish music and culture worldwide. In 1970, thanks to Szwalbe's efforts, a new gallery for the *Municipal Art Gallery BWA* was erected at 20 [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz"). He played a decisive role in opening a Bydgoszcz branch of the [Academy of Music in Łódź](/wiki/Academy_of_Music_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA "Academy of Music in Łódź") in 1974, which afterwards became an independent institution, the [Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy](/wiki/Feliks_Nowowiejski_Music_Academy "Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy").{{cite book \|last\=Łukaszek \|first\=Ewa \|date\=1982 \|title\=Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Muzyczna im. Feliksa Nowowiejskiego. Kalendarz Bydgoski \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Towarzystwo Miłószników Miasta Bydgoszczy}} To house the latter, Szwalbe took control of the historic [building](/wiki/Main_building_of_Bydgoszcz_Music_Academy "Main building of Bydgoszcz Music Academy") of the Prussian [administrative region](/wiki/Bromberg_%28region%29 "Bromberg (region)") in 1975, located at the corner of [Słowackiego](/wiki/S%C5%82owackiego_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "Słowackiego Street in Bydgoszcz") and [20 Stycznia 1920](/wiki/20_Stycznia_1920_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz") streets. Taking specific care to the high artistic level of Bydgoszcz ensembles of the Philharmonic, Andrzej Szwalbe commissioned outstanding Polish composers to write dedicated works, such as the piece for [baritone](/wiki/Baritone "Baritone") and [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra"), *Gray Fog* ({{lang\-pl\|Siwa Mgła}}) by [Wojciech Kilar](/wiki/Wojciech_Kilar "Wojciech Kilar"). He intended the Philharmonic to be a cultural melting\-pot, combining music with various art disciplines. To achieve this, over the years he built several collections inside the building of the [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic "Pomeranian Philharmonic"), all related to music: * a gallery of sculptural portraits of musicians; * a [tapestry](/wiki/Tapestry "Tapestry") collection; * a unique collection of 18th and 19th century [pianos](/wiki/Piano "Piano"). Nowadays, the *Andrzej Szwalbe Collection* is visible in nearby [Ostromecko palace](/wiki/Palaces_and_park_ensemble_in_Ostromecko "Palaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko"). He also made his vision of a *Music District* in Bydgoszcz a reality by developing the area around the seat of the Philharmonic by installing cultural and educational institutions (i.e. Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy, [Music Schools Group](/wiki/Music_Schools_Group_in_Bydgoszcz "Music Schools Group in Bydgoszcz"), [Jan Kochanowski Park](/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski_Park_in_Bydgoszcz "Jan Kochanowski Park in Bydgoszcz")) in the neighbourhood. In particular, the park harbours an [outdoor gallery of monuments dedicated to composers and virtuosos](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic%23Outdoor_gallery "Pomeranian Philharmonic#Outdoor gallery"). At the beginning of the 1980s, Szwalbe came up with the idea of restoring the splendor and culture\-centric functions to nearby palaces of [Ostromecko](/wiki/Ostromecko "Ostromecko") and [Lubostroń](/wiki/Lubostro%C5%84 "Lubostroń").{{cite web \|url\=https://visitbydgoszcz.pl/en/discover/bydgoszcz\-surroundings/3022\-ostromecko \|title\=Ostromecko\|date\=2018 \|website\=visitbydgoszcz.pl \|publisher\=Bydgoskie Centrum Informacji \|access\-date\=10 August 2020}} In the former, he set up a gallery of Polish contemporary [paintings](/wiki/Painting "Painting") and [graphics](/wiki/Graphics "Graphics") from [Tadeusz Brzozowski](/wiki/Tadeusz_Brzozowski_%28painter%29 "Tadeusz Brzozowski (painter)"). He envisioned the *Palace and park ensemble* in Ostromecko to fulfill the role of a *Bydgoszcz [Wilanów](/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace "Wilanów Palace")*. He expanded the cultural life in Bydgoszcz with consistency, foresight and optimism. He was deeply emotionally connected with the city. ### Third Polish Republic After retiring in 1991 and handing over the director position of the Philharmonic to Eleonora Harendarska, Szwalbe retained his interest in cultural life and spoke on many issues both on a local and national level. He was awarded the title of *Honorary Director of the [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic "Pomeranian Philharmonic")* and received the title of *Honorary Citizens of Bydgoszcz* in 1993\. Andrzej Szwalbe was a modest and very hardworking man and a lover of art and music. He was able to successfully implement his visions and dreams in difficult times ([Polish People's Republic](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic "Polish People's Republic")) while overshadowing his merits, not caring about any personal benefits. He was an outstanding creator of culture in Bydgoszcz, but also a person of merit for Polish culture. Szwalbe's vision, consistency in action, mediation skills, as well as great erudition and even greater modesty were always emphasized. His closest musical friends, outstanding Polish composers ([Wojciech Kilar](/wiki/Wojciech_Kilar "Wojciech Kilar"), [Henryk Mikołaj Górecki](/wiki/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki "Henryk Mikołaj Górecki"), [Krzysztof Penderecki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki "Krzysztof Penderecki")) talked about him as a showcase of Bydgoszcz culture. Andrzej Szwalbe died suddenly on 11 November 2002 in Bydgoszcz, surviving only one month to his wife, Dobrosława. He was buried in the Catholic cemetery of the Sacred Heart of Jesus at 2 Ludwikowo street in Bydgoszcz.
[ "Biography\n---------", "[thumb\\|[Warsaw Conservatory](/wiki/Music_school \"Music school\"), prior the [Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising \"Warsaw Uprising\")](/wiki/File:Konserwatorium_Muzyczne_w_Warszawie_przed_1939.jpg \"Konserwatorium Muzyczne w Warszawie przed 1939.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The building of the Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/File:Bdg_Filharmonia_fr_1_07-2013.jpg \"Bdg Filharmonia fr 1 07-2013.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The current seat of the Bydgoszcz Scientific Society, at 8 [Jezuicka Street](/wiki/Jezuicka_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Jezuicka Street in Bydgoszcz\")](/wiki/File:Bdg_Jezuicka_8_07-2013.jpg \"Bdg Jezuicka 8 07-2013.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The BWA building with the connection to the Pomeranian Arts House on the left](/wiki/File:BWA_2.jpg \"BWA 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|The building of the Bydgoszcz Music Academy](/wiki/File:Akademia_Muzyczna_Bydgoszcz%2C_ul._S%C5%82owackiego_7%2C_by_AW.jpg \"Akademia Muzyczna Bydgoszcz, ul. Słowackiego 7, by AW.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Ostromecko old palace where the Szwalbe piano collection is exhibited](/wiki/File:Ostromecko_palac_Mostowskich_3_10-2013.jpg \"Ostromecko palac Mostowskich 3 10-2013.jpg\")", "### Pre\\-WWI period", "Andrzej Szwalbe was born on 30 June 1923 in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\"). His mother was Eufemia née Sobieraj and his father Sylwester Jan Szwalbe. The latter worked as a tax clerk. His mother had a pivotal influence in the way Andrzej led his life: she believed that his duty was to serve his homeland in the field of high culture and that it was his life's important mission. She loved to read difficult books on national, social and philosophical topics to him.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://tygodnikbydgoski.pl/wydarzenia/andrzej\\-szwalbe\\-wyrastal\\-ponad\\-przecietnosc\\-rozmowa \\|title\\=Andrzej Szwalbe wyrastał ponad przeciętność \\[ROZMOWA] \\|last\\=Gill \\|first\\=Magdalena \\|date\\=26 September 2017 \\|website\\=tygodnikbydgoski.pl \\|publisher\\=Tygodnik Bydgoski \\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2020}}", "Andrzej studied in Warsaw at *[Mikołaj Rej](/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Rej \"Mikołaj Rej\")* secondary school No. 11 and *[Adam Mickiewicz](/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz \"Adam Mickiewicz\")* secondary school No. 4\\. Encouraged by his mother to develop and take on self\\-discipline, he also attended the music school at [Chopin University of Music](/wiki/Chopin_University_of_Music \"Chopin University of Music\"), where he was a piano student in the class of professor Paweł Lewicki. There he met later famous Polish musicians, such as [Witold Lutosławski](/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski \"Witold Lutosławski\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://archiwummuzyczne.pl/musics/people/57 \\|title\\=OSOBY Szwalbe Andrzej \\|date\\=2013 \\|website\\=archiwummuzyczne.pl \\|publisher\\=Akademia Muzyczna w Bydgoszczy Muzyczne Archiwum Pomorza i Kujaw \\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2020}}", "During the Nazi [occupation](/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_%281939%E2%80%931945%29 \"Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)\"), while he was completing his first year of law studies at the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw \"University of Warsaw\"), he also worked as a messenger. In 1944, he was arrested and imprisoned by the Germans in the [internment camp 121](/wiki/Internment_camp \"Internment camp\") of [Pruszków](/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w \"Pruszków\"); from here he escaped to [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\").", "### Polish People's Republic years", "After World War II, Szwalbe lived in [Ciechocinek](/wiki/Ciechocinek \"Ciechocinek\") but soon he moved to [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz \"Bydgoszcz\"). In 1948, he graduated from law studies at [Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń](/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84 \"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl/odszedl\\-wizjoner/ar/c13\\-5647711 \\|title\\=Odszedł wizjoner \\|last\\=Żuchlińska\\|first\\=Monika\\|date\\=13 November 2002 \\|website\\=bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl \\|publisher\\=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. \\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2020}} and for three years he worked at the university in different positions as an assistant, a lecturer and then head of the [Human resources](/wiki/Human_resources \"Human resources\") department. However, he was more enthusiastic to become a cultural activist rather than develop his career as a lawyer. In 1949, Szwalbe made himself known to the public by giving a spontaneous speech during a concert of the *Pomeranian Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra* (the ancestor of the *[Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic \"Pomeranian Philharmonic\")*) at the Bydgoszcz [Chamber theatre](/wiki/Chamber_theatre \"Chamber theatre\") on [Grodzka Street](/wiki/Grodzka_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Grodzka Street in Bydgoszcz\") for a petition demanding not to abandon the Orchestra.{{cite book \\|last\\=Piórek \\|first\\=Magdalena \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Jeden człowiek, a jakby instytucja. Kalendarz Bydgoski \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Miłószników Miasta Bydgoszczy}} After collecting thousands of signatures, Szwalbe went to the administrative authorities to make his point. This event made him a recognizable figure in the local society.", "In 1951, he was appointed administrative director of the *Pomeranian Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra*. A year later, his efforts were rewarded. As by the decision of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage on 15 December 1952, the Pomeranian Symphony Orchestra, operating since 1946, in recognition of its high level and merits in the promotion of music, was nationalized on 1 January 1953,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.filharmonia.bydgoszcz.pl/poprzedni\\-dyrektorzy/andrzej\\-szwalbe/ \\|title\\=Andrzej Szwalbe\\|date\\=2019 \\|website\\=filharmonia.bydgoszcz.pl \\|publisher\\=Filharmonia Pomorska Im. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego w Bydgoszczy\\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2020}} taking the name of *[Ignacy Jan Paderewski](/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski \"Ignacy Jan Paderewski\") [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic \"Pomeranian Philharmonic\").* Andrzej Szwalbe was designated as the head of the *Social Committee for the Construction of the Philharmonic* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Społeczny Komitet Budowy Filharmonii}}). The building was erected three years later, with an inaugural concert performed on 16 November 1956, broadcast on the [Polish Radio](/wiki/Polskie_Radio \"Polskie Radio\"). The architecture of the newly built edifice in Bydgoszcz, designed by [Stefan Klajbor](/wiki/Stefan_Klajbor \"Stefan Klajbor\"), referred to the [National Philharmonic](/wiki/National_Philharmonic_in_Warsaw \"National Philharmonic in Warsaw\") in Warsaw.", "In the following years, Szwalbe carried out several new projects: \n* with [Marian Turwid](/wiki/Marian_Turwid \"Marian Turwid\") he co\\-initiated the *Bydgoszcz Scientific Society* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe}}) in 1959;\n* he was the initiator of the erection of the [Opera Nova](/wiki/Opera_Nova_Bydgoszcz \"Opera Nova Bydgoszcz\") (opened in 2006\\) in the city. Szwalbe was the direct manager of the project for many years after the start of construction in 1973;\n* in 1961, he launched a publishing series at the Pomeranian Philharmonic, entitled *The history of Polish music in Pomerania* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Z dziejów muzyki polskiej na Pomorzu}}).", "He initiated the establishment of a branch of the *Scientific and Research Station of the Institute of [Musicology](/wiki/Musicology \"Musicology\")* from the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw \"University of Warsaw\") in Bydgoszcz. He conducted extensive scientific activity in coordination with both institutions and the *Bydgoszcz Scientific Society*, .", "In 1962, together with Stanisław Gałoński, a [music director](/wiki/Music_director \"Music director\") and musicologist from Kraków, Andrzej Szwalbe established the *[Capella Bydgostiensis](/wiki/Capella_Bydgostiensis \"Capella Bydgostiensis\")*, one of the leading Polish [chamber orchestras](/wiki/Chamber_music \"Chamber music\") dedicated to [Early Music](/wiki/Early_Music \"Early Music\"). A year later, he inaugurated the *Polish Music Festival*, which later transformed into the *Bydgoszcz Music Festival* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Bydgoski Festiwal Muzyczny}}).", "In 1966, with the help of musicologist [Zofia Lissa](/wiki/Zofia_Lissa \"Zofia Lissa\") and prof. Hieronim Feicht (then manager of the Polish music department at the University of Warsaw),{{cite book \\|last\\=Łukaszek \\|first\\=Ewa \\|date\\=1984 \\|title\\=35 lat Filharmonii Pomorskiej. Kalendarz Bydgoski\\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy \\|pages\\=43–47}} Szwalbe set up the international festivals and musicological congresses *Musica Antiqua Europae Orientalis (MAEO)*, which have become a recognized event in Europe and contributed to the increased visibility and popularity of music from [Central and Eastern Europe](/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe \"Central and Eastern Europe\") in the world. The achievements of the scientific congresses partnering the MAEO sessions were compiled into several books (e.g. *Acta Scientifica*) and through the publishing series *Monumenta MAEO* promote Polish music and culture worldwide.", "In 1970, thanks to Szwalbe's efforts, a new gallery for the *Municipal Art Gallery BWA* was erected at 20 [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz\"). He played a decisive role in opening a Bydgoszcz branch of the [Academy of Music in Łódź](/wiki/Academy_of_Music_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA \"Academy of Music in Łódź\") in 1974, which afterwards became an independent institution, the [Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy](/wiki/Feliks_Nowowiejski_Music_Academy \"Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Łukaszek \\|first\\=Ewa \\|date\\=1982 \\|title\\=Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Muzyczna im. Feliksa Nowowiejskiego. Kalendarz Bydgoski \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Miłószników Miasta Bydgoszczy}} To house the latter, Szwalbe took control of the historic [building](/wiki/Main_building_of_Bydgoszcz_Music_Academy \"Main building of Bydgoszcz Music Academy\") of the Prussian [administrative region](/wiki/Bromberg_%28region%29 \"Bromberg (region)\") in 1975, located at the corner of [Słowackiego](/wiki/S%C5%82owackiego_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Słowackiego Street in Bydgoszcz\") and [20 Stycznia 1920](/wiki/20_Stycznia_1920_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz\") streets.", "Taking specific care to the high artistic level of Bydgoszcz ensembles of the Philharmonic, Andrzej Szwalbe commissioned outstanding Polish composers to write dedicated works, such as the piece for [baritone](/wiki/Baritone \"Baritone\") and [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra \"Orchestra\"), *Gray Fog* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Siwa Mgła}}) by [Wojciech Kilar](/wiki/Wojciech_Kilar \"Wojciech Kilar\"). He intended the Philharmonic to be a cultural melting\\-pot, combining music with various art disciplines. To achieve this, over the years he built several collections inside the building of the [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic \"Pomeranian Philharmonic\"), all related to music:\n* a gallery of sculptural portraits of musicians;\n* a [tapestry](/wiki/Tapestry \"Tapestry\") collection;\n* a unique collection of 18th and 19th century [pianos](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\"). Nowadays, the *Andrzej Szwalbe Collection* is visible in nearby [Ostromecko palace](/wiki/Palaces_and_park_ensemble_in_Ostromecko \"Palaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko\").", "He also made his vision of a *Music District* in Bydgoszcz a reality by developing the area around the seat of the Philharmonic by installing cultural and educational institutions (i.e. Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy, [Music Schools Group](/wiki/Music_Schools_Group_in_Bydgoszcz \"Music Schools Group in Bydgoszcz\"), [Jan Kochanowski Park](/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski_Park_in_Bydgoszcz \"Jan Kochanowski Park in Bydgoszcz\")) in the neighbourhood. In particular, the park harbours an [outdoor gallery of monuments dedicated to composers and virtuosos](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic%23Outdoor_gallery \"Pomeranian Philharmonic#Outdoor gallery\").", "At the beginning of the 1980s, Szwalbe came up with the idea of restoring the splendor and culture\\-centric functions to nearby palaces of [Ostromecko](/wiki/Ostromecko \"Ostromecko\") and [Lubostroń](/wiki/Lubostro%C5%84 \"Lubostroń\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://visitbydgoszcz.pl/en/discover/bydgoszcz\\-surroundings/3022\\-ostromecko \\|title\\=Ostromecko\\|date\\=2018 \\|website\\=visitbydgoszcz.pl \\|publisher\\=Bydgoskie Centrum Informacji \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2020}} In the former, he set up a gallery of Polish contemporary [paintings](/wiki/Painting \"Painting\") and [graphics](/wiki/Graphics \"Graphics\") from [Tadeusz Brzozowski](/wiki/Tadeusz_Brzozowski_%28painter%29 \"Tadeusz Brzozowski (painter)\"). He envisioned the *Palace and park ensemble* in Ostromecko to fulfill the role of a *Bydgoszcz [Wilanów](/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace \"Wilanów Palace\")*. He expanded the cultural life in Bydgoszcz with consistency, foresight and optimism. He was deeply emotionally connected with the city.", "### Third Polish Republic", "After retiring in 1991 and handing over the director position of the Philharmonic to Eleonora Harendarska, Szwalbe retained his interest in cultural life and spoke on many issues both on a local and national level. He was awarded the title of *Honorary Director of the [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic \"Pomeranian Philharmonic\")* and received the title of *Honorary Citizens of Bydgoszcz* in 1993\\.", "Andrzej Szwalbe was a modest and very hardworking man and a lover of art and music. He was able to successfully implement his visions and dreams in difficult times ([Polish People's Republic](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic \"Polish People's Republic\")) while overshadowing his merits, not caring about any personal benefits. He was an outstanding creator of culture in Bydgoszcz, but also a person of merit for Polish culture. Szwalbe's vision, consistency in action, mediation skills, as well as great erudition and even greater modesty were always emphasized. His closest musical friends, outstanding Polish composers ([Wojciech Kilar](/wiki/Wojciech_Kilar \"Wojciech Kilar\"), [Henryk Mikołaj Górecki](/wiki/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki \"Henryk Mikołaj Górecki\"), [Krzysztof Penderecki](/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki \"Krzysztof Penderecki\")) talked about him as a showcase of Bydgoszcz culture.", "Andrzej Szwalbe died suddenly on 11 November 2002 in Bydgoszcz, surviving only one month to his wife, Dobrosława. He was buried in the Catholic cemetery of the Sacred Heart of Jesus at 2 Ludwikowo street in Bydgoszcz.", "" ]
### Polish People's Republic years After World War II, Szwalbe lived in [Ciechocinek](/wiki/Ciechocinek "Ciechocinek") but soon he moved to [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz "Bydgoszcz"). In 1948, he graduated from law studies at [Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń](/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84 "Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń"){{cite web \|url\=https://bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl/odszedl\-wizjoner/ar/c13\-5647711 \|title\=Odszedł wizjoner \|last\=Żuchlińska\|first\=Monika\|date\=13 November 2002 \|website\=bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl \|publisher\=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. \|access\-date\=11 August 2020}} and for three years he worked at the university in different positions as an assistant, a lecturer and then head of the [Human resources](/wiki/Human_resources "Human resources") department. However, he was more enthusiastic to become a cultural activist rather than develop his career as a lawyer. In 1949, Szwalbe made himself known to the public by giving a spontaneous speech during a concert of the *Pomeranian Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra* (the ancestor of the *[Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic "Pomeranian Philharmonic")*) at the Bydgoszcz [Chamber theatre](/wiki/Chamber_theatre "Chamber theatre") on [Grodzka Street](/wiki/Grodzka_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "Grodzka Street in Bydgoszcz") for a petition demanding not to abandon the Orchestra.{{cite book \|last\=Piórek \|first\=Magdalena \|date\=2001 \|title\=Jeden człowiek, a jakby instytucja. Kalendarz Bydgoski \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Towarzystwo Miłószników Miasta Bydgoszczy}} After collecting thousands of signatures, Szwalbe went to the administrative authorities to make his point. This event made him a recognizable figure in the local society. In 1951, he was appointed administrative director of the *Pomeranian Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra*. A year later, his efforts were rewarded. As by the decision of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage on 15 December 1952, the Pomeranian Symphony Orchestra, operating since 1946, in recognition of its high level and merits in the promotion of music, was nationalized on 1 January 1953,{{cite web \|url\=http://www.filharmonia.bydgoszcz.pl/poprzedni\-dyrektorzy/andrzej\-szwalbe/ \|title\=Andrzej Szwalbe\|date\=2019 \|website\=filharmonia.bydgoszcz.pl \|publisher\=Filharmonia Pomorska Im. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego w Bydgoszczy\|access\-date\=11 August 2020}} taking the name of *[Ignacy Jan Paderewski](/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski "Ignacy Jan Paderewski") [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic "Pomeranian Philharmonic").* Andrzej Szwalbe was designated as the head of the *Social Committee for the Construction of the Philharmonic* ({{lang\-pl\|Społeczny Komitet Budowy Filharmonii}}). The building was erected three years later, with an inaugural concert performed on 16 November 1956, broadcast on the [Polish Radio](/wiki/Polskie_Radio "Polskie Radio"). The architecture of the newly built edifice in Bydgoszcz, designed by [Stefan Klajbor](/wiki/Stefan_Klajbor "Stefan Klajbor"), referred to the [National Philharmonic](/wiki/National_Philharmonic_in_Warsaw "National Philharmonic in Warsaw") in Warsaw. In the following years, Szwalbe carried out several new projects: * with [Marian Turwid](/wiki/Marian_Turwid "Marian Turwid") he co\-initiated the *Bydgoszcz Scientific Society* ({{lang\-pl\|Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe}}) in 1959; * he was the initiator of the erection of the [Opera Nova](/wiki/Opera_Nova_Bydgoszcz "Opera Nova Bydgoszcz") (opened in 2006\) in the city. Szwalbe was the direct manager of the project for many years after the start of construction in 1973; * in 1961, he launched a publishing series at the Pomeranian Philharmonic, entitled *The history of Polish music in Pomerania* ({{lang\-pl\|Z dziejów muzyki polskiej na Pomorzu}}). He initiated the establishment of a branch of the *Scientific and Research Station of the Institute of [Musicology](/wiki/Musicology "Musicology")* from the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw "University of Warsaw") in Bydgoszcz. He conducted extensive scientific activity in coordination with both institutions and the *Bydgoszcz Scientific Society*, . In 1962, together with Stanisław Gałoński, a [music director](/wiki/Music_director "Music director") and musicologist from Kraków, Andrzej Szwalbe established the *[Capella Bydgostiensis](/wiki/Capella_Bydgostiensis "Capella Bydgostiensis")*, one of the leading Polish [chamber orchestras](/wiki/Chamber_music "Chamber music") dedicated to [Early Music](/wiki/Early_Music "Early Music"). A year later, he inaugurated the *Polish Music Festival*, which later transformed into the *Bydgoszcz Music Festival* ({{lang\-pl\|Bydgoski Festiwal Muzyczny}}). In 1966, with the help of musicologist [Zofia Lissa](/wiki/Zofia_Lissa "Zofia Lissa") and prof. Hieronim Feicht (then manager of the Polish music department at the University of Warsaw),{{cite book \|last\=Łukaszek \|first\=Ewa \|date\=1984 \|title\=35 lat Filharmonii Pomorskiej. Kalendarz Bydgoski\|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy \|pages\=43–47}} Szwalbe set up the international festivals and musicological congresses *Musica Antiqua Europae Orientalis (MAEO)*, which have become a recognized event in Europe and contributed to the increased visibility and popularity of music from [Central and Eastern Europe](/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe "Central and Eastern Europe") in the world. The achievements of the scientific congresses partnering the MAEO sessions were compiled into several books (e.g. *Acta Scientifica*) and through the publishing series *Monumenta MAEO* promote Polish music and culture worldwide. In 1970, thanks to Szwalbe's efforts, a new gallery for the *Municipal Art Gallery BWA* was erected at 20 [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz"). He played a decisive role in opening a Bydgoszcz branch of the [Academy of Music in Łódź](/wiki/Academy_of_Music_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA "Academy of Music in Łódź") in 1974, which afterwards became an independent institution, the [Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy](/wiki/Feliks_Nowowiejski_Music_Academy "Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy").{{cite book \|last\=Łukaszek \|first\=Ewa \|date\=1982 \|title\=Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Muzyczna im. Feliksa Nowowiejskiego. Kalendarz Bydgoski \|location\=Bydgoszcz \|publisher\=Towarzystwo Miłószników Miasta Bydgoszczy}} To house the latter, Szwalbe took control of the historic [building](/wiki/Main_building_of_Bydgoszcz_Music_Academy "Main building of Bydgoszcz Music Academy") of the Prussian [administrative region](/wiki/Bromberg_%28region%29 "Bromberg (region)") in 1975, located at the corner of [Słowackiego](/wiki/S%C5%82owackiego_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "Słowackiego Street in Bydgoszcz") and [20 Stycznia 1920](/wiki/20_Stycznia_1920_Street_in_Bydgoszcz "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz") streets. Taking specific care to the high artistic level of Bydgoszcz ensembles of the Philharmonic, Andrzej Szwalbe commissioned outstanding Polish composers to write dedicated works, such as the piece for [baritone](/wiki/Baritone "Baritone") and [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra"), *Gray Fog* ({{lang\-pl\|Siwa Mgła}}) by [Wojciech Kilar](/wiki/Wojciech_Kilar "Wojciech Kilar"). He intended the Philharmonic to be a cultural melting\-pot, combining music with various art disciplines. To achieve this, over the years he built several collections inside the building of the [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic "Pomeranian Philharmonic"), all related to music: * a gallery of sculptural portraits of musicians; * a [tapestry](/wiki/Tapestry "Tapestry") collection; * a unique collection of 18th and 19th century [pianos](/wiki/Piano "Piano"). Nowadays, the *Andrzej Szwalbe Collection* is visible in nearby [Ostromecko palace](/wiki/Palaces_and_park_ensemble_in_Ostromecko "Palaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko"). He also made his vision of a *Music District* in Bydgoszcz a reality by developing the area around the seat of the Philharmonic by installing cultural and educational institutions (i.e. Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy, [Music Schools Group](/wiki/Music_Schools_Group_in_Bydgoszcz "Music Schools Group in Bydgoszcz"), [Jan Kochanowski Park](/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski_Park_in_Bydgoszcz "Jan Kochanowski Park in Bydgoszcz")) in the neighbourhood. In particular, the park harbours an [outdoor gallery of monuments dedicated to composers and virtuosos](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic%23Outdoor_gallery "Pomeranian Philharmonic#Outdoor gallery"). At the beginning of the 1980s, Szwalbe came up with the idea of restoring the splendor and culture\-centric functions to nearby palaces of [Ostromecko](/wiki/Ostromecko "Ostromecko") and [Lubostroń](/wiki/Lubostro%C5%84 "Lubostroń").{{cite web \|url\=https://visitbydgoszcz.pl/en/discover/bydgoszcz\-surroundings/3022\-ostromecko \|title\=Ostromecko\|date\=2018 \|website\=visitbydgoszcz.pl \|publisher\=Bydgoskie Centrum Informacji \|access\-date\=10 August 2020}} In the former, he set up a gallery of Polish contemporary [paintings](/wiki/Painting "Painting") and [graphics](/wiki/Graphics "Graphics") from [Tadeusz Brzozowski](/wiki/Tadeusz_Brzozowski_%28painter%29 "Tadeusz Brzozowski (painter)"). He envisioned the *Palace and park ensemble* in Ostromecko to fulfill the role of a *Bydgoszcz [Wilanów](/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace "Wilanów Palace")*. He expanded the cultural life in Bydgoszcz with consistency, foresight and optimism. He was deeply emotionally connected with the city.
[ "### Polish People's Republic years", "After World War II, Szwalbe lived in [Ciechocinek](/wiki/Ciechocinek \"Ciechocinek\") but soon he moved to [Bydgoszcz](/wiki/Bydgoszcz \"Bydgoszcz\"). In 1948, he graduated from law studies at [Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń](/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84 \"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń\"){{cite web \\|url\\=https://bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl/odszedl\\-wizjoner/ar/c13\\-5647711 \\|title\\=Odszedł wizjoner \\|last\\=Żuchlińska\\|first\\=Monika\\|date\\=13 November 2002 \\|website\\=bydgoszcz.naszemiasto.pl \\|publisher\\=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. \\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2020}} and for three years he worked at the university in different positions as an assistant, a lecturer and then head of the [Human resources](/wiki/Human_resources \"Human resources\") department. However, he was more enthusiastic to become a cultural activist rather than develop his career as a lawyer. In 1949, Szwalbe made himself known to the public by giving a spontaneous speech during a concert of the *Pomeranian Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra* (the ancestor of the *[Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic \"Pomeranian Philharmonic\")*) at the Bydgoszcz [Chamber theatre](/wiki/Chamber_theatre \"Chamber theatre\") on [Grodzka Street](/wiki/Grodzka_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Grodzka Street in Bydgoszcz\") for a petition demanding not to abandon the Orchestra.{{cite book \\|last\\=Piórek \\|first\\=Magdalena \\|date\\=2001 \\|title\\=Jeden człowiek, a jakby instytucja. Kalendarz Bydgoski \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Miłószników Miasta Bydgoszczy}} After collecting thousands of signatures, Szwalbe went to the administrative authorities to make his point. This event made him a recognizable figure in the local society.", "In 1951, he was appointed administrative director of the *Pomeranian Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra*. A year later, his efforts were rewarded. As by the decision of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage on 15 December 1952, the Pomeranian Symphony Orchestra, operating since 1946, in recognition of its high level and merits in the promotion of music, was nationalized on 1 January 1953,{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.filharmonia.bydgoszcz.pl/poprzedni\\-dyrektorzy/andrzej\\-szwalbe/ \\|title\\=Andrzej Szwalbe\\|date\\=2019 \\|website\\=filharmonia.bydgoszcz.pl \\|publisher\\=Filharmonia Pomorska Im. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego w Bydgoszczy\\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2020}} taking the name of *[Ignacy Jan Paderewski](/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski \"Ignacy Jan Paderewski\") [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic \"Pomeranian Philharmonic\").* Andrzej Szwalbe was designated as the head of the *Social Committee for the Construction of the Philharmonic* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Społeczny Komitet Budowy Filharmonii}}). The building was erected three years later, with an inaugural concert performed on 16 November 1956, broadcast on the [Polish Radio](/wiki/Polskie_Radio \"Polskie Radio\"). The architecture of the newly built edifice in Bydgoszcz, designed by [Stefan Klajbor](/wiki/Stefan_Klajbor \"Stefan Klajbor\"), referred to the [National Philharmonic](/wiki/National_Philharmonic_in_Warsaw \"National Philharmonic in Warsaw\") in Warsaw.", "In the following years, Szwalbe carried out several new projects: \n* with [Marian Turwid](/wiki/Marian_Turwid \"Marian Turwid\") he co\\-initiated the *Bydgoszcz Scientific Society* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe}}) in 1959;\n* he was the initiator of the erection of the [Opera Nova](/wiki/Opera_Nova_Bydgoszcz \"Opera Nova Bydgoszcz\") (opened in 2006\\) in the city. Szwalbe was the direct manager of the project for many years after the start of construction in 1973;\n* in 1961, he launched a publishing series at the Pomeranian Philharmonic, entitled *The history of Polish music in Pomerania* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Z dziejów muzyki polskiej na Pomorzu}}).", "He initiated the establishment of a branch of the *Scientific and Research Station of the Institute of [Musicology](/wiki/Musicology \"Musicology\")* from the [University of Warsaw](/wiki/University_of_Warsaw \"University of Warsaw\") in Bydgoszcz. He conducted extensive scientific activity in coordination with both institutions and the *Bydgoszcz Scientific Society*, .", "In 1962, together with Stanisław Gałoński, a [music director](/wiki/Music_director \"Music director\") and musicologist from Kraków, Andrzej Szwalbe established the *[Capella Bydgostiensis](/wiki/Capella_Bydgostiensis \"Capella Bydgostiensis\")*, one of the leading Polish [chamber orchestras](/wiki/Chamber_music \"Chamber music\") dedicated to [Early Music](/wiki/Early_Music \"Early Music\"). A year later, he inaugurated the *Polish Music Festival*, which later transformed into the *Bydgoszcz Music Festival* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Bydgoski Festiwal Muzyczny}}).", "In 1966, with the help of musicologist [Zofia Lissa](/wiki/Zofia_Lissa \"Zofia Lissa\") and prof. Hieronim Feicht (then manager of the Polish music department at the University of Warsaw),{{cite book \\|last\\=Łukaszek \\|first\\=Ewa \\|date\\=1984 \\|title\\=35 lat Filharmonii Pomorskiej. Kalendarz Bydgoski\\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy \\|pages\\=43–47}} Szwalbe set up the international festivals and musicological congresses *Musica Antiqua Europae Orientalis (MAEO)*, which have become a recognized event in Europe and contributed to the increased visibility and popularity of music from [Central and Eastern Europe](/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe \"Central and Eastern Europe\") in the world. The achievements of the scientific congresses partnering the MAEO sessions were compiled into several books (e.g. *Acta Scientifica*) and through the publishing series *Monumenta MAEO* promote Polish music and culture worldwide.", "In 1970, thanks to Szwalbe's efforts, a new gallery for the *Municipal Art Gallery BWA* was erected at 20 [Gdańska Street](/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz\"). He played a decisive role in opening a Bydgoszcz branch of the [Academy of Music in Łódź](/wiki/Academy_of_Music_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA \"Academy of Music in Łódź\") in 1974, which afterwards became an independent institution, the [Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy](/wiki/Feliks_Nowowiejski_Music_Academy \"Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy\").{{cite book \\|last\\=Łukaszek \\|first\\=Ewa \\|date\\=1982 \\|title\\=Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Muzyczna im. Feliksa Nowowiejskiego. Kalendarz Bydgoski \\|location\\=Bydgoszcz \\|publisher\\=Towarzystwo Miłószników Miasta Bydgoszczy}} To house the latter, Szwalbe took control of the historic [building](/wiki/Main_building_of_Bydgoszcz_Music_Academy \"Main building of Bydgoszcz Music Academy\") of the Prussian [administrative region](/wiki/Bromberg_%28region%29 \"Bromberg (region)\") in 1975, located at the corner of [Słowackiego](/wiki/S%C5%82owackiego_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"Słowackiego Street in Bydgoszcz\") and [20 Stycznia 1920](/wiki/20_Stycznia_1920_Street_in_Bydgoszcz \"20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz\") streets.", "Taking specific care to the high artistic level of Bydgoszcz ensembles of the Philharmonic, Andrzej Szwalbe commissioned outstanding Polish composers to write dedicated works, such as the piece for [baritone](/wiki/Baritone \"Baritone\") and [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra \"Orchestra\"), *Gray Fog* ({{lang\\-pl\\|Siwa Mgła}}) by [Wojciech Kilar](/wiki/Wojciech_Kilar \"Wojciech Kilar\"). He intended the Philharmonic to be a cultural melting\\-pot, combining music with various art disciplines. To achieve this, over the years he built several collections inside the building of the [Pomeranian Philharmonic](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic \"Pomeranian Philharmonic\"), all related to music:\n* a gallery of sculptural portraits of musicians;\n* a [tapestry](/wiki/Tapestry \"Tapestry\") collection;\n* a unique collection of 18th and 19th century [pianos](/wiki/Piano \"Piano\"). Nowadays, the *Andrzej Szwalbe Collection* is visible in nearby [Ostromecko palace](/wiki/Palaces_and_park_ensemble_in_Ostromecko \"Palaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko\").", "He also made his vision of a *Music District* in Bydgoszcz a reality by developing the area around the seat of the Philharmonic by installing cultural and educational institutions (i.e. Feliks Nowowiejski Music Academy, [Music Schools Group](/wiki/Music_Schools_Group_in_Bydgoszcz \"Music Schools Group in Bydgoszcz\"), [Jan Kochanowski Park](/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski_Park_in_Bydgoszcz \"Jan Kochanowski Park in Bydgoszcz\")) in the neighbourhood. In particular, the park harbours an [outdoor gallery of monuments dedicated to composers and virtuosos](/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic%23Outdoor_gallery \"Pomeranian Philharmonic#Outdoor gallery\").", "At the beginning of the 1980s, Szwalbe came up with the idea of restoring the splendor and culture\\-centric functions to nearby palaces of [Ostromecko](/wiki/Ostromecko \"Ostromecko\") and [Lubostroń](/wiki/Lubostro%C5%84 \"Lubostroń\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://visitbydgoszcz.pl/en/discover/bydgoszcz\\-surroundings/3022\\-ostromecko \\|title\\=Ostromecko\\|date\\=2018 \\|website\\=visitbydgoszcz.pl \\|publisher\\=Bydgoskie Centrum Informacji \\|access\\-date\\=10 August 2020}} In the former, he set up a gallery of Polish contemporary [paintings](/wiki/Painting \"Painting\") and [graphics](/wiki/Graphics \"Graphics\") from [Tadeusz Brzozowski](/wiki/Tadeusz_Brzozowski_%28painter%29 \"Tadeusz Brzozowski (painter)\"). He envisioned the *Palace and park ensemble* in Ostromecko to fulfill the role of a *Bydgoszcz [Wilanów](/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace \"Wilanów Palace\")*. He expanded the cultural life in Bydgoszcz with consistency, foresight and optimism. He was deeply emotionally connected with the city.", "" ]
Biography --------- Born in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland "Maryland"), Katz attended [Black Mountain College](/wiki/Black_Mountain_College "Black Mountain College") in [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), where he met his future wife [Jane Mayhall](/wiki/Jane_Mayhall "Jane Mayhall").Dunning, Jennifer. ["Leslie George Katz, 78, Founder of Eakins Press"](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/04/nyregion/leslie-george-katz-78-founder-of-eakins-press.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, May 4, 1997\. Accessed March 22, 2009\. The two married in the 1940s and moved to New York City. As husband and wife, they were active participants in New York's [bohemian](/wiki/Bohemianism "Bohemianism") community starting in the 1950s, and became friendly with many of the prominent artists at the time.Fox, Margalit. ["Jane Mayhall, Poet Who Gained Prominence Late in Life, Is Dead at 90"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/books/20mayhall.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, March 19, 2009\. Accessed March 19, 2009\. Over the course of his career, Katz wrote for publications ranging from *[Classic Comics](/wiki/Classic_Comics "Classic Comics")* to *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation "The Nation")*. He wrote speeches for [Adlai Stevenson](/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II "Adlai Stevenson II") and created plays for a [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn") community center. Katz was also a board member of [Yaddo](/wiki/Yaddo "Yaddo"), the artists' community located on an estate in [Saratoga Springs, New York](/wiki/Saratoga_Springs%2C_New_York "Saratoga Springs, New York"). He contributed garden statues to the [Brooklyn Museum of Art](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum_of_Art "Brooklyn Museum of Art") that were retrieved from sites being demolished and helped arrange the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art")'s acquisition of photographs taken by French photographer [Eugène Atget](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget "Eugène Atget"). ### Eakins Press Katz established Eakins Press in 1966, naming it in honor of painter [Thomas Eakins](/wiki/Thomas_Eakins "Thomas Eakins"). Katz had obtained the funds to operate the press and his other business ventures by selling a series of paintings by Eakins that his father had purchased secretly and placed in locations scattered around Baltimore. Katz discovered his father's secret in the 1950s, and sold the paintings to art collector [Joseph Hirshhorn](/wiki/Joseph_Hirshhorn "Joseph Hirshhorn"). In the three decades before his death, Eakins Press published 56 books that were described by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* as being "notable for their meticulous, elegant design", including works of photography, poetry, sculpture and the [New York City Ballet](/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet "New York City Ballet"). The company's first book was a replica of the original 1855 edition of *[Leaves of Grass](/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass "Leaves of Grass")*, the collection of twelve poems written by [Walt Whitman](/wiki/Walt_Whitman "Walt Whitman") that he had published himself.[About the Press](https://www.eakinspress.com/about_the_press.cfm), Eakins Press Foundation. Accessed December 9, 2020\. Another of the early books was *Message From the Interior*, a collection of photographs by [Walker Evans](/wiki/Walker_Evans "Walker Evans"), who was best known for his work for the [Farm Security Administration](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration "Farm Security Administration") that captured the effects of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"). Eakins Press also published works by his wife, including the 1966 volume of poems and plays *Ready for the Ha Ha \& Other Satires* and the two\-volume collection of poetry *Givers and Takers* printed in 1968 and 1973\. A January 1993 show at the Zabriskie Gallery in New York City featured selections of 14 works published by the Eakins Press, along with samples of the art produced by the artists highlighted in the books.Hagen, Charles. ["Art in Review"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/08/books/art-in-review-188493.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, January 8, 1993\. Accessed March 22, 2009\. ### Death Katz died at age 78 on April 18, 1997 in his home in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"), due to [cancer](/wiki/Cancer "Cancer"). He was survived by his wife and a brother, the jazz pianist [Dick Katz](/wiki/Dick_Katz "Dick Katz").
[ "Biography\n---------", "Born in [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore \"Baltimore\"), [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\"), Katz attended [Black Mountain College](/wiki/Black_Mountain_College \"Black Mountain College\") in [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), where he met his future wife [Jane Mayhall](/wiki/Jane_Mayhall \"Jane Mayhall\").Dunning, Jennifer. [\"Leslie George Katz, 78, Founder of Eakins Press\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/04/nyregion/leslie-george-katz-78-founder-of-eakins-press.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, May 4, 1997\\. Accessed March 22, 2009\\. The two married in the 1940s and moved to New York City. As husband and wife, they were active participants in New York's [bohemian](/wiki/Bohemianism \"Bohemianism\") community starting in the 1950s, and became friendly with many of the prominent artists at the time.Fox, Margalit. [\"Jane Mayhall, Poet Who Gained Prominence Late in Life, Is Dead at 90\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/books/20mayhall.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, March 19, 2009\\. Accessed March 19, 2009\\.", "Over the course of his career, Katz wrote for publications ranging from *[Classic Comics](/wiki/Classic_Comics \"Classic Comics\")* to *[The Nation](/wiki/The_Nation \"The Nation\")*. He wrote speeches for [Adlai Stevenson](/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II \"Adlai Stevenson II\") and created plays for a [Brooklyn](/wiki/Brooklyn \"Brooklyn\") community center. Katz was also a board member of [Yaddo](/wiki/Yaddo \"Yaddo\"), the artists' community located on an estate in [Saratoga Springs, New York](/wiki/Saratoga_Springs%2C_New_York \"Saratoga Springs, New York\").", "He contributed garden statues to the [Brooklyn Museum of Art](/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum_of_Art \"Brooklyn Museum of Art\") that were retrieved from sites being demolished and helped arrange the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\")'s acquisition of photographs taken by French photographer [Eugène Atget](/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget \"Eugène Atget\").", "### Eakins Press", "Katz established Eakins Press in 1966, naming it in honor of painter [Thomas Eakins](/wiki/Thomas_Eakins \"Thomas Eakins\").", "Katz had obtained the funds to operate the press and his other business ventures by selling a series of paintings by Eakins that his father had purchased secretly and placed in locations scattered around Baltimore. Katz discovered his father's secret in the 1950s, and sold the paintings to art collector [Joseph Hirshhorn](/wiki/Joseph_Hirshhorn \"Joseph Hirshhorn\").", "In the three decades before his death, Eakins Press published 56 books that were described by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* as being \"notable for their meticulous, elegant design\", including works of photography, poetry, sculpture and the [New York City Ballet](/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet \"New York City Ballet\").", "The company's first book was a replica of the original 1855 edition of *[Leaves of Grass](/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass \"Leaves of Grass\")*, the collection of twelve poems written by [Walt Whitman](/wiki/Walt_Whitman \"Walt Whitman\") that he had published himself.[About the Press](https://www.eakinspress.com/about_the_press.cfm), Eakins Press Foundation. Accessed December 9, 2020\\. Another of the early books was *Message From the Interior*, a collection of photographs by [Walker Evans](/wiki/Walker_Evans \"Walker Evans\"), who was best known for his work for the [Farm Security Administration](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration \"Farm Security Administration\") that captured the effects of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"). Eakins Press also published works by his wife, including the 1966 volume of poems and plays *Ready for the Ha Ha \\& Other Satires* and the two\\-volume collection of poetry *Givers and Takers* printed in 1968 and 1973\\.", "A January 1993 show at the Zabriskie Gallery in New York City featured selections of 14 works published by the Eakins Press, along with samples of the art produced by the artists highlighted in the books.Hagen, Charles. [\"Art in Review\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/08/books/art-in-review-188493.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, January 8, 1993\\. Accessed March 22, 2009\\.", "### Death", "Katz died at age 78 on April 18, 1997 in his home in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\"), due to [cancer](/wiki/Cancer \"Cancer\"). He was survived by his wife and a brother, the jazz pianist [Dick Katz](/wiki/Dick_Katz \"Dick Katz\").", "" ]
### Eakins Press Katz established Eakins Press in 1966, naming it in honor of painter [Thomas Eakins](/wiki/Thomas_Eakins "Thomas Eakins"). Katz had obtained the funds to operate the press and his other business ventures by selling a series of paintings by Eakins that his father had purchased secretly and placed in locations scattered around Baltimore. Katz discovered his father's secret in the 1950s, and sold the paintings to art collector [Joseph Hirshhorn](/wiki/Joseph_Hirshhorn "Joseph Hirshhorn"). In the three decades before his death, Eakins Press published 56 books that were described by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* as being "notable for their meticulous, elegant design", including works of photography, poetry, sculpture and the [New York City Ballet](/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet "New York City Ballet"). The company's first book was a replica of the original 1855 edition of *[Leaves of Grass](/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass "Leaves of Grass")*, the collection of twelve poems written by [Walt Whitman](/wiki/Walt_Whitman "Walt Whitman") that he had published himself.[About the Press](https://www.eakinspress.com/about_the_press.cfm), Eakins Press Foundation. Accessed December 9, 2020\. Another of the early books was *Message From the Interior*, a collection of photographs by [Walker Evans](/wiki/Walker_Evans "Walker Evans"), who was best known for his work for the [Farm Security Administration](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration "Farm Security Administration") that captured the effects of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"). Eakins Press also published works by his wife, including the 1966 volume of poems and plays *Ready for the Ha Ha \& Other Satires* and the two\-volume collection of poetry *Givers and Takers* printed in 1968 and 1973\. A January 1993 show at the Zabriskie Gallery in New York City featured selections of 14 works published by the Eakins Press, along with samples of the art produced by the artists highlighted in the books.Hagen, Charles. ["Art in Review"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/08/books/art-in-review-188493.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, January 8, 1993\. Accessed March 22, 2009\.
[ "### Eakins Press", "Katz established Eakins Press in 1966, naming it in honor of painter [Thomas Eakins](/wiki/Thomas_Eakins \"Thomas Eakins\").", "Katz had obtained the funds to operate the press and his other business ventures by selling a series of paintings by Eakins that his father had purchased secretly and placed in locations scattered around Baltimore. Katz discovered his father's secret in the 1950s, and sold the paintings to art collector [Joseph Hirshhorn](/wiki/Joseph_Hirshhorn \"Joseph Hirshhorn\").", "In the three decades before his death, Eakins Press published 56 books that were described by *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* as being \"notable for their meticulous, elegant design\", including works of photography, poetry, sculpture and the [New York City Ballet](/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet \"New York City Ballet\").", "The company's first book was a replica of the original 1855 edition of *[Leaves of Grass](/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass \"Leaves of Grass\")*, the collection of twelve poems written by [Walt Whitman](/wiki/Walt_Whitman \"Walt Whitman\") that he had published himself.[About the Press](https://www.eakinspress.com/about_the_press.cfm), Eakins Press Foundation. Accessed December 9, 2020\\. Another of the early books was *Message From the Interior*, a collection of photographs by [Walker Evans](/wiki/Walker_Evans \"Walker Evans\"), who was best known for his work for the [Farm Security Administration](/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration \"Farm Security Administration\") that captured the effects of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"). Eakins Press also published works by his wife, including the 1966 volume of poems and plays *Ready for the Ha Ha \\& Other Satires* and the two\\-volume collection of poetry *Givers and Takers* printed in 1968 and 1973\\.", "A January 1993 show at the Zabriskie Gallery in New York City featured selections of 14 works published by the Eakins Press, along with samples of the art produced by the artists highlighted in the books.Hagen, Charles. [\"Art in Review\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/08/books/art-in-review-188493.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, January 8, 1993\\. Accessed March 22, 2009\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### Winnipeg Braves The Winnipeg Braves were founded in 1956 and affiliated with the [Winnipeg Warriors (minor pro)](/wiki/Winnipeg_Warriors_%28minor_pro%29 "Winnipeg Warriors (minor pro)") of the [Western Hockey League](/wiki/Western_Hockey_League_%281952%E2%80%931974%29 "Western Hockey League (1952–1974)"). The Braves played regular season games at Winnipeg's [Olympic Rink](/wiki/Olympic_Rink "Olympic Rink") and won 2 [Turnbull Cup](/wiki/Turnbull_Cup "Turnbull Cup") Championships as Manitoba Junior Champions (1959 and 1965\). The 1958\-59, Braves won the [Abbott Cup](/wiki/Abbott_Cup "Abbott Cup") as Western Canadian Junior ‘A’ Champions, and were the last team from Winnipeg to win the [Memorial Cup](/wiki/Memorial_Cup "Memorial Cup") as National Champions. Under the leadership of manager Bill Addison and coach [Bill Allum](/wiki/Bill_Allum "Bill Allum"), the Braves defeated the [Peterborough Petes](/wiki/Peterborough_Petes "Peterborough Petes") coached by 25\-year\-old [Scotty Bowman](/wiki/Scotty_Bowman "Scotty Bowman"). In the championship series, the Petes won the first game 5\-4, and the Braves came back to win four straight games 5\-2, 5\-2, 5\-3 and 6\-2\. The final game of the series was played in [Brandon, Manitoba](/wiki/Brandon%2C_Manitoba "Brandon, Manitoba") due to the Shrine Circus appearing at [Winnipeg Arena](/wiki/Winnipeg_Arena "Winnipeg Arena"). The team included future NHL'ers [Ted Green](/wiki/Ted_Green "Ted Green") and [Ernie Wakely](/wiki/Ernie_Wakely "Ernie Wakely"). Roster: Pat Angers, Don Atamanchuk, Al Baty, [Gary Bergman](/wiki/Gary_Bergman "Gary Bergman"), Ernie Bradawaski, Rene Brunel, [Ted Green](/wiki/Ted_Green "Ted Green"), [Howie Hughes](/wiki/Howie_Hughes "Howie Hughes"), Allan Ingimundson, Ken King, Ted Knight, Jerry Kruk, Laurie Langrell, [Wayne Larkin](/wiki/Wayne_Larkin "Wayne Larkin"), Al LeBlanc, [Bob Leiter](/wiki/Bob_Leiter "Bob Leiter"), Doug Monro, Zenon Moroz, Lew Mueller, John Rodger, Paul Sexsmith, John Sutherland, Bob Wales, Wayne Winstone, [Ernie Wakely](/wiki/Ernie_Wakely "Ernie Wakely"), J. D. (Jack) Perrin Jr. (President), Bill Addison (Manager), Bill Allum (Coach), Jim Drury (Trainer). The Memorial Cup Championship team was inducted into the [Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/Manitoba_Sports_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum "Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum") in 2003, and inducted into the [Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame "Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame") in the team category. Prior to the 1966\-67 season, the team moved to [St. James](/wiki/St._James-Assiniboia%2C_Winnipeg "St. James-Assiniboia, Winnipeg") and changed its name to the St. James Braves. ### St. James Canadians During the summer of 1967, a community\-minded sports group purchased the St. James Braves from [Ben Hatskin](/wiki/Ben_Hatskin "Ben Hatskin"). The team relocated to the brand new [St. James Civic Centre](/wiki/St._James_Civic_Centre "St. James Civic Centre"), where they played as the St. James Canadians. The Canadians won the [Turnbull Cup](/wiki/Turnbull_Cup "Turnbull Cup") three times (1968, 1996, 1997\) throughout their 35 years in the MJHL. They played until the end of the 2002\-03 season. The team took a one\-year leave of absence from the MJHL in 2003\-04 before ceasing operations . ### St. James Canucks The St. James Junior Canucks joined the league in 1978\-1979 to help complement the St. James Junior Canadians of the MJHL. The team moved to the Civic Centre and had a dressing room built on the home side of the rink and occupied that until the St. James Canadians folded and the Canucks, with the blessing of Diane Woods, president of the Canadians, took over the dressing room the Canucks call home today.
[ "History\n-------", "### Winnipeg Braves", "The Winnipeg Braves were founded in 1956 and affiliated with the [Winnipeg Warriors (minor pro)](/wiki/Winnipeg_Warriors_%28minor_pro%29 \"Winnipeg Warriors (minor pro)\") of the [Western Hockey League](/wiki/Western_Hockey_League_%281952%E2%80%931974%29 \"Western Hockey League (1952–1974)\"). The Braves played regular season games at Winnipeg's [Olympic Rink](/wiki/Olympic_Rink \"Olympic Rink\") and won 2 [Turnbull Cup](/wiki/Turnbull_Cup \"Turnbull Cup\") Championships as Manitoba Junior Champions (1959 and 1965\\).", "The 1958\\-59, Braves won the [Abbott Cup](/wiki/Abbott_Cup \"Abbott Cup\") as Western Canadian Junior ‘A’ Champions, and were the last team from Winnipeg to win the [Memorial Cup](/wiki/Memorial_Cup \"Memorial Cup\") as National Champions. Under the leadership of manager Bill Addison and coach [Bill Allum](/wiki/Bill_Allum \"Bill Allum\"), the Braves defeated the [Peterborough Petes](/wiki/Peterborough_Petes \"Peterborough Petes\") coached by 25\\-year\\-old [Scotty Bowman](/wiki/Scotty_Bowman \"Scotty Bowman\"). In the championship series, the Petes won the first game 5\\-4, and the Braves came back to win four straight games 5\\-2, 5\\-2, 5\\-3 and 6\\-2\\. The final game of the series was played in [Brandon, Manitoba](/wiki/Brandon%2C_Manitoba \"Brandon, Manitoba\") due to the Shrine Circus appearing at [Winnipeg Arena](/wiki/Winnipeg_Arena \"Winnipeg Arena\"). The team included future NHL'ers [Ted Green](/wiki/Ted_Green \"Ted Green\") and [Ernie Wakely](/wiki/Ernie_Wakely \"Ernie Wakely\").", "Roster: Pat Angers, Don Atamanchuk, Al Baty, [Gary Bergman](/wiki/Gary_Bergman \"Gary Bergman\"), Ernie Bradawaski, Rene Brunel, [Ted Green](/wiki/Ted_Green \"Ted Green\"), [Howie Hughes](/wiki/Howie_Hughes \"Howie Hughes\"), Allan Ingimundson, Ken King, Ted Knight, Jerry Kruk, Laurie Langrell, [Wayne Larkin](/wiki/Wayne_Larkin \"Wayne Larkin\"), Al LeBlanc, [Bob Leiter](/wiki/Bob_Leiter \"Bob Leiter\"), Doug Monro, Zenon Moroz, Lew Mueller, John Rodger, Paul Sexsmith, John Sutherland, Bob Wales, Wayne Winstone, [Ernie Wakely](/wiki/Ernie_Wakely \"Ernie Wakely\"), J. D. (Jack) Perrin Jr. (President), Bill Addison (Manager), Bill Allum (Coach), Jim Drury (Trainer).", "The Memorial Cup Championship team was inducted into the [Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/Manitoba_Sports_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum \"Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum\") in 2003, and inducted into the [Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame \"Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame\") in the team category.", "Prior to the 1966\\-67 season, the team moved to [St. James](/wiki/St._James-Assiniboia%2C_Winnipeg \"St. James-Assiniboia, Winnipeg\") and changed its name to the St. James Braves.", "### St. James Canadians", "During the summer of 1967, a community\\-minded sports group purchased the St. James Braves from [Ben Hatskin](/wiki/Ben_Hatskin \"Ben Hatskin\"). The team relocated to the brand new [St. James Civic Centre](/wiki/St._James_Civic_Centre \"St. James Civic Centre\"), where they played as the St. James Canadians.", "The Canadians won the [Turnbull Cup](/wiki/Turnbull_Cup \"Turnbull Cup\") three times (1968, 1996, 1997\\) throughout their 35 years in the MJHL. They played until the end of the 2002\\-03 season. The team took a one\\-year leave of absence from the MJHL in 2003\\-04 before ceasing operations .", "### St. James Canucks", "The St. James Junior Canucks joined the league in 1978\\-1979 to help complement the St. James Junior Canadians of the MJHL. The team moved to the Civic Centre and had a dressing room built on the home side of the rink and occupied that until the St. James Canadians folded and the Canucks, with the blessing of Diane Woods, president of the Canadians, took over the dressing room the Canucks call home today.", "" ]
### Winnipeg Braves The Winnipeg Braves were founded in 1956 and affiliated with the [Winnipeg Warriors (minor pro)](/wiki/Winnipeg_Warriors_%28minor_pro%29 "Winnipeg Warriors (minor pro)") of the [Western Hockey League](/wiki/Western_Hockey_League_%281952%E2%80%931974%29 "Western Hockey League (1952–1974)"). The Braves played regular season games at Winnipeg's [Olympic Rink](/wiki/Olympic_Rink "Olympic Rink") and won 2 [Turnbull Cup](/wiki/Turnbull_Cup "Turnbull Cup") Championships as Manitoba Junior Champions (1959 and 1965\). The 1958\-59, Braves won the [Abbott Cup](/wiki/Abbott_Cup "Abbott Cup") as Western Canadian Junior ‘A’ Champions, and were the last team from Winnipeg to win the [Memorial Cup](/wiki/Memorial_Cup "Memorial Cup") as National Champions. Under the leadership of manager Bill Addison and coach [Bill Allum](/wiki/Bill_Allum "Bill Allum"), the Braves defeated the [Peterborough Petes](/wiki/Peterborough_Petes "Peterborough Petes") coached by 25\-year\-old [Scotty Bowman](/wiki/Scotty_Bowman "Scotty Bowman"). In the championship series, the Petes won the first game 5\-4, and the Braves came back to win four straight games 5\-2, 5\-2, 5\-3 and 6\-2\. The final game of the series was played in [Brandon, Manitoba](/wiki/Brandon%2C_Manitoba "Brandon, Manitoba") due to the Shrine Circus appearing at [Winnipeg Arena](/wiki/Winnipeg_Arena "Winnipeg Arena"). The team included future NHL'ers [Ted Green](/wiki/Ted_Green "Ted Green") and [Ernie Wakely](/wiki/Ernie_Wakely "Ernie Wakely"). Roster: Pat Angers, Don Atamanchuk, Al Baty, [Gary Bergman](/wiki/Gary_Bergman "Gary Bergman"), Ernie Bradawaski, Rene Brunel, [Ted Green](/wiki/Ted_Green "Ted Green"), [Howie Hughes](/wiki/Howie_Hughes "Howie Hughes"), Allan Ingimundson, Ken King, Ted Knight, Jerry Kruk, Laurie Langrell, [Wayne Larkin](/wiki/Wayne_Larkin "Wayne Larkin"), Al LeBlanc, [Bob Leiter](/wiki/Bob_Leiter "Bob Leiter"), Doug Monro, Zenon Moroz, Lew Mueller, John Rodger, Paul Sexsmith, John Sutherland, Bob Wales, Wayne Winstone, [Ernie Wakely](/wiki/Ernie_Wakely "Ernie Wakely"), J. D. (Jack) Perrin Jr. (President), Bill Addison (Manager), Bill Allum (Coach), Jim Drury (Trainer). The Memorial Cup Championship team was inducted into the [Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/Manitoba_Sports_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum "Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum") in 2003, and inducted into the [Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame "Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame") in the team category. Prior to the 1966\-67 season, the team moved to [St. James](/wiki/St._James-Assiniboia%2C_Winnipeg "St. James-Assiniboia, Winnipeg") and changed its name to the St. James Braves.
[ "### Winnipeg Braves", "The Winnipeg Braves were founded in 1956 and affiliated with the [Winnipeg Warriors (minor pro)](/wiki/Winnipeg_Warriors_%28minor_pro%29 \"Winnipeg Warriors (minor pro)\") of the [Western Hockey League](/wiki/Western_Hockey_League_%281952%E2%80%931974%29 \"Western Hockey League (1952–1974)\"). The Braves played regular season games at Winnipeg's [Olympic Rink](/wiki/Olympic_Rink \"Olympic Rink\") and won 2 [Turnbull Cup](/wiki/Turnbull_Cup \"Turnbull Cup\") Championships as Manitoba Junior Champions (1959 and 1965\\).", "The 1958\\-59, Braves won the [Abbott Cup](/wiki/Abbott_Cup \"Abbott Cup\") as Western Canadian Junior ‘A’ Champions, and were the last team from Winnipeg to win the [Memorial Cup](/wiki/Memorial_Cup \"Memorial Cup\") as National Champions. Under the leadership of manager Bill Addison and coach [Bill Allum](/wiki/Bill_Allum \"Bill Allum\"), the Braves defeated the [Peterborough Petes](/wiki/Peterborough_Petes \"Peterborough Petes\") coached by 25\\-year\\-old [Scotty Bowman](/wiki/Scotty_Bowman \"Scotty Bowman\"). In the championship series, the Petes won the first game 5\\-4, and the Braves came back to win four straight games 5\\-2, 5\\-2, 5\\-3 and 6\\-2\\. The final game of the series was played in [Brandon, Manitoba](/wiki/Brandon%2C_Manitoba \"Brandon, Manitoba\") due to the Shrine Circus appearing at [Winnipeg Arena](/wiki/Winnipeg_Arena \"Winnipeg Arena\"). The team included future NHL'ers [Ted Green](/wiki/Ted_Green \"Ted Green\") and [Ernie Wakely](/wiki/Ernie_Wakely \"Ernie Wakely\").", "Roster: Pat Angers, Don Atamanchuk, Al Baty, [Gary Bergman](/wiki/Gary_Bergman \"Gary Bergman\"), Ernie Bradawaski, Rene Brunel, [Ted Green](/wiki/Ted_Green \"Ted Green\"), [Howie Hughes](/wiki/Howie_Hughes \"Howie Hughes\"), Allan Ingimundson, Ken King, Ted Knight, Jerry Kruk, Laurie Langrell, [Wayne Larkin](/wiki/Wayne_Larkin \"Wayne Larkin\"), Al LeBlanc, [Bob Leiter](/wiki/Bob_Leiter \"Bob Leiter\"), Doug Monro, Zenon Moroz, Lew Mueller, John Rodger, Paul Sexsmith, John Sutherland, Bob Wales, Wayne Winstone, [Ernie Wakely](/wiki/Ernie_Wakely \"Ernie Wakely\"), J. D. (Jack) Perrin Jr. (President), Bill Addison (Manager), Bill Allum (Coach), Jim Drury (Trainer).", "The Memorial Cup Championship team was inducted into the [Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum](/wiki/Manitoba_Sports_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum \"Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum\") in 2003, and inducted into the [Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame](/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame \"Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame\") in the team category.", "Prior to the 1966\\-67 season, the team moved to [St. James](/wiki/St._James-Assiniboia%2C_Winnipeg \"St. James-Assiniboia, Winnipeg\") and changed its name to the St. James Braves.", "" ]
History ------- Much of the present\-day Botanic Gardens was surveyed and selected as the site for a public garden in 1828 by the NSW Colonial Botanist [Charles Fraser](/wiki/Charles_Fraser_%28botanist%29 "Charles Fraser (botanist)"),{{cite book\|title\=Brisbane Then and Now\|last\=Gregory\|first\=Helen\|publisher\=Salamander Books\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-1\-74173\-011\-1\|location\=Wingfield, South Australia\|page\=38}} three years after the establishment of the [Moreton Bay penal settlement](/wiki/Moreton_Bay_Penal_Settlement "Moreton Bay Penal Settlement") at nearby [North Quay, Brisbane](/wiki/North_Quay%2C_Brisbane "North Quay, Brisbane"). Originally the gardens were planted by convicts in 1825 with food crops to feed the prison colony.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.brisbane\-australia.com/city\-botanic\-gardens.html\|title\=City Botanical Gardens – Brisbane Visitors Guide\|publisher\=Brisbane Australia\|access\-date\=21 October 2013\|archive\-date\=13 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013020953/https://www.brisbane\-australia.com/city\-botanic\-gardens.html\|url\-status\=live}} In 1855 a portion of several acres was declared a Botanic Reserve. In the same year [Walter Hill](/wiki/Walter_Hill_%28garden_curator%29 "Walter Hill (garden curator)") was appointed as curator of the Botanic Reserve, a position he held until 1881\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg\-dir/026\.html\|title\=City Botanic Gardens (Brisbane)\|last\=Fagg\|first\=Murray\|date\=26 May 2009\|publisher\=Council of Heads of Australian Botanic Gardens\|work\=Australian National Botanic Gardens\|access\-date\=2 September 2010\|archive\-date\=18 February 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218235607/http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg\-dir/026\.html\|url\-status\=live}} He began an active planting and experimental program. Some of the older trees planted in the Gardens were the first of their species to be planted in Australia, due to Hill's experiments to acclimatise plants. The experiments served practical outcomes. Plants with potential commercial value were tested in the gardens, first to see if they were viable, to determine what they needed for growth and if a profit could be made.{{Citation\|last\=Jolly\|first\=Paul\|title\=Brisbane:Corridors of Power\|year\=1997\|series\=Papers\|volume\=15\|page\=72\|chapter\=The planning and design of Old Government House\|place\=Brisbane\|publisher\=Brisbane History Group Inc\|editor\-last\=Shaw\|editor\-first\=Barry\|isbn\=0\-9586469\-1\-0}} Hill introduced mango, pawpaw, ginger, tamarind, mahogany, poinciana and jacaranda trees as well as tobacco, sugar, grape vines, wheat, tropical fruits, tea, coffee, spices and textile plants.{{cite book\|title\=Building Brisbane's History: Structure, Sculptures, Stories and Secrets\|last\=Gregory\|first\=Helen\|publisher\=Woodslane Press\|year\=2010\|isbn\=9781921606199\|location\=Warriewood, New South Wales\|pages\=54–58\|author2\=Dianne Mclay}} The world's first cultivated [Macadamia](/wiki/Macadamia "Macadamia") nut tree was planted in 1858 by Walter Hill.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/how\-to/brisbane\-city\-botanic\-garden/9430718 \|title\=Brisbane City Botanic Garden \|date\=19 Dec 2009 \|website\=Gardening Australia \|publisher\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation \|access\-date\=15 January 2024 \|archive\-date\=15 January 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115115350/https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/how\-to/brisbane\-city\-botanic\-garden/9430718 \|url\-status\=live }} He encouraged the work of the sugar pioneer John Buhot which culminated in the first production of granulated sugar in Queensland in April 1862\. A [cairn](/wiki/Cairn "Cairn") was erected at the site where the sugar cane was grown. Hill also supported the work of the [Queensland Acclimatisation Society](/wiki/Queensland_Acclimatisation_Society "Queensland Acclimatisation Society") which was formed in 1862, and the Botanic Gardens was the propagation and distribution point for the Society's imports. The first jacaranda tree in Australia was planted at the Botanic Gardens in 1864\. A curator collected seedlings from an international ship docked in the Brisbane River.{{Cite web \|title\=MoB Sunday Stories: Brisbane's first Jacaranda \|url\=https://www.museumofbrisbane.com.au/mob\-sunday\-stories\-brisbanes\-first\-jacaranda/ \|access\-date\=9 January 2023 \|website\=Museum of Brisbane \|date\=27 October 2020 \|archive\-date\=9 January 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109092158/https://www.museumofbrisbane.com.au/mob\-sunday\-stories\-brisbanes\-first\-jacaranda/ \|url\-status\=live }} The cultural popularity of the jacaranda across Brisbane City was subsequently spawned. [left\|thumb\|180px\|Walter Hill Fountain, 2020](/wiki/File:Walter_Hill_Fountain_in_City_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland%2C_2020.jpg "Walter Hill Fountain in City Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Queensland, 2020.jpg") By 1866 Hill had succeeded in having the extent of the Botanic Gardens enlarged to approximately {{convert\|27\|acre}}. A {{convert\|10\|acre\|adj\=on}} strip along [Alice Street](/wiki/Alice_Street%2C_Brisbane "Alice Street, Brisbane") was not part of the Gardens but served as a park and sporting field known as Queen's Park. Early building work in the area included a Superintendent's cottage in the late 1850s, a platform for a battery of cannon in the early 1860s, a stone and iron fence around Queen's Park in 1865–66 \[utilising stone from the old gaol on [Petrie Terrace](/wiki/Petrie_Terrace%2C_Queensland "Petrie Terrace, Queensland")], and a drinking fountain in 1867\. The fountain, designed by Colonial Architect [Charles Tiffin](/wiki/Charles_Tiffin "Charles Tiffin"), was erected only a year after reticulated water from the [Enoggera](/wiki/Enoggera%2C_Queensland "Enoggera, Queensland") reservoir was introduced to [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"). It later became known as the Walter Hill fountain. A row of [figs](/wiki/Ficus_benjamina "Ficus benjamina") were planted in the 1870s. Hill also planted avenues of [Bunya pines](/wiki/Bunya_pine "Bunya pine") and [Cook pines](/wiki/Cook_pine "Cook pine"). [thumb\|upright\|Queen's Park in the 1880s\|left](/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_236788_Portrait_view_of_Brisbane%27s_Botanic_Gardens_from_Parliament_House_to_the_Brisbane_River%2C_ca._1889.jpg "StateLibQld 1 236788 Portrait view of Brisbane's Botanic Gardens from Parliament House to the Brisbane River, ca. 1889.jpg") Scientific activity was complemented by public recreational use of the Gardens, along with the Domain (on the southern boundary of the Gardens) and Queen's Park. By the 1880s, some of the scientific work previously performed by the Botanic Gardens was being carried out by the Queensland Acclimatisation Society at [Bowen Park](/wiki/Bowen_Park%2C_Brisbane "Bowen Park, Brisbane"). The Herbarium and Botanic Library were moved from the Gardens for a period but were returned in 1905 when [John Frederick Bailey](/wiki/John_Frederick_Bailey "John Frederick Bailey") was appointed Curator of the Botanic Gardens. Underground electricity supply was installed in 1907\. Extensive dredging of [Gardens Point](/wiki/Gardens_Point%2C_Brisbane "Gardens Point, Brisbane") in 1915 removed about {{convert\|9\|acre}} from the Domain (the southern side of Gardens Point) and Botanic Gardens but in the following year the amalgamation of the Gardens, Queens Park and part of the Domain resulted in a new Botanic Gardens of about {{convert\|50\|acre}}. The extant City Botanic Gardens was formed by the amalgamation of the original Botanic Gardens with the Domain (the southern side of Gardens Point) and Queen's Park in 1916, bringing its total area to around {{convert\|20\|ha}}; Queen's Park comprised a {{convert\|10\|acre\|adj\=on}} strip along Alice Street, which originally served as a park and a sporting field, where regular cricket and [football](/wiki/History_of_association_football_in_Brisbane%2C_Queensland "History of association football in Brisbane, Queensland") matches were held. The former curator's cottage built for [John Frederick Bailey](/wiki/John_Frederick_Bailey "John Frederick Bailey"), curator from 1905–1917, is now a cafe. The [City of Brisbane](/wiki/City_of_Brisbane "City of Brisbane") Act of 1924 transferred responsibility for the Botanic Gardens to the [Brisbane City Council](/wiki/Brisbane_City_Council "Brisbane City Council"), but the Herbarium remained as part of the [Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock](/wiki/Queensland_Department_of_Agriculture_and_Stock "Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock"). Due to the proximity to the river, the Botanic Gardens have been flooded nine times between 1870–2011\. With many plants being washed away, the Brisbane City Council established a [new botanic gardens](/wiki/Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Mount_Coot-tha "Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha") at [Mount Coot\-tha](/wiki/Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Mount_Coot-tha "Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha"). Since the opening of the [Mount Coot\-tha](/wiki/Mount_Coot-tha%2C_Queensland "Mount Coot-tha, Queensland") Botanic Gardens in the mid 1970s, the Brisbane Botanic Gardens has become principally a recreational venue. Re\-development of the Gardens in the late 1980s saw the introduction of new recreational structures and restoration work on the former Queen's Park fence. The Gardens were also the home for over 100 years for [Harriet](/wiki/Harriet_%28tortoise%29 "Harriet (tortoise)"), a tortoise reportedly collected by [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin "Charles Darwin") during his visit to the [Galápagos Islands](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands "Galápagos Islands") in 1835 and donated to the Gardens in 1860 by [John Clements Wickham](/wiki/John_Clements_Wickham "John Clements Wickham"), former commander of {{HMS\|Beagle}} and later [Government Resident](/wiki/Government_Resident "Government Resident") for [Moreton Bay](/wiki/Moreton_Bay "Moreton Bay"). Harriet was named in honour of [Harry Oakman](/wiki/Harry_Oakman "Harry Oakman"), curator of the Gardens from 1945 to 1962 and the creator of the (now disbanded) zoo at the Gardens. The zoo at one time housed more than 400 animal species. From about 1925 it was increasingly under scrutiny for poor animal welfare conditions and unsustainable costs, and was closed in 1958\. Harriet lived out her final years at [Australia Zoo](/wiki/Australia_Zoo "Australia Zoo") until dying in June 2006\.
[ "History\n-------", "Much of the present\\-day Botanic Gardens was surveyed and selected as the site for a public garden in 1828 by the NSW Colonial Botanist [Charles Fraser](/wiki/Charles_Fraser_%28botanist%29 \"Charles Fraser (botanist)\"),{{cite book\\|title\\=Brisbane Then and Now\\|last\\=Gregory\\|first\\=Helen\\|publisher\\=Salamander Books\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-74173\\-011\\-1\\|location\\=Wingfield, South Australia\\|page\\=38}} three years after the establishment of the [Moreton Bay penal settlement](/wiki/Moreton_Bay_Penal_Settlement \"Moreton Bay Penal Settlement\") at nearby [North Quay, Brisbane](/wiki/North_Quay%2C_Brisbane \"North Quay, Brisbane\"). Originally the gardens were planted by convicts in 1825 with food crops to feed the prison colony.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.brisbane\\-australia.com/city\\-botanic\\-gardens.html\\|title\\=City Botanical Gardens – Brisbane Visitors Guide\\|publisher\\=Brisbane Australia\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=13 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013020953/https://www.brisbane\\-australia.com/city\\-botanic\\-gardens.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "In 1855 a portion of several acres was declared a Botanic Reserve. In the same year [Walter Hill](/wiki/Walter_Hill_%28garden_curator%29 \"Walter Hill (garden curator)\") was appointed as curator of the Botanic Reserve, a position he held until 1881\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg\\-dir/026\\.html\\|title\\=City Botanic Gardens (Brisbane)\\|last\\=Fagg\\|first\\=Murray\\|date\\=26 May 2009\\|publisher\\=Council of Heads of Australian Botanic Gardens\\|work\\=Australian National Botanic Gardens\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=18 February 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218235607/http://www.chabg.gov.au/chabg/bg\\-dir/026\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} He began an active planting and experimental program. Some of the older trees planted in the Gardens were the first of their species to be planted in Australia, due to Hill's experiments to acclimatise plants. The experiments served practical outcomes. Plants with potential commercial value were tested in the gardens, first to see if they were viable, to determine what they needed for growth and if a profit could be made.{{Citation\\|last\\=Jolly\\|first\\=Paul\\|title\\=Brisbane:Corridors of Power\\|year\\=1997\\|series\\=Papers\\|volume\\=15\\|page\\=72\\|chapter\\=The planning and design of Old Government House\\|place\\=Brisbane\\|publisher\\=Brisbane History Group Inc\\|editor\\-last\\=Shaw\\|editor\\-first\\=Barry\\|isbn\\=0\\-9586469\\-1\\-0}} Hill introduced mango, pawpaw, ginger, tamarind, mahogany, poinciana and jacaranda trees as well as tobacco, sugar, grape vines, wheat, tropical fruits, tea, coffee, spices and textile plants.{{cite book\\|title\\=Building Brisbane's History: Structure, Sculptures, Stories and Secrets\\|last\\=Gregory\\|first\\=Helen\\|publisher\\=Woodslane Press\\|year\\=2010\\|isbn\\=9781921606199\\|location\\=Warriewood, New South Wales\\|pages\\=54–58\\|author2\\=Dianne Mclay}} The world's first cultivated [Macadamia](/wiki/Macadamia \"Macadamia\") nut tree was planted in 1858 by Walter Hill.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/how\\-to/brisbane\\-city\\-botanic\\-garden/9430718 \\|title\\=Brisbane City Botanic Garden \\|date\\=19 Dec 2009 \\|website\\=Gardening Australia \\|publisher\\=Australian Broadcasting Corporation \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2024 \\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115115350/https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/how\\-to/brisbane\\-city\\-botanic\\-garden/9430718 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He encouraged the work of the sugar pioneer John Buhot which culminated in the first production of granulated sugar in Queensland in April 1862\\. A [cairn](/wiki/Cairn \"Cairn\") was erected at the site where the sugar cane was grown. Hill also supported the work of the [Queensland Acclimatisation Society](/wiki/Queensland_Acclimatisation_Society \"Queensland Acclimatisation Society\") which was formed in 1862, and the Botanic Gardens was the propagation and distribution point for the Society's imports.", "The first jacaranda tree in Australia was planted at the Botanic Gardens in 1864\\. A curator collected seedlings from an international ship docked in the Brisbane River.{{Cite web \\|title\\=MoB Sunday Stories: Brisbane's first Jacaranda \\|url\\=https://www.museumofbrisbane.com.au/mob\\-sunday\\-stories\\-brisbanes\\-first\\-jacaranda/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 January 2023 \\|website\\=Museum of Brisbane \\|date\\=27 October 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 January 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109092158/https://www.museumofbrisbane.com.au/mob\\-sunday\\-stories\\-brisbanes\\-first\\-jacaranda/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The cultural popularity of the jacaranda across Brisbane City was subsequently spawned.", "[left\\|thumb\\|180px\\|Walter Hill Fountain, 2020](/wiki/File:Walter_Hill_Fountain_in_City_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Brisbane%2C_Queensland%2C_2020.jpg \"Walter Hill Fountain in City Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Queensland, 2020.jpg\")\nBy 1866 Hill had succeeded in having the extent of the Botanic Gardens enlarged to approximately {{convert\\|27\\|acre}}. A {{convert\\|10\\|acre\\|adj\\=on}} strip along [Alice Street](/wiki/Alice_Street%2C_Brisbane \"Alice Street, Brisbane\") was not part of the Gardens but served as a park and sporting field known as Queen's Park.\nEarly building work in the area included a Superintendent's cottage in the late 1850s, a platform for a battery of cannon in the early 1860s, a stone and iron fence around Queen's Park in 1865–66 \\[utilising stone from the old gaol on [Petrie Terrace](/wiki/Petrie_Terrace%2C_Queensland \"Petrie Terrace, Queensland\")], and a drinking fountain in 1867\\. The fountain, designed by Colonial Architect [Charles Tiffin](/wiki/Charles_Tiffin \"Charles Tiffin\"), was erected only a year after reticulated water from the [Enoggera](/wiki/Enoggera%2C_Queensland \"Enoggera, Queensland\") reservoir was introduced to [Brisbane](/wiki/Brisbane \"Brisbane\"). It later became known as the Walter Hill fountain.", "A row of [figs](/wiki/Ficus_benjamina \"Ficus benjamina\") were planted in the 1870s. Hill also planted avenues of [Bunya pines](/wiki/Bunya_pine \"Bunya pine\") and [Cook pines](/wiki/Cook_pine \"Cook pine\").", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Queen's Park in the 1880s\\|left](/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_236788_Portrait_view_of_Brisbane%27s_Botanic_Gardens_from_Parliament_House_to_the_Brisbane_River%2C_ca._1889.jpg \"StateLibQld 1 236788 Portrait view of Brisbane's Botanic Gardens from Parliament House to the Brisbane River, ca. 1889.jpg\")\nScientific activity was complemented by public recreational use of the Gardens, along with the Domain (on the southern boundary of the Gardens) and Queen's Park. By the 1880s, some of the scientific work previously performed by the Botanic Gardens was being carried out by the Queensland Acclimatisation Society at [Bowen Park](/wiki/Bowen_Park%2C_Brisbane \"Bowen Park, Brisbane\"). The Herbarium and Botanic Library were moved from the Gardens for a period but were returned in 1905 when [John Frederick Bailey](/wiki/John_Frederick_Bailey \"John Frederick Bailey\") was appointed Curator of the Botanic Gardens.", "Underground electricity supply was installed in 1907\\.", "Extensive dredging of [Gardens Point](/wiki/Gardens_Point%2C_Brisbane \"Gardens Point, Brisbane\") in 1915 removed about {{convert\\|9\\|acre}} from the Domain (the southern side of Gardens Point) and Botanic Gardens but in the following year the amalgamation of the Gardens, Queens Park and part of the Domain resulted in a new Botanic Gardens of about {{convert\\|50\\|acre}}.", "The extant City Botanic Gardens was formed by the amalgamation of the original Botanic Gardens with the Domain (the southern side of Gardens Point) and Queen's Park in 1916, bringing its total area to around {{convert\\|20\\|ha}}; Queen's Park comprised a {{convert\\|10\\|acre\\|adj\\=on}} strip along Alice Street, which originally served as a park and a sporting field, where regular cricket and [football](/wiki/History_of_association_football_in_Brisbane%2C_Queensland \"History of association football in Brisbane, Queensland\") matches were held. The former curator's cottage built for [John Frederick Bailey](/wiki/John_Frederick_Bailey \"John Frederick Bailey\"), curator from 1905–1917, is now a cafe.", "The [City of Brisbane](/wiki/City_of_Brisbane \"City of Brisbane\") Act of 1924 transferred responsibility for the Botanic Gardens to the [Brisbane City Council](/wiki/Brisbane_City_Council \"Brisbane City Council\"), but the Herbarium remained as part of the [Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock](/wiki/Queensland_Department_of_Agriculture_and_Stock \"Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock\").", "Due to the proximity to the river, the Botanic Gardens have been flooded nine times between 1870–2011\\. With many plants being washed away, the Brisbane City Council established a [new botanic gardens](/wiki/Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Mount_Coot-tha \"Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha\") at [Mount Coot\\-tha](/wiki/Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Mount_Coot-tha \"Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha\"). Since the opening of the [Mount Coot\\-tha](/wiki/Mount_Coot-tha%2C_Queensland \"Mount Coot-tha, Queensland\") Botanic Gardens in the mid 1970s, the Brisbane Botanic Gardens has become principally a recreational venue. Re\\-development of the Gardens in the late 1980s saw the introduction of new recreational structures and restoration work on the former Queen's Park fence.", "The Gardens were also the home for over 100 years for [Harriet](/wiki/Harriet_%28tortoise%29 \"Harriet (tortoise)\"), a tortoise reportedly collected by [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin \"Charles Darwin\") during his visit to the [Galápagos Islands](/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands \"Galápagos Islands\") in 1835 and donated to the Gardens in 1860 by [John Clements Wickham](/wiki/John_Clements_Wickham \"John Clements Wickham\"), former commander of {{HMS\\|Beagle}} and later [Government Resident](/wiki/Government_Resident \"Government Resident\") for [Moreton Bay](/wiki/Moreton_Bay \"Moreton Bay\"). Harriet was named in honour of [Harry Oakman](/wiki/Harry_Oakman \"Harry Oakman\"), curator of the Gardens from 1945 to 1962 and the creator of the (now disbanded) zoo at the Gardens. The zoo at one time housed more than 400 animal species. From about 1925 it was increasingly under scrutiny for poor animal welfare conditions and unsustainable costs, and was closed in 1958\\. Harriet lived out her final years at [Australia Zoo](/wiki/Australia_Zoo \"Australia Zoo\") until dying in June 2006\\.", "" ]
Heritage listing ---------------- Brisbane Botanic Gardens was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 3 February 1997 having satisfied the following criteria. **The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.** The Brisbane Botanic Gardens are historically important as the most significant, non\-Aboriginal cultural landscape in Queensland, having a continuous horticultural history since 1828, without any significant loss of land area or change in use over that time. It remains the premier public park and recreational facility for the capital of Queensland, which role it has performed since the early 1840s. **The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.** Plant collections date to the 1850s, many having been planted by Walter Hill, the first Director of the Botanic Gardens. Many of the specimens are either rare in cultivation or of great maturity or both. Many important plant introductions to Queensland, of both an agricultural and ornamental nature, can be traced directly to the Brisbane Botanic Gardens and the work of its early curators. **The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.** These gardens are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an evolving public and botanical garden dating from the mid\-19th century, containing the most extensive mature gardens in Queensland. There are a number of historic structures in the gardens, including the Walter Hill Drinking Fountain (1867\), the former band pavilion (1878\), the boundary stone walls, gates and cast iron railings (1865–85\), the former bear pit shelter (1905\), the former curator's residence (1909\) \[now the kiosk], the riverwall from Edward Street to the Domain (1918\), the southern stone staircase on the riverbank (1918–19\) and the middle and northern stone staircases (both 1923–24\). The place also contains a number of historically significant early engineering projects, including the stormwater drainage system (1865 onwards), reticulated water supply from Enoggera Dam (1867\) and underground electricity supply for lighting purposes (1907\). **The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.** The Brisbane Botanic Gardens are significant as a Brisbane landmark and for their visual amenity and natural wildlife values as the major verdant landscaped area in the city's central business district. **The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.** Many important social events have taken place within the gardens, and the place is generally held in high regard by the local community and is a popular destination for visitors to Brisbane. **The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.** The place has a special association with the pioneering work of curators [Walter Hill](/wiki/Walter_Hill_%28garden_curator%29 "Walter Hill (garden curator)") (1855–81\), [Philip John MacMahon](/wiki/Philip_John_MacMahon "Philip John MacMahon"){{Cite web \|url\=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macmahon\-philip\-john\-13072 \|title\=Australian Dictionary of Biography:Philip John MacMahon. Accessed 7 March 2018\. \|access\-date\=6 March 2018 \|archive\-date\=9 February 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209085043/https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macmahon\-philip\-john\-13072 \|url\-status\=live }} (1889–1905\),Dowe, J.L. (2018\), Philip John MacMahon: Brisbane Botanic Gardens curator 1889–1905 and his vision of Brisbane as a 'Gity of Palms', *[Queensland History Journal](/wiki/Queensland_History_Journal "Queensland History Journal")* 23(8\) 507–521\. [John Frederick Bailey](/wiki/John_Frederick_Bailey "John Frederick Bailey") (1905–1917\) and [Ernest Walter Bick](/wiki/Ernest_Walter_Bick "Ernest Walter Bick")[Australian National Botanic Gardens: Biography: Ernest Walter Bick.](https://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/bick-ernest-walter.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040420160624/http://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/bick\-ernest\-walter.html \|date\=20 April 2004 }} Accessed 7 March 2018\. (1917–1939\).
[ "Heritage listing\n----------------", "Brisbane Botanic Gardens was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 3 February 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**", "The Brisbane Botanic Gardens are historically important as the most significant, non\\-Aboriginal cultural landscape in Queensland, having a continuous horticultural history since 1828, without any significant loss of land area or change in use over that time. It remains the premier public park and recreational facility for the capital of Queensland, which role it has performed since the early 1840s.", "**The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.**", "Plant collections date to the 1850s, many having been planted by Walter Hill, the first Director of the Botanic Gardens. Many of the specimens are either rare in cultivation or of great maturity or both. Many important plant introductions to Queensland, of both an agricultural and ornamental nature, can be traced directly to the Brisbane Botanic Gardens and the work of its early curators.", "**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**", "These gardens are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an evolving public and botanical garden dating from the mid\\-19th century, containing the most extensive mature gardens in Queensland. There are a number of historic structures in the gardens, including the Walter Hill Drinking Fountain (1867\\), the former band pavilion (1878\\), the boundary stone walls, gates and cast iron railings (1865–85\\), the former bear pit shelter (1905\\), the former curator's residence (1909\\) \\[now the kiosk], the riverwall from Edward Street to the Domain (1918\\), the southern stone staircase on the riverbank (1918–19\\) and the middle and northern stone staircases (both 1923–24\\). The place also contains a number of historically significant early engineering projects, including the stormwater drainage system (1865 onwards), reticulated water supply from Enoggera Dam (1867\\) and underground electricity supply for lighting purposes (1907\\).", "**The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.**", "The Brisbane Botanic Gardens are significant as a Brisbane landmark and for their visual amenity and natural wildlife values as the major verdant landscaped area in the city's central business district.", "**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**", "Many important social events have taken place within the gardens, and the place is generally held in high regard by the local community and is a popular destination for visitors to Brisbane.", "**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**", "The place has a special association with the pioneering work of curators [Walter Hill](/wiki/Walter_Hill_%28garden_curator%29 \"Walter Hill (garden curator)\") (1855–81\\), [Philip John MacMahon](/wiki/Philip_John_MacMahon \"Philip John MacMahon\"){{Cite web \\|url\\=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macmahon\\-philip\\-john\\-13072 \\|title\\=Australian Dictionary of Biography:Philip John MacMahon. Accessed 7 March 2018\\. \\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 February 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209085043/https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macmahon\\-philip\\-john\\-13072 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (1889–1905\\),Dowe, J.L. (2018\\), Philip John MacMahon: Brisbane Botanic Gardens curator 1889–1905 and his vision of Brisbane as a 'Gity of Palms', *[Queensland History Journal](/wiki/Queensland_History_Journal \"Queensland History Journal\")* 23(8\\) 507–521\\. [John Frederick Bailey](/wiki/John_Frederick_Bailey \"John Frederick Bailey\") (1905–1917\\) and [Ernest Walter Bick](/wiki/Ernest_Walter_Bick \"Ernest Walter Bick\")[Australian National Botanic Gardens: Biography: Ernest Walter Bick.](https://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/bick-ernest-walter.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040420160624/http://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/bick\\-ernest\\-walter.html \\|date\\=20 April 2004 }} Accessed 7 March 2018\\. (1917–1939\\).", "" ]
Biography --------- Barbara Kluntz, called "Schneiderbärbele", was the daughter and third child of the tailor Peter Kluntz and his wife Katharina Kluntz, née Messerschmid. She joined the charitable [Third Order](/wiki/Third_order "Third order") of the Ulm Collection Women who were evangelicals after the [Reformation](/wiki/Reformation "Reformation"). The monastery\-like association also owned several villages around Ulm and was located on Ulmer Frauenstrasse at the corner of Sammlungsgasse. The building was destroyed in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). Since the women who entered the order did not have to take any vows, Barbara Kluntz was not a nun. ### Entry into the Ulm Collection Foundation [thumb\|Location of the Ulm collection. Detail from the bird's eye view plan 1597\.](/wiki/File:KluntzBild2_-_Sammlung_-_the_RIGHT_ONE%21%21%21.jpg "KluntzBild2 - Sammlung - the RIGHT ONE!!!.jpg") When she entered the collection, Barbara Kluntz was widely known as a “piano virtuoso, organ player and poet”, according to older research. Excerpts from her will, which no longer exists, show that she had her own [organ](/wiki/Organ_%28music%29 "Organ (music)"), a [clavichord](/wiki/Clavichord "Clavichord"), many books, and music. How Barbara Kluntz came to her skills and what position her father had as a tailor within the Ulm tailors' guild is not yet known. Until then, only patrician women had been included in the collection. Why Barbara Kluntz only joined the collection at the age of 44 remains to be explored. Her musical activities can only be documented when she joined the collection in 1704\. So far, no evidence can be found about her childhood, early and late adolescence. Barbara Kluntz was not married; she moved into the collection under her maiden name and as a "maid". Her vocal and instrumental music making was probably dedicated to purely religious purposes. She also taught her colleagues, their students and many patrician daughters, in "clavier\-playing". Her great role model was the French poet [Georgette de Montenay](/wiki/Georgette_de_Montenay "Georgette de Montenay"), whose portrait she had included in her chorale book from 1711\. ### Contacts and concerts Barbara Kluntz maintained contacts in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") through correspondence and probably had the latest musical works sent from there so that she could study and perform them. She probably accompanied herself and others herself on the clavichord and on the organ. Since the Ulm collection women were free to move around the city and in the monastery, it can be assumed that the Ulm collection was a center of Ulm music practice alongside the permanently employed Ulm city performers and the emerging theater business. ### Poetry In addition to music, Barbara Kluntz also wrote many poems that she published in her chorale books, including a work that expresses her joy and vitality: „Deß Davids Harpff in Himel klingt, wol dem, der mit mir frölich singt. Lutherus singt uns allen vor, Nach Gottes Wort führt den Tenor. Wir singen nach und zwitzern mit, Und Gott nimt an solch Lob und Bitt. Wer nun Gott fürcht und hat mich gern der singt mit mir zu Gott dem Herrn.“ (Choralbuch 1711\) Barbara Kluntz must have been very familiar with the French language, as she quoted her role model Georgette de Montenay in her chorale book from 1711 and presumably knew their works in the original. With this, Barbara Kluntz entered a tradition of outstanding women who put their literary and musical talents and gifts into the service of the praise of God. ### Choralbuch 1711 The 245 [chorales](/wiki/Chorales "Chorales") of the magnificently handwritten Choral Music book from 1711 are recorded only with title and partly without text. The melodies are set to chords with up to six voices, whereby the settings can suddenly switch between full voices and two\-part passages. Occasionally, Barbara Kluntz also offers alternative suspensions to a chorale melody on the same page. In her works, Barbara Kluntz often used the [fifths](/wiki/Fifth_%28chord%29 "Fifth (chord)") and [octaves](/wiki/Octaves "Octaves") in parallel, and the third is just as often missing in the movements despite four and five voices. This could be an indication that she learned her art [auto\-didactically](/wiki/Autodidacticism "Autodidacticism"), since the use of the third had long been common at this point in music history. At the end of her first chorale book, Barbara Kluntz puts her happiest credo, her way of viewing music: „Ich waiß nit z’sagen, wie vil Gut, In Musica ist verborgen; Gott und Menschen sie g’fallen thut, Music vertreibt die Sorgen, Music verjagt die Traurigkeit, Music den Geist erneüet, Music macht Lust, und kürzt die Zeit, und ewig uns erfreüet. Music lieb’ ich, so lang ich leb, und frölich meine Stimm’ erheb, und sing: O Music! Himmels Kunst, du bist wehrt aller Ehr’ und Gunst.“ ``` (Choralbuch 1711) ```
[ "Biography\n---------", "Barbara Kluntz, called \"Schneiderbärbele\", was the daughter and third child of the tailor Peter Kluntz and his wife Katharina Kluntz, née Messerschmid. She joined the charitable [Third Order](/wiki/Third_order \"Third order\") of the Ulm Collection Women who were evangelicals after the [Reformation](/wiki/Reformation \"Reformation\"). The monastery\\-like association also owned several villages around Ulm and was located on Ulmer Frauenstrasse at the corner of Sammlungsgasse. The building was destroyed in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").", "Since the women who entered the order did not have to take any vows, Barbara Kluntz was not a nun.", "### Entry into the Ulm Collection Foundation", "[thumb\\|Location of the Ulm collection. Detail from the bird's eye view plan 1597\\.](/wiki/File:KluntzBild2_-_Sammlung_-_the_RIGHT_ONE%21%21%21.jpg \"KluntzBild2 - Sammlung - the RIGHT ONE!!!.jpg\")\nWhen she entered the collection, Barbara Kluntz was widely known as a “piano virtuoso, organ player and poet”, according to older research. Excerpts from her will, which no longer exists, show that she had her own [organ](/wiki/Organ_%28music%29 \"Organ (music)\"), a [clavichord](/wiki/Clavichord \"Clavichord\"), many books, and music.", "How Barbara Kluntz came to her skills and what position her father had as a tailor within the Ulm tailors' guild is not yet known. Until then, only patrician women had been included in the collection. Why Barbara Kluntz only joined the collection at the age of 44 remains to be explored. Her musical activities can only be documented when she joined the collection in 1704\\. So far, no evidence can be found about her childhood, early and late adolescence.", "Barbara Kluntz was not married; she moved into the collection under her maiden name and as a \"maid\". Her vocal and instrumental music making was probably dedicated to purely religious purposes. She also taught her colleagues, their students and many patrician daughters, in \"clavier\\-playing\". Her great role model was the French poet [Georgette de Montenay](/wiki/Georgette_de_Montenay \"Georgette de Montenay\"), whose portrait she had included in her chorale book from 1711\\.", "### Contacts and concerts", "Barbara Kluntz maintained contacts in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") through correspondence and probably had the latest musical works sent from there so that she could study and perform them. She probably accompanied herself and others herself on the clavichord and on the organ. Since the Ulm collection women were free to move around the city and in the monastery, it can be assumed that the Ulm collection was a center of Ulm music practice alongside the permanently employed Ulm city performers and the emerging theater business.", "### Poetry", "In addition to music, Barbara Kluntz also wrote many poems that she published in her chorale books, including a work that expresses her joy and vitality:", "", "„Deß Davids Harpff in Himel klingt,\nwol dem, der mit mir frölich singt.\nLutherus singt uns allen vor,\nNach Gottes Wort führt den Tenor.\nWir singen nach und zwitzern mit,\nUnd Gott nimt an solch Lob und Bitt.\nWer nun Gott fürcht und hat mich gern\nder singt mit mir zu Gott dem Herrn.“\n (Choralbuch 1711\\)", "Barbara Kluntz must have been very familiar with the French language, as she quoted her role model Georgette de Montenay in her chorale book from 1711 and presumably knew their works in the original. With this, Barbara Kluntz entered a tradition of outstanding women who put their literary and musical talents and gifts into the service of the praise of God.", "### Choralbuch 1711", "The 245 [chorales](/wiki/Chorales \"Chorales\") of the magnificently handwritten Choral Music book from 1711 are recorded only with title and partly without text. The melodies are set to chords with up to six voices, whereby the settings can suddenly switch between full voices and two\\-part passages. Occasionally, Barbara Kluntz also offers alternative suspensions to a chorale melody on the same page.", "In her works, Barbara Kluntz often used the [fifths](/wiki/Fifth_%28chord%29 \"Fifth (chord)\") and [octaves](/wiki/Octaves \"Octaves\") in parallel, and the third is just as often missing in the movements despite four and five voices. This could be an indication that she learned her art [auto\\-didactically](/wiki/Autodidacticism \"Autodidacticism\"), since the use of the third had long been common at this point in music history.", "At the end of her first chorale book, Barbara Kluntz puts her happiest credo, her way of viewing music:", "", "", "„Ich waiß nit z’sagen, wie vil Gut,\nIn Musica ist verborgen;\nGott und Menschen sie g’fallen thut,\nMusic vertreibt die Sorgen,\nMusic verjagt die Traurigkeit,\nMusic den Geist erneüet,\nMusic macht Lust, und kürzt die Zeit,\nund ewig uns erfreüet.\nMusic lieb’ ich, so lang ich leb,\nund frölich meine Stimm’ erheb,\nund sing: O Music! Himmels Kunst,\ndu bist wehrt aller Ehr’ und Gunst.“", "```\n(Choralbuch 1711)", "```" ]
The milonga ----------- ### History of the milonga The [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)") flamenca is considered as a musical style derived from [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco"), introduced in [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") by the colonists, the deported, artists and soldiers who went back to [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") from the colonies by the end of the 19th century, reminiscing in their music the memories of American lands. The Argentinian [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)") is a famous cantabile style and comes from the “payada de contrapunto”, having deep connections with the *habanera* and the *tango antillano* at a metrical\-rhythmical and harmonious angle.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.flamencopolis.com/archives/291\|title\=Milongas {{!}} Flamencopolis\|website\=www.flamencopolis.com\|language\=es\-ES\|access\-date\=2018\-05\-26}} From a musical perspective, it is more interesting the flamenco touch of a foreign music, though it keeps the original rhythm and accent.  The milonga followed an evolutive process that probably had its origins in the *yaravi* and other styles such as *triste* and *[cifra](/wiki/Cifra_%28musical_genre%29 "Cifra (musical genre)")*. In 1860, *triste* became *milonga*¸ and it was between 1880 and 1910 that the milonga reached the top. ### Rhythm As the *vidalita*, milonga is based in the metric of the *tango\-tientos*, sometimes going against its characteristic free flowing rhythm. ### Tonality The first type of milonga has a base of flamenco and ends with the *rumbita*, giving the dance side to the style. The second type is more unhurried in its [tempo](/wiki/Tempo "Tempo") and has a minor tonality, closer to the style of the *vidalita*. Nevertheless, the tonal ambiguity between the major and the minor at some parts of the singing process is a characteristic feature of the milonga, which usually ends up in minor. The harmonious scheme is based in the alternation between tonic and dominant with variations established by each artist. People usually cannot differentiate between *milongas* and *vidalitas*. This confusion is mainly due to two aspects: the similar rhythmic and melodic nature of both styles and the mention of *vidalita* in some [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)") coplas. Another characteristic of *milongas* and *vidalitas* is the performance by a Spanish guitar of an [appoggiatura](/wiki/Appoggiatura "Appoggiatura") from the ninth chord to the eighth in the fourth string (on top). That is a paradigmatic element of flamenco *[milongas](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)")* and *vidalitas*, which also plays to the accompaniment of the Argentinian [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)"). ### Pepa de Oro's milonga The first true [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco") [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)") and tango\-tiento beat is the one Pepa de Oro made popular at the end of the 19th Century. She merged it with the choreographic [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)") for it to be sung at the same time it is danced. This folk singing has two distinguished parts: the first is the true [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)") with its sequence of verses about a brief melodic motif, and the second the final *rumbita*.
[ "The milonga\n-----------", "### History of the milonga", "The [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\") flamenca is considered as a musical style derived from [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco \"Flamenco\"), introduced in [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") by the colonists, the deported, artists and soldiers who went back to [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") from the colonies by the end of the 19th century, reminiscing in their music the memories of American lands.", "The Argentinian [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\") is a famous cantabile style and comes from the “payada de contrapunto”, having deep connections with the *habanera* and the *tango antillano* at a metrical\\-rhythmical and harmonious angle.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.flamencopolis.com/archives/291\\|title\\=Milongas {{!}} Flamencopolis\\|website\\=www.flamencopolis.com\\|language\\=es\\-ES\\|access\\-date\\=2018\\-05\\-26}}", "From a musical perspective, it is more interesting the flamenco touch of a foreign music, though it keeps the original rhythm and accent.", "The milonga followed an evolutive process that probably had its origins in the *yaravi* and other styles such as *triste* and *[cifra](/wiki/Cifra_%28musical_genre%29 \"Cifra (musical genre)\")*. In 1860, *triste* became *milonga*¸ and it was between 1880 and 1910 that the milonga reached the top.", "### Rhythm", "As the *vidalita*, milonga is based in the metric of the *tango\\-tientos*, sometimes going against its characteristic free flowing rhythm.", "### Tonality", "The first type of milonga has a base of flamenco and ends with the *rumbita*, giving the dance side to the style.", "The second type is more unhurried in its [tempo](/wiki/Tempo \"Tempo\") and has a minor tonality, closer to the style of the *vidalita*. Nevertheless, the tonal ambiguity between the major and the minor at some parts of the singing process is a characteristic feature of the milonga, which usually ends up in minor.", "The harmonious scheme is based in the alternation between tonic and dominant with variations established by each artist.", "People usually cannot differentiate between *milongas* and *vidalitas*. This confusion is mainly due to two aspects: the similar rhythmic and melodic nature of both styles and the mention of *vidalita* in some [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\") coplas.", "Another characteristic of *milongas* and *vidalitas* is the performance by a Spanish guitar of an [appoggiatura](/wiki/Appoggiatura \"Appoggiatura\") from the ninth chord to the eighth in the fourth string (on top). That is a paradigmatic element of flamenco *[milongas](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\")* and *vidalitas*, which also plays to the accompaniment of the Argentinian [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\").", "### Pepa de Oro's milonga", "The first true [flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco \"Flamenco\") [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\") and tango\\-tiento beat is the one Pepa de Oro made popular at the end of the 19th Century. She merged it with the choreographic [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\") for it to be sung at the same time it is danced.", "This folk singing has two distinguished parts: the first is the true [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\") with its sequence of verses about a brief melodic motif, and the second the final *rumbita*.", "" ]
### Tonality The first type of milonga has a base of flamenco and ends with the *rumbita*, giving the dance side to the style. The second type is more unhurried in its [tempo](/wiki/Tempo "Tempo") and has a minor tonality, closer to the style of the *vidalita*. Nevertheless, the tonal ambiguity between the major and the minor at some parts of the singing process is a characteristic feature of the milonga, which usually ends up in minor. The harmonious scheme is based in the alternation between tonic and dominant with variations established by each artist. People usually cannot differentiate between *milongas* and *vidalitas*. This confusion is mainly due to two aspects: the similar rhythmic and melodic nature of both styles and the mention of *vidalita* in some [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)") coplas. Another characteristic of *milongas* and *vidalitas* is the performance by a Spanish guitar of an [appoggiatura](/wiki/Appoggiatura "Appoggiatura") from the ninth chord to the eighth in the fourth string (on top). That is a paradigmatic element of flamenco *[milongas](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)")* and *vidalitas*, which also plays to the accompaniment of the Argentinian [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 "Milonga (music)").
[ "### Tonality", "The first type of milonga has a base of flamenco and ends with the *rumbita*, giving the dance side to the style.", "The second type is more unhurried in its [tempo](/wiki/Tempo \"Tempo\") and has a minor tonality, closer to the style of the *vidalita*. Nevertheless, the tonal ambiguity between the major and the minor at some parts of the singing process is a characteristic feature of the milonga, which usually ends up in minor.", "The harmonious scheme is based in the alternation between tonic and dominant with variations established by each artist.", "People usually cannot differentiate between *milongas* and *vidalitas*. This confusion is mainly due to two aspects: the similar rhythmic and melodic nature of both styles and the mention of *vidalita* in some [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\") coplas.", "Another characteristic of *milongas* and *vidalitas* is the performance by a Spanish guitar of an [appoggiatura](/wiki/Appoggiatura \"Appoggiatura\") from the ninth chord to the eighth in the fourth string (on top). That is a paradigmatic element of flamenco *[milongas](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\")* and *vidalitas*, which also plays to the accompaniment of the Argentinian [milonga](/wiki/Milonga_%28music%29 \"Milonga (music)\").", "" ]
MTV Awards ---------- ### MTV Europe Music Awards The [MTV Europe Music Awards](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards "MTV Europe Music Awards") (commonly abbreviated as the EMAs) is an awards show presented by MTV. The award show was established in 1994 by [MTV Europe](/wiki/MTV_Europe "MTV Europe") to award the best music videos from European and international artists. Fifth Harmony has won four awards from six nominations. {{awards table}} !{{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference}} \|\- !scope\="row" rowspan\="4"\| [2014](/wiki/2014_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards "2014 MTV Europe Music Awards") \| rowspan\="6"\| Fifth Harmony \| [Best US Act](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_US_Act "MTV Europe Music Award for Best US Act") \| {{won}} \| rowspan\="4" style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite magazine\|title\=MTV EMA 2014: And the Winners Are ...\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6312160/mtv\-ema\-2014\-winners\-list\|magazine\=Billboard\|accessdate\=June 6, 2017}} \|\- \| [Best North America Act](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_North_American_Act "MTV Europe Music Award for Best North American Act") \| {{won}}{{failed verification\|date\=May 2018}} \|\- \| [Best Worldwide Act](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Worldwide_Act "MTV Europe Music Award for Best Worldwide Act") \| {{nom}} \|\- \| [Artist on the Rise](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Artist_on_the_Rise "MTV Europe Music Award for Artist on the Rise") \| {{nom}} \|\- !scope\="row" \|[2016](/wiki/2016_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards "2016 MTV Europe Music Awards") \| [Best Pop](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Pop "MTV Europe Music Award for Best Pop") \| {{won}} \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite magazine\|title\=2016 MTV EMAs: See the Full Winners List\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/7565727/mtv\-ema\-2016\-complete\-winners\-list\|magazine\=Billboard\|accessdate\=March 12, 2017}} \|\- !scope\="row" \|[2017](/wiki/2017_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards "2017 MTV Europe Music Awards") \| [Best US Act](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_US_Act "MTV Europe Music Award for Best US Act") \| {{won}} \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{Cite news \|url\=http://www.mtvema.com/news/9hglaf/2017\-winners \|title\=Here Are Your 2017 MTV EMA Winners \|work\=MTV EMA \|access\-date\=May 14, 2018 \|archive\-date\=July 30, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730190217/http://www.mtvema.com/news/9hglaf/2017\-winners \|url\-status\=dead }} \|} ### MTV Fandom Awards The MTV Fandom Awards is an awards show presented by [mtvU](/wiki/MtvU "MtvU") to honor the best fan followings on social media sites. Fifth Harmony have won one award from one nomination. {{awards table}} !{{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference}} \|\- !scope\="row"\| 2015 \| Harmonizers \| Fandom Army of the Year \| {{won}} \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/2208765/mtv\-fandom\-awards\-2015\-winners\-list\|title\=MTV Fandom Awards 2015 Winners List\|work\=MTV}}{{dead link\|date\=June 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} \|} ### MTV Video Music Awards The [Video Music Awards](/wiki/Video_Music_Awards "Video Music Awards") (commonly abbreviated as the VMAs) is an awards show presented by MTV to honor the best in music videos. Fifth Harmony has won four awards to date. {{awards table}} !{{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference}} \|\- !scope\="row"\| [2014](/wiki/2014_MTV_Video_Music_Awards "2014 MTV Video Music Awards") \| "[Miss Movin' On](/wiki/Miss_Movin%27_On "Miss Movin' On")" \| [Artist to Watch](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_New_Artist "MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist") \| {{won}} \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite web\|title\=2014 Video Music Awards Winners And Results\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2014/winners.jhtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827043755/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2014/winners.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 27, 2014\|website\=MTV\|accessdate\=January 7, 2015}} \|\- !scope\="row"\| [2015](/wiki/2015_MTV_Video_Music_Awards "2015 MTV Video Music Awards") \| "[Worth It](/wiki/Worth_It_%28Fifth_Harmony_song%29 "Worth It (Fifth Harmony song)")" (featuring [Kid Ink](/wiki/Kid_Ink "Kid Ink")) \| Song of Summer \| {{nom}} \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mtv.com/news/2255513/2015\-mtv\-vmas\-winners\-list/\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20150831045143/http://www.mtv.com/news/2255513/2015\-mtv\-vmas\-winners\-list/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2015\|title\=2015 MTV VMAs: See The Full Winners List\|website\=MTV\|accessdate\=June 6, 2017}} \|\- !scope\="row" rowspan\="2"\| [2016](/wiki/2016_MTV_Video_Music_Awards "2016 MTV Video Music Awards") \| "[Work from Home](/wiki/Work_from_Home_%28song%29 "Work from Home (song)")" (featuring [Ty Dolla Sign](/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign "Ty Dolla Sign")) \| [Best Collaboration](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Collaboration "MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration") \| {{won}} \| rowspan\="2" style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite magazine\|title\=VMAs 2016: See the Full List of Winners\|url\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/vma/7487873/vmas\-2016\-winners\-list\|magazine\=Billboard\|accessdate\=March 12, 2017}} \|\- \| "[All in My Head (Flex)](/wiki/All_in_My_Head_%28Flex%29 "All in My Head (Flex)")" (featuring [Fetty Wap](/wiki/Fetty_Wap "Fetty Wap")) \| Song of Summer \| {{won}} \|\- !scope\="row" rowspan\="3"\| [2017](/wiki/2017_MTV_Video_Music_Awards "2017 MTV Video Music Awards") \|rowspan\="3"\|"[Down](/wiki/Down_%28Fifth_Harmony_song%29 "Down (Fifth Harmony song)")" (featuring [Gucci Mane](/wiki/Gucci_Mane "Gucci Mane")) \|Best Pop Video \|{{won}} \| rowspan\="3" style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite web\|last1\=Kim\|first1\=Michelle\|last2\=Blais\-Billie\|first2\=Braudie\|title\=MTV VMAs 2017: The Full Nominations List\|url\=https://pitchfork.com/news/mtv\-vmas\-2017\-the\-full\-nominations\-list/\|website\=Pitchfork\|accessdate\=25 July 2017\|date\=25 July 2017}}{{cite magazine\|last1\=Vain\|first1\=Madison\|title\='Despacito' among Song of Summer nominees at MTV VMAs\|url\=https://ew.com/music/2017/08/22/mtv\-vmas\-song\-of\-the\-summer\-2017/\|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly\|accessdate\=22 August 2017\|date\=22 August 2017}} \|\- \|Best Choreography \|{{nom}} \|\- \|Song of Summer \|{{nom}} \|\- \|} ### MTV Italian Music Awards The [MTV Music Awards Italy](/wiki/TRL_Awards "TRL Awards") are an annual award ceremony hosted by [MTV Italy](/wiki/MTV_Italy "MTV Italy"). The ceremony awards the best video, performers, and artists of the year. Fifth Harmony has won one awards from three nominations. {{awards table}} !{{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference}} \|\- !scope\="row"\| 2015 \| Fifth Harmony \| Best Artist from the World \| {{nom}} \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite web\|last1\=Jamais\|first1\=Mickey\|title\=2NE1 Nominated For MTV Italy Best World Artist Award As Group Celebrates 6th Anniversary\|url\=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/202195/20150517/2ne1\-mtv\-italy\-best\-artist.htm\|website\=KpopStarz\|accessdate\=June 7, 2017}}{{cite web\|title\=MTV Awards \- Vincitori 2015\|url\=http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\-2015/\|website\=MTV Italia\|accessdate\=June 7, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616145907/http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\-2015/\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} \|\- !scope\="row"\| 2016 \| Harmonizers \| Best Fan \| {{nom}} \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite web\|title\=MTV Awards \- Vincitori 2016\|url\=http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\-2016/\|website\=MTV Italia\|accessdate\=June 7, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622135808/http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\-2016/\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} \|\- !scope\="row"\| 2017 \| Fifth Harmony \| Artist Saga \| {{won}} \| style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite web\|title\=MTV Awards \- Vincitori 2017\|url\=http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\-2017/\|website\=MTV Awards\|accessdate\=June 7, 2017}} \|} ### MTV Video Music Awards Japan The [MTV Video Music Awards Japan](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Japan "MTV Video Music Awards Japan") are the Japanese version of the MTV Video Music Awards. Fifth Harmony has won one award from three nominations. {{awards table}} !{{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference}} \|\- !scope\="row" rowspan\="3" \| [2016](/wiki/2016_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Japan "2016 MTV Video Music Awards Japan") \| rowspan\="3"\| "[Work from Home](/wiki/Work_from_Home_%28song%29 "Work from Home (song)")" (featuring [Ty Dolla Sign](/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign "Ty Dolla Sign")) \| [Best International Group Video](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_Japan_for_Best_Group_Video "MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Group Video") \| {{won}} \| rowspan\="3" style\="text\-align:center;"\|{{cite web\|title\=MTV Video Music Awards 2016: Winners\|url\=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2016/winners/\|website\=MTV VMAJ\|accessdate\=March 12, 2017\|archive\-date\=October 3, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003182958/http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2016/winners/\|url\-status\=dead}} \|\- \| [Best Pop Video](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_Japan_for_Best_Pop_Video "MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Pop Video") \| {{nom}} \|\- \| [Best Choreography](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_Japan_for_Best_Choreography "MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Choreography") \| {{nom}} \|}
[ "MTV Awards\n----------", "### MTV Europe Music Awards", "The [MTV Europe Music Awards](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards \"MTV Europe Music Awards\") (commonly abbreviated as the EMAs) is an awards show presented by MTV. The award show was established in 1994 by [MTV Europe](/wiki/MTV_Europe \"MTV Europe\") to award the best music videos from European and international artists. Fifth Harmony has won four awards from six nominations.", "{{awards table}}\n!{{Abbr\\|Ref.\\|Reference}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\" rowspan\\=\"4\"\\| [2014](/wiki/2014_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards \"2014 MTV Europe Music Awards\")\n\\| rowspan\\=\"6\"\\| Fifth Harmony\n\\| [Best US Act](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_US_Act \"MTV Europe Music Award for Best US Act\")\n\\| {{won}}\n\\| rowspan\\=\"4\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite magazine\\|title\\=MTV EMA 2014: And the Winners Are ...\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6312160/mtv\\-ema\\-2014\\-winners\\-list\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|accessdate\\=June 6, 2017}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Best North America Act](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_North_American_Act \"MTV Europe Music Award for Best North American Act\")\n\\| {{won}}{{failed verification\\|date\\=May 2018}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Best Worldwide Act](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Worldwide_Act \"MTV Europe Music Award for Best Worldwide Act\")\n\\| {{nom}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Artist on the Rise](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Artist_on_the_Rise \"MTV Europe Music Award for Artist on the Rise\")\n\\| {{nom}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\" \\|[2016](/wiki/2016_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards \"2016 MTV Europe Music Awards\")\n\\| [Best Pop](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Pop \"MTV Europe Music Award for Best Pop\")\n\\| {{won}}\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite magazine\\|title\\=2016 MTV EMAs: See the Full Winners List\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/7565727/mtv\\-ema\\-2016\\-complete\\-winners\\-list\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|accessdate\\=March 12, 2017}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\" \\|[2017](/wiki/2017_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards \"2017 MTV Europe Music Awards\")\n\\| [Best US Act](/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_US_Act \"MTV Europe Music Award for Best US Act\")\n\\| {{won}}\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{Cite news \\|url\\=http://www.mtvema.com/news/9hglaf/2017\\-winners \\|title\\=Here Are Your 2017 MTV EMA Winners \\|work\\=MTV EMA \\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 30, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730190217/http://www.mtvema.com/news/9hglaf/2017\\-winners \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\n\\|}", "### MTV Fandom Awards", "The MTV Fandom Awards is an awards show presented by [mtvU](/wiki/MtvU \"MtvU\") to honor the best fan followings on social media sites. Fifth Harmony have won one award from one nomination.", "{{awards table}}\n!{{Abbr\\|Ref.\\|Reference}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\"\\| 2015\n\\| Harmonizers\n\\| Fandom Army of the Year\n\\| {{won}}\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/2208765/mtv\\-fandom\\-awards\\-2015\\-winners\\-list\\|title\\=MTV Fandom Awards 2015 Winners List\\|work\\=MTV}}{{dead link\\|date\\=June 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}\n\\|}", "### MTV Video Music Awards", "The [Video Music Awards](/wiki/Video_Music_Awards \"Video Music Awards\") (commonly abbreviated as the VMAs) is an awards show presented by MTV to honor the best in music videos. Fifth Harmony has won four awards to date.", "{{awards table}}\n!{{Abbr\\|Ref.\\|Reference}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\"\\| [2014](/wiki/2014_MTV_Video_Music_Awards \"2014 MTV Video Music Awards\")\n\\| \"[Miss Movin' On](/wiki/Miss_Movin%27_On \"Miss Movin' On\")\"\n\\| [Artist to Watch](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_New_Artist \"MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist\")\n\\| {{won}}\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite web\\|title\\=2014 Video Music Awards Winners And Results\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2014/winners.jhtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827043755/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2014/winners.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 27, 2014\\|website\\=MTV\\|accessdate\\=January 7, 2015}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\"\\| [2015](/wiki/2015_MTV_Video_Music_Awards \"2015 MTV Video Music Awards\")\n\\| \"[Worth It](/wiki/Worth_It_%28Fifth_Harmony_song%29 \"Worth It (Fifth Harmony song)\")\" (featuring [Kid Ink](/wiki/Kid_Ink \"Kid Ink\"))\n\\| Song of Summer\n\\| {{nom}}\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mtv.com/news/2255513/2015\\-mtv\\-vmas\\-winners\\-list/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20150831045143/http://www.mtv.com/news/2255513/2015\\-mtv\\-vmas\\-winners\\-list/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2015\\|title\\=2015 MTV VMAs: See The Full Winners List\\|website\\=MTV\\|accessdate\\=June 6, 2017}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\" rowspan\\=\"2\"\\| [2016](/wiki/2016_MTV_Video_Music_Awards \"2016 MTV Video Music Awards\")\n\\| \"[Work from Home](/wiki/Work_from_Home_%28song%29 \"Work from Home (song)\")\" (featuring [Ty Dolla Sign](/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign \"Ty Dolla Sign\"))\n\\| [Best Collaboration](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Collaboration \"MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration\")\n\\| {{won}}\n\\| rowspan\\=\"2\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite magazine\\|title\\=VMAs 2016: See the Full List of Winners\\|url\\=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/vma/7487873/vmas\\-2016\\-winners\\-list\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|accessdate\\=March 12, 2017}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| \"[All in My Head (Flex)](/wiki/All_in_My_Head_%28Flex%29 \"All in My Head (Flex)\")\" (featuring [Fetty Wap](/wiki/Fetty_Wap \"Fetty Wap\"))\n\\| Song of Summer\n\\| {{won}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\" rowspan\\=\"3\"\\| [2017](/wiki/2017_MTV_Video_Music_Awards \"2017 MTV Video Music Awards\")\n\\|rowspan\\=\"3\"\\|\"[Down](/wiki/Down_%28Fifth_Harmony_song%29 \"Down (Fifth Harmony song)\")\" (featuring [Gucci Mane](/wiki/Gucci_Mane \"Gucci Mane\"))\n\\|Best Pop Video\n\\|{{won}}\n\\| rowspan\\=\"3\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kim\\|first1\\=Michelle\\|last2\\=Blais\\-Billie\\|first2\\=Braudie\\|title\\=MTV VMAs 2017: The Full Nominations List\\|url\\=https://pitchfork.com/news/mtv\\-vmas\\-2017\\-the\\-full\\-nominations\\-list/\\|website\\=Pitchfork\\|accessdate\\=25 July 2017\\|date\\=25 July 2017}}{{cite magazine\\|last1\\=Vain\\|first1\\=Madison\\|title\\='Despacito' among Song of Summer nominees at MTV VMAs\\|url\\=https://ew.com/music/2017/08/22/mtv\\-vmas\\-song\\-of\\-the\\-summer\\-2017/\\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly\\|accessdate\\=22 August 2017\\|date\\=22 August 2017}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|Best Choreography\n\\|{{nom}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|Song of Summer\n\\|{{nom}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|}", "### MTV Italian Music Awards", "The [MTV Music Awards Italy](/wiki/TRL_Awards \"TRL Awards\") are an annual award ceremony hosted by [MTV Italy](/wiki/MTV_Italy \"MTV Italy\"). The ceremony awards the best video, performers, and artists of the year. Fifth Harmony has won one awards from three nominations.", "{{awards table}}\n!{{Abbr\\|Ref.\\|Reference}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\"\\| 2015\n\\| Fifth Harmony\n\\| Best Artist from the World\n\\| {{nom}}\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite web\\|last1\\=Jamais\\|first1\\=Mickey\\|title\\=2NE1 Nominated For MTV Italy Best World Artist Award As Group Celebrates 6th Anniversary\\|url\\=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/202195/20150517/2ne1\\-mtv\\-italy\\-best\\-artist.htm\\|website\\=KpopStarz\\|accessdate\\=June 7, 2017}}{{cite web\\|title\\=MTV Awards \\- Vincitori 2015\\|url\\=http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\\-2015/\\|website\\=MTV Italia\\|accessdate\\=June 7, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616145907/http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\\-2015/\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\"\\| 2016\n\\| Harmonizers\n\\| Best Fan\n\\| {{nom}}\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite web\\|title\\=MTV Awards \\- Vincitori 2016\\|url\\=http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\\-2016/\\|website\\=MTV Italia\\|accessdate\\=June 7, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622135808/http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\\-2016/\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\"\\| 2017\n\\| Fifth Harmony\n\\| Artist Saga\n\\| {{won}}\n\\| style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite web\\|title\\=MTV Awards \\- Vincitori 2017\\|url\\=http://mtvawards.mtv.it/vincitori\\-2017/\\|website\\=MTV Awards\\|accessdate\\=June 7, 2017}}\n\\|}", "### MTV Video Music Awards Japan", "The [MTV Video Music Awards Japan](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Japan \"MTV Video Music Awards Japan\") are the Japanese version of the MTV Video Music Awards. Fifth Harmony has won one award from three nominations.", "{{awards table}}\n!{{Abbr\\|Ref.\\|Reference}}\n\\|\\-\n!scope\\=\"row\" rowspan\\=\"3\" \\| [2016](/wiki/2016_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Japan \"2016 MTV Video Music Awards Japan\")\n\\| rowspan\\=\"3\"\\| \"[Work from Home](/wiki/Work_from_Home_%28song%29 \"Work from Home (song)\")\" (featuring [Ty Dolla Sign](/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign \"Ty Dolla Sign\"))\n\\| [Best International Group Video](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_Japan_for_Best_Group_Video \"MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Group Video\")\n\\| {{won}}\n\\| rowspan\\=\"3\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;\"\\|{{cite web\\|title\\=MTV Video Music Awards 2016: Winners\\|url\\=http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2016/winners/\\|website\\=MTV VMAJ\\|accessdate\\=March 12, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003182958/http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj2016/winners/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Best Pop Video](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_Japan_for_Best_Pop_Video \"MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Pop Video\")\n\\| {{nom}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| [Best Choreography](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_Japan_for_Best_Choreography \"MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Choreography\")\n\\| {{nom}}\n\\|}", "" ]
History ------- ### 1968–1982: Early years as Itchy Brother Richard Young, his younger brother Fred, and their cousins Anthony Kenney and Greg Martin began performing music in the Youngs' and Kenney's hometown of [Glasgow, Kentucky](/wiki/Glasgow%2C_Kentucky "Glasgow, Kentucky"), in the 1960s. They founded a band called Itchy Brother,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/1258\|title\=Kentucky Headhunters no shrinking violets\|last\=Morrison\|first\=Tonya Parker\|date\=2005\-07\-19\|work\=American Chronicle\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-30\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815005533/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/1258\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-15}} named after Fred's favorite cartoon character, from *[King Leonardo and His Short Subjects](/wiki/King_Leonardo_and_His_Short_Subjects "King Leonardo and His Short Subjects")*. The original lineup consisted of Richard Young on [rhythm guitar](/wiki/Rhythm_guitar "Rhythm guitar"), Fred Young on drums, Kenney on bass guitar, and Martin on lead guitar. Itchy Brother achieved regional success in Kentucky in the 1970s, including at least one single, "Shotgun Effie," which they wrote about the Youngs' grandmother, Effie.{{cite book\|last\=Kemp\|first\=Mark\|title\=Dixie Lullaby\|page\=215\|isbn\=0\-8203\-2872\-3\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=JdMX9tbWdEMC\&q\=%22Shotgun\+effie\&pg\=PA215\|date\=September 2006\|publisher\=University of Georgia Press }} It was released in 1973 on the King Fargo label. That same year, Greg Martin left the group to play in another band in his hometown of [Louisville, Kentucky](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky "Louisville, Kentucky"). In the meantime, guitarist James Harrison took his place. Martin returned to the group in 1976\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bgdailynews.com/amplifier/music/our\-musical\-memories\-the\-rocking\-sound\-of\-itchy\-brother\-an\-interview\-with\-james\-harrison\-and/article\_40892156\-6893\-5d0c\-815d\-c199d50301a7\.html\|title\=Our Musical Memories: the rocking sound of Itchy Brother, an interview with James Harrison and Greg Martin\|first\=Jack\|last\=Montgomery\|website\=Bowling Green Daily News\|date\=24 March 2009 }} Itchy Brother was almost signed to [Swan Song Records](/wiki/Swan_Song_Records "Swan Song Records"), an independent label founded by the band [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin "Led Zeppelin"), in 1980\. The label closed after Led Zeppelin drummer [John Bonham](/wiki/John_Bonham "John Bonham") died, and Itchy Brother never recorded a full album on Swan Song.{{cite web \| title\=The Kentucky Headhunters biography \| url\=http://www.oldies.com/artist\-biography/The\-Kentucky\-Headhunters.html \| work\=Oldies.com \| access\-date\=2009\-05\-23 }} Itchy Brother broke up in 1982\. After their disbanding, Richard started writing songs for [Acuff\-Rose Music](/wiki/Acuff-Rose_Music "Acuff-Rose Music"), and Fred became a backing musician for country singer [Sylvia](/wiki/Sylvia_%28singer%29 "Sylvia (singer)"), who at the time was recording on [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records "RCA Records"). Martin played [bass guitar](/wiki/Bass_guitar "Bass guitar") and sang backing vocals for [Ronnie McDowell](/wiki/Ronnie_McDowell "Ronnie McDowell"), then a recording artist for [Curb Records](/wiki/Curb_Records "Curb Records"), and Kenney stopped performing, although he continued to write songs with the Young brothers. ### 1986–1988: Reunion with new name When Martin attempted to reunite Itchy Brother in 1985, the Young brothers joined him, but Kenney declined. Martin invited [Missouri Bootheel](/wiki/Missouri_Bootheel "Missouri Bootheel") native Doug Phelps,{{cite journal\|last\=Dougherty\|first\=Steve\|date\=1991\-06\-17\|title\=Mixing Hard Rock with Country Music Puts Five Down\-Home Boys on a Roll\|volume\=35\|issue\=23\|url\=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20115340,00\.html\|journal\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]}} also a member of McDowell's band, to replace Kenney, and Doug brought his older brother Ricky Lee to sing lead vocals. The band decided to name themselves The Headhunters, taking the name from the term "headchopper," which blues musician [Muddy Waters](/wiki/Muddy_Waters "Muddy Waters") used to indicate that he had supplanted another band in a gig. After discovering that other bands existed with that name, the band added "Kentucky" to its name and thus became The Kentucky Headhunters.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/music\-\-finger\-lickin\-good\-the\-kentucky\-headhunters\-fear\-of\-flying\-prevents\-them\-making\-british\-fans\-jasper\-rees\-thinks\-they\-could\-do\-better\-1486369\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\-entertainment/music/music\-\-finger\-lickin\-good\-the\-kentucky\-headhunters\-fear\-of\-flying\-prevents\-them\-making\-british\-fans\-jasper\-rees\-thinks\-they\-could\-do\-better\-1486369\.html \|archive\-date\=2022\-06\-18 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Finger lickin' good: The Kentucky HeadHunters' fear of flying prevents them making British fans. Jasper Rees thinks they could do better \|last\=Rees\|first\=Jasper\|date\=1993\-07\-22\|work\=\[\[The Independent]]\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26\|location\=London}} The Kentucky Headhunters began performing together the following year, playing twice monthly on the 90\-minute *Chitlin' Show*, a radio program on [WLOC](/wiki/WLOC "WLOC") in [Munfordville, Kentucky](/wiki/Munfordville%2C_Kentucky "Munfordville, Kentucky").{{cite web \| last\=Loftus \| first\=Johnny \| title\=The Kentucky Headhunters biography \| url\={{AllMusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p1679\|pure\_url\=yes}} \| work\=\[\[Allmusic]] \| access\-date\=2009\-05\-23}} ### 1989–1990: Debut album and early success The Kentucky Headhunters borrowed $4,500{{cite book\|last\=Wolfe\|first\=Charles\|title\=Kentucky Country\|page\=181\|isbn\=0\-8131\-0879\-9\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=3x4TUwtiCZgC\&q\=%22kentucky\+headhunters%22\&pg\=RA1\-PA180\|year\=1996\|publisher\=University Press of Kentucky }} to record a [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 "Demo (music)") album, which included seven original songs, plus covers of [Bill Monroe](/wiki/Bill_Monroe "Bill Monroe")'s "Walk Softly on This Heart of Mine," [Henson Cargill](/wiki/Henson_Cargill "Henson Cargill")'s "[Skip a Rope](/wiki/Skip_a_Rope "Skip a Rope")", and [Don Gibson](/wiki/Don_Gibson "Don Gibson")'s "[Oh Lonesome Me](/wiki/Oh_Lonesome_Me "Oh Lonesome Me")." Originally intended to be sold at the band's live shows, the demo tape came to the attention of the Nashville music community. Although Martin said that the band had not seriously considered signing a record deal, the band pursued one through the suggestion of its manager, Mitchell Fox. [Harold Shedd](/wiki/Harold_Shedd "Harold Shedd"), a record producer who was then the head of [Mercury Records](/wiki/Mercury_Records "Mercury Records"), helped sign The Kentucky Headhunters to the label in 1989\. Mercury released the demo in 1989 as The Kentucky Headhunters' debut album, *[Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville "Pickin' on Nashville")*. The album produced four singles, all of which reached top 40 on the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 "Billboard (magazine)")* Hot Country Singles \& Tracks (now [Hot Country Songs](/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs "Hot Country Songs")) chart. The first of these, the "Walk Softly on This Heart of Mine" cover, peaked at number 25 in December 1989\.{{cite book\|last\=Whitburn\|first\=Joel\|title\=Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008\|publisher\=Record Research, Inc.\|year\=2008\|page\=223\|isbn\=978\-0\-89820\-177\-2}} After it came "[Dumas Walker](/wiki/Dumas_Walker "Dumas Walker")." According to Doug, Mercury Records was initially reluctant to release the song as a single: "\[The label] thought it was too regional, and that no one outside the area would get it, but what they didn't see, was the reaction we got to it every night that we played it in front of a crowd, and it didn't matter where we were playing either."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.libertynjustice.net/gettoknow\_doug.php \|title\=Get to know Doug Phelps \|work\=Liberty 'n Justice \|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522222722/http://www.libertynjustice.net/gettoknow\_doug.php \|archive\-date\=2009\-05\-22 }} The single peaked at number 15 on the *Billboard* chart. Following "Dumas Walker" was "Oh Lonesome Me", which peaked at number eight; this was the band's only Top Ten hit. Finishing off the single releases was the number 23 "Rock 'n' Roll Angel", which Richard wrote. *Pickin' on Nashville* also earned the band a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award "Grammy Award") for [Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal](/wiki/Best_Country_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal "Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal"), Best New Vocal Group award from the [Academy of Country Music](/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music "Academy of Country Music") (ACM), and Album of the Year and Vocal Group of the Year awards from the [Country Music Association](/wiki/Country_Music_Association "Country Music Association") (CMA).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cmaawards.com/2008/database/ArtistDetail.aspx?artistId\=1527\|title\=Artist Detail for The Kentucky Headhunters\|work\=Academy of Country Music\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}}{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=VP\&p\_theme\=vp\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0EAFF2F4F4A3F7AE\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|title\=Headhunters' excitement captures fans\|last\=Roberts\|first\=Frank\|date\=4 May 1990\|work\=\[\[The Virginian\-Pilot]]\|pages\=B5\|access\-date\=13 March 2010}} In addition, it earned a double\-platinum certification from the [Recording Industry Association of America](/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America "Recording Industry Association of America") (RIAA) for shipping two million copies in the United States.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table\=SEARCH\_RESULTS\&artist\=Kentucky%20Headhunters\&format\=ALBUM\&go\=Search\&perPage\=50\|title\=RIAA search results for The Kentucky Headhunters\|work\=\[\[Recording Industry Association of America]]\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} William Ruhlmann of [Allmusic](/wiki/Allmusic "Allmusic") gave the album a four\-and\-a\-half star rating out of five, saying that the band was "all the better" for having a sound closer to rock than country. After the success of their debut album, The Kentucky Headhunters began touring with [Hank Williams, Jr.](/wiki/Hank_Williams%2C_Jr. "Hank Williams, Jr.") and [Delbert McClinton](/wiki/Delbert_McClinton "Delbert McClinton").{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=Om0WAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4617,6911895\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120714005950/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=Om0WAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=2hIEAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4617,6911895\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-14\|title\=Kentucky Headhunters explode\|last\=Tianen\|first\=Dave\|date\=1990\-07\-27\|work\=The Milwaukee Sentinel\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} ### 1991–1992: Second album and departure of the Phelps brothers In 1991, the band released their second album, *[Electric Barnyard](/wiki/Electric_Barnyard "Electric Barnyard")*. Although the album earned a gold certification from the RIAA and a second CMA award for Vocal Group of the Year, its singles received little airplay compared to the band's previous releases,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/article.asp?xid\=543\|title\=Kentucky HeadHunters arise out of the ashes\|last\=Wahlert\|first\=Brian\|date\=May 1997\|work\=\[\[Country Standard Time]]\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-23}} with none of the four singles reaching the top 40 on the U.S. country charts. The album's first single was a cover of "[The Ballad of Davy Crockett](/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Davy_Crockett "The Ballad of Davy Crockett")," which was released on the 155th anniversary of [Davy Crockett](/wiki/Davy_Crockett "Davy Crockett")'s death;{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=ctoVAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=6064,1099530\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\|title\=King of the wild frontier honored by Kentucky Headhunters\|date\=1991\-03\-07\|work\=The Milwaukee Sentinel\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} the single shipped to radio with promotional [coonskin caps](/wiki/Coonskin_cap "Coonskin cap").{{cite news\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24499119\.html?dids\=24499119:24499119\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&date\=Sep\+22%2C\+1991\&author\=Jack\+Hurst%2C\+Country\+music\+writer.\&pub\=Chicago\+Tribune\+%28pre\-1997\+Fulltext%29\&desc\=Battle\+ready\+After\+%60Crockett%27\+misfire%2C\+HeadHunters\+reload\&pqatl\=google\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817134101/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24499119\.html?dids\=24499119:24499119\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&date\=Sep\+22%2C\+1991\&author\=Jack\+Hurst%2C\+Country\+music\+writer.\&pub\=Chicago\+Tribune\+%28pre\-1997\+Fulltext%29\&desc\=Battle\+ready\+After\+%60Crockett%27\+misfire%2C\+HeadHunters\+reload\&pqatl\=google\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 17, 2009\|title\=Battle ready: After "Crockett" misfire, HeadHunters reload\|last\=Hurst\|first\=Jack\|date\=1991\-09\-22\|work\=The Chicago Tribune\|page\=14\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} It spent eleven weeks on the charts and peaked at 49\. "With Body and Soul" was the next single released, peaking at number 30 on the Canadian *[RPM](/wiki/RPM_%28magazine%29 "RPM (magazine)")* country charts but reaching number 56 in the United States. The third and fourth singles were the original composition "It's Chitlin' Time" and a rendition of [Waylon Jennings](/wiki/Waylon_Jennings "Waylon Jennings")'s "[Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line](/wiki/Only_Daddy_That%27ll_Walk_the_Line "Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line")," at numbers 63 and 60 respectively. [Norman Greenbaum](/wiki/Norman_Greenbaum "Norman Greenbaum")'s 1969 single "[Spirit in the Sky](/wiki/Spirit_in_the_Sky "Spirit in the Sky")" was covered on this album as well. This album was met with mixed reception from critics. [Alanna Nash](/wiki/Alanna_Nash "Alanna Nash") of *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly "Entertainment Weekly")* gave it an A rating, saying that it "skillfully blends raw wit, the working\-class energy of sweat\-stained factory workers jamming between shifts, and musical styles as diverse as the corny [Tennessee Ernie Ford](/wiki/Tennessee_Ernie_Ford "Tennessee Ernie Ford") and the creamy [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton "Eric Clapton")." Allmusic critic [Brian Mansfield](/wiki/Brian_Mansfield "Brian Mansfield"), who gave it three\-and\-a\-half stars, called the band a "top\-notch Southern rock band with a sense of humor," and said that the covers on *Electric Barnyard* were highlights, while the originals were "adequate, offbeat filler."{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r123509\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Electric Barnyard'' review\|last\=Mansfield\|first\=Brian\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} Randy Lewis of the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")* called the band "[ZZ Top](/wiki/ZZ_Top "ZZ Top") lite" and said that most of the songs on the album had a "party\-hearty sound."{{cite news\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61197495\.html?dids\=61197495:61197495\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&date\=Apr\+14%2C\+1991\&author\=RANDY\+LEWIS\&pub\=Los\+Angeles\+Times\+%28pre\-1997\+Fulltext%29\&desc\=\*\*\+KENTUCKY\+HEADHUNTERS\+%22Electric\+Barnyard%22\+Mercury\&pqatl\=google\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021143549/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61197495\.html?dids\=61197495:61197495\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT\&date\=Apr\+14,\+1991\&author\=RANDY\+LEWIS\&pub\=Los\+Angeles\+Times\+(pre\-1997\+Fulltext)\&desc\=\*\*\+KENTUCKY\+HEADHUNTERS\+%22Electric\+Barnyard%22\+Mercury\&pqatl\=google\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=October 21, 2012\|title\=''Electric Barnyard'' review\|last\=Lewis\|first\=Randy\|date\=1991\-04\-14\|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]]\|page\=65\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} Later in 1991, The Kentucky Headhunters performed with [Roy Rogers](/wiki/Roy_Rogers "Roy Rogers") on the song "That's How the West Was Swung" from his *[Tribute](/wiki/Tribute_%28Roy_Rogers_album%29 "Tribute (Roy Rogers album)")* album,{{cite book\|last\=Phillips\|first\=Robert W.\|title\=Roy Rogers: A biography\|publisher\=McFarland\|year\=1995\|page\=73\|isbn\=0\-89950\-937\-1\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=O79eJXn1GT8C\&q\=%22kentucky\+headhunters%22\+%22roy\+rogers\&pg\=PA73\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} and covered [Canned Heat](/wiki/Canned_Heat "Canned Heat")'s "[Let's Work Together](/wiki/Let%27s_Work_Together "Let's Work Together")" for the [soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack "Soundtrack") to the film *[Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man](/wiki/Harley_Davidson_and_the_Marlboro_Man "Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man")*.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r113942\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man''\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} In addition, Martin played lead guitar for Canadian [synthpop](/wiki/Synthpop "Synthpop") band [Men Without Hats](/wiki/Men_Without_Hats "Men Without Hats") on its 1991 album *[Sideways](/wiki/Sideways_%28Men_Without_Hats_album%29 "Sideways (Men Without Hats album)")*{{cite web\|url\=http://www.menwithouthats.com/info.html\|title\=Welcome to the infocenter\|work\=Men Without Hats official website\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-06}} and filled in for [Southern rock](/wiki/Southern_rock "Southern rock") band [Lynyrd Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd "Lynyrd Skynyrd") guitarist [Ed King](/wiki/Ed_King "Ed King") on that band's 1992 tour, as King was injured at the time.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eminence.com/artists/greg\_martin.asp\|title\=Greg Martin\|work\=Eminence\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-06\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814185238/http://www.eminence.com/artists/greg\_martin.asp\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-14}} Ricky Lee and Doug departed in June 1992 due to creative differences. According to Richard, Ricky Lee's tenure as lead vocalist was "a bad time" for the band given his opposition to Richard's opinions, although Richard was still surprised to hear of the brothers' departure, and said, "I tried everything I could to get them to stay."{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=4h4SAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5565,3329427\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\|title\=Phelps brothers kiss off their Kentucky Headhunters career\|date\=1992\-07\-07\|work\=The Spokesman\-Review\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}}{{Dead link\|date\=September 2010\|bot\=H3llBot}} Ricky Lee, meanwhile, said that he "was a country singer more than anything" and wanted to eliminate most of the band's hard rock sounds.{{cite book\|last\=Stambler\|first\=Irwin\|author2\=Grelun Landon \|author3\=Lyndon Stambler \|title\=Country Music:The Encyclopedia\|publisher\=MacMillan\|year\=2000\|page\=233\|isbn\=0\-312\-26487\-9\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=RjfB6\-nVHZIC\&q\=%22kentucky\+headhunters%22\&pg\=PA232}} He and Doug then founded [Brother Phelps](/wiki/Brother_Phelps "Brother Phelps"), which had a more mainstream country sound than The Kentucky Headhunters did.{{cite web \|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p43298\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=Brother Phelps biography \|access\-date\=2007\-07\-21 \|last\=Huey \|first\=Steve \|work\=Allmusic}} Brother Phelps released two albums for [Asylum Records](/wiki/Asylum_Records "Asylum Records") and charted in the country top 40 with "[Let Go](/wiki/Let_Go_%28Brother_Phelps_song%29 "Let Go (Brother Phelps song)")" and "Were You Really Livin' ," which peaked at number 6 and 28 respectively. ### 1992–1994: New line\-up and lack of success Kenney rejoined in 1992 as bass guitarist, and [Charlotte, Michigan](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_Michigan "Charlotte, Michigan"), native Mark S. Orr took over on lead vocals. The first album to feature Orr and Kenney, the more [blues rock](/wiki/Blues_rock "Blues rock")\-oriented *[Rave On!!](/wiki/Rave_On%21%21 "Rave On!!")*, was released in 1993\. Although the band drew attention by touring with then\-labelmate [Billy Ray Cyrus](/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus "Billy Ray Cyrus"), *Rave On!!* sold poorly and failed to produce a successful single among its three releases: "Honky Tonk Walkin' ," "[Blue Moon of Kentucky](/wiki/Blue_Moon_of_Kentucky "Blue Moon of Kentucky")" and "[Dixie Fried](/wiki/Dixie_Fried "Dixie Fried")," the latter two being covers of Bill Monroe and [Carl Perkins](/wiki/Carl_Perkins "Carl Perkins"), respectively. The album also included a cover of [The Lovin' Spoonful](/wiki/The_Lovin%27_Spoonful "The Lovin' Spoonful")'s "My Gal". "Honky Tonk Walkin'" and "Dixie Fried" respectively reached numbers 54 and 71 on the country charts, while the "Blue Moon of Kentucky" cover did not chart. Mansfield gave a two\-star rating for Allmusic, where he wrote that the band had "devolved into a [redneck](/wiki/Redneck "Redneck") [boogie](/wiki/Boogie "Boogie") group." Nash's review for *Entertainment Weekly* gave it a C− grade, and called it "warmed\-over blues" that lacked the "outrageousness, wit, and brilliance that distinguished their earlier albums."{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.ew.com/article/1993/03/26/rave\|title\=''Rave On!'' review\|last\=Nash\|first\=Alanna\|date\=1993\-03\-26\|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} Steve Morse of *[The Boston Globe](/wiki/The_Boston_Globe "The Boston Globe")* called it an "irresistible car\-stereo album,"{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=BG\&p\_theme\=bg\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0EADE046D6A69415\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|title\=''Rave On!!'' review\|last\=Morse\|first\=Steve\|date\=1993\-02\-25\|work\=\[\[The Boston Globe]]\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} and *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone")* critic John Swenson said that the album was more rock\-oriented than its predecessors, also saying that it "sounds like a hell of a blueprint for a summer concert tour."{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/warrenhaynes/albums/album/161776/review/5944391/tales\_of\_ordinary\_madness\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814193359/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/warrenhaynes/albums/album/161776/review/5944391/tales\_of\_ordinary\_madness\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 14, 2009\|title\=Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Kentucky Headhunters, Warren Haynes reviews\|last\=Swenson\|first\=John\|date\=1993\-05\-27\|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]]\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} [200px\|thumb\|left\|The Kentucky Headhunters' 1993 album *[That'll Work](/wiki/That%27ll_Work "That'll Work")* was a collaboration with [Johnnie Johnson](/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_%28musician%29 "Johnnie Johnson (musician)"), pictured here in 1996\.](/wiki/File:JohnnieJohnson1996.jpg "JohnnieJohnson1996.jpg") The Orr\-led lineup also recorded *[That'll Work](/wiki/That%27ll_Work "That'll Work")*, a collaborative album with [Chuck Berry](/wiki/Chuck_Berry "Chuck Berry")'s pianist, [Johnnie Johnson](/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_%28musician%29 "Johnnie Johnson (musician)"). It was released later in 1993 via [Nonesuch Records](/wiki/Nonesuch_Records "Nonesuch Records"), and it comprised twelve songs which Johnson and the band wrote over the course of four days.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=gIAUAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=5972,533116\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\|title\=Keeping the faith: The Kentucky Headhunters remain true to their fans\|last\=Reiter\|first\=Mark\|date\=1994\-09\-02\|work\=\[\[The Toledo Blade]]\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} The album featured Johnson on piano, as well as lead vocals on the title track and one other song; [Jimmy Hall](/wiki/Jimmy_Hall "Jimmy Hall") of [Wet Willie](/wiki/Wet_Willie "Wet Willie") also played harmonica and saxophone, and sang backing vocals.{{Cite AV media notes \|title\=That'll Work \|others\=Johnnie Johnson with The Kentucky Headhunters \|year\=1993 \|type\=CD booklet \|publisher\=Nonesuch Records \|id\=61476}} Thom Owens of Allmusic wrote of this album that "They certainly can work a heavy, bluesy groove with dexterity, but they lack the gonzo charm they had on their debut, *[Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville "Pickin' on Nashville")* — there simply isn't the sense of careening fun, nor is there the reckless fusions that resulted in such an invigorating listen."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/thatll\-work\-mw0000098862\|title\=''That'll Work''\|last\=Owens\|first\=Thom\|work\=\[\[Allmusic]]\|access\-date\=13 May 2014}} One year later, Mercury released a [greatest hits](/wiki/Greatest_hits "Greatest hits") package, *[The Best of The Kentucky Headhunters: Still Pickin'](/wiki/The_Best_of_The_Kentucky_Headhunters:Still_Pickin%27 "Still Pickin'")*. It reprised singles and other songs from the band's first three albums, as well as "Let's Work Together" and a cover of [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles")' "[You've Got to Hide Your Love Away](/wiki/You%27ve_Got_to_Hide_Your_Love_Away "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away")," which The Kentucky Headhunters had previously recorded on the 1994 tribute album *Shared Vision: The Songs of the Beatles*.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r208418\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Shared Vision: The Songs of The Beatles''\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} After *Still Pickin''', The Kentucky Headhunters left Mercury.* ### 1995–2002: Reunion with Doug Phelps Orr left The Kentucky Headhunters in August 1995 because he "was wantin' to do somethin' else," according to Richard.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/articlex.asp?xid\=543\&p\=2\|title\=Kentucky HeadHunters arise out of the ashes (page 2\)\|last\=Wahlert\|first\=Brian\|date\=May 1997\|work\=Country Standard Time\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-27}} Richard then called Doug and invited him to rejoin the band. As a result, Brother Phelps disbanded and Ricky Lee pursued a solo career. In 1997, The Kentucky Headhunters signed to [BNA Records](/wiki/BNA_Records "BNA Records") to release its fourth non\-collaborative studio album, [Stompin' Grounds](/wiki/Stompin%27_Grounds "Stompin' Grounds")*, with Doug on lead vocals. This album was also an unsuccessful venture, failing to enter the country albums charts and producing only a number 70\-peaking cover of [Marty Robbins](/wiki/Marty_Robbins "Marty Robbins")' "[Singing the Blues](/wiki/Singing_the_Blues "Singing the Blues")".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cmt.com/news/country\-music/1472627/clutch\-chest\-mention\-record\-headhunter\-mending\-as\-album\-debuts.jhtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815011601/http://www.cmt.com/news/country\-music/1472627/clutch\-chest\-mention\-record\-headhunter\-mending\-as\-album\-debuts.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 15, 2009\|title\=Clutch Chest, Mention Record: HeadHunter Mending as Album Debuts\|last\=Morris\|first\=Edward\|date\=2000\-06\-20\|work\=\[\[Country Music Television\|CMT]]\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} In order to promote the album, Richard suggested that the label send free copies to smaller\-market radio stations, where the band's fanbase was still strong. He also considered the album's original songs as the strongest that the band had ever written.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=SUYXAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4420,811234\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\+stompin\-grounds\|title\=Headhunters Back on ''Stompin' Grounds''\|last\=Swenson\|first\=John\|date\=1997\-08\-22\|work\=The Sentinel Review\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-27}}{{Dead link\|date\=September 2010\|bot\=H3llBot}} Brian Wahlert of* [Country Standard Time](/wiki/Country_Standard_Time "Country Standard Time") *magazine wrote that it "may be the band's best album ever;"{{cite web\|url\=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/cdreview.asp?xid\=1662\|title\=''Stompin' Grounds'' review\|last\=Wahlert\|first\=Brian\|work\=Country Standard Time\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} Thom Owens gave the album two\-and\-a\-half stars in his Allmusic review, where he wrote that the band "show\[ed] a lack of imagination" and "sound\[ed] considerably less energetic and exciting" than on the first two albums.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r261651\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Stompin' Grounds'' review\|last\=Owens\|first\=Thom\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}}* [Songs from the Grass String Ranch](/wiki/Songs_from_the_Grass_String_Ranch "Songs from the Grass String Ranch")*, the band's next album, was completed almost 18 months before its release. The band had consulted with 38 different independent labels before signing to Audium Entertainment, a branch of Koch Records (now [MNRK Music Group](/wiki/MNRK_Music_Group "MNRK Music Group")), which released the album in 2000\. Three months before its release, Richard suffered a [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack "Heart attack"), from which he soon recovered. Because the "Singing the Blues" cover had been unsuccessful, the group decided to record entirely original songs for* Songs from the Grass String Ranch*. All five members co\-wrote all of the songs, with assistance from Verlon Dale Grissom on four of them.{{cite AV media notes \|title\=Songs from the Grass String Ranch \|others\=The Kentucky Headhunters \|year\=2000 \|type\=CD booklet \|publisher\=Audium Entertainment \|id\=8117}} In addition, this album featured the Youngs on lead vocals for the first time: Fred on "Dry\-Land Fish" and Richard on "Louisianna CoCo." The title track was inspired by a nickname given to the Youngs' family farm. "Too Much to Lose" was the album's first single, peaking at number 66 on* Billboard *country chart. Richard considered this song an unusual single release because it was the band's first [ballad](/wiki/Ballad_%28music%29 "Ballad (music)"). Neither of the next two singles, "Louisianna CoCo" and "Love That Woman," appeared on the music charts. Giving it three stars out of five, Al Campbell of Allmusic said that it was "crowd\-pleasing" but "nothing out of the ordinary."{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r484646\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Songs from the Grass String Ranch'' review\|last\=Campbell\|first\=Al\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} An uncredited review in* [The Ledger](/wiki/The_Ledger "The Ledger")*, which gave the album two\-and\-a\-half stars out of four, said that the up\-tempo songs were "nothing very original\[…]but lots of fun" but added that its ballads were "mushy and earnest."{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=L\_oSAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3234,1875283\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\+songs\-from\-the\-grass\-string\-ranch\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120712154506/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=L\_oSAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=Z\_0DAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3234,1875283\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\+songs\-from\-the\-grass\-string\-ranch\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-12\|title\=Music reviews\|date\=2000\-08\-25\|work\=\[\[The Ledger]]\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}}* ### 2003–2006: *Soul* and *Big Boss Man* [Soul](/wiki/Soul_%28The_Kentucky_Headhunters_album%29 "Soul (The Kentucky Headhunters album)") *followed in 2003, also on Audium. This album also featured Johnnie Johnson, as well as guest appearances by organist [Reese Wynans](/wiki/Reese_Wynans "Reese Wynans") (of [Double Trouble](/wiki/Double_Trouble_%28band%29 "Double Trouble (band)")), [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone "Saxophone") player [Jim Horn](/wiki/Jim_Horn "Jim Horn"), and a local musician named Robbie Bartlett, who sang guest vocals on "Everyday People." It included the non\-charting single "Lonely Nights" and a tribute song to Carl Perkins entitled "Last Night I Met Carl Perkins", as well as two covers: "I Still Wanna Be Your Man," originally recorded by [Eddie Hinton](/wiki/Eddie_Hinton "Eddie Hinton"), and "[Have You Ever Loved a Woman?](/wiki/Have_You_Ever_Loved_a_Woman%3F "Have You Ever Loved a Woman?")," a [blues](/wiki/Blues "Blues") standard made famous by [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton "Eric Clapton").{{cite web\|url\=http://countrymusic.about.com/library/blsoulrev.htm\|title\=''Soul'' review\|last\=Bjorke\|first\=Matt\|work\=\[\[About.com]]\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-24\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-20\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820015220/http://countrymusic.about.com/library/blsoulrev.htm\|url\-status\=dead}} This album received generally favorable reviews. Mark Deming gave a three\-star rating for Allmusic, saying that the album's more [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues "Rhythm and blues") and [soul](/wiki/Soul_music "Soul music")\-influenced sound worked well due to the blues influences present in Southern rock, although he added that the album retained the "big guitar bombast" of the band's previous works.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r637619\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Soul'' review\|last\=Deming\|first\=Mark\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} Matt Bjorke of [About.com](/wiki/About.com "About.com") considered its sound a departure from the earlier albums, but added "it's not hard to see that the band fully enjoys what they are doing" and highlighted the presence of a [horn section](/wiki/Horn_section "Horn section") and [Hammond B\-3 organ](/wiki/Hammond_B-3_organ "Hammond B-3 organ") on some tracks. Ray Waddell of* Billboard *magazine considered Wynans' and Johnson's contributions "perfect fits", and noted that the album was "laid back" until the second half. His review also mentions the extended drum solo and "stone blues coda" of the closing track "What You See Is What You Get."{{cite magazine\|last\=Waddell\|first\=Ray\|date\=2003\-05\-17\|title\=Album reviews\|magazine\=Billboard\|page\=40\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=sQ0EAAAAMBAJ\&q\=%22kentucky\+headhunters%22\+billboard\&pg\=PA40\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}}* In 2005, following the closure of Audium, the band signed to the CBuJ Entertainment label. Its first release for the label was [Big Boss Man](/wiki/Big_Boss_Man_%28The_Kentucky_Headhunters_album%29 "Big Boss Man (The Kentucky Headhunters album)")*, an album composed entirely of cover songs. This album was led off by its [title track](/wiki/Big_Boss_Man_%28song%29 "Big Boss Man (song)"), a cover of the [Jimmy Reed](/wiki/Jimmy_Reed "Jimmy Reed") blues standard.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,645199588,00\.html\|title\= Headhunters' hits worth repeating\|last\=Iwasaki\|first\=Scott\|date\=2006\-09\-07\|work\=\[\[Deseret News]]\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-30}} Also released from it were renditions of [Roger Miller](/wiki/Roger_Miller "Roger Miller")'s "[Chug\-a\-Lug](/wiki/Chug-a-Lug_%28Roger_Miller_song%29 "Chug-a-Lug (Roger Miller song)")" and [Hank Williams](/wiki/Hank_Williams "Hank Williams")' "[Take These Chains from My Heart](/wiki/Take_These_Chains_from_My_Heart "Take These Chains from My Heart")". The project was financed by [Sony/ATV Music Publishing](/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing "Sony/ATV Music Publishing") as a means of making extra money from older songs in the publishing company's catalog.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cmt.com/news/country\-music/1504748/the\-kentucky\-headhunters\-rock\-music\-row.jhtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815011606/http://www.cmt.com/news/country\-music/1504748/the\-kentucky\-headhunters\-rock\-music\-row.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 15, 2009\|title\=The Kentucky Headhunters Rock Music Row\|last\=Morris\|first\=Edward\|date\=2005\-06\-27\|work\=CMT\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} Richard helped select the songs for this album, which included three other Hank Williams covers, as well as [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan")'s "[Like a Rolling Stone](/wiki/Like_a_Rolling_Stone "Like a Rolling Stone")," The Beatles' "[I'm Down](/wiki/I%27m_Down "I'm Down")," and [Patsy Cline](/wiki/Patsy_Cline "Patsy Cline")'s "[Walkin' After Midnight](/wiki/Walkin%27_After_Midnight "Walkin' After Midnight")," among others.{{cite web\|url\=http://countrymusic.about.com/od/cdreviewsal/gr/blbigbossman.htm\|title\=''Big Boss Man'' review\|last\=Coleman\|first\=Kathy\|work\=\[\[About.com]]\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-30\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128135930/http://countrymusic.about.com/od/cdreviewsal/gr/blbigbossman.htm\|archive\-date\=2010\-01\-28}} Despite saying that the album was "obviously aimed at longtime fans," Greg Prato of Allmusic gave it three\-and\-a\-half stars, with his review making note of the "beefed\-up" Patsy Cline and Hank Williams covers.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r778750\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Big Boss Man'' review\|last\=Prato\|first\=Greg\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}} Ray Waddell of* Billboard *called the album "loose and rowdy," saying that the band "injected soul" into the Dylan cover and recorded an "intoxicating" version of "Chug\-a\-Lug," although he said that the "[Hey Good Lookin'](/wiki/Hey_Good_Lookin%27_%28song%29 "Hey Good Lookin' (song)")" cover was "heavy\-handed." Robert Woolridge gave a mostly\-favorable review for* Country Standard Time*, citing "Chug\-a\-Lug" and "So Sad to See Good Love Go Bad" (originally by [The Everly Brothers](/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers "The Everly Brothers")) as the most country\-sounding. He also described three of the Hank Williams covers positively, but said that Phelps did not have a suitable vocal range for "I'm Down" and that his voice was monotonous on "Walkin' After Midnight."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/cdreview.asp?xid\=1660\|title\=''Big Boss Man'' review\|last\=Woolridge\|first\=Robert\|work\=Country Standard Time\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-15}}* ### 2007–2021: *Flying Under the Radar*, *Dixie Lullabies*, *Meet Me in Bluesland*, and *On Safari* One year later, CBuJ Entertainment released the compilation [Flying Under the Radar](/wiki/Flying_Under_the_Radar "Flying Under the Radar")*, which comprised selections from* Songs from the Grass String Ranch*,* Soul *and* Big Boss Man*, as well as two new songs and a [remix](/wiki/Remix "Remix") of "Chug\-a\-Lug." Kenney left the band around 2008 to take a job as the technical director of a theatre in Glasgow, Kentucky,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.glasgowdailytimes.com/features/local\_story\_227182430\.html\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130124050716/http://www.glasgowdailytimes.com/features/local\_story\_227182430\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2013\-01\-24\|title\=His efforts are a tribute to Elvis\|last\=Kinslow\|first\=Gina\|date\=2008\-08\-14\|work\=Glasgow Daily Times\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-14}} and Doug has since taken over on bass guitar. To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of* Pickin' on Nashville*, the band released a [live album](/wiki/Live_album "Live album") entitled* [Authorized Bootleg: Live – Agara Ballroom – Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Authorized_Bootleg:Live_%E2%80%93_Agara_Ballroom_%E2%80%93_Cleveland%2C_Ohio "Live – Agara Ballroom – Cleveland, Ohio")*.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS143116\+03\-Sep\-2009\+PRN20090903\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130201051736/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS143116\+03\-Sep\-2009\+PRN20090903\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2013\-02\-01\|title\=Previously Unreleased 1990 Concert Captures the Kentucky Headhunters at Their Crowd\-Pleasin', Fun\-Lovin', Grammy\-Winnin', Platinum\-Sellin', Southern Rockin' Best\|date\=2009\-09\-03\|work\=PR Newswire\|access\-date\=2009\-09\-28}} It was followed in October 2011 by* [Dixie Lullabies](/wiki/Dixie_Lullabies "Dixie Lullabies") *on the Red Dirt label, which the band recorded at the Practice House after touring with [Jamey Johnson](/wiki/Jamey_Johnson "Jamey Johnson").{{cite journal\|last\=Gleason\|first\=Holly\|date\=31 October 2011\|title\=Something Special: More than 20 years after their biggest commercial success, The Kentucky Headhunters still rock\|journal\=\[\[Country Weekly]]\|volume\=18\|issue\=45\|pages\=46–48\|issn\=1074\-3235}} William Ruhlmann gave this album a positive review, comparing the sound to [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones "The Rolling Stones") and [ZZ Top](/wiki/ZZ_Top "ZZ Top").{{cite web\|url\=http://allmusic.com/album/dixie\-lullabies\-r2279467/review\|title\=''Dixie Lullabies'' review\|last\=Ruhlmann\|first\=William\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=21 October 2011}}* In April 2015, the band released another collaborative album with Johnson entitled [Meet Me in Bluesland](/wiki/Meet_Me_in_Bluesland "Meet Me in Bluesland")*, via [Alligator Records](/wiki/Alligator_Records "Alligator Records"). It was originally recorded in 2003 during the sessions for* Soul*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.alligator.com/news/index.cfm/nID/649/t/The\-Kentucky\-Headhunters\-With\-Johnnie\-Johnson\-–\-New\-CD\-Meet\-Me\-In\-Bluesland\-\-\-Set\-for\-June\-2\-Release/\|title\=THE KENTUCKY HEADHUNTERS WITH JOHNNIE JOHNSON – NEW CD MEET ME IN BLUESLAND \- SET FOR JUNE 2 RELEASE\|date\=April 1, 2015\|work\=Alligator Records\|access\-date\=July 28, 2018}}{{cite news\|last1\=Allers\|first1\=Hannahlee\|title\=Kentucky Headhunters Announce New Album Featuring Legendary Blues Pianist\|url\=http://theboot.com/kentucky\-headhunters\-meet\-me\-in\-bluesland/\|access\-date\=May 12, 2015\|work\=The Boot\|date\=April 11, 2015}}* [On Safari](/wiki/On_Safari_%28album%29 "On Safari (album)") *came in 2016\. This album features several songs that the band had written years prior, including "Crazy Jim". Shortly before the album's release, Richard and Fred's father, James Howard, died at age 93\.{{cite web \| url\=https://glidemagazine.com/188433/richard\-young\-kentucky\-headhunters\-tells\-interview/ \| title\=RICHARD YOUNG OF THE KENTUCKY HEADHUNTERS TELLS ALL (INTERVIEW) \| publisher\=Glide Magazine \| date\=July 10, 2017 \| access\-date\=October 4, 2020}} Also included are "Governor's Cup", the band's first ever instrumental track, and a cover of [Alice Cooper](/wiki/Alice_Cooper "Alice Cooper")'s "[Caught in a Dream](/wiki/Caught_in_a_Dream "Caught in a Dream")".{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/country/features/how\-the\-kentucky\-headhunters\-were\-the\-stapleton\-of\-the\-1990\-cmas\-w444252\|title\=How Kentucky Headhunters Were the Chris Stapleton of 1990 CMAs\|magazine\=Rolling Stone\|date\=11 October 2016\|access\-date\=1 April 2018}}* ### 2021\-present: *That's a Fact Jack!* On September 25, 2021, the band announced through their official Facebook page that a new album titled [That's a Fact Jack!](/wiki/That%27s_a_Fact_Jack%21 "That's a Fact Jack!") *would be released on October 22 through Practice House Records. The first single from the album was "How Could I", followed by "Susannah" and the title track. Also included on the album is a re\-recording of "Shotgun Effie".{{cite web \| url\=https://blazingminds.co.uk/the\-kentucky\-headhunters\-thats\-a\-fact\-jack/ \| title\=The Kentucky Headhunters release their 12\-song album 'That's a Fact Jack!' \& premiere the title track's video \| publisher\=Blazing Minds \| date\=October 22, 2021 \| access\-date\=October 28, 2021}} Following this album's release, the band made their debut on the [Grand Ole Opry](/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry "Grand Ole Opry") on December 2, 2021\. They also supported the album with a tour which began in [Corinth, Mississippi](/wiki/Corinth%2C_Mississippi "Corinth, Mississippi") that same month. According to Richard, the band was previously offered a chance to play the Grand Ole Opry in 1990 through the recommendation of bluegrass singer Bill Monroe, but [Roy Acuff](/wiki/Roy_Acuff "Roy Acuff") rejected the band due to their long hair.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/2021/12/02/kentucky\-headhunters\-grand\-ole\-opry\-concert\-nashville\-2021\-richard\-young\-interview\-album/8835619002/ \| title\=Kentucky Headhunters play the Grand Ole Opry for the first time this weekend \| publisher\=The Tennessean \| date\=December 3, 2021 \| accessdate\=December 11, 2021}}* Work with other artists ----------------------- The band's members have also participated in several projects involving other artists. Richard Young co\-produced some tracks on [Flynnville Train](/wiki/Flynnville_Train "Flynnville Train")'s self\-titled [debut album](/wiki/Flynnville_Train_%28album%29 "Flynnville Train (album)"), which was released on September 11, 2007, by Show Dog Nashville, a label owned by [Toby Keith](/wiki/Toby_Keith "Toby Keith") (now part of [Show Dog\-Universal Music](/wiki/Show_Dog-Universal_Music "Show Dog-Universal Music")).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cmt.com/news/news\-in\-brief/1567091/flynnville\-trains\-new\-cd\-due\-sept\-11\.jhtml\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815011256/http://www.cmt.com/news/news\-in\-brief/1567091/flynnville\-trains\-new\-cd\-due\-sept\-11\.jhtml\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=August 15, 2009\|title\=Flynnville Train's New CD Due Sept. 11\|date\=2007\-08\-14\|work\=CMT\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} This album includes the song "Truck Stop in the Sky," which Richard and Fred co\-wrote with two of Flynnville Train's members, brothers Brent Flynn and David Flynn.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=song\|id\=t12225570\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=Listing for "Truck Stop in the Sky"\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-18}} Also in 2007, Greg Martin released a [gospel](/wiki/Gospel_music "Gospel music") rock album called The Mighty Jeremiahs *as a side project. The album features Jimmy Hall and [Jeff Beck](/wiki/Jeff_Beck "Jeff Beck"), plus appearances by members of The Kentucky Headhunters, [Phil Keaggy](/wiki/Phil_Keaggy "Phil Keaggy"), [Darrell Mansfield](/wiki/Darrell_Mansfield "Darrell Mansfield") (for whom Martin has previously played), and others.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.christianblues.net/store/Scripts/prodList.asp?idCategory\=31 \|title\=The Mighty Jeremiahs \|work\=Guitar Player \|access\-date\=2009\-05\-27 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103205505/http://www.christianblues.net/store/Scripts/prodList.asp?idCategory\=31 \|archive\-date\=January 3, 2006 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.louisvillemusic.com/lmn/lmhdr.php?thisid\=3\&thisstory\=3119\|title\=A storm in the soul: The Mighty Jeremiahs\|last\=Roberts\|first\=Tim\|work\=Louisville Music\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815013747/http://www.louisvillemusic.com/lmn/lmhdr.php?thisid\=3\&thisstory\=3119\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-15\|url\-status\=dead}} Martin also played for Hall on his 2007 album* Build Your Own Fire*, a tribute album to Eddie Hinton.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r1032728\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Build Your Own Fire'' review\|last\=Yanow\|first\=Scott\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-06}} In 2009, Martin began a side project called Rufus Huff with Chris Hardesty, Dean Smith, and Jarrod England. This side project released an album via Zoho Music in April 2009\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.herald\-dispatch.com/life/x534811\|title\=Rufus Huff band a nice break for Kentucky Headhunter\|last\=Lavender\|first\=Dave\|date\=2008\-03\-14\|work\=The Herald\-Dispatch\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-06}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.zohomusic.com/cds\_detail.php?cds\_id\=76\|title\=Rufus Huff\|work\=Zoho Music\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-06\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815121656/http://www.zohomusic.com/cds\_detail.php?cds\_id\=76\|archive\-date\=2009\-08\-15\|url\-status\=dead}}* [150px\|thumb\|right\|Richard Young's son, John Fred Young, is the drummer for [Black Stone Cherry](/wiki/Black_Stone_Cherry "Black Stone Cherry") (pictured in 2014\).](/wiki/File:Black_Stone_Cherry_2014.jpg "Black Stone Cherry 2014.jpg") Richard, along with Stan Webb and former [MCA Nashville Records](/wiki/MCA_Nashville_Records "MCA Nashville Records") artist [Marty Brown](/wiki/Marty_Brown_%28singer%29 "Marty Brown (singer)"), wrote [Tracy Byrd](/wiki/Tracy_Byrd "Tracy Byrd")'s 1998 single "[I'm from the Country](/wiki/I%27m_from_the_Country_%28song%29 "I'm from the Country (song)")." Brown and the band also recorded the song's demo version.{{cite web\|url\=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/B/Byrd\_Tracy/1998/06/11/743676\.html\|title\=Byrd watching: Tracy Byrd continues his hit\-making ways\|last\=Overall\|first\=Rick\|date\=1998\-06\-11\|work\=Canoe — Jam! Showbiz Music\|access\-date\=2009\-06\-08\|url\-status\=usurped\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120714142742/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/B/Byrd\_Tracy/1998/06/11/743676\.html\|archive\-date\=2012\-07\-14}} Richard's son, John Fred Young, plays drums in the rock band [Black Stone Cherry](/wiki/Black_Stone_Cherry "Black Stone Cherry"). The band practices at the same farm house where The Kentucky Headhunters once rehearsed.{{cite journal\|last\=Stillman\|first\=Brian\|author2\=Chris Castella \|date\=December 2008\|title\=Black Stone Cherry\|journal\=\[\[Guitar World]]\|page\=40\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fPsDAAAAMBAJ\&q\=%22kentucky\+headhunters\&pg\=PA40}}{{dead link\|date\=March 2010}} Musical styles -------------- The band's sound is influenced by [country music](/wiki/Country_music "Country music"), [rockabilly](/wiki/Rockabilly "Rockabilly"), [blues](/wiki/Blues "Blues"), [Southern rock](/wiki/Southern_rock "Southern rock"), and [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music"),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/06/26/kentucky\-headhunters\-celebrate\-30\-years\-pickin\-nashville/1503615001/ \|title\=Kentucky Headhunters 30 years later: 'We blew up like an atom bomb' \|last\=Watts \|first\=Cindy \|date\=June 27, 2019 \|publisher\=The Tennessean \|access\-date\=January 15, 2022\|quote\=“Pickin’ on Nashville” fell between rockabilly and the blues }}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/24/arts/review\-rock\-hard\-country\-by\-kentucky\-headhunters.html?partner\=rssnyt\&emc\=rss\|title\=Review/Rock; Hard Country by Kentucky Headhunters\|last\=Pareles\|first\=Jon\|date\=1991\-02\-24\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} and has been described as "guitar\-heavy, rambunctious music."{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r123510\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Pickin' on Nashville'' review\|last\=Ruhlmann\|first\=William\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} Lead singer Doug Phelps' voice has been described as "alternately suggest\[ing] [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie "Count Basie")'s storied blues shouter [Jimmy Rushing](/wiki/Jimmy_Rushing "Jimmy Rushing") and the laid\-back cool of [Eagle](/wiki/Eagles_%28band%29 "Eagles (band)") [Glenn Frey](/wiki/Glenn_Frey "Glenn Frey")."{{cite journal\|date\=2003\-06\-09\|title\=Picks and Pans Main: Song: Four Cool New\|journal\=\[\[People (magazine)\|People]]\|volume\=59\|issue\=22\|url\=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20140240,00\.html}} The band's combination of styles is most notable in its cover song choices on early albums. All three Mercury albums contain a [Bill Monroe](/wiki/Bill_Monroe "Bill Monroe") cover, and other covers on these albums include Waylon Jennings, Carl Perkins, Norman Greenbaum and The Lovin' Spoonful.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r118166\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Rave On!!'' review\|last\=Mansfield\|first\=Brian\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} Soul *showcased the band's blues and [R\&B](/wiki/R%26B "R&B") influences through its use of [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ "Hammond organ") and a horn section.{{cite web\|url\={{AllMusic\|class\=album\|id\=r637619\|pure\_url\=yes}}\|title\=''Soul'' review\|last\=Deming\|first\=Mark\|work\=Allmusic\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}}{{cite news\|url\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\-search/we/Archives?p\_product\=DM\&p\_theme\=dm\&p\_action\=search\&p\_maxdocs\=200\&p\_topdoc\=1\&p\_text\_direct\-0\=0FAD9C02AB2F1DD9\&p\_field\_direct\-0\=document\_id\&p\_perpage\=10\&p\_sort\=YMD\_date:D\&s\_trackval\=GooglePM\|title\=The Headhunters play a juke or two: Group travels from ''Nashville'' to Memphis on blues\-based ''Soul''\|last\=Tarradell\|first\=Mario\|date\=2003\-05\-04\|work\=Dallas News\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} The band's original compositions, such as "Dumas Walker" and the title track to* Songs from the Grass String Ranch*, often develop a regional theme.* At its peak in the early 1990s, The Kentucky Headhunters were considered a [dark horse](/wiki/Dark_horse "Dark horse") in country music, due to the significant mainstream attention that the band received despite their rougher sound and the members' rural Southern image.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=lXQQAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=4579,330921\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\|title\=The Kentucky Headhunters\|last\=Asker\|first\=Jim\|work\=The Free Lance\-Star\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}}{{cite news\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=mTMKAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=7063,3978552\&dq\=kentucky\-headhunters\|title\=The Kentucky Headhunters return\|date\=1997\-04\-20\|work\=The Victoria Advocate\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26}} In 1991, Entertainment Weekly *critic Alanna Nash wrote that although the band did not sell as many albums as contemporaries [George Strait](/wiki/George_Strait "George Strait") or [Garth Brooks](/wiki/Garth_Brooks "Garth Brooks"), "they may just end up redefining country for the '90s" given the diverse range of influences and styles.{{cite magazine\|url\=http://www.ew.com/article/1991/05/03/electric\-barnyard\|title\=''Electric Barnyard'' review\|last\=Nash\|first\=Alanna\|magazine\=Entertainment Weekly\|access\-date\=2009\-05\-26\|date\=1991\-05\-03}}* Billboard *critic Ray Waddell called the band "arguably the most consistent and durable Southern rock outfit on the planet."{{cite magazine\|last\=Waddell\|first\=Ray\|date\=2005\-06\-23\|title\=Music reviews: ''Big Boss Man''\|magazine\=Billboard\|pages\=39–40\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=rRQEAAAAMBAJ\&q\=%22kentucky\+headhunters\&pg\=PA39}}* Band members ------------ Greg Martin (born March 31, 1954) – lead guitar, vocals (1968–1973, 1976–1982, 1986–present){{efn\|name\=itchy}} Doug Phelps (born December 15, 1960) – bass guitar, lead and background vocals (1986–1992, 1995–present) Fred Young (born July 8, 1958) – drums, vocals (1968–1982, 1986–present){{efn\|name\=itchy}} Richard Young (born January 27, 1955) – rhythm guitar, lead and background vocals (1968–1982, 1986–present){{efn\|name\=itchy}} Former members James Harrison (born February 2, 1959\) \- lead guitar (1973–1976\){{efn\|Member of Itchy Brother\|name\=itchy}} Anthony Kenney (born July 14, 1956\) – bass guitar, harmonica, background vocals (1968–1982, 1992–2008\){{efn\|name\=itchy}} Mark S. Orr (born April 22, 1957\) – lead vocals (1992–1995\) Ricky Lee Phelps (born January 17, 1953\) – lead vocals (1986–1992\) ImageSize \= width:1000 height:250 PlotArea \= left:100 bottom:60 top:10 right:50 Alignbars \= justify DateFormat \= dd/mm/yyyy Period \= from:01/01/1968 till:05/09/2024 TimeAxis \= orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Colors \= ``` id:vocals value:red legend:Vocals id:lead value:teal legend:Lead_guitar id:rhythm value:brightgreen legend:Rhythm_guitar id:bass value:blue legend:Bass id:drums value:orange legend:Drums id:Lines value:black legend:Studio ```  albums Legend \= orientation:horizontal position:bottom ScaleMajor \= increment:2 start:1968 LineData \= ``` at:01/01/1989 color:black layer:back at:01/01/1991 color:black layer:back at:01/01/1993 color:black layer:back at:29/03/1997 color:black layer:back at:13/06/2000 color:black layer:back at:06/05/2003 color:black layer:back at:21/06/2005 color:black layer:back at:18/11/2011 color:black layer:back at:02/06/2015 color:black layer:back at:04/11/2016 color:black layer:back at:02/10/2021 color:black layer:back ``` BarData \= ``` bar:Richard text:"Richard Young" bar:Ricky text:"Ricky Lee Phelps" bar:Mark text:"Mark S. Orr" bar:Greg text:"Greg Martin" bar:James text:"James Harrison" bar:Anthony text:"Anthony Kenney" bar:Doug text:"Doug Phelps" bar:Fred text:"Fred Young" ``` PlotData\= ``` width:11 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4) bar:Doug from:01/08/1995 till:end color:vocals bar:Doug from:01/01/1986 till:01/06/1992 color:bass bar:Doug from:01/08/1995 till:03/04/2008 color:rhythm width:3 bar:Doug from:03/04/2008 till:end color:bass width:3 bar:Greg from:01/01/1986 till:end color:lead bar:Greg from:01/01/1976 till:01/01/1982 color:lead bar:Greg from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1973 color:lead bar:Richard from:01/01/1986 till:end color:rhythm bar:Richard from:01/08/1995 till:end color:vocals width:3 bar:Richard from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1982 color:rhythm width:3 bar:Richard from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1982 color:vocals bar:Fred from:01/01/1986 till:end color:drums bar:Fred from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1982 color:drums bar:James from: 01/01/1973 till:01/01/1976 color:lead bar:Anthony from:01/06/1992 till:03/04/2008 color:bass bar:Anthony from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1982 color:bass bar:Mark from:01/06/1992 till:01/08/1995 color:vocals bar:Ricky from:01/01/1986 till:01/06/1992 color:vocals ``` TextData \= ``` pos:(245,025) textcolor:brightblue fontsize:7 text: Itchy Brother pos:(385,025) textcolor:brightblue fontsize:7 text: defunct pos:(650,025) textcolor:brightblue fontsize:7 text: Kentucky Headhunters ``` Notes {{notelist}} Discography ----------- {{main article\|The Kentucky Headhunters discography}} Studio albums * + - * + - * + - [Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville "Pickin' on Nashville") *(1989\)* * [Electric Barnyard](/wiki/Electric_Barnyard "Electric Barnyard") *(1991\)* * [Rave On!!](/wiki/Rave_On%21%21 "Rave On!!") *(1993\)* * [That'll Work](/wiki/That%27ll_Work "That'll Work") *{{small\|(with \[\[Johnnie Johnson (musician)\|Johnnie Johnson]])}} (1993\)* * [Stompin' Grounds](/wiki/Stompin%27_Grounds "Stompin' Grounds") *(1997\)* * [Songs from the Grass String Ranch](/wiki/Songs_from_the_Grass_String_Ranch "Songs from the Grass String Ranch") *(2000\)* * [Soul](/wiki/Soul_%28The_Kentucky_Headhunters_album%29 "Soul (The Kentucky Headhunters album)") *(2003\)* * [Big Boss Man](/wiki/Big_Boss_Man_%28The_Kentucky_Headhunters_album%29 "Big Boss Man (The Kentucky Headhunters album)") *(2005\)* * [Dixie Lullabies](/wiki/Dixie_Lullabies "Dixie Lullabies") *(2011\)* * [Meet Me in Bluesland](/wiki/Meet_Me_in_Bluesland "Meet Me in Bluesland") *{{small\|(with Johnnie Johnson)}} (2015\)* * [On Safari](/wiki/On_Safari_%28album%29 "On Safari (album)") *(2016\)* * [That's a Fact Jack!](/wiki/That%27s_a_Fact_Jack%21 "That's a Fact Jack!") *(2021\)* Awards and nominations ---------------------- ### Grammy Awards {{awards table}} \|\- \|[1991](/wiki/33rd_Grammy_Awards "33rd Grammy Awards") \|[Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville "Pickin' on Nashville")*\|rowspan\=3\| [Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Country_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal "Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal") \|{{won}} \|\- \|[1992](/wiki/34th_Grammy_Awards "34th Grammy Awards") \|*[Electric Barnyard](/wiki/Electric_Barnyard "Electric Barnyard")*\|{{nom}} \|\- \|[1993](/wiki/35th_Grammy_Awards "35th Grammy Awards") \|"[Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line](/wiki/Only_Daddy_That%27ll_Walk_the_Line "Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line")" \|{{nom}} \|}* ### American Music Awards {{awards table}} \|\- \|[1991](/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_1991 "American Music Awards of 1991") \|rowspan\=2\| The Kentucky Headhunters \|[Favorite Country New Artist](/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Favorite_Country_New_Artist "American Music Award for Favorite Country New Artist") \|{{won}} \|\- \|[1992](/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_1992 "American Music Awards of 1992") \|[Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group](/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Favorite_Country_Band/Duo/Group "American Music Award for Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group") \|{{nom}} \|} ### TNN/Music City News Country Awards {{awards table}} \|\- \|[1991](/wiki/25th_TNN/Music_City_News_Country_Awards "25th TNN/Music City News Country Awards") \|The Kentucky Headhunters \|Vocal Group of the Year \|{{nom}} \|} ### Academy of Country Music Awards {{awards table}} \|\- \|[1990](/wiki/25th_Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards "25th Academy of Country Music Awards") \|rowspan\=3\| The Kentucky Headhunters \|Top New Vocal Group or Duet \|{{won}} \|\- \|[1991](/wiki/26th_Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards "26th Academy of Country Music Awards") \|rowspan\=2\| Top Vocal Group of the Year \|{{nom}} \|\- \|[1992](/wiki/27th_Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards "27th Academy of Country Music Awards") \|{{nom}} \|} ### Country Music Association Awards {{awards table}} \|\- \|rowspan\=4\| [1990](/wiki/1990_Country_Music_Association_Awards "1990 Country Music Association Awards") \|The Kentucky Headhunters \|[Horizon Award](/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_New_Artist_of_the_Year "Country Music Association Award for New Artist of the Year") \|{{nom}} \|\- \|"[Dumas Walker](/wiki/Dumas_Walker "Dumas Walker")" \|[Video of the Year](/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year "Country Music Association Award for Video of the Year") \|{{nom}} \|\- \|[Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville "Pickin' on Nashville")'' \|[Album of the Year](/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year "Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year") \|{{won}} \|\- \|rowspan\=2\| The Kentucky Headhunters \|rowspan\=2\| [Vocal Group of the Year](/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Vocal_Group_of_the_Year "Country Music Association Award for Vocal Group of the Year") \|{{won}} \|\- \|[1991](/wiki/1991_Country_Music_Association_Awards "1991 Country Music Association Awards") \|{{won}} \|}
[ "History\n-------", "### 1968–1982: Early years as Itchy Brother", "Richard Young, his younger brother Fred, and their cousins Anthony Kenney and Greg Martin began performing music in the Youngs' and Kenney's hometown of [Glasgow, Kentucky](/wiki/Glasgow%2C_Kentucky \"Glasgow, Kentucky\"), in the 1960s. They founded a band called Itchy Brother,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/1258\\|title\\=Kentucky Headhunters no shrinking violets\\|last\\=Morrison\\|first\\=Tonya Parker\\|date\\=2005\\-07\\-19\\|work\\=American Chronicle\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-30\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815005533/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/1258\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-15}} named after Fred's favorite cartoon character, from *[King Leonardo and His Short Subjects](/wiki/King_Leonardo_and_His_Short_Subjects \"King Leonardo and His Short Subjects\")*. The original lineup consisted of Richard Young on [rhythm guitar](/wiki/Rhythm_guitar \"Rhythm guitar\"), Fred Young on drums, Kenney on bass guitar, and Martin on lead guitar. Itchy Brother achieved regional success in Kentucky in the 1970s, including at least one single, \"Shotgun Effie,\" which they wrote about the Youngs' grandmother, Effie.{{cite book\\|last\\=Kemp\\|first\\=Mark\\|title\\=Dixie Lullaby\\|page\\=215\\|isbn\\=0\\-8203\\-2872\\-3\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=JdMX9tbWdEMC\\&q\\=%22Shotgun\\+effie\\&pg\\=PA215\\|date\\=September 2006\\|publisher\\=University of Georgia Press }} It was released in 1973 on the King Fargo label. That same year, Greg Martin left the group to play in another band in his hometown of [Louisville, Kentucky](/wiki/Louisville%2C_Kentucky \"Louisville, Kentucky\"). In the meantime, guitarist James Harrison took his place. Martin returned to the group in 1976\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bgdailynews.com/amplifier/music/our\\-musical\\-memories\\-the\\-rocking\\-sound\\-of\\-itchy\\-brother\\-an\\-interview\\-with\\-james\\-harrison\\-and/article\\_40892156\\-6893\\-5d0c\\-815d\\-c199d50301a7\\.html\\|title\\=Our Musical Memories: the rocking sound of Itchy Brother, an interview with James Harrison and Greg Martin\\|first\\=Jack\\|last\\=Montgomery\\|website\\=Bowling Green Daily News\\|date\\=24 March 2009 }}", "Itchy Brother was almost signed to [Swan Song Records](/wiki/Swan_Song_Records \"Swan Song Records\"), an independent label founded by the band [Led Zeppelin](/wiki/Led_Zeppelin \"Led Zeppelin\"), in 1980\\. The label closed after Led Zeppelin drummer [John Bonham](/wiki/John_Bonham \"John Bonham\") died, and Itchy Brother never recorded a full album on Swan Song.{{cite web \\| title\\=The Kentucky Headhunters biography \\| url\\=http://www.oldies.com/artist\\-biography/The\\-Kentucky\\-Headhunters.html \\| work\\=Oldies.com \\| access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-23 }} Itchy Brother broke up in 1982\\. After their disbanding, Richard started writing songs for [Acuff\\-Rose Music](/wiki/Acuff-Rose_Music \"Acuff-Rose Music\"), and Fred became a backing musician for country singer [Sylvia](/wiki/Sylvia_%28singer%29 \"Sylvia (singer)\"), who at the time was recording on [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\"). Martin played [bass guitar](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\") and sang backing vocals for [Ronnie McDowell](/wiki/Ronnie_McDowell \"Ronnie McDowell\"), then a recording artist for [Curb Records](/wiki/Curb_Records \"Curb Records\"), and Kenney stopped performing, although he continued to write songs with the Young brothers.", "### 1986–1988: Reunion with new name", "When Martin attempted to reunite Itchy Brother in 1985, the Young brothers joined him, but Kenney declined. Martin invited [Missouri Bootheel](/wiki/Missouri_Bootheel \"Missouri Bootheel\") native Doug Phelps,{{cite journal\\|last\\=Dougherty\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=1991\\-06\\-17\\|title\\=Mixing Hard Rock with Country Music Puts Five Down\\-Home Boys on a Roll\\|volume\\=35\\|issue\\=23\\|url\\=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20115340,00\\.html\\|journal\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]}} also a member of McDowell's band, to replace Kenney, and Doug brought his older brother Ricky Lee to sing lead vocals. The band decided to name themselves The Headhunters, taking the name from the term \"headchopper,\" which blues musician [Muddy Waters](/wiki/Muddy_Waters \"Muddy Waters\") used to indicate that he had supplanted another band in a gig. After discovering that other bands existed with that name, the band added \"Kentucky\" to its name and thus became The Kentucky Headhunters.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/music\\-\\-finger\\-lickin\\-good\\-the\\-kentucky\\-headhunters\\-fear\\-of\\-flying\\-prevents\\-them\\-making\\-british\\-fans\\-jasper\\-rees\\-thinks\\-they\\-could\\-do\\-better\\-1486369\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts\\-entertainment/music/music\\-\\-finger\\-lickin\\-good\\-the\\-kentucky\\-headhunters\\-fear\\-of\\-flying\\-prevents\\-them\\-making\\-british\\-fans\\-jasper\\-rees\\-thinks\\-they\\-could\\-do\\-better\\-1486369\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-18 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Finger lickin' good: The Kentucky HeadHunters' fear of flying prevents them making British fans. Jasper Rees thinks they could do better \\|last\\=Rees\\|first\\=Jasper\\|date\\=1993\\-07\\-22\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26\\|location\\=London}} The Kentucky Headhunters began performing together the following year, playing twice monthly on the 90\\-minute *Chitlin' Show*, a radio program on [WLOC](/wiki/WLOC \"WLOC\") in [Munfordville, Kentucky](/wiki/Munfordville%2C_Kentucky \"Munfordville, Kentucky\").{{cite web \\| last\\=Loftus \\| first\\=Johnny \\| title\\=The Kentucky Headhunters biography \\| url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p1679\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\| work\\=\\[\\[Allmusic]] \\| access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-23}}", "### 1989–1990: Debut album and early success", "The Kentucky Headhunters borrowed $4,500{{cite book\\|last\\=Wolfe\\|first\\=Charles\\|title\\=Kentucky Country\\|page\\=181\\|isbn\\=0\\-8131\\-0879\\-9\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=3x4TUwtiCZgC\\&q\\=%22kentucky\\+headhunters%22\\&pg\\=RA1\\-PA180\\|year\\=1996\\|publisher\\=University Press of Kentucky }} to record a [demo](/wiki/Demo_%28music%29 \"Demo (music)\") album, which included seven original songs, plus covers of [Bill Monroe](/wiki/Bill_Monroe \"Bill Monroe\")'s \"Walk Softly on This Heart of Mine,\" [Henson Cargill](/wiki/Henson_Cargill \"Henson Cargill\")'s \"[Skip a Rope](/wiki/Skip_a_Rope \"Skip a Rope\")\", and [Don Gibson](/wiki/Don_Gibson \"Don Gibson\")'s \"[Oh Lonesome Me](/wiki/Oh_Lonesome_Me \"Oh Lonesome Me\").\" Originally intended to be sold at the band's live shows, the demo tape came to the attention of the Nashville music community. Although Martin said that the band had not seriously considered signing a record deal, the band pursued one through the suggestion of its manager, Mitchell Fox. [Harold Shedd](/wiki/Harold_Shedd \"Harold Shedd\"), a record producer who was then the head of [Mercury Records](/wiki/Mercury_Records \"Mercury Records\"), helped sign The Kentucky Headhunters to the label in 1989\\.", "Mercury released the demo in 1989 as The Kentucky Headhunters' debut album, *[Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville \"Pickin' on Nashville\")*. The album produced four singles, all of which reached top 40 on the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* Hot Country Singles \\& Tracks (now [Hot Country Songs](/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs \"Hot Country Songs\")) chart. The first of these, the \"Walk Softly on This Heart of Mine\" cover, peaked at number 25 in December 1989\\.{{cite book\\|last\\=Whitburn\\|first\\=Joel\\|title\\=Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008\\|publisher\\=Record Research, Inc.\\|year\\=2008\\|page\\=223\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-89820\\-177\\-2}} After it came \"[Dumas Walker](/wiki/Dumas_Walker \"Dumas Walker\").\" According to Doug, Mercury Records was initially reluctant to release the song as a single: \"\\[The label] thought it was too regional, and that no one outside the area would get it, but what they didn't see, was the reaction we got to it every night that we played it in front of a crowd, and it didn't matter where we were playing either.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.libertynjustice.net/gettoknow\\_doug.php \\|title\\=Get to know Doug Phelps \\|work\\=Liberty 'n Justice \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522222722/http://www.libertynjustice.net/gettoknow\\_doug.php \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-22 }} The single peaked at number 15 on the *Billboard* chart.", "Following \"Dumas Walker\" was \"Oh Lonesome Me\", which peaked at number eight; this was the band's only Top Ten hit. Finishing off the single releases was the number 23 \"Rock 'n' Roll Angel\", which Richard wrote. *Pickin' on Nashville* also earned the band a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award \"Grammy Award\") for [Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal](/wiki/Best_Country_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal \"Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal\"), Best New Vocal Group award from the [Academy of Country Music](/wiki/Academy_of_Country_Music \"Academy of Country Music\") (ACM), and Album of the Year and Vocal Group of the Year awards from the [Country Music Association](/wiki/Country_Music_Association \"Country Music Association\") (CMA).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cmaawards.com/2008/database/ArtistDetail.aspx?artistId\\=1527\\|title\\=Artist Detail for The Kentucky Headhunters\\|work\\=Academy of Country Music\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=VP\\&p\\_theme\\=vp\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0EAFF2F4F4A3F7AE\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|title\\=Headhunters' excitement captures fans\\|last\\=Roberts\\|first\\=Frank\\|date\\=4 May 1990\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Virginian\\-Pilot]]\\|pages\\=B5\\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2010}} In addition, it earned a double\\-platinum certification from the [Recording Industry Association of America](/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America \"Recording Industry Association of America\") (RIAA) for shipping two million copies in the United States.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table\\=SEARCH\\_RESULTS\\&artist\\=Kentucky%20Headhunters\\&format\\=ALBUM\\&go\\=Search\\&perPage\\=50\\|title\\=RIAA search results for The Kentucky Headhunters\\|work\\=\\[\\[Recording Industry Association of America]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} William Ruhlmann of [Allmusic](/wiki/Allmusic \"Allmusic\") gave the album a four\\-and\\-a\\-half star rating out of five, saying that the band was \"all the better\" for having a sound closer to rock than country. After the success of their debut album, The Kentucky Headhunters began touring with [Hank Williams, Jr.](/wiki/Hank_Williams%2C_Jr. \"Hank Williams, Jr.\") and [Delbert McClinton](/wiki/Delbert_McClinton \"Delbert McClinton\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=Om0WAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4617,6911895\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120714005950/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=Om0WAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=2hIEAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4617,6911895\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-14\\|title\\=Kentucky Headhunters explode\\|last\\=Tianen\\|first\\=Dave\\|date\\=1990\\-07\\-27\\|work\\=The Milwaukee Sentinel\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}}", "### 1991–1992: Second album and departure of the Phelps brothers", "In 1991, the band released their second album, *[Electric Barnyard](/wiki/Electric_Barnyard \"Electric Barnyard\")*. Although the album earned a gold certification from the RIAA and a second CMA award for Vocal Group of the Year, its singles received little airplay compared to the band's previous releases,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/article.asp?xid\\=543\\|title\\=Kentucky HeadHunters arise out of the ashes\\|last\\=Wahlert\\|first\\=Brian\\|date\\=May 1997\\|work\\=\\[\\[Country Standard Time]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-23}} with none of the four singles reaching the top 40 on the U.S. country charts. The album's first single was a cover of \"[The Ballad of Davy Crockett](/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Davy_Crockett \"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\"),\" which was released on the 155th anniversary of [Davy Crockett](/wiki/Davy_Crockett \"Davy Crockett\")'s death;{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=ctoVAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=6064,1099530\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\|title\\=King of the wild frontier honored by Kentucky Headhunters\\|date\\=1991\\-03\\-07\\|work\\=The Milwaukee Sentinel\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} the single shipped to radio with promotional [coonskin caps](/wiki/Coonskin_cap \"Coonskin cap\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24499119\\.html?dids\\=24499119:24499119\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&date\\=Sep\\+22%2C\\+1991\\&author\\=Jack\\+Hurst%2C\\+Country\\+music\\+writer.\\&pub\\=Chicago\\+Tribune\\+%28pre\\-1997\\+Fulltext%29\\&desc\\=Battle\\+ready\\+After\\+%60Crockett%27\\+misfire%2C\\+HeadHunters\\+reload\\&pqatl\\=google\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817134101/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24499119\\.html?dids\\=24499119:24499119\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&date\\=Sep\\+22%2C\\+1991\\&author\\=Jack\\+Hurst%2C\\+Country\\+music\\+writer.\\&pub\\=Chicago\\+Tribune\\+%28pre\\-1997\\+Fulltext%29\\&desc\\=Battle\\+ready\\+After\\+%60Crockett%27\\+misfire%2C\\+HeadHunters\\+reload\\&pqatl\\=google\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 17, 2009\\|title\\=Battle ready: After \"Crockett\" misfire, HeadHunters reload\\|last\\=Hurst\\|first\\=Jack\\|date\\=1991\\-09\\-22\\|work\\=The Chicago Tribune\\|page\\=14\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}} It spent eleven weeks on the charts and peaked at 49\\. \"With Body and Soul\" was the next single released, peaking at number 30 on the Canadian *[RPM](/wiki/RPM_%28magazine%29 \"RPM (magazine)\")* country charts but reaching number 56 in the United States. The third and fourth singles were the original composition \"It's Chitlin' Time\" and a rendition of [Waylon Jennings](/wiki/Waylon_Jennings \"Waylon Jennings\")'s \"[Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line](/wiki/Only_Daddy_That%27ll_Walk_the_Line \"Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line\"),\" at numbers 63 and 60 respectively. [Norman Greenbaum](/wiki/Norman_Greenbaum \"Norman Greenbaum\")'s 1969 single \"[Spirit in the Sky](/wiki/Spirit_in_the_Sky \"Spirit in the Sky\")\" was covered on this album as well.", "This album was met with mixed reception from critics. [Alanna Nash](/wiki/Alanna_Nash \"Alanna Nash\") of *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly \"Entertainment Weekly\")* gave it an A rating, saying that it \"skillfully blends raw wit, the working\\-class energy of sweat\\-stained factory workers jamming between shifts, and musical styles as diverse as the corny [Tennessee Ernie Ford](/wiki/Tennessee_Ernie_Ford \"Tennessee Ernie Ford\") and the creamy [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton \"Eric Clapton\").\" Allmusic critic [Brian Mansfield](/wiki/Brian_Mansfield \"Brian Mansfield\"), who gave it three\\-and\\-a\\-half stars, called the band a \"top\\-notch Southern rock band with a sense of humor,\" and said that the covers on *Electric Barnyard* were highlights, while the originals were \"adequate, offbeat filler.\"{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r123509\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Electric Barnyard'' review\\|last\\=Mansfield\\|first\\=Brian\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}} Randy Lewis of the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* called the band \"[ZZ Top](/wiki/ZZ_Top \"ZZ Top\") lite\" and said that most of the songs on the album had a \"party\\-hearty sound.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61197495\\.html?dids\\=61197495:61197495\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&date\\=Apr\\+14%2C\\+1991\\&author\\=RANDY\\+LEWIS\\&pub\\=Los\\+Angeles\\+Times\\+%28pre\\-1997\\+Fulltext%29\\&desc\\=\\*\\*\\+KENTUCKY\\+HEADHUNTERS\\+%22Electric\\+Barnyard%22\\+Mercury\\&pqatl\\=google\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021143549/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61197495\\.html?dids\\=61197495:61197495\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT\\&date\\=Apr\\+14,\\+1991\\&author\\=RANDY\\+LEWIS\\&pub\\=Los\\+Angeles\\+Times\\+(pre\\-1997\\+Fulltext)\\&desc\\=\\*\\*\\+KENTUCKY\\+HEADHUNTERS\\+%22Electric\\+Barnyard%22\\+Mercury\\&pqatl\\=google\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=October 21, 2012\\|title\\=''Electric Barnyard'' review\\|last\\=Lewis\\|first\\=Randy\\|date\\=1991\\-04\\-14\\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]]\\|page\\=65\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}}", "Later in 1991, The Kentucky Headhunters performed with [Roy Rogers](/wiki/Roy_Rogers \"Roy Rogers\") on the song \"That's How the West Was Swung\" from his *[Tribute](/wiki/Tribute_%28Roy_Rogers_album%29 \"Tribute (Roy Rogers album)\")* album,{{cite book\\|last\\=Phillips\\|first\\=Robert W.\\|title\\=Roy Rogers: A biography\\|publisher\\=McFarland\\|year\\=1995\\|page\\=73\\|isbn\\=0\\-89950\\-937\\-1\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=O79eJXn1GT8C\\&q\\=%22kentucky\\+headhunters%22\\+%22roy\\+rogers\\&pg\\=PA73\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} and covered [Canned Heat](/wiki/Canned_Heat \"Canned Heat\")'s \"[Let's Work Together](/wiki/Let%27s_Work_Together \"Let's Work Together\")\" for the [soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack \"Soundtrack\") to the film *[Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man](/wiki/Harley_Davidson_and_the_Marlboro_Man \"Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man\")*.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r113942\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man''\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} In addition, Martin played lead guitar for Canadian [synthpop](/wiki/Synthpop \"Synthpop\") band [Men Without Hats](/wiki/Men_Without_Hats \"Men Without Hats\") on its 1991 album *[Sideways](/wiki/Sideways_%28Men_Without_Hats_album%29 \"Sideways (Men Without Hats album)\")*{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.menwithouthats.com/info.html\\|title\\=Welcome to the infocenter\\|work\\=Men Without Hats official website\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-06}} and filled in for [Southern rock](/wiki/Southern_rock \"Southern rock\") band [Lynyrd Skynyrd](/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\") guitarist [Ed King](/wiki/Ed_King \"Ed King\") on that band's 1992 tour, as King was injured at the time.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eminence.com/artists/greg\\_martin.asp\\|title\\=Greg Martin\\|work\\=Eminence\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-06\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814185238/http://www.eminence.com/artists/greg\\_martin.asp\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-14}}", "Ricky Lee and Doug departed in June 1992 due to creative differences. According to Richard, Ricky Lee's tenure as lead vocalist was \"a bad time\" for the band given his opposition to Richard's opinions, although Richard was still surprised to hear of the brothers' departure, and said, \"I tried everything I could to get them to stay.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=4h4SAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5565,3329427\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\|title\\=Phelps brothers kiss off their Kentucky Headhunters career\\|date\\=1992\\-07\\-07\\|work\\=The Spokesman\\-Review\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot}} Ricky Lee, meanwhile, said that he \"was a country singer more than anything\" and wanted to eliminate most of the band's hard rock sounds.{{cite book\\|last\\=Stambler\\|first\\=Irwin\\|author2\\=Grelun Landon \\|author3\\=Lyndon Stambler \\|title\\=Country Music:The Encyclopedia\\|publisher\\=MacMillan\\|year\\=2000\\|page\\=233\\|isbn\\=0\\-312\\-26487\\-9\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RjfB6\\-nVHZIC\\&q\\=%22kentucky\\+headhunters%22\\&pg\\=PA232}} He and Doug then founded [Brother Phelps](/wiki/Brother_Phelps \"Brother Phelps\"), which had a more mainstream country sound than The Kentucky Headhunters did.{{cite web \\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p43298\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=Brother Phelps biography \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-07\\-21 \\|last\\=Huey \\|first\\=Steve \\|work\\=Allmusic}} Brother Phelps released two albums for [Asylum Records](/wiki/Asylum_Records \"Asylum Records\") and charted in the country top 40 with \"[Let Go](/wiki/Let_Go_%28Brother_Phelps_song%29 \"Let Go (Brother Phelps song)\")\" and \"Were You Really Livin' ,\" which peaked at number 6 and 28 respectively.", "### 1992–1994: New line\\-up and lack of success", "Kenney rejoined in 1992 as bass guitarist, and [Charlotte, Michigan](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_Michigan \"Charlotte, Michigan\"), native Mark S. Orr took over on lead vocals. The first album to feature Orr and Kenney, the more [blues rock](/wiki/Blues_rock \"Blues rock\")\\-oriented *[Rave On!!](/wiki/Rave_On%21%21 \"Rave On!!\")*, was released in 1993\\. Although the band drew attention by touring with then\\-labelmate [Billy Ray Cyrus](/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus \"Billy Ray Cyrus\"), *Rave On!!* sold poorly and failed to produce a successful single among its three releases: \"Honky Tonk Walkin' ,\" \"[Blue Moon of Kentucky](/wiki/Blue_Moon_of_Kentucky \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\")\" and \"[Dixie Fried](/wiki/Dixie_Fried \"Dixie Fried\"),\" the latter two being covers of Bill Monroe and [Carl Perkins](/wiki/Carl_Perkins \"Carl Perkins\"), respectively. The album also included a cover of [The Lovin' Spoonful](/wiki/The_Lovin%27_Spoonful \"The Lovin' Spoonful\")'s \"My Gal\". \"Honky Tonk Walkin'\" and \"Dixie Fried\" respectively reached numbers 54 and 71 on the country charts, while the \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" cover did not chart.", "Mansfield gave a two\\-star rating for Allmusic, where he wrote that the band had \"devolved into a [redneck](/wiki/Redneck \"Redneck\") [boogie](/wiki/Boogie \"Boogie\") group.\" Nash's review for *Entertainment Weekly* gave it a C− grade, and called it \"warmed\\-over blues\" that lacked the \"outrageousness, wit, and brilliance that distinguished their earlier albums.\"{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.ew.com/article/1993/03/26/rave\\|title\\=''Rave On!'' review\\|last\\=Nash\\|first\\=Alanna\\|date\\=1993\\-03\\-26\\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}} Steve Morse of *[The Boston Globe](/wiki/The_Boston_Globe \"The Boston Globe\")* called it an \"irresistible car\\-stereo album,\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=BG\\&p\\_theme\\=bg\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0EADE046D6A69415\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|title\\=''Rave On!!'' review\\|last\\=Morse\\|first\\=Steve\\|date\\=1993\\-02\\-25\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Boston Globe]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}} and *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* critic John Swenson said that the album was more rock\\-oriented than its predecessors, also saying that it \"sounds like a hell of a blueprint for a summer concert tour.\"{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/warrenhaynes/albums/album/161776/review/5944391/tales\\_of\\_ordinary\\_madness\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814193359/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/warrenhaynes/albums/album/161776/review/5944391/tales\\_of\\_ordinary\\_madness\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 14, 2009\\|title\\=Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Kentucky Headhunters, Warren Haynes reviews\\|last\\=Swenson\\|first\\=John\\|date\\=1993\\-05\\-27\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}}", "[200px\\|thumb\\|left\\|The Kentucky Headhunters' 1993 album *[That'll Work](/wiki/That%27ll_Work \"That'll Work\")* was a collaboration with [Johnnie Johnson](/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_%28musician%29 \"Johnnie Johnson (musician)\"), pictured here in 1996\\.](/wiki/File:JohnnieJohnson1996.jpg \"JohnnieJohnson1996.jpg\")", "The Orr\\-led lineup also recorded *[That'll Work](/wiki/That%27ll_Work \"That'll Work\")*, a collaborative album with [Chuck Berry](/wiki/Chuck_Berry \"Chuck Berry\")'s pianist, [Johnnie Johnson](/wiki/Johnnie_Johnson_%28musician%29 \"Johnnie Johnson (musician)\"). It was released later in 1993 via [Nonesuch Records](/wiki/Nonesuch_Records \"Nonesuch Records\"), and it comprised twelve songs which Johnson and the band wrote over the course of four days.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=gIAUAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=5972,533116\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\|title\\=Keeping the faith: The Kentucky Headhunters remain true to their fans\\|last\\=Reiter\\|first\\=Mark\\|date\\=1994\\-09\\-02\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Toledo Blade]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} The album featured Johnson on piano, as well as lead vocals on the title track and one other song; [Jimmy Hall](/wiki/Jimmy_Hall \"Jimmy Hall\") of [Wet Willie](/wiki/Wet_Willie \"Wet Willie\") also played harmonica and saxophone, and sang backing vocals.{{Cite AV media notes \\|title\\=That'll Work \\|others\\=Johnnie Johnson with The Kentucky Headhunters \\|year\\=1993 \\|type\\=CD booklet \\|publisher\\=Nonesuch Records \\|id\\=61476}} Thom Owens of Allmusic wrote of this album that \"They certainly can work a heavy, bluesy groove with dexterity, but they lack the gonzo charm they had on their debut, *[Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville \"Pickin' on Nashville\")* — there simply isn't the sense of careening fun, nor is there the reckless fusions that resulted in such an invigorating listen.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.allmusic.com/album/thatll\\-work\\-mw0000098862\\|title\\=''That'll Work''\\|last\\=Owens\\|first\\=Thom\\|work\\=\\[\\[Allmusic]]\\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2014}} One year later, Mercury released a [greatest hits](/wiki/Greatest_hits \"Greatest hits\") package, *[The Best of The Kentucky Headhunters: Still Pickin'](/wiki/The_Best_of_The_Kentucky_Headhunters:Still_Pickin%27 \"Still Pickin'\")*. It reprised singles and other songs from the band's first three albums, as well as \"Let's Work Together\" and a cover of [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\")' \"[You've Got to Hide Your Love Away](/wiki/You%27ve_Got_to_Hide_Your_Love_Away \"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away\"),\" which The Kentucky Headhunters had previously recorded on the 1994 tribute album *Shared Vision: The Songs of the Beatles*.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r208418\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Shared Vision: The Songs of The Beatles''\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} After *Still Pickin''', The Kentucky Headhunters left Mercury.*", "### 1995–2002: Reunion with Doug Phelps", "Orr left The Kentucky Headhunters in August 1995 because he \"was wantin' to do somethin' else,\" according to Richard.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/articlex.asp?xid\\=543\\&p\\=2\\|title\\=Kentucky HeadHunters arise out of the ashes (page 2\\)\\|last\\=Wahlert\\|first\\=Brian\\|date\\=May 1997\\|work\\=Country Standard Time\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-27}} Richard then called Doug and invited him to rejoin the band. As a result, Brother Phelps disbanded and Ricky Lee pursued a solo career. In 1997, The Kentucky Headhunters signed to [BNA Records](/wiki/BNA_Records \"BNA Records\") to release its fourth non\\-collaborative studio album, [Stompin' Grounds](/wiki/Stompin%27_Grounds \"Stompin' Grounds\")*, with Doug on lead vocals. This album was also an unsuccessful venture, failing to enter the country albums charts and producing only a number 70\\-peaking cover of [Marty Robbins](/wiki/Marty_Robbins \"Marty Robbins\")' \"[Singing the Blues](/wiki/Singing_the_Blues \"Singing the Blues\")\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cmt.com/news/country\\-music/1472627/clutch\\-chest\\-mention\\-record\\-headhunter\\-mending\\-as\\-album\\-debuts.jhtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815011601/http://www.cmt.com/news/country\\-music/1472627/clutch\\-chest\\-mention\\-record\\-headhunter\\-mending\\-as\\-album\\-debuts.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 15, 2009\\|title\\=Clutch Chest, Mention Record: HeadHunter Mending as Album Debuts\\|last\\=Morris\\|first\\=Edward\\|date\\=2000\\-06\\-20\\|work\\=\\[\\[Country Music Television\\|CMT]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} In order to promote the album, Richard suggested that the label send free copies to smaller\\-market radio stations, where the band's fanbase was still strong. He also considered the album's original songs as the strongest that the band had ever written.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=SUYXAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4420,811234\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\+stompin\\-grounds\\|title\\=Headhunters Back on ''Stompin' Grounds''\\|last\\=Swenson\\|first\\=John\\|date\\=1997\\-08\\-22\\|work\\=The Sentinel Review\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-27}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot}} Brian Wahlert of* [Country Standard Time](/wiki/Country_Standard_Time \"Country Standard Time\") *magazine wrote that it \"may be the band's best album ever;\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/cdreview.asp?xid\\=1662\\|title\\=''Stompin' Grounds'' review\\|last\\=Wahlert\\|first\\=Brian\\|work\\=Country Standard Time\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}} Thom Owens gave the album two\\-and\\-a\\-half stars in his Allmusic review, where he wrote that the band \"show\\[ed] a lack of imagination\" and \"sound\\[ed] considerably less energetic and exciting\" than on the first two albums.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r261651\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Stompin' Grounds'' review\\|last\\=Owens\\|first\\=Thom\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}}*", "[Songs from the Grass String Ranch](/wiki/Songs_from_the_Grass_String_Ranch \"Songs from the Grass String Ranch\")*, the band's next album, was completed almost 18 months before its release. The band had consulted with 38 different independent labels before signing to Audium Entertainment, a branch of Koch Records (now [MNRK Music Group](/wiki/MNRK_Music_Group \"MNRK Music Group\")), which released the album in 2000\\. Three months before its release, Richard suffered a [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack \"Heart attack\"), from which he soon recovered. Because the \"Singing the Blues\" cover had been unsuccessful, the group decided to record entirely original songs for* Songs from the Grass String Ranch*. All five members co\\-wrote all of the songs, with assistance from Verlon Dale Grissom on four of them.{{cite AV media notes \\|title\\=Songs from the Grass String Ranch \\|others\\=The Kentucky Headhunters \\|year\\=2000 \\|type\\=CD booklet \\|publisher\\=Audium Entertainment \\|id\\=8117}} In addition, this album featured the Youngs on lead vocals for the first time: Fred on \"Dry\\-Land Fish\" and Richard on \"Louisianna CoCo.\" The title track was inspired by a nickname given to the Youngs' family farm. \"Too Much to Lose\" was the album's first single, peaking at number 66 on* Billboard *country chart. Richard considered this song an unusual single release because it was the band's first [ballad](/wiki/Ballad_%28music%29 \"Ballad (music)\"). Neither of the next two singles, \"Louisianna CoCo\" and \"Love That Woman,\" appeared on the music charts. Giving it three stars out of five, Al Campbell of Allmusic said that it was \"crowd\\-pleasing\" but \"nothing out of the ordinary.\"{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r484646\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Songs from the Grass String Ranch'' review\\|last\\=Campbell\\|first\\=Al\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}} An uncredited review in* [The Ledger](/wiki/The_Ledger \"The Ledger\")*, which gave the album two\\-and\\-a\\-half stars out of four, said that the up\\-tempo songs were \"nothing very original\\[…]but lots of fun\" but added that its ballads were \"mushy and earnest.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=L\\_oSAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3234,1875283\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\+songs\\-from\\-the\\-grass\\-string\\-ranch\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120712154506/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=L\\_oSAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=Z\\_0DAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3234,1875283\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\+songs\\-from\\-the\\-grass\\-string\\-ranch\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-12\\|title\\=Music reviews\\|date\\=2000\\-08\\-25\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Ledger]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}}*", "### 2003–2006: *Soul* and *Big Boss Man*", "[Soul](/wiki/Soul_%28The_Kentucky_Headhunters_album%29 \"Soul (The Kentucky Headhunters album)\") *followed in 2003, also on Audium. This album also featured Johnnie Johnson, as well as guest appearances by organist [Reese Wynans](/wiki/Reese_Wynans \"Reese Wynans\") (of [Double Trouble](/wiki/Double_Trouble_%28band%29 \"Double Trouble (band)\")), [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone \"Saxophone\") player [Jim Horn](/wiki/Jim_Horn \"Jim Horn\"), and a local musician named Robbie Bartlett, who sang guest vocals on \"Everyday People.\" It included the non\\-charting single \"Lonely Nights\" and a tribute song to Carl Perkins entitled \"Last Night I Met Carl Perkins\", as well as two covers: \"I Still Wanna Be Your Man,\" originally recorded by [Eddie Hinton](/wiki/Eddie_Hinton \"Eddie Hinton\"), and \"[Have You Ever Loved a Woman?](/wiki/Have_You_Ever_Loved_a_Woman%3F \"Have You Ever Loved a Woman?\"),\" a [blues](/wiki/Blues \"Blues\") standard made famous by [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton \"Eric Clapton\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://countrymusic.about.com/library/blsoulrev.htm\\|title\\=''Soul'' review\\|last\\=Bjorke\\|first\\=Matt\\|work\\=\\[\\[About.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-24\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-20\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820015220/http://countrymusic.about.com/library/blsoulrev.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} This album received generally favorable reviews. Mark Deming gave a three\\-star rating for Allmusic, saying that the album's more [rhythm and blues](/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues \"Rhythm and blues\") and [soul](/wiki/Soul_music \"Soul music\")\\-influenced sound worked well due to the blues influences present in Southern rock, although he added that the album retained the \"big guitar bombast\" of the band's previous works.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r637619\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Soul'' review\\|last\\=Deming\\|first\\=Mark\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}} Matt Bjorke of [About.com](/wiki/About.com \"About.com\") considered its sound a departure from the earlier albums, but added \"it's not hard to see that the band fully enjoys what they are doing\" and highlighted the presence of a [horn section](/wiki/Horn_section \"Horn section\") and [Hammond B\\-3 organ](/wiki/Hammond_B-3_organ \"Hammond B-3 organ\") on some tracks. Ray Waddell of* Billboard *magazine considered Wynans' and Johnson's contributions \"perfect fits\", and noted that the album was \"laid back\" until the second half. His review also mentions the extended drum solo and \"stone blues coda\" of the closing track \"What You See Is What You Get.\"{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Waddell\\|first\\=Ray\\|date\\=2003\\-05\\-17\\|title\\=Album reviews\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|page\\=40\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sQ0EAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=%22kentucky\\+headhunters%22\\+billboard\\&pg\\=PA40\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}}*", "In 2005, following the closure of Audium, the band signed to the CBuJ Entertainment label. Its first release for the label was [Big Boss Man](/wiki/Big_Boss_Man_%28The_Kentucky_Headhunters_album%29 \"Big Boss Man (The Kentucky Headhunters album)\")*, an album composed entirely of cover songs. This album was led off by its [title track](/wiki/Big_Boss_Man_%28song%29 \"Big Boss Man (song)\"), a cover of the [Jimmy Reed](/wiki/Jimmy_Reed \"Jimmy Reed\") blues standard.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,645199588,00\\.html\\|title\\= Headhunters' hits worth repeating\\|last\\=Iwasaki\\|first\\=Scott\\|date\\=2006\\-09\\-07\\|work\\=\\[\\[Deseret News]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-30}} Also released from it were renditions of [Roger Miller](/wiki/Roger_Miller \"Roger Miller\")'s \"[Chug\\-a\\-Lug](/wiki/Chug-a-Lug_%28Roger_Miller_song%29 \"Chug-a-Lug (Roger Miller song)\")\" and [Hank Williams](/wiki/Hank_Williams \"Hank Williams\")' \"[Take These Chains from My Heart](/wiki/Take_These_Chains_from_My_Heart \"Take These Chains from My Heart\")\". The project was financed by [Sony/ATV Music Publishing](/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing \"Sony/ATV Music Publishing\") as a means of making extra money from older songs in the publishing company's catalog.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cmt.com/news/country\\-music/1504748/the\\-kentucky\\-headhunters\\-rock\\-music\\-row.jhtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815011606/http://www.cmt.com/news/country\\-music/1504748/the\\-kentucky\\-headhunters\\-rock\\-music\\-row.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 15, 2009\\|title\\=The Kentucky Headhunters Rock Music Row\\|last\\=Morris\\|first\\=Edward\\|date\\=2005\\-06\\-27\\|work\\=CMT\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} Richard helped select the songs for this album, which included three other Hank Williams covers, as well as [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\")'s \"[Like a Rolling Stone](/wiki/Like_a_Rolling_Stone \"Like a Rolling Stone\"),\" The Beatles' \"[I'm Down](/wiki/I%27m_Down \"I'm Down\"),\" and [Patsy Cline](/wiki/Patsy_Cline \"Patsy Cline\")'s \"[Walkin' After Midnight](/wiki/Walkin%27_After_Midnight \"Walkin' After Midnight\"),\" among others.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://countrymusic.about.com/od/cdreviewsal/gr/blbigbossman.htm\\|title\\=''Big Boss Man'' review\\|last\\=Coleman\\|first\\=Kathy\\|work\\=\\[\\[About.com]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-30\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128135930/http://countrymusic.about.com/od/cdreviewsal/gr/blbigbossman.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-01\\-28}} Despite saying that the album was \"obviously aimed at longtime fans,\" Greg Prato of Allmusic gave it three\\-and\\-a\\-half stars, with his review making note of the \"beefed\\-up\" Patsy Cline and Hank Williams covers.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r778750\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Big Boss Man'' review\\|last\\=Prato\\|first\\=Greg\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}} Ray Waddell of* Billboard *called the album \"loose and rowdy,\" saying that the band \"injected soul\" into the Dylan cover and recorded an \"intoxicating\" version of \"Chug\\-a\\-Lug,\" although he said that the \"[Hey Good Lookin'](/wiki/Hey_Good_Lookin%27_%28song%29 \"Hey Good Lookin' (song)\")\" cover was \"heavy\\-handed.\" Robert Woolridge gave a mostly\\-favorable review for* Country Standard Time*, citing \"Chug\\-a\\-Lug\" and \"So Sad to See Good Love Go Bad\" (originally by [The Everly Brothers](/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers \"The Everly Brothers\")) as the most country\\-sounding. He also described three of the Hank Williams covers positively, but said that Phelps did not have a suitable vocal range for \"I'm Down\" and that his voice was monotonous on \"Walkin' After Midnight.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/cdreview.asp?xid\\=1660\\|title\\=''Big Boss Man'' review\\|last\\=Woolridge\\|first\\=Robert\\|work\\=Country Standard Time\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-15}}*", "### 2007–2021: *Flying Under the Radar*, *Dixie Lullabies*, *Meet Me in Bluesland*, and *On Safari*", "One year later, CBuJ Entertainment released the compilation [Flying Under the Radar](/wiki/Flying_Under_the_Radar \"Flying Under the Radar\")*, which comprised selections from* Songs from the Grass String Ranch*,* Soul *and* Big Boss Man*, as well as two new songs and a [remix](/wiki/Remix \"Remix\") of \"Chug\\-a\\-Lug.\" Kenney left the band around 2008 to take a job as the technical director of a theatre in Glasgow, Kentucky,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.glasgowdailytimes.com/features/local\\_story\\_227182430\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130124050716/http://www.glasgowdailytimes.com/features/local\\_story\\_227182430\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-24\\|title\\=His efforts are a tribute to Elvis\\|last\\=Kinslow\\|first\\=Gina\\|date\\=2008\\-08\\-14\\|work\\=Glasgow Daily Times\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-14}} and Doug has since taken over on bass guitar. To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of* Pickin' on Nashville*, the band released a [live album](/wiki/Live_album \"Live album\") entitled* [Authorized Bootleg: Live – Agara Ballroom – Cleveland, Ohio](/wiki/Authorized_Bootleg:Live_%E2%80%93_Agara_Ballroom_%E2%80%93_Cleveland%2C_Ohio \"Live – Agara Ballroom – Cleveland, Ohio\")*.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS143116\\+03\\-Sep\\-2009\\+PRN20090903\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130201051736/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS143116\\+03\\-Sep\\-2009\\+PRN20090903\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-02\\-01\\|title\\=Previously Unreleased 1990 Concert Captures the Kentucky Headhunters at Their Crowd\\-Pleasin', Fun\\-Lovin', Grammy\\-Winnin', Platinum\\-Sellin', Southern Rockin' Best\\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-03\\|work\\=PR Newswire\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-28}} It was followed in October 2011 by* [Dixie Lullabies](/wiki/Dixie_Lullabies \"Dixie Lullabies\") *on the Red Dirt label, which the band recorded at the Practice House after touring with [Jamey Johnson](/wiki/Jamey_Johnson \"Jamey Johnson\").{{cite journal\\|last\\=Gleason\\|first\\=Holly\\|date\\=31 October 2011\\|title\\=Something Special: More than 20 years after their biggest commercial success, The Kentucky Headhunters still rock\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Country Weekly]]\\|volume\\=18\\|issue\\=45\\|pages\\=46–48\\|issn\\=1074\\-3235}} William Ruhlmann gave this album a positive review, comparing the sound to [The Rolling Stones](/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones \"The Rolling Stones\") and [ZZ Top](/wiki/ZZ_Top \"ZZ Top\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://allmusic.com/album/dixie\\-lullabies\\-r2279467/review\\|title\\=''Dixie Lullabies'' review\\|last\\=Ruhlmann\\|first\\=William\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2011}}*", "In April 2015, the band released another collaborative album with Johnson entitled [Meet Me in Bluesland](/wiki/Meet_Me_in_Bluesland \"Meet Me in Bluesland\")*, via [Alligator Records](/wiki/Alligator_Records \"Alligator Records\"). It was originally recorded in 2003 during the sessions for* Soul*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.alligator.com/news/index.cfm/nID/649/t/The\\-Kentucky\\-Headhunters\\-With\\-Johnnie\\-Johnson\\-–\\-New\\-CD\\-Meet\\-Me\\-In\\-Bluesland\\-\\-\\-Set\\-for\\-June\\-2\\-Release/\\|title\\=THE KENTUCKY HEADHUNTERS WITH JOHNNIE JOHNSON – NEW CD MEET ME IN BLUESLAND \\- SET FOR JUNE 2 RELEASE\\|date\\=April 1, 2015\\|work\\=Alligator Records\\|access\\-date\\=July 28, 2018}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Allers\\|first1\\=Hannahlee\\|title\\=Kentucky Headhunters Announce New Album Featuring Legendary Blues Pianist\\|url\\=http://theboot.com/kentucky\\-headhunters\\-meet\\-me\\-in\\-bluesland/\\|access\\-date\\=May 12, 2015\\|work\\=The Boot\\|date\\=April 11, 2015}}* [On Safari](/wiki/On_Safari_%28album%29 \"On Safari (album)\") *came in 2016\\. This album features several songs that the band had written years prior, including \"Crazy Jim\". Shortly before the album's release, Richard and Fred's father, James Howard, died at age 93\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://glidemagazine.com/188433/richard\\-young\\-kentucky\\-headhunters\\-tells\\-interview/ \\| title\\=RICHARD YOUNG OF THE KENTUCKY HEADHUNTERS TELLS ALL (INTERVIEW) \\| publisher\\=Glide Magazine \\| date\\=July 10, 2017 \\| access\\-date\\=October 4, 2020}} Also included are \"Governor's Cup\", the band's first ever instrumental track, and a cover of [Alice Cooper](/wiki/Alice_Cooper \"Alice Cooper\")'s \"[Caught in a Dream](/wiki/Caught_in_a_Dream \"Caught in a Dream\")\".{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/country/features/how\\-the\\-kentucky\\-headhunters\\-were\\-the\\-stapleton\\-of\\-the\\-1990\\-cmas\\-w444252\\|title\\=How Kentucky Headhunters Were the Chris Stapleton of 1990 CMAs\\|magazine\\=Rolling Stone\\|date\\=11 October 2016\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2018}}*", "### 2021\\-present: *That's a Fact Jack!*", "On September 25, 2021, the band announced through their official Facebook page that a new album titled [That's a Fact Jack!](/wiki/That%27s_a_Fact_Jack%21 \"That's a Fact Jack!\") *would be released on October 22 through Practice House Records. The first single from the album was \"How Could I\", followed by \"Susannah\" and the title track. Also included on the album is a re\\-recording of \"Shotgun Effie\".{{cite web \\| url\\=https://blazingminds.co.uk/the\\-kentucky\\-headhunters\\-thats\\-a\\-fact\\-jack/ \\| title\\=The Kentucky Headhunters release their 12\\-song album 'That's a Fact Jack!' \\& premiere the title track's video \\| publisher\\=Blazing Minds \\| date\\=October 22, 2021 \\| access\\-date\\=October 28, 2021}} Following this album's release, the band made their debut on the [Grand Ole Opry](/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry \"Grand Ole Opry\") on December 2, 2021\\. They also supported the album with a tour which began in [Corinth, Mississippi](/wiki/Corinth%2C_Mississippi \"Corinth, Mississippi\") that same month. According to Richard, the band was previously offered a chance to play the Grand Ole Opry in 1990 through the recommendation of bluegrass singer Bill Monroe, but [Roy Acuff](/wiki/Roy_Acuff \"Roy Acuff\") rejected the band due to their long hair.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/2021/12/02/kentucky\\-headhunters\\-grand\\-ole\\-opry\\-concert\\-nashville\\-2021\\-richard\\-young\\-interview\\-album/8835619002/ \\| title\\=Kentucky Headhunters play the Grand Ole Opry for the first time this weekend \\| publisher\\=The Tennessean \\| date\\=December 3, 2021 \\| accessdate\\=December 11, 2021}}*", "Work with other artists\n-----------------------", "The band's members have also participated in several projects involving other artists. Richard Young co\\-produced some tracks on [Flynnville Train](/wiki/Flynnville_Train \"Flynnville Train\")'s self\\-titled [debut album](/wiki/Flynnville_Train_%28album%29 \"Flynnville Train (album)\"), which was released on September 11, 2007, by Show Dog Nashville, a label owned by [Toby Keith](/wiki/Toby_Keith \"Toby Keith\") (now part of [Show Dog\\-Universal Music](/wiki/Show_Dog-Universal_Music \"Show Dog-Universal Music\")).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cmt.com/news/news\\-in\\-brief/1567091/flynnville\\-trains\\-new\\-cd\\-due\\-sept\\-11\\.jhtml\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815011256/http://www.cmt.com/news/news\\-in\\-brief/1567091/flynnville\\-trains\\-new\\-cd\\-due\\-sept\\-11\\.jhtml\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=August 15, 2009\\|title\\=Flynnville Train's New CD Due Sept. 11\\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-14\\|work\\=CMT\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} This album includes the song \"Truck Stop in the Sky,\" which Richard and Fred co\\-wrote with two of Flynnville Train's members, brothers Brent Flynn and David Flynn.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=song\\|id\\=t12225570\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=Listing for \"Truck Stop in the Sky\"\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-18}} Also in 2007, Greg Martin released a [gospel](/wiki/Gospel_music \"Gospel music\") rock album called The Mighty Jeremiahs *as a side project. The album features Jimmy Hall and [Jeff Beck](/wiki/Jeff_Beck \"Jeff Beck\"), plus appearances by members of The Kentucky Headhunters, [Phil Keaggy](/wiki/Phil_Keaggy \"Phil Keaggy\"), [Darrell Mansfield](/wiki/Darrell_Mansfield \"Darrell Mansfield\") (for whom Martin has previously played), and others.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.christianblues.net/store/Scripts/prodList.asp?idCategory\\=31 \\|title\\=The Mighty Jeremiahs \\|work\\=Guitar Player \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-27 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103205505/http://www.christianblues.net/store/Scripts/prodList.asp?idCategory\\=31 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 3, 2006 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.louisvillemusic.com/lmn/lmhdr.php?thisid\\=3\\&thisstory\\=3119\\|title\\=A storm in the soul: The Mighty Jeremiahs\\|last\\=Roberts\\|first\\=Tim\\|work\\=Louisville Music\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815013747/http://www.louisvillemusic.com/lmn/lmhdr.php?thisid\\=3\\&thisstory\\=3119\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Martin also played for Hall on his 2007 album* Build Your Own Fire*, a tribute album to Eddie Hinton.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r1032728\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Build Your Own Fire'' review\\|last\\=Yanow\\|first\\=Scott\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-06}} In 2009, Martin began a side project called Rufus Huff with Chris Hardesty, Dean Smith, and Jarrod England. This side project released an album via Zoho Music in April 2009\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.herald\\-dispatch.com/life/x534811\\|title\\=Rufus Huff band a nice break for Kentucky Headhunter\\|last\\=Lavender\\|first\\=Dave\\|date\\=2008\\-03\\-14\\|work\\=The Herald\\-Dispatch\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-06}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.zohomusic.com/cds\\_detail.php?cds\\_id\\=76\\|title\\=Rufus Huff\\|work\\=Zoho Music\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-06\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815121656/http://www.zohomusic.com/cds\\_detail.php?cds\\_id\\=76\\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-08\\-15\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}*", "[150px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Richard Young's son, John Fred Young, is the drummer for [Black Stone Cherry](/wiki/Black_Stone_Cherry \"Black Stone Cherry\") (pictured in 2014\\).](/wiki/File:Black_Stone_Cherry_2014.jpg \"Black Stone Cherry 2014.jpg\")\nRichard, along with Stan Webb and former [MCA Nashville Records](/wiki/MCA_Nashville_Records \"MCA Nashville Records\") artist [Marty Brown](/wiki/Marty_Brown_%28singer%29 \"Marty Brown (singer)\"), wrote [Tracy Byrd](/wiki/Tracy_Byrd \"Tracy Byrd\")'s 1998 single \"[I'm from the Country](/wiki/I%27m_from_the_Country_%28song%29 \"I'm from the Country (song)\").\" Brown and the band also recorded the song's demo version.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/B/Byrd\\_Tracy/1998/06/11/743676\\.html\\|title\\=Byrd watching: Tracy Byrd continues his hit\\-making ways\\|last\\=Overall\\|first\\=Rick\\|date\\=1998\\-06\\-11\\|work\\=Canoe — Jam! Showbiz Music\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-08\\|url\\-status\\=usurped\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120714142742/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/B/Byrd\\_Tracy/1998/06/11/743676\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-14}} Richard's son, John Fred Young, plays drums in the rock band [Black Stone Cherry](/wiki/Black_Stone_Cherry \"Black Stone Cherry\"). The band practices at the same farm house where The Kentucky Headhunters once rehearsed.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Stillman\\|first\\=Brian\\|author2\\=Chris Castella \\|date\\=December 2008\\|title\\=Black Stone Cherry\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Guitar World]]\\|page\\=40\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fPsDAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=%22kentucky\\+headhunters\\&pg\\=PA40}}{{dead link\\|date\\=March 2010}}\nMusical styles\n--------------", "The band's sound is influenced by [country music](/wiki/Country_music \"Country music\"), [rockabilly](/wiki/Rockabilly \"Rockabilly\"), [blues](/wiki/Blues \"Blues\"), [Southern rock](/wiki/Southern_rock \"Southern rock\"), and [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/06/26/kentucky\\-headhunters\\-celebrate\\-30\\-years\\-pickin\\-nashville/1503615001/\n \\|title\\=Kentucky Headhunters 30 years later: 'We blew up like an atom bomb' \\|last\\=Watts \\|first\\=Cindy \\|date\\=June 27, 2019 \\|publisher\\=The Tennessean \\|access\\-date\\=January 15, 2022\\|quote\\=“Pickin’ on Nashville” fell between rockabilly and the blues }}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/24/arts/review\\-rock\\-hard\\-country\\-by\\-kentucky\\-headhunters.html?partner\\=rssnyt\\&emc\\=rss\\|title\\=Review/Rock; Hard Country by Kentucky Headhunters\\|last\\=Pareles\\|first\\=Jon\\|date\\=1991\\-02\\-24\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} and has been described as \"guitar\\-heavy, rambunctious music.\"{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r123510\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Pickin' on Nashville'' review\\|last\\=Ruhlmann\\|first\\=William\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} Lead singer Doug Phelps' voice has been described as \"alternately suggest\\[ing] [Count Basie](/wiki/Count_Basie \"Count Basie\")'s storied blues shouter [Jimmy Rushing](/wiki/Jimmy_Rushing \"Jimmy Rushing\") and the laid\\-back cool of [Eagle](/wiki/Eagles_%28band%29 \"Eagles (band)\") [Glenn Frey](/wiki/Glenn_Frey \"Glenn Frey\").\"{{cite journal\\|date\\=2003\\-06\\-09\\|title\\=Picks and Pans Main: Song: Four Cool New\\|journal\\=\\[\\[People (magazine)\\|People]]\\|volume\\=59\\|issue\\=22\\|url\\=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20140240,00\\.html}} The band's combination of styles is most notable in its cover song choices on early albums. All three Mercury albums contain a [Bill Monroe](/wiki/Bill_Monroe \"Bill Monroe\") cover, and other covers on these albums include Waylon Jennings, Carl Perkins, Norman Greenbaum and The Lovin' Spoonful.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r118166\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Rave On!!'' review\\|last\\=Mansfield\\|first\\=Brian\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} Soul *showcased the band's blues and [R\\&B](/wiki/R%26B \"R&B\") influences through its use of [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\") and a horn section.{{cite web\\|url\\={{AllMusic\\|class\\=album\\|id\\=r637619\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}}\\|title\\=''Soul'' review\\|last\\=Deming\\|first\\=Mark\\|work\\=Allmusic\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl\\-search/we/Archives?p\\_product\\=DM\\&p\\_theme\\=dm\\&p\\_action\\=search\\&p\\_maxdocs\\=200\\&p\\_topdoc\\=1\\&p\\_text\\_direct\\-0\\=0FAD9C02AB2F1DD9\\&p\\_field\\_direct\\-0\\=document\\_id\\&p\\_perpage\\=10\\&p\\_sort\\=YMD\\_date:D\\&s\\_trackval\\=GooglePM\\|title\\=The Headhunters play a juke or two: Group travels from ''Nashville'' to Memphis on blues\\-based ''Soul''\\|last\\=Tarradell\\|first\\=Mario\\|date\\=2003\\-05\\-04\\|work\\=Dallas News\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} The band's original compositions, such as \"Dumas Walker\" and the title track to* Songs from the Grass String Ranch*, often develop a regional theme.*", "At its peak in the early 1990s, The Kentucky Headhunters were considered a [dark horse](/wiki/Dark_horse \"Dark horse\") in country music, due to the significant mainstream attention that the band received despite their rougher sound and the members' rural Southern image.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=lXQQAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=4579,330921\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\|title\\=The Kentucky Headhunters\\|last\\=Asker\\|first\\=Jim\\|work\\=The Free Lance\\-Star\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=mTMKAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=7063,3978552\\&dq\\=kentucky\\-headhunters\\|title\\=The Kentucky Headhunters return\\|date\\=1997\\-04\\-20\\|work\\=The Victoria Advocate\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26}} In 1991, Entertainment Weekly *critic Alanna Nash wrote that although the band did not sell as many albums as contemporaries [George Strait](/wiki/George_Strait \"George Strait\") or [Garth Brooks](/wiki/Garth_Brooks \"Garth Brooks\"), \"they may just end up redefining country for the '90s\" given the diverse range of influences and styles.{{cite magazine\\|url\\=http://www.ew.com/article/1991/05/03/electric\\-barnyard\\|title\\=''Electric Barnyard'' review\\|last\\=Nash\\|first\\=Alanna\\|magazine\\=Entertainment Weekly\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-05\\-26\\|date\\=1991\\-05\\-03}}* Billboard *critic Ray Waddell called the band \"arguably the most consistent and durable Southern rock outfit on the planet.\"{{cite magazine\\|last\\=Waddell\\|first\\=Ray\\|date\\=2005\\-06\\-23\\|title\\=Music reviews: ''Big Boss Man''\\|magazine\\=Billboard\\|pages\\=39–40\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rRQEAAAAMBAJ\\&q\\=%22kentucky\\+headhunters\\&pg\\=PA39}}*", "Band members\n------------", "Greg Martin (born March 31, 1954) – lead guitar, vocals (1968–1973, 1976–1982, 1986–present){{efn\\|name\\=itchy}}\nDoug Phelps (born December 15, 1960) – bass guitar, lead and background vocals (1986–1992, 1995–present)\nFred Young (born July 8, 1958) – drums, vocals (1968–1982, 1986–present){{efn\\|name\\=itchy}}\nRichard Young (born January 27, 1955) – rhythm guitar, lead and background vocals (1968–1982, 1986–present){{efn\\|name\\=itchy}}\nFormer members\nJames Harrison (born February 2, 1959\\) \\- lead guitar (1973–1976\\){{efn\\|Member of Itchy Brother\\|name\\=itchy}}\nAnthony Kenney (born July 14, 1956\\) – bass guitar, harmonica, background vocals (1968–1982, 1992–2008\\){{efn\\|name\\=itchy}}\nMark S. Orr (born April 22, 1957\\) – lead vocals (1992–1995\\)\nRicky Lee Phelps (born January 17, 1953\\) – lead vocals (1986–1992\\)", "ImageSize \\= width:1000 height:250\nPlotArea \\= left:100 bottom:60 top:10 right:50\nAlignbars \\= justify\nDateFormat \\= dd/mm/yyyy\nPeriod \\= from:01/01/1968 till:05/09/2024\nTimeAxis \\= orientation:horizontal format:yyyy\nColors \\=", "```\nid:vocals value:red legend:Vocals\nid:lead value:teal legend:Lead_guitar\nid:rhythm value:brightgreen legend:Rhythm_guitar\nid:bass value:blue legend:Bass\nid:drums value:orange legend:Drums\nid:Lines value:black legend:Studio\n```", "albums\nLegend \\= orientation:horizontal position:bottom\nScaleMajor \\= increment:2 start:1968\nLineData \\=", "```\n at:01/01/1989 color:black layer:back\n at:01/01/1991 color:black layer:back\n at:01/01/1993 color:black layer:back\n at:29/03/1997 color:black layer:back\n at:13/06/2000 color:black layer:back\n at:06/05/2003 color:black layer:back\n at:21/06/2005 color:black layer:back\n at:18/11/2011 color:black layer:back\n at:02/06/2015 color:black layer:back\n at:04/11/2016 color:black layer:back\n at:02/10/2021 color:black layer:back", "```", "BarData \\=", "```\nbar:Richard text:\"Richard Young\"\nbar:Ricky text:\"Ricky Lee Phelps\"\nbar:Mark text:\"Mark S. Orr\"\nbar:Greg text:\"Greg Martin\"\nbar:James text:\"James Harrison\"\nbar:Anthony text:\"Anthony Kenney\"\nbar:Doug text:\"Doug Phelps\"\nbar:Fred text:\"Fred Young\"", "```", "PlotData\\=", "```\nwidth:11 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)\nbar:Doug from:01/08/1995 till:end color:vocals\nbar:Doug from:01/01/1986 till:01/06/1992 color:bass\nbar:Doug from:01/08/1995 till:03/04/2008 color:rhythm width:3\nbar:Doug from:03/04/2008 till:end color:bass width:3\nbar:Greg from:01/01/1986 till:end color:lead\nbar:Greg from:01/01/1976 till:01/01/1982 color:lead\nbar:Greg from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1973 color:lead\nbar:Richard from:01/01/1986 till:end color:rhythm\nbar:Richard from:01/08/1995 till:end color:vocals width:3\nbar:Richard from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1982 color:rhythm width:3\nbar:Richard from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1982 color:vocals\nbar:Fred from:01/01/1986 till:end color:drums\nbar:Fred from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1982 color:drums\nbar:James from: 01/01/1973 till:01/01/1976 color:lead\nbar:Anthony from:01/06/1992 till:03/04/2008 color:bass\nbar:Anthony from:01/01/1968 till:01/01/1982 color:bass\nbar:Mark from:01/06/1992 till:01/08/1995 color:vocals\nbar:Ricky from:01/01/1986 till:01/06/1992 color:vocals", "```", "TextData \\=", "```\npos:(245,025) textcolor:brightblue fontsize:7 text: Itchy Brother\npos:(385,025) textcolor:brightblue fontsize:7 text: defunct\npos:(650,025) textcolor:brightblue fontsize:7 text: Kentucky Headhunters", "```", "", "Notes\n{{notelist}}\nDiscography\n-----------", "{{main article\\|The Kentucky Headhunters discography}}\nStudio albums\n * + - * + - * + - [Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville \"Pickin' on Nashville\") *(1989\\)*\n* [Electric Barnyard](/wiki/Electric_Barnyard \"Electric Barnyard\") *(1991\\)*\n* [Rave On!!](/wiki/Rave_On%21%21 \"Rave On!!\") *(1993\\)*\n* [That'll Work](/wiki/That%27ll_Work \"That'll Work\") *{{small\\|(with \\[\\[Johnnie Johnson (musician)\\|Johnnie Johnson]])}} (1993\\)*\n* [Stompin' Grounds](/wiki/Stompin%27_Grounds \"Stompin' Grounds\") *(1997\\)*\n* [Songs from the Grass String Ranch](/wiki/Songs_from_the_Grass_String_Ranch \"Songs from the Grass String Ranch\") *(2000\\)*\n* [Soul](/wiki/Soul_%28The_Kentucky_Headhunters_album%29 \"Soul (The Kentucky Headhunters album)\") *(2003\\)*\n* [Big Boss Man](/wiki/Big_Boss_Man_%28The_Kentucky_Headhunters_album%29 \"Big Boss Man (The Kentucky Headhunters album)\") *(2005\\)*\n* [Dixie Lullabies](/wiki/Dixie_Lullabies \"Dixie Lullabies\") *(2011\\)*\n* [Meet Me in Bluesland](/wiki/Meet_Me_in_Bluesland \"Meet Me in Bluesland\") *{{small\\|(with Johnnie Johnson)}} (2015\\)*\n* [On Safari](/wiki/On_Safari_%28album%29 \"On Safari (album)\") *(2016\\)*\n* [That's a Fact Jack!](/wiki/That%27s_a_Fact_Jack%21 \"That's a Fact Jack!\") *(2021\\)*", "Awards and nominations\n----------------------", "### Grammy Awards", "{{awards table}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1991](/wiki/33rd_Grammy_Awards \"33rd Grammy Awards\")\n\\|[Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville \"Pickin' on Nashville\")*\\|rowspan\\=3\\| [Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal](/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Country_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal \"Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal\")\n\\|{{won}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1992](/wiki/34th_Grammy_Awards \"34th Grammy Awards\")\n\\|*[Electric Barnyard](/wiki/Electric_Barnyard \"Electric Barnyard\")*\\|{{nom}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1993](/wiki/35th_Grammy_Awards \"35th Grammy Awards\")\n\\|\"[Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line](/wiki/Only_Daddy_That%27ll_Walk_the_Line \"Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line\")\"\n\\|{{nom}}\n\\|}*", "### American Music Awards", "{{awards table}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1991](/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_1991 \"American Music Awards of 1991\")\n\\|rowspan\\=2\\| The Kentucky Headhunters\n\\|[Favorite Country New Artist](/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Favorite_Country_New_Artist \"American Music Award for Favorite Country New Artist\")\n\\|{{won}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1992](/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_1992 \"American Music Awards of 1992\")\n\\|[Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group](/wiki/American_Music_Award_for_Favorite_Country_Band/Duo/Group \"American Music Award for Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group\")\n\\|{{nom}}\n\\|}\n### TNN/Music City News Country Awards", "{{awards table}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1991](/wiki/25th_TNN/Music_City_News_Country_Awards \"25th TNN/Music City News Country Awards\")\n\\|The Kentucky Headhunters\n\\|Vocal Group of the Year\n\\|{{nom}}\n\\|}\n### Academy of Country Music Awards", "{{awards table}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1990](/wiki/25th_Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards \"25th Academy of Country Music Awards\")\n\\|rowspan\\=3\\| The Kentucky Headhunters\n\\|Top New Vocal Group or Duet\n\\|{{won}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1991](/wiki/26th_Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards \"26th Academy of Country Music Awards\")\n\\|rowspan\\=2\\| Top Vocal Group of the Year\n\\|{{nom}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1992](/wiki/27th_Academy_of_Country_Music_Awards \"27th Academy of Country Music Awards\")\n\\|{{nom}}\n\\|}\n### Country Music Association Awards", "{{awards table}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|rowspan\\=4\\| [1990](/wiki/1990_Country_Music_Association_Awards \"1990 Country Music Association Awards\")\n\\|The Kentucky Headhunters\n\\|[Horizon Award](/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_New_Artist_of_the_Year \"Country Music Association Award for New Artist of the Year\")\n\\|{{nom}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|\"[Dumas Walker](/wiki/Dumas_Walker \"Dumas Walker\")\"\n\\|[Video of the Year](/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year \"Country Music Association Award for Video of the Year\")\n\\|{{nom}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[Pickin' on Nashville](/wiki/Pickin%27_on_Nashville \"Pickin' on Nashville\")''\n\\|[Album of the Year](/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year \"Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year\")\n\\|{{won}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|rowspan\\=2\\| The Kentucky Headhunters\n\\|rowspan\\=2\\| [Vocal Group of the Year](/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Vocal_Group_of_the_Year \"Country Music Association Award for Vocal Group of the Year\")\n\\|{{won}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|[1991](/wiki/1991_Country_Music_Association_Awards \"1991 Country Music Association Awards\")\n\\|{{won}}\n\\|}", "" ]
Biography --------- Edwin Wallace Stoughton was born in [Springfield, Vermont](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Vermont "Springfield, Vermont") on May 4, 1818\. He was the son of Thomas Potwine Stoughton and Susan Bradley. At age 18 he moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to study law, was admitted to the bar, and began a practice. Stoughton was a famed patent lawyer, most notably working for [Charles Goodyear](/wiki/Charles_Goodyear "Charles Goodyear") during Goodyear's lawsuits over his process for using heat and sulphur to process rubber ([Vulcanization](/wiki/Vulcanization "Vulcanization")). A member of the [Stalwart](/wiki/Stalwart_%28politics%29 "Stalwart (politics)") faction of the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 "Republican Party (United States)"), during the [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant") administration Stoughton published a treatise defending Grant's use of federal troops in [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana "Louisiana") during [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_Era "Reconstruction Era"). After the disputed Hayes\-Tilden [presidential election of 1876](/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election "1876 United States presidential election") he defended Hayes' claim to the office, and was one of the lawyers who represented Hayes before the Electoral Commission appointed to settle the contest. When Hayes took office he displayed his gratitude by naming Stoughton [Minister to Russia](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia "United States Ambassador to Russia"). He served in [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg") until becoming ill in 1879, when he resigned. Stoughton never fully recovered his health and lived in retirement until his death. He died in New York City on January 7, 1882\. Former President Grant was one of the pallbearers at his funeral. He was buried at the Old South Church Cemetery in [Windsor, Vermont](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Vermont "Windsor, Vermont").
[ "Biography\n---------", "Edwin Wallace Stoughton was born in [Springfield, Vermont](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Vermont \"Springfield, Vermont\") on May 4, 1818\\. He was the son of Thomas Potwine Stoughton and Susan Bradley. At age 18 he moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to study law, was admitted to the bar, and began a practice.", "Stoughton was a famed patent lawyer, most notably working for [Charles Goodyear](/wiki/Charles_Goodyear \"Charles Goodyear\") during Goodyear's lawsuits over his process for using heat and sulphur to process rubber ([Vulcanization](/wiki/Vulcanization \"Vulcanization\")).", "A member of the [Stalwart](/wiki/Stalwart_%28politics%29 \"Stalwart (politics)\") faction of the [Republican Party](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\"), during the [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\") administration Stoughton published a treatise defending Grant's use of federal troops in [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\") during [Reconstruction](/wiki/Reconstruction_Era \"Reconstruction Era\").", "After the disputed Hayes\\-Tilden [presidential election of 1876](/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election \"1876 United States presidential election\") he defended Hayes' claim to the office, and was one of the lawyers who represented Hayes before the Electoral Commission appointed to settle the contest. When Hayes took office he displayed his gratitude by naming Stoughton [Minister to Russia](/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia \"United States Ambassador to Russia\"). He served in [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\") until becoming ill in 1879, when he resigned.", "Stoughton never fully recovered his health and lived in retirement until his death. He died in New York City on January 7, 1882\\. Former President Grant was one of the pallbearers at his funeral. He was buried at the Old South Church Cemetery in [Windsor, Vermont](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Vermont \"Windsor, Vermont\").", "" ]
Usage throughout German history ------------------------------- {{Citations needed section\|date\=January 2021}} ### Frankish Empire *Frankenreich* or *Fränkisches Reich* is the German name given to the [Frankish Kingdom](/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom "Frankish Kingdom") of [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne "Charlemagne"). *Frankenreich* came to be used of [Western Francia](/wiki/Western_Francia "Western Francia") and [medieval France](/wiki/Medieval_France "Medieval France") after the development of [Eastern Francia](/wiki/Eastern_Francia "Eastern Francia") into the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"). The German name of [France](/wiki/France "France"), *Frankreich*, is a contraction of *Frankenreich* used in reference to the [kingdom of France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France "Kingdom of France") from the late medieval period. Grimm, *Deutsches Wörterbuch* cites [Conrad of Megenberg](/wiki/Conrad_of_Megenberg "Conrad of Megenberg") (*fastn.* 140\.14\): *ich pin ein konig aus Frankreich.* ### Holy Roman Empire {{See also\|Holy Roman Empire}}The term *Reich* was part of the German names for Germany for much of its history. *Reich* was used by itself in the common German variant of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"), (*{{lang\|de\|Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR)}}*). *Der rîche* was a title for the Emperor. However, Latin, not German, was the formal legal language of the medieval Empire (*{{lang\|la\|Imperium Romanum Sacrum}}*), so English\-speaking historians are more likely to use Latin *{{lang\|la\|imperium}}* than German *{{lang\|de\|Reich}}* as a term for this period of German history. The common contemporary Latin legal term used in documents of the Holy Roman Empire was for a long time *regnum* ("rule, domain, empire", such as in *Regnum Francorum* for the [Frankish Kingdom](/wiki/Francia "Francia")) before *imperium* was in fact adopted, the latter first attested in 1157, whereas the parallel use of *regnum* never fell out of use during the Middle Ages. #### Modern age At the beginning of the [modern age](/wiki/Modern_age "Modern age"), some circles redubbed the HRE into the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (*{{lang\|de\|Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation}}*), a symptom of the formation of a German [nation state](/wiki/Nation_state "Nation state") as opposed to the [multinational state](/wiki/Multinational_state "Multinational state") the Empire was throughout its history. Resistance against the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution") with its concept of the state brought a new movement to create a German "ethnical state", especially after the [Napoleonic wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_wars "Napoleonic wars"). [Ideal](/wiki/Ideal_%28ethics%29 "Ideal (ethics)") for this state was the Holy Roman Empire; the [legend](/wiki/Legend "Legend") arose that Germany were "un\-defeated when unified", especially after the [Franco\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War "Franco-Prussian War") (*{{lang\|de\|Deutsch\-Französischer Krieg}}*, lit. "German\-French war"). Before that, the [German question](/wiki/German_question "German question") ruptured this "German unity" after the [1848 Revolution](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states "Revolutions of 1848 in the German states") before it was achieved, however; Austria\-Hungary as a multinational state could not become part of the new "German empire", and nationality conflicts in [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") with the Prussian Poles arose ("We can never be Germans – Prussians, every time!"). The advent of [national feeling](/wiki/National_feeling "National feeling") and the movement to create an ethnically German Empire did lead directly to [nationalism](/wiki/Nationalism "Nationalism") in 1871\. Ethnic minorities declined since the beginning of the modern age; the [Polabs](/wiki/Polabian_language "Polabian language"), [Sorbs](/wiki/Sorbian_languages "Sorbian languages") and even the once important [Low Germans](/wiki/Low_German "Low German") had to assimilate themselves. This marked the transition between [Antijudaism](/wiki/Antijudaism "Antijudaism"), where converted Jews were accepted as full citizens (in theory), to [Antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism "Antisemitism"), where Jews were thought to be from a different [ethnicity](/wiki/Ethnic_group "Ethnic group") that could never become German. Apart from all those ethnic minorities being de facto extinct, even today the era of [national feeling](/wiki/National_feeling "National feeling") is taught in history in German schools as an important stepping\-stone on the road to a German nation. ### German Reich {{See also\|German Reich}} In the case of the Hohenzollern Empire (1871–1918\), the official name of the country was {{Lang\|de\|Deutsches Reich\|italic\=no}} ("German Realm"), because under the [Constitution of the German Empire](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire "Constitution of the German Empire"), it was legally a [confederation](/wiki/Confederation "Confederation") of German states under the permanent presidency of the [King of Prussia](/wiki/King_of_Prussia "King of Prussia"). The constitution granted the King of Prussia the title of "German Emperor" (*Deutscher Kaiser*), but this referred to the German nation rather than directly to the *state* of Germany. The exact translation of the term "German Empire" would be {{Lang\|de\|Deutsches Kaiserreich}}. This name was sometimes used informally for Germany between 1871 and 1918, but it was disliked by the first German Emperor, [Wilhelm I](/wiki/Wilhelm_I "Wilhelm I"), and never became official. The [unified Germany](/wiki/Unification_of_Germany "Unification of Germany") which arose under Chancellor [Otto von Bismarck](/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck "Otto von Bismarck") in 1871 was the first entity that was officially called in German *{{lang\|de\|Deutsches Reich}}*. {{Lang\|de\|Deutsches Reich\|italic\=no}} remained the official name of Germany until 1945, although these years saw three very different political systems more commonly referred to in English as: "the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire")" (1871–1918\), the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") (1919–1933; this term is a post\-[World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") coinage not used at the time), and [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") (1933–1945\). ### During the Weimar Republic After 1918 "Reich" was usually not translated as "Empire" in English\-speaking countries, and the title was instead simply used in its original German. During the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic") the term *{{lang\|de\|Reich}}* and the prefix *{{lang\|de\|Reichs\-}}* referred not to the idea of empire but rather to the institutions, officials, affairs etc. of the whole country as opposed to those of one of [its constituent federal states](/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic%23Constituent_states "States of the Weimar Republic#Constituent states") (*{{lang\|de\|Länder}}*), in the same way that the terms *{{lang\|de\|Bund}}* (federation) and *{{lang\|de\|Bundes\-}}* (federal) are used in Germany today, and comparable to *The Crown* in Commonwealth countries and *The Union* in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). ### During the Nazi period The [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") sought to [legitimize](/wiki/Legitimacy_%28political%29 "Legitimacy (political)") their power [historiographically](/wiki/Historiography "Historiography") by portraying their ascendancy to rule as the direct continuation of an ancient German past. They adopted the term *{{lang\|de\|Drittes Reich}}* ("Third Empire" – usually rendered in English in the partial translation "the Third *Reich*"), first used in a 1923 book entitled *[Das Dritte Reich](/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich "Das Dritte Reich")* by [Arthur Moeller van den Bruck](/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck "Arthur Moeller van den Bruck"),{{cite book\|title\=The man who invented the Third Reich: the life and times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck\|date\=May 1, 1999\|publisher\=Npi Media Ltd\|isbn\=978\-0\-75\-091866\-4}} that counted the medieval [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire") (which nominally survived until the 19th century) as the first and the [1871–1918 monarchy](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire") as the second, which was then to be followed by a "reinvigorated" third one. The Nazis ignored the previous [1918–1933 Weimar period](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic"), which they denounced as a historical aberration, contemptuously referring to it as "[the System](/wiki/The_System_%28Nazism%29 "The System (Nazism)")". In the summer of 1939, the Nazis themselves actually banned the continued use of the term in the press, ordering it to use expressions such as *Nationalsozialistisches Deutschland* ("National Socialist Germany"), *Großdeutsches Reich* ("[Greater German Reich](/wiki/German_question "German question")"), or simply *Deutsches Reich* ([German Reich](/wiki/German_Reich "German Reich")) to refer to the German state instead.Schmitz\-Berning, Cornelia (2000\). [*Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9jmWOMks6bkC&pg=PA607). Walter de Gruyter GmbH \& Co. KG, 10875 Berlin, pp. 159–160\. (in German) It was Adolf Hitler's personal desire that *Großdeutsches Reich* and *nationalsozialistischer Staat* ("\[the] National Socialist State") would be used in place of *Drittes Reich*. *Reichskanzlei Berchtesgaden* ("[Reich Chancellery](/wiki/Reich_Chancellery "Reich Chancellery") [Berchtesgaden](/wiki/Berchtesgaden "Berchtesgaden")"), another nickname of the regime (named after the eponymous town located in the vicinity of [Hitler's mountain residence](/wiki/Berghof_%28residence%29 "Berghof (residence)") where he spent much of his time in office) was also banned at the same time, despite the fact that a sub\-section of the Chancellery was in fact installed there to serve Hitler's needs. Although the term "Third Reich" is still commonly used in reference to the Nazi dictatorship, historians avoid using the terms "First Reich" and "Second Reich", which are seldom found outside [Nazi propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany "Propaganda in Nazi Germany"). During and following the *[Anschluss](/wiki/Anschluss "Anschluss")* ([annexation](/wiki/Annexation "Annexation")) of [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria") in 1938, Nazi propaganda also used the [political slogan](/wiki/Political_slogan "Political slogan") *Ein [Volk](/wiki/Volk "Volk"), ein Reich, ein [Führer](/wiki/F%C3%BChrer "Führer")* ("One nation, one *Reich*, one leader"), in order to enforce [pan\-German](/wiki/Pan-Germanism "Pan-Germanism") sentiment. The term *{{lang\|de\|Altes Reich}}* ("old Reich"; cf. French *ancien regime* for monarchical France) is sometimes used to refer to the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"). The term *{{lang\|de\|Altreich}}* was also used after the Anschluss to denote Germany with its pre\-1938 post\-World War I borders. Another name that was popular during this period was the term *Tausendjähriges Reich* ("Thousand\-Year Reich"), the [millennial connotations](/wiki/Millennialism "Millennialism") of which suggested that [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") would last a thousand years. The Nazis also spoke of enlarging the then\-established Greater German Reich into a "[Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation](/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich "Greater Germanic Reich")" (*Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation*) by gradually and directly annexing all of the historically Germanic countries and regions of Europe into the Nazi state ([Flanders](/wiki/Flanders "Flanders"), the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") etc.).Elvert, Jürgen (1999\) (in German). *[Mitteleuropa!: deutsche Pläne zur europäischen Neuordnung (1918–1945\)](https://books.google.com/books?id=siuV-6dosWwC&pg=PA325)*, p. 325\. Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH. {{ISBN\|3\-515\-07641\-7}}. ### Possible negative connotations in modern usage A number of previously neutral words which were used by the Nazis later took on negative connotations in German (e.g. *{{lang\|de\|\[\[Führer]]}}* or *{{lang\|de\|\[\[Sieg Heil\|Heil]]}}*); while in many contexts *{{lang\|de\|Reich}}* is not one of them (*Frankreich*, France; *Römisches Reich*, [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire")), it can imply German [imperialism](/wiki/Imperialism "Imperialism") or strong [nationalism](/wiki/Nationalism "Nationalism") if it is used to describe a political or governmental entity. *{{lang\|de\|Reich}}* has thus not been used in official terminology since 1945, though it is still found in the name of the [Reichstag building](/wiki/Reichstag_%28building%29 "Reichstag (building)"), which since 1999 has housed the German federal [parliament](/wiki/Parliament "Parliament"), the [Bundestag](/wiki/Bundestag "Bundestag"). The decision not to rename the Reichstag building was taken only after long debate in the Bundestag; even then, it is described officially as *{{lang\|de\|Reichstag – Sitz des Bundestages}}* (Reichstag, seat of the Bundestag). As seen in this example, the term "Bund" (federation) has replaced "Reich" in the names of various state institutions such as the army ("[Bundeswehr](/wiki/Bundeswehr "Bundeswehr")"). The term "Reichstag" also remains in use in the German language as the term for the parliaments of some foreign monarchies, such as [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden")'s [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag "Riksdag") and [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan")'s pre\-war [Imperial Diet](/wiki/Diet_of_Japan "Diet of Japan"). ### Limited usage in the railway system of the German Democratic Republic The exception is that during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), the [East German](/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany") [railway](/wiki/Railway "Railway") incongruously continued to use the name *[Deutsche Reichsbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_of_the_GDR "Deutsche Reichsbahn of the GDR")* (German Reich Railways), which had been the name of the national railway during the Weimar Republic and the Nazi era. Even after [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification "German reunification") in October 1990, the Reichsbahn continued to exist for over three years as the operator of the railroad in eastern Germany, ending finally on 1 January 1994 when the Reichsbahn and the western [Deutsche Bundesbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn "Deutsche Bundesbahn") were merged to form the privatized [Deutsche Bahn AG](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn_AG "Deutsche Bahn AG").
[ "Usage throughout German history\n-------------------------------", "{{Citations needed section\\|date\\=January 2021}}", "### Frankish Empire", "*Frankenreich* or *Fränkisches Reich* is the German name given to the [Frankish Kingdom](/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom \"Frankish Kingdom\") of [Charlemagne](/wiki/Charlemagne \"Charlemagne\"). \n*Frankenreich* came to be used of [Western Francia](/wiki/Western_Francia \"Western Francia\") and [medieval France](/wiki/Medieval_France \"Medieval France\") after the development of [Eastern Francia](/wiki/Eastern_Francia \"Eastern Francia\") into the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\").\nThe German name of [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), *Frankreich*, is a contraction of *Frankenreich* used in reference to the [kingdom of France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France \"Kingdom of France\") from the late medieval period.\nGrimm, *Deutsches Wörterbuch* cites [Conrad of Megenberg](/wiki/Conrad_of_Megenberg \"Conrad of Megenberg\") (*fastn.* 140\\.14\\): *ich pin ein konig aus Frankreich.*", "", "### Holy Roman Empire", "{{See also\\|Holy Roman Empire}}The term *Reich* was part of the German names for Germany for much of its history. *Reich* was used by itself in the common German variant of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\"), (*{{lang\\|de\\|Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR)}}*). *Der rîche* was a title for the Emperor. However, Latin, not German, was the formal legal language of the medieval Empire (*{{lang\\|la\\|Imperium Romanum Sacrum}}*), so English\\-speaking historians are more likely to use Latin *{{lang\\|la\\|imperium}}* than German *{{lang\\|de\\|Reich}}* as a term for this period of German history. The common contemporary Latin legal term used in documents of the Holy Roman Empire was for a long time *regnum* (\"rule, domain, empire\", such as in *Regnum Francorum* for the [Frankish Kingdom](/wiki/Francia \"Francia\")) before *imperium* was in fact adopted, the latter first attested in 1157, whereas the parallel use of *regnum* never fell out of use during the Middle Ages.", "#### Modern age", "At the beginning of the [modern age](/wiki/Modern_age \"Modern age\"), some circles redubbed the HRE into the \"Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation\" (*{{lang\\|de\\|Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation}}*), a symptom of the formation of a German [nation state](/wiki/Nation_state \"Nation state\") as opposed to the [multinational state](/wiki/Multinational_state \"Multinational state\") the Empire was throughout its history.", "Resistance against the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\") with its concept of the state brought a new movement to create a German \"ethnical state\", especially after the [Napoleonic wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_wars \"Napoleonic wars\"). [Ideal](/wiki/Ideal_%28ethics%29 \"Ideal (ethics)\") for this state was the Holy Roman Empire; the [legend](/wiki/Legend \"Legend\") arose that Germany were \"un\\-defeated when unified\", especially after the [Franco\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War \"Franco-Prussian War\") (*{{lang\\|de\\|Deutsch\\-Französischer Krieg}}*, lit. \"German\\-French war\"). Before that, the [German question](/wiki/German_question \"German question\") ruptured this \"German unity\" after the [1848 Revolution](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states \"Revolutions of 1848 in the German states\") before it was achieved, however; Austria\\-Hungary as a multinational state could not become part of the new \"German empire\", and nationality conflicts in [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") with the Prussian Poles arose (\"We can never be Germans – Prussians, every time!\").", "The advent of [national feeling](/wiki/National_feeling \"National feeling\") and the movement to create an ethnically German Empire did lead directly to [nationalism](/wiki/Nationalism \"Nationalism\") in 1871\\. Ethnic minorities declined since the beginning of the modern age; the [Polabs](/wiki/Polabian_language \"Polabian language\"), [Sorbs](/wiki/Sorbian_languages \"Sorbian languages\") and even the once important [Low Germans](/wiki/Low_German \"Low German\") had to assimilate themselves. This marked the transition between [Antijudaism](/wiki/Antijudaism \"Antijudaism\"), where converted Jews were accepted as full citizens (in theory), to [Antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\"), where Jews were thought to be from a different [ethnicity](/wiki/Ethnic_group \"Ethnic group\") that could never become German. Apart from all those ethnic minorities being de facto extinct, even today the era of [national feeling](/wiki/National_feeling \"National feeling\") is taught in history in German schools as an important stepping\\-stone on the road to a German nation.", "### German Reich", "{{See also\\|German Reich}}", "In the case of the Hohenzollern Empire (1871–1918\\), the official name of the country was {{Lang\\|de\\|Deutsches Reich\\|italic\\=no}} (\"German Realm\"), because under the [Constitution of the German Empire](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire \"Constitution of the German Empire\"), it was legally a [confederation](/wiki/Confederation \"Confederation\") of German states under the permanent presidency of the [King of Prussia](/wiki/King_of_Prussia \"King of Prussia\"). The constitution granted the King of Prussia the title of \"German Emperor\" (*Deutscher Kaiser*), but this referred to the German nation rather than directly to the *state* of Germany.", "The exact translation of the term \"German Empire\" would be {{Lang\\|de\\|Deutsches Kaiserreich}}. This name was sometimes used informally for Germany between 1871 and 1918, but it was disliked by the first German Emperor, [Wilhelm I](/wiki/Wilhelm_I \"Wilhelm I\"), and never became official.", "The [unified Germany](/wiki/Unification_of_Germany \"Unification of Germany\") which arose under Chancellor [Otto von Bismarck](/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck \"Otto von Bismarck\") in 1871 was the first entity that was officially called in German *{{lang\\|de\\|Deutsches Reich}}*. {{Lang\\|de\\|Deutsches Reich\\|italic\\=no}} remained the official name of Germany until 1945, although these years saw three very different political systems more commonly referred to in English as: \"the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\")\" (1871–1918\\), the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\") (1919–1933; this term is a post\\-[World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") coinage not used at the time), and [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") (1933–1945\\).", "### During the Weimar Republic", "After 1918 \"Reich\" was usually not translated as \"Empire\" in English\\-speaking countries, and the title was instead simply used in its original German. During the [Weimar Republic](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\") the term *{{lang\\|de\\|Reich}}* and the prefix *{{lang\\|de\\|Reichs\\-}}* referred not to the idea of empire but rather to the institutions, officials, affairs etc. of the whole country as opposed to those of one of [its constituent federal states](/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic%23Constituent_states \"States of the Weimar Republic#Constituent states\") (*{{lang\\|de\\|Länder}}*), in the same way that the terms *{{lang\\|de\\|Bund}}* (federation) and *{{lang\\|de\\|Bundes\\-}}* (federal) are used in Germany today, and comparable to *The Crown* in Commonwealth countries and *The Union* in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").", "### During the Nazi period", "The [Nazis](/wiki/Nazism \"Nazism\") sought to [legitimize](/wiki/Legitimacy_%28political%29 \"Legitimacy (political)\") their power [historiographically](/wiki/Historiography \"Historiography\") by portraying their ascendancy to rule as the direct continuation of an ancient German past. They adopted the term *{{lang\\|de\\|Drittes Reich}}* (\"Third Empire\" – usually rendered in English in the partial translation \"the Third *Reich*\"), first used in a 1923 book entitled *[Das Dritte Reich](/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich \"Das Dritte Reich\")* by [Arthur Moeller van den Bruck](/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck \"Arthur Moeller van den Bruck\"),{{cite book\\|title\\=The man who invented the Third Reich: the life and times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck\\|date\\=May 1, 1999\\|publisher\\=Npi Media Ltd\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-75\\-091866\\-4}} that counted the medieval [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\") (which nominally survived until the 19th century) as the first and the [1871–1918 monarchy](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") as the second, which was then to be followed by a \"reinvigorated\" third one. The Nazis ignored the previous [1918–1933 Weimar period](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\"), which they denounced as a historical aberration, contemptuously referring to it as \"[the System](/wiki/The_System_%28Nazism%29 \"The System (Nazism)\")\". In the summer of 1939, the Nazis themselves actually banned the continued use of the term in the press, ordering it to use expressions such as *Nationalsozialistisches Deutschland* (\"National Socialist Germany\"), *Großdeutsches Reich* (\"[Greater German Reich](/wiki/German_question \"German question\")\"), or simply *Deutsches Reich* ([German Reich](/wiki/German_Reich \"German Reich\")) to refer to the German state instead.Schmitz\\-Berning, Cornelia (2000\\). [*Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9jmWOMks6bkC&pg=PA607). Walter de Gruyter GmbH \\& Co. KG, 10875 Berlin, pp. 159–160\\. (in German) It was Adolf Hitler's personal desire that *Großdeutsches Reich* and *nationalsozialistischer Staat* (\"\\[the] National Socialist State\") would be used in place of *Drittes Reich*. *Reichskanzlei Berchtesgaden* (\"[Reich Chancellery](/wiki/Reich_Chancellery \"Reich Chancellery\") [Berchtesgaden](/wiki/Berchtesgaden \"Berchtesgaden\")\"), another nickname of the regime (named after the eponymous town located in the vicinity of [Hitler's mountain residence](/wiki/Berghof_%28residence%29 \"Berghof (residence)\") where he spent much of his time in office) was also banned at the same time, despite the fact that a sub\\-section of the Chancellery was in fact installed there to serve Hitler's needs.", "Although the term \"Third Reich\" is still commonly used in reference to the Nazi dictatorship, historians avoid using the terms \"First Reich\" and \"Second Reich\", which are seldom found outside [Nazi propaganda](/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany \"Propaganda in Nazi Germany\"). During and following the *[Anschluss](/wiki/Anschluss \"Anschluss\")* ([annexation](/wiki/Annexation \"Annexation\")) of [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") in 1938, Nazi propaganda also used the [political slogan](/wiki/Political_slogan \"Political slogan\") *Ein [Volk](/wiki/Volk \"Volk\"), ein Reich, ein [Führer](/wiki/F%C3%BChrer \"Führer\")* (\"One nation, one *Reich*, one leader\"), in order to enforce [pan\\-German](/wiki/Pan-Germanism \"Pan-Germanism\") sentiment. The term *{{lang\\|de\\|Altes Reich}}* (\"old Reich\"; cf. French *ancien regime* for monarchical France) is sometimes used to refer to the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\"). The term *{{lang\\|de\\|Altreich}}* was also used after the Anschluss to denote Germany with its pre\\-1938 post\\-World War I borders. Another name that was popular during this period was the term *Tausendjähriges Reich* (\"Thousand\\-Year Reich\"), the [millennial connotations](/wiki/Millennialism \"Millennialism\") of which suggested that [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") would last a thousand years.", "The Nazis also spoke of enlarging the then\\-established Greater German Reich into a \"[Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation](/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich \"Greater Germanic Reich\")\" (*Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation*) by gradually and directly annexing all of the historically Germanic countries and regions of Europe into the Nazi state ([Flanders](/wiki/Flanders \"Flanders\"), the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") etc.).Elvert, Jürgen (1999\\) (in German). *[Mitteleuropa!: deutsche Pläne zur europäischen Neuordnung (1918–1945\\)](https://books.google.com/books?id=siuV-6dosWwC&pg=PA325)*, p. 325\\. Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH. {{ISBN\\|3\\-515\\-07641\\-7}}.", "### Possible negative connotations in modern usage", "A number of previously neutral words which were used by the Nazis later took on negative connotations in German (e.g. *{{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Führer]]}}* or *{{lang\\|de\\|\\[\\[Sieg Heil\\|Heil]]}}*); while in many contexts *{{lang\\|de\\|Reich}}* is not one of them (*Frankreich*, France; *Römisches Reich*, [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\")), it can imply German [imperialism](/wiki/Imperialism \"Imperialism\") or strong [nationalism](/wiki/Nationalism \"Nationalism\") if it is used to describe a political or governmental entity. *{{lang\\|de\\|Reich}}* has thus not been used in official terminology since 1945, though it is still found in the name of the [Reichstag building](/wiki/Reichstag_%28building%29 \"Reichstag (building)\"), which since 1999 has housed the German federal [parliament](/wiki/Parliament \"Parliament\"), the [Bundestag](/wiki/Bundestag \"Bundestag\"). The decision not to rename the Reichstag building was taken only after long debate in the Bundestag; even then, it is described officially as *{{lang\\|de\\|Reichstag – Sitz des Bundestages}}* (Reichstag, seat of the Bundestag). As seen in this example, the term \"Bund\" (federation) has replaced \"Reich\" in the names of various state institutions such as the army (\"[Bundeswehr](/wiki/Bundeswehr \"Bundeswehr\")\"). The term \"Reichstag\" also remains in use in the German language as the term for the parliaments of some foreign monarchies, such as [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\")'s [Riksdag](/wiki/Riksdag \"Riksdag\") and [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\")'s pre\\-war [Imperial Diet](/wiki/Diet_of_Japan \"Diet of Japan\").", "### Limited usage in the railway system of the German Democratic Republic", "The exception is that during the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"), the [East German](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\") [railway](/wiki/Railway \"Railway\") incongruously continued to use the name *[Deutsche Reichsbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_of_the_GDR \"Deutsche Reichsbahn of the GDR\")* (German Reich Railways), which had been the name of the national railway during the Weimar Republic and the Nazi era. Even after [German reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\") in October 1990, the Reichsbahn continued to exist for over three years as the operator of the railroad in eastern Germany, ending finally on 1 January 1994 when the Reichsbahn and the western [Deutsche Bundesbahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn \"Deutsche Bundesbahn\") were merged to form the privatized [Deutsche Bahn AG](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn_AG \"Deutsche Bahn AG\").", "" ]
Usage in related languages -------------------------- ### In Scandinavian languages {{noref\|section\|date\=October 2022}} The cognate of the word Reich is used in all [Scandinavian languages](/wiki/Scandinavian_languages "Scandinavian languages") with the identical meaning, i.e. "[realm](/wiki/Realm "Realm")". It is spelled **{{lang\|da\|rige}}** in Danish and older Norwegian (before the [1907 spelling reform](/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict%23Initial_reforms_and_advocacy "Norwegian language conflict#Initial reforms and advocacy")) and **{{lang\|sv\|rike}}** in Swedish and modern Norwegian. The word is traditionally used for sovereign entities, generally simply means "country" or "nation" (in the sense of a sovereign state) and does not have any special or political connotations. It does not imply any particular form of government, but it implies that the entity is both of a certain size and of a certain standing, like the Scandinavian kingdoms themselves; hence the word might be considered exaggerated for very small states like a city\-state. Its use as a stand\-alone word is more widespread than in contemporary German, but most often, it refers to the three Scandinavian states themselves and certain historical empires, like the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire"). The standard word for a "country" is usually *land*, and there are many other words used to refer to countries. The word is part of the official names of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in the form of {{native name\|da\|kongerige}}, {{native name\|no\|kongerike}}, and {{native name\|sv\|konungarike}}, all meaning kingdom, or literally the "realm of a king" (a kingdom can also be called {{lang\|da\|kongedømme}} in Danish and Norwegian and {{lang\|sv\|kungadöme}} or {{lang\|sv\|konungadöme}} in Swedish, direct cognates of the English word). Two regions in Norway that were [petty kingdoms](/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway "Petty kingdoms of Norway") before the unification of Norway around 900 AD have retained the word in the names (see [Ringerike](/wiki/Ringerike_%28traditional_district%29 "Ringerike (traditional district)") and [Romerike](/wiki/Romerike "Romerike")). The word is also used in "{{lang\|sv\|Svea rike}}", with the current spelling {{lang\|sv\|Sverige}}, the name of Sweden in Swedish. Thus in the official name of Sweden, {{lang\|sv\|Konungariket Sverige}}, the word {{lang\|da\|rike}} appears twice. The derived prefix {{lang\|da\|rigs\-}} (Danish and pre\-1907 Norwegian) and {{lang\|sv\|riks\-}} (Swedish and Norwegian) and implies nationwide or under central jurisdiction. Examples include {{lang\|sv\|riksväg}} and {{lang\|sv\|riksvei}}, names for a national road in Swedish and Norwegian. It is also present in the names of numerous institutions in all the Scandinavian countries, such as {{lang\|da\|\[\[Rigsrevisionen]]}} (the agency responsible for oversight of the state finances in Denmark) and {{lang\|da\|\[\[Sveriges Riksbank]]}} (commonly known as just {{lang\|sv\|Riksbanken}}), the central bank of Sweden. It is also used in words such as {{lang\|da\|udenrigs}} (Danish), {{lang\|sv\|utrikes}} (Swedish) and {{lang\|no\|utenriks}} (Norwegian), relating to foreign countries and other things from abroad. The opposite word is {{lang\|da\|indenrigs}}/{{lang\|sv\|inrikes}}/{{lang\|no\|innenriks}}, meaning domestic. The adjective form of the word, {{lang\|da\|rig}} in Danish and {{lang\|sv\|rik}} in Swedish/Norwegian, means "rich" like in other Germanic languages. ### Rijk/ryk ***Rijk*** is the [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language") and ***ryk*** the [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans "Afrikaans") and [Frisian](/wiki/Frisian_languages "Frisian languages") equivalent of the German word *Reich*. In a political sense in the Netherlands and Belgium, the word *rijk* often connotes a connection with the [Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "Kingdom of the Netherlands") and the Kingdom of Belgium as opposed to the European part of the Netherlands or the provincial or municipal governments. The *[ministerraad](/wiki/Ministerraad "Ministerraad")* is the executive body of the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands")' government and the *[rijksministerraad](/wiki/Rijksministerraad "Rijksministerraad")* that of the [Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands "Kingdom of the Netherlands"), a similar distinction is found in *wetten* (laws) versus *rijkswetten* (kingdom laws) or the now\-abolished *[rijkswacht](/wiki/Rijkswacht "Rijkswacht")* (lit. "guard of the realm") for [gendarmerie in Belgium](/wiki/Gendarmerie_%2ABelgium%29 "Gendarmerie *Belgium)"). The word *rijk* can also be found in institutions like the [Rijkswaterstaat](/wiki/Rijkswaterstaat "Rijkswaterstaat"), [Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu](/wiki/Rijksinstituut_voor_Volksgezondheid_en_Milieu "Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu") and [Rijksuniversiteit Groningen](/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen "Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"). In colloquial speech, *rijk* usually means working for the central government rather than the provincial or municipal government, much as Americans refer to the "federal" government. In [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans "Afrikaans"), *ryk* refers to rulership and area of governance (mostly a kingdom), but in a modern sense, the term is used in a much more figurative sense (e.g. *Die Hemelse Ryk* (the heavenly kingdom, China)), as the sphere under one's control or influencas: * *die drie ryke van die natuur: die plante\-, diere\- en delfstowweryk* (the three kingdoms of nature: the plant, animal and mineral kingdom) * *die duisendjarige ryk* (the thousand\-year realm, the Biblical millennium) * *die ryk van die verbeelding, van drome* (the realm of the imagination, of dreams) * *'n bestuurder wat sy ryk goed beheer* (a manager who controls his domain well) As in German, the adjective *rijk*/*ryk* also means "rich".
[ "Usage in related languages\n--------------------------", "### In Scandinavian languages", "{{noref\\|section\\|date\\=October 2022}}\nThe cognate of the word Reich is used in all [Scandinavian languages](/wiki/Scandinavian_languages \"Scandinavian languages\") with the identical meaning, i.e. \"[realm](/wiki/Realm \"Realm\")\". It is spelled **{{lang\\|da\\|rige}}** in Danish and older Norwegian (before the [1907 spelling reform](/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict%23Initial_reforms_and_advocacy \"Norwegian language conflict#Initial reforms and advocacy\")) and **{{lang\\|sv\\|rike}}** in Swedish and modern Norwegian. The word is traditionally used for sovereign entities, generally simply means \"country\" or \"nation\" (in the sense of a sovereign state) and does not have any special or political connotations. It does not imply any particular form of government, but it implies that the entity is both of a certain size and of a certain standing, like the Scandinavian kingdoms themselves; hence the word might be considered exaggerated for very small states like a city\\-state. Its use as a stand\\-alone word is more widespread than in contemporary German, but most often, it refers to the three Scandinavian states themselves and certain historical empires, like the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\"). The standard word for a \"country\" is usually *land*, and there are many other words used to refer to countries.", "The word is part of the official names of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in the form of {{native name\\|da\\|kongerige}}, {{native name\\|no\\|kongerike}}, and {{native name\\|sv\\|konungarike}}, all meaning kingdom, or literally the \"realm of a king\" (a kingdom can also be called {{lang\\|da\\|kongedømme}} in Danish and Norwegian and {{lang\\|sv\\|kungadöme}} or {{lang\\|sv\\|konungadöme}} in Swedish, direct cognates of the English word). Two regions in Norway that were [petty kingdoms](/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway \"Petty kingdoms of Norway\") before the unification of Norway around 900 AD have retained the word in the names (see [Ringerike](/wiki/Ringerike_%28traditional_district%29 \"Ringerike (traditional district)\") and [Romerike](/wiki/Romerike \"Romerike\")). The word is also used in \"{{lang\\|sv\\|Svea rike}}\", with the current spelling {{lang\\|sv\\|Sverige}}, the name of Sweden in Swedish. Thus in the official name of Sweden, {{lang\\|sv\\|Konungariket Sverige}}, the word {{lang\\|da\\|rike}} appears twice.", "The derived prefix {{lang\\|da\\|rigs\\-}} (Danish and pre\\-1907 Norwegian) and {{lang\\|sv\\|riks\\-}} (Swedish and Norwegian) and implies nationwide or under central jurisdiction. Examples include {{lang\\|sv\\|riksväg}} and {{lang\\|sv\\|riksvei}}, names for a national road in Swedish and Norwegian. It is also present in the names of numerous institutions in all the Scandinavian countries, such as {{lang\\|da\\|\\[\\[Rigsrevisionen]]}} (the agency responsible for oversight of the state finances in Denmark) and {{lang\\|da\\|\\[\\[Sveriges Riksbank]]}} (commonly known as just {{lang\\|sv\\|Riksbanken}}), the central bank of Sweden. It is also used in words such as {{lang\\|da\\|udenrigs}} (Danish), {{lang\\|sv\\|utrikes}} (Swedish) and {{lang\\|no\\|utenriks}} (Norwegian), relating to foreign countries and other things from abroad. The opposite word is {{lang\\|da\\|indenrigs}}/{{lang\\|sv\\|inrikes}}/{{lang\\|no\\|innenriks}}, meaning domestic.", "The adjective form of the word, {{lang\\|da\\|rig}} in Danish and {{lang\\|sv\\|rik}} in Swedish/Norwegian, means \"rich\" like in other Germanic languages.", "### Rijk/ryk", "***Rijk*** is the [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\") and ***ryk*** the [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans \"Afrikaans\") and [Frisian](/wiki/Frisian_languages \"Frisian languages\") equivalent of the German word *Reich*.", "In a political sense in the Netherlands and Belgium, the word *rijk* often connotes a connection with the [Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands \"Kingdom of the Netherlands\") and the Kingdom of Belgium as opposed to the European part of the Netherlands or the provincial or municipal governments. The *[ministerraad](/wiki/Ministerraad \"Ministerraad\")* is the executive body of the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\")' government and the *[rijksministerraad](/wiki/Rijksministerraad \"Rijksministerraad\")* that of the [Kingdom of the Netherlands](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands \"Kingdom of the Netherlands\"), a similar distinction is found in *wetten* (laws) versus *rijkswetten* (kingdom laws) or the now\\-abolished *[rijkswacht](/wiki/Rijkswacht \"Rijkswacht\")* (lit. \"guard of the realm\") for [gendarmerie in Belgium](/wiki/Gendarmerie_%2ABelgium%29 \"Gendarmerie *Belgium)\"). The word *rijk* can also be found in institutions like the [Rijkswaterstaat](/wiki/Rijkswaterstaat \"Rijkswaterstaat\"), [Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu](/wiki/Rijksinstituut_voor_Volksgezondheid_en_Milieu \"Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu\") and [Rijksuniversiteit Groningen](/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen \"Rijksuniversiteit Groningen\").", "In colloquial speech, *rijk* usually means working for the central government rather than the provincial or municipal government, much as Americans refer to the \"federal\" government.", "In [Afrikaans](/wiki/Afrikaans \"Afrikaans\"), *ryk* refers to rulership and area of governance (mostly a kingdom), but in a modern sense, the term is used in a much more figurative sense (e.g. *Die Hemelse Ryk* (the heavenly kingdom, China)), as the sphere under one's control or influencas:\n* *die drie ryke van die natuur: die plante\\-, diere\\- en delfstowweryk* (the three kingdoms of nature: the plant, animal and mineral kingdom)\n* *die duisendjarige ryk* (the thousand\\-year realm, the Biblical millennium)\n* *die ryk van die verbeelding, van drome* (the realm of the imagination, of dreams)\n* *'n bestuurder wat sy ryk goed beheer* (a manager who controls his domain well)", "As in German, the adjective *rijk*/*ryk* also means \"rich\".", "" ]
Plot ---- {{Long plot\|date\=August 2024}} The movie revolves around John ([Ashish Chaudhary](/wiki/Ashish_Chaudhary "Ashish Chaudhary")), Sid ([Arshad Warsi](/wiki/Arshad_Warsi "Arshad Warsi")), and Amit ([Yash Tonk](/wiki/Yash_Tonk "Yash Tonk")), who are three college students nearing graduation. The three of them have been friends since childhood and now live together in Sid's dilapidated bungalow. John has been in love with his classmate Natasha ([Arti Chabria](/wiki/Arti_Chabria "Arti Chabria")) for a long time but has never able to express his love. After graduation, Amit and Sid visit Munna Bhai ([Ashish Vidyarthi](/wiki/Ashish_Vidyarthi "Ashish Vidyarthi")), a gangster who treats the two of them like his sons. Munna Bhai gives them a job as a three\-man Punjabi band for hire at weddings. John decides to visit Natasha to express his feelings but is too late as she had left for a world tour. Subsequently, John becomes extremely sad and cannot stop thinking of Natasha. At a wedding performance, John's sadness brings down the vibe of a wedding where they were performing at, resulting in the three of them getting beaten up by the wedding guests. The doctor (Shashi Kiran) treating them suggests to Sid and Amit that they should get John's mind off Natasha to bring back his happiness. Thus, they decide to hire a prostitute for John. Consequently, Amit finds Chameli ([Shweta Menon](/wiki/Shweta_Menon "Shweta Menon")) (named after [Kareena Kapoor](/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor "Kareena Kapoor")'s character in the [movie of the same name](/wiki/Chameli_%282004_film%29 "Chameli (2004 film)")), who instantly falls in love with Amit and is willing to marry him. Amit hesitantly rejects her offer and pays her money to go to John. John bores Chameli by only talking about Natasha, which meant Sid and Amit's plan to cheer up John failed. Later, while the three were at a pool, John looks at Sheetal ([Udita Goswami](/wiki/Udita_Goswami "Udita Goswami")) and is immediately attracted to her. To Sid and Amit's surprise, the two of them hit it off well. As John and Sheetal get closer, he invites her to Sid's bungalow. Sheetal is disgusted by the unhygienic and uncivilised ways in which the three of them live. She puts forth an ultimatum to John to choose between her or his friends. He chooses Sheetal over his friends, and she starts driving Sid and Amit away from John by not letting them meet him. This concerned Sid and Amit, who felt she was extremely controlling. Thus, they started looking for ways to drive them apart. First, Sid and Amit tried to bribe Sheetal with Sid's bungalow to leave John, which she unequivocally declined. After that failed, they decided to Photoshop John onto intimate pictures with Chameli (who now called herself Julie, after [Neha Dhupia](/wiki/Neha_Dhupia "Neha Dhupia")'s character in the [movie of the same name](/wiki/Julie_%282004_film%29 "Julie (2004 film)")) and mail it to Sheetal. This plan also failed, as Sheetal immediately recognised the photos were morphed. John approaches his father ([Adi Irani](/wiki/Adi_Irani "Adi Irani")) as he decides to marry Sheetal, despite his father's approval. His father, Albert D'Monto, is a rich businessman running a toy manufacturing company. He disowns John, as he does not approve of the marriage. It is revealed that Sheetal is actually working for a weapons smuggler named AK 47 ([Shakti Kapoor](/wiki/Shakti_Kapoor "Shakti Kapoor")). He wants Sheetal to enter John's home and take control of Albert D'Monto's business, which they will use as a front to smuggle weapons. Since Albert D'Monto disapproved of the marriage, AK 47 decides to kill him. He uses Inspector Jadhav ([Vindu Dara Singh](/wiki/Vindu_Dara_Singh "Vindu Dara Singh")) to stage the murder as the work of a runaway criminal. At Albert's funeral, John confronts Sid and Amit for all the things they did to drive a wedge between him and Sheetal and warns them to stay away. Even though John's disdain hurt Sid and Amit, they were still determined to save him from Sheetal. During this time, they encounter Natasha, who was back from her tour. They tell her all about John and Sheetal, which is when Natasha reveals she was also in love with John all this while. They decide to introduce Natasha into John's life again so that he may leave Sheetal. Contrary to their hopes, Natasha's reappearance does not affect John much. So, Sid and Amit decide to kidnap Sheetal. They leave a car to blow up in the forest to make it look like Sheetal died, when in fact she was held hostage at Sid's place. With John thinking Sheetal died, Natasha comes forth to support him, and they start dating. Sid and Sheetal start developing feelings for each other during the time she was held hostage at his house. It creates a rift between Sid and Amit. A dejected Amit goes to Munna Bhai and tells him about the entire kidnapping plan and how Sheetal is creating problems between him and Sid. Munna Bhai suggests that Amit have her killed. He tells Amit to contact AK 47 to do the job. When he contacts AK 47, he gets shot at since Sheetal worked for AK 47\. Luckily, Sid manages to rescue Amit, and they immediately go to the police station to report the shooting. Unfortunately, Inspector Jadhav was present at the station, who locked them up for kidnapping. AK 47 rescues Sheetal and tells her to go back to John and marry him. John is now forced to choose between Natasha and Sheetal. He also thinks Natasha was involved in Sheetal's kidnapping, which hurt Natasha. She decides to leave for America for good. John informs Sid and Amit that he will marry Sheetal. Munna Bhai and Julie ram their car through the walls of the lockup and escape with Sid and Amit. At John's wedding, high security is placed by AK 47 and Inspector Jadhav. Sid, Munna Bhai, and Amit disguise themselves as [Amar, Akbar, and Anthony](/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony "Amar Akbar Anthony"), respectively, and enter the wedding. Their disguise is soon uncovered as AK 47's goons start attacking them. Meanwhile, John finds out Natasha is with him at the pedestal and not Sheetal. Natasha tells John about Sheetal's truth. Sheetal also comes forward and reveals to John that she worked for AK 47 because he trapped her brother in the drug trade so that he could use her for his ulterior motives. When she tells him that AK 47 killed his father, he joins Sid and Amit in beating up AK 47 and his goons. Soon, Julie brings the police with her and gets AK 47 and his men arrested. In the end, John and Natasha, Sid and Sheetal, and Amit and Julie get married together at the same ceremony.
[ "Plot\n----", "{{Long plot\\|date\\=August 2024}}\nThe movie revolves around John ([Ashish Chaudhary](/wiki/Ashish_Chaudhary \"Ashish Chaudhary\")), Sid ([Arshad Warsi](/wiki/Arshad_Warsi \"Arshad Warsi\")), and Amit ([Yash Tonk](/wiki/Yash_Tonk \"Yash Tonk\")), who are three college students nearing graduation. The three of them have been friends since childhood and now live together in Sid's dilapidated bungalow. John has been in love with his classmate Natasha ([Arti Chabria](/wiki/Arti_Chabria \"Arti Chabria\")) for a long time but has never able to express his love. After graduation, Amit and Sid visit Munna Bhai ([Ashish Vidyarthi](/wiki/Ashish_Vidyarthi \"Ashish Vidyarthi\")), a gangster who treats the two of them like his sons. Munna Bhai gives them a job as a three\\-man Punjabi band for hire at weddings.", "John decides to visit Natasha to express his feelings but is too late as she had left for a world tour. Subsequently, John becomes extremely sad and cannot stop thinking of Natasha. At a wedding performance, John's sadness brings down the vibe of a wedding where they were performing at, resulting in the three of them getting beaten up by the wedding guests. The doctor (Shashi Kiran) treating them suggests to Sid and Amit that they should get John's mind off Natasha to bring back his happiness. Thus, they decide to hire a prostitute for John.", "Consequently, Amit finds Chameli ([Shweta Menon](/wiki/Shweta_Menon \"Shweta Menon\")) (named after [Kareena Kapoor](/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor \"Kareena Kapoor\")'s character in the [movie of the same name](/wiki/Chameli_%282004_film%29 \"Chameli (2004 film)\")), who instantly falls in love with Amit and is willing to marry him. Amit hesitantly rejects her offer and pays her money to go to John. John bores Chameli by only talking about Natasha, which meant Sid and Amit's plan to cheer up John failed. Later, while the three were at a pool, John looks at Sheetal ([Udita Goswami](/wiki/Udita_Goswami \"Udita Goswami\")) and is immediately attracted to her. To Sid and Amit's surprise, the two of them hit it off well.", "As John and Sheetal get closer, he invites her to Sid's bungalow. Sheetal is disgusted by the unhygienic and uncivilised ways in which the three of them live. She puts forth an ultimatum to John to choose between her or his friends. He chooses Sheetal over his friends, and she starts driving Sid and Amit away from John by not letting them meet him. This concerned Sid and Amit, who felt she was extremely controlling. Thus, they started looking for ways to drive them apart. First, Sid and Amit tried to bribe Sheetal with Sid's bungalow to leave John, which she unequivocally declined. After that failed, they decided to Photoshop John onto intimate pictures with Chameli (who now called herself Julie, after [Neha Dhupia](/wiki/Neha_Dhupia \"Neha Dhupia\")'s character in the [movie of the same name](/wiki/Julie_%282004_film%29 \"Julie (2004 film)\")) and mail it to Sheetal. This plan also failed, as Sheetal immediately recognised the photos were morphed.", "John approaches his father ([Adi Irani](/wiki/Adi_Irani \"Adi Irani\")) as he decides to marry Sheetal, despite his father's approval. His father, Albert D'Monto, is a rich businessman running a toy manufacturing company. He disowns John, as he does not approve of the marriage. It is revealed that Sheetal is actually working for a weapons smuggler named AK 47 ([Shakti Kapoor](/wiki/Shakti_Kapoor \"Shakti Kapoor\")). He wants Sheetal to enter John's home and take control of Albert D'Monto's business, which they will use as a front to smuggle weapons. Since Albert D'Monto disapproved of the marriage, AK 47 decides to kill him. He uses Inspector Jadhav ([Vindu Dara Singh](/wiki/Vindu_Dara_Singh \"Vindu Dara Singh\")) to stage the murder as the work of a runaway criminal. At Albert's funeral, John confronts Sid and Amit for all the things they did to drive a wedge between him and Sheetal and warns them to stay away.", "Even though John's disdain hurt Sid and Amit, they were still determined to save him from Sheetal. During this time, they encounter Natasha, who was back from her tour. They tell her all about John and Sheetal, which is when Natasha reveals she was also in love with John all this while. They decide to introduce Natasha into John's life again so that he may leave Sheetal. Contrary to their hopes, Natasha's reappearance does not affect John much. So, Sid and Amit decide to kidnap Sheetal. They leave a car to blow up in the forest to make it look like Sheetal died, when in fact she was held hostage at Sid's place. With John thinking Sheetal died, Natasha comes forth to support him, and they start dating.", "Sid and Sheetal start developing feelings for each other during the time she was held hostage at his house. It creates a rift between Sid and Amit. A dejected Amit goes to Munna Bhai and tells him about the entire kidnapping plan and how Sheetal is creating problems between him and Sid. Munna Bhai suggests that Amit have her killed. He tells Amit to contact AK 47 to do the job. When he contacts AK 47, he gets shot at since Sheetal worked for AK 47\\. Luckily, Sid manages to rescue Amit, and they immediately go to the police station to report the shooting. Unfortunately, Inspector Jadhav was present at the station, who locked them up for kidnapping. AK 47 rescues Sheetal and tells her to go back to John and marry him.", "John is now forced to choose between Natasha and Sheetal. He also thinks Natasha was involved in Sheetal's kidnapping, which hurt Natasha. She decides to leave for America for good. John informs Sid and Amit that he will marry Sheetal. Munna Bhai and Julie ram their car through the walls of the lockup and escape with Sid and Amit.", "At John's wedding, high security is placed by AK 47 and Inspector Jadhav. Sid, Munna Bhai, and Amit disguise themselves as [Amar, Akbar, and Anthony](/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony \"Amar Akbar Anthony\"), respectively, and enter the wedding. Their disguise is soon uncovered as AK 47's goons start attacking them. Meanwhile, John finds out Natasha is with him at the pedestal and not Sheetal. Natasha tells John about Sheetal's truth. Sheetal also comes forward and reveals to John that she worked for AK 47 because he trapped her brother in the drug trade so that he could use her for his ulterior motives. When she tells him that AK 47 killed his father, he joins Sid and Amit in beating up AK 47 and his goons. Soon, Julie brings the police with her and gets AK 47 and his men arrested.", "In the end, John and Natasha, Sid and Sheetal, and Amit and Julie get married together at the same ceremony.", "" ]
Gay community news ------------------ The modern *San Francisco Sentinel* began in 1974 as a weekly periodical covering the gay community of San Francisco. It was published by Charles Lee Morris, an activist for gay rights and a local political leader.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2007/fruthb32559/fruthb32559\.pdf \|title\=Media Reception, Sexual Identity, and Public Space \|last\=Fruth \|first\=Bryan Ray \|date\=August 2007 \|publisher\=University of Texas at Austin \|page\=110 \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} Morris produced the *Sentinel* as a weekly periodical paid for by subscriptions and advertisements. It appeared in magazine form with a cover illustration rather than articles in columns on the front. In 1975, Morris hired Randall H. "Randy" Alfred as news editor. Alfred wrote the column "Waves from the Left", and he responded to the first [hate crime](/wiki/Hate_crime "Hate crime") legislation passing in California by writing, "The days are gone when we can be taken for granted. We are tired of shabby, liberal gestures."{{cite book \|last\=Sides \|first\=Josh \|title\=Erotic city: sexual revolutions and the making of modern San Francisco \|year\=2009 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-537781\-1 \|pages\=\[https://archive.org/details/eroticcitysexual00side\_0/page/163 163–164] \|url\=https://archive.org/details/eroticcitysexual00side\_0/page/163 }} Alfred left in 1977 to work for a competing gay newspaper, the *[San Francisco Bay Times](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Times "San Francisco Bay Times")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId\=Alfred\+Randall\+H\-cr.xml \|title\=Alfred, Randall H. AACR2 \|work\=Biographical History \|publisher\=University of Virginia \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} In October 1980, the newspaper published a guest editorial written by U.S. presidential candidate [John B. Anderson](/wiki/John_B._Anderson "John B. Anderson"). Anderson wrote that, if elected, he would order the cessation of discrimination in the federal government based on sexual orientation.{{cite news \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2209\&dat\=19801002\&id\=I6ErAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=7040,296754 \|title\=Candidates concentrate on industrial areas \|last\=Wharton \|first\=Elizabeth \|date\=October 2, 1980 \|work\=\[\[Nashua Telegraph]] \|agency\=\[\[United Press International]] \|page\=2 \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 \|location\=\[\[Nashua, New Hampshire]] }} At the time, the *Sentinel* boasted a local circulation of 17,000, but the story was picked up by the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") and [United Press International](/wiki/United_Press_International "United Press International") wire services and printed in various papers across the country. Publisher Morris said that he thought this was "the first time a major presidential candidate" had written for a gay\-oriented newspaper.{{cite news \|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\=lN08AAAAIBAJ\&pg\=3835,334141\&dq\=anderson\&hl\=en \|title\=Anderson Seeks Votes of Gays \|date\=October 2, 1980 \|work\=\[\[Oxnard Press\-Courier]] \|agency\=AP \|page\=2 \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 \|location\=\[\[Oxnard, California]] }} Morris moved to Denver in 1984 and died of AIDS in 1986 at the age of 46\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/08/obituaries/charles\-lee\-morris\-42\-dies\-ex\-publisher\-victim\-of\-aids.html \|title\=Charles Lee Morris, 42, Dies; Ex\-Publisher Victim of AIDS \|date\=January 8, 1986 \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|agency\=\[\[United Press International]] \|location\=Denver }}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-1986\-01\-11\-fi\-26971\-story.html \|title\=Charles Lee Morris, 42; Gay Activist and Former Publisher of Newspaper \|date\=January 11, 1986 \|work\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \|agency\=\[\[United Press International]] \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011}} The paper went through several owners, including gay rights activist William "Bill" Beardemphl who bought it in 1981\. At the time, Beardemphl was living in [Geyserville, California](/wiki/Geyserville%2C_California "Geyserville, California"), with his longtime partner John DeLeon.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gaytoday.com/garchive/events/030402ev.htm \|title\=Bill Beardemphl, 75, Early San Francisco Pioneer Dies \|date\=March 4, 2002 \|work\=Gay Today \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011}} Beardemphl had earlier written a column—"From the Left"—for the *[Bay Area Reporter](/wiki/Bay_Area_Reporter "Bay Area Reporter")*, a gay community newspaper founded in 1971 by Bob Ross. Managing Editor Gary Schwiekhart wrote that Beardemphl and Ross, both accomplished chefs, "deeply despised one another, both journalistically and culinarily, and frequently used their newspapers to launch vicious personal attacks" on each other.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.southfloridagaynews.com/news/spirit\-hiv\-aids\-news/3954\-remembering\-grid\-a\-dozens\-of\-departed\-friends.html \|title\=Remembering GRID \& Dozens of Departed Friends \|last\=Schwiekhart \|first\=Gary \|date\=June 28, 2011 \|work\=\[\[South Florida Gay News]] \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} Beardemphl hired [Jack Nichols](/wiki/Jack_Nichols_%28activist%29 "Jack Nichols (activist)") as his news editor, and in 1982 brought Alfred back, this time as Editor\-in\-Chief. Beardemphl refused to use the word *gay*, preferring *homosexual*, and he initially thought that the idea of a [gay\-related immune deficiency](/wiki/Gay-related_immune_deficiency "Gay-related immune deficiency") disease was a government plot to stop the gay community from having fun. Beardemphl wrote an [April Fools' Day](/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day "April Fools' Day") editorial in 1982 lampooning the new disease: "Gay Cancer Caused by Brunch". Historian Rodger Streitmatter in *Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America*, writes that this tasteless headline was indicative of the Bay Area gay press's failure to call attention to the epidemic even after it was identified by the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"),{{cite web \|url\=http://gaybookreviews.info/review/3483/764 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202060054/http://gaybookreviews.info/review/3483/764 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=December 2, 2007 \|title\=Book review: Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press In America \|last\=Nichols \|first\=Jack \|authorlink\=Jack Nichols (activist) \|year\=2006 \|work\=International Gay \& Lesbian Review \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 \|location\=Los Angeles }} though [Bobbi Campbell](/wiki/Bobbi_Campbell "Bobbi Campbell") had started a regular column in the *Sentinel* about AIDS a few months earlier.{{cite news \|first\=Bobbi \|last\=Campbell \|authorlink\=Bobbi Campbell \|title\=I Will Survive! Nurse's Own 'Gay Cancer' Story \|work\=San Francisco Sentinel \|date\=December 10, 1981 }} Cited in {{cite journal \|url\=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/811663 \|title\=Only Your Calamity: The Beginnings of Activism by and for People With AIDS \|first\=Joe \|last\=Wright \|journal\=\[\[American Journal of Public Health]] \|year\=2013 \|volume\=103 \|issue\=10 \|pages\=1788–98 \|doi\=10\.2105/AJPH.2013\.301381 \|doi\-access\=free \|url\-access\=registration \|pmc\=3780739 \|pmid\=23948013}}{{cite book \|first\=Randy \|last\=Shilts \|authorlink\=Randy Shilts \|title\=And the Band Played On: Politics, People and the AIDS Epidemic \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=nYs8AAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT139 \|publisher\=Souvenir Press \|date\=November 3, 2011 \|access\-date\=November 14, 2016 \|isbn\=978\-0\-2856\-4076\-4 }} Beardemphl died of prostate cancer in 2002\. In September 1995, new owner Ray Chalker shut the paper down after trying to keep it afloat for one year.{{cite news \|url\=http://articles.sfgate.com/1995\-09\-16/news/17815360\_1\_paper\-circulated\-western\-bar \|title\=Gay Newspaper Closes After 21\-Year Run \|date\=September 16, 1995 \|work\=San Francisco Chronicle \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} ### Online news In May 1999, Pat Murphy began publishing The District 6 Sentinel, renamed Sentinel to the *San Francisco Sentinel* expanding coverage from Supervisorial District 6 to all San Francisco. Murphy's previous website was called "District 6 Sentinel" and was listed as a San Francisco political committee.{{cite news \|url\=http://articles.sfgate.com/2005\-08\-17/bay\-area/17387873\_1\_pat\-murphy\-web\-daly \|title\=Daly accuses local news Web site of being political action committee. Founder has been critical of supervisor in recent months \|last\=Goodyear \|first\=Charlie \|date\=August 17, 2005 \|work\=San Francisco Chronicle \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011}} As a young man, Murphy worked as a cub reporter for the *Richmond Independent*, the *Berkeley Daily Gazette* and the *San Francisco Chronicle* before branching out into editing and advertising. Murphy has been described as willing to accept money for positive coverage in the *Sentinel*. In 2005, Supervisor [Chris Daly](/wiki/Chris_Daly "Chris Daly") wrote on his official blog that Murphy offered him editorial oversight of articles about Daly, but Daly refused to pay the suggested $1,500\. Murphy responded by saying he and his photographer partner, Luke Thomas, do not accept payment for positive coverage. He said the *Sentinel* makes money from advertising and from sales of photographs. In September 2006, the *Sentinel* had gone offline for a brief period during which Thomas left the newspaper after 17 months as co\-owner (the co\-ownership with Thomas had not been consummated by legal contract) and Editor\-in\-Chief, writing that he did not wish to follow Murphy's direction in changing the *Sentinel* into a "pro\-business publication".{{cite web \|url\=http://sfist.com/2006/09/15/turmoil\_at\_the\_sentinel.php \|title\=Turmoil at ''The Sentinel'' \|author\=Rita \|date\=September 15, 2006 \|work\=sfist.com \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208005230/http://sfist.com/2006/09/15/turmoil\_at\_the\_sentinel.php \|archive\-date\=February 8, 2010 \|df\=mdy\-all }} Murphy had removed Thomas' ability to publish immediately following Sentinel publication of a pro\-Fidel Castro article about which Thomas neither informed nor consulted Murphy prior to that story's publication. Thomas moved on to found *[Fog City Journal](/wiki/Fog_City_Journal "Fog City Journal")*. [Amazon Watch](/wiki/Amazon_Watch "Amazon Watch") wrote in 2008 that petroleum giant [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation") appeared to be paying Murphy to write positively about Chevron and negatively about its opponents in Ecuador and Nigeria.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/24/idUS232908\+24\-Oct\-2008\+BW20081024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614080714/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/24/idUS232908\+24\-Oct\-2008\+BW20081024 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2015 \|title\=Chevron Asked to Disclose Relationship to Pat Murphy \|author\=Amazon Watch \|date\=October 24, 2008 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} Amazon Watch described how the Chevron\-related posts at the *San Francisco Sentinel* were [Google bombed](/wiki/Google_bomb "Google bomb") into much greater prominence than other *Sentinel* material which ranked very low locally. On June 6, 2011, SFAppeal.com reported that Thomas hurried left a paid staged political promoting re\-election of progressive Mayor Ed Lee: "Michael Petrelis stumbled upon political consultant Enrique Pearce of Left Coast Communications and one of his staffers outside the grocery co\-op's 13th Street entrance, where Pearce and Luke Thomas — publisher of news website Fog City Journal and a freelance photographer — were documenting an "apparently homeless" man holding the aforementioned sign begging Ed Lee to run, according to Petrelis's blog. The situation broke up immediately as soon as the filmers realized they were being photographed, according to Petrelis." In March 2009 while he was "laid low" with emphysema and cirrhosis, Murphy named Sean Martinfield publisher and editor.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p\=21350 \|title\=''San Francisco Sentinel'' Founder Pat Murphy Laid Low By Emphysema, Cyrrhosis – Sean Martinfield Named Sentinel Editor and Publisher \|date\=March 31, 2009 \|work\=San Francisco Sentinel \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} Murphy continues as owner. As of 2012, Murphy's emphysema remained constant at 30% breathing capacity loss under treatment by San Francisco Dr. Gary Apter. Apter's 2012 evaluation of Murphy's cyrrhosis indicated adequate liver enzyme production adequate to continue normal life. In March 2011, the San Francisco Police Department revoked the [press passes](/wiki/Press_pass "Press pass") of a number of independent online news outlets including the *Sentinel*. [Josh Wolf](/wiki/Josh_Wolf_%28journalist%29 "Josh Wolf (journalist)") wrote that the department's policy indicated the passes were for reporters who "regularly cover fires and breaking police news".{{cite web \|url\=http://sfppc.blogspot.com/2011/03/sfpd\-revokes\-press\-passes\-from\-several.html \|title\=SFPD revokes press passes from several online media outlets \|date\=March 15, 2011 \|publisher\=San Francisco Peninsula Press Club \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} *Sentinel* photographer Bill Wilson expressed dismay at losing his pass.
[ "Gay community news\n------------------", "The modern *San Francisco Sentinel* began in 1974 as a weekly periodical covering the gay community of San Francisco. It was published by Charles Lee Morris, an activist for gay rights and a local political leader.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2007/fruthb32559/fruthb32559\\.pdf \\|title\\=Media Reception, Sexual Identity, and Public Space \\|last\\=Fruth \\|first\\=Bryan Ray \\|date\\=August 2007 \\|publisher\\=University of Texas at Austin \\|page\\=110 \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }} Morris produced the *Sentinel* as a weekly periodical paid for by subscriptions and advertisements. It appeared in magazine form with a cover illustration rather than articles in columns on the front. In 1975, Morris hired Randall H. \"Randy\" Alfred as news editor. Alfred wrote the column \"Waves from the Left\", and he responded to the first [hate crime](/wiki/Hate_crime \"Hate crime\") legislation passing in California by writing, \"The days are gone when we can be taken for granted. We are tired of shabby, liberal gestures.\"{{cite book \\|last\\=Sides \\|first\\=Josh \\|title\\=Erotic city: sexual revolutions and the making of modern San Francisco \\|year\\=2009 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-537781\\-1 \\|pages\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/eroticcitysexual00side\\_0/page/163 163–164] \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/eroticcitysexual00side\\_0/page/163 }} Alfred left in 1977 to work for a competing gay newspaper, the *[San Francisco Bay Times](/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Times \"San Francisco Bay Times\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId\\=Alfred\\+Randall\\+H\\-cr.xml \\|title\\=Alfred, Randall H. AACR2 \\|work\\=Biographical History \\|publisher\\=University of Virginia \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }}", "In October 1980, the newspaper published a guest editorial written by U.S. presidential candidate [John B. Anderson](/wiki/John_B._Anderson \"John B. Anderson\"). Anderson wrote that, if elected, he would order the cessation of discrimination in the federal government based on sexual orientation.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2209\\&dat\\=19801002\\&id\\=I6ErAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=7040,296754 \\|title\\=Candidates concentrate on industrial areas \\|last\\=Wharton \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|date\\=October 2, 1980 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Nashua Telegraph]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[United Press International]] \\|page\\=2 \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Nashua, New Hampshire]] }} At the time, the *Sentinel* boasted a local circulation of 17,000, but the story was picked up by the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") and [United Press International](/wiki/United_Press_International \"United Press International\") wire services and printed in various papers across the country. Publisher Morris said that he thought this was \"the first time a major presidential candidate\" had written for a gay\\-oriented newspaper.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id\\=lN08AAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=3835,334141\\&dq\\=anderson\\&hl\\=en \\|title\\=Anderson Seeks Votes of Gays \\|date\\=October 2, 1980 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Oxnard Press\\-Courier]] \\|agency\\=AP \\|page\\=2 \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 \\|location\\=\\[\\[Oxnard, California]] }}", "Morris moved to Denver in 1984 and died of AIDS in 1986 at the age of 46\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/08/obituaries/charles\\-lee\\-morris\\-42\\-dies\\-ex\\-publisher\\-victim\\-of\\-aids.html \\|title\\=Charles Lee Morris, 42, Dies; Ex\\-Publisher Victim of AIDS \\|date\\=January 8, 1986 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[United Press International]] \\|location\\=Denver }}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-1986\\-01\\-11\\-fi\\-26971\\-story.html \\|title\\=Charles Lee Morris, 42; Gay Activist and Former Publisher of Newspaper \\|date\\=January 11, 1986 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\|agency\\=\\[\\[United Press International]] \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011}}", "The paper went through several owners, including gay rights activist William \"Bill\" Beardemphl who bought it in 1981\\. At the time, Beardemphl was living in [Geyserville, California](/wiki/Geyserville%2C_California \"Geyserville, California\"), with his longtime partner John DeLeon.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gaytoday.com/garchive/events/030402ev.htm \\|title\\=Bill Beardemphl, 75, Early San Francisco Pioneer Dies \\|date\\=March 4, 2002 \\|work\\=Gay Today \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011}} Beardemphl had earlier written a column—\"From the Left\"—for the *[Bay Area Reporter](/wiki/Bay_Area_Reporter \"Bay Area Reporter\")*, a gay community newspaper founded in 1971 by Bob Ross. Managing Editor Gary Schwiekhart wrote that Beardemphl and Ross, both accomplished chefs, \"deeply despised one another, both journalistically and culinarily, and frequently used their newspapers to launch vicious personal attacks\" on each other.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.southfloridagaynews.com/news/spirit\\-hiv\\-aids\\-news/3954\\-remembering\\-grid\\-a\\-dozens\\-of\\-departed\\-friends.html \\|title\\=Remembering GRID \\& Dozens of Departed Friends \\|last\\=Schwiekhart \\|first\\=Gary \\|date\\=June 28, 2011 \\|work\\=\\[\\[South Florida Gay News]] \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }}", "Beardemphl hired [Jack Nichols](/wiki/Jack_Nichols_%28activist%29 \"Jack Nichols (activist)\") as his news editor, and in 1982 brought Alfred back, this time as Editor\\-in\\-Chief. Beardemphl refused to use the word *gay*, preferring *homosexual*, and he initially thought that the idea of a [gay\\-related immune deficiency](/wiki/Gay-related_immune_deficiency \"Gay-related immune deficiency\") disease was a government plot to stop the gay community from having fun. Beardemphl wrote an [April Fools' Day](/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day \"April Fools' Day\") editorial in 1982 lampooning the new disease: \"Gay Cancer Caused by Brunch\". Historian Rodger Streitmatter in *Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America*, writes that this tasteless headline was indicative of the Bay Area gay press's failure to call attention to the epidemic even after it was identified by the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://gaybookreviews.info/review/3483/764 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202060054/http://gaybookreviews.info/review/3483/764 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2007 \\|title\\=Book review: Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press In America \\|last\\=Nichols \\|first\\=Jack \\|authorlink\\=Jack Nichols (activist) \\|year\\=2006 \\|work\\=International Gay \\& Lesbian Review \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 \\|location\\=Los Angeles }} though [Bobbi Campbell](/wiki/Bobbi_Campbell \"Bobbi Campbell\") had started a regular column in the *Sentinel* about AIDS a few months earlier.{{cite news \\|first\\=Bobbi \\|last\\=Campbell \\|authorlink\\=Bobbi Campbell \\|title\\=I Will Survive! Nurse's Own 'Gay Cancer' Story \\|work\\=San Francisco Sentinel \\|date\\=December 10, 1981 }} Cited in {{cite journal \\|url\\=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/811663 \\|title\\=Only Your Calamity: The Beginnings of Activism by and for People With AIDS \\|first\\=Joe \\|last\\=Wright \\|journal\\=\\[\\[American Journal of Public Health]] \\|year\\=2013 \\|volume\\=103 \\|issue\\=10 \\|pages\\=1788–98 \\|doi\\=10\\.2105/AJPH.2013\\.301381 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|pmc\\=3780739 \\|pmid\\=23948013}}{{cite book \\|first\\=Randy \\|last\\=Shilts \\|authorlink\\=Randy Shilts \\|title\\=And the Band Played On: Politics, People and the AIDS Epidemic \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nYs8AAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT139 \\|publisher\\=Souvenir Press \\|date\\=November 3, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=November 14, 2016 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-2856\\-4076\\-4 }} Beardemphl died of prostate cancer in 2002\\.", "In September 1995, new owner Ray Chalker shut the paper down after trying to keep it afloat for one year.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://articles.sfgate.com/1995\\-09\\-16/news/17815360\\_1\\_paper\\-circulated\\-western\\-bar \\|title\\=Gay Newspaper Closes After 21\\-Year Run \\|date\\=September 16, 1995 \\|work\\=San Francisco Chronicle \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }}", "### Online news", "In May 1999, Pat Murphy began publishing The District 6 Sentinel, renamed Sentinel to the *San Francisco Sentinel* expanding coverage from Supervisorial District 6 to all San Francisco. Murphy's previous website was called \"District 6 Sentinel\" and was listed as a San Francisco political committee.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://articles.sfgate.com/2005\\-08\\-17/bay\\-area/17387873\\_1\\_pat\\-murphy\\-web\\-daly \\|title\\=Daly accuses local news Web site of being political action committee. Founder has been critical of supervisor in recent months \\|last\\=Goodyear \\|first\\=Charlie \\|date\\=August 17, 2005 \\|work\\=San Francisco Chronicle \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011}} As a young man, Murphy worked as a cub reporter for the *Richmond Independent*, the *Berkeley Daily Gazette* and the *San Francisco Chronicle* before branching out into editing and advertising.", "Murphy has been described as willing to accept money for positive coverage in the *Sentinel*. In 2005, Supervisor [Chris Daly](/wiki/Chris_Daly \"Chris Daly\") wrote on his official blog that Murphy offered him editorial oversight of articles about Daly, but Daly refused to pay the suggested $1,500\\. Murphy responded by saying he and his photographer partner, Luke Thomas, do not accept payment for positive coverage. He said the *Sentinel* makes money from advertising and from sales of photographs.", "In September 2006, the *Sentinel* had gone offline for a brief period during which Thomas left the newspaper after 17 months as co\\-owner (the co\\-ownership with Thomas had not been consummated by legal contract) and Editor\\-in\\-Chief, writing that he did not wish to follow Murphy's direction in changing the *Sentinel* into a \"pro\\-business publication\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sfist.com/2006/09/15/turmoil\\_at\\_the\\_sentinel.php \\|title\\=Turmoil at ''The Sentinel'' \\|author\\=Rita \\|date\\=September 15, 2006 \\|work\\=sfist.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208005230/http://sfist.com/2006/09/15/turmoil\\_at\\_the\\_sentinel.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 8, 2010 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Murphy had removed Thomas' ability to publish immediately following Sentinel publication of a pro\\-Fidel Castro article about which Thomas neither informed nor consulted Murphy prior to that story's publication. Thomas moved on to found *[Fog City Journal](/wiki/Fog_City_Journal \"Fog City Journal\")*. [Amazon Watch](/wiki/Amazon_Watch \"Amazon Watch\") wrote in 2008 that petroleum giant [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation \"Chevron Corporation\") appeared to be paying Murphy to write positively about Chevron and negatively about its opponents in Ecuador and Nigeria.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/24/idUS232908\\+24\\-Oct\\-2008\\+BW20081024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614080714/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/24/idUS232908\\+24\\-Oct\\-2008\\+BW20081024 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2015 \\|title\\=Chevron Asked to Disclose Relationship to Pat Murphy \\|author\\=Amazon Watch \\|date\\=October 24, 2008 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }} Amazon Watch described how the Chevron\\-related posts at the *San Francisco Sentinel* were [Google bombed](/wiki/Google_bomb \"Google bomb\") into much greater prominence than other *Sentinel* material which ranked very low locally.", "On June 6, 2011, SFAppeal.com reported that Thomas hurried left a paid staged political promoting re\\-election of progressive Mayor Ed Lee: \"Michael Petrelis stumbled upon political consultant Enrique Pearce of Left Coast Communications and one of his staffers outside the grocery co\\-op's 13th Street entrance, where Pearce and Luke Thomas — publisher of news website Fog City Journal and a freelance photographer — were documenting an \"apparently homeless\" man holding the aforementioned sign begging Ed Lee to run, according to Petrelis's blog. The situation broke up immediately as soon as the filmers realized they were being photographed, according to Petrelis.\"", "In March 2009 while he was \"laid low\" with emphysema and cirrhosis, Murphy named Sean Martinfield publisher and editor.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p\\=21350 \\|title\\=''San Francisco Sentinel'' Founder Pat Murphy Laid Low By Emphysema, Cyrrhosis – Sean Martinfield Named Sentinel Editor and Publisher \\|date\\=March 31, 2009 \\|work\\=San Francisco Sentinel \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }} Murphy continues as owner. As of 2012, Murphy's emphysema remained constant at 30% breathing capacity loss under treatment by San Francisco Dr. Gary Apter. Apter's 2012 evaluation of Murphy's cyrrhosis indicated adequate liver enzyme production adequate to continue normal life.", "In March 2011, the San Francisco Police Department revoked the [press passes](/wiki/Press_pass \"Press pass\") of a number of independent online news outlets including the *Sentinel*. [Josh Wolf](/wiki/Josh_Wolf_%28journalist%29 \"Josh Wolf (journalist)\") wrote that the department's policy indicated the passes were for reporters who \"regularly cover fires and breaking police news\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sfppc.blogspot.com/2011/03/sfpd\\-revokes\\-press\\-passes\\-from\\-several.html \\|title\\=SFPD revokes press passes from several online media outlets \\|date\\=March 15, 2011 \\|publisher\\=San Francisco Peninsula Press Club \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }} *Sentinel* photographer Bill Wilson expressed dismay at losing his pass.", "" ]
### Online news In May 1999, Pat Murphy began publishing The District 6 Sentinel, renamed Sentinel to the *San Francisco Sentinel* expanding coverage from Supervisorial District 6 to all San Francisco. Murphy's previous website was called "District 6 Sentinel" and was listed as a San Francisco political committee.{{cite news \|url\=http://articles.sfgate.com/2005\-08\-17/bay\-area/17387873\_1\_pat\-murphy\-web\-daly \|title\=Daly accuses local news Web site of being political action committee. Founder has been critical of supervisor in recent months \|last\=Goodyear \|first\=Charlie \|date\=August 17, 2005 \|work\=San Francisco Chronicle \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011}} As a young man, Murphy worked as a cub reporter for the *Richmond Independent*, the *Berkeley Daily Gazette* and the *San Francisco Chronicle* before branching out into editing and advertising. Murphy has been described as willing to accept money for positive coverage in the *Sentinel*. In 2005, Supervisor [Chris Daly](/wiki/Chris_Daly "Chris Daly") wrote on his official blog that Murphy offered him editorial oversight of articles about Daly, but Daly refused to pay the suggested $1,500\. Murphy responded by saying he and his photographer partner, Luke Thomas, do not accept payment for positive coverage. He said the *Sentinel* makes money from advertising and from sales of photographs. In September 2006, the *Sentinel* had gone offline for a brief period during which Thomas left the newspaper after 17 months as co\-owner (the co\-ownership with Thomas had not been consummated by legal contract) and Editor\-in\-Chief, writing that he did not wish to follow Murphy's direction in changing the *Sentinel* into a "pro\-business publication".{{cite web \|url\=http://sfist.com/2006/09/15/turmoil\_at\_the\_sentinel.php \|title\=Turmoil at ''The Sentinel'' \|author\=Rita \|date\=September 15, 2006 \|work\=sfist.com \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208005230/http://sfist.com/2006/09/15/turmoil\_at\_the\_sentinel.php \|archive\-date\=February 8, 2010 \|df\=mdy\-all }} Murphy had removed Thomas' ability to publish immediately following Sentinel publication of a pro\-Fidel Castro article about which Thomas neither informed nor consulted Murphy prior to that story's publication. Thomas moved on to found *[Fog City Journal](/wiki/Fog_City_Journal "Fog City Journal")*. [Amazon Watch](/wiki/Amazon_Watch "Amazon Watch") wrote in 2008 that petroleum giant [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation") appeared to be paying Murphy to write positively about Chevron and negatively about its opponents in Ecuador and Nigeria.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/24/idUS232908\+24\-Oct\-2008\+BW20081024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614080714/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/24/idUS232908\+24\-Oct\-2008\+BW20081024 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2015 \|title\=Chevron Asked to Disclose Relationship to Pat Murphy \|author\=Amazon Watch \|date\=October 24, 2008 \|publisher\=Reuters \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} Amazon Watch described how the Chevron\-related posts at the *San Francisco Sentinel* were [Google bombed](/wiki/Google_bomb "Google bomb") into much greater prominence than other *Sentinel* material which ranked very low locally. On June 6, 2011, SFAppeal.com reported that Thomas hurried left a paid staged political promoting re\-election of progressive Mayor Ed Lee: "Michael Petrelis stumbled upon political consultant Enrique Pearce of Left Coast Communications and one of his staffers outside the grocery co\-op's 13th Street entrance, where Pearce and Luke Thomas — publisher of news website Fog City Journal and a freelance photographer — were documenting an "apparently homeless" man holding the aforementioned sign begging Ed Lee to run, according to Petrelis's blog. The situation broke up immediately as soon as the filmers realized they were being photographed, according to Petrelis." In March 2009 while he was "laid low" with emphysema and cirrhosis, Murphy named Sean Martinfield publisher and editor.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p\=21350 \|title\=''San Francisco Sentinel'' Founder Pat Murphy Laid Low By Emphysema, Cyrrhosis – Sean Martinfield Named Sentinel Editor and Publisher \|date\=March 31, 2009 \|work\=San Francisco Sentinel \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} Murphy continues as owner. As of 2012, Murphy's emphysema remained constant at 30% breathing capacity loss under treatment by San Francisco Dr. Gary Apter. Apter's 2012 evaluation of Murphy's cyrrhosis indicated adequate liver enzyme production adequate to continue normal life. In March 2011, the San Francisco Police Department revoked the [press passes](/wiki/Press_pass "Press pass") of a number of independent online news outlets including the *Sentinel*. [Josh Wolf](/wiki/Josh_Wolf_%28journalist%29 "Josh Wolf (journalist)") wrote that the department's policy indicated the passes were for reporters who "regularly cover fires and breaking police news".{{cite web \|url\=http://sfppc.blogspot.com/2011/03/sfpd\-revokes\-press\-passes\-from\-several.html \|title\=SFPD revokes press passes from several online media outlets \|date\=March 15, 2011 \|publisher\=San Francisco Peninsula Press Club \|access\-date\=October 7, 2011 }} *Sentinel* photographer Bill Wilson expressed dismay at losing his pass.
[ "### Online news", "In May 1999, Pat Murphy began publishing The District 6 Sentinel, renamed Sentinel to the *San Francisco Sentinel* expanding coverage from Supervisorial District 6 to all San Francisco. Murphy's previous website was called \"District 6 Sentinel\" and was listed as a San Francisco political committee.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://articles.sfgate.com/2005\\-08\\-17/bay\\-area/17387873\\_1\\_pat\\-murphy\\-web\\-daly \\|title\\=Daly accuses local news Web site of being political action committee. Founder has been critical of supervisor in recent months \\|last\\=Goodyear \\|first\\=Charlie \\|date\\=August 17, 2005 \\|work\\=San Francisco Chronicle \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011}} As a young man, Murphy worked as a cub reporter for the *Richmond Independent*, the *Berkeley Daily Gazette* and the *San Francisco Chronicle* before branching out into editing and advertising.", "Murphy has been described as willing to accept money for positive coverage in the *Sentinel*. In 2005, Supervisor [Chris Daly](/wiki/Chris_Daly \"Chris Daly\") wrote on his official blog that Murphy offered him editorial oversight of articles about Daly, but Daly refused to pay the suggested $1,500\\. Murphy responded by saying he and his photographer partner, Luke Thomas, do not accept payment for positive coverage. He said the *Sentinel* makes money from advertising and from sales of photographs.", "In September 2006, the *Sentinel* had gone offline for a brief period during which Thomas left the newspaper after 17 months as co\\-owner (the co\\-ownership with Thomas had not been consummated by legal contract) and Editor\\-in\\-Chief, writing that he did not wish to follow Murphy's direction in changing the *Sentinel* into a \"pro\\-business publication\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sfist.com/2006/09/15/turmoil\\_at\\_the\\_sentinel.php \\|title\\=Turmoil at ''The Sentinel'' \\|author\\=Rita \\|date\\=September 15, 2006 \\|work\\=sfist.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208005230/http://sfist.com/2006/09/15/turmoil\\_at\\_the\\_sentinel.php \\|archive\\-date\\=February 8, 2010 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} Murphy had removed Thomas' ability to publish immediately following Sentinel publication of a pro\\-Fidel Castro article about which Thomas neither informed nor consulted Murphy prior to that story's publication. Thomas moved on to found *[Fog City Journal](/wiki/Fog_City_Journal \"Fog City Journal\")*. [Amazon Watch](/wiki/Amazon_Watch \"Amazon Watch\") wrote in 2008 that petroleum giant [Chevron](/wiki/Chevron_Corporation \"Chevron Corporation\") appeared to be paying Murphy to write positively about Chevron and negatively about its opponents in Ecuador and Nigeria.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/24/idUS232908\\+24\\-Oct\\-2008\\+BW20081024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614080714/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/24/idUS232908\\+24\\-Oct\\-2008\\+BW20081024 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2015 \\|title\\=Chevron Asked to Disclose Relationship to Pat Murphy \\|author\\=Amazon Watch \\|date\\=October 24, 2008 \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }} Amazon Watch described how the Chevron\\-related posts at the *San Francisco Sentinel* were [Google bombed](/wiki/Google_bomb \"Google bomb\") into much greater prominence than other *Sentinel* material which ranked very low locally.", "On June 6, 2011, SFAppeal.com reported that Thomas hurried left a paid staged political promoting re\\-election of progressive Mayor Ed Lee: \"Michael Petrelis stumbled upon political consultant Enrique Pearce of Left Coast Communications and one of his staffers outside the grocery co\\-op's 13th Street entrance, where Pearce and Luke Thomas — publisher of news website Fog City Journal and a freelance photographer — were documenting an \"apparently homeless\" man holding the aforementioned sign begging Ed Lee to run, according to Petrelis's blog. The situation broke up immediately as soon as the filmers realized they were being photographed, according to Petrelis.\"", "In March 2009 while he was \"laid low\" with emphysema and cirrhosis, Murphy named Sean Martinfield publisher and editor.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p\\=21350 \\|title\\=''San Francisco Sentinel'' Founder Pat Murphy Laid Low By Emphysema, Cyrrhosis – Sean Martinfield Named Sentinel Editor and Publisher \\|date\\=March 31, 2009 \\|work\\=San Francisco Sentinel \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }} Murphy continues as owner. As of 2012, Murphy's emphysema remained constant at 30% breathing capacity loss under treatment by San Francisco Dr. Gary Apter. Apter's 2012 evaluation of Murphy's cyrrhosis indicated adequate liver enzyme production adequate to continue normal life.", "In March 2011, the San Francisco Police Department revoked the [press passes](/wiki/Press_pass \"Press pass\") of a number of independent online news outlets including the *Sentinel*. [Josh Wolf](/wiki/Josh_Wolf_%28journalist%29 \"Josh Wolf (journalist)\") wrote that the department's policy indicated the passes were for reporters who \"regularly cover fires and breaking police news\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://sfppc.blogspot.com/2011/03/sfpd\\-revokes\\-press\\-passes\\-from\\-several.html \\|title\\=SFPD revokes press passes from several online media outlets \\|date\\=March 15, 2011 \\|publisher\\=San Francisco Peninsula Press Club \\|access\\-date\\=October 7, 2011 }} *Sentinel* photographer Bill Wilson expressed dismay at losing his pass.", "" ]
Biography --------- Lewenthal was born in [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio "San Antonio"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas "Texas") to [Russian](/wiki/Russia "Russia")\-[French](/wiki/France "France") parents of [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish "Jewish") origin. His birth date is often given as 1926, but he was actually born three years earlier in 1923 (an examination of his birth certificate has confirmed this). The false birth year was probably an attempt to assist his career as a child actor. After spending several years as a child movie actor in [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles "Hollywood, Los Angeles"), he studied the piano there with Lydia Cherkassky, mother and teacher of the renowned pianist [Shura Cherkassky](/wiki/Shura_Cherkassky "Shura Cherkassky"). In 1945 he won all three of the major competitions then being held in California: The [Young Artist Competition](/wiki/Young_Artist_Competition "Young Artist Competition") at [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA "UCLA") (judged by [Bruno Walter](/wiki/Bruno_Walter "Bruno Walter")), the [Young Artist Contest](/wiki/Young_Artist_Contest "Young Artist Contest") of [Occidental College](/wiki/Occidental_College "Occidental College"), and the [Gainsborough Award](/wiki/Gainsborough_Award "Gainsborough Award") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"). He continued his studies at the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School "Juilliard School") as a full scholarship student of [Olga Samaroff\-Stokowski](/wiki/Olga_Samaroff "Olga Samaroff"). Later Lewenthal worked in Europe with [Alfred Cortot](/wiki/Alfred_Cortot "Alfred Cortot") and with [Guido Agosti](/wiki/Guido_Agosti "Guido Agosti"). Lewenthal made his debut in 1948 with [Dimitri Mitropoulos](/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos "Dimitri Mitropoulos") and the [Philadelphia Orchestra](/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra "Philadelphia Orchestra"). The occasion marked the first time a soloist had been invited to play [Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev "Sergei Prokofiev")'s [Piano Concerto No. 3](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_%28Prokofiev%29 "Piano Concerto No. 3 (Prokofiev)") under Mitropoulos's direction, that being a work which the conductor was famous for playing himself. The success of this performance was followed a few weeks later by Lewenthal's [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") recital debut. These events launched his North American career, which flourished until it came to a sudden halt in 1953; while walking through New York's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park"), Lewenthal was attacked by a gang of hoodlums and suffered broken bones in his hands and arms. After a slow physical and psychological recovery, Lewenthal moved abroad and withdrew from the concert stage except for occasional touring and recording in Europe and South America. During this time he began his research on the French Romantic composer, [Charles\-Valentin Alkan](/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan "Charles-Valentin Alkan"), with the intention of writing an exhaustive study of Alkan's life and music. Lewenthal's Alkan book remained unpublished at the time of his death. His first return to the public was through a two\-hour broadcast in 1963 for [WBAI](/wiki/WBAI "WBAI") in New York, on which he played Alkan's works and discussed his life.[Lewenthal's 1963 WBAI broadcast on Alkan (archived at YouTube.com)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDCOreZjHRg&feature=c4-overview-vl&list=PL07F458160279C609) The response to this program was overwhelming and brought a request from G. Schirmer to prepare an edition of Alkan's piano music. Encouraged by the reception, Lewenthal played a recital including Alkan's music in Town Hall, New York, in September 1964 \- his first public appearance there in 12 years. This led to an RCA recording of Alkan's music which was met with critical raves, and then a three\-concert [Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt") Cycle in New York and London, among many other performances. Lewenthal came to be considered the leader of the "Romantic Revival", reintroducing solo and chamber works by many important but neglected 19th\-century composers such as [Moscheles](/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles "Ignaz Moscheles"), [Goetz](/wiki/Hermann_Goetz "Hermann Goetz"), [Herz](/wiki/Henri_Herz "Henri Herz"), [Hummel](/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel "Johann Nepomuk Hummel"), [Henselt](/wiki/Adolf_von_Henselt "Adolf von Henselt"), [Scharwenka](/wiki/Xaver_Scharwenka "Xaver Scharwenka"), [Rubinstein](/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein "Anton Rubinstein"), [Reubke](/wiki/Julius_Reubke "Julius Reubke"), [Field](/wiki/John_Field_%28composer%29 "John Field (composer)"), [Dussek](/wiki/Jan_Ladislav_Dussek "Jan Ladislav Dussek") and others, as well as reviving overlooked works by famous composers. He also took an active role in such events as the [Romantic Festival](/wiki/Romantic_Festival "Romantic Festival") at [Butler University](/wiki/Butler_University "Butler University") (Indianapolis) and [Newport Music Festival](/wiki/Newport_Music_Festival "Newport Music Festival"). In 1971 he accepted an invitation to a well received tour of Southern Africa.[Raymond Lewenthal 1971 on a tour of Southern Africa](http://classicalmusicianstoza.blogspot.ca/2014/06/raymond-lewenthal-american-pianist.html) Lewenthal taught at the [Mannes College of Music](/wiki/Mannes_College_of_Music "Mannes College of Music") and The [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival "Tanglewood Music Festival"), and was a faculty member of the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music "Manhattan School of Music") for a number of years beginning in the mid\-1970s. Among his doctoral students was Israeli pianist [Astrith Baltsan](/wiki/Astrith_Baltsan "Astrith Baltsan"). Lewenthal's recordings include releases for [Westminster Records](/wiki/Westminster_Records "Westminster Records"), [Reader's Digest](/wiki/The_Reader%27s_Digest_Association "The Reader's Digest Association"), [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor "RCA Victor"), [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records "Columbia Records")/CBS, and [Angel Records](/wiki/Angel_Records "Angel Records"). In addition to his Schirmer edition of selected Alkan piano works. Lewenthal also prepared for the same publisher an anthology called *Piano Music for One Hand* and another collection of *Encores of Famous Pianists*, both containing extensive notes and commentary. After living for many years in a small apartment at 51 East 78th Street in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"), Lewenthal moved to [Hudson, New York](/wiki/Hudson%2C_New_York "Hudson, New York"), where he spent his last years in semi\-seclusion, his concert activity significantly reduced owing to a chronic [heart condition](/wiki/Heart_failure "Heart failure"). He died on November 21, 1988, aged 65\.
[ "Biography\n---------", "Lewenthal was born in [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio \"San Antonio\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") to [Russian](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\")\\-[French](/wiki/France \"France\") parents of [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") origin. His birth date is often given as 1926, but he was actually born three years earlier in 1923 (an examination of his birth certificate has confirmed this). The false birth year was probably an attempt to assist his career as a child actor. After spending several years as a child movie actor in [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\"), he studied the piano there with Lydia Cherkassky, mother and teacher of the renowned pianist [Shura Cherkassky](/wiki/Shura_Cherkassky \"Shura Cherkassky\"). In 1945 he won all three of the major competitions then being held in California: The [Young Artist Competition](/wiki/Young_Artist_Competition \"Young Artist Competition\") at [UCLA](/wiki/UCLA \"UCLA\") (judged by [Bruno Walter](/wiki/Bruno_Walter \"Bruno Walter\")), the [Young Artist Contest](/wiki/Young_Artist_Contest \"Young Artist Contest\") of [Occidental College](/wiki/Occidental_College \"Occidental College\"), and the [Gainsborough Award](/wiki/Gainsborough_Award \"Gainsborough Award\") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). He continued his studies at the [Juilliard School](/wiki/Juilliard_School \"Juilliard School\") as a full scholarship student of [Olga Samaroff\\-Stokowski](/wiki/Olga_Samaroff \"Olga Samaroff\"). Later Lewenthal worked in Europe with [Alfred Cortot](/wiki/Alfred_Cortot \"Alfred Cortot\") and with [Guido Agosti](/wiki/Guido_Agosti \"Guido Agosti\").", "Lewenthal made his debut in 1948 with [Dimitri Mitropoulos](/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos \"Dimitri Mitropoulos\") and the [Philadelphia Orchestra](/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra \"Philadelphia Orchestra\"). The occasion marked the first time a soloist had been invited to play [Prokofiev](/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev \"Sergei Prokofiev\")'s [Piano Concerto No. 3](/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_%28Prokofiev%29 \"Piano Concerto No. 3 (Prokofiev)\") under Mitropoulos's direction, that being a work which the conductor was famous for playing himself. The success of this performance was followed a few weeks later by Lewenthal's [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") recital debut. These events launched his North American career, which flourished until it came to a sudden halt in 1953; while walking through New York's [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\"), Lewenthal was attacked by a gang of hoodlums and suffered broken bones in his hands and arms. After a slow physical and psychological recovery, Lewenthal moved abroad and withdrew from the concert stage except for occasional touring and recording in Europe and South America. During this time he began his research on the French Romantic composer, [Charles\\-Valentin Alkan](/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan \"Charles-Valentin Alkan\"), with the intention of writing an exhaustive study of Alkan's life and music. Lewenthal's Alkan book remained unpublished at the time of his death.", "His first return to the public was through a two\\-hour broadcast in 1963 for [WBAI](/wiki/WBAI \"WBAI\") in New York, on which he played Alkan's works and discussed his life.[Lewenthal's 1963 WBAI broadcast on Alkan (archived at YouTube.com)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDCOreZjHRg&feature=c4-overview-vl&list=PL07F458160279C609) The response to this program was overwhelming and brought a request from G. Schirmer to prepare an edition of Alkan's piano music. Encouraged by the reception, Lewenthal played a recital including Alkan's music in Town Hall, New York, in September 1964 \\- his first public appearance there in 12 years. This led to an RCA recording of Alkan's music which was met with critical raves, and then a three\\-concert [Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt \"Franz Liszt\") Cycle in New York and London, among many other performances. Lewenthal came to be considered the leader of the \"Romantic Revival\", reintroducing solo and chamber works by many important but neglected 19th\\-century composers such as [Moscheles](/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles \"Ignaz Moscheles\"), [Goetz](/wiki/Hermann_Goetz \"Hermann Goetz\"), [Herz](/wiki/Henri_Herz \"Henri Herz\"), [Hummel](/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel \"Johann Nepomuk Hummel\"), [Henselt](/wiki/Adolf_von_Henselt \"Adolf von Henselt\"), [Scharwenka](/wiki/Xaver_Scharwenka \"Xaver Scharwenka\"), [Rubinstein](/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein \"Anton Rubinstein\"), [Reubke](/wiki/Julius_Reubke \"Julius Reubke\"), [Field](/wiki/John_Field_%28composer%29 \"John Field (composer)\"), [Dussek](/wiki/Jan_Ladislav_Dussek \"Jan Ladislav Dussek\") and others, as well as reviving overlooked works by famous composers. He also took an active role in such events as the [Romantic Festival](/wiki/Romantic_Festival \"Romantic Festival\") at [Butler University](/wiki/Butler_University \"Butler University\") (Indianapolis) and [Newport Music Festival](/wiki/Newport_Music_Festival \"Newport Music Festival\"). In 1971 he accepted an invitation to a well received tour of Southern Africa.[Raymond Lewenthal 1971 on a tour of Southern Africa](http://classicalmusicianstoza.blogspot.ca/2014/06/raymond-lewenthal-american-pianist.html) Lewenthal taught at the [Mannes College of Music](/wiki/Mannes_College_of_Music \"Mannes College of Music\") and The [Tanglewood Music Festival](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival \"Tanglewood Music Festival\"), and was a faculty member of the [Manhattan School of Music](/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music \"Manhattan School of Music\") for a number of years beginning in the mid\\-1970s. Among his doctoral students was Israeli pianist [Astrith Baltsan](/wiki/Astrith_Baltsan \"Astrith Baltsan\").", "Lewenthal's recordings include releases for [Westminster Records](/wiki/Westminster_Records \"Westminster Records\"), [Reader's Digest](/wiki/The_Reader%27s_Digest_Association \"The Reader's Digest Association\"), [RCA Victor](/wiki/RCA_Victor \"RCA Victor\"), [Columbia Records](/wiki/Columbia_Records \"Columbia Records\")/CBS, and [Angel Records](/wiki/Angel_Records \"Angel Records\"). In addition to his Schirmer edition of selected Alkan piano works. Lewenthal also prepared for the same publisher an anthology called *Piano Music for One Hand* and another collection of *Encores of Famous Pianists*, both containing extensive notes and commentary.", "After living for many years in a small apartment at 51 East 78th Street in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\"), Lewenthal moved to [Hudson, New York](/wiki/Hudson%2C_New_York \"Hudson, New York\"), where he spent his last years in semi\\-seclusion, his concert activity significantly reduced owing to a chronic [heart condition](/wiki/Heart_failure \"Heart failure\"). He died on November 21, 1988, aged 65\\.", "" ]
History ------- It was founded 1190 by [Bernard II, Lord of Lippe](/wiki/Bernard_II%2C_Lord_of_Lippe "Bernard II, Lord of Lippe") at the crossroad of two merchant routes. Therefore it is the oldest town in the [Lippe](/wiki/Lippe "Lippe") district. Lemgo was a member of the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League "Hanseatic League"), a medieval trading association of free or autonomous cities in several northern European countries such as the Netherlands, Germany and Poland. During the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation") the city of Lemgo adopted [Lutheranism](/wiki/Lutheranism "Lutheranism") in 1522, whereas otherwise in [Lippe](/wiki/County_of_Lippe "County of Lippe"), its spread was hampered until 1533 by the opposition of the then Catholic ruling Counts of Lippe. In 1605 [Simon VI, Count of Lippe](/wiki/Simon_VI%2C_Count_of_Lippe "Simon VI, Count of Lippe") adopted Calvinism and demanded the conversion of Lemgo's citizens too using his monarchic privilege of [cuius regio, eius religio](/wiki/Cuius_regio%2C_eius_religio "Cuius regio, eius religio"). This led to a dispute with Lemgo. The city defied the edict to convert to Calvinism, leading to the *Revolt of Lemgo*. This religious dispute was resolved by the Peace of Röhrentrup in 1617, granting Lemgo the right to determine its faith independently. During the 30 Years War, on 15 October 1638, it was put under siege by a combined army of Palatine and Swedish troops, but it was soon lifted upon the approach of a hostile army. Two days later, the [Battle of Vlotho](/wiki/Battle_of_Vlotho "Battle of Vlotho") occurred, about 11 miles from Lemgo. Lippe's Lutheran minority, mostly domiciled in Lemgo, only joined the else [Reformed](/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church "Continental Reformed church") [Church of Lippe](/wiki/Church_of_Lippe "Church of Lippe") in 1882, however, retaining its [Confession of Augsburg](/wiki/Confession_of_Augsburg "Confession of Augsburg") with the Lutheran congregations forming a separate [classis](/wiki/Classis_%28ecclesiastical%29 "Classis (ecclesiastical)") within the Lippe church since 1888\. [thumb\|The new central place of the Innovation Campus Lemgo (Dec. 2022\)](/wiki/File:Ispin2022.jpg "Ispin2022.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Lemgo downtown](/wiki/File:Mittelstr03.jpg "Mittelstr03.jpg") ### British Army From 1947 until 1993, Lemgo hosted successive infantry battalions of the British Army, the last one being the [Royal Irish Regiment](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_%28formed_1992%29 "Royal Irish Regiment (formed 1992)"). The battalions were based in Stornoway Barracks, known to the locals as Spiegelberg Kaserne. The base was previously the location of a [displaced persons camp](/wiki/Displaced_persons_camp "Displaced persons camp") and before that a [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht "Wehrmacht") artillery unit. At the end of World War II, Canadian Section GHQ, 2nd Echelon, HQ 21 Army Group, occupied Spiegelberg Kaserne. After this headquarters moved to Oldenburg the site was taken over by the British Army.
[ "History\n-------", "It was founded 1190 by [Bernard II, Lord of Lippe](/wiki/Bernard_II%2C_Lord_of_Lippe \"Bernard II, Lord of Lippe\") at the crossroad of two merchant routes. Therefore it is the oldest town in the [Lippe](/wiki/Lippe \"Lippe\") district.", "Lemgo was a member of the [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League \"Hanseatic League\"), a medieval trading association of free or autonomous cities in several northern European countries such as the Netherlands, Germany and Poland. During the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") the city of Lemgo adopted [Lutheranism](/wiki/Lutheranism \"Lutheranism\") in 1522, whereas otherwise in [Lippe](/wiki/County_of_Lippe \"County of Lippe\"), its spread was hampered until 1533 by the opposition of the then Catholic ruling Counts of Lippe.", "In 1605 [Simon VI, Count of Lippe](/wiki/Simon_VI%2C_Count_of_Lippe \"Simon VI, Count of Lippe\") adopted Calvinism and demanded the conversion of Lemgo's citizens too using his monarchic privilege of [cuius regio, eius religio](/wiki/Cuius_regio%2C_eius_religio \"Cuius regio, eius religio\"). This led to a dispute with Lemgo. The city defied the edict to convert to Calvinism, leading to the *Revolt of Lemgo*. This religious dispute was resolved by the Peace of Röhrentrup in 1617, granting Lemgo the right to determine its faith independently. During the 30 Years War, on 15 October 1638, it was put under siege by a combined army of Palatine and Swedish troops, but it was soon lifted upon the approach of a hostile army. Two days later, the [Battle of Vlotho](/wiki/Battle_of_Vlotho \"Battle of Vlotho\") occurred, about 11 miles from Lemgo. Lippe's Lutheran minority, mostly domiciled in Lemgo, only joined the else [Reformed](/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church \"Continental Reformed church\") [Church of Lippe](/wiki/Church_of_Lippe \"Church of Lippe\") in 1882, however, retaining its [Confession of Augsburg](/wiki/Confession_of_Augsburg \"Confession of Augsburg\") with the Lutheran congregations forming a separate [classis](/wiki/Classis_%28ecclesiastical%29 \"Classis (ecclesiastical)\") within the Lippe church since 1888\\.\n[thumb\\|The new central place of the Innovation Campus Lemgo (Dec. 2022\\)](/wiki/File:Ispin2022.jpg \"Ispin2022.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Lemgo downtown](/wiki/File:Mittelstr03.jpg \"Mittelstr03.jpg\")", "### British Army", "From 1947 until 1993, Lemgo hosted successive infantry battalions of the British Army, the last one being the [Royal Irish Regiment](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_%28formed_1992%29 \"Royal Irish Regiment (formed 1992)\").", "The battalions were based in Stornoway Barracks, known to the locals as Spiegelberg Kaserne. The base was previously the location of a [displaced persons camp](/wiki/Displaced_persons_camp \"Displaced persons camp\") and before that a [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") artillery unit.", "At the end of World War II, Canadian Section GHQ, 2nd Echelon, HQ 21 Army Group, occupied Spiegelberg Kaserne. After this headquarters moved to Oldenburg the site was taken over by the British Army.", "" ]
History ------- ### 1980s Activated on 1 December 1982 as the 22nd Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) has had an impressive operational history and continues to serve as an expeditionary force in readiness. The MEU's activation was the redesignation of the 32nd MAU, a unit that regularly deployed to the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean") and [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") regions for more than 20 years. On its final deployment, the MAU evacuated the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization") from [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut"), and was the first American unit to serve in the multi\-national peace\-keeping force in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"). On 22nd MAU's maiden deployment, it again visited [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut") where the [Marines](/wiki/US_marines "US marines") and Sailors served until May 1983, were present during the April [1983 United States embassy bombing](/wiki/1983_United_States_embassy_bombing "1983 United States embassy bombing"), and began preparing for a third deployment to [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon") upon return to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). On 18 October 1983, the MAU departed the United States, and less than two days into its trans\-Atlantic voyage it was diverted to the southern [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean"). On 25 October 1983, the MAU participated in [Operation Urgent Fury](/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury "Operation Urgent Fury"), the invasion of the island of [Grenada](/wiki/Grenada "Grenada"), which was at that time, the largest U.S. military operation since the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). The 22nd MAU conducted numerous [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter "Helicopter") and surface landings over three days and occupied 75 percent of the island; though the Marines constituted less than 20 percent of the total invasion force. By 2 November of that same year, the unit transited to [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut") where it landed later that month. The MAU remained ashore until late February 1984, when the mission drew to a close, and evacuated hundreds of American citizens from the country. Throughout the rest of the 1980s, the 22nd MAU deployed on a rotation basis with the 24th and 26th MAUs, participating in numerous contingency operations and exercises. In 1986, the 22nd MAU was the third unit to deploy with the '[Special Operations](/wiki/Special_Operations "Special Operations")\-Capable' designation. On 5 February 1988, the word 'Amphibious' was replaced with 'Expeditionary' to reflect the Marine Corps' changing role in national defense and theater security.{{cite web \| title \= 22nd MEU History \| work \= 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit Official Web site \| url \= http://www.22ndmeu.marines.mil/UnitHome.aspx}} ### 1990s In late 1990 the 22nd MEU disbanded down to the command element during the Gulf war and reformed the summer of 1991\. Saipan, Nashville, and the Harlan County were the ships they were on. In September 1991, the deployment the MEU participated in the first combined arms exercise in [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait") following [Operations Desert Shield](/wiki/Operations_Desert_Shield "Operations Desert Shield") and [Operation Desert Storm](/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm "Operation Desert Storm"). This deployment returned in March 1992\. Conflict in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans "Balkans") kept the MEU busy during subsequent deployments as the unit participated in operations [Operation Provide Promise](/wiki/Operation_Provide_Promise "Operation Provide Promise"), [Operation Deny Flight](/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight "Operation Deny Flight") and [Operation Sharp Guard](/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard "Operation Sharp Guard"). In 1993, the MEU also served during the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations")’ mission to [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia "Somalia"). In April 1996, the 22nd MEU (SOC) arrived off the coast of civil war torn [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia "Liberia") in western [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa") for Operation Assured Response. The unit remained at sea until 2 Aug. which the Marines went ashore to reinforce the U.S. Embassy in [Monrovia](/wiki/Monrovia "Monrovia") and evacuated U.S. citizens and designated third\-country nationals. The MEU (SOC) evacuated more than 1,600 civilians over the course of the next several weeks, until the 26th MEU arrived to provide relief. The MEU's deployments in 1996 and 1997 focused on West Africa as it answered the call to conduct reinforcement and evacuation missions in [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia "Liberia"), [Zaire](/wiki/Zaire "Zaire"), the [Central African Republic](/wiki/Central_African_Republic "Central African Republic"), the [Republic of Congo](/wiki/Republic_of_Congo "Republic of Congo") and [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Sierra_Leone "Sierra Leone"). Additionally, the MEU continued to support Balkans peace\-enforcement operations and conducted a non\-combatant evacuation operation (NEO) in [Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania"). In 1998, the 22nd MEU served in [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia "Bosnia") and [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo"), and was prepared to support operations in both Albania and Africa. Marine General, [Anthony Henderson](/wiki/Anthony_M._Henderson "Anthony M. Henderson"), led Lima company within this MEU. ### Global War on Terror [thumb\|Marines from BLT [1st Battalion 6th Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion_6th_Marines "1st Battalion 6th Marines") in [Oruzgan province](/wiki/Oruzgan_province "Oruzgan province"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") in May 2004](/wiki/File:MEU_SAMR_2.jpg "MEU SAMR 2.jpg") The MEU deployed during the turn of the millennium when it served as a \[Y2K] contingency force, and also returned to the Balkans. The MEU later returned to Kosovo in 2001\. During the MEU's 2002 deployment, the 22nd MEU took part in several anti\-terrorist missions in the [Central Command](/wiki/United_States_Central_Command "United States Central Command") theater, including [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"), [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), and also launched life\-saving humanitarian efforts in [Djibouti](/wiki/Djibouti "Djibouti"). In 2004, they again deployed to Afghanistan where the unit inserted deep in Afghanistan's remote [Oruzgan Province](/wiki/Oruzgan_Province "Oruzgan Province") where it established [Forward Operating Base](/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base "Forward Operating Base") Ripley. For four months, the MEU carried out an aggressive campaign against Taliban and anti\-coalition factions in the area where senior Army officials considered it the most successful campaign in the history of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom"). [thumb\|left\|Marine from the U.S. 22nd MEU participates in a long\-range deployment exercise from the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD 1\) into Djibouti, August 2002\.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_020801-M-0000X-001_U.S._Marine_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%28MEU%29_Special_Operations_Capable_%28SOC%29_participates_in_a_long-range_deployment_exercise_from_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Wasp_%28LHD_1%29.jpg "US Navy 020801-M-0000X-001 U.S. Marine from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Special Operations Capable (SOC) participates in a long-range deployment exercise from the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD 1).jpg") The 2005\-2006 deployment saw the members of the 22nd MEU in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"), battling insurgents from a forward operating base in and around the ancient city of [Hīt](/wiki/H%C4%ABt "Hīt") (pronounced "heet"). Battalion Landing Team, [1st Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines"), took the fight to the enemy, [MSSG\-22](/wiki/MSSG-22 "MSSG-22") worked to fix roads and other critical infrastructure in the area. Over the course of its time in Iraq, the MEU participated in 14 named operations and uncovered vast quantities of insurgent arms, ammunition and ordnance. While Battalion Landing Team, [1st Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines"), conducted combat operations against insurgents, MEU Service Support Group\-22, now [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 "Combat Logistics Battalion 22"), worked to provide a better environment and fix roads and other critical infrastructure for Iraqi citizens in the area. During this time, the MEU participated in 14 named operations and uncovered vast quantities of insurgent arms, ammunition and ordnance. The MEU's 2007 and 2008 deployment brought the unit to the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal "Bay of Bengal") where its members conducted humanitarian relief operations after Tropical [Cyclone Sidr](/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr "Cyclone Sidr") struck eastern [India](/wiki/India "India") and [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"). The MEU also supported counter piracy operations off the east coast of Africa and stood ready to support contingency operations in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf"). Before departing the area, the 22nd MEU supported President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")'s visit to [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") and provided aviation lift for the President's support personnel. [thumb\|right\|Ospreys assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 263 (Reinforced) from the 22nd MEU, fly over the Egyptian coastline during Exercise Bright Star 2009](/wiki/File:US_Navy_091012-M-1645M-062_MV-22B_Ospreys_assigned_to_Marine_Medium_Tiltrotor_Squadron_%28VMM%29_263_%28Reinforced%29_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%2822nd_MEU%29%2C_fly_over_the_Egyptian_coastline_during_Exercise_Bright_Star_2009.jpg "US Navy 091012-M-1645M-062 MV-22B Ospreys assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 263 (Reinforced) from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), fly over the Egyptian coastline during Exercise Bright Star 2009.jpg") From 25 September – 11 October 2007, [AV\-8B Harrier II's](/wiki/AV-8B_Harrier_II "AV-8B Harrier II") from the MEU flew 70 combat missions over [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") providing [aerial reconnaissance](/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance "Aerial reconnaissance"), [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support "Close air support") and convoy escort in support of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom").{{cite web \|title\=Tarawa Relieves Kearsarge in on\-going HA/DR Efforts in Bangladesh \|publisher\=United States Marine Corps \|date\=31 October 2007 \|url\=http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\_Ops/Releases\_relief\_ops.htm \|access\-date\=30 November 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213021419/http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\_Ops/Releases\_relief\_ops.htm \|archive\-date\=13 December 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy }} Following the impact of [Cyclone Sidr](/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr "Cyclone Sidr") on 15 November 2007, the 22nd MEU, on board {{USS\|Kearsarge\|LHD\-3\|6}} moved off the coast of [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh") in the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal "Bay of Bengal") and provided [humanitarian assistance](/wiki/Humanitarian_assistance "Humanitarian assistance") to those affected by the cyclone.{{cite web \|title\=22nd MEU (SOC) ramps up relief operations in Bangladesh \|publisher\=22nd MEU \|date\=23 November 2007 \|url\=http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\_Ops/Releases\_relief\_ops.htm \|access\-date\=30 November 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213021419/http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\_Ops/Releases\_relief\_ops.htm \|archive\-date\=13 December 2007 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy }} The 22nd MEU deployed from May \- December 2009\. The MEU was composed of Marines from the [3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines "3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines") and from the [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 "Combat Logistics Battalion 22"), as well as [MV\-22 Osprey aircraft](/wiki/V-22_Osprey "V-22 Osprey") from [VMM\-263](/wiki/VMM-263 "VMM-263"). {{cite news \|access\-date \= 11 September 2008 \|url \= http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/09/ap\_22meu\_090908w/ \|title \= 22nd MEU to start training for deployment \|author \= The Associated Press \|date \= 11 September 2008 \|work \= Marine Corps Times \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080909201927/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/09/ap\_22meu\_090908w/ \|archive\-date \= 9 September 2008 \|url\-status \= dead \|df \= dmy\-all }} The MEU conducted numerous Theater Security Cooperation events in Europe and the Middle East during a deployment to the U.S. European Command and Central Command. In Europe, the Marines trained in [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") and [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"). The 22nd MEU also made history in May 2009 when it was the first MEU to deploy with the [MV\-22 Osprey aircraft](/wiki/V-22_Osprey "V-22 Osprey") tilt\-rotor aircraft. During workups, the MEU experimented with different employment techniques to understand and utilize the full capability of the aircraft. The MEU conducted four separate Theater Security Cooperation events with Middle Eastern partners to build positive relationships between militaries and strengthened regional security. Near the end of the deployment, the MEU directly supported Operation Enduring Freedom by transferring the MV\-22B Osprey tilt\-rotor aircraft to forces on the ground, marking the first time the aircraft would support operations in Afghanistan. After nearly nine eventful months at sea in the U.S. 5th and 6th Fleet areas of responsibility, the 22nd MEU participated in Operation Inherent Resolve as a theater reserve and crisis response force. Marines and Sailors of the 22nd MEU with the Bataan Amphibious Ready Group (BATARG) wrapped up their deployment and returned home in October 2014\. The MEU Command Element began the unit's pre\-deployment training program in December 2015 and returned from another deployment cycle December 2016\. Together with BLT 1/6, VMM\-264 and CLB\-22, the MEU embarked aboard {{USS\|Wasp\|LHD\-1\|6}}, {{USS\|San Antonio\|LPD\-17\|6}} and {{USS\|Whidbey Island\|LSD\-41\|6}}, which make up the *Wasp* Amphibious Ready Group (ARG). On 1 August 2016, [AV\-8B Harrier II](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II "McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II") assigned to the 22nd MEU flying off USS *Wasp* in the Mediterranean to carryout airstrikes on [ISIS](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant") terrorists in Libya, amidst the [Libyan Civil War](/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 "Libyan Civil War (2014–present)"), specifically to support local forces [fighting ISIS in Sirte](/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_%282016%29 "Battle of Sirte (2016)") as part of a [broader campaign against ISIS in the country](/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL%23Intervention_in_Libya "Military intervention against ISIL#Intervention in Libya").{{cite web\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/videos\-shows\-us\-airstrikes\-isis\-libya/story?id\=41140453\|title\=New Videos Show First US Airstrikes Against ISIS in Libya\|work\=ABC news\|date\=4 August 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.defensenews.com/story/breaking\-news/2016/08/01/libya\-airstrikes\-isis\-us/87914526/\|title\=US Conducts New Round of Airstrikes Against ISIS in Libya\|work\=Defence News\|date\=1 August 2016}} ### 2010 Haiti Earthquake [thumb\|right\|200px\|Lance Cpl. Benjamin Rauschenberg, a linguist from the MEU, helps a Haitian woman fill out an immunization card at a clinic in Grand Goave, Haiti.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_100204-N-5268S-129_ance_Cpl._Benjamin_Rauschenberg%2C_a_linguist_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%2822nd_MEU%29%2C_helps_a_young_Haitian_woman_fill_out_her_immunization_card_at_a_clinic.jpg "US Navy 100204-N-5268S-129 ance Cpl. Benjamin Rauschenberg, a linguist from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), helps a young Haitian woman fill out her immunization card at a clinic.jpg") After the devastating, 12 January [2010 Haiti earthquake](/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake "2010 Haiti earthquake"), Marines with the 22nd MEU embarked on the *Bataan* [Amphibious ready group](/wiki/Amphibious_ready_group "Amphibious ready group") for [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") in order to conduct a [humanitarian assistance and disaster relief](/wiki/Humanitarian_response_by_national_governments_to_the_2010_Haiti_earthquake "Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake") mission known as [Operation Unified Response](/wiki/Operation_Unified_Response "Operation Unified Response"). 22nd MEU departed Camp Lejuene on 15 January and began arriving on 18 January.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy\_bataan\_haiti\_011810/\|title\=Bataan ARG to begin arriving in Haiti today\|last\=Faram\|first\=Mark D.\|date\=19 January 2010\|work\=\[\[Navy Times]]\|access\-date\=20 January 2010}} The 22nd MEU was the first major Marine force to respond, managing the hardest hit area that spanned {{convert\|65\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} west of Port\-au\-Prince. Initially, the MEU conducted immediate relief operations by distributing food, water and providing medical care. Units within the MEU consist of 1,600 Marines with the [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 "Combat Logistics Battalion 22"), [3rd Battalion 2nd Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion_2nd_Marines "3rd Battalion 2nd Marines"), [Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 461](/wiki/HMH-461 "HMH-461") and the MEU Command Element, while the ARG consisted of {{USS\|Bataan\|LHD\-5\|6}}, {{USS\|Carter Hall\|LSD\-50\|6}} and {{USS\|Fort McHenry\|LSD\-43\|6}}. [thumb\|left\|200px\|A Marine assigned to Battalion Landing Team, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine regiment hands humanitarian ration at an aid distribution site in Leogane, Haiti.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_100126-M-8605C-002_A_Marine_assigned_to_the_Battalion_Landing_Team%2C_3rd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marine_regiment%2C_distributes_humanitarian_rations_at_an_aid_station_near_a_landing_zone_in_Leogane%2C_Haiti.jpg "US Navy 100126-M-8605C-002 A Marine assigned to the Battalion Landing Team, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine regiment, distributes humanitarian rations at an aid station near a landing zone in Leogane, Haiti.jpg") 150 Marines aboard {{USS\|Gunston Hall\|LSD\-44\|6}} joined the MEU,{{cite news \|url\=http://www.jdnews.com/news/uss\-71828\-equipment\-leave.html \|title\=22nd MEU departs for Haiti \|last\=Pippin \|first\=Jannette \|date\=15 January 2010 \|newspaper\=\[\[Jacksonville Daily News]] \|location\=Jacksonville, North Carolina \|access\-date\=20 January 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150357/http://www.jdnews.com/news/uss\-71828\-equipment\-leave.html \|archive\-date\=27 September 2011 \|df\=dmy }} originally from the African Partnership Station Security Cooperation MAGTF, along with the [24th MEU](/wiki/24th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit "24th Marine Expeditionary Unit") on {{USS\|Nassau\|LHA\-4\|6}}, {{USS\|Mesa Verde\|LPD\-19\|6}}, and {{USS\|Ashland\|LSD\-48\|6}}.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine\_24th\_meu\_012010w/ \|title\=24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort \|last\=Talton \|first\=Trista \|date\=20 January 2010 \|newspaper\=\[\[Marine Corps Times]] \|access\-date\=21 January 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064448/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine\_24th\_meu\_012010w/ \|archive\-date\=18 January 2012 }} On 24 March, the MEU and ARG were released from their mission and sailed for home.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy\_bataan\_released\_032510w/\|title\=Bataan, 22nd MEU headed home from Haiti\|date\=25 March 2010 \|newspaper\=Marine Corps Times\|access\-date\=25 March 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124231711/http://marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy\_bataan\_released\_032510w/\|archive\-date\=24 November 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} From February to March, the MEU transitioned to sustained relief operations and focused on turning over responsibilities to the Government of Haiti and major relief organizations ashore before departing at the end of March. While supporting relief operations, the Marines and Sailors of the 22nd MEU combined a network of sea\-based logistics and land\-based support with as many as 1,100 Marines and Sailors ashore to conduct immediate aid efforts. The Marines focused on a 60\-kilometer area west of Port\-au\-Prince, from Carrefour to Leogane, through Grand Goave to Petit Goave. In order to move and distribute supplies in these areas, Marines and Sailors partnered with the United Nations, United States Agency for International Development, non\-governmental organizations, and Canadian and Spanish military forces. [thumb\|right\|200px\|Landing ships move supplies onshore from the rescue fleet](/wiki/File:Haiti_relief_landing_jan22.jpg "Haiti relief landing jan22.jpg") Marines from the 22nd MEU assisted the World Food Program with the delivery of more than 3\.2 million pounds of bulk foods, such as rice, for earthquake survivors at distribution points in and around Carrefour. According to the WFP, each bag of rice delivered can feed a family of five for two weeks – more than 55,000 families. During their relief assistance to Haiti, the Marines and Sailors conducted and assisted more than 1500 humanitarian relief missions. The 22nd MEU independently delivered nearly 560,000 liters of bottled water and nearly 195,000 gallons of bulk water; more than 1\.6 million pounds of rations and approximately 15,000 pounds of medical supplies, while rotary wing aircraft from the 22nd MEU flew more than 610 flight hours and 618 missions in direct support of Operation Unified Response to aid those affected by the earthquake. Medical and dental personnel from the MEU worked alongside Navy Corpsmen to treat earthquake survivors and evacuated numerous Haitian citizens to USS Bataan for additional medical care. ### 2011\-2012 Deployment, Libyan Civil War At the start of [Operation Odyssey Dawn](/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn "Operation Odyssey Dawn"), the US\-led operation in support of the Libyan civil war, the ground combat element of the 26th MEU was in Afghanistan conducting combat operations. In order to quickly provide sea\-based ground troops to support possible ground intervention in Libya, the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit deployed in March 2011, 4 months prior to its originally scheduled deployment with Battalion Landing Team [2nd Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/2nd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines "2nd Battalion, 2nd Marines") (2/2\), Combat Logistics Battalion 22, and [Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 263 (VMM 263\)](/wiki/VMM-263 "VMM-263") aboard USS *Bataan*, USS *Whidbey Island* and USS *Mesa Verde*. After several months preparing for possible ground combat operations and quick reaction force for Operation Odyssey Dawn, and the subsequent NATO\-led [Operation Unified Protector](/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector "Operation Unified Protector"), the 22nd MEU and the *Bataan* Amphibious Ready Group spent a total of 10{{frac\|1\|2}} months at sea in the Mediterranean and Middle East conducting bi\-lateral training and supporting national contingency planning as a result of the new Arab Spring. Its 321\-day duration fell just eight days short of the record set in 1973 by the aircraft carrier {{USS\|Midway\|CV\-41\|6}} for the longest U.S. Navy deployment since World War II. It was said to be the longest at\-sea deployment in Marine unit history. The 22nd MEU was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation and the NATO Non\-Article 5 Medal for Operation Unified Protector. ### 2014 Deployment From February to October of 2014, the 22nd MEU composed of BLT 1/6, Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 263 (VMM\-263\), and CLB 22 deployed to the 5th and 6th Fleet area of operations. During this deployment the USS Bataan was involved in two rescues\-at\-sea; rescuing two Turkish mariners from their sinking cargo ship in the Aegean Sea, and rescuing 282 migrants in the Mediterranean Sea after their small vessel sank. Also, during the deployment the Bataan and the 22nd MEU supported an assessment of humanitarian options in support of displaced Iraqi civilians trapped on Sinjar Mountain by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and initiated the air campaign against the Islamic State; AV\-8B Harriers from the USS Bataan participated in reconnaissance missions and at least one air strike, including the first use of Marine Corps ordnance against an ISIS\-controlled target. Detachments of Marines were sent to Iraq to reinforce the US embassy in Baghdad, and support special operations forces in Kurdistan.(Navy Unit Commendation, Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal).{{Cite web \|title\=History \|url\=https://www.c2f.usff.navy.mil/Organization/Expeditionary\-Strike\-Group\-ESG\-2/Organization/Ships/Amphibious\-Assault\-Ships/USS\-Bataan\-LHD\-5/History/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-27 \|website\=www.c2f.usff.navy.mil}}{{Cite news \|last\=Lamothe \|first\=Dan \|date\=2021\-10\-27 \|title\=Could Marines evacuate Iraqi civilians from Iraq’s Mount Sinjar? \|language\=en\-US \|work\=Washington Post \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/08/13/could\-marines\-evacuate\-iraqi\-civilians\-from\-iraqs\-mount\-sinjar/ \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-27 \|issn\=0190\-8286}}{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=2014\-06\-10 \|title\=USS Bataan Rescues 282 people in distress \|url\=https://www.militarynews.com/norfolk\-navy\-flagship/news/top\_stories/uss\-bataan\-rescues\-282\-people\-in\-distress/article\_dcc96e27\-959e\-5c62\-86d9\-a0195abf628c.html \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-27 \|website\=Military News \|language\=en}} ### 2018\-2019 Deployment From December 2018 to July 2019, 22nd MEU deployed to the 5th and 6th Fleet areas of responsibility as part of the KEARSARGE Amphibious Ready Ground (KSG/ARG). While deployed, 22nd MEU supported multiple operations and training exercises in the Middle East and Europe. ### 2020 Deployment From May to October 2020, 22nd MEU deployed to Moron Air Base, Spain as Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force \- Crisis Response \- Africa (SPMAGTF\-CR\-AF). While deployed, 22nd MEU supported contingency operations in North Africa.
[ "History\n-------", "### 1980s", "Activated on 1 December 1982 as the 22nd Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) has had an impressive operational history and continues to serve as an expeditionary force in readiness.", "The MEU's activation was the redesignation of the 32nd MAU, a unit that regularly deployed to the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\") and [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") regions for more than 20 years. On its final deployment, the MAU evacuated the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization \"Palestine Liberation Organization\") from [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"), and was the first American unit to serve in the multi\\-national peace\\-keeping force in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\").", "On 22nd MAU's maiden deployment, it again visited [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\") where the [Marines](/wiki/US_marines \"US marines\") and Sailors served until May 1983, were present during the April [1983 United States embassy bombing](/wiki/1983_United_States_embassy_bombing \"1983 United States embassy bombing\"), and began preparing for a third deployment to [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") upon return to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). On 18 October 1983, the MAU departed the United States, and less than two days into its trans\\-Atlantic voyage it was diverted to the southern [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\").", "On 25 October 1983, the MAU participated in [Operation Urgent Fury](/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury \"Operation Urgent Fury\"), the invasion of the island of [Grenada](/wiki/Grenada \"Grenada\"), which was at that time, the largest U.S. military operation since the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). The 22nd MAU conducted numerous [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter \"Helicopter\") and surface landings over three days and occupied 75 percent of the island; though the Marines constituted less than 20 percent of the total invasion force.", "By 2 November of that same year, the unit transited to [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\") where it landed later that month. The MAU remained ashore until late February 1984, when the mission drew to a close, and evacuated hundreds of American citizens from the country.", "Throughout the rest of the 1980s, the 22nd MAU deployed on a rotation basis with the 24th and 26th MAUs, participating in numerous contingency operations and exercises.", "In 1986, the 22nd MAU was the third unit to deploy with the '[Special Operations](/wiki/Special_Operations \"Special Operations\")\\-Capable' designation.", "On 5 February 1988, the word 'Amphibious' was replaced with 'Expeditionary' to reflect the Marine Corps' changing role in national defense and theater security.{{cite web\n \\| title \\= 22nd MEU History\n \\| work \\= 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit Official Web site\n \\| url \\= http://www.22ndmeu.marines.mil/UnitHome.aspx}}", "### 1990s", "In late 1990 the 22nd MEU disbanded down to the command element during the Gulf war and reformed the summer of 1991\\. Saipan, Nashville, and the Harlan County were the ships they were on.", "In September 1991, the deployment the MEU participated in the first combined arms exercise in [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait \"Kuwait\") following [Operations Desert Shield](/wiki/Operations_Desert_Shield \"Operations Desert Shield\") and [Operation Desert Storm](/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm \"Operation Desert Storm\"). This deployment returned in March 1992\\.", "Conflict in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans \"Balkans\") kept the MEU busy during subsequent deployments as the unit participated in operations [Operation Provide Promise](/wiki/Operation_Provide_Promise \"Operation Provide Promise\"), [Operation Deny Flight](/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight \"Operation Deny Flight\") and [Operation Sharp Guard](/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard \"Operation Sharp Guard\"). In 1993, the MEU also served during the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\")’ mission to [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia \"Somalia\").", "In April 1996, the 22nd MEU (SOC) arrived off the coast of civil war torn [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia \"Liberia\") in western [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") for Operation Assured Response. The unit remained at sea until 2 Aug. which the Marines went ashore to reinforce the U.S. Embassy in [Monrovia](/wiki/Monrovia \"Monrovia\") and evacuated U.S. citizens and designated third\\-country nationals. The MEU (SOC) evacuated more than 1,600 civilians over the course of the next several weeks, until the 26th MEU arrived to provide relief.", "The MEU's deployments in 1996 and 1997 focused on West Africa as it answered the call to conduct reinforcement and evacuation missions in [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia \"Liberia\"), [Zaire](/wiki/Zaire \"Zaire\"), the [Central African Republic](/wiki/Central_African_Republic \"Central African Republic\"), the [Republic of Congo](/wiki/Republic_of_Congo \"Republic of Congo\") and [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Sierra_Leone \"Sierra Leone\"). Additionally, the MEU continued to support Balkans peace\\-enforcement operations and conducted a non\\-combatant evacuation operation (NEO) in [Albania](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\").", "In 1998, the 22nd MEU served in [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia \"Bosnia\") and [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\"), and was prepared to support operations in both Albania and Africa. Marine General, [Anthony Henderson](/wiki/Anthony_M._Henderson \"Anthony M. Henderson\"), led Lima company within this MEU.", "### Global War on Terror", "[thumb\\|Marines from BLT [1st Battalion 6th Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion_6th_Marines \"1st Battalion 6th Marines\") in [Oruzgan province](/wiki/Oruzgan_province \"Oruzgan province\"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") in May 2004](/wiki/File:MEU_SAMR_2.jpg \"MEU SAMR 2.jpg\")", "The MEU deployed during the turn of the millennium when it served as a \\[Y2K] contingency force, and also returned to the Balkans. The MEU later returned to Kosovo in 2001\\.", "During the MEU's 2002 deployment, the 22nd MEU took part in several anti\\-terrorist missions in the [Central Command](/wiki/United_States_Central_Command \"United States Central Command\") theater, including [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"), [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), and also launched life\\-saving humanitarian efforts in [Djibouti](/wiki/Djibouti \"Djibouti\").", "In 2004, they again deployed to Afghanistan where the unit inserted deep in Afghanistan's remote [Oruzgan Province](/wiki/Oruzgan_Province \"Oruzgan Province\") where it established [Forward Operating Base](/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base \"Forward Operating Base\") Ripley. For four months, the MEU carried out an aggressive campaign against Taliban and anti\\-coalition factions in the area where senior Army officials considered it the most successful campaign in the history of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom \"Operation Enduring Freedom\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|Marine from the U.S. 22nd MEU participates in a long\\-range deployment exercise from the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD 1\\) into Djibouti, August 2002\\.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_020801-M-0000X-001_U.S._Marine_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%28MEU%29_Special_Operations_Capable_%28SOC%29_participates_in_a_long-range_deployment_exercise_from_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Wasp_%28LHD_1%29.jpg \"US Navy 020801-M-0000X-001 U.S. Marine from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Special Operations Capable (SOC) participates in a long-range deployment exercise from the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD 1).jpg\")", "The 2005\\-2006 deployment saw the members of the 22nd MEU in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\"), battling insurgents from a forward operating base in and around the ancient city of [Hīt](/wiki/H%C4%ABt \"Hīt\") (pronounced \"heet\"). Battalion Landing Team, [1st Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines \"1st Battalion, 2nd Marines\"), took the fight to the enemy, [MSSG\\-22](/wiki/MSSG-22 \"MSSG-22\") worked to fix roads and other critical infrastructure in the area. Over the course of its time in Iraq, the MEU participated in 14 named operations and uncovered vast quantities of insurgent arms, ammunition and ordnance.", "While Battalion Landing Team, [1st Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines \"1st Battalion, 2nd Marines\"), conducted combat operations against insurgents, MEU Service Support Group\\-22, now [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 \"Combat Logistics Battalion 22\"), worked to provide a better environment and fix roads and other critical infrastructure for Iraqi citizens in the area. During this time, the MEU participated in 14 named operations and uncovered vast quantities of insurgent arms, ammunition and ordnance.", "The MEU's 2007 and 2008 deployment brought the unit to the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal \"Bay of Bengal\") where its members conducted humanitarian relief operations after Tropical [Cyclone Sidr](/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr \"Cyclone Sidr\") struck eastern [India](/wiki/India \"India\") and [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"). The MEU also supported counter piracy operations off the east coast of Africa and stood ready to support contingency operations in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\"). Before departing the area, the 22nd MEU supported President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\")'s visit to [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") and provided aviation lift for the President's support personnel.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Ospreys assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 263 (Reinforced) from the 22nd MEU, fly over the Egyptian coastline during Exercise Bright Star 2009](/wiki/File:US_Navy_091012-M-1645M-062_MV-22B_Ospreys_assigned_to_Marine_Medium_Tiltrotor_Squadron_%28VMM%29_263_%28Reinforced%29_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%2822nd_MEU%29%2C_fly_over_the_Egyptian_coastline_during_Exercise_Bright_Star_2009.jpg \"US Navy 091012-M-1645M-062 MV-22B Ospreys assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 263 (Reinforced) from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), fly over the Egyptian coastline during Exercise Bright Star 2009.jpg\")", "From 25 September – 11 October 2007, [AV\\-8B Harrier II's](/wiki/AV-8B_Harrier_II \"AV-8B Harrier II\") from the MEU flew 70 combat missions over [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") providing [aerial reconnaissance](/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance \"Aerial reconnaissance\"), [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support \"Close air support\") and convoy escort in support of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom \"Operation Enduring Freedom\").{{cite web\n \\|title\\=Tarawa Relieves Kearsarge in on\\-going HA/DR Efforts in Bangladesh\n \\|publisher\\=United States Marine Corps\n \\|date\\=31 October 2007\n \\|url\\=http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\\_Ops/Releases\\_relief\\_ops.htm\n \\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2007\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213021419/http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\\_Ops/Releases\\_relief\\_ops.htm\n \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2007\n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\n}} Following the impact of [Cyclone Sidr](/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr \"Cyclone Sidr\") on 15 November 2007, the 22nd MEU, on board {{USS\\|Kearsarge\\|LHD\\-3\\|6}} moved off the coast of [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\") in the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal \"Bay of Bengal\") and provided [humanitarian assistance](/wiki/Humanitarian_assistance \"Humanitarian assistance\") to those affected by the cyclone.{{cite web\n \\|title\\=22nd MEU (SOC) ramps up relief operations in Bangladesh\n \\|publisher\\=22nd MEU\n \\|date\\=23 November 2007\n \\|url\\=http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\\_Ops/Releases\\_relief\\_ops.htm\n \\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2007\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213021419/http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\\_Ops/Releases\\_relief\\_ops.htm\n \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2007\n \\|url\\-status\\=live\n \\|df\\=dmy\n}}", "The 22nd MEU deployed from May \\- December 2009\\. The MEU was composed of Marines from the [3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines \"3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines\") and from the [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 \"Combat Logistics Battalion 22\"), as well as [MV\\-22 Osprey aircraft](/wiki/V-22_Osprey \"V-22 Osprey\") from [VMM\\-263](/wiki/VMM-263 \"VMM-263\").\n{{cite news\n \\|access\\-date \\= 11 September 2008\n \\|url \\= http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/09/ap\\_22meu\\_090908w/\n \\|title \\= 22nd MEU to start training for deployment\n \\|author \\= The Associated Press\n \\|date \\= 11 September 2008\n \\|work \\= Marine Corps Times\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080909201927/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/09/ap\\_22meu\\_090908w/\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 9 September 2008\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|df \\= dmy\\-all\n}} The MEU conducted numerous Theater Security Cooperation events in Europe and the Middle East during a deployment to the U.S. European Command and Central Command. In Europe, the Marines trained in [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria \"Bulgaria\") and [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\").", "The 22nd MEU also made history in May 2009 when it was the first MEU to deploy with the [MV\\-22 Osprey aircraft](/wiki/V-22_Osprey \"V-22 Osprey\") tilt\\-rotor aircraft. During workups, the MEU experimented with different employment techniques to understand and utilize the full capability of the aircraft.", "The MEU conducted four separate Theater Security Cooperation events with Middle Eastern partners to build positive relationships between militaries and strengthened regional security. Near the end of the deployment, the MEU directly supported Operation Enduring Freedom by transferring the MV\\-22B Osprey tilt\\-rotor aircraft to forces on the ground, marking the first time the aircraft would support operations in Afghanistan.", "After nearly nine eventful months at sea in the U.S. 5th and 6th Fleet areas of responsibility, the 22nd MEU participated in Operation Inherent Resolve as a theater reserve and crisis response force. Marines and Sailors of the 22nd MEU with the Bataan Amphibious Ready Group (BATARG) wrapped up their deployment and returned home in October 2014\\.", "The MEU Command Element began the unit's pre\\-deployment training program in December 2015 and returned from another deployment cycle December 2016\\. Together with BLT 1/6, VMM\\-264 and CLB\\-22, the MEU embarked aboard {{USS\\|Wasp\\|LHD\\-1\\|6}}, {{USS\\|San Antonio\\|LPD\\-17\\|6}} and {{USS\\|Whidbey Island\\|LSD\\-41\\|6}}, which make up the *Wasp* Amphibious Ready Group (ARG).", "On 1 August 2016, [AV\\-8B Harrier II](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II \"McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II\") assigned to the 22nd MEU flying off USS *Wasp* in the Mediterranean to carryout airstrikes on [ISIS](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\") terrorists in Libya, amidst the [Libyan Civil War](/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 \"Libyan Civil War (2014–present)\"), specifically to support local forces [fighting ISIS in Sirte](/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_%282016%29 \"Battle of Sirte (2016)\") as part of a [broader campaign against ISIS in the country](/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL%23Intervention_in_Libya \"Military intervention against ISIL#Intervention in Libya\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/videos\\-shows\\-us\\-airstrikes\\-isis\\-libya/story?id\\=41140453\\|title\\=New Videos Show First US Airstrikes Against ISIS in Libya\\|work\\=ABC news\\|date\\=4 August 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defensenews.com/story/breaking\\-news/2016/08/01/libya\\-airstrikes\\-isis\\-us/87914526/\\|title\\=US Conducts New Round of Airstrikes Against ISIS in Libya\\|work\\=Defence News\\|date\\=1 August 2016}}", "### 2010 Haiti Earthquake", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Lance Cpl. Benjamin Rauschenberg, a linguist from the MEU, helps a Haitian woman fill out an immunization card at a clinic in Grand Goave, Haiti.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_100204-N-5268S-129_ance_Cpl._Benjamin_Rauschenberg%2C_a_linguist_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%2822nd_MEU%29%2C_helps_a_young_Haitian_woman_fill_out_her_immunization_card_at_a_clinic.jpg \"US Navy 100204-N-5268S-129 ance Cpl. Benjamin Rauschenberg, a linguist from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), helps a young Haitian woman fill out her immunization card at a clinic.jpg\")", "After the devastating, 12 January [2010 Haiti earthquake](/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake \"2010 Haiti earthquake\"), Marines with the 22nd MEU embarked on the *Bataan* [Amphibious ready group](/wiki/Amphibious_ready_group \"Amphibious ready group\") for [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\") in order to conduct a [humanitarian assistance and disaster relief](/wiki/Humanitarian_response_by_national_governments_to_the_2010_Haiti_earthquake \"Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake\") mission known as [Operation Unified Response](/wiki/Operation_Unified_Response \"Operation Unified Response\"). 22nd MEU departed Camp Lejuene on 15 January and began arriving on 18 January.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy\\_bataan\\_haiti\\_011810/\\|title\\=Bataan ARG to begin arriving in Haiti today\\|last\\=Faram\\|first\\=Mark D.\\|date\\=19 January 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[Navy Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2010}}", "The 22nd MEU was the first major Marine force to respond, managing the hardest hit area that spanned {{convert\\|65\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} west of Port\\-au\\-Prince. Initially, the MEU conducted immediate relief operations by distributing food, water and providing medical care.", "Units within the MEU consist of 1,600 Marines with the [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 \"Combat Logistics Battalion 22\"), [3rd Battalion 2nd Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion_2nd_Marines \"3rd Battalion 2nd Marines\"), [Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 461](/wiki/HMH-461 \"HMH-461\") and the MEU Command Element, while the ARG consisted of {{USS\\|Bataan\\|LHD\\-5\\|6}}, {{USS\\|Carter Hall\\|LSD\\-50\\|6}} and {{USS\\|Fort McHenry\\|LSD\\-43\\|6}}.", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|A Marine assigned to Battalion Landing Team, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine regiment hands humanitarian ration at an aid distribution site in Leogane, Haiti.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_100126-M-8605C-002_A_Marine_assigned_to_the_Battalion_Landing_Team%2C_3rd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marine_regiment%2C_distributes_humanitarian_rations_at_an_aid_station_near_a_landing_zone_in_Leogane%2C_Haiti.jpg \"US Navy 100126-M-8605C-002 A Marine assigned to the Battalion Landing Team, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine regiment, distributes humanitarian rations at an aid station near a landing zone in Leogane, Haiti.jpg\")", "150 Marines aboard {{USS\\|Gunston Hall\\|LSD\\-44\\|6}} joined the MEU,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.jdnews.com/news/uss\\-71828\\-equipment\\-leave.html \\|title\\=22nd MEU departs for Haiti \\|last\\=Pippin \\|first\\=Jannette \\|date\\=15 January 2010 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Jacksonville Daily News]] \\|location\\=Jacksonville, North Carolina \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150357/http://www.jdnews.com/news/uss\\-71828\\-equipment\\-leave.html \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2011 \\|df\\=dmy }} originally from the African Partnership Station Security Cooperation MAGTF, along with the [24th MEU](/wiki/24th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit \"24th Marine Expeditionary Unit\") on {{USS\\|Nassau\\|LHA\\-4\\|6}}, {{USS\\|Mesa Verde\\|LPD\\-19\\|6}}, and {{USS\\|Ashland\\|LSD\\-48\\|6}}.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine\\_24th\\_meu\\_012010w/ \\|title\\=24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort \\|last\\=Talton \\|first\\=Trista \\|date\\=20 January 2010 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Marine Corps Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064448/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine\\_24th\\_meu\\_012010w/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2012 }} On 24 March, the MEU and ARG were released from their mission and sailed for home.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy\\_bataan\\_released\\_032510w/\\|title\\=Bataan, 22nd MEU headed home from Haiti\\|date\\=25 March 2010 \\|newspaper\\=Marine Corps Times\\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124231711/http://marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy\\_bataan\\_released\\_032510w/\\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "From February to March, the MEU transitioned to sustained relief operations and focused on turning over responsibilities to the Government of Haiti and major relief organizations ashore before departing at the end of March.", "While supporting relief operations, the Marines and Sailors of the 22nd MEU combined a network of sea\\-based logistics and land\\-based support with as many as 1,100 Marines and Sailors ashore to conduct immediate aid efforts. The Marines focused on a 60\\-kilometer area west of Port\\-au\\-Prince, from Carrefour to Leogane, through Grand Goave to Petit Goave. In order to move and distribute supplies in these areas, Marines and Sailors partnered with the United Nations, United States Agency for International Development, non\\-governmental organizations, and Canadian and Spanish military forces.", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Landing ships move supplies onshore from the rescue fleet](/wiki/File:Haiti_relief_landing_jan22.jpg \"Haiti relief landing jan22.jpg\")", "Marines from the 22nd MEU assisted the World Food Program with the delivery of more than 3\\.2 million pounds of bulk foods, such as rice, for earthquake survivors at distribution points in and around Carrefour. According to the WFP, each bag of rice delivered can feed a family of five for two weeks – more than 55,000 families. During their relief assistance to Haiti, the Marines and Sailors conducted and assisted more than 1500 humanitarian relief missions.", "The 22nd MEU independently delivered nearly 560,000 liters of bottled water and nearly 195,000 gallons of bulk water; more than 1\\.6 million pounds of rations and approximately 15,000 pounds of medical supplies, while rotary wing aircraft from the 22nd MEU flew more than 610 flight hours and 618 missions in direct support of Operation Unified Response to aid those affected by the earthquake.", "Medical and dental personnel from the MEU worked alongside Navy Corpsmen to treat earthquake survivors and evacuated numerous Haitian citizens to USS Bataan for additional medical care.", "### 2011\\-2012 Deployment, Libyan Civil War", "At the start of [Operation Odyssey Dawn](/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn \"Operation Odyssey Dawn\"), the US\\-led operation in support of the Libyan civil war, the ground combat element of the 26th MEU was in Afghanistan conducting combat operations. In order to quickly provide sea\\-based ground troops to support possible ground intervention in Libya, the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit deployed in March 2011, 4 months prior to its originally scheduled deployment with Battalion Landing Team [2nd Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/2nd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines \"2nd Battalion, 2nd Marines\") (2/2\\), Combat Logistics Battalion 22, and [Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 263 (VMM 263\\)](/wiki/VMM-263 \"VMM-263\") aboard USS *Bataan*, USS *Whidbey Island* and USS *Mesa Verde*. After several months preparing for possible ground combat operations and quick reaction force for Operation Odyssey Dawn, and the subsequent NATO\\-led [Operation Unified Protector](/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector \"Operation Unified Protector\"), the 22nd MEU and the *Bataan* Amphibious Ready Group spent a total of 10{{frac\\|1\\|2}} months at sea in the Mediterranean and Middle East conducting bi\\-lateral training and supporting national contingency planning as a result of the new Arab Spring. Its 321\\-day duration fell just eight days short of the record set in 1973 by the aircraft carrier {{USS\\|Midway\\|CV\\-41\\|6}} for the longest U.S. Navy deployment since World War II. It was said to be the longest at\\-sea deployment in Marine unit history. The 22nd MEU was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation and the NATO Non\\-Article 5 Medal for Operation Unified Protector.", "### 2014 Deployment", "From February to October of 2014, the 22nd MEU composed of BLT 1/6, Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 263 (VMM\\-263\\), and CLB 22 deployed to the 5th and 6th Fleet area of operations. During this deployment the USS Bataan was involved in two rescues\\-at\\-sea; rescuing two Turkish mariners from their sinking cargo ship in the Aegean Sea, and rescuing 282 migrants in the Mediterranean Sea after their small vessel sank. Also, during the deployment the Bataan and the 22nd MEU supported an assessment of humanitarian options in support of displaced Iraqi civilians trapped on Sinjar Mountain by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and initiated the air campaign against the Islamic State; AV\\-8B Harriers from the USS Bataan participated in reconnaissance missions and at least one air strike, including the first use of Marine Corps ordnance against an ISIS\\-controlled target. Detachments of Marines were sent to Iraq to reinforce the US embassy in Baghdad, and support special operations forces in Kurdistan.(Navy Unit Commendation, Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal).{{Cite web \\|title\\=History \\|url\\=https://www.c2f.usff.navy.mil/Organization/Expeditionary\\-Strike\\-Group\\-ESG\\-2/Organization/Ships/Amphibious\\-Assault\\-Ships/USS\\-Bataan\\-LHD\\-5/History/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-27 \\|website\\=www.c2f.usff.navy.mil}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Lamothe \\|first\\=Dan \\|date\\=2021\\-10\\-27 \\|title\\=Could Marines evacuate Iraqi civilians from Iraq’s Mount Sinjar? \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=Washington Post \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/08/13/could\\-marines\\-evacuate\\-iraqi\\-civilians\\-from\\-iraqs\\-mount\\-sinjar/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-27 \\|issn\\=0190\\-8286}}{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-10 \\|title\\=USS Bataan Rescues 282 people in distress \\|url\\=https://www.militarynews.com/norfolk\\-navy\\-flagship/news/top\\_stories/uss\\-bataan\\-rescues\\-282\\-people\\-in\\-distress/article\\_dcc96e27\\-959e\\-5c62\\-86d9\\-a0195abf628c.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-27 \\|website\\=Military News \\|language\\=en}}", "### 2018\\-2019 Deployment", "From December 2018 to July 2019, 22nd MEU deployed to the 5th and 6th Fleet areas of responsibility as part of the KEARSARGE Amphibious Ready Ground (KSG/ARG). While deployed, 22nd MEU supported multiple operations and training exercises in the Middle East and Europe.", "### 2020 Deployment", "From May to October 2020, 22nd MEU deployed to Moron Air Base, Spain as Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force \\- Crisis Response \\- Africa (SPMAGTF\\-CR\\-AF). While deployed, 22nd MEU supported contingency operations in North Africa.", "" ]
### 1980s Activated on 1 December 1982 as the 22nd Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) has had an impressive operational history and continues to serve as an expeditionary force in readiness. The MEU's activation was the redesignation of the 32nd MAU, a unit that regularly deployed to the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean "Mediterranean") and [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") regions for more than 20 years. On its final deployment, the MAU evacuated the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization "Palestine Liberation Organization") from [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut"), and was the first American unit to serve in the multi\-national peace\-keeping force in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon"). On 22nd MAU's maiden deployment, it again visited [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut") where the [Marines](/wiki/US_marines "US marines") and Sailors served until May 1983, were present during the April [1983 United States embassy bombing](/wiki/1983_United_States_embassy_bombing "1983 United States embassy bombing"), and began preparing for a third deployment to [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon "Lebanon") upon return to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"). On 18 October 1983, the MAU departed the United States, and less than two days into its trans\-Atlantic voyage it was diverted to the southern [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean"). On 25 October 1983, the MAU participated in [Operation Urgent Fury](/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury "Operation Urgent Fury"), the invasion of the island of [Grenada](/wiki/Grenada "Grenada"), which was at that time, the largest U.S. military operation since the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"). The 22nd MAU conducted numerous [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter "Helicopter") and surface landings over three days and occupied 75 percent of the island; though the Marines constituted less than 20 percent of the total invasion force. By 2 November of that same year, the unit transited to [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut "Beirut") where it landed later that month. The MAU remained ashore until late February 1984, when the mission drew to a close, and evacuated hundreds of American citizens from the country. Throughout the rest of the 1980s, the 22nd MAU deployed on a rotation basis with the 24th and 26th MAUs, participating in numerous contingency operations and exercises. In 1986, the 22nd MAU was the third unit to deploy with the '[Special Operations](/wiki/Special_Operations "Special Operations")\-Capable' designation. On 5 February 1988, the word 'Amphibious' was replaced with 'Expeditionary' to reflect the Marine Corps' changing role in national defense and theater security.{{cite web \| title \= 22nd MEU History \| work \= 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit Official Web site \| url \= http://www.22ndmeu.marines.mil/UnitHome.aspx}}
[ "### 1980s", "Activated on 1 December 1982 as the 22nd Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU), the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) has had an impressive operational history and continues to serve as an expeditionary force in readiness.", "The MEU's activation was the redesignation of the 32nd MAU, a unit that regularly deployed to the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean \"Mediterranean\") and [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") regions for more than 20 years. On its final deployment, the MAU evacuated the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization \"Palestine Liberation Organization\") from [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"), and was the first American unit to serve in the multi\\-national peace\\-keeping force in [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\").", "On 22nd MAU's maiden deployment, it again visited [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\") where the [Marines](/wiki/US_marines \"US marines\") and Sailors served until May 1983, were present during the April [1983 United States embassy bombing](/wiki/1983_United_States_embassy_bombing \"1983 United States embassy bombing\"), and began preparing for a third deployment to [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") upon return to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). On 18 October 1983, the MAU departed the United States, and less than two days into its trans\\-Atlantic voyage it was diverted to the southern [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\").", "On 25 October 1983, the MAU participated in [Operation Urgent Fury](/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury \"Operation Urgent Fury\"), the invasion of the island of [Grenada](/wiki/Grenada \"Grenada\"), which was at that time, the largest U.S. military operation since the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"). The 22nd MAU conducted numerous [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter \"Helicopter\") and surface landings over three days and occupied 75 percent of the island; though the Marines constituted less than 20 percent of the total invasion force.", "By 2 November of that same year, the unit transited to [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\") where it landed later that month. The MAU remained ashore until late February 1984, when the mission drew to a close, and evacuated hundreds of American citizens from the country.", "Throughout the rest of the 1980s, the 22nd MAU deployed on a rotation basis with the 24th and 26th MAUs, participating in numerous contingency operations and exercises.", "In 1986, the 22nd MAU was the third unit to deploy with the '[Special Operations](/wiki/Special_Operations \"Special Operations\")\\-Capable' designation.", "On 5 February 1988, the word 'Amphibious' was replaced with 'Expeditionary' to reflect the Marine Corps' changing role in national defense and theater security.{{cite web\n \\| title \\= 22nd MEU History\n \\| work \\= 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit Official Web site\n \\| url \\= http://www.22ndmeu.marines.mil/UnitHome.aspx}}", "" ]
### 1990s In late 1990 the 22nd MEU disbanded down to the command element during the Gulf war and reformed the summer of 1991\. Saipan, Nashville, and the Harlan County were the ships they were on. In September 1991, the deployment the MEU participated in the first combined arms exercise in [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait "Kuwait") following [Operations Desert Shield](/wiki/Operations_Desert_Shield "Operations Desert Shield") and [Operation Desert Storm](/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm "Operation Desert Storm"). This deployment returned in March 1992\. Conflict in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans "Balkans") kept the MEU busy during subsequent deployments as the unit participated in operations [Operation Provide Promise](/wiki/Operation_Provide_Promise "Operation Provide Promise"), [Operation Deny Flight](/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight "Operation Deny Flight") and [Operation Sharp Guard](/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard "Operation Sharp Guard"). In 1993, the MEU also served during the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations")’ mission to [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia "Somalia"). In April 1996, the 22nd MEU (SOC) arrived off the coast of civil war torn [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia "Liberia") in western [Africa](/wiki/Africa "Africa") for Operation Assured Response. The unit remained at sea until 2 Aug. which the Marines went ashore to reinforce the U.S. Embassy in [Monrovia](/wiki/Monrovia "Monrovia") and evacuated U.S. citizens and designated third\-country nationals. The MEU (SOC) evacuated more than 1,600 civilians over the course of the next several weeks, until the 26th MEU arrived to provide relief. The MEU's deployments in 1996 and 1997 focused on West Africa as it answered the call to conduct reinforcement and evacuation missions in [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia "Liberia"), [Zaire](/wiki/Zaire "Zaire"), the [Central African Republic](/wiki/Central_African_Republic "Central African Republic"), the [Republic of Congo](/wiki/Republic_of_Congo "Republic of Congo") and [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Sierra_Leone "Sierra Leone"). Additionally, the MEU continued to support Balkans peace\-enforcement operations and conducted a non\-combatant evacuation operation (NEO) in [Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania"). In 1998, the 22nd MEU served in [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia "Bosnia") and [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo"), and was prepared to support operations in both Albania and Africa. Marine General, [Anthony Henderson](/wiki/Anthony_M._Henderson "Anthony M. Henderson"), led Lima company within this MEU.
[ "### 1990s", "In late 1990 the 22nd MEU disbanded down to the command element during the Gulf war and reformed the summer of 1991\\. Saipan, Nashville, and the Harlan County were the ships they were on.", "In September 1991, the deployment the MEU participated in the first combined arms exercise in [Kuwait](/wiki/Kuwait \"Kuwait\") following [Operations Desert Shield](/wiki/Operations_Desert_Shield \"Operations Desert Shield\") and [Operation Desert Storm](/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm \"Operation Desert Storm\"). This deployment returned in March 1992\\.", "Conflict in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans \"Balkans\") kept the MEU busy during subsequent deployments as the unit participated in operations [Operation Provide Promise](/wiki/Operation_Provide_Promise \"Operation Provide Promise\"), [Operation Deny Flight](/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight \"Operation Deny Flight\") and [Operation Sharp Guard](/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard \"Operation Sharp Guard\"). In 1993, the MEU also served during the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\")’ mission to [Somalia](/wiki/Somalia \"Somalia\").", "In April 1996, the 22nd MEU (SOC) arrived off the coast of civil war torn [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia \"Liberia\") in western [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") for Operation Assured Response. The unit remained at sea until 2 Aug. which the Marines went ashore to reinforce the U.S. Embassy in [Monrovia](/wiki/Monrovia \"Monrovia\") and evacuated U.S. citizens and designated third\\-country nationals. The MEU (SOC) evacuated more than 1,600 civilians over the course of the next several weeks, until the 26th MEU arrived to provide relief.", "The MEU's deployments in 1996 and 1997 focused on West Africa as it answered the call to conduct reinforcement and evacuation missions in [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia \"Liberia\"), [Zaire](/wiki/Zaire \"Zaire\"), the [Central African Republic](/wiki/Central_African_Republic \"Central African Republic\"), the [Republic of Congo](/wiki/Republic_of_Congo \"Republic of Congo\") and [Sierra Leone](/wiki/Sierra_Leone \"Sierra Leone\"). Additionally, the MEU continued to support Balkans peace\\-enforcement operations and conducted a non\\-combatant evacuation operation (NEO) in [Albania](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\").", "In 1998, the 22nd MEU served in [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia \"Bosnia\") and [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\"), and was prepared to support operations in both Albania and Africa. Marine General, [Anthony Henderson](/wiki/Anthony_M._Henderson \"Anthony M. Henderson\"), led Lima company within this MEU.", "" ]
### Global War on Terror [thumb\|Marines from BLT [1st Battalion 6th Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion_6th_Marines "1st Battalion 6th Marines") in [Oruzgan province](/wiki/Oruzgan_province "Oruzgan province"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") in May 2004](/wiki/File:MEU_SAMR_2.jpg "MEU SAMR 2.jpg") The MEU deployed during the turn of the millennium when it served as a \[Y2K] contingency force, and also returned to the Balkans. The MEU later returned to Kosovo in 2001\. During the MEU's 2002 deployment, the 22nd MEU took part in several anti\-terrorist missions in the [Central Command](/wiki/United_States_Central_Command "United States Central Command") theater, including [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan"), [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"), and also launched life\-saving humanitarian efforts in [Djibouti](/wiki/Djibouti "Djibouti"). In 2004, they again deployed to Afghanistan where the unit inserted deep in Afghanistan's remote [Oruzgan Province](/wiki/Oruzgan_Province "Oruzgan Province") where it established [Forward Operating Base](/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base "Forward Operating Base") Ripley. For four months, the MEU carried out an aggressive campaign against Taliban and anti\-coalition factions in the area where senior Army officials considered it the most successful campaign in the history of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom"). [thumb\|left\|Marine from the U.S. 22nd MEU participates in a long\-range deployment exercise from the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD 1\) into Djibouti, August 2002\.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_020801-M-0000X-001_U.S._Marine_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%28MEU%29_Special_Operations_Capable_%28SOC%29_participates_in_a_long-range_deployment_exercise_from_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Wasp_%28LHD_1%29.jpg "US Navy 020801-M-0000X-001 U.S. Marine from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Special Operations Capable (SOC) participates in a long-range deployment exercise from the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD 1).jpg") The 2005\-2006 deployment saw the members of the 22nd MEU in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq "Iraq"), battling insurgents from a forward operating base in and around the ancient city of [Hīt](/wiki/H%C4%ABt "Hīt") (pronounced "heet"). Battalion Landing Team, [1st Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines"), took the fight to the enemy, [MSSG\-22](/wiki/MSSG-22 "MSSG-22") worked to fix roads and other critical infrastructure in the area. Over the course of its time in Iraq, the MEU participated in 14 named operations and uncovered vast quantities of insurgent arms, ammunition and ordnance. While Battalion Landing Team, [1st Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines"), conducted combat operations against insurgents, MEU Service Support Group\-22, now [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 "Combat Logistics Battalion 22"), worked to provide a better environment and fix roads and other critical infrastructure for Iraqi citizens in the area. During this time, the MEU participated in 14 named operations and uncovered vast quantities of insurgent arms, ammunition and ordnance. The MEU's 2007 and 2008 deployment brought the unit to the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal "Bay of Bengal") where its members conducted humanitarian relief operations after Tropical [Cyclone Sidr](/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr "Cyclone Sidr") struck eastern [India](/wiki/India "India") and [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh"). The MEU also supported counter piracy operations off the east coast of Africa and stood ready to support contingency operations in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf"). Before departing the area, the 22nd MEU supported President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush")'s visit to [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel") and provided aviation lift for the President's support personnel. [thumb\|right\|Ospreys assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 263 (Reinforced) from the 22nd MEU, fly over the Egyptian coastline during Exercise Bright Star 2009](/wiki/File:US_Navy_091012-M-1645M-062_MV-22B_Ospreys_assigned_to_Marine_Medium_Tiltrotor_Squadron_%28VMM%29_263_%28Reinforced%29_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%2822nd_MEU%29%2C_fly_over_the_Egyptian_coastline_during_Exercise_Bright_Star_2009.jpg "US Navy 091012-M-1645M-062 MV-22B Ospreys assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 263 (Reinforced) from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), fly over the Egyptian coastline during Exercise Bright Star 2009.jpg") From 25 September – 11 October 2007, [AV\-8B Harrier II's](/wiki/AV-8B_Harrier_II "AV-8B Harrier II") from the MEU flew 70 combat missions over [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan "Afghanistan") providing [aerial reconnaissance](/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance "Aerial reconnaissance"), [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support "Close air support") and convoy escort in support of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom "Operation Enduring Freedom").{{cite web \|title\=Tarawa Relieves Kearsarge in on\-going HA/DR Efforts in Bangladesh \|publisher\=United States Marine Corps \|date\=31 October 2007 \|url\=http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\_Ops/Releases\_relief\_ops.htm \|access\-date\=30 November 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213021419/http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\_Ops/Releases\_relief\_ops.htm \|archive\-date\=13 December 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy }} Following the impact of [Cyclone Sidr](/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr "Cyclone Sidr") on 15 November 2007, the 22nd MEU, on board {{USS\|Kearsarge\|LHD\-3\|6}} moved off the coast of [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh "Bangladesh") in the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal "Bay of Bengal") and provided [humanitarian assistance](/wiki/Humanitarian_assistance "Humanitarian assistance") to those affected by the cyclone.{{cite web \|title\=22nd MEU (SOC) ramps up relief operations in Bangladesh \|publisher\=22nd MEU \|date\=23 November 2007 \|url\=http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\_Ops/Releases\_relief\_ops.htm \|access\-date\=30 November 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213021419/http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\_Ops/Releases\_relief\_ops.htm \|archive\-date\=13 December 2007 \|url\-status\=live \|df\=dmy }} The 22nd MEU deployed from May \- December 2009\. The MEU was composed of Marines from the [3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines "3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines") and from the [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 "Combat Logistics Battalion 22"), as well as [MV\-22 Osprey aircraft](/wiki/V-22_Osprey "V-22 Osprey") from [VMM\-263](/wiki/VMM-263 "VMM-263"). {{cite news \|access\-date \= 11 September 2008 \|url \= http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/09/ap\_22meu\_090908w/ \|title \= 22nd MEU to start training for deployment \|author \= The Associated Press \|date \= 11 September 2008 \|work \= Marine Corps Times \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080909201927/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/09/ap\_22meu\_090908w/ \|archive\-date \= 9 September 2008 \|url\-status \= dead \|df \= dmy\-all }} The MEU conducted numerous Theater Security Cooperation events in Europe and the Middle East during a deployment to the U.S. European Command and Central Command. In Europe, the Marines trained in [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") and [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece"). The 22nd MEU also made history in May 2009 when it was the first MEU to deploy with the [MV\-22 Osprey aircraft](/wiki/V-22_Osprey "V-22 Osprey") tilt\-rotor aircraft. During workups, the MEU experimented with different employment techniques to understand and utilize the full capability of the aircraft. The MEU conducted four separate Theater Security Cooperation events with Middle Eastern partners to build positive relationships between militaries and strengthened regional security. Near the end of the deployment, the MEU directly supported Operation Enduring Freedom by transferring the MV\-22B Osprey tilt\-rotor aircraft to forces on the ground, marking the first time the aircraft would support operations in Afghanistan. After nearly nine eventful months at sea in the U.S. 5th and 6th Fleet areas of responsibility, the 22nd MEU participated in Operation Inherent Resolve as a theater reserve and crisis response force. Marines and Sailors of the 22nd MEU with the Bataan Amphibious Ready Group (BATARG) wrapped up their deployment and returned home in October 2014\. The MEU Command Element began the unit's pre\-deployment training program in December 2015 and returned from another deployment cycle December 2016\. Together with BLT 1/6, VMM\-264 and CLB\-22, the MEU embarked aboard {{USS\|Wasp\|LHD\-1\|6}}, {{USS\|San Antonio\|LPD\-17\|6}} and {{USS\|Whidbey Island\|LSD\-41\|6}}, which make up the *Wasp* Amphibious Ready Group (ARG). On 1 August 2016, [AV\-8B Harrier II](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II "McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II") assigned to the 22nd MEU flying off USS *Wasp* in the Mediterranean to carryout airstrikes on [ISIS](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant") terrorists in Libya, amidst the [Libyan Civil War](/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 "Libyan Civil War (2014–present)"), specifically to support local forces [fighting ISIS in Sirte](/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_%282016%29 "Battle of Sirte (2016)") as part of a [broader campaign against ISIS in the country](/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL%23Intervention_in_Libya "Military intervention against ISIL#Intervention in Libya").{{cite web\|url\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/videos\-shows\-us\-airstrikes\-isis\-libya/story?id\=41140453\|title\=New Videos Show First US Airstrikes Against ISIS in Libya\|work\=ABC news\|date\=4 August 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.defensenews.com/story/breaking\-news/2016/08/01/libya\-airstrikes\-isis\-us/87914526/\|title\=US Conducts New Round of Airstrikes Against ISIS in Libya\|work\=Defence News\|date\=1 August 2016}}
[ "### Global War on Terror", "[thumb\\|Marines from BLT [1st Battalion 6th Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion_6th_Marines \"1st Battalion 6th Marines\") in [Oruzgan province](/wiki/Oruzgan_province \"Oruzgan province\"), [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") in May 2004](/wiki/File:MEU_SAMR_2.jpg \"MEU SAMR 2.jpg\")", "The MEU deployed during the turn of the millennium when it served as a \\[Y2K] contingency force, and also returned to the Balkans. The MEU later returned to Kosovo in 2001\\.", "During the MEU's 2002 deployment, the 22nd MEU took part in several anti\\-terrorist missions in the [Central Command](/wiki/United_States_Central_Command \"United States Central Command\") theater, including [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\"), [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\"), and also launched life\\-saving humanitarian efforts in [Djibouti](/wiki/Djibouti \"Djibouti\").", "In 2004, they again deployed to Afghanistan where the unit inserted deep in Afghanistan's remote [Oruzgan Province](/wiki/Oruzgan_Province \"Oruzgan Province\") where it established [Forward Operating Base](/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base \"Forward Operating Base\") Ripley. For four months, the MEU carried out an aggressive campaign against Taliban and anti\\-coalition factions in the area where senior Army officials considered it the most successful campaign in the history of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom \"Operation Enduring Freedom\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|Marine from the U.S. 22nd MEU participates in a long\\-range deployment exercise from the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD 1\\) into Djibouti, August 2002\\.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_020801-M-0000X-001_U.S._Marine_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%28MEU%29_Special_Operations_Capable_%28SOC%29_participates_in_a_long-range_deployment_exercise_from_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Wasp_%28LHD_1%29.jpg \"US Navy 020801-M-0000X-001 U.S. Marine from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Special Operations Capable (SOC) participates in a long-range deployment exercise from the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD 1).jpg\")", "The 2005\\-2006 deployment saw the members of the 22nd MEU in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\"), battling insurgents from a forward operating base in and around the ancient city of [Hīt](/wiki/H%C4%ABt \"Hīt\") (pronounced \"heet\"). Battalion Landing Team, [1st Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines \"1st Battalion, 2nd Marines\"), took the fight to the enemy, [MSSG\\-22](/wiki/MSSG-22 \"MSSG-22\") worked to fix roads and other critical infrastructure in the area. Over the course of its time in Iraq, the MEU participated in 14 named operations and uncovered vast quantities of insurgent arms, ammunition and ordnance.", "While Battalion Landing Team, [1st Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/1st_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines \"1st Battalion, 2nd Marines\"), conducted combat operations against insurgents, MEU Service Support Group\\-22, now [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 \"Combat Logistics Battalion 22\"), worked to provide a better environment and fix roads and other critical infrastructure for Iraqi citizens in the area. During this time, the MEU participated in 14 named operations and uncovered vast quantities of insurgent arms, ammunition and ordnance.", "The MEU's 2007 and 2008 deployment brought the unit to the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal \"Bay of Bengal\") where its members conducted humanitarian relief operations after Tropical [Cyclone Sidr](/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr \"Cyclone Sidr\") struck eastern [India](/wiki/India \"India\") and [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"). The MEU also supported counter piracy operations off the east coast of Africa and stood ready to support contingency operations in the [Persian Gulf](/wiki/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\"). Before departing the area, the 22nd MEU supported President [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\")'s visit to [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") and provided aviation lift for the President's support personnel.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Ospreys assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 263 (Reinforced) from the 22nd MEU, fly over the Egyptian coastline during Exercise Bright Star 2009](/wiki/File:US_Navy_091012-M-1645M-062_MV-22B_Ospreys_assigned_to_Marine_Medium_Tiltrotor_Squadron_%28VMM%29_263_%28Reinforced%29_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%2822nd_MEU%29%2C_fly_over_the_Egyptian_coastline_during_Exercise_Bright_Star_2009.jpg \"US Navy 091012-M-1645M-062 MV-22B Ospreys assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 263 (Reinforced) from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), fly over the Egyptian coastline during Exercise Bright Star 2009.jpg\")", "From 25 September – 11 October 2007, [AV\\-8B Harrier II's](/wiki/AV-8B_Harrier_II \"AV-8B Harrier II\") from the MEU flew 70 combat missions over [Afghanistan](/wiki/Afghanistan \"Afghanistan\") providing [aerial reconnaissance](/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance \"Aerial reconnaissance\"), [close air support](/wiki/Close_air_support \"Close air support\") and convoy escort in support of [Operation Enduring Freedom](/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom \"Operation Enduring Freedom\").{{cite web\n \\|title\\=Tarawa Relieves Kearsarge in on\\-going HA/DR Efforts in Bangladesh\n \\|publisher\\=United States Marine Corps\n \\|date\\=31 October 2007\n \\|url\\=http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\\_Ops/Releases\\_relief\\_ops.htm\n \\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2007\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213021419/http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\\_Ops/Releases\\_relief\\_ops.htm\n \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2007\n \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\n}} Following the impact of [Cyclone Sidr](/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr \"Cyclone Sidr\") on 15 November 2007, the 22nd MEU, on board {{USS\\|Kearsarge\\|LHD\\-3\\|6}} moved off the coast of [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\") in the [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal \"Bay of Bengal\") and provided [humanitarian assistance](/wiki/Humanitarian_assistance \"Humanitarian assistance\") to those affected by the cyclone.{{cite web\n \\|title\\=22nd MEU (SOC) ramps up relief operations in Bangladesh\n \\|publisher\\=22nd MEU\n \\|date\\=23 November 2007\n \\|url\\=http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\\_Ops/Releases\\_relief\\_ops.htm\n \\|access\\-date\\=30 November 2007\n \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213021419/http://www.usmc.mil/22ndmeu/HA\\_Ops/Releases\\_relief\\_ops.htm\n \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2007\n \\|url\\-status\\=live\n \\|df\\=dmy\n}}", "The 22nd MEU deployed from May \\- December 2009\\. The MEU was composed of Marines from the [3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marines \"3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines\") and from the [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 \"Combat Logistics Battalion 22\"), as well as [MV\\-22 Osprey aircraft](/wiki/V-22_Osprey \"V-22 Osprey\") from [VMM\\-263](/wiki/VMM-263 \"VMM-263\").\n{{cite news\n \\|access\\-date \\= 11 September 2008\n \\|url \\= http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/09/ap\\_22meu\\_090908w/\n \\|title \\= 22nd MEU to start training for deployment\n \\|author \\= The Associated Press\n \\|date \\= 11 September 2008\n \\|work \\= Marine Corps Times\n \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080909201927/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/09/ap\\_22meu\\_090908w/\n \\|archive\\-date \\= 9 September 2008\n \\|url\\-status \\= dead\n \\|df \\= dmy\\-all\n}} The MEU conducted numerous Theater Security Cooperation events in Europe and the Middle East during a deployment to the U.S. European Command and Central Command. In Europe, the Marines trained in [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria \"Bulgaria\") and [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\").", "The 22nd MEU also made history in May 2009 when it was the first MEU to deploy with the [MV\\-22 Osprey aircraft](/wiki/V-22_Osprey \"V-22 Osprey\") tilt\\-rotor aircraft. During workups, the MEU experimented with different employment techniques to understand and utilize the full capability of the aircraft.", "The MEU conducted four separate Theater Security Cooperation events with Middle Eastern partners to build positive relationships between militaries and strengthened regional security. Near the end of the deployment, the MEU directly supported Operation Enduring Freedom by transferring the MV\\-22B Osprey tilt\\-rotor aircraft to forces on the ground, marking the first time the aircraft would support operations in Afghanistan.", "After nearly nine eventful months at sea in the U.S. 5th and 6th Fleet areas of responsibility, the 22nd MEU participated in Operation Inherent Resolve as a theater reserve and crisis response force. Marines and Sailors of the 22nd MEU with the Bataan Amphibious Ready Group (BATARG) wrapped up their deployment and returned home in October 2014\\.", "The MEU Command Element began the unit's pre\\-deployment training program in December 2015 and returned from another deployment cycle December 2016\\. Together with BLT 1/6, VMM\\-264 and CLB\\-22, the MEU embarked aboard {{USS\\|Wasp\\|LHD\\-1\\|6}}, {{USS\\|San Antonio\\|LPD\\-17\\|6}} and {{USS\\|Whidbey Island\\|LSD\\-41\\|6}}, which make up the *Wasp* Amphibious Ready Group (ARG).", "On 1 August 2016, [AV\\-8B Harrier II](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II \"McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II\") assigned to the 22nd MEU flying off USS *Wasp* in the Mediterranean to carryout airstrikes on [ISIS](/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\") terrorists in Libya, amidst the [Libyan Civil War](/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_%282014%E2%80%93present%29 \"Libyan Civil War (2014–present)\"), specifically to support local forces [fighting ISIS in Sirte](/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_%282016%29 \"Battle of Sirte (2016)\") as part of a [broader campaign against ISIS in the country](/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL%23Intervention_in_Libya \"Military intervention against ISIL#Intervention in Libya\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://abcnews.go.com/International/videos\\-shows\\-us\\-airstrikes\\-isis\\-libya/story?id\\=41140453\\|title\\=New Videos Show First US Airstrikes Against ISIS in Libya\\|work\\=ABC news\\|date\\=4 August 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defensenews.com/story/breaking\\-news/2016/08/01/libya\\-airstrikes\\-isis\\-us/87914526/\\|title\\=US Conducts New Round of Airstrikes Against ISIS in Libya\\|work\\=Defence News\\|date\\=1 August 2016}}", "" ]
### 2010 Haiti Earthquake [thumb\|right\|200px\|Lance Cpl. Benjamin Rauschenberg, a linguist from the MEU, helps a Haitian woman fill out an immunization card at a clinic in Grand Goave, Haiti.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_100204-N-5268S-129_ance_Cpl._Benjamin_Rauschenberg%2C_a_linguist_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%2822nd_MEU%29%2C_helps_a_young_Haitian_woman_fill_out_her_immunization_card_at_a_clinic.jpg "US Navy 100204-N-5268S-129 ance Cpl. Benjamin Rauschenberg, a linguist from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), helps a young Haitian woman fill out her immunization card at a clinic.jpg") After the devastating, 12 January [2010 Haiti earthquake](/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake "2010 Haiti earthquake"), Marines with the 22nd MEU embarked on the *Bataan* [Amphibious ready group](/wiki/Amphibious_ready_group "Amphibious ready group") for [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti") in order to conduct a [humanitarian assistance and disaster relief](/wiki/Humanitarian_response_by_national_governments_to_the_2010_Haiti_earthquake "Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake") mission known as [Operation Unified Response](/wiki/Operation_Unified_Response "Operation Unified Response"). 22nd MEU departed Camp Lejuene on 15 January and began arriving on 18 January.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy\_bataan\_haiti\_011810/\|title\=Bataan ARG to begin arriving in Haiti today\|last\=Faram\|first\=Mark D.\|date\=19 January 2010\|work\=\[\[Navy Times]]\|access\-date\=20 January 2010}} The 22nd MEU was the first major Marine force to respond, managing the hardest hit area that spanned {{convert\|65\|km\|mi\|sp\=us}} west of Port\-au\-Prince. Initially, the MEU conducted immediate relief operations by distributing food, water and providing medical care. Units within the MEU consist of 1,600 Marines with the [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 "Combat Logistics Battalion 22"), [3rd Battalion 2nd Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion_2nd_Marines "3rd Battalion 2nd Marines"), [Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 461](/wiki/HMH-461 "HMH-461") and the MEU Command Element, while the ARG consisted of {{USS\|Bataan\|LHD\-5\|6}}, {{USS\|Carter Hall\|LSD\-50\|6}} and {{USS\|Fort McHenry\|LSD\-43\|6}}. [thumb\|left\|200px\|A Marine assigned to Battalion Landing Team, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine regiment hands humanitarian ration at an aid distribution site in Leogane, Haiti.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_100126-M-8605C-002_A_Marine_assigned_to_the_Battalion_Landing_Team%2C_3rd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marine_regiment%2C_distributes_humanitarian_rations_at_an_aid_station_near_a_landing_zone_in_Leogane%2C_Haiti.jpg "US Navy 100126-M-8605C-002 A Marine assigned to the Battalion Landing Team, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine regiment, distributes humanitarian rations at an aid station near a landing zone in Leogane, Haiti.jpg") 150 Marines aboard {{USS\|Gunston Hall\|LSD\-44\|6}} joined the MEU,{{cite news \|url\=http://www.jdnews.com/news/uss\-71828\-equipment\-leave.html \|title\=22nd MEU departs for Haiti \|last\=Pippin \|first\=Jannette \|date\=15 January 2010 \|newspaper\=\[\[Jacksonville Daily News]] \|location\=Jacksonville, North Carolina \|access\-date\=20 January 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150357/http://www.jdnews.com/news/uss\-71828\-equipment\-leave.html \|archive\-date\=27 September 2011 \|df\=dmy }} originally from the African Partnership Station Security Cooperation MAGTF, along with the [24th MEU](/wiki/24th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit "24th Marine Expeditionary Unit") on {{USS\|Nassau\|LHA\-4\|6}}, {{USS\|Mesa Verde\|LPD\-19\|6}}, and {{USS\|Ashland\|LSD\-48\|6}}.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine\_24th\_meu\_012010w/ \|title\=24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort \|last\=Talton \|first\=Trista \|date\=20 January 2010 \|newspaper\=\[\[Marine Corps Times]] \|access\-date\=21 January 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064448/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine\_24th\_meu\_012010w/ \|archive\-date\=18 January 2012 }} On 24 March, the MEU and ARG were released from their mission and sailed for home.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy\_bataan\_released\_032510w/\|title\=Bataan, 22nd MEU headed home from Haiti\|date\=25 March 2010 \|newspaper\=Marine Corps Times\|access\-date\=25 March 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124231711/http://marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy\_bataan\_released\_032510w/\|archive\-date\=24 November 2010\|url\-status\=dead\|df\=dmy\-all}} From February to March, the MEU transitioned to sustained relief operations and focused on turning over responsibilities to the Government of Haiti and major relief organizations ashore before departing at the end of March. While supporting relief operations, the Marines and Sailors of the 22nd MEU combined a network of sea\-based logistics and land\-based support with as many as 1,100 Marines and Sailors ashore to conduct immediate aid efforts. The Marines focused on a 60\-kilometer area west of Port\-au\-Prince, from Carrefour to Leogane, through Grand Goave to Petit Goave. In order to move and distribute supplies in these areas, Marines and Sailors partnered with the United Nations, United States Agency for International Development, non\-governmental organizations, and Canadian and Spanish military forces. [thumb\|right\|200px\|Landing ships move supplies onshore from the rescue fleet](/wiki/File:Haiti_relief_landing_jan22.jpg "Haiti relief landing jan22.jpg") Marines from the 22nd MEU assisted the World Food Program with the delivery of more than 3\.2 million pounds of bulk foods, such as rice, for earthquake survivors at distribution points in and around Carrefour. According to the WFP, each bag of rice delivered can feed a family of five for two weeks – more than 55,000 families. During their relief assistance to Haiti, the Marines and Sailors conducted and assisted more than 1500 humanitarian relief missions. The 22nd MEU independently delivered nearly 560,000 liters of bottled water and nearly 195,000 gallons of bulk water; more than 1\.6 million pounds of rations and approximately 15,000 pounds of medical supplies, while rotary wing aircraft from the 22nd MEU flew more than 610 flight hours and 618 missions in direct support of Operation Unified Response to aid those affected by the earthquake. Medical and dental personnel from the MEU worked alongside Navy Corpsmen to treat earthquake survivors and evacuated numerous Haitian citizens to USS Bataan for additional medical care.
[ "### 2010 Haiti Earthquake", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Lance Cpl. Benjamin Rauschenberg, a linguist from the MEU, helps a Haitian woman fill out an immunization card at a clinic in Grand Goave, Haiti.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_100204-N-5268S-129_ance_Cpl._Benjamin_Rauschenberg%2C_a_linguist_from_the_22nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit_%2822nd_MEU%29%2C_helps_a_young_Haitian_woman_fill_out_her_immunization_card_at_a_clinic.jpg \"US Navy 100204-N-5268S-129 ance Cpl. Benjamin Rauschenberg, a linguist from the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), helps a young Haitian woman fill out her immunization card at a clinic.jpg\")", "After the devastating, 12 January [2010 Haiti earthquake](/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake \"2010 Haiti earthquake\"), Marines with the 22nd MEU embarked on the *Bataan* [Amphibious ready group](/wiki/Amphibious_ready_group \"Amphibious ready group\") for [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti \"Haiti\") in order to conduct a [humanitarian assistance and disaster relief](/wiki/Humanitarian_response_by_national_governments_to_the_2010_Haiti_earthquake \"Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake\") mission known as [Operation Unified Response](/wiki/Operation_Unified_Response \"Operation Unified Response\"). 22nd MEU departed Camp Lejuene on 15 January and began arriving on 18 January.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy\\_bataan\\_haiti\\_011810/\\|title\\=Bataan ARG to begin arriving in Haiti today\\|last\\=Faram\\|first\\=Mark D.\\|date\\=19 January 2010\\|work\\=\\[\\[Navy Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2010}}", "The 22nd MEU was the first major Marine force to respond, managing the hardest hit area that spanned {{convert\\|65\\|km\\|mi\\|sp\\=us}} west of Port\\-au\\-Prince. Initially, the MEU conducted immediate relief operations by distributing food, water and providing medical care.", "Units within the MEU consist of 1,600 Marines with the [Combat Logistics Battalion 22](/wiki/Combat_Logistics_Battalion_22 \"Combat Logistics Battalion 22\"), [3rd Battalion 2nd Marines](/wiki/3rd_Battalion_2nd_Marines \"3rd Battalion 2nd Marines\"), [Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 461](/wiki/HMH-461 \"HMH-461\") and the MEU Command Element, while the ARG consisted of {{USS\\|Bataan\\|LHD\\-5\\|6}}, {{USS\\|Carter Hall\\|LSD\\-50\\|6}} and {{USS\\|Fort McHenry\\|LSD\\-43\\|6}}.", "[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|A Marine assigned to Battalion Landing Team, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine regiment hands humanitarian ration at an aid distribution site in Leogane, Haiti.](/wiki/File:US_Navy_100126-M-8605C-002_A_Marine_assigned_to_the_Battalion_Landing_Team%2C_3rd_Battalion%2C_2nd_Marine_regiment%2C_distributes_humanitarian_rations_at_an_aid_station_near_a_landing_zone_in_Leogane%2C_Haiti.jpg \"US Navy 100126-M-8605C-002 A Marine assigned to the Battalion Landing Team, 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine regiment, distributes humanitarian rations at an aid station near a landing zone in Leogane, Haiti.jpg\")", "150 Marines aboard {{USS\\|Gunston Hall\\|LSD\\-44\\|6}} joined the MEU,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.jdnews.com/news/uss\\-71828\\-equipment\\-leave.html \\|title\\=22nd MEU departs for Haiti \\|last\\=Pippin \\|first\\=Jannette \\|date\\=15 January 2010 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Jacksonville Daily News]] \\|location\\=Jacksonville, North Carolina \\|access\\-date\\=20 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150357/http://www.jdnews.com/news/uss\\-71828\\-equipment\\-leave.html \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2011 \\|df\\=dmy }} originally from the African Partnership Station Security Cooperation MAGTF, along with the [24th MEU](/wiki/24th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit \"24th Marine Expeditionary Unit\") on {{USS\\|Nassau\\|LHA\\-4\\|6}}, {{USS\\|Mesa Verde\\|LPD\\-19\\|6}}, and {{USS\\|Ashland\\|LSD\\-48\\|6}}.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine\\_24th\\_meu\\_012010w/ \\|title\\=24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort \\|last\\=Talton \\|first\\=Trista \\|date\\=20 January 2010 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Marine Corps Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=21 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064448/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine\\_24th\\_meu\\_012010w/ \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2012 }} On 24 March, the MEU and ARG were released from their mission and sailed for home.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy\\_bataan\\_released\\_032510w/\\|title\\=Bataan, 22nd MEU headed home from Haiti\\|date\\=25 March 2010 \\|newspaper\\=Marine Corps Times\\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124231711/http://marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/03/navy\\_bataan\\_released\\_032510w/\\|archive\\-date\\=24 November 2010\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}}", "From February to March, the MEU transitioned to sustained relief operations and focused on turning over responsibilities to the Government of Haiti and major relief organizations ashore before departing at the end of March.", "While supporting relief operations, the Marines and Sailors of the 22nd MEU combined a network of sea\\-based logistics and land\\-based support with as many as 1,100 Marines and Sailors ashore to conduct immediate aid efforts. The Marines focused on a 60\\-kilometer area west of Port\\-au\\-Prince, from Carrefour to Leogane, through Grand Goave to Petit Goave. In order to move and distribute supplies in these areas, Marines and Sailors partnered with the United Nations, United States Agency for International Development, non\\-governmental organizations, and Canadian and Spanish military forces.", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|Landing ships move supplies onshore from the rescue fleet](/wiki/File:Haiti_relief_landing_jan22.jpg \"Haiti relief landing jan22.jpg\")", "Marines from the 22nd MEU assisted the World Food Program with the delivery of more than 3\\.2 million pounds of bulk foods, such as rice, for earthquake survivors at distribution points in and around Carrefour. According to the WFP, each bag of rice delivered can feed a family of five for two weeks – more than 55,000 families. During their relief assistance to Haiti, the Marines and Sailors conducted and assisted more than 1500 humanitarian relief missions.", "The 22nd MEU independently delivered nearly 560,000 liters of bottled water and nearly 195,000 gallons of bulk water; more than 1\\.6 million pounds of rations and approximately 15,000 pounds of medical supplies, while rotary wing aircraft from the 22nd MEU flew more than 610 flight hours and 618 missions in direct support of Operation Unified Response to aid those affected by the earthquake.", "Medical and dental personnel from the MEU worked alongside Navy Corpsmen to treat earthquake survivors and evacuated numerous Haitian citizens to USS Bataan for additional medical care.", "" ]
Corps Commander Peshawar ------------------------ Masood took over as Commander in 2007, replacing [LTG](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28Pakistan%29 "Lieutenant general (Pakistan)") Muhammad Hamid Khan. During his tenure, the [Pakistan Army](/wiki/Pakistan_Army "Pakistan Army") launched the [military operation](/wiki/Siege_of_Lal_Masjid "Siege of Lal Masjid") against the vigilantes of [Lal Masjid](/wiki/Lal_Masjid%2C_Islamabad "Lal Masjid, Islamabad") in [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad "Islamabad"), that followed a rise in terrorist attacks across the country, mostly from Waziristan and the surrounding [FATA](/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas "Federally Administered Tribal Areas") regions. Under Masood's leadership, the Corps defeated militants in the Malakand Division and inflicted heavy losses on TTP fighters in the Bajaur, Mohmand, and Khyber tribal agencies and Frontier Regions. He led the [First Battle of Swat](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Swat "First Battle of Swat") and the [Battle of Bajaur](/wiki/Battle_of_Bajaur "Battle of Bajaur") against the [TTP](/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban "Tehrik-i-Taliban"), [Operation Zalzala](/wiki/Operation_Zalzala "Operation Zalzala") in South Waziristan, [Operation Black Thunderstorm](/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunderstorm "Operation Black Thunderstorm") in Buner, Lower Dir, Swat, and Shangla districts, [Operation Rah\-e\-Rast](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Swat "Second Battle of Swat") in Swat, Mohmand Offensive in [Mohmand District](/wiki/Mohmand_District "Mohmand District"), and [Operation Rah\-e\-Nijat](/wiki/Operation_Rah-e-Nijat "Operation Rah-e-Nijat") in South Waziristan against [TTP](/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban "Tehrik-i-Taliban") and its allies.{{cite web \|last1\=Aijaz \|first1\=Faisal \|title\=Military Perspective: Interview with Lieutenant General Masood Aslam (Retired) \|url\=https://www.commandeleven.com/briefing\-papers\-2/military\-perspective\-interview\-with\-lieutenant\-General\-masood\-aslam\-retired/ \|website\=Command Eleven \|date\=20 May 2017 \|access\-date\=20 May 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822003341/https://www.commandeleven.com/briefing\-papers\-2/military\-perspective\-interview\-with\-lieutenant\-General\-masood\-aslam\-retired/ \|archive\-date\=22 August 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} ### Extension He was scheduled to retire in October 2009 but was the first of three [generals](/wiki/Lieutenant_General_%28Pakistan%29 "Lieutenant General (Pakistan)") given an extension in tenure by [Chief of Army Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_%28Pakistan%29 "Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)") [Ashfaq Parvez Kayani](/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani "Ashfaq Parvez Kayani").{{cite news \|title\=ISI chief, four commanders retiring this year\|url\=https://www.dawn.com/news/858572\|work\=www.dawn.com\|date\=10 February 2010\|language\=en\|quote\=A senior security official told Dawn that the army chief did not need to send a summary for extension in the tenure of a three\-star general. He cited the example of Lt\-Gen Masood Aslam, Corps Commander for Peshawar, who was to retire last year but was given an extension by the army chief.}}{{cite news \|title\=Two Maj\-Gen to be promoted\|url\=https://www.dawn.com/news/525528/two\-maj\-gen\-to\-be\-promoted\|work\=www.dawn.com\|date\=16 March 2010\|language\=en\|quote\=Gen Masood was the first of three star generals to have been given extension by the Chief of the Army Staff.}} ### Other honors He became the President of the Frontier Golf Association in October 2008\.{{cite web \|last1\=Digital \|first1\=Samaa \|title\=FGA elects Lt. Gen. Muhammad Masood Aslam as President \|url\=https://www.samaa.tv/sports/2008/10/fga\-elects\-lt\-gen\-muhammad\-masood\-aslam\-as\-president/ \|website\=SAMAA \|access\-date\=24 October 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823030108/https://www.samaa.tv/sports/2008/10/fga\-elects\-lt\-gen\-muhammad\-masood\-aslam\-as\-president/ \|archive\-date\=23 August 2019 \|url\-status\=live }} Masood was awarded [Imtiazi Sanad](/wiki/Imtiazi_Sanad "Imtiazi Sanad"){{Cite web \|title\=Lt\-Gen M. Masood Aslam \|url\=https://cch.edu.pk/teams/lt\-gen\-muhammad\-masood\-aslam/ \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-24 \|website\=CCH \|language\=en\-US}} for gallantry in the [1971 War](/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971 "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971") against India in the Chamb Sector and a [Golden Wound Stripe](/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces%23Wound_stripes "Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Wound stripes") when he was critically wounded while leading an attack as a platoon commander across Tawi River near Pallanwala. In 1999, as a Brigade Commander in the [Kargil Crisis](/wiki/Kargil_War "Kargil War"), he was awarded [Sitara\-e\-Jurat (SJ)](/wiki/Sitara-e-Jurat "Sitara-e-Jurat") for exceptional leadership and Gallantry. In 2005, He was awarded [Hilal\-e\-Imtiaz (Military)](/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz "Hilal-i-Imtiaz") for his meritorious services. And in 2010, [Lt Gen](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28Pakistan%29 "Lieutenant general (Pakistan)") Masood was awarded [Hilal\-e\-Imtiaz (Civilian)](/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz "Hilal-i-Imtiaz") for his contribution towards bringing peace in [Swat Region](/wiki/Swat_District "Swat District").
[ "Corps Commander Peshawar\n------------------------", "Masood took over as Commander in 2007, replacing [LTG](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28Pakistan%29 \"Lieutenant general (Pakistan)\") Muhammad Hamid Khan. During his tenure, the [Pakistan Army](/wiki/Pakistan_Army \"Pakistan Army\") launched the [military operation](/wiki/Siege_of_Lal_Masjid \"Siege of Lal Masjid\") against the vigilantes of [Lal Masjid](/wiki/Lal_Masjid%2C_Islamabad \"Lal Masjid, Islamabad\") in [Islamabad](/wiki/Islamabad \"Islamabad\"), that followed a rise in terrorist attacks across the country, mostly from Waziristan and the surrounding [FATA](/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas \"Federally Administered Tribal Areas\") regions. Under Masood's leadership, the Corps defeated militants in the Malakand Division and inflicted heavy losses on TTP fighters in the Bajaur, Mohmand, and Khyber tribal agencies and Frontier Regions.", "He led the [First Battle of Swat](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Swat \"First Battle of Swat\") and the [Battle of Bajaur](/wiki/Battle_of_Bajaur \"Battle of Bajaur\") against the [TTP](/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban \"Tehrik-i-Taliban\"), [Operation Zalzala](/wiki/Operation_Zalzala \"Operation Zalzala\") in South Waziristan, [Operation Black Thunderstorm](/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunderstorm \"Operation Black Thunderstorm\") in Buner, Lower Dir, Swat, and Shangla districts, [Operation Rah\\-e\\-Rast](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Swat \"Second Battle of Swat\") in Swat, Mohmand Offensive in [Mohmand District](/wiki/Mohmand_District \"Mohmand District\"), and [Operation Rah\\-e\\-Nijat](/wiki/Operation_Rah-e-Nijat \"Operation Rah-e-Nijat\") in South Waziristan against [TTP](/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban \"Tehrik-i-Taliban\") and its allies.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Aijaz \\|first1\\=Faisal \\|title\\=Military Perspective: Interview with Lieutenant General Masood Aslam (Retired) \\|url\\=https://www.commandeleven.com/briefing\\-papers\\-2/military\\-perspective\\-interview\\-with\\-lieutenant\\-General\\-masood\\-aslam\\-retired/ \\|website\\=Command Eleven \\|date\\=20 May 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=20 May 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822003341/https://www.commandeleven.com/briefing\\-papers\\-2/military\\-perspective\\-interview\\-with\\-lieutenant\\-General\\-masood\\-aslam\\-retired/ \\|archive\\-date\\=22 August 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Extension", "He was scheduled to retire in October 2009 but was the first of three [generals](/wiki/Lieutenant_General_%28Pakistan%29 \"Lieutenant General (Pakistan)\") given an extension in tenure by [Chief of Army Staff](/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_%28Pakistan%29 \"Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)\") [Ashfaq Parvez Kayani](/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani \"Ashfaq Parvez Kayani\").{{cite news \\|title\\=ISI chief, four commanders retiring this year\\|url\\=https://www.dawn.com/news/858572\\|work\\=www.dawn.com\\|date\\=10 February 2010\\|language\\=en\\|quote\\=A senior security official told Dawn that the army chief did not need to send a summary for extension in the tenure of a three\\-star general. He cited the example of Lt\\-Gen Masood Aslam, Corps Commander for Peshawar, who was to retire last year but was given an extension by the army chief.}}{{cite news \\|title\\=Two Maj\\-Gen to be promoted\\|url\\=https://www.dawn.com/news/525528/two\\-maj\\-gen\\-to\\-be\\-promoted\\|work\\=www.dawn.com\\|date\\=16 March 2010\\|language\\=en\\|quote\\=Gen Masood was the first of three star generals to have been given extension by the Chief of the Army Staff.}}", "### Other honors", "He became the President of the Frontier Golf Association in October 2008\\.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Digital \\|first1\\=Samaa \\|title\\=FGA elects Lt. Gen. Muhammad Masood Aslam as President \\|url\\=https://www.samaa.tv/sports/2008/10/fga\\-elects\\-lt\\-gen\\-muhammad\\-masood\\-aslam\\-as\\-president/ \\|website\\=SAMAA \\|access\\-date\\=24 October 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823030108/https://www.samaa.tv/sports/2008/10/fga\\-elects\\-lt\\-gen\\-muhammad\\-masood\\-aslam\\-as\\-president/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 August 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Masood was awarded [Imtiazi Sanad](/wiki/Imtiazi_Sanad \"Imtiazi Sanad\"){{Cite web \\|title\\=Lt\\-Gen M. Masood Aslam \\|url\\=https://cch.edu.pk/teams/lt\\-gen\\-muhammad\\-masood\\-aslam/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-24 \\|website\\=CCH \\|language\\=en\\-US}} for gallantry in the [1971 War](/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971 \"Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\") against India in the Chamb Sector and a [Golden Wound Stripe](/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces%23Wound_stripes \"Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Wound stripes\") when he was critically wounded while leading an attack as a platoon commander across Tawi River near Pallanwala.", "In 1999, as a Brigade Commander in the [Kargil Crisis](/wiki/Kargil_War \"Kargil War\"), he was awarded [Sitara\\-e\\-Jurat (SJ)](/wiki/Sitara-e-Jurat \"Sitara-e-Jurat\") for exceptional leadership and Gallantry.", "In 2005, He was awarded [Hilal\\-e\\-Imtiaz (Military)](/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz \"Hilal-i-Imtiaz\") for his meritorious services.", "And in 2010, [Lt Gen](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28Pakistan%29 \"Lieutenant general (Pakistan)\") Masood was awarded [Hilal\\-e\\-Imtiaz (Civilian)](/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz \"Hilal-i-Imtiaz\") for his contribution towards bringing peace in [Swat Region](/wiki/Swat_District \"Swat District\").", "" ]
Geography --------- St. Laurent is the second\-largest [suburb](/wiki/Suburb "Suburb") of the city of [Nice](/wiki/Nice "Nice"), after [Cagnes\-sur\-Mer](/wiki/Cagnes-sur-Mer "Cagnes-sur-Mer"), in the [urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur](/wiki/Urban_community_of_Nice_C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur "Urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur"). It lies adjacent to it on the west side on the other side of the river [Var](/wiki/Var_River "Var River"). Nowadays, the town has developed much and its population has been multiplied by ten in the last century and it is now part of [Nice metropolitan area](/wiki/Nice_metropolitan_area "Nice metropolitan area"). The suburb's positioning, close to Nice and with an abundance of flatlands – which is a rare resource in this region – led to the building of CAP 3000, the [Côte d'Azur](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur "Côte d'Azur")'s biggest mall, and an industrial zone with many dynamic activities. The beaches include a yacht club where you can learn how to sail. There are also many water activities including sail boarding and kiting. There is a natural bird and fish conservation area opposite the Holiday Inn. Along the promenade Flots Bleus and extending to the Port of Saint Laurent there are numerous restaurants and bars which attract many locals and tourists.
[ "Geography\n---------", "St. Laurent is the second\\-largest [suburb](/wiki/Suburb \"Suburb\") of the city of [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\"), after [Cagnes\\-sur\\-Mer](/wiki/Cagnes-sur-Mer \"Cagnes-sur-Mer\"), in the [urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur](/wiki/Urban_community_of_Nice_C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur \"Urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur\"). It lies adjacent to it on the west side on the other side of the river [Var](/wiki/Var_River \"Var River\").", "Nowadays, the town has developed much and its population has been multiplied by ten in the last century and it is now part of [Nice metropolitan area](/wiki/Nice_metropolitan_area \"Nice metropolitan area\").", "The suburb's positioning, close to Nice and with an abundance of flatlands – which is a rare resource in this region – led to the building of CAP 3000, the [Côte d'Azur](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur \"Côte d'Azur\")'s biggest mall, and an industrial zone with many dynamic activities.", "The beaches include a yacht club where you can learn how to sail. There are also many water activities including sail boarding and kiting. There is a natural bird and fish conservation area opposite the Holiday Inn.", "Along the promenade Flots Bleus and extending to the Port of Saint Laurent there are numerous restaurants and bars which attract many locals and tourists.", "" ]
Career ------ Walker, who was totally [blind](/wiki/Blindness "Blindness") since birth, said that while growing up "radio was my comic books, movies, everything".{{cite news\|last\=Hendrix\|first\=Steve\|title\=Ode to Joy Boy, a Washington Radio Institution\|date\=July 29, 2009\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2009/07/28/AR2009072802846\.html \|access\-date\=2009\-07\-29}} After graduating from [Maryland School for the Blind](/wiki/Maryland_School_for_the_Blind "Maryland School for the Blind"), he was the first blind student at [American University](/wiki/American_University "American University") in Washington where, in 1950, he helped launch the campus radio station, WAMU\-AM — the predecessor of WAMU\-FM. [Willard Scott](/wiki/Willard_Scott "Willard Scott") joined the radio station the following year, forming a professional and personal bond with Walker that continued for his entire life. Scott said in his book, *The Joy of Living*, that they are "closer than most brothers".Willard Scott, *The Joy of Living*. New York: Coward, McCann \& Geoghegan, 1982 ({{ISBN\|0\-6981\-1130\-3}}). And they were brothers – fraternity brothers – at American University's [Alpha Sigma Phi](/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Phi "Alpha Sigma Phi") chapter. From 1955 to 1974, Walker teamed with Scott as co\-hosts of the nightly *[Joy Boys](/wiki/Joy_Boys "Joy Boys")* program, an [improvised comedy](/wiki/Improvisational_theatre "Improvisational theatre") radio show in Washington. On *Joy Boys*, Scott sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up the situation, which Walker would commit to memory or note on his Braille typewriter. The program began on [WRC\-AM](/wiki/WTEM "WTEM"), an [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") owned\-and\-operated station, moving in 1972 to [WWDC](/wiki/WQOF "WQOF"). In a 1999 article recalling the *Joy Boys* at the height of their popularity in the mid\-1960s, *The Washington Post* said they "dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change". {{cite news\|author\=Marc Fisher\|title\=Washington Comes of Age\|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]]\|date\=1999\-09\-13\|url\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/44644300\.html?dids\=44644300:44644300\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524141532/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/44644300\.html?dids\=44644300:44644300\&FMT\=ABS\&FMTS\=ABS:FT \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=May 24, 2011 \|access\-date\=2015\-12\-15 }} After the *Joy Boys* left the air in October 1974, Walker worked on other Washington\-area radio and television stations, including [WJLA\-TV](/wiki/WJLA-TV "WJLA-TV") from 1975 until 1980, News Channel 8 in the early 1990s[Ed Walker: Host, The Big Broadcast](http://wamu.org/programs/the_big_broadcast/08/01/01/ed_walker_host_of_the_big_broadcast), WAMU\-FM and WRC, hosting radio programs. He was married to Nancy, who is sighted, since 1957; they had two daughters and five grandchildren. American University has released some of the *Joy Boys* radio broadcasts of the 1960s on [CDs](/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc"). In 1990, Walker co\-hosted WAMU's *The Big Broadcast* alongside his friend and colleague, the originator of the show, John R. Hickman. In January of 1991, Hickman left WAMU to care for his ailing health,{{cite web \| url\=https://www.archives.gov/press/press\-releases/2012/nr12\-106\.html \| title\=Go Behind the Scenes of \-The Big Broadcast\- at the National Archives on May 10 \| date\=15 August 2016 }} and Walker took over hosting duties. Walker continued as host until 2015\. Although he rarely made appearances at conventions, Walker was a featured star at the 2007 [Mid\-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention](/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Nostalgia_Convention "Mid-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention") in [Aberdeen, Maryland](/wiki/Aberdeen%2C_Maryland "Aberdeen, Maryland"). In 2009, Ed Walker was elected to the [National Radio Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame "National Radio Hall of Fame") in the category "Local or Regional – Pioneer." In late 2015, Walker was diagnosed with cancer and retired from *The Big Broadcast* to focus on his health and spend more time with his family. His last show aired from 7:00 to 11:00 PM on October 25, 2015\. It was recorded the week before from his room at [Sibley Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Sibley_Memorial_Hospital "Sibley Memorial Hospital") where he had been receiving treatment. He died just three hours after that last broadcast concluded.{{cite web \|url\=https://wamu.org/ed\_walker \|title\=Radio Legend, 'The Big Broadcast' Host Ed Walker Dies At Age 83 \|date\=October 26, 2015 \|website\=wamu.org \|access\-date\=October 26, 2015}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/ed\-walker\-spent\-65\-years\-on\-the\-radio\-his\-last\-program\-was\-unlike\-any\-other/2015/10/22/13f37a3e\-783b\-11e5\-b9c1\-f03c48c96ac2\_story.html \|title\=Ed Walker spent 65 years on the radio. His last program was unlike any other. \|author\=Farhi, Paul \|date\=October 22, 2015 \|newspaper\=The Washington Post}}{{cite news \|first\=Karne\|last\=Turner\|title\=Ahead Of Ed Walker's Final Show, An Inside Look At Making 'The Big Broadcast'\|url\=https://wamu.org/programs/metro\_connection/15/10/23/an\_inside\_look\_at\_making\_the\_final\_big\_broadcast\_with\_ed\_walker\|newspaper\=\[\[WAMU]] \|date\=October 23, 2015\|access\-date\=October 23, 2015}}
[ "Career\n------", "Walker, who was totally [blind](/wiki/Blindness \"Blindness\") since birth, said that while growing up \"radio was my comic books, movies, everything\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Hendrix\\|first\\=Steve\\|title\\=Ode to Joy Boy, a Washington Radio Institution\\|date\\=July 29, 2009\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2009/07/28/AR2009072802846\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-29}} After graduating from [Maryland School for the Blind](/wiki/Maryland_School_for_the_Blind \"Maryland School for the Blind\"), he was the first blind student at [American University](/wiki/American_University \"American University\") in Washington where, in 1950, he helped launch the campus radio station, WAMU\\-AM — the predecessor of WAMU\\-FM. [Willard Scott](/wiki/Willard_Scott \"Willard Scott\") joined the radio station the following year, forming a professional and personal bond with Walker that continued for his entire life. Scott said in his book, *The Joy of Living*, that they are \"closer than most brothers\".Willard Scott, *The Joy of Living*. New York: Coward, McCann \\& Geoghegan, 1982 ({{ISBN\\|0\\-6981\\-1130\\-3}}). And they were brothers – fraternity brothers – at American University's [Alpha Sigma Phi](/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Phi \"Alpha Sigma Phi\") chapter.", "From 1955 to 1974, Walker teamed with Scott as co\\-hosts of the nightly *[Joy Boys](/wiki/Joy_Boys \"Joy Boys\")* program, an [improvised comedy](/wiki/Improvisational_theatre \"Improvisational theatre\") radio show in Washington. On *Joy Boys*, Scott sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up the situation, which Walker would commit to memory or note on his Braille typewriter. The program began on [WRC\\-AM](/wiki/WTEM \"WTEM\"), an [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") owned\\-and\\-operated station, moving in 1972 to [WWDC](/wiki/WQOF \"WQOF\"). In a 1999 article recalling the *Joy Boys* at the height of their popularity in the mid\\-1960s, *The Washington Post* said they \"dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change\".\n{{cite news\\|author\\=Marc Fisher\\|title\\=Washington Comes of Age\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]]\\|date\\=1999\\-09\\-13\\|url\\=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/44644300\\.html?dids\\=44644300:44644300\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524141532/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/44644300\\.html?dids\\=44644300:44644300\\&FMT\\=ABS\\&FMTS\\=ABS:FT \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=May 24, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-15 }}", "After the *Joy Boys* left the air in October 1974, Walker worked on other Washington\\-area radio and television stations, including [WJLA\\-TV](/wiki/WJLA-TV \"WJLA-TV\") from 1975 until 1980, News Channel 8 in the early 1990s[Ed Walker: Host, The Big Broadcast](http://wamu.org/programs/the_big_broadcast/08/01/01/ed_walker_host_of_the_big_broadcast), WAMU\\-FM and WRC, hosting radio programs. He was married to Nancy, who is sighted, since 1957; they had two daughters and five grandchildren.", "American University has released some of the *Joy Boys* radio broadcasts of the 1960s on [CDs](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\").", "In 1990, Walker co\\-hosted WAMU's *The Big Broadcast* alongside his friend and colleague, the originator of the show, John R. Hickman. In January of 1991, Hickman left WAMU to care for his ailing health,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.archives.gov/press/press\\-releases/2012/nr12\\-106\\.html \\| title\\=Go Behind the Scenes of \\-The Big Broadcast\\- at the National Archives on May 10 \\| date\\=15 August 2016 }} and Walker took over hosting duties. Walker continued as host until 2015\\.", "Although he rarely made appearances at conventions, Walker was a featured star at the 2007 [Mid\\-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention](/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Nostalgia_Convention \"Mid-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention\") in [Aberdeen, Maryland](/wiki/Aberdeen%2C_Maryland \"Aberdeen, Maryland\").", "In 2009, Ed Walker was elected to the [National Radio Hall of Fame](/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame \"National Radio Hall of Fame\") in the category \"Local or Regional – Pioneer.\"", "In late 2015, Walker was diagnosed with cancer and retired from *The Big Broadcast* to focus on his health and spend more time with his family. His last show aired from 7:00 to 11:00 PM on October 25, 2015\\. It was recorded the week before from his room at [Sibley Memorial Hospital](/wiki/Sibley_Memorial_Hospital \"Sibley Memorial Hospital\") where he had been receiving treatment. He died just three hours after that last broadcast concluded.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://wamu.org/ed\\_walker \\|title\\=Radio Legend, 'The Big Broadcast' Host Ed Walker Dies At Age 83 \\|date\\=October 26, 2015 \\|website\\=wamu.org \\|access\\-date\\=October 26, 2015}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/ed\\-walker\\-spent\\-65\\-years\\-on\\-the\\-radio\\-his\\-last\\-program\\-was\\-unlike\\-any\\-other/2015/10/22/13f37a3e\\-783b\\-11e5\\-b9c1\\-f03c48c96ac2\\_story.html \\|title\\=Ed Walker spent 65 years on the radio. His last program was unlike any other. \\|author\\=Farhi, Paul \\|date\\=October 22, 2015 \\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Karne\\|last\\=Turner\\|title\\=Ahead Of Ed Walker's Final Show, An Inside Look At Making 'The Big Broadcast'\\|url\\=https://wamu.org/programs/metro\\_connection/15/10/23/an\\_inside\\_look\\_at\\_making\\_the\\_final\\_big\\_broadcast\\_with\\_ed\\_walker\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[WAMU]] \\|date\\=October 23, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=October 23, 2015}}", "" ]
Plot summary ------------ In the year 2100, 15\-year\-old Mara lives on the island of Wing, with fellow villagers. The melting ice cap has caused the shoreline to rise and they are now almost out of land. Through her cyberwizz, a laptop\-like gadget, she navigates through information to find where they can go. She meets a mysterious creature called Fox, who demands to know where she is. Mara is excited because beyond him she can see a new world, but she loses connection before she can learn more. Mara tells the villagers about New Mungo, a place where they can go which is a new land raised high above sea level. They eventually leave in fishing boats, but are forced to leave behind the elder generation who couldn't part from their home. Once they reach New Mungo, they realise it is actually not a welcoming place; a huge outer wall surrounds the whole sky\-city. They then are forced to join a refugee boat camp and some of them die there, including Mara's best friend Gail. The Sky Police, from New Mungo, occasionally take the strong up to the city in a procedure called Pickings, but Mara has a bad feeling about this. Mara learns all her family drowned in the perilous journey to New Mungo, and attempts to commit suicide. When she realises her will to live is too strong, Mara manages, with the help of an urchin she names Wing (after her drowned island), to enter the city gates. There she meets the people of the Netherworld (a strange twilight place in the shadow of the sky city, with the roofs of the drowned city of Glasgow jutting above the sea), who are known as the treenesters. They immediately recognise her as their messiah, the Face in the Stone, from an old prophecy called the Stone Telling. She lives with them for some time, exploring and helping them to survive. One day, while she is with her friend Gorbals (a tree\-nester) in the forbidden university, Gorbals and Wing are taken by the Sky Police, along with many sea urchins (a wild breed of children without language, but hairy bodies and webbed hands) and the sea urchins are slaughtered by the Sky Police. Determined to save her friends, she takes the uniform of a police woman that the police accidentally killed in the massacre and sneaks up to the city. She is overwhelmed by its superficial beauty and shallow entertainments. At first, she needed some help with searching. Doll, a computer worker, helps her with the computers. While searching through the Noos, a virtual, evolved version of the World Wide Web, she meets Fox. She discovers it is David, the quiet, hard\-working grandson of Caledon, creator of the Sky City and the one who allowed many people to drown if they couldn't pass an intelligence test to allow them entrance to the new world. Together, they organise an escape plan that involves David crashing the Noos with a 20th\-century virus, allowing Mara to free the slaves and then leave the city unnoticed. The only catch is that David would not be able to leave with Mara, with whom he has fallen in love, because he must stay to begin a rebellion against the unfair New World. While executing her plan, Mara fatally stabs Tony Rex, a man she believes is a spy, with an ancient bone dagger, and then rescues Gorbals, Wing and all the people chosen in the Pickings, who have become slaves. They slide down air vents into the Netherworld and board a supply ship. They break free of the city walls, also saving the people in the refugee boat camp and the Netherworld. The boats are programmed to Greenland, a place that is thought to have risen high above the water like a cork. Fox also slides down the air vents, to begin his rebellion outside the reach of his grandfather. The book finishes with Mara wondering how far people will go to save themselves, and if Caledon was right to save a special few. The book ends with the hope that the refugees will reach safety in Greenland. A screenplay for this book is currently under way. The movie adaptation of *Exodus* is not yet scheduled for release.
[ "Plot summary\n------------", "In the year 2100, 15\\-year\\-old Mara lives on the island of Wing, with fellow villagers. The melting ice cap has caused the shoreline to rise and they are now almost out of land. Through her cyberwizz, a laptop\\-like gadget, she navigates through information to find where they can go. She meets a mysterious creature called Fox, who demands to know where she is. Mara is excited because beyond him she can see a new world, but she loses connection before she can learn more. Mara tells the villagers about New Mungo, a place where they can go which is a new land raised high above sea level. They eventually leave in fishing boats, but are forced to leave behind the elder generation who couldn't part from their home.", "Once they reach New Mungo, they realise it is actually not a welcoming place; a huge outer wall surrounds the whole sky\\-city. They then are forced to join a refugee boat camp and some of them die there, including Mara's best friend Gail. The Sky Police, from New Mungo, occasionally take the strong up to the city in a procedure called Pickings, but Mara has a bad feeling about this. Mara learns all her family drowned in the perilous journey to New Mungo, and attempts to commit suicide. When she realises her will to live is too strong, Mara manages, with the help of an urchin she names Wing (after her drowned island), to enter the city gates. There she meets the people of the Netherworld (a strange twilight place in the shadow of the sky city, with the roofs of the drowned city of Glasgow jutting above the sea), who are known as the treenesters. They immediately recognise her as their messiah, the Face in the Stone, from an old prophecy called the Stone Telling. She lives with them for some time, exploring and helping them to survive.", "One day, while she is with her friend Gorbals (a tree\\-nester) in the forbidden university, Gorbals and Wing are taken by the Sky Police, along with many sea urchins (a wild breed of children without language, but hairy bodies and webbed hands) and the sea urchins are slaughtered by the Sky Police. Determined to save her friends, she takes the uniform of a police woman that the police accidentally killed in the massacre and sneaks up to the city. She is overwhelmed by its superficial beauty and shallow entertainments. At first, she needed some help with searching. Doll, a computer worker, helps her with the computers. While searching through the Noos, a virtual, evolved version of the World Wide Web, she meets Fox. She discovers it is David, the quiet, hard\\-working grandson of Caledon, creator of the Sky City and the one who allowed many people to drown if they couldn't pass an intelligence test to allow them entrance to the new world.", "Together, they organise an escape plan that involves David crashing the Noos with a 20th\\-century virus, allowing Mara to free the slaves and then leave the city unnoticed. The only catch is that David would not be able to leave with Mara, with whom he has fallen in love, because he must stay to begin a rebellion against the unfair New World. While executing her plan, Mara fatally stabs Tony Rex, a man she believes is a spy, with an ancient bone dagger, and then rescues Gorbals, Wing and all the people chosen in the Pickings, who have become slaves. They slide down air vents into the Netherworld and board a supply ship. They break free of the city walls, also saving the people in the refugee boat camp and the Netherworld. The boats are programmed to Greenland, a place that is thought to have risen high above the water like a cork. Fox also slides down the air vents, to begin his rebellion outside the reach of his grandfather. The book finishes with Mara wondering how far people will go to save themselves, and if Caledon was right to save a special few. The book ends with the hope that the refugees will reach safety in Greenland.", "A screenplay for this book is currently under way. The movie adaptation of *Exodus* is not yet scheduled for release.", "" ]
Conservation ------------ As recently as the 1970s, silver perch abounded in the entire Murray\-Darling Basin, vast though it is. Since then, however, they have undergone a mysterious, rapid and catastrophic decline. Silver perch have now declined close to the point of extinction in the wild. Based on simple catchment area estimates, the silver perch has disappeared from 87% of its former range. Only one sizeable, clearly viable and self\-sustaining population now survives in their natural range, in the central reaches of the [Murray River](/wiki/Murray_River "Murray River"). For these reasons, the Australian federal government has listed wild silver perch as critically endangered under national environmental law. Silver perch are bred extensively in aquaculture but these domesticated strains and captive populations are of little use in ensuring the species' survival in the wild. Such aquacultured silver perch are regularly stocked into numerous artificial impoundments where, without exception, they fail to establish self\-sustaining populations. Reasons for the catastrophic decline of silver perch are only partially understood. Dams, weirs and river regulation and the virtual removal of spring floods appear to have removed the conditions silver perch need to breed and recruit successfully on a large scale. Weirs are also believed to have blocked the migrations of spawning adults and juveniles, which are important to maintain populations over the lengths of rivers. Weirs also kill most drifting silver perch larvae that pass through them, if they are of an undershot design (which, unfortunately, most are). Recent studies that has proven more than 90% of silver perch passing through undershot weirs are killed.{{cite web\|year\=2013\|url\=http://www.finterest.com.au/fish\-movement\-and\-migration/impacts\-of\-weirs\-on\-downstream\-passage\-of\-native\-fish\-in\-the\-murray\-darling\-basin/\|title\=Impacts of weirs on downstream passage of native fish in the Murray\-Darling Basin\|website\=Finterest\|access\-date\=7 September 2016}}{{cite web\|first1\=CA \|last1\=Boys \|first2\=L \|last2\=Baumgartner \|first3\=W \|last3\=Robinson \|first4\=C \|last4\=Lay \|year\=2010 \|url\=http://www.mdba.gov.au/system/files/NFS\-2010\-fish\-forum\-abstracts\_Final.pdf/ \|title\=Protecting migrating fish at in\-stream structures: downstream mortality at weirs and screening water diversions \|website\=Murray Darling Basin Authority \|access\-date\=7 September 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715081236/http://www.mdba.gov.au/system/files/NFS\-2010\-fish\-forum\-abstracts\_Final.pdf \|archive\-date\=15 July 2012 }} And without doubt, weirs trap drifting silver perch eggs (and larvae) as well, where they are either diverted down irrigation offtakes, resulting in eventual death, or sink into fine weir pool sediments and die. It is not widely appreciated that silver perch eggs sink in still water; silver perch eggs are often inaccurately described as simply being pelagic, or "floating". The eggs may actually settle onto the substrate in the wild and should perhaps be considered benthic in many circumstances rather than pelagic. This may be a factor in their recent serious declines; silver perch may rely on their eggs settling onto clean, well oxygenated substrates of coarse sediments. In this era of flow regulation and flood curtailment by dams, which control the flood events that remove fine sediment, and chronic [siltation](/wiki/Siltation "Siltation") from poor agricultural practices, the eggs may now frequently land in anoxic fine sediment and organic matter — including in weir pools — and fail to survive. It may be that the section of the central Murray River that supports the last clearly viable natural population of silver perch primarily does so because it supplies a sufficiently long stretch of weir\-free river, under standard regulated flows, for eggs to successfully complete their drift and hatch larvae into relatively natural, suitable riverine habitats for survival. Suspicions are also mounting that there is competition for food between introduced [carp](/wiki/Common_carp "Common carp") and silver perch at larval, juvenile and adult stages. Competition at the larval stage is considered the most serious. Indeed, suspicions are mounting that introduced carp are having very large impacts on a number of native Murray\-Darling fish species due to competition at the larval stage, and that these impacts have so far been underestimated. Exotic pathogens such as EHN virus and possibly similar viruses, introduced via importation of non\-native fish, are now strongly suspected of playing pivotal role in the species' decline, and may explain the suspicious, very rapid collapse of some populations (e.g. upper Murrumbidgee).{{cite journal\|first1\=S.\|last1\=Kaminskas\|year\=2020\|title\=Alien pathogens and parasites impacting native freshwater fish of southern Australia: a scientific and historical review\|journal\=Australian Zoologist\|volume\=41\|issue\=4\|pages\=696–730\|doi\=10\.7882/AZ.2020\.039\|s2cid\=230643061\|doi\-access\=free}} In a positive development, since 2000, the installation of fishways in many Murray River weirs, so that native fish can pass through them and successfully migrate long distances again, and recent carefully managed environmental flow events, have seen silver perch numbers in the last remaining viable population increase strongly, and seen the population expand slightly in geographic range.
[ "Conservation\n------------", "As recently as the 1970s, silver perch abounded in the entire Murray\\-Darling Basin, vast though it is. Since then, however, they have undergone a mysterious, rapid and catastrophic decline. Silver perch have now declined close to the point of extinction in the wild. Based on simple catchment area estimates, the silver perch has disappeared from 87% of its former range. Only one sizeable, clearly viable and self\\-sustaining population now survives in their natural range, in the central reaches of the [Murray River](/wiki/Murray_River \"Murray River\"). For these reasons, the Australian federal government has listed wild silver perch as critically endangered under national environmental law. Silver perch are bred extensively in aquaculture but these domesticated strains and captive populations are of little use in ensuring the species' survival in the wild. Such aquacultured silver perch are regularly stocked into numerous artificial impoundments where, without exception, they fail to establish self\\-sustaining populations.", "Reasons for the catastrophic decline of silver perch are only partially understood. Dams, weirs and river regulation and the virtual removal of spring floods appear to have removed the conditions silver perch need to breed and recruit successfully on a large scale. Weirs are also believed to have blocked the migrations of spawning adults and juveniles, which are important to maintain populations over the lengths of rivers. Weirs also kill most drifting silver perch larvae that pass through them, if they are of an undershot design (which, unfortunately, most are). Recent studies that has proven more than 90% of silver perch passing through undershot weirs are killed.{{cite web\\|year\\=2013\\|url\\=http://www.finterest.com.au/fish\\-movement\\-and\\-migration/impacts\\-of\\-weirs\\-on\\-downstream\\-passage\\-of\\-native\\-fish\\-in\\-the\\-murray\\-darling\\-basin/\\|title\\=Impacts of weirs on downstream passage of native fish in the Murray\\-Darling Basin\\|website\\=Finterest\\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2016}}{{cite web\\|first1\\=CA \\|last1\\=Boys \\|first2\\=L \\|last2\\=Baumgartner \\|first3\\=W \\|last3\\=Robinson \\|first4\\=C \\|last4\\=Lay \\|year\\=2010 \\|url\\=http://www.mdba.gov.au/system/files/NFS\\-2010\\-fish\\-forum\\-abstracts\\_Final.pdf/ \\|title\\=Protecting migrating fish at in\\-stream structures: downstream mortality at weirs and screening water diversions \\|website\\=Murray Darling Basin Authority \\|access\\-date\\=7 September 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715081236/http://www.mdba.gov.au/system/files/NFS\\-2010\\-fish\\-forum\\-abstracts\\_Final.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2012 }} And without doubt, weirs trap drifting silver perch eggs (and larvae) as well, where they are either diverted down irrigation offtakes, resulting in eventual death, or sink into fine weir pool sediments and die.", "It is not widely appreciated that silver perch eggs sink in still water; silver perch eggs are often inaccurately described as simply being pelagic, or \"floating\". The eggs may actually settle onto the substrate in the wild and should perhaps be considered benthic in many circumstances rather than pelagic. This may be a factor in their recent serious declines; silver perch may rely on their eggs settling onto clean, well oxygenated substrates of coarse sediments. In this era of flow regulation and flood curtailment by dams, which control the flood events that remove fine sediment, and chronic [siltation](/wiki/Siltation \"Siltation\") from poor agricultural practices, the eggs may now frequently land in anoxic fine sediment and organic matter — including in weir pools — and fail to survive. It may be that the section of the central Murray River that supports the last clearly viable natural population of silver perch primarily does so because it supplies a sufficiently long stretch of weir\\-free river, under standard regulated flows, for eggs to successfully complete their drift and hatch larvae into relatively natural, suitable riverine habitats for survival.", "Suspicions are also mounting that there is competition for food between introduced [carp](/wiki/Common_carp \"Common carp\") and silver perch at larval, juvenile and adult stages. Competition at the larval stage is considered the most serious. Indeed, suspicions are mounting that introduced carp are having very large impacts on a number of native Murray\\-Darling fish species due to competition at the larval stage, and that these impacts have so far been underestimated.", "Exotic pathogens such as EHN virus and possibly similar viruses, introduced via importation of non\\-native fish, are now strongly suspected of playing pivotal role in the species' decline, and may explain the suspicious, very rapid collapse of some populations (e.g. upper Murrumbidgee).{{cite journal\\|first1\\=S.\\|last1\\=Kaminskas\\|year\\=2020\\|title\\=Alien pathogens and parasites impacting native freshwater fish of southern Australia: a scientific and historical review\\|journal\\=Australian Zoologist\\|volume\\=41\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=696–730\\|doi\\=10\\.7882/AZ.2020\\.039\\|s2cid\\=230643061\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}", "In a positive development, since 2000, the installation of fishways in many Murray River weirs, so that native fish can pass through them and successfully migrate long distances again, and recent carefully managed environmental flow events, have seen silver perch numbers in the last remaining viable population increase strongly, and seen the population expand slightly in geographic range.", "" ]
Development ----------- ### Characterisation Mann confirmed that the original idea for Sheila was to be "a warmer Mrs Mangel" and the show's resident "nosy stickybeak". Before her introduction, Sheila was described by a *[Herald Sun](/wiki/Herald_Sun "Herald Sun")* reporter as being "opinionated" and someone who would ruffle feathers. Susan Hill from the *Daily Star* commented that Sheila was "over\-affectionate", but "lovable".{{cite news\|url\=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/soaperstar/view/234887/Neighbours\-Kyle\-Canning\-gets\-a\-visit\-from\-his\-nan/\|title\=Kyle Canning gets a visit from his Nan\|last\=Hill\|first\=Susan\|date\=12 February 2012\|work\=\[\[Daily Star (United Kingdom)\|Daily Star]]\|access\-date\=12 February 2012}} In her newspaper column, Mann called Sheila "a pushy, slightly controlling – and a little bit of a gossip – grandmother."{{cite news\|url\=http://www.theweeklyreviewstonnington.com.au/story/286106/colette\-mann\-finding\-the\-perfect\-blend/\|title\=Colette Mann: Finding the perfect blend\|last\=Mann\|first\=Colette\|date\=7 May 2012\|work\=Melbourne Weekly\|access\-date\=11 May 2012}} She wrote that she had to do "a great deal of research" as the character is so far removed from her own personality. Mann later told *[TV Week](/wiki/TV_Week "TV Week")'s* Andrew Mercado that Sheila's arrival would be like "a galleon in full sail" and that she loved injecting some humour into the show.{{cite journal\|last\=Mercado\|first\=Andrew\|date\=28 April – 4 May 2012\|title\=Sheila stirs the pot\|journal\=\[\[TV Week]]\|issue\=17\|page\=50}} Mann later explained that she brought in for her comedic abilities, and that she had based some aspects of Sheila's personality on her own mother.{{cite journal\|date\=10–16 August 2013\|title\=Stefan Dennis and I were once boyfriend and girlfriend!\|journal\=\[\[Inside Soap]]\|issue\=32\|pages\=52–53}} A writer for the show's official website revealed that Sheila was a widow who often meddled in her family's business.{{cite web\|url\=http://neighbours.com.au/10911\.htm\|title\=Sheila Canning\|work\=Neighbours.com.au\|publisher\=\[\[Eleven (TV channel)\|Eleven]]\|access\-date\=12 June 2013}} They explained "If she knows what's best for her kids and grandkids – and she always does – she'll do whatever it takes to achieve it, even if that means being underhanded." Mann told an *[Inside Soap](/wiki/Inside_Soap "Inside Soap")* writer that Sheila was the matriarch of the Canning family, who loved her grandson Kyle "very much". The actress suspected that Kyle was actually Sheila's favourite. Sheila likes to know what is happening to everyone else around her and is more than willing to offer her advice if it is asked for. The writer stated that while Sheila is not intellectual, she does have good instincts and "a sharp sense of humour". However, she is quick to make judgements about other people and has no time for political correctness. In March 2013, Mann called Sheila "a tough old bird" and quipped that she has some endearing characteristics, but they can be harder to find. The actress also branded the character "a first\-class meddler" and stated that she often speaks her mind, which is one of the only things Mann has in common with her. ### Interfering in Kyle's love life After deciding to visit her grandson Kyle, Sheila turns up unannounced on his doorstep and is "thrilled" to see him.{{cite journal\|date\=26 May – 1 June 2012\|title\=G'Day Sheila!\|journal\=\[\[Inside Soap]]\|issue\=21\|page\=26}} Mann thought that Sheila was getting sick of waiting for Kyle to visit her in Frankston, so she came to him instead. Sheila was also interested in meeting Kyle's girlfriend, [Jade Mitchell](/wiki/Jade_Mitchell "Jade Mitchell") ([Gemma Pranita](/wiki/Gemma_Pranita "Gemma Pranita")). Mann said that Sheila had already heard a few things about Jade and had made her mind up about her already; she was the wrong girl for her grandson. While looking around Kyle's handyman business, Sheila meets [Kate Ramsay](/wiki/Kate_Ramsay "Kate Ramsay") ([Ashleigh Brewer](/wiki/Ashleigh_Brewer "Ashleigh Brewer")) and mistakes her for Jade. Impressed by Kate's manners and politeness, Sheila is then left to wonder whether Kate should be "in her precious grandson's life" instead. When Sheila finally meets Jade, she is underwhelmed by her brashness and does not hold back her opinion towards her. Jade becomes frustrated and her attitude convinces Sheila that the conservative Kate is really the one for Kyle. A show spokesperson commented "Sheila adores Kyle and would do absolutely anything for him, which rubs Jade up the wrong way. Everyone can expect the sparks to fly between the two women in his life. It's going to be a very tricky time for Kyle as he tries to please them both." Sheila informs Kyle that Jade is not marriage material and that Kate would be better for him. Sheila decides to meddle in Kyle's love life, but Mann believed that it was out of love as Sheila just wanted Kyle to be happy. Although Sheila does not get on with Jade, she decides to stay around to keep an eye on Kyle. When Kyle starts spending time with [Georgia Brooks](/wiki/Georgia_Brooks "Georgia Brooks") ([Saskia Hampele](/wiki/Saskia_Hampele "Saskia Hampele")), Sheila becomes concerned that Georgia is trying to seduce him, even though she has a boyfriend. When asked whether Sheila would warm to Georgia, Mann replied that everyone "goes through a screening process with Sheila", but because family means a lot to her, her grandson's welfare always comes first. She gives anyone who becomes close to him a hard time for a while. After accusing Georgia of leading Kyle on, Sheila encourages her grandson to pursue a relationship with [Jana Noviac](/wiki/Jana_Noviac "Jana Noviac") (Kyrie Capri).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013\-03\-17/neighbours\-spoilers\-the\-week\-ahead\-in\-ramsay\-st\|title\=Neighbours spoilers: the week ahead in Ramsay St\|last\=Brown\|first\=David\|date\=17 March 2013\|work\=\[\[Radio Times]] \|access\-date\=13 July 2013}} Sheila also clashes with Georgia's aunt, [Angie Rebecchi](/wiki/Angie_Rebecchi "Angie Rebecchi") ([Lesley Baker](/wiki/Lesley_Baker "Lesley Baker")), who has noticed the sexual tension between Georgia and Kyle too. The two women end up defending their families. ### Relationships #### Lou Carpenter Sheila developed a rivalry with [Lou Carpenter](/wiki/Lou_Carpenter "Lou Carpenter") ([Tom Oliver](/wiki/Tom_Oliver "Tom Oliver")), but when questioned about a potential romance between the characters, Mann thought it would be best if they stayed "at each other's throats". She said that the rivalry would provide the writers with more scope in terms of humorous storylines for the pair. Mann added that she and Oliver had already had a romance when she filled in as Cheryl Stark, who was Lou's partner. Later episodes hinted at a spark between Sheila and Lou. Jasek was also asked if he would like them to embark on a romance and explained that it was an interesting idea and one that was still being discussed.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/interviews/a491975/neighbours\-producer\-richard\-jasek\-shares\-show\-gossip\-teasers.html\|title\=Exclusive: 'Neighbours' producer Richard Jasek shares show gossip, teasers\|last\=Kilkelly\|first\=Daniel\|date\=21 June 2013\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=13 July 2013}} He continued "We have certainly thought of putting them together – it's an obvious direction to go in – however I think the best humour comes from their constant sparring with each other and some of their stories coming up are just hilarious." In October 2013, Mann reiterated that Sheila and Lou should not be put together, believing that their relationship was better when they were fighting.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/interviews/a524981/neighbours\-colette\-mann\-things\-get\-really\-bad\-for\-sheila.html\|title\='Neighbours' Colette Mann: 'Things get really bad for Sheila'\|last\=Kilkelly\|first\=Daniel\|date\=21 October 2013\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=8 November 2013}} [thumb\|right\|135px\|[Chris Haywood](/wiki/Chris_Haywood "Chris Haywood") played [Walter Mitchell](/wiki/Walter_Mitchell_%282013_character%29 "Walter Mitchell (2013 character)"), a love interest for Sheila.](/wiki/File:Chris_Haywood.jpg "Chris Haywood.jpg") #### Walter Mitchell In March 2013, Mann teased the arrival of a potential love interest for Sheila, saying "her attention is somewhat diverted by a visitor to Erinsborough." In June 2013, [Walter Mitchell](/wiki/Walter_Mitchell_%282013_character%29 "Walter Mitchell (2013 character)") ([Chris Haywood](/wiki/Chris_Haywood "Chris Haywood")) was introduced to the show and [Digital Spy](/wiki/Digital_Spy "Digital Spy")'s Daniel Kilkelly reported that one of the local Ramsay Street residents would become "smitten" with him.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/scoop/a490259/neighbours\-newcomer\-walter\-new\-details\-and\-picture\-released.html\|title\='Neighbours' newcomer Walter – new details and picture released\|last\=Kilkelly\|first\=Daniel\|date\=14 June 2013\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=12 July 2013}} Shortly after meeting Sheila, Walter "flirts outrageously" with her, which she reciprocates.{{cite journal\|date\=July 2013\|title\=Heading for a breakdown\|journal\=Soap World\|issue\=245\|page\=18}} Walter later embarks on a plan to steal Sheila's [personal identification number](/wiki/Personal_identification_number "Personal identification number") (PIN), so he can access her bank account. Sheila is unaware of his intentions as she is charmed by Walter's "romantic overtures" towards her. Walter later packs his bags and departs Erinsborough, leaving his niece [Sonya Rebecchi](/wiki/Sonya_Rebecchi "Sonya Rebecchi") ([Eve Morey](/wiki/Eve_Morey "Eve Morey")) and Sheila devastated. Mann said she enjoyed having Walter in Sheila's life and called him "a bit of a rotter", commenting that no one can be happy for too long in Erinsborough. Mann also said that a woman does not need a man to be happy and she believed Sheila was happy on her own. #### Russell Brennan Two years later, a new love interest for Sheila was introduced in the form of [Russell Brennan](/wiki/Russell_Brennan "Russell Brennan") (Russell Kiefel), the father of the Brennan brothers.{{cite journal\|date\=29 August – 4 September 2015\|title\=True romance?\|journal\=\[\[Inside Soap]]\|issue\=34\|page\=32}} As their romance progresses, Kyle worries that his grandmother will get hurt, while [Tyler Brennan](/wiki/Tyler_Brennan "Tyler Brennan") ([Travis Burns](/wiki/Travis_Burns_%28actor%29 "Travis Burns (actor)")) is not happy that his father is planning to stay around for longer. Sheila later suggests that Russell buys the local garage Fitzgerald Motors and offers to lend him the money he needs, causing concern from her family and friends. When Sheila sees Angie Rebecchi talking to Russell, she becomes jealous of their friendship.{{cite journal\|date\=5–11 September 2015\|title\=Hands off my man!\|journal\=\[\[Inside Soap]]\|issue\=35\|page\=28}} Angie decides to deliberately flirt with Russell to wind Sheila up. Russell later walks in on the two women "scrapping like teenagers". Baker said the scenes were "great fun" to film, and she and Mann decided to play them up a little as they knew each other well. It soon emerges that Russell had physically abused Tyler when he was younger. Russell apologises, but his sons asks him to return to [Port Lincoln](/wiki/Port_Lincoln "Port Lincoln").{{cite journal\|last\=Wulff\|first\=Alana\|date\=3–16 September 2015\|title\=Renegade Russell\|journal\=\[\[TV Week Soap Extra]]\|issue\=19\|pages\=8–9}} Of Sheila's reaction, Mann explained, "Russell was the first man she'd been interested in since her husband died, so it was part of her way of starting again. But, she's not prepared to put up with that sort of behaviour." Sheila tells Russell that he needs to work on his issues and watches on as his taxi leaves the street. #### Clive Gibbons Sheila embarks on a romance with [Clive Gibbons](/wiki/Clive_Gibbons "Clive Gibbons") ([Geoff Paine](/wiki/Geoff_Paine "Geoff Paine")) in 2017\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/interviews/a833278/neighbours\-spoilers\-colette\-mann\-sheila\-canning\-future/\|title\=Neighbours star Colette Mann reveals all on Sheila's new romance and the Canning family's future\|last\=Kilkelly\|first\=Daniel\|date\=17 July 2017\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=4 December 2017}} Mann told Johnathon Hughes of the *[Radio Times](/wiki/Radio_Times "Radio Times")* that she was "excited" upon learning that Sheila would date Clive.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017\-07\-20/neighbours\-colette\-mann\-interview\-sheila\-and\-clive\-make\-a\-dream\-couple\-even\-though\-he\-thinks\-shes\-barmy/\|title\=Neighbours: Colette Mann interview – "Sheila and Clive make a dream couple – even though he thinks she's barmy!"\|last\=Hughes\|first\=Johnathon\|date\=20 July 2017\|work\=\[\[Radio Times]]\|access\-date\=4 December 2017}} Clive and Sheila initially clash when he wrongly accuses Xanthe of stealing hospital medication. Sheila later learns that he is attracted to her because she is "fiery" and "a bit barmy". When they meet each other again, Clive asks if they can start over and she agrees to go out on a date with him. Clive tells Sheila that he will take her to an art gallery, but she feels that she will be out of her depth and asks Paul Robinson for his help. Mann told Hughes, "Sheila is already nervous about the date because she was married to the same man for 25 years, but it was a very comfortable relationship with not much spark. This is different. Clive is chief operating officer at the hospital, she thinks he's above her intellectually and is a bit intimidated." Hughes thought Clive and Sheila were opposites, but Mann thought that this was the reason why their relationship could work. Sheila relationship with Clive is short lived, ending when she receives a letter from Russell, who tells her he is ill and wants to reconcile with her. The actress enjoyed working with Paine during the storyline, as she had known him for a number of years and they once acted in a play together. Mann also confirmed that series producer [Jason Herbison](/wiki/Jason_Herbison "Jason Herbison") had promised to reintroduce Clive into Sheila's life "with a big bang". The pair ensue in a long\-distance relationship from 2018 until 2020\. Paine's position in the soap as a semi\-regular cast member allowed producers to create a new webisode series, titled *[Sheila \& Clive](/wiki/Neighbours_spin-offs%23Sheila_%26_Clive "Neighbours spin-offs#Sheila & Clive")*, a spin\-off to help fill viewers in on their relationship when Clive was not on screens.{{cite tweet\|user\=neighbours \|number\=1197998187488960512\|date\=22 November 2019 \|title\=You won't believe what Clive gets up to when he's not in Erinsborough!\|access\-date\=9 August 2022}} In September 2020, it was announced that Sheila and Clive's relationship would be coming to an end as Clive breaks up with Sheila after she tries to hide [Levi Canning](/wiki/Levi_Canning "Levi Canning")'s (Richie Morris) epilepsy test results.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a34224147/neighbours\-spoilers\-levi\-canning\-medical\-results\-sheila/\|title\=Neighbours lines up new setback for Levi Canning as his medical results are tampered with\|last\=Lee\|first\=Jess\|date\=20 September 2020\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=9 August 2022}} Clive begins a secret relationship with [Jane Harris](/wiki/Jane_Harris_%28Neighbours%29 "Jane Harris (Neighbours)") ([Annie Jones](/wiki/Annie_Jones_%28actor%29 "Annie Jones (actor)")), and keeps it secret from Sheila in order to not hurt her feelings.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35117509/neighbours\-jane\-clive\-romance\-secret/\|title\=Neighbours' Jane Harris agrees to a secret romance in new scenes\|last\=Lee\|first\=Jess\|date\=4 January 2021\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=9 August 2022}} Sheila "gets her hopes up" when Clive invites her over for dinner, being "excited at the prospect of a romantic reunion with Clive", however Clive informs her that "there is no hope for them". Sheila later discovers Clive and Jane's relationship and is left "furious",{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35235707/neighbours\-spoilers\-sheila\-canning\-collapse\-clive/\|title\=Neighbours' Sheila Canning suffers shock collapse in new row over Clive\|last\=Lee\|first\=Jess\|date\=18 January 2021\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=9 August 2022}} "devastated" and "angry".{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35171177/neighbours\-spoilers\-sheila\-jane\-clive\-discovery/\|title\=Neighbours' Sheila Canning makes an upsetting discovery over Jane and Clive\|last\=Lee\|first\=Jess\|date\=11 January 2021\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=9 August 2022}} Additionally, she refuses to accept and approve of their relationship. Sheila later discovers that Jane used to be in love with [Des Clarke](/wiki/Des_Clarke_%28Neighbours%29 "Des Clarke (Neighbours)") ([Paul Keane](/wiki/Paul_Keane "Paul Keane")), so Sheila contacts Des and "convinces him to come to Erinsborough". Sheila uses Des to reel back Clive by taking him out on a date, however when Des sees Jane on a date with Clive, they all realise what Sheila has been up to and confront her. Des yells at her and she subsequently collapses, landing in hospital and being "fitted" with a [pacemaker](/wiki/Pacemaker "Pacemaker"). Sheila accepts Des' apology and then accepts that her and Clive's relationship is truly over. Speaking to *[What's on TV](/wiki/What%27s_on_TV "What's on TV")*, Mann revealed that she was not happy with the producers' original intent of portraying the storyline humorously.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35435933/neighbours\-colette\-mann\-sheila\-clive\-story\-changed/\|title\=Neighbours star Colette Mann reveals Sheila and Clive story was changed\|last\=Anderton\|first\=Joe\|date\=6 February 2021\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=9 August 2022}} She told the publication, "As a woman who's been through it herself twice in life, I said I don't think it's a funny situation. Believing that you're in love with someone when they're in love with someone else. The producers were fantastic and we didn't change the storyline but we changed the way we played it." Towards the end of the storyline, the opening titles were changed to move Clive from a shot with Sheila to a shot with Jane, which was called "a nice surprise" by Jess Lee of Digital Spy.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35244570/neighbours\-opening\-titles\-change\-bea\-clive/\|title\=Neighbours makes a change to its opening titles after new Erinsborough romances\|last\=Lee\|first\=Jess\|date\=18 January 2021\|work\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=9 August 2022}} Mann also hinted that Sheila would continue to be a prominent character in another upcoming storyline, teasing, "Sheila is very busy with other things in her family and I love working with the young people, which I'm doing a lot of at the moment." ### Anxiety issues During a story meeting, Mann asked why her character was not given a dramatic storyline and the writers agreed that she should have one. Sheila's storyline was tied up with [Chris Pappas](/wiki/Chris_Pappas_%28Neighbours%29 "Chris Pappas (Neighbours)")'s (James Mason) story. When Chris takes some sleeping tablets and leaves the house while sleepwalking, Sheila chases after him dressed only in a nightie, a dressing gown and a pair of [Ugg boots](/wiki/Ugg_boots "Ugg boots"). During the chase, Sheila is approached by [Derek Blasko](/wiki/List_of_Neighbours_characters_%282013%29%23Derek_Blasko "List of Neighbours characters (2013)#Derek Blasko") (John Jones) in his car and he tries to [solicit](/wiki/Solicit "Solicit") her, which she dislikes. Sheila initially dismisses the event, but a few days later when she thinks about it, she reacts badly. Because of the restrictive time slot in Australia, Derek was not allowed to be shown approaching or touching Sheila. Mann explained "I said, 'Look, this is all a bit silly. Sheila is a tough old nut so she'd probably just tell him to get lost and keep walking!' There wasn't much we could do about it because of the restrictions, so then we decided that it will come out further in a story, much later on, that this reminded her of a time when a much worse thing happened to her. Back when she was younger and managing the hotels in Frankston, she was attacked by two men in the back car park." Mann said the next layer of the story would play out in a few months time and it would see Sheila suffer flashbacks, which become "really bad". Sheila refuses to talk about it and Mann added that the point they are trying to make is that it is best to talk about things. ### Family introductions and heart attack In October 2013, Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy reported that Sheila's youngest daughter would be introduced, after producers decided to explore Sheila's background further.{{cite web\|last\=Kilkelly\|first\=Daniel\|title\=Neighbours to bring in Sheila's daughter\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a522421/neighbours\-to\-bring\-in\-sheila\-cannings\-daughter.html\#\~oXBAkFkEiNE2CK\|date\=9 October 2013\|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=5 December 2014}} Sheila's daughter had previously been mentioned on\-screen several times before her arrival, with Sheila still restless about an argument that resulted in a large falling out between them. [Morgana O'Reilly](/wiki/Morgana_O%27Reilly "Morgana O'Reilly") was cast as [Naomi Canning](/wiki/Naomi_Canning "Naomi Canning") soon afterwards, and began appearing from March.{{cite web\|last\=Earp\|first\=Catherine\|title\=Morgana O'Reilly cast as Sheila's daughter Naomi\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a540841/neighbours\-morgana\-oreilly\-to\-play\-sheila\-cannings\-daughter\-naomi.html\#\~oXBBu58T5QxaP7\|date\=30 December 2013\|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=5 December 2014}} Naomi and Sheila were seen to clash regularly, as fives years prior Sheila had discovered Naomi's affair with a married man and told his wife.{{cite journal\|date\=5–11 April 2014\|title\=Meet Sheila's daughter!\|journal\=\[\[Inside Soap]]\|issue\=13\|page\=26}} Sheila was pleased to see Naomi, but she was suspicious of her sudden urge to see her. Mann said, "Sheila has learned the hard way that there is always an agenda with Naomi. Nothing is ever as it seems." Sheila later believed Naomi was having another affair and accused her of repeating her past mistakes. However, after Naomi threatened to leave, Sheila promised not to interfere in her life anymore and allowed Naomi to move in.{{cite journal\|date\=March 2014\|title\=Trouble comes calling\|journal\=\[\[nextmedia\|Soap World]]\|issue\=253\|page\=21}} Mann said the producers were "starting to bring in her family over the next six months", and added that "hopefully there'll also be... an older male (coming in)", but warned that Sheila does not get on with him either. The second of Sheila's children to be introduced was her son [Gary](/wiki/Gary_Canning "Gary Canning") ([Damien Richardson](/wiki/Damien_Richardson_%28actor%29 "Damien Richardson (actor)")), Kyle's estranged father.{{cite web\|last1\=Kilkelly\|first1\=Daniel\|title\=Neighbours to bring in Kyle's estranged father\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a603524/neighbours\-to\-bring\-in\-kyle\-cannings\-father\-gary.html\#\~oXBD4TqMmyO2Mt\|date\=15 October 2014\|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=5 December 2014}} Gary appeared for a guest stint from November 2014\.{{cite web\|last1\=Kilkelly\|first1\=Daniel\|title\=Neighbours reveals first picture of Gary Canning\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a607453/neighbours\-reveals\-first\-picture\-of\-kyle\-cannings\-father\-gary.html\#\~oXBDrokHKWW1ak\|date\=3 November 2014\|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=5 December 2014}} Although bonding with Gary again initially, like she had done with Naomi, Sheila later realised he was intent on fleeing Erinsborough, leaving her to pick up the pieces with Kyle. She also discovered he was responsible for a vicious attack, ordered by [Paul Robinson](/wiki/Paul_Robinson_%28Neighbours%29 "Paul Robinson (Neighbours)") ([Stefan Dennis](/wiki/Stefan_Dennis "Stefan Dennis")). When she failed to stop Gary fleeing, Sheila suffered a massive [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack "Heart attack") on Christmas Day.{{cite web\|last1\=Dainty\|first1\=Sophie\|title\=Neighbours character to suffer huge heart attack\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a608244/neighbours\-character\-to\-suffer\-heart\-attack\-after\-shock\-discovery.html\#\~oXBDHtxHWEjTlA\|date\=6 November 2014\|website\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=5 December 2014}} Naomi found her mother unconscious on the living room floor and immediately called Karl Kennedy for help. Sheila was rushed to the hospital, where her family waited by her bedside for news of her condition.{{cite journal\|date\=17–23 January 2015\|title\=Will Sheila die?\|journal\=\[\[Inside Soap]]\|issue\=2\|page\=30}} Naomi initially assumed that she was to blame for causing Sheila's heart attack as she had argued with her mother earlier in the day. However, when Gary turned up, he revealed that it was his fault. A "furious" Naomi then told Kyle that the reason Gary walked out on the family was due to his involvement in a robbery. ### Departure After fans noticed that the Canning family scene in the opening titles was not changed and Mann was not appearing in behind the scenes videos, it was announced on 7 February 2022 that Mann was not currently filming on the serial and would be making a "surprise" exit.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a38992619/neighbours\-spoilers\-sheila\-canning\-surprise\-exit/\|title\=Neighbours' Sheila Canning to make surprise exit from Erinsborough\|last\=Kilkelly\|first\=Daniel\|date\=7 February 2022\|publisher\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=7 February 2022}} Digital Spy's Daniel Kilkelly reported that Sheila leaves for the Los Angeles after learning that Naomi's partner is ill. She later contacts the Cannings to let them know that Naomi's partner has died, so she is staying indefinitely to help her look after his three children. Subsequent scenes see the Cannings talk about the situation, but Sheila's exit takes place off\-screen. On 9 February, Mann confirmed her departure from *Neighbours* by saying "Looks that way" on social media when asked by a fan if she had left permanently, after her final scenes aired in the UK the previous day.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a39021565/neighbours\-colette\-mann\-confirms\-exit\-sheila\-canning/\|title\=Neighbours star Colette Mann confirms exit as Sheila Canning\|last\=West\|first\=Amy\|date\=9 February 2022\|publisher\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=9 February 2022}} Sheila's final on\-screen appearance aired on 16 February 2022 in Australia. The character was later removed from the opening credits.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a39131403/neighbours\-spoilers\-sheila\-canning\-permanent\-exit/\|title\=Neighbours addresses Sheila Canning's permanent exit in new scenes\|last\=Kilkelly\|first\=Daniel\|date\=18 February 2022\|publisher\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=19 February 2022}} In an interview with *[New Idea](/wiki/New_Idea "New Idea")*, Mann commented that "They didn't want to kill me off and I didn't want to leave Ramsay Street in the taxi … I just sort of disappeared! That was the best way for me to go."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.newidea.com.au/colette\-mann\-neighbours\-weight\-loss\|title\=EXCLUSIVE: Colette Mann's new lease on life!\|last\=Joynes\|first\=Joshua\|date\=28 March 2022\|publisher\=\[\[New Idea]]\|access\-date\=9 August 2022}} Mann also expressed her sadness over the serial's cancellation, but explained that the news was not a surprise to her and she joked, "I like to think it couldn't go on without Sheila Canning, but I don't quite think that is the case." Following Mann's departure, Digital Spy pointed out that *Neighbours* writers had seemingly distributed Sheila's planned role in subsequent scenes to other characters, including [Roxy Willis](/wiki/Roxy_Willis "Roxy Willis") (Zima Anderson), [Terese Willis](/wiki/Terese_Willis "Terese Willis") ([Rebekah Elmaloglou](/wiki/Rebekah_Elmaloglou "Rebekah Elmaloglou")) and [Ned Willis](/wiki/Ned_Willis "Ned Willis") (Ben Hall).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a39350158/neighbours\-spoilers\-sheila\-canning\-replacement\-scenes/\|title\=Neighbours addresses Sheila Canning replacement scenes after show exit\|last\=Kilkelly\|first\=Daniel\|date\=7 March 2022\|publisher\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=8 March 2022}} Producers then introduced [Wendy Rodwell](/wiki/Wendy_Rodwell "Wendy Rodwell") (Candice Leask) as the new busybody neighbour.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a40370662/neighbours\-script\-producer\-shane\-isheev\-show\-axe\-cancelled\-stories/\|title\=Neighbours script producer Shane Isheev on show ending\|last\=Julians\|first\=Joe\|date\=22 June 2022\|publisher\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\|access\-date\=14 August 2022}}
[ "Development\n-----------", "### Characterisation", "Mann confirmed that the original idea for Sheila was to be \"a warmer Mrs Mangel\" and the show's resident \"nosy stickybeak\". Before her introduction, Sheila was described by a *[Herald Sun](/wiki/Herald_Sun \"Herald Sun\")* reporter as being \"opinionated\" and someone who would ruffle feathers. Susan Hill from the *Daily Star* commented that Sheila was \"over\\-affectionate\", but \"lovable\".{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/soaperstar/view/234887/Neighbours\\-Kyle\\-Canning\\-gets\\-a\\-visit\\-from\\-his\\-nan/\\|title\\=Kyle Canning gets a visit from his Nan\\|last\\=Hill\\|first\\=Susan\\|date\\=12 February 2012\\|work\\=\\[\\[Daily Star (United Kingdom)\\|Daily Star]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2012}} In her newspaper column, Mann called Sheila \"a pushy, slightly controlling – and a little bit of a gossip – grandmother.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.theweeklyreviewstonnington.com.au/story/286106/colette\\-mann\\-finding\\-the\\-perfect\\-blend/\\|title\\=Colette Mann: Finding the perfect blend\\|last\\=Mann\\|first\\=Colette\\|date\\=7 May 2012\\|work\\=Melbourne Weekly\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012}} She wrote that she had to do \"a great deal of research\" as the character is so far removed from her own personality. Mann later told *[TV Week](/wiki/TV_Week \"TV Week\")'s* Andrew Mercado that Sheila's arrival would be like \"a galleon in full sail\" and that she loved injecting some humour into the show.{{cite journal\\|last\\=Mercado\\|first\\=Andrew\\|date\\=28 April – 4 May 2012\\|title\\=Sheila stirs the pot\\|journal\\=\\[\\[TV Week]]\\|issue\\=17\\|page\\=50}} Mann later explained that she brought in for her comedic abilities, and that she had based some aspects of Sheila's personality on her own mother.{{cite journal\\|date\\=10–16 August 2013\\|title\\=Stefan Dennis and I were once boyfriend and girlfriend!\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Inside Soap]]\\|issue\\=32\\|pages\\=52–53}} A writer for the show's official website revealed that Sheila was a widow who often meddled in her family's business.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://neighbours.com.au/10911\\.htm\\|title\\=Sheila Canning\\|work\\=Neighbours.com.au\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Eleven (TV channel)\\|Eleven]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2013}} They explained \"If she knows what's best for her kids and grandkids – and she always does – she'll do whatever it takes to achieve it, even if that means being underhanded.\"", "Mann told an *[Inside Soap](/wiki/Inside_Soap \"Inside Soap\")* writer that Sheila was the matriarch of the Canning family, who loved her grandson Kyle \"very much\". The actress suspected that Kyle was actually Sheila's favourite. Sheila likes to know what is happening to everyone else around her and is more than willing to offer her advice if it is asked for. The writer stated that while Sheila is not intellectual, she does have good instincts and \"a sharp sense of humour\". However, she is quick to make judgements about other people and has no time for political correctness. In March 2013, Mann called Sheila \"a tough old bird\" and quipped that she has some endearing characteristics, but they can be harder to find. The actress also branded the character \"a first\\-class meddler\" and stated that she often speaks her mind, which is one of the only things Mann has in common with her.", "### Interfering in Kyle's love life", "After deciding to visit her grandson Kyle, Sheila turns up unannounced on his doorstep and is \"thrilled\" to see him.{{cite journal\\|date\\=26 May – 1 June 2012\\|title\\=G'Day Sheila!\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Inside Soap]]\\|issue\\=21\\|page\\=26}} Mann thought that Sheila was getting sick of waiting for Kyle to visit her in Frankston, so she came to him instead. Sheila was also interested in meeting Kyle's girlfriend, [Jade Mitchell](/wiki/Jade_Mitchell \"Jade Mitchell\") ([Gemma Pranita](/wiki/Gemma_Pranita \"Gemma Pranita\")). Mann said that Sheila had already heard a few things about Jade and had made her mind up about her already; she was the wrong girl for her grandson. While looking around Kyle's handyman business, Sheila meets [Kate Ramsay](/wiki/Kate_Ramsay \"Kate Ramsay\") ([Ashleigh Brewer](/wiki/Ashleigh_Brewer \"Ashleigh Brewer\")) and mistakes her for Jade. Impressed by Kate's manners and politeness, Sheila is then left to wonder whether Kate should be \"in her precious grandson's life\" instead. When Sheila finally meets Jade, she is underwhelmed by her brashness and does not hold back her opinion towards her.", "Jade becomes frustrated and her attitude convinces Sheila that the conservative Kate is really the one for Kyle. A show spokesperson commented \"Sheila adores Kyle and would do absolutely anything for him, which rubs Jade up the wrong way. Everyone can expect the sparks to fly between the two women in his life. It's going to be a very tricky time for Kyle as he tries to please them both.\" Sheila informs Kyle that Jade is not marriage material and that Kate would be better for him. Sheila decides to meddle in Kyle's love life, but Mann believed that it was out of love as Sheila just wanted Kyle to be happy. Although Sheila does not get on with Jade, she decides to stay around to keep an eye on Kyle.", "When Kyle starts spending time with [Georgia Brooks](/wiki/Georgia_Brooks \"Georgia Brooks\") ([Saskia Hampele](/wiki/Saskia_Hampele \"Saskia Hampele\")), Sheila becomes concerned that Georgia is trying to seduce him, even though she has a boyfriend. When asked whether Sheila would warm to Georgia, Mann replied that everyone \"goes through a screening process with Sheila\", but because family means a lot to her, her grandson's welfare always comes first. She gives anyone who becomes close to him a hard time for a while. After accusing Georgia of leading Kyle on, Sheila encourages her grandson to pursue a relationship with [Jana Noviac](/wiki/Jana_Noviac \"Jana Noviac\") (Kyrie Capri).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013\\-03\\-17/neighbours\\-spoilers\\-the\\-week\\-ahead\\-in\\-ramsay\\-st\\|title\\=Neighbours spoilers: the week ahead in Ramsay St\\|last\\=Brown\\|first\\=David\\|date\\=17 March 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[Radio Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2013}} Sheila also clashes with Georgia's aunt, [Angie Rebecchi](/wiki/Angie_Rebecchi \"Angie Rebecchi\") ([Lesley Baker](/wiki/Lesley_Baker \"Lesley Baker\")), who has noticed the sexual tension between Georgia and Kyle too. The two women end up defending their families.", "### Relationships", "#### Lou Carpenter", "Sheila developed a rivalry with [Lou Carpenter](/wiki/Lou_Carpenter \"Lou Carpenter\") ([Tom Oliver](/wiki/Tom_Oliver \"Tom Oliver\")), but when questioned about a potential romance between the characters, Mann thought it would be best if they stayed \"at each other's throats\". She said that the rivalry would provide the writers with more scope in terms of humorous storylines for the pair. Mann added that she and Oliver had already had a romance when she filled in as Cheryl Stark, who was Lou's partner. Later episodes hinted at a spark between Sheila and Lou. Jasek was also asked if he would like them to embark on a romance and explained that it was an interesting idea and one that was still being discussed.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/interviews/a491975/neighbours\\-producer\\-richard\\-jasek\\-shares\\-show\\-gossip\\-teasers.html\\|title\\=Exclusive: 'Neighbours' producer Richard Jasek shares show gossip, teasers\\|last\\=Kilkelly\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=21 June 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=13 July 2013}} He continued \"We have certainly thought of putting them together – it's an obvious direction to go in – however I think the best humour comes from their constant sparring with each other and some of their stories coming up are just hilarious.\" In October 2013, Mann reiterated that Sheila and Lou should not be put together, believing that their relationship was better when they were fighting.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/interviews/a524981/neighbours\\-colette\\-mann\\-things\\-get\\-really\\-bad\\-for\\-sheila.html\\|title\\='Neighbours' Colette Mann: 'Things get really bad for Sheila'\\|last\\=Kilkelly\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=21 October 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2013}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|135px\\|[Chris Haywood](/wiki/Chris_Haywood \"Chris Haywood\") played [Walter Mitchell](/wiki/Walter_Mitchell_%282013_character%29 \"Walter Mitchell (2013 character)\"), a love interest for Sheila.](/wiki/File:Chris_Haywood.jpg \"Chris Haywood.jpg\")", "#### Walter Mitchell", "In March 2013, Mann teased the arrival of a potential love interest for Sheila, saying \"her attention is somewhat diverted by a visitor to Erinsborough.\" In June 2013, [Walter Mitchell](/wiki/Walter_Mitchell_%282013_character%29 \"Walter Mitchell (2013 character)\") ([Chris Haywood](/wiki/Chris_Haywood \"Chris Haywood\")) was introduced to the show and [Digital Spy](/wiki/Digital_Spy \"Digital Spy\")'s Daniel Kilkelly reported that one of the local Ramsay Street residents would become \"smitten\" with him.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/scoop/a490259/neighbours\\-newcomer\\-walter\\-new\\-details\\-and\\-picture\\-released.html\\|title\\='Neighbours' newcomer Walter – new details and picture released\\|last\\=Kilkelly\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=14 June 2013\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2013}} Shortly after meeting Sheila, Walter \"flirts outrageously\" with her, which she reciprocates.{{cite journal\\|date\\=July 2013\\|title\\=Heading for a breakdown\\|journal\\=Soap World\\|issue\\=245\\|page\\=18}} Walter later embarks on a plan to steal Sheila's [personal identification number](/wiki/Personal_identification_number \"Personal identification number\") (PIN), so he can access her bank account. Sheila is unaware of his intentions as she is charmed by Walter's \"romantic overtures\" towards her. Walter later packs his bags and departs Erinsborough, leaving his niece [Sonya Rebecchi](/wiki/Sonya_Rebecchi \"Sonya Rebecchi\") ([Eve Morey](/wiki/Eve_Morey \"Eve Morey\")) and Sheila devastated. Mann said she enjoyed having Walter in Sheila's life and called him \"a bit of a rotter\", commenting that no one can be happy for too long in Erinsborough. Mann also said that a woman does not need a man to be happy and she believed Sheila was happy on her own.", "#### Russell Brennan", "Two years later, a new love interest for Sheila was introduced in the form of [Russell Brennan](/wiki/Russell_Brennan \"Russell Brennan\") (Russell Kiefel), the father of the Brennan brothers.{{cite journal\\|date\\=29 August – 4 September 2015\\|title\\=True romance?\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Inside Soap]]\\|issue\\=34\\|page\\=32}} As their romance progresses, Kyle worries that his grandmother will get hurt, while [Tyler Brennan](/wiki/Tyler_Brennan \"Tyler Brennan\") ([Travis Burns](/wiki/Travis_Burns_%28actor%29 \"Travis Burns (actor)\")) is not happy that his father is planning to stay around for longer. Sheila later suggests that Russell buys the local garage Fitzgerald Motors and offers to lend him the money he needs, causing concern from her family and friends. When Sheila sees Angie Rebecchi talking to Russell, she becomes jealous of their friendship.{{cite journal\\|date\\=5–11 September 2015\\|title\\=Hands off my man!\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Inside Soap]]\\|issue\\=35\\|page\\=28}} Angie decides to deliberately flirt with Russell to wind Sheila up. Russell later walks in on the two women \"scrapping like teenagers\". Baker said the scenes were \"great fun\" to film, and she and Mann decided to play them up a little as they knew each other well. It soon emerges that Russell had physically abused Tyler when he was younger. Russell apologises, but his sons asks him to return to [Port Lincoln](/wiki/Port_Lincoln \"Port Lincoln\").{{cite journal\\|last\\=Wulff\\|first\\=Alana\\|date\\=3–16 September 2015\\|title\\=Renegade Russell\\|journal\\=\\[\\[TV Week Soap Extra]]\\|issue\\=19\\|pages\\=8–9}} Of Sheila's reaction, Mann explained, \"Russell was the first man she'd been interested in since her husband died, so it was part of her way of starting again. But, she's not prepared to put up with that sort of behaviour.\" Sheila tells Russell that he needs to work on his issues and watches on as his taxi leaves the street.", "#### Clive Gibbons", "Sheila embarks on a romance with [Clive Gibbons](/wiki/Clive_Gibbons \"Clive Gibbons\") ([Geoff Paine](/wiki/Geoff_Paine \"Geoff Paine\")) in 2017\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/interviews/a833278/neighbours\\-spoilers\\-colette\\-mann\\-sheila\\-canning\\-future/\\|title\\=Neighbours star Colette Mann reveals all on Sheila's new romance and the Canning family's future\\|last\\=Kilkelly\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=17 July 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2017}} Mann told Johnathon Hughes of the *[Radio Times](/wiki/Radio_Times \"Radio Times\")* that she was \"excited\" upon learning that Sheila would date Clive.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017\\-07\\-20/neighbours\\-colette\\-mann\\-interview\\-sheila\\-and\\-clive\\-make\\-a\\-dream\\-couple\\-even\\-though\\-he\\-thinks\\-shes\\-barmy/\\|title\\=Neighbours: Colette Mann interview – \"Sheila and Clive make a dream couple – even though he thinks she's barmy!\"\\|last\\=Hughes\\|first\\=Johnathon\\|date\\=20 July 2017\\|work\\=\\[\\[Radio Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2017}} Clive and Sheila initially clash when he wrongly accuses Xanthe of stealing hospital medication. Sheila later learns that he is attracted to her because she is \"fiery\" and \"a bit barmy\". When they meet each other again, Clive asks if they can start over and she agrees to go out on a date with him. Clive tells Sheila that he will take her to an art gallery, but she feels that she will be out of her depth and asks Paul Robinson for his help. Mann told Hughes, \"Sheila is already nervous about the date because she was married to the same man for 25 years, but it was a very comfortable relationship with not much spark. This is different. Clive is chief operating officer at the hospital, she thinks he's above her intellectually and is a bit intimidated.\" Hughes thought Clive and Sheila were opposites, but Mann thought that this was the reason why their relationship could work. Sheila relationship with Clive is short lived, ending when she receives a letter from Russell, who tells her he is ill and wants to reconcile with her. The actress enjoyed working with Paine during the storyline, as she had known him for a number of years and they once acted in a play together. Mann also confirmed that series producer [Jason Herbison](/wiki/Jason_Herbison \"Jason Herbison\") had promised to reintroduce Clive into Sheila's life \"with a big bang\".", "The pair ensue in a long\\-distance relationship from 2018 until 2020\\. Paine's position in the soap as a semi\\-regular cast member allowed producers to create a new webisode series, titled *[Sheila \\& Clive](/wiki/Neighbours_spin-offs%23Sheila_%26_Clive \"Neighbours spin-offs#Sheila & Clive\")*, a spin\\-off to help fill viewers in on their relationship when Clive was not on screens.{{cite tweet\\|user\\=neighbours \\|number\\=1197998187488960512\\|date\\=22 November 2019 \\|title\\=You won't believe what Clive gets up to when he's not in Erinsborough!\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022}} In September 2020, it was announced that Sheila and Clive's relationship would be coming to an end as Clive breaks up with Sheila after she tries to hide [Levi Canning](/wiki/Levi_Canning \"Levi Canning\")'s (Richie Morris) epilepsy test results.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a34224147/neighbours\\-spoilers\\-levi\\-canning\\-medical\\-results\\-sheila/\\|title\\=Neighbours lines up new setback for Levi Canning as his medical results are tampered with\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Jess\\|date\\=20 September 2020\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022}} Clive begins a secret relationship with [Jane Harris](/wiki/Jane_Harris_%28Neighbours%29 \"Jane Harris (Neighbours)\") ([Annie Jones](/wiki/Annie_Jones_%28actor%29 \"Annie Jones (actor)\")), and keeps it secret from Sheila in order to not hurt her feelings.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35117509/neighbours\\-jane\\-clive\\-romance\\-secret/\\|title\\=Neighbours' Jane Harris agrees to a secret romance in new scenes\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Jess\\|date\\=4 January 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022}} Sheila \"gets her hopes up\" when Clive invites her over for dinner, being \"excited at the prospect of a romantic reunion with Clive\", however Clive informs her that \"there is no hope for them\". Sheila later discovers Clive and Jane's relationship and is left \"furious\",{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35235707/neighbours\\-spoilers\\-sheila\\-canning\\-collapse\\-clive/\\|title\\=Neighbours' Sheila Canning suffers shock collapse in new row over Clive\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Jess\\|date\\=18 January 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022}} \"devastated\" and \"angry\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35171177/neighbours\\-spoilers\\-sheila\\-jane\\-clive\\-discovery/\\|title\\=Neighbours' Sheila Canning makes an upsetting discovery over Jane and Clive\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Jess\\|date\\=11 January 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022}} Additionally, she refuses to accept and approve of their relationship. Sheila later discovers that Jane used to be in love with [Des Clarke](/wiki/Des_Clarke_%28Neighbours%29 \"Des Clarke (Neighbours)\") ([Paul Keane](/wiki/Paul_Keane \"Paul Keane\")), so Sheila contacts Des and \"convinces him to come to Erinsborough\". Sheila uses Des to reel back Clive by taking him out on a date, however when Des sees Jane on a date with Clive, they all realise what Sheila has been up to and confront her. Des yells at her and she subsequently collapses, landing in hospital and being \"fitted\" with a [pacemaker](/wiki/Pacemaker \"Pacemaker\"). Sheila accepts Des' apology and then accepts that her and Clive's relationship is truly over.", "Speaking to *[What's on TV](/wiki/What%27s_on_TV \"What's on TV\")*, Mann revealed that she was not happy with the producers' original intent of portraying the storyline humorously.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35435933/neighbours\\-colette\\-mann\\-sheila\\-clive\\-story\\-changed/\\|title\\=Neighbours star Colette Mann reveals Sheila and Clive story was changed\\|last\\=Anderton\\|first\\=Joe\\|date\\=6 February 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022}} She told the publication, \"As a woman who's been through it herself twice in life, I said I don't think it's a funny situation. Believing that you're in love with someone when they're in love with someone else. The producers were fantastic and we didn't change the storyline but we changed the way we played it.\" Towards the end of the storyline, the opening titles were changed to move Clive from a shot with Sheila to a shot with Jane, which was called \"a nice surprise\" by Jess Lee of Digital Spy.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a35244570/neighbours\\-opening\\-titles\\-change\\-bea\\-clive/\\|title\\=Neighbours makes a change to its opening titles after new Erinsborough romances\\|last\\=Lee\\|first\\=Jess\\|date\\=18 January 2021\\|work\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022}} Mann also hinted that Sheila would continue to be a prominent character in another upcoming storyline, teasing, \"Sheila is very busy with other things in her family and I love working with the young people, which I'm doing a lot of at the moment.\"", "### Anxiety issues", "During a story meeting, Mann asked why her character was not given a dramatic storyline and the writers agreed that she should have one. Sheila's storyline was tied up with [Chris Pappas](/wiki/Chris_Pappas_%28Neighbours%29 \"Chris Pappas (Neighbours)\")'s (James Mason) story. When Chris takes some sleeping tablets and leaves the house while sleepwalking, Sheila chases after him dressed only in a nightie, a dressing gown and a pair of [Ugg boots](/wiki/Ugg_boots \"Ugg boots\"). During the chase, Sheila is approached by [Derek Blasko](/wiki/List_of_Neighbours_characters_%282013%29%23Derek_Blasko \"List of Neighbours characters (2013)#Derek Blasko\") (John Jones) in his car and he tries to [solicit](/wiki/Solicit \"Solicit\") her, which she dislikes. Sheila initially dismisses the event, but a few days later when she thinks about it, she reacts badly. Because of the restrictive time slot in Australia, Derek was not allowed to be shown approaching or touching Sheila. Mann explained \"I said, 'Look, this is all a bit silly. Sheila is a tough old nut so she'd probably just tell him to get lost and keep walking!' There wasn't much we could do about it because of the restrictions, so then we decided that it will come out further in a story, much later on, that this reminded her of a time when a much worse thing happened to her. Back when she was younger and managing the hotels in Frankston, she was attacked by two men in the back car park.\" Mann said the next layer of the story would play out in a few months time and it would see Sheila suffer flashbacks, which become \"really bad\". Sheila refuses to talk about it and Mann added that the point they are trying to make is that it is best to talk about things.", "### Family introductions and heart attack", "In October 2013, Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy reported that Sheila's youngest daughter would be introduced, after producers decided to explore Sheila's background further.{{cite web\\|last\\=Kilkelly\\|first\\=Daniel\\|title\\=Neighbours to bring in Sheila's daughter\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a522421/neighbours\\-to\\-bring\\-in\\-sheila\\-cannings\\-daughter.html\\#\\~oXBAkFkEiNE2CK\\|date\\=9 October 2013\\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2014}} Sheila's daughter had previously been mentioned on\\-screen several times before her arrival, with Sheila still restless about an argument that resulted in a large falling out between them. [Morgana O'Reilly](/wiki/Morgana_O%27Reilly \"Morgana O'Reilly\") was cast as [Naomi Canning](/wiki/Naomi_Canning \"Naomi Canning\") soon afterwards, and began appearing from March.{{cite web\\|last\\=Earp\\|first\\=Catherine\\|title\\=Morgana O'Reilly cast as Sheila's daughter Naomi\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a540841/neighbours\\-morgana\\-oreilly\\-to\\-play\\-sheila\\-cannings\\-daughter\\-naomi.html\\#\\~oXBBu58T5QxaP7\\|date\\=30 December 2013\\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2014}} Naomi and Sheila were seen to clash regularly, as fives years prior Sheila had discovered Naomi's affair with a married man and told his wife.{{cite journal\\|date\\=5–11 April 2014\\|title\\=Meet Sheila's daughter!\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Inside Soap]]\\|issue\\=13\\|page\\=26}} Sheila was pleased to see Naomi, but she was suspicious of her sudden urge to see her. Mann said, \"Sheila has learned the hard way that there is always an agenda with Naomi. Nothing is ever as it seems.\" Sheila later believed Naomi was having another affair and accused her of repeating her past mistakes. However, after Naomi threatened to leave, Sheila promised not to interfere in her life anymore and allowed Naomi to move in.{{cite journal\\|date\\=March 2014\\|title\\=Trouble comes calling\\|journal\\=\\[\\[nextmedia\\|Soap World]]\\|issue\\=253\\|page\\=21}} Mann said the producers were \"starting to bring in her family over the next six months\", and added that \"hopefully there'll also be... an older male (coming in)\", but warned that Sheila does not get on with him either.", "The second of Sheila's children to be introduced was her son [Gary](/wiki/Gary_Canning \"Gary Canning\") ([Damien Richardson](/wiki/Damien_Richardson_%28actor%29 \"Damien Richardson (actor)\")), Kyle's estranged father.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kilkelly\\|first1\\=Daniel\\|title\\=Neighbours to bring in Kyle's estranged father\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a603524/neighbours\\-to\\-bring\\-in\\-kyle\\-cannings\\-father\\-gary.html\\#\\~oXBD4TqMmyO2Mt\\|date\\=15 October 2014\\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2014}} Gary appeared for a guest stint from November 2014\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Kilkelly\\|first1\\=Daniel\\|title\\=Neighbours reveals first picture of Gary Canning\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a607453/neighbours\\-reveals\\-first\\-picture\\-of\\-kyle\\-cannings\\-father\\-gary.html\\#\\~oXBDrokHKWW1ak\\|date\\=3 November 2014\\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2014}} Although bonding with Gary again initially, like she had done with Naomi, Sheila later realised he was intent on fleeing Erinsborough, leaving her to pick up the pieces with Kyle. She also discovered he was responsible for a vicious attack, ordered by [Paul Robinson](/wiki/Paul_Robinson_%28Neighbours%29 \"Paul Robinson (Neighbours)\") ([Stefan Dennis](/wiki/Stefan_Dennis \"Stefan Dennis\")). When she failed to stop Gary fleeing, Sheila suffered a massive [heart attack](/wiki/Heart_attack \"Heart attack\") on Christmas Day.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Dainty\\|first1\\=Sophie\\|title\\=Neighbours character to suffer huge heart attack\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a608244/neighbours\\-character\\-to\\-suffer\\-heart\\-attack\\-after\\-shock\\-discovery.html\\#\\~oXBDHtxHWEjTlA\\|date\\=6 November 2014\\|website\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2014}} Naomi found her mother unconscious on the living room floor and immediately called Karl Kennedy for help. Sheila was rushed to the hospital, where her family waited by her bedside for news of her condition.{{cite journal\\|date\\=17–23 January 2015\\|title\\=Will Sheila die?\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Inside Soap]]\\|issue\\=2\\|page\\=30}} Naomi initially assumed that she was to blame for causing Sheila's heart attack as she had argued with her mother earlier in the day. However, when Gary turned up, he revealed that it was his fault. A \"furious\" Naomi then told Kyle that the reason Gary walked out on the family was due to his involvement in a robbery.", "### Departure", "After fans noticed that the Canning family scene in the opening titles was not changed and Mann was not appearing in behind the scenes videos, it was announced on 7 February 2022 that Mann was not currently filming on the serial and would be making a \"surprise\" exit.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a38992619/neighbours\\-spoilers\\-sheila\\-canning\\-surprise\\-exit/\\|title\\=Neighbours' Sheila Canning to make surprise exit from Erinsborough\\|last\\=Kilkelly\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=7 February 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 February 2022}} Digital Spy's Daniel Kilkelly reported that Sheila leaves for the Los Angeles after learning that Naomi's partner is ill. She later contacts the Cannings to let them know that Naomi's partner has died, so she is staying indefinitely to help her look after his three children. Subsequent scenes see the Cannings talk about the situation, but Sheila's exit takes place off\\-screen. On 9 February, Mann confirmed her departure from *Neighbours* by saying \"Looks that way\" on social media when asked by a fan if she had left permanently, after her final scenes aired in the UK the previous day.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a39021565/neighbours\\-colette\\-mann\\-confirms\\-exit\\-sheila\\-canning/\\|title\\=Neighbours star Colette Mann confirms exit as Sheila Canning\\|last\\=West\\|first\\=Amy\\|date\\=9 February 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2022}} Sheila's final on\\-screen appearance aired on 16 February 2022 in Australia. The character was later removed from the opening credits.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a39131403/neighbours\\-spoilers\\-sheila\\-canning\\-permanent\\-exit/\\|title\\=Neighbours addresses Sheila Canning's permanent exit in new scenes\\|last\\=Kilkelly\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=18 February 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=19 February 2022}} In an interview with *[New Idea](/wiki/New_Idea \"New Idea\")*, Mann commented that \"They didn't want to kill me off and I didn't want to leave Ramsay Street in the taxi … I just sort of disappeared! That was the best way for me to go.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.newidea.com.au/colette\\-mann\\-neighbours\\-weight\\-loss\\|title\\=EXCLUSIVE: Colette Mann's new lease on life!\\|last\\=Joynes\\|first\\=Joshua\\|date\\=28 March 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[New Idea]]\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2022}} Mann also expressed her sadness over the serial's cancellation, but explained that the news was not a surprise to her and she joked, \"I like to think it couldn't go on without Sheila Canning, but I don't quite think that is the case.\" Following Mann's departure, Digital Spy pointed out that *Neighbours* writers had seemingly distributed Sheila's planned role in subsequent scenes to other characters, including [Roxy Willis](/wiki/Roxy_Willis \"Roxy Willis\") (Zima Anderson), [Terese Willis](/wiki/Terese_Willis \"Terese Willis\") ([Rebekah Elmaloglou](/wiki/Rebekah_Elmaloglou \"Rebekah Elmaloglou\")) and [Ned Willis](/wiki/Ned_Willis \"Ned Willis\") (Ben Hall).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a39350158/neighbours\\-spoilers\\-sheila\\-canning\\-replacement\\-scenes/\\|title\\=Neighbours addresses Sheila Canning replacement scenes after show exit\\|last\\=Kilkelly\\|first\\=Daniel\\|date\\=7 March 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2022}} Producers then introduced [Wendy Rodwell](/wiki/Wendy_Rodwell \"Wendy Rodwell\") (Candice Leask) as the new busybody neighbour.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a40370662/neighbours\\-script\\-producer\\-shane\\-isheev\\-show\\-axe\\-cancelled\\-stories/\\|title\\=Neighbours script producer Shane Isheev on show ending\\|last\\=Julians\\|first\\=Joe\\|date\\=22 June 2022\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\\-date\\=14 August 2022}}", "" ]
Storylines ---------- Sheila comes to Erinsborough to meet her grandson Kyle's girlfriend, Jade Mitchell, after selling her bar in Frankston. While Kyle is showing Sheila around his business, Sheila meets Kate Ramsay and takes an instant liking towards her. When she finally meets Jade, Sheila is disappointed and tells Kyle that she is not right for him. Sheila believes Kate is a better fit for Kyle and encourages Kate to go after him. Sheila is instantly suspicious of Kyle's business partner, Lou Carpenter. After spotting Lou accepting money from [Vera Munro](/wiki/Vera_Munro "Vera Munro") (Marie\-Therese Byrne), Sheila tells Vera that Lou has been conning her. Sheila organises a street party for the [Queen's Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II "Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II") and she clashes with Paul Robinson. A few weeks later, Sheila returns and discovers that Kyle kissed Kate, causing Jade to end their relationship. After witnessing how unhappy Kyle and Jade are, Sheila tries to help them get back together. She admits to Kyle that she encouraged Kate to go after him and he tells her to go home. A few months later, Sheila comes to collect her youngest grandson, [Harley](/wiki/Harley_Canning "Harley Canning") ([Justin Holborow](/wiki/Justin_Holborow "Justin Holborow")) and take him home to his mother. When she sees the state of Number 26, she tells Kyle and his housemates that she is moving in to sort it out. She also gets a job at the local bar. Sheila and Lou continue to clash, as she does not trust him. Sheila notices that Georgia Brooks has developed feelings for Kyle and warns her off, as she has a boyfriend. They later begin dating. Sheila puts down a deposit for a new apartment at Lassiter's, but when she notices that the council have yet to approve the development, she demands her money back. Sheila finds a garden gnome in the hard rubbish and takes it for her collection. She later finds $10,000 inside it. When Sheila catches [Bailey](/wiki/Bailey_Turner "Bailey Turner") (Calen Mackenzie) and [Mason Turner](/wiki/Mason_Turner "Mason Turner") ([Taylor Glockner](/wiki/Taylor_Glockner "Taylor Glockner")) in her garden, they explain that the money in the gnome belongs to Lou and she gives him the money. Sheila takes [Rhiannon Bates](/wiki/Rhiannon_Bates "Rhiannon Bates") (Teressa Liane) under her wing, when she briefly moves into Number 26, and help her change her image and get a job. Lou tries to kiss Sheila, which offends her. Sheila forgives him when Bailey and Mason confesses to winding Lou up about her. Sheila meets Walter Mitchell and is attracted to him. However, he cons her out of money at the bar and takes her bank card. Sheila is devastated when she learns that Walter lied about his identity and stole from her neighbours. Walter apologises, but Sheila makes it clear that she does not want to see him again. Lou believes Sheila is interested in him, as she was leaving him flirty messages on his blog. However, Bailey admits that he left the messages using Sheila's name and she tells him to sort it out. When a sleep walking Chris leaves the house in the middle of the night, Sheila chases after him. She is accosted by Derek Blasko, who follows her in his car, until she tells him to leave her alone. The incident leaves her shaken. When a man takes her picture, Sheila's paranoia causes her to confront him and break his camera. She is informed by a police officer that man was a photography student and she got in the way of his shot. Sheila is initially charged with wilful damage, until she pays for a new camera and writes a letter of apology. Kate then convinces Sheila to enrol in a self\-defence class. Sheila encourages Kyle to propose to Georgia and she throws them a surprise engagement party. Sheila's youngest daughter, Naomi arrives in town and it soon emerges that they have not seen each other in five years, due to Sheila interfering in Naomi's affair with a married man. Sheila offers Naomi a room at Number 26 and Naomi makes it clear that she will not stay if Sheila interferes in her life, and Sheila agrees to back off. Naomi begins working for [Toadfish Rebecchi](/wiki/Toadfish_Rebecchi "Toadfish Rebecchi") ([Ryan Moloney](/wiki/Ryan_Moloney "Ryan Moloney")) and Sheila starts to believe that Naomi has set her sights on another married man. She encourages her daughter to find a boyfriend and supports Naomi when she claims she has a stalker. Naomi later kisses Toadie and Sheila finds it hard to talk to her afterwards. Sheila then tells Naomi that she is to blame for her father's death, as he suffered a fatal heart attack when he learned about her affair. Naomi moves out to Number 24 and Sheila gives her a cheque to leave town. Kyle and Georgia try to get them to make up. Sheila remains angry with Naomi and Kyle's bans her from his upcoming wedding. Naomi eventually tells Kyle and Georgia what happened and makes amends with Sheila. After reading an erotic novel, which Lou claims he wrote, Sheila begins fantasising about him. She later dreams of Paul, after they become locked in The Waterhole's store room together. Sheila joins an online dating site and meets [Alan Haywood](/wiki/Alan_Haywood "Alan Haywood") (Paul Roberts). When Alan admits that he has dating profiles on websites looking for men, Sheila breaks up with him for lying to her. Sheila helps Naomi leave Erinsborough for a while to move on from her feelings for Toadie, and is overjoyed when Kyle and Georgia marry. Sheila meets with her estranged son, Gary, to give him money, but Kyle sees them and seeks answers as he has not seen his father since he was 8\. Sheila admits that Gary did not want contact, but Georgia convinces Gary to rejoin the family. Naomi returns and Sheila helps her with her new business venture, organising carols at the Lassiter's Complex. On Christmas Day, Sheila discovers Gary is responsible for an attack on [Ezra Hanley](/wiki/Ezra_Hanley "Ezra Hanley") (Steve Nation) for Paul. Paul pays him for the attack on the condition he leaves Erinsborough immediately, but the exchange is witnessed by Sheila and she confronts him, telling him to turn himself into the police. Gary refuses and leaves, so Sheila starts to call the police, but she collapses from a heart attack. Naomi finds her and she is rushed to hospital. When Sheila comes home, she experiences more chest pains, but a check\-up reveals it is just indigestion. Sheila and Lou clash again over their businesses, so [Lauren Carpenter](/wiki/Lauren_Carpenter "Lauren Carpenter") ([Kate Kendall](/wiki/Kate_Kendall "Kate Kendall")) makes them work together for the Erinsborough Festival. Sheila discovers that Georgia is still taking the pill after she and Kyle agreed to try for a baby, forcing Georgia to admit to Kyle that she is not ready. Naomi asks Sheila and [Susan Kennedy](/wiki/Susan_Kennedy "Susan Kennedy") ([Jackie Woodburne](/wiki/Jackie_Woodburne "Jackie Woodburne")) to act as judges for the Erinsborough Festival's baking competition, but they soon decide to enter and a rivalry begins. They compete against [Janelle Timmins](/wiki/Janelle_Timmins "Janelle Timmins") ([Nell Feeney](/wiki/Nell_Feeney "Nell Feeney")), but all three lose out to [Karl Kennedy](/wiki/Karl_Kennedy "Karl Kennedy") ([Alan Fletcher](/wiki/Alan_Fletcher_%28actor%29 "Alan Fletcher (actor)")) after their entries are ruined. Sheila worries about Naomi's closeness with Paul, and is disappointed when Naomi ends her relationship with [Mark Brennan](/wiki/Mark_Brennan_%28Neighbours%29 "Mark Brennan (Neighbours)") ([Scott McGregor](/wiki/Scott_McGregor_%28model%29 "Scott McGregor (model)")). Ezra Hanley becomes the acquisitions manager for Lassiter's and clashes with Sheila. He demotes her and hires [Nate Kinski](/wiki/Nate_Kinski "Nate Kinski") ([Meyne Wyatt](/wiki/Meyne_Wyatt "Meyne Wyatt")) as the new bar manager. After Sheila finds Ezra's plans for redeveloping The Waterhole, she and Nate team up to get on Ezra's good side and learn more about the plans. After Nate is verbally attacked by homophobic customer [Alistair Hall](/wiki/Alistair_Hall "Alistair Hall") (Nick Cain), Sheila intervenes and sends Alistair away. Her rant is caught on camera and uploaded to the internet. Alistair attempts to sue Sheila for [defamation](/wiki/Defamation "Defamation"), but later backs down when the full clip, featuring his homophobic words towards Nate, is published. [Jimmy Williams](/wiki/Jimmy_Williams_%28Neighbours%29 "Jimmy Williams (Neighbours)") (Darcy Tadich) blackmails Sheila into giving him treats after he finds a letter detailing her feelings for Paul. Under pressure, Sheila shakes Jimmy. She later apologises to him after revealing the blackmail. Sheila discovers Terese has been taking wine from The Waterhole and suspects she has a drinking problem. Sheila begins a relationship with Russell Brennan and offers to lend him money to buy the local garage. Sheila reveals that the money was given to her by Gary, and is the proceeds of crime. She decides to hand the money to the police. Sheila fights with Angie Rebecchi when she thinks that Angie is flirting with Russell. After learning that Russell abused his son Tyler, Sheila ends their relationship and tells Russell to seek professional help. Sheila is caught up in the Erinsborough High fire and leaves a paralysed Toadie trapped in the rubble to save herself. In a bid to ease her guilt, Sheila does Sonya and Toadie's laundry. Karl urges her not to push herself as her blood pressure is high, but she later faints after carrying furniture. Sheila explains to Karl how she left Toadie, but he assures her that she would not have been able to save Toadie on her own. Sheila suffers another anxiety attack and accidentally strikes [Ben Kirk](/wiki/Ben_Kirk "Ben Kirk") (Felix Mallard) with her car. She then tells Toadie the truth about the night of the fire and he forgives her. After learning Paul is selling Number 26, Sheila decides to buy it herself. She rents a room out via [Airbnb](/wiki/Airbnb "Airbnb") to raise money for a loan. Gary's daughter [Xanthe Canning](/wiki/Xanthe_Canning "Xanthe Canning") (Lilly Van der Meer) arrives, and Sheila decides to take care of her after learning her mother is missing. Kyle reunites with Georgia and leaves. When Xanthe is bullied by [Alison Gore](/wiki/Alison_Gore "Alison Gore") (Madeleine Andreopoulos), Sheila confronts Alison and slaps her. Facing a charge of assault, Sheila attempts a mediation session with Alison's mother, but it ends badly. She later receives a fine from the magistrate. Sheila gives support and advice to Xanthe when she suffers from low confidence in herself and her body image. Gary is released from prison and moves in. He confronts Sheila about everything Xanthe has gone through and what she has been keeping from him. Sheila later encourages Gary to date Terese. Kyle returns to see his family, and Amy decides to move out, but Sheila, Xanthe and Gary encourage her to stay. The Cannings and Amy appear on *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud_%282014_Australian_game_show%29 "Family Feud (2014 Australian game show)")*, where Sheila learns Gary has been in a secret relationship with Terese. Xanthe's mother [Brooke Butler](/wiki/Brooke_Butler_%28Neighbours%29 "Brooke Butler (Neighbours)") ([Fifi Box](/wiki/Fifi_Box "Fifi Box")) visits her daughter and Sheila doubts she is being honest with her. Brooke scams the Cannings' friends and neighbours by selling faux\-jewellery, leading to a feud with the Kennedys. Sheila feels threatened by Terese's influence over Gary and Xanthe, and makes a drunken phone call to Brooke, who returns to Erinsborough to make amends. However, Sheila costs Brooke a job at the hospital when she tells the new chief operations officer Clive Gibbons about Brooke's past. Sheila later asks Terese to give Brooke a job at Lassiters Day Spa. Clive asks Sheila on a date, but she cancels it when he and Karl accuse Xanthe of stealing medication from the hospital. Sheila meets Clive while she is looking for Xanthe and they agree to start again. Clive decides to take Sheila to an art gallery, and she asks Paul for help. Clive and Sheila admit that neither of them know much about art and their date goes well. Sheila receives a letter from Russell in which he asks for her forgiveness. Sheila competes with Karl to become the head of the Liveability Committee, and Sheila wins after blackmailing Karl. She meets Russell's former wife [Fay Brennan](/wiki/Fay_Brennan "Fay Brennan") ([Zoe Bertram](/wiki/Zoe_Bertram "Zoe Bertram")) and she and the Brennans learn that Russell is ill. Sheila tells Clive that she needs to see Russell, as she needs closure. Before Sheila and Brennans leave for Port Lincoln, they learn Russell has died. Sheila asks Karl to take over the leadership of the Liveability Committee while she deals with her grief. Fay later admits to Sheila that Russell was not the father of one of her sons, and Sheila tells them when they return from Russell's funeral. Sheila meets Tyler's biological father [Hamish Roche](/wiki/Hamish_Roche "Hamish Roche") (Sean Taylor) and he seduces her. She later admits to her friend [Dipi Rebecchi](/wiki/Dipi_Rebecchi "Dipi Rebecchi") (Sharon Johal) that she experienced her first orgasm with him. Weeks later, Sheila learns that Hamish was also in a relationship with [Louise McLeod](/wiki/Louise_McLeod "Louise McLeod") ([Maria Theodorakis](/wiki/Maria_Theodorakis "Maria Theodorakis")). Hamish's body is found in the Cannings' spa and Sheila becomes one of several suspects. Gary asks Paul to help with his and Sheila alibis. Sheila admits that she thought Gary had killed Hamish, while Gary thought she had killed him. Sheila explains that she asked Hamish to meet her at Number 26, but she was too upset to face him and left the house, while he was in the backyard. Sheila asks Clive if they can try again, but he turns her down. Sheila is asked to perform in the Erinsborough variety show and she writes a piece about her life, but skips over her high school days. She admits to Susan and Dipi that she was bullied by her former friend [Joanne Schwartz](/wiki/Joanne_Schwartz "Joanne Schwartz") ([Val Lehman](/wiki/Val_Lehman "Val Lehman")). They fell out over a mistake with some [Daddy Cool](/wiki/Daddy_Cool_%28band%29 "Daddy Cool (band)") tickets. Xanthe contacts Joanne, who agrees to meet with Sheila. Their reunion does not go well and when Joanne reminds Sheila of the last time she performed on stage, in which she forgot her lines and vomited over an actor, Sheila briefly pulls out of the variety show. Joanne laughs when Sheila causes [feedback](/wiki/Audio_feedback "Audio feedback") from the microphone, causing Sheila to leave the stage. She is convinced to return and receives a round of applause for her performance. Joanne admits that she was jealous of Sheila and that she was supposed to buy the Daddy Cool tickets. Sheila suggests that they go and see [Ross Wilson](/wiki/Ross_Wilson_%28musician%29 "Ross Wilson (musician)") in concert together. Sheila asks Clive if he is willing to give their relationship another chance, while offering to help publicise his plan to expand the hospital. Sheila enrols in biology classes at night school, as does [Shane Rebecchi](/wiki/Shane_Rebecchi "Shane Rebecchi") (Nicholas Coghlan), which Clive is asked to teach. Sheila accuses Shane of cheating on a test and feels Clive is bullying her. She leaves the class, but later returns to apologise. Sheila and Clive sort out their differences and he invites her out to dinner. Sheila later hires Shane as a barman at The Waterhole. Shane and Gary notice Sheila is suffering some memory lapses, and she worries that she is developing Alzheimer's disease. Clive arranges for Ross Wilson to sing for Sheila, but when she is invited to sing with him on stage, she cannot remember the words to the song and she tells Clive about her fears. He books her in for some tests and discovers that her statin\-based heart medication is causing the memory loss, so it is changed as a result. Sheila fails a compliance training course, and when Paul learns she has been selling Gary's deserts from The Flametree Retreat, he fires her. Sheila and Fay Brennan agree to look out for jobs for one another, but they fall out when Fay accepts the managerial position at The Waterhole. Toadie later hires Sheila as his legal secretary. After Fay leaves for Adelaide, Toadie persuades Terese and [Leo Tanaka](/wiki/Leo_Tanaka "Leo Tanaka") (Tim Kano) to rehire Sheila, as she is not happy working for him. After Gary is murdered by [Finn Kelly](/wiki/Finn_Kelly "Finn Kelly") ([Rob Mills](/wiki/Rob_Mills "Rob Mills")), who also previously tried to run Xanthe over in a car, Sheila begins struggling. Her behaviour becomes odd and she falls into a state of depression. [A pigeon](/wiki/List_of_Neighbours_characters_%282020%29%23Gary "List of Neighbours characters (2020)#Gary") begins hanging around Sheila's backyard and Sheila believes it is her son, Gary, in a reincarnated form, as Gary used to be the owner of a flock of racing pigeons. Sheila develops an emotional connection to the bird, which leads her family and friends in concern of her. Gary the pigeon goes missing, causing Sheila to fall into a state of panic. She frantically searches around her house and town to find the pigeon, until she eventually finds him unresponsive in Susan and Karl's backyard. Sheila \- who had been blaming Susan for the real Gary's death \- begins expressing her pain and anger towards Susan again, accusing her of killing Gary the pigeon. Karl checks over the bird again and it flies into the air. Luckily, Gary the pigeon had just suffered a reaction from a plant it had eaten and had become unconscious due to it. Sheila is relieved and becomes more attached to the bird, worrying her family. Kyle finally contacts Naomi and tells her that Sheila is struggling, so Naomi returns to Erinsborough to help her mother out. She locks Sheila and Susan in a room together and tells them that she isn't going to let them out until they sort out their differences. Sheila finally gets some closure after she burns an inaccurate book about Finn that was written by [Olivia Bell](/wiki/Olivia_Bell "Olivia Bell") ([Alyce Platt](/wiki/Alyce_Platt "Alyce Platt")). Sheila begins receiving odd packages in the mail that were apparently ordered by her. Confused, she begins giving the packages to her friends and neighbours, giving expensive earrings to Susan and hand lotion to [Chloe Brennan](/wiki/Chloe_Brennan_%28Neighbours%29 "Chloe Brennan (Neighbours)") ([April Rose Pengilly](/wiki/April_Rose_Pengilly "April Rose Pengilly")). Sheila keeps a pair of shoes for herself and begins wearing them to work at The Waterhole. A lady \- who coincidentally is also called [Sheila Canning](/wiki/List_of_Neighbours_characters_%282021%29%23Sheila_Canning "List of Neighbours characters (2021)#Sheila Canning") ([Shareena Clanton](/wiki/Shareena_Clanton "Shareena Clanton")) \- approaches Sheila and claims that the shoes she is wearing are hers. The second Sheila accuses Sheila of stealing her mail and giving it away, before revealing her name is also Sheila Canning. Sheila begins getting the gifts of the people she had given them away to and approaches the second Sheila, offering the products back apologetically. The second Sheila finds Sheila a nuisance at first, but the two of them eventually become good friends. Sheila's grandson, [Levi Canning](/wiki/Levi_Canning "Levi Canning") (Richie Morris), is planning a road trip with his girlfriend, [Bea Nilsson](/wiki/Bea_Nilsson "Bea Nilsson") ([Bonnie Anderson](/wiki/Bonnie_Anderson_%28singer%29 "Bonnie Anderson (singer)")). Bea confides in the second Sheila about her relationship doubts and the second Sheila tells her to break it off if she has concerns. Bea listens to her advice, which causes Sheila to get mad at the second Sheila. The two Sheilas later make amends, before the second Sheila leaves. Sheila is opposed to Levi's new [polyamorous](/wiki/Polyamorous "Polyamorous") relationship with [Amy Greenwood](/wiki/Amy_Greenwood "Amy Greenwood") ([Jacinta Stapleton](/wiki/Jacinta_Stapleton "Jacinta Stapleton")), who is concurrently dating Ned Willis. Sheila begs Levi to break up with Amy and sides with Levi's mother, [Evelyn Farlow](/wiki/Evelyn_Farlow "Evelyn Farlow") ([Paula Arundell](/wiki/Paula_Arundell "Paula Arundell")), when she visits Erinsborough. Evelyn reveals that at Canning gatherings, she felt neglected and that Sheila often sided with Levi's stepmother, Jackie, instead of her. Sheila explains that was not the case, but the two continue to bicker for the rest of Evelyn's stay. Sheila is overjoyed when Levi goes on a date with [Felicity Higgins](/wiki/Felicity_Higgins "Felicity Higgins") ([Isabella Giovinazzo](/wiki/Isabella_Giovinazzo "Isabella Giovinazzo")) and watches them together, but their relationship does not last. The following year, Sheila walks Gary the pigeon down the aisle at Kyle and Roxy Willis' wedding and, after Levi breaks up with Amy, Sheila successfully attempts to set up him and [Freya Wozniak](/wiki/Freya_Wozniak "Freya Wozniak") (Phoebe Roberts) on a date. Later, Sheila leaves for [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") after Naomi's boyfriend falls ill. He subsequently dies, leaving Naomi to look after his three children, and Sheila remains to support her daughter. After a number of weeks away, Sheila informs Kyle that she is selling the house and remaining in LA.
[ "Storylines\n----------", "Sheila comes to Erinsborough to meet her grandson Kyle's girlfriend, Jade Mitchell, after selling her bar in Frankston. While Kyle is showing Sheila around his business, Sheila meets Kate Ramsay and takes an instant liking towards her. When she finally meets Jade, Sheila is disappointed and tells Kyle that she is not right for him. Sheila believes Kate is a better fit for Kyle and encourages Kate to go after him. Sheila is instantly suspicious of Kyle's business partner, Lou Carpenter. After spotting Lou accepting money from [Vera Munro](/wiki/Vera_Munro \"Vera Munro\") (Marie\\-Therese Byrne), Sheila tells Vera that Lou has been conning her. Sheila organises a street party for the [Queen's Jubilee](/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II \"Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II\") and she clashes with Paul Robinson. A few weeks later, Sheila returns and discovers that Kyle kissed Kate, causing Jade to end their relationship. After witnessing how unhappy Kyle and Jade are, Sheila tries to help them get back together. She admits to Kyle that she encouraged Kate to go after him and he tells her to go home. A few months later, Sheila comes to collect her youngest grandson, [Harley](/wiki/Harley_Canning \"Harley Canning\") ([Justin Holborow](/wiki/Justin_Holborow \"Justin Holborow\")) and take him home to his mother. When she sees the state of Number 26, she tells Kyle and his housemates that she is moving in to sort it out. She also gets a job at the local bar.", "Sheila and Lou continue to clash, as she does not trust him. Sheila notices that Georgia Brooks has developed feelings for Kyle and warns her off, as she has a boyfriend. They later begin dating. Sheila puts down a deposit for a new apartment at Lassiter's, but when she notices that the council have yet to approve the development, she demands her money back. Sheila finds a garden gnome in the hard rubbish and takes it for her collection. She later finds $10,000 inside it. When Sheila catches [Bailey](/wiki/Bailey_Turner \"Bailey Turner\") (Calen Mackenzie) and [Mason Turner](/wiki/Mason_Turner \"Mason Turner\") ([Taylor Glockner](/wiki/Taylor_Glockner \"Taylor Glockner\")) in her garden, they explain that the money in the gnome belongs to Lou and she gives him the money. Sheila takes [Rhiannon Bates](/wiki/Rhiannon_Bates \"Rhiannon Bates\") (Teressa Liane) under her wing, when she briefly moves into Number 26, and help her change her image and get a job. Lou tries to kiss Sheila, which offends her. Sheila forgives him when Bailey and Mason confesses to winding Lou up about her. Sheila meets Walter Mitchell and is attracted to him. However, he cons her out of money at the bar and takes her bank card. Sheila is devastated when she learns that Walter lied about his identity and stole from her neighbours. Walter apologises, but Sheila makes it clear that she does not want to see him again.", "Lou believes Sheila is interested in him, as she was leaving him flirty messages on his blog. However, Bailey admits that he left the messages using Sheila's name and she tells him to sort it out. When a sleep walking Chris leaves the house in the middle of the night, Sheila chases after him. She is accosted by Derek Blasko, who follows her in his car, until she tells him to leave her alone. The incident leaves her shaken. When a man takes her picture, Sheila's paranoia causes her to confront him and break his camera. She is informed by a police officer that man was a photography student and she got in the way of his shot. Sheila is initially charged with wilful damage, until she pays for a new camera and writes a letter of apology. Kate then convinces Sheila to enrol in a self\\-defence class. Sheila encourages Kyle to propose to Georgia and she throws them a surprise engagement party. Sheila's youngest daughter, Naomi arrives in town and it soon emerges that they have not seen each other in five years, due to Sheila interfering in Naomi's affair with a married man. Sheila offers Naomi a room at Number 26 and Naomi makes it clear that she will not stay if Sheila interferes in her life, and Sheila agrees to back off.", "Naomi begins working for [Toadfish Rebecchi](/wiki/Toadfish_Rebecchi \"Toadfish Rebecchi\") ([Ryan Moloney](/wiki/Ryan_Moloney \"Ryan Moloney\")) and Sheila starts to believe that Naomi has set her sights on another married man. She encourages her daughter to find a boyfriend and supports Naomi when she claims she has a stalker. Naomi later kisses Toadie and Sheila finds it hard to talk to her afterwards. Sheila then tells Naomi that she is to blame for her father's death, as he suffered a fatal heart attack when he learned about her affair. Naomi moves out to Number 24 and Sheila gives her a cheque to leave town. Kyle and Georgia try to get them to make up. Sheila remains angry with Naomi and Kyle's bans her from his upcoming wedding. Naomi eventually tells Kyle and Georgia what happened and makes amends with Sheila. After reading an erotic novel, which Lou claims he wrote, Sheila begins fantasising about him. She later dreams of Paul, after they become locked in The Waterhole's store room together. Sheila joins an online dating site and meets [Alan Haywood](/wiki/Alan_Haywood \"Alan Haywood\") (Paul Roberts). When Alan admits that he has dating profiles on websites looking for men, Sheila breaks up with him for lying to her. Sheila helps Naomi leave Erinsborough for a while to move on from her feelings for Toadie, and is overjoyed when Kyle and Georgia marry.", "Sheila meets with her estranged son, Gary, to give him money, but Kyle sees them and seeks answers as he has not seen his father since he was 8\\. Sheila admits that Gary did not want contact, but Georgia convinces Gary to rejoin the family. Naomi returns and Sheila helps her with her new business venture, organising carols at the Lassiter's Complex. On Christmas Day, Sheila discovers Gary is responsible for an attack on [Ezra Hanley](/wiki/Ezra_Hanley \"Ezra Hanley\") (Steve Nation) for Paul. Paul pays him for the attack on the condition he leaves Erinsborough immediately, but the exchange is witnessed by Sheila and she confronts him, telling him to turn himself into the police. Gary refuses and leaves, so Sheila starts to call the police, but she collapses from a heart attack. Naomi finds her and she is rushed to hospital. When Sheila comes home, she experiences more chest pains, but a check\\-up reveals it is just indigestion. Sheila and Lou clash again over their businesses, so [Lauren Carpenter](/wiki/Lauren_Carpenter \"Lauren Carpenter\") ([Kate Kendall](/wiki/Kate_Kendall \"Kate Kendall\")) makes them work together for the Erinsborough Festival. Sheila discovers that Georgia is still taking the pill after she and Kyle agreed to try for a baby, forcing Georgia to admit to Kyle that she is not ready.", "Naomi asks Sheila and [Susan Kennedy](/wiki/Susan_Kennedy \"Susan Kennedy\") ([Jackie Woodburne](/wiki/Jackie_Woodburne \"Jackie Woodburne\")) to act as judges for the Erinsborough Festival's baking competition, but they soon decide to enter and a rivalry begins. They compete against [Janelle Timmins](/wiki/Janelle_Timmins \"Janelle Timmins\") ([Nell Feeney](/wiki/Nell_Feeney \"Nell Feeney\")), but all three lose out to [Karl Kennedy](/wiki/Karl_Kennedy \"Karl Kennedy\") ([Alan Fletcher](/wiki/Alan_Fletcher_%28actor%29 \"Alan Fletcher (actor)\")) after their entries are ruined. Sheila worries about Naomi's closeness with Paul, and is disappointed when Naomi ends her relationship with [Mark Brennan](/wiki/Mark_Brennan_%28Neighbours%29 \"Mark Brennan (Neighbours)\") ([Scott McGregor](/wiki/Scott_McGregor_%28model%29 \"Scott McGregor (model)\")). Ezra Hanley becomes the acquisitions manager for Lassiter's and clashes with Sheila. He demotes her and hires [Nate Kinski](/wiki/Nate_Kinski \"Nate Kinski\") ([Meyne Wyatt](/wiki/Meyne_Wyatt \"Meyne Wyatt\")) as the new bar manager. After Sheila finds Ezra's plans for redeveloping The Waterhole, she and Nate team up to get on Ezra's good side and learn more about the plans. After Nate is verbally attacked by homophobic customer [Alistair Hall](/wiki/Alistair_Hall \"Alistair Hall\") (Nick Cain), Sheila intervenes and sends Alistair away. Her rant is caught on camera and uploaded to the internet. Alistair attempts to sue Sheila for [defamation](/wiki/Defamation \"Defamation\"), but later backs down when the full clip, featuring his homophobic words towards Nate, is published.", "[Jimmy Williams](/wiki/Jimmy_Williams_%28Neighbours%29 \"Jimmy Williams (Neighbours)\") (Darcy Tadich) blackmails Sheila into giving him treats after he finds a letter detailing her feelings for Paul. Under pressure, Sheila shakes Jimmy. She later apologises to him after revealing the blackmail. Sheila discovers Terese has been taking wine from The Waterhole and suspects she has a drinking problem. Sheila begins a relationship with Russell Brennan and offers to lend him money to buy the local garage. Sheila reveals that the money was given to her by Gary, and is the proceeds of crime. She decides to hand the money to the police. Sheila fights with Angie Rebecchi when she thinks that Angie is flirting with Russell. After learning that Russell abused his son Tyler, Sheila ends their relationship and tells Russell to seek professional help. Sheila is caught up in the Erinsborough High fire and leaves a paralysed Toadie trapped in the rubble to save herself. In a bid to ease her guilt, Sheila does Sonya and Toadie's laundry. Karl urges her not to push herself as her blood pressure is high, but she later faints after carrying furniture. Sheila explains to Karl how she left Toadie, but he assures her that she would not have been able to save Toadie on her own. Sheila suffers another anxiety attack and accidentally strikes [Ben Kirk](/wiki/Ben_Kirk \"Ben Kirk\") (Felix Mallard) with her car. She then tells Toadie the truth about the night of the fire and he forgives her.", "After learning Paul is selling Number 26, Sheila decides to buy it herself. She rents a room out via [Airbnb](/wiki/Airbnb \"Airbnb\") to raise money for a loan. Gary's daughter [Xanthe Canning](/wiki/Xanthe_Canning \"Xanthe Canning\") (Lilly Van der Meer) arrives, and Sheila decides to take care of her after learning her mother is missing. Kyle reunites with Georgia and leaves. When Xanthe is bullied by [Alison Gore](/wiki/Alison_Gore \"Alison Gore\") (Madeleine Andreopoulos), Sheila confronts Alison and slaps her. Facing a charge of assault, Sheila attempts a mediation session with Alison's mother, but it ends badly. She later receives a fine from the magistrate. Sheila gives support and advice to Xanthe when she suffers from low confidence in herself and her body image. Gary is released from prison and moves in. He confronts Sheila about everything Xanthe has gone through and what she has been keeping from him. Sheila later encourages Gary to date Terese. Kyle returns to see his family, and Amy decides to move out, but Sheila, Xanthe and Gary encourage her to stay. The Cannings and Amy appear on *[Family Feud](/wiki/Family_Feud_%282014_Australian_game_show%29 \"Family Feud (2014 Australian game show)\")*, where Sheila learns Gary has been in a secret relationship with Terese. Xanthe's mother [Brooke Butler](/wiki/Brooke_Butler_%28Neighbours%29 \"Brooke Butler (Neighbours)\") ([Fifi Box](/wiki/Fifi_Box \"Fifi Box\")) visits her daughter and Sheila doubts she is being honest with her. Brooke scams the Cannings' friends and neighbours by selling faux\\-jewellery, leading to a feud with the Kennedys.", "Sheila feels threatened by Terese's influence over Gary and Xanthe, and makes a drunken phone call to Brooke, who returns to Erinsborough to make amends. However, Sheila costs Brooke a job at the hospital when she tells the new chief operations officer Clive Gibbons about Brooke's past. Sheila later asks Terese to give Brooke a job at Lassiters Day Spa. Clive asks Sheila on a date, but she cancels it when he and Karl accuse Xanthe of stealing medication from the hospital. Sheila meets Clive while she is looking for Xanthe and they agree to start again. Clive decides to take Sheila to an art gallery, and she asks Paul for help. Clive and Sheila admit that neither of them know much about art and their date goes well. Sheila receives a letter from Russell in which he asks for her forgiveness. Sheila competes with Karl to become the head of the Liveability Committee, and Sheila wins after blackmailing Karl. She meets Russell's former wife [Fay Brennan](/wiki/Fay_Brennan \"Fay Brennan\") ([Zoe Bertram](/wiki/Zoe_Bertram \"Zoe Bertram\")) and she and the Brennans learn that Russell is ill. Sheila tells Clive that she needs to see Russell, as she needs closure. Before Sheila and Brennans leave for Port Lincoln, they learn Russell has died. Sheila asks Karl to take over the leadership of the Liveability Committee while she deals with her grief. Fay later admits to Sheila that Russell was not the father of one of her sons, and Sheila tells them when they return from Russell's funeral.", "Sheila meets Tyler's biological father [Hamish Roche](/wiki/Hamish_Roche \"Hamish Roche\") (Sean Taylor) and he seduces her. She later admits to her friend [Dipi Rebecchi](/wiki/Dipi_Rebecchi \"Dipi Rebecchi\") (Sharon Johal) that she experienced her first orgasm with him. Weeks later, Sheila learns that Hamish was also in a relationship with [Louise McLeod](/wiki/Louise_McLeod \"Louise McLeod\") ([Maria Theodorakis](/wiki/Maria_Theodorakis \"Maria Theodorakis\")). Hamish's body is found in the Cannings' spa and Sheila becomes one of several suspects. Gary asks Paul to help with his and Sheila alibis. Sheila admits that she thought Gary had killed Hamish, while Gary thought she had killed him. Sheila explains that she asked Hamish to meet her at Number 26, but she was too upset to face him and left the house, while he was in the backyard. Sheila asks Clive if they can try again, but he turns her down. Sheila is asked to perform in the Erinsborough variety show and she writes a piece about her life, but skips over her high school days. She admits to Susan and Dipi that she was bullied by her former friend [Joanne Schwartz](/wiki/Joanne_Schwartz \"Joanne Schwartz\") ([Val Lehman](/wiki/Val_Lehman \"Val Lehman\")). They fell out over a mistake with some [Daddy Cool](/wiki/Daddy_Cool_%28band%29 \"Daddy Cool (band)\") tickets. Xanthe contacts Joanne, who agrees to meet with Sheila. Their reunion does not go well and when Joanne reminds Sheila of the last time she performed on stage, in which she forgot her lines and vomited over an actor, Sheila briefly pulls out of the variety show. Joanne laughs when Sheila causes [feedback](/wiki/Audio_feedback \"Audio feedback\") from the microphone, causing Sheila to leave the stage. She is convinced to return and receives a round of applause for her performance. Joanne admits that she was jealous of Sheila and that she was supposed to buy the Daddy Cool tickets. Sheila suggests that they go and see [Ross Wilson](/wiki/Ross_Wilson_%28musician%29 \"Ross Wilson (musician)\") in concert together.", "Sheila asks Clive if he is willing to give their relationship another chance, while offering to help publicise his plan to expand the hospital. Sheila enrols in biology classes at night school, as does [Shane Rebecchi](/wiki/Shane_Rebecchi \"Shane Rebecchi\") (Nicholas Coghlan), which Clive is asked to teach. Sheila accuses Shane of cheating on a test and feels Clive is bullying her. She leaves the class, but later returns to apologise. Sheila and Clive sort out their differences and he invites her out to dinner. Sheila later hires Shane as a barman at The Waterhole. Shane and Gary notice Sheila is suffering some memory lapses, and she worries that she is developing Alzheimer's disease. Clive arranges for Ross Wilson to sing for Sheila, but when she is invited to sing with him on stage, she cannot remember the words to the song and she tells Clive about her fears. He books her in for some tests and discovers that her statin\\-based heart medication is causing the memory loss, so it is changed as a result. Sheila fails a compliance training course, and when Paul learns she has been selling Gary's deserts from The Flametree Retreat, he fires her. Sheila and Fay Brennan agree to look out for jobs for one another, but they fall out when Fay accepts the managerial position at The Waterhole. Toadie later hires Sheila as his legal secretary. After Fay leaves for Adelaide, Toadie persuades Terese and [Leo Tanaka](/wiki/Leo_Tanaka \"Leo Tanaka\") (Tim Kano) to rehire Sheila, as she is not happy working for him.", "After Gary is murdered by [Finn Kelly](/wiki/Finn_Kelly \"Finn Kelly\") ([Rob Mills](/wiki/Rob_Mills \"Rob Mills\")), who also previously tried to run Xanthe over in a car, Sheila begins struggling. Her behaviour becomes odd and she falls into a state of depression. [A pigeon](/wiki/List_of_Neighbours_characters_%282020%29%23Gary \"List of Neighbours characters (2020)#Gary\") begins hanging around Sheila's backyard and Sheila believes it is her son, Gary, in a reincarnated form, as Gary used to be the owner of a flock of racing pigeons. Sheila develops an emotional connection to the bird, which leads her family and friends in concern of her. Gary the pigeon goes missing, causing Sheila to fall into a state of panic. She frantically searches around her house and town to find the pigeon, until she eventually finds him unresponsive in Susan and Karl's backyard. Sheila \\- who had been blaming Susan for the real Gary's death \\- begins expressing her pain and anger towards Susan again, accusing her of killing Gary the pigeon. Karl checks over the bird again and it flies into the air. Luckily, Gary the pigeon had just suffered a reaction from a plant it had eaten and had become unconscious due to it. Sheila is relieved and becomes more attached to the bird, worrying her family. Kyle finally contacts Naomi and tells her that Sheila is struggling, so Naomi returns to Erinsborough to help her mother out. She locks Sheila and Susan in a room together and tells them that she isn't going to let them out until they sort out their differences. Sheila finally gets some closure after she burns an inaccurate book about Finn that was written by [Olivia Bell](/wiki/Olivia_Bell \"Olivia Bell\") ([Alyce Platt](/wiki/Alyce_Platt \"Alyce Platt\")).", "Sheila begins receiving odd packages in the mail that were apparently ordered by her. Confused, she begins giving the packages to her friends and neighbours, giving expensive earrings to Susan and hand lotion to [Chloe Brennan](/wiki/Chloe_Brennan_%28Neighbours%29 \"Chloe Brennan (Neighbours)\") ([April Rose Pengilly](/wiki/April_Rose_Pengilly \"April Rose Pengilly\")). Sheila keeps a pair of shoes for herself and begins wearing them to work at The Waterhole. A lady \\- who coincidentally is also called [Sheila Canning](/wiki/List_of_Neighbours_characters_%282021%29%23Sheila_Canning \"List of Neighbours characters (2021)#Sheila Canning\") ([Shareena Clanton](/wiki/Shareena_Clanton \"Shareena Clanton\")) \\- approaches Sheila and claims that the shoes she is wearing are hers. The second Sheila accuses Sheila of stealing her mail and giving it away, before revealing her name is also Sheila Canning. Sheila begins getting the gifts of the people she had given them away to and approaches the second Sheila, offering the products back apologetically. The second Sheila finds Sheila a nuisance at first, but the two of them eventually become good friends. Sheila's grandson, [Levi Canning](/wiki/Levi_Canning \"Levi Canning\") (Richie Morris), is planning a road trip with his girlfriend, [Bea Nilsson](/wiki/Bea_Nilsson \"Bea Nilsson\") ([Bonnie Anderson](/wiki/Bonnie_Anderson_%28singer%29 \"Bonnie Anderson (singer)\")). Bea confides in the second Sheila about her relationship doubts and the second Sheila tells her to break it off if she has concerns. Bea listens to her advice, which causes Sheila to get mad at the second Sheila. The two Sheilas later make amends, before the second Sheila leaves.", "Sheila is opposed to Levi's new [polyamorous](/wiki/Polyamorous \"Polyamorous\") relationship with [Amy Greenwood](/wiki/Amy_Greenwood \"Amy Greenwood\") ([Jacinta Stapleton](/wiki/Jacinta_Stapleton \"Jacinta Stapleton\")), who is concurrently dating Ned Willis. Sheila begs Levi to break up with Amy and sides with Levi's mother, [Evelyn Farlow](/wiki/Evelyn_Farlow \"Evelyn Farlow\") ([Paula Arundell](/wiki/Paula_Arundell \"Paula Arundell\")), when she visits Erinsborough. Evelyn reveals that at Canning gatherings, she felt neglected and that Sheila often sided with Levi's stepmother, Jackie, instead of her. Sheila explains that was not the case, but the two continue to bicker for the rest of Evelyn's stay. Sheila is overjoyed when Levi goes on a date with [Felicity Higgins](/wiki/Felicity_Higgins \"Felicity Higgins\") ([Isabella Giovinazzo](/wiki/Isabella_Giovinazzo \"Isabella Giovinazzo\")) and watches them together, but their relationship does not last. The following year, Sheila walks Gary the pigeon down the aisle at Kyle and Roxy Willis' wedding and, after Levi breaks up with Amy, Sheila successfully attempts to set up him and [Freya Wozniak](/wiki/Freya_Wozniak \"Freya Wozniak\") (Phoebe Roberts) on a date. Later, Sheila leaves for [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") after Naomi's boyfriend falls ill. He subsequently dies, leaving Naomi to look after his three children, and Sheila remains to support her daughter. After a number of weeks away, Sheila informs Kyle that she is selling the house and remaining in LA.", "" ]
History ------- ### Early settlers Clandestine diggings conducted by antique hunters and verified by the National Museum archaeologists yield valuable artifacts consisting of chinaware and jars. Some of the discoveries were Stone Age artifacts and implements. These antiques and artifacts were found on the plateaus of both sides of the Kag\-oloolo Brook of Barangay Patag and Villa Aurora, which were about 16 kilometers southwest of the poblacion of Burauen. Similar artifacts were found in Barangay Paghudlan which is 12 kilometers from the Kag\-oloolo. The earlier diggings on the south western portion of the poblacion, and those in Barangay Tambuco and Armasen unearth several precious antiques. With the extensive presence of these artifacts over the said areas, the past locations of the early settlements in Burauen during the prehistoric epoch are indicated. ### Spanish regime The Jesuit friars discovered Burauen as settlement in the later part of 1595 when they used the community as a base in the Christianization of the central part of Leyte. Between years 1609 to 1616 Burauen was the most populous town of Leyte and Samar and it consistently registered the highest tax collection during the same period in the region. From *Buraburon*, the settlers were told by the Jesuit Missionaries to transfer to *“Armasen”* (meaning a trading place that is at the same time a granary), presently a sitio of Barangay Libas, which was similarly named today. Due to frequent flooding of the area by the Guinarona River, and to facilitate their *“reducción de las visitas”*, they transferred to the site of the present Barangay Malabca and led by Tamdon and his brother Hangdon who were the children of the last Rajah. ### Filipino \- American War [thumb\|A captured photo of the *[Pulahan](/wiki/Pulahan "Pulahan")* movement Leader, Faustino Ablen (Center) sitting between a standing member of Philippine Constabulary and an African\-American soldier](/wiki/File:Faustino_Ablen.png "Faustino Ablen.png") The short\-lived Philippine Republic proclaimed on June 12, 1898, face a new enemy, the American who were pursuing their so\-called “Manifest Destiny” The troops of the Revolutionary Army under General Ambrosio Mojica, realizing that their fortification of *“estacas”* (bamboo palisades) around the poblacion of Burauen were weak, they force to withdraw to the mountains. Several encounters occur during the Filipino\-American War, the American burned the poblacion on July 4, 1900, sparing only the Catholic Church, its convent, the warehouses and the building of the Smith Bell and Co. and Chinese merchandizing. This incident made Burauen one of the strongholds of the *“Pulahan”* dissidents. With the cessation of hostilities, the people devoted their efforts to the reconstruction of their homes and expansion of their farms to usher progress of the municipality. The productive endeavors of the people lured many enterprises to the town. The first Electric System and cinematographic house in Leyte and Samar were established in Burauen in 1916\. In 1928 Burauen Academy, the first secondary school in the municipality was founded. The different municipal administrations of the time were able to put up irrigation system in 1912\. Constructed a big public market in 1918, erect a concrete municipal building in 1925 and build concrete school building in 1928\. the income of the municipality in 1918 to 1928 was bigger than the income of the whole province of [Surigao](/wiki/Surigao_%28province%29 "Surigao (province)"), this due to the wide area of [abacá](/wiki/Abac%C3%A1 "Abacá") plantation of that time. This boomtown prosperity of Burauen lasted until 1929 when the great depression took place. ### World War II The outbreak of World War II stunted the economic growth of Burauen. The Japanese Military encamped the eastern part of the poblacion there were many encounters between the Japanese forces and the guerillas who were firmly established in their mountain strongholds. In August 1944, the Japanese established a "comfort station" in the town, where the invaders enslaved local girls, teens, and young adults into becoming sex slaves called "[comfort women](/wiki/Comfort_women "Comfort women")", who were routinely gang\-raped and murdered by Japanese soldiers.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/29/939811000/philippine\-survivor\-recounts\-her\-struggle\-as\-a\-comfort\-woman\-for\-wartime\-japan\|title\=Philippine Survivor Recounts Her Struggle As A 'Comfort Woman' For Wartime Japan\|newspaper\=NPR.org\|publisher\=NPR\|access\-date\=15 August 2021}}{{cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=9IsBB\-RVTlQC\&dq\=comfort\+gay\+philippines\+japan\&pg\=PR9\|title\=The Other Empire: Literary Views of Japan from the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia\|year\=2008\|publisher\=The University of the Philippines Press\|isbn\=9789715425629\|access\-date\=15 August 2021}}{{cite web \| url\=https://www.awf.or.jp/e1/philippine\-00\.html \| title\=Women made to be Comfort Women \- Philippines }} During the Allied Forces liberation of Leyte on October 20, 1944, Burauen was among the most heavily devastated towns in Leyte, thousands of civilians were killed and a number of properties were destroyed. ### Post\-war period to present Rising from the ruins of war, the municipality rehabilitated its homes and agriculture, hand in hand with the improvement of its institution and facilities. In 1946, the Burauen High School was founded, followed by the rehabilitation of the Gabaldon school building, and the construction and operation of the water system in 1948\. The private sector contributed in the field of education in 1950 the Burauen Institute and the Rizal Colleges were founded. The progress of the town suffered a setback in the middle part of 1951 when a very strong typhoon hit Burauen, which was followed by four others that were equally ravaging. In 1952, despite financial hardships, the municipal government was able to repair the municipal building from its own funds but generally, the recovery of the municipality was very slow. On March 2, 1962, the Rural Bank of Burauen was established, the first rural bank in Leyte and Samar. A decade after, on April 1, 1972, the Burauen District Hospital was opened to accept its first patient. During the intervening years and onward, road and bridges construction and street concreting in the poblacion and the Barangays alike were pursued, together with the construction of school building and health centers. The public market area as well as the irrigation system was expanded. ### Timeline When a German ethnologist and explorer came to Burauen in 1859 to 1860, he witnessed how sulfur was extracted, processed using coconut oil, and transported to Manila, where it was sold between 1 and 5 dollars per PICO. But the sulfur discovery was already reported 200 years earlier, in 1691, by a jesuit priest named Fr. Francisco Combes. In 1873, from being a missionary church under the diocese of [Dagami](/wiki/Dagami%2C_Leyte "Dagami, Leyte"), Burauen was carved out and declared as a separate town. In 1918, [La Paz](/wiki/La_Paz%2C_Leyte "La Paz, Leyte") detached itself from Burauen to become an independent municipality. In 1949, or just a few years after world war 2, President [Elpidio Quirino](/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino "Elpidio Quirino") issued an executive order no.278 separating [Julita](/wiki/Julita%2C_Leyte "Julita, Leyte") from burauen. It was on March 2, 1962 when the Rural Bank of Burauen was established. Making it the very first rural bank in both islands of Samar and Leyte.
[ "History\n-------", "### Early settlers", "Clandestine diggings conducted by antique hunters and verified by the National Museum archaeologists yield valuable artifacts consisting of chinaware and jars. Some of the discoveries were Stone Age artifacts and implements. These antiques and artifacts were found on the plateaus of both sides of the Kag\\-oloolo Brook of Barangay Patag and Villa Aurora, which were about 16 kilometers southwest of the poblacion of Burauen. Similar artifacts were found in Barangay Paghudlan which is 12 kilometers from the Kag\\-oloolo. The earlier diggings on the south western portion of the poblacion, and those in Barangay Tambuco and Armasen unearth several precious antiques. With the extensive presence of these artifacts over the said areas, the past locations of the early settlements in Burauen during the prehistoric epoch are indicated.", "### Spanish regime", "The Jesuit friars discovered Burauen as settlement in the later part of 1595 when they used the community as a base in the Christianization of the central part of Leyte. Between years 1609 to 1616 Burauen was the most populous town of Leyte and Samar and it consistently registered the highest tax collection during the same period in the region. From *Buraburon*, the settlers were told by the Jesuit Missionaries to transfer to *“Armasen”* (meaning a trading place that is at the same time a granary), presently a sitio of Barangay Libas, which was similarly named today. Due to frequent flooding of the area by the Guinarona River, and to facilitate their *“reducción de las visitas”*, they transferred to the site of the present Barangay Malabca and led by Tamdon and his brother Hangdon who were the children of the last Rajah.", "### Filipino \\- American War", "[thumb\\|A captured photo of the *[Pulahan](/wiki/Pulahan \"Pulahan\")* movement Leader, Faustino Ablen (Center) sitting between a standing member of Philippine Constabulary and an African\\-American soldier](/wiki/File:Faustino_Ablen.png \"Faustino Ablen.png\")", "The short\\-lived Philippine Republic proclaimed on June 12, 1898, face a new enemy, the American who were pursuing their so\\-called “Manifest Destiny” The troops of the Revolutionary Army under General Ambrosio Mojica, realizing that their fortification of *“estacas”* (bamboo palisades) around the poblacion of Burauen were weak, they force to withdraw to the mountains. Several encounters occur during the Filipino\\-American War, the American burned the poblacion on July 4, 1900, sparing only the Catholic Church, its convent, the warehouses and the building of the Smith Bell and Co. and Chinese merchandizing. This incident made Burauen one of the strongholds of the *“Pulahan”* dissidents.", "With the cessation of hostilities, the people devoted their efforts to the reconstruction of their homes and expansion of their farms to usher progress of the municipality. The productive endeavors of the people lured many enterprises to the town. The first Electric System and cinematographic house in Leyte and Samar were established in Burauen in 1916\\. In 1928 Burauen Academy, the first secondary school in the municipality was founded. The different municipal administrations of the time were able to put up irrigation system in 1912\\. Constructed a big public market in 1918, erect a concrete municipal building in 1925 and build concrete school building in 1928\\. the income of the municipality in 1918 to 1928 was bigger than the income of the whole province of [Surigao](/wiki/Surigao_%28province%29 \"Surigao (province)\"), this due to the wide area of [abacá](/wiki/Abac%C3%A1 \"Abacá\") plantation of that time. This boomtown prosperity of Burauen lasted until 1929 when the great depression took place.", "### World War II", "The outbreak of World War II stunted the economic growth of Burauen. The Japanese Military encamped the eastern part of the poblacion there were many encounters between the Japanese forces and the guerillas who were firmly established in their mountain strongholds. In August 1944, the Japanese established a \"comfort station\" in the town, where the invaders enslaved local girls, teens, and young adults into becoming sex slaves called \"[comfort women](/wiki/Comfort_women \"Comfort women\")\", who were routinely gang\\-raped and murdered by Japanese soldiers.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/29/939811000/philippine\\-survivor\\-recounts\\-her\\-struggle\\-as\\-a\\-comfort\\-woman\\-for\\-wartime\\-japan\\|title\\=Philippine Survivor Recounts Her Struggle As A 'Comfort Woman' For Wartime Japan\\|newspaper\\=NPR.org\\|publisher\\=NPR\\|access\\-date\\=15 August 2021}}{{cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9IsBB\\-RVTlQC\\&dq\\=comfort\\+gay\\+philippines\\+japan\\&pg\\=PR9\\|title\\=The Other Empire: Literary Views of Japan from the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia\\|year\\=2008\\|publisher\\=The University of the Philippines Press\\|isbn\\=9789715425629\\|access\\-date\\=15 August 2021}}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.awf.or.jp/e1/philippine\\-00\\.html \\| title\\=Women made to be Comfort Women \\- Philippines }} During the Allied Forces liberation of Leyte on October 20, 1944, Burauen was among the most heavily devastated towns in Leyte, thousands of civilians were killed and a number of properties were destroyed.", "### Post\\-war period to present", "Rising from the ruins of war, the municipality rehabilitated its homes and agriculture, hand in hand with the improvement of its institution and facilities. In 1946, the Burauen High School was founded, followed by the rehabilitation of the Gabaldon school building, and the construction and operation of the water system in 1948\\. The private sector contributed in the field of education in 1950 the Burauen Institute and the Rizal Colleges were founded. The progress of the town suffered a setback in the middle part of 1951 when a very strong typhoon hit Burauen, which was followed by four others that were equally ravaging. In 1952, despite financial hardships, the municipal government was able to repair the municipal building from its own funds but generally, the recovery of the municipality was very slow. On March 2, 1962, the Rural Bank of Burauen was established, the first rural bank in Leyte and Samar. A decade after, on April 1, 1972, the Burauen District Hospital was opened to accept its first patient. During the intervening years and onward, road and bridges construction and street concreting in the poblacion and the Barangays alike were pursued, together with the construction of school building and health centers. The public market area as well as the irrigation system was expanded.", "### Timeline", "When a German ethnologist and explorer came to Burauen in 1859 to 1860, he witnessed how sulfur was extracted, processed using coconut oil, and transported to Manila, where it was sold between 1 and 5 dollars per PICO. But the sulfur discovery was already reported 200 years earlier, in 1691, by a jesuit priest named Fr. Francisco Combes.", "In 1873, from being a missionary church under the diocese of [Dagami](/wiki/Dagami%2C_Leyte \"Dagami, Leyte\"), Burauen was carved out and declared as a separate town.", "In 1918, [La Paz](/wiki/La_Paz%2C_Leyte \"La Paz, Leyte\") detached itself from Burauen to become an independent municipality.", "In 1949, or just a few years after world war 2, President [Elpidio Quirino](/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino \"Elpidio Quirino\") issued an executive order no.278 separating [Julita](/wiki/Julita%2C_Leyte \"Julita, Leyte\") from burauen.", "It was on March 2, 1962 when the Rural Bank of Burauen was established. Making it the very first rural bank in both islands of Samar and Leyte.", "" ]
### Timeline When a German ethnologist and explorer came to Burauen in 1859 to 1860, he witnessed how sulfur was extracted, processed using coconut oil, and transported to Manila, where it was sold between 1 and 5 dollars per PICO. But the sulfur discovery was already reported 200 years earlier, in 1691, by a jesuit priest named Fr. Francisco Combes. In 1873, from being a missionary church under the diocese of [Dagami](/wiki/Dagami%2C_Leyte "Dagami, Leyte"), Burauen was carved out and declared as a separate town. In 1918, [La Paz](/wiki/La_Paz%2C_Leyte "La Paz, Leyte") detached itself from Burauen to become an independent municipality. In 1949, or just a few years after world war 2, President [Elpidio Quirino](/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino "Elpidio Quirino") issued an executive order no.278 separating [Julita](/wiki/Julita%2C_Leyte "Julita, Leyte") from burauen. It was on March 2, 1962 when the Rural Bank of Burauen was established. Making it the very first rural bank in both islands of Samar and Leyte.
[ "### Timeline", "When a German ethnologist and explorer came to Burauen in 1859 to 1860, he witnessed how sulfur was extracted, processed using coconut oil, and transported to Manila, where it was sold between 1 and 5 dollars per PICO. But the sulfur discovery was already reported 200 years earlier, in 1691, by a jesuit priest named Fr. Francisco Combes.", "In 1873, from being a missionary church under the diocese of [Dagami](/wiki/Dagami%2C_Leyte \"Dagami, Leyte\"), Burauen was carved out and declared as a separate town.", "In 1918, [La Paz](/wiki/La_Paz%2C_Leyte \"La Paz, Leyte\") detached itself from Burauen to become an independent municipality.", "In 1949, or just a few years after world war 2, President [Elpidio Quirino](/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino \"Elpidio Quirino\") issued an executive order no.278 separating [Julita](/wiki/Julita%2C_Leyte \"Julita, Leyte\") from burauen.", "It was on March 2, 1962 when the Rural Bank of Burauen was established. Making it the very first rural bank in both islands of Samar and Leyte.", "" ]
Demographics ------------ {{Philippine Census \| align\= none \| cols \= 2 \| title\= Population census of {{PH wikidata\|name}} \| 1903 \= {{PH census population\|1903}} \| 1918 \= {{PH census population\|1918}} \| 1939 \= {{PH census population\|1939}} \| 1948 \= {{PH census population\|1948}} \| 1960 \= {{PH census population\|1960}} \| 1970 \= {{PH census population\|1970}} \| 1975 \= {{PH census population\|1975}} \| 1980 \= {{PH census population\|1980}} \| 1990 \= {{PH census population\|1990}} \| 1995 \= {{PH census population\|1995}} \| 2000 \= {{PH census population\|2000}} \| 2007 \= {{PH census population\|2007}} \| 2010 \= {{PH census population\|2010}} \| 2015 \= {{PH census population\|2015}} \| 2020 \= {{PH census population\|2020}} \| 2025 \= \| 2030 \= \| footnote \= Source: \[\[Philippine Statistics Authority]] {{PH census\|2015}}{{PH census\|2010}}{{PH census\|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} }} In the 2020 census, the population of Burauen, Leyte, was 52,511 people,{{PH census\|current}} with a density of {{convert\|{{sigfig\|52,511/265\.33\|2}}\|PD/km2\|disp\=or}}. Its population in 2015 comprised 3\.1 percent of the total population of Leyte (excluding Tacloban City). It grew at the rate of 1\.46 percent annually from 2010 to 2015, which is higher by 1\.12 percentage points from its population growth rate in 2000 to 2010 of 0\.35 percent.{{cite web\|url\=http://rsso08\.psa.gov.ph/leyte/special\-release/popcen/burauen\|title \= Special Release \- POPCEN \- Burauen \| Philippine Statistics Authority \- Eastern Visayas}} The household population of Burauen totaled to 52,548 persons in 2015, which is 7\.9 percent higher than its count in 2010 at 48,711 persons. Majority or 99\.7 percent of the total population of Burauen in 2015 are household population. The remaining 0\.3 percent or 184 persons comprised institutional population or those residing in collective or institutional living quarters such as hospitals, rehabilitation centers, orphanages, hotels, motels, inns, lodging houses, dormitories, military camps, corrective and penal institutions, logging, mining, construction/public work camps, and other institutional living quarters. The number of households in 2015 reached 12,577, higher by 1,983 households from 10,594 in 2010\. The average household size in Burauen declined from 4\.6 in 2010 to 4\.2 in 2015\. This municipality posted the 10th highest number of households in Leyte in 2015\. The estimated total land area of Burauen was 265\.33 square kilometers as per data from the Land Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The resulting population density in 2015 posted at 199 persons per square kilometer, higher than in 2000 and 2010 at 178 and 184 persons per square kilometer, respectively. Of the 77 barangays of Burauen, Barangay Poblacion District III registered the biggest population with 2,565 persons in 2015 or 4\.9 percent of the municipality's total population. The remaining barangays which completed the top 10 barangays in terms of population were Poblacion District IX (2,530\), Poblacion District VI (2,162\), Poblacion District IV (2,099\), Poblacion District II (1,671\), Poblacion District I (1,614\), Arado (1,369\), Libas (1,357\), Maghubas (1,189\), and Malabca (1,111\). These barangays also recorded with the highest number of households. Meanwhile, Barangay Gitablan recorded the smallest population in 2015 with 139 persons which accounted 0\.3 percent of the total population of Burauen. The remaining barangays which completed the bottom 10 barangays in terms of population were Balatson (181\), Kaparasanan (211\), Laguiwan (230\), San Fernando (236\), Damulo\-an (242\), Buenavista (245\), Hugpa East (253\), Cali (269\), and Kagbana (282\). The top three (3\) fastest growing barangays of Burauen in terms of population growth rate from 2010 to 2015 were Hibonawan (10\.69 percent), Ilihan (9\.38 percent) and Maghubas (7\.83 percent). The rest of the barangays which completed the top 10 fastest growing barangays were Balorinay, Cagangon, Taghuyan, Caanislagan, Cadahunan, San Esteban and Esperanza with PGRs ranging from 4\.96 percent to 6\.45 percent. {{clear\-left}}
[ "Demographics\n------------", "{{Philippine Census\n\\| align\\= none\n\\| cols \\= 2\n\\| title\\= Population census of {{PH wikidata\\|name}}\n\\| 1903 \\= {{PH census population\\|1903}}\n\\| 1918 \\= {{PH census population\\|1918}}\n\\| 1939 \\= {{PH census population\\|1939}}\n\\| 1948 \\= {{PH census population\\|1948}}\n\\| 1960 \\= {{PH census population\\|1960}}\n\\| 1970 \\= {{PH census population\\|1970}}\n\\| 1975 \\= {{PH census population\\|1975}}\n\\| 1980 \\= {{PH census population\\|1980}}\n\\| 1990 \\= {{PH census population\\|1990}}\n\\| 1995 \\= {{PH census population\\|1995}}\n\\| 2000 \\= {{PH census population\\|2000}}\n\\| 2007 \\= {{PH census population\\|2007}}\n\\| 2010 \\= {{PH census population\\|2010}}\n\\| 2015 \\= {{PH census population\\|2015}}\n\\| 2020 \\= {{PH census population\\|2020}}\n\\| 2025 \\= \n\\| 2030 \\= \n\\| footnote \\= Source: \\[\\[Philippine Statistics Authority]] {{PH census\\|2015}}{{PH census\\|2010}}{{PH census\\|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} \n}}", "In the 2020 census, the population of Burauen, Leyte, was 52,511 people,{{PH census\\|current}} with a density of {{convert\\|{{sigfig\\|52,511/265\\.33\\|2}}\\|PD/km2\\|disp\\=or}}.", "Its population in 2015 comprised 3\\.1 percent of the total population of Leyte (excluding Tacloban City). It grew at the rate of 1\\.46 percent annually from 2010 to 2015, which is higher by 1\\.12 percentage points from its population growth rate in 2000 to 2010 of 0\\.35 percent.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://rsso08\\.psa.gov.ph/leyte/special\\-release/popcen/burauen\\|title \\= Special Release \\- POPCEN \\- Burauen \\| Philippine Statistics Authority \\- Eastern Visayas}}", "The household population of Burauen totaled to 52,548 persons in 2015, which is 7\\.9 percent higher than its count in 2010 at 48,711 persons. Majority or 99\\.7 percent of the total population of Burauen in 2015 are household population. The remaining 0\\.3 percent or 184 persons comprised institutional population or those residing in collective or institutional living quarters such as hospitals, rehabilitation centers, orphanages, hotels, motels, inns, lodging houses, dormitories, military camps, corrective and penal institutions, logging, mining, construction/public work camps, and other institutional living quarters.", "The number of households in 2015 reached 12,577, higher by 1,983 households from 10,594 in 2010\\. The average household size in Burauen declined from 4\\.6 in 2010 to 4\\.2 in 2015\\. This municipality posted the 10th highest number of households in Leyte in 2015\\.", "The estimated total land area of Burauen was 265\\.33 square kilometers as per data from the Land Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The resulting population density in 2015 posted at 199 persons per square kilometer, higher than in 2000 and 2010 at 178 and 184 persons per square kilometer, respectively.", "Of the 77 barangays of Burauen, Barangay Poblacion District III registered the biggest population with 2,565 persons in 2015 or 4\\.9 percent of the municipality's total population. The remaining barangays which completed the top 10 barangays in terms of population were Poblacion District IX (2,530\\), Poblacion District VI (2,162\\), Poblacion District IV (2,099\\), Poblacion District II (1,671\\), Poblacion District I (1,614\\), Arado (1,369\\), Libas (1,357\\), Maghubas (1,189\\), and Malabca (1,111\\). These barangays also recorded with the highest number of households.", "Meanwhile, Barangay Gitablan recorded the smallest population in 2015 with 139 persons which accounted 0\\.3 percent of the total population of Burauen. The remaining barangays which completed the bottom 10 barangays in terms of population were Balatson (181\\), Kaparasanan (211\\), Laguiwan (230\\), San Fernando (236\\), Damulo\\-an (242\\), Buenavista (245\\), Hugpa East (253\\), Cali (269\\), and Kagbana (282\\).", "The top three (3\\) fastest growing barangays of Burauen in terms of population growth rate from 2010 to 2015 were Hibonawan (10\\.69 percent), Ilihan (9\\.38 percent) and Maghubas (7\\.83 percent). The rest of the barangays which completed the top 10 fastest growing barangays were Balorinay, Cagangon, Taghuyan, Caanislagan, Cadahunan, San Esteban and Esperanza with PGRs ranging from 4\\.96 percent to 6\\.45 percent. {{clear\\-left}}", "" ]
Tourism ------- The Local Government Unit of Burauen has been consulting with industry experts on how to develop the town's eco\-tourism sites in a sustainable manner to carry out the Burauen Eco\-tourism and Sustainable Tourism (BEST) project. With extensive promotion and backing of experts, Burauen is off to a good start in its goal to market and cement the town's status as the spring capital of Leyte. Other identified eco\-tourism sites are in the villages of Matin\-ao, Tambis, Villa Rosas, Abuyogon, Cansiboy, and Kagbana. These areas are seen as an addition to [Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park](https://burauen.com/mahagnao-lake-resort-relaxation-and-beauty-at-its-finest/), a site proclaimed as a national park in 1937\. Notable persons supporting the initiative are former actress and UN Sustainable Development Goals Advocate Antoinette Taus, former Tourism Secretary Mina Gabor, and Asean Center for Biodiversity Director Mundita Lim. ### Attractions **Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park** Burauen's upland territories are composed of wetland forests that contain thousands of century old trees, unique species of birds and mammals, plants and marine species mostly scattered inside [Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park](/wiki/Mahagnao_Volcano_Natural_Park "Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park"). It is also has with many natural sites such as lakes, mountain ranges, rivers, waterfalls, hot springs and a volcano.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}} MVNP has an elevation of 1,200 meters above sea level and an area of 635 hectares, within the boundaries of Burauen, La Paz and McArthur towns. [thumb\|Mahagnao Volcano Crater](/wiki/File:Mahagnao_Volcano_Crater.jpg "Mahagnao Volcano Crater.jpg") **Mahagnao Volcano** Mahagnao Volcano is a dormant volcano located in Barangay Mahagnao, more than 30 km away from the town proper. Although the volcano has been inactive, it is still classified as potentially active due to the active thermal features of the mountain. Tourist are allowed to hike on its peak. [thumb\|Malagsum Lake](/wiki/File:Malagsum_Lake.jpg "Malagsum Lake.jpg") **Malagsum Lake** This lake is smaller compared to the other one. It is a highly acidic lake which contains high level of sulfuric acid making it impossible for marine lives or some organisms to thrive. Except for the hundreds to thousands of wild docks making it as breeding ground or a home for migratory birds during migrating season.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}} [thumb\|Image of Mahagnao lake and Barangay Mahagnao located inside Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park](/wiki/File:Mahagnao_Lake_%28Center%29_and_Mahagnao_Village_%28Right%29.jpg "Mahagnao Lake (Center) and Mahagnao Village (Right).jpg") **Mahagnao Lake** This lake serves as the main source of marine products for the locals and also the center of its tourism activities. Several resorts owned privately or by community associations are on the lakeshore.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}} **Matigbao Lake** It is the smallest of the three lakes inside the park. But it is also the farthest and the most challenging to have a trek. Due to being isolated, the environment is quite different from what commonly seen in the rest of the park. There are numerous species of plants and insects thriving within the vicinity (such as dragonflies).{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}} **Calor Hot spring** The spring is just located at the southern foot of the volcano. It was a system of springs heated by an active thermal feature. Thus, creating a hot spring that merges to another system of spring creating a river of hot spring.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}} **Guin\-aniban Falls** The waterfall is located few kilometers on the southeast. It is the water from the Mahagnao lake which is passing to systems of rivers then merge before approaching on the mouth of the cliff creating a water fall that directly flow on the larger river called Marabong.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2020}} [150px\|thumbnail\|right\|[Norberto Romualdez](/wiki/Norberto_Romualdez "Norberto Romualdez") monument \- historical marker](/wiki/File:Norberto_Romualdez_bust_and_historical_marker.jpg "Norberto Romualdez bust and historical marker.jpg") In his honor, June 6 every year was declared Norberto Romualdez Sr. Day. #### Norberto Romualdez Sr. park On June 14, 2024, Mayor Juanito E. Renomeron inaugurated the restored 177\-square meter park built in 1975, beside the 1600 Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church along the corner of Santa Ana and Ave Maria Streets, the exact site of his 1800s ancestral house. It is named after [Norberto Romualdez](/wiki/Norberto_Romualdez "Norberto Romualdez"). It was first improved in 2022 with the assistance of the [National Historical Commission of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines "National Historical Commission of the Philippines") assistance.{{cite news \|last1\= Gabieta\|first1\=Joey \|title\=Leyte town opens renovated park named after Marcos’ grand uncle\|url\= https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1952365/leyte\-town\-opens\-renovated\-park\-named\-after\-marcos\-grand\-uncle\|accessdate\=June 20, 2024 \|publisher\= \[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]\|date\=June 17, 2024}} Romualdez' monument with a 1975 NHCP installed marker stands as the centerpiece with pavilion, concrete benches and a path walk.{{cite news \|last1\= Meniano\|first1\= Sarwell \|title\=Leyte town launches park honoring PBBM’s grand uncle\|url\= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1226952\|accessdate\=June 20, 2024 \|publisher\= \|date\=June 14, 2024}}
[ "Tourism\n-------", "The Local Government Unit of Burauen has been consulting with industry experts on how to develop the town's eco\\-tourism sites in a sustainable manner to carry out the Burauen Eco\\-tourism and Sustainable Tourism (BEST) project.", "With extensive promotion and backing of experts, Burauen is off to a good start in its goal to market and cement the town's status as the spring capital of Leyte.", "Other identified eco\\-tourism sites are in the villages of Matin\\-ao, Tambis, Villa Rosas, Abuyogon, Cansiboy, and Kagbana.", "These areas are seen as an addition to [Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park](https://burauen.com/mahagnao-lake-resort-relaxation-and-beauty-at-its-finest/), a site proclaimed as a national park in 1937\\.", "Notable persons supporting the initiative are former actress and UN Sustainable Development Goals Advocate Antoinette Taus, former Tourism Secretary Mina Gabor, and Asean Center for Biodiversity Director Mundita Lim.", "### Attractions", "**Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park**", "Burauen's upland territories are composed of wetland forests that contain thousands of century old trees, unique species of birds and mammals, plants and marine species mostly scattered inside [Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park](/wiki/Mahagnao_Volcano_Natural_Park \"Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park\"). It is also has with many natural sites such as lakes, mountain ranges, rivers, waterfalls, hot springs and a volcano.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}} MVNP has an elevation of 1,200 meters above sea level and an area of 635 hectares, within the boundaries of Burauen, La Paz and McArthur towns.\n[thumb\\|Mahagnao Volcano Crater](/wiki/File:Mahagnao_Volcano_Crater.jpg \"Mahagnao Volcano Crater.jpg\")\n**Mahagnao Volcano**", "Mahagnao Volcano is a dormant volcano located in Barangay Mahagnao, more than 30 km away from the town proper. Although the volcano has been inactive, it is still classified as potentially active due to the active thermal features of the mountain. Tourist are allowed to hike on its peak.\n[thumb\\|Malagsum Lake](/wiki/File:Malagsum_Lake.jpg \"Malagsum Lake.jpg\")\n**Malagsum Lake**", "This lake is smaller compared to the other one. It is a highly acidic lake which contains high level of sulfuric acid making it impossible for marine lives or some organisms to thrive. Except for the hundreds to thousands of wild docks making it as breeding ground or a home for migratory birds during migrating season.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}}\n[thumb\\|Image of Mahagnao lake and Barangay Mahagnao located inside Mahagnao Volcano Natural Park](/wiki/File:Mahagnao_Lake_%28Center%29_and_Mahagnao_Village_%28Right%29.jpg \"Mahagnao Lake (Center) and Mahagnao Village (Right).jpg\")\n**Mahagnao Lake**", "This lake serves as the main source of marine products for the locals and also the center of its tourism activities. Several resorts owned privately or by community associations are on the lakeshore.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}}", "**Matigbao Lake**", "It is the smallest of the three lakes inside the park. But it is also the farthest and the most challenging to have a trek.\nDue to being isolated, the environment is quite different from what commonly seen in the rest of the park. There are numerous species of plants and insects thriving within the vicinity (such as dragonflies).{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}}", "**Calor Hot spring**", "The spring is just located at the southern foot of the volcano. It was a system of springs heated by an active thermal feature. Thus, creating a hot spring that merges to another system of spring creating a river of hot spring.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}}", "**Guin\\-aniban Falls**", "The waterfall is located few kilometers on the southeast. It is the water from the Mahagnao lake which is passing to systems of rivers then merge before approaching on the mouth of the cliff creating a water fall that directly flow on the larger river called Marabong.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2020}}", "[150px\\|thumbnail\\|right\\|[Norberto Romualdez](/wiki/Norberto_Romualdez \"Norberto Romualdez\") monument \\- historical marker](/wiki/File:Norberto_Romualdez_bust_and_historical_marker.jpg \"Norberto Romualdez bust and historical marker.jpg\")\nIn his honor, June 6 every year was declared Norberto Romualdez Sr. Day.\n#### Norberto Romualdez Sr. park", "On June 14, 2024, Mayor Juanito E. Renomeron inaugurated the restored 177\\-square meter park built in 1975, beside the 1600 Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church along the corner of Santa Ana and Ave Maria Streets, the exact site of his 1800s ancestral house. It is named after [Norberto Romualdez](/wiki/Norberto_Romualdez \"Norberto Romualdez\"). It was first improved in 2022 with the assistance of the [National Historical Commission of the Philippines](/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines \"National Historical Commission of the Philippines\") assistance.{{cite news \\|last1\\= Gabieta\\|first1\\=Joey \\|title\\=Leyte town opens renovated park named after Marcos’ grand uncle\\|url\\= https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1952365/leyte\\-town\\-opens\\-renovated\\-park\\-named\\-after\\-marcos\\-grand\\-uncle\\|accessdate\\=June 20, 2024 \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]\\|date\\=June 17, 2024}} Romualdez' monument with a 1975 NHCP installed marker stands as the centerpiece with pavilion, concrete benches and a path walk.{{cite news \\|last1\\= Meniano\\|first1\\= Sarwell \\|title\\=Leyte town launches park honoring PBBM’s grand uncle\\|url\\= https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1226952\\|accessdate\\=June 20, 2024 \\|publisher\\= \\|date\\=June 14, 2024}}", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career Williams began coaching youth teams at [Leyton Orient](/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C. "Leyton Orient F.C.") and [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. "West Ham United F.C."), and became an [FA](/wiki/Football_Association "Football Association") Skills Coach.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/team/coachingstaff/\|title\=Swindon Town FC Coaching Staff\|publisher\=Swindon Town FC\|accessdate\=30 December 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403215032/http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/team/coachingstaff/\|archive\-date\=3 April 2017\|url\-status\=dead}} He undertook warehouse work and drove minibuses to earn extra money. Williams spent 18 months coaching children at [London Fields](/wiki/London_Fields "London Fields") on Saturday mornings and also coached young offenders for West Ham's community programme. He coached Leyton Orient's under\-14s in the evenings and also worked as a teaching assistant at [Braintree College](/wiki/Braintree_College "Braintree College"). He later became a development coach at [Brighton \& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C."), where he managed the club's [under\-21 and reserve sides](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C._Under-21s_and_Academy "Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. Under-21s and Academy") for several years under first\-team manager [Gus Poyet](/wiki/Gus_Poyet "Gus Poyet").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/news/article/coachingadditions\-962917\.aspx\|title\=Coaching Additions\|publisher\=Swindon Town FC\|accessdate\=30 December 2015}} Williams's side were the first Brighton team to play at the club's [Amex Stadium](/wiki/Amex_Stadium "Amex Stadium"), which opened in 2011, as they beat [Eastbourne Borough](/wiki/Eastbourne_Borough_F.C. "Eastbourne Borough F.C.") in the [Sussex Senior Challenge Cup](/wiki/Sussex_Senior_Challenge_Cup "Sussex Senior Challenge Cup") final.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theargus.co.uk/sport/20210187\.ex\-brighton\-coach\-luke\-williams\-great\-days\-gus\-poyet/ \|title\=Ex\-Brighton coach Luke Williams on great days with Gus Poyet \|website\=The Argus \|date\=15 June 2022 \|accessdate\=28 December 2023}} ### Swindon Town and subsequent coaching In 2013, Williams was appointed assistant manager to [Mark Cooper](/wiki/Mark_Cooper_%28footballer%2C_born_1968%29 "Mark Cooper (footballer, born 1968)") at [League One](/wiki/EFL_League_One "EFL League One") club [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. "Swindon Town F.C."), and helped the team reach the [2015 play\-offs](/wiki/2015_Football_League_play-offs "2015 Football League play-offs") before losing to [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. "Preston North End F.C.") in the [final](/wiki/2015_Football_League_One_play-off_final "2015 Football League One play-off final").{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32770740 \|title\=Preston North End 4\-0 Swindon Town \|publisher\=\[\[BBC]] \|date\=24 May 2015 \|access\-date\=28 July 2021 }} Following Cooper's departure, Williams worked as assistant to [Lee Power](/wiki/Lee_Power "Lee Power") and [Martin Ling](/wiki/Martin_Ling "Martin Ling"), before becoming [caretaker manager](/wiki/Caretaker_manager "Caretaker manager") in December 2015 after Ling's resignation.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/news/article/statement\-chairman\-on\-ling\-departure\-2876275\.aspx\|title\=Statement – Chairman on Ling Departure\|publisher\=Swindon Town FC\|accessdate\=30 December 2015}} The following month, Williams was named manager until the end of the [season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Swindon_Town_F.C._season "2015–16 Swindon Town F.C. season").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35375541 \|title\=Swindon Town: Luke Williams to remain in charge until May \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=21 January 2016 \|accessdate\=6 May 2017 }} He then signed a five\-year contract as head coach after winning six of his 10 games in charge.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/mar/09/luke\-williams\-swindon\-head\-coach \|title\=Luke Williams earns five\-year deal as Swindon Town head coach \|date\=9 March 2016 \|work\=The Guardian \|accessdate\=7 March 2017}} In November 2016, [Tim Sherwood](/wiki/Tim_Sherwood "Tim Sherwood") was named the club's [director of football](/wiki/Director_of_football "Director of football") and began coaching the team alongside Williams.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37938448 \|title\=Tim Sherwood: Swindon Town appoint ex\-Tottenham boss as director of football \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=10 November 2016 \|accessdate\=9 January 2024}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37975468 \|title\=Tim Sherwood: Swindon's Luke Williams keen to learn from director of football \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=14 November 2016 \|accessdate\=9 January 2024}}{{cite web\|url\= https://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/sport/14912793\.town\-head\-coach\-luke\-williams\-enjoying\-arrival\-of\-sherwood/ \|title\= Town head coach Luke Williams enjoying arrival of Sherwood \|website\=Swindon Advertiser \|date\=18 November 2016 \|accessdate\=10 January 2024}} Williams left Swindon in May 2017 by mutual agreement following the club's relegation to [League Two](/wiki/EFL_League_Two "EFL League Two") at the end of the [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Swindon_Town_F.C._season "2016–17 Swindon Town F.C. season") season.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39816949\|title\=Luke Williams: Swindon Town head coach's departure confirmed by relegated club\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=5 May 2017\|accessdate\=6 May 2017}} Following his departure, Williams became head coach of [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. "Bristol City F.C.")'s under\-23s in 2017,{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/williams\-appointed\-under\-23\-coach/ \|title\=Williams appointed Under\-23 coach \|publisher\=\[\[Bristol City F.C.\|Bristol City]] \|date\=29 June 2017 \|access\-date\=28 July 2021 }} before becoming assistant to [Russell Martin](/wiki/Russell_Martin_%28footballer%29 "Russell Martin (footballer)") at [Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.") in 2019 and [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. "Swansea City A.F.C.") in 2021\.{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.mkdons.com/news/2019/november/williams\-appointed\-assistant\-manager/ \|title\=Williams appointed assistant manager \|publisher\=\[\[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\|Milton Keynes Dons]] \|date\=14 November 2019 \|access\-date\=28 July 2021 }}{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.mkdons.com/news/2021/august/statement\-russell\-martin/ \|title\=Statement: Russell Martin \|publisher\=\[\[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\|Milton Keynes Dons]] \|date\=1 August 2021 \|access\-date\=1 August 2021}} He left the latter in 2022\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/club\-statement\-luke\-williams\-leaves\-swansea\-city \|title\=Club Statement: Luke Williams leaves Swansea City \|website\=www.swanseacity.com \|date\=18 February 2022}} At both clubs, Williams assisted Martin in coaching a [possession](/wiki/Possession_%28sports%29 "Possession (sports)")\-based style of play.{{cite web\|url\=https://theathletic.com/2486603/2021/04/01/behind\-the\-scenes\-with\-mk\-dons\-the\-team\-with\-the\-third\-highest\-possession\-in\-europe/ \|title\=Behind the scenes with MK Dons, the team with the third highest possession in Europe \|website\=The Athletic \|date\=1 April 2021 \|accessdate\=6 January 2024}} Their MK Dons side set a new British record at the time, scoring after a 56\-pass move. ### Notts County On 14 June 2022, Williams returned to management with [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 "National League (division)") club [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. "Notts County F.C.").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nottscountyfc.co.uk/news/2022/june/luke\-williams\-announcement\-140622/ \|title\=Head coach: Luke Williams \|website\=www.nottscountyfc.co.uk \|date\=14 June 2022 \|access\-date\=14 June 2022}} He was awarded the National League Manager of the Month award for October 2022, winning all six matches across the month, with the club sat top of the league.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nottscountyfc.co.uk/news/2022/november/october\-manager\-of\-the\-month\-141122/ \|title\=Manager of the Month: October \|website\=www.nottscountyfc.co.uk \|date\=14 November 2022 \|access\-date\=14 November 2022}} Williams won the same award in March 2023 as County remained unbeaten throughout the month. In [his first season with the club](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season"), Notts County earned a club record\-breaking 107 points, but finished second in the league behind [Wrexham](/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C. "Wrexham A.F.C."). County scored 117 goals throughout the campaign and set a new club record unbeaten run in the league of 25 games. They also achieved the most wins in a season, with 32 wins. In the play\-offs, Williams led County to promotion, defeating [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C. "Chesterfield F.C.") on penalties in the [play\-off final](/wiki/2023_National_League_play-off_final "2023 National League play-off final") at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium "Wembley Stadium"). Williams's side regularly dominated possession against opposition teams, losing just three of their 46 league games in his first season, while using short [corners](/wiki/Corner_kick "Corner kick") to maintain possession and increase the likelihood of scoring goals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/profile\-luke\-williams \|title\=In profile \- Luke Williams \|website\=swanseacity.com \|accessdate\=6 January 2024}}{{cite web\|url\=https://theathletic.com/5104900/2023/12/06/notts\-county\-short\-corners\-analysis/ \|title\=Notts County's devotion to short corners: Does it make statistical sense? \|website\=The Athletic \|date\=6 December 2023 \|accessdate\=6 January 2024}} Defensively, despite County conceding just 52 goals in all competitions in his first season, they conceded 49 goals in the first four months of his second season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67650153 \|title\=Notts County: Captain Kyle Cameron 'embarrassed' by goals League Two side have conceded \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=7 December 2023 \|accessdate\=6 January 2024}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/sport/football/football\-news/luke\-williams\-blasts\-soft\-goals\-8982831 \|title\=Luke Williams blasts 'soft goals' Notts County have conceded in recent weeks \|website\=Nottinghamshire Live \|date\=18 December 2023 \|accessdate\=6 January 2024}} Williams left County in January 2024, with the club fifth in the league and having scored 55 goals, the highest across England's top four divisions.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13042041/luke\-williams\-swansea\-city\-appoint\-notts\-county\-boss\-as\-new\-head\-coach \|title\=Luke Williams: Swansea City appoint Notts County boss as new head coach \|website\=\[\[Sky Sports]] \|date\=5 January 2024 \|accessdate\=5 January 2024}} ### Swansea City On 5 January 2024, Williams returned to [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship") club Swansea City as head coach on a three\-and\-a\-half\-year contract, replacing [Michael Duff](/wiki/Michael_Duff_%28footballer%29 "Michael Duff (footballer)") mid\-season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/luke\-williams\-joins\-swansea\-city\-head\-coach\|title\=Luke Williams joins Swansea City as Head Coach\|website\=www.swanseacity.com\|date\=5 January 2024\|accessdate\=5 January 2024}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67897011 \|title\=Luke Williams: Swansea City 'the perfect move' for new head coach \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=5 January 2024 \|accessdate\=6 January 2024}} He was chosen by Swansea for his attacking, possession\-based style of play. Williams took charge of his first match the following day, a 2–0 victory against [Morecambe](/wiki/Morecambe_F.C. "Morecambe F.C.") in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup "FA Cup"), with goals from [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") loanee [Charlie Patino](/wiki/Charlie_Patino "Charlie Patino") and striker [Jerry Yates](/wiki/Jerry_Yates "Jerry Yates").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67894715 \|title\=Swansea City 2 Morecambe 0 \|website\=BBC Sport \|date\=6 January 2024 \|accessdate\=6 January 2024}} Despite a difficult start against four of the top six teams in the league, Williams improved Swansea's form over the last quarter of the season; they avoided relegation and finished 14th in the league.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/vital\-statistics\-swansea\-citys\-foundations\-2024\-25\-season \|title\=VITAL STATISTICS SWANSEA CITY'S FOUNDATIONS FOR THE 2024\-25 SEASON \|website\=Swansea City \|date\=20 May 2024 \|accessdate\=26 May 2024}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Early career", "Williams began coaching youth teams at [Leyton Orient](/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C. \"Leyton Orient F.C.\") and [West Ham United](/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C. \"West Ham United F.C.\"), and became an [FA](/wiki/Football_Association \"Football Association\") Skills Coach.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/team/coachingstaff/\\|title\\=Swindon Town FC Coaching Staff\\|publisher\\=Swindon Town FC\\|accessdate\\=30 December 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403215032/http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/team/coachingstaff/\\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} He undertook warehouse work and drove minibuses to earn extra money. Williams spent 18 months coaching children at [London Fields](/wiki/London_Fields \"London Fields\") on Saturday mornings and also coached young offenders for West Ham's community programme. He coached Leyton Orient's under\\-14s in the evenings and also worked as a teaching assistant at [Braintree College](/wiki/Braintree_College \"Braintree College\").", "He later became a development coach at [Brighton \\& Hove Albion](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C. \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.\"), where he managed the club's [under\\-21 and reserve sides](/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C._Under-21s_and_Academy \"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. Under-21s and Academy\") for several years under first\\-team manager [Gus Poyet](/wiki/Gus_Poyet \"Gus Poyet\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/news/article/coachingadditions\\-962917\\.aspx\\|title\\=Coaching Additions\\|publisher\\=Swindon Town FC\\|accessdate\\=30 December 2015}} Williams's side were the first Brighton team to play at the club's [Amex Stadium](/wiki/Amex_Stadium \"Amex Stadium\"), which opened in 2011, as they beat [Eastbourne Borough](/wiki/Eastbourne_Borough_F.C. \"Eastbourne Borough F.C.\") in the [Sussex Senior Challenge Cup](/wiki/Sussex_Senior_Challenge_Cup \"Sussex Senior Challenge Cup\") final.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theargus.co.uk/sport/20210187\\.ex\\-brighton\\-coach\\-luke\\-williams\\-great\\-days\\-gus\\-poyet/ \\|title\\=Ex\\-Brighton coach Luke Williams on great days with Gus Poyet \\|website\\=The Argus \\|date\\=15 June 2022 \\|accessdate\\=28 December 2023}}", "### Swindon Town and subsequent coaching", "In 2013, Williams was appointed assistant manager to [Mark Cooper](/wiki/Mark_Cooper_%28footballer%2C_born_1968%29 \"Mark Cooper (footballer, born 1968)\") at [League One](/wiki/EFL_League_One \"EFL League One\") club [Swindon Town](/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C. \"Swindon Town F.C.\"), and helped the team reach the [2015 play\\-offs](/wiki/2015_Football_League_play-offs \"2015 Football League play-offs\") before losing to [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. \"Preston North End F.C.\") in the [final](/wiki/2015_Football_League_One_play-off_final \"2015 Football League One play-off final\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32770740 \\|title\\=Preston North End 4\\-0 Swindon Town \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]] \\|date\\=24 May 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2021 }} Following Cooper's departure, Williams worked as assistant to [Lee Power](/wiki/Lee_Power \"Lee Power\") and [Martin Ling](/wiki/Martin_Ling \"Martin Ling\"), before becoming [caretaker manager](/wiki/Caretaker_manager \"Caretaker manager\") in December 2015 after Ling's resignation.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.swindontownfc.co.uk/news/article/statement\\-chairman\\-on\\-ling\\-departure\\-2876275\\.aspx\\|title\\=Statement – Chairman on Ling Departure\\|publisher\\=Swindon Town FC\\|accessdate\\=30 December 2015}}", "The following month, Williams was named manager until the end of the [season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Swindon_Town_F.C._season \"2015–16 Swindon Town F.C. season\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35375541 \\|title\\=Swindon Town: Luke Williams to remain in charge until May \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=21 January 2016 \\|accessdate\\=6 May 2017 }} He then signed a five\\-year contract as head coach after winning six of his 10 games in charge.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/mar/09/luke\\-williams\\-swindon\\-head\\-coach \\|title\\=Luke Williams earns five\\-year deal as Swindon Town head coach \\|date\\=9 March 2016 \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|accessdate\\=7 March 2017}} In November 2016, [Tim Sherwood](/wiki/Tim_Sherwood \"Tim Sherwood\") was named the club's [director of football](/wiki/Director_of_football \"Director of football\") and began coaching the team alongside Williams.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37938448 \\|title\\=Tim Sherwood: Swindon Town appoint ex\\-Tottenham boss as director of football \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=10 November 2016 \\|accessdate\\=9 January 2024}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37975468 \\|title\\=Tim Sherwood: Swindon's Luke Williams keen to learn from director of football \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=14 November 2016 \\|accessdate\\=9 January 2024}}{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/sport/14912793\\.town\\-head\\-coach\\-luke\\-williams\\-enjoying\\-arrival\\-of\\-sherwood/ \\|title\\= Town head coach Luke Williams enjoying arrival of Sherwood \\|website\\=Swindon Advertiser \\|date\\=18 November 2016 \\|accessdate\\=10 January 2024}} Williams left Swindon in May 2017 by mutual agreement following the club's relegation to [League Two](/wiki/EFL_League_Two \"EFL League Two\") at the end of the [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Swindon_Town_F.C._season \"2016–17 Swindon Town F.C. season\") season.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39816949\\|title\\=Luke Williams: Swindon Town head coach's departure confirmed by relegated club\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=5 May 2017\\|accessdate\\=6 May 2017}}", "Following his departure, Williams became head coach of [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. \"Bristol City F.C.\")'s under\\-23s in 2017,{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/williams\\-appointed\\-under\\-23\\-coach/ \\|title\\=Williams appointed Under\\-23 coach \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bristol City F.C.\\|Bristol City]] \\|date\\=29 June 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2021 }} before becoming assistant to [Russell Martin](/wiki/Russell_Martin_%28footballer%29 \"Russell Martin (footballer)\") at [Milton Keynes Dons](/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C. \"Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\") in 2019 and [Swansea City](/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C. \"Swansea City A.F.C.\") in 2021\\.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.mkdons.com/news/2019/november/williams\\-appointed\\-assistant\\-manager/ \\|title\\=Williams appointed assistant manager \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\\|Milton Keynes Dons]] \\|date\\=14 November 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2021 }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.mkdons.com/news/2021/august/statement\\-russell\\-martin/ \\|title\\=Statement: Russell Martin \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.\\|Milton Keynes Dons]] \\|date\\=1 August 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2021}} He left the latter in 2022\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/club\\-statement\\-luke\\-williams\\-leaves\\-swansea\\-city \\|title\\=Club Statement: Luke Williams leaves Swansea City \\|website\\=www.swanseacity.com \\|date\\=18 February 2022}} At both clubs, Williams assisted Martin in coaching a [possession](/wiki/Possession_%28sports%29 \"Possession (sports)\")\\-based style of play.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/2486603/2021/04/01/behind\\-the\\-scenes\\-with\\-mk\\-dons\\-the\\-team\\-with\\-the\\-third\\-highest\\-possession\\-in\\-europe/ \\|title\\=Behind the scenes with MK Dons, the team with the third highest possession in Europe \\|website\\=The Athletic \\|date\\=1 April 2021 \\|accessdate\\=6 January 2024}} Their MK Dons side set a new British record at the time, scoring after a 56\\-pass move.", "### Notts County", "On 14 June 2022, Williams returned to management with [National League](/wiki/National_League_%28division%29 \"National League (division)\") club [Notts County](/wiki/Notts_County_F.C. \"Notts County F.C.\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nottscountyfc.co.uk/news/2022/june/luke\\-williams\\-announcement\\-140622/ \\|title\\=Head coach: Luke Williams \\|website\\=www.nottscountyfc.co.uk \\|date\\=14 June 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2022}} He was awarded the National League Manager of the Month award for October 2022, winning all six matches across the month, with the club sat top of the league.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nottscountyfc.co.uk/news/2022/november/october\\-manager\\-of\\-the\\-month\\-141122/ \\|title\\=Manager of the Month: October \\|website\\=www.nottscountyfc.co.uk \\|date\\=14 November 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=14 November 2022}} Williams won the same award in March 2023 as County remained unbeaten throughout the month.", "In [his first season with the club](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season \"2022–23 Notts County F.C. season\"), Notts County earned a club record\\-breaking 107 points, but finished second in the league behind [Wrexham](/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C. \"Wrexham A.F.C.\"). County scored 117 goals throughout the campaign and set a new club record unbeaten run in the league of 25 games. They also achieved the most wins in a season, with 32 wins. In the play\\-offs, Williams led County to promotion, defeating [Chesterfield](/wiki/Chesterfield_F.C. \"Chesterfield F.C.\") on penalties in the [play\\-off final](/wiki/2023_National_League_play-off_final \"2023 National League play-off final\") at [Wembley Stadium](/wiki/Wembley_Stadium \"Wembley Stadium\").", "Williams's side regularly dominated possession against opposition teams, losing just three of their 46 league games in his first season, while using short [corners](/wiki/Corner_kick \"Corner kick\") to maintain possession and increase the likelihood of scoring goals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/profile\\-luke\\-williams \\|title\\=In profile \\- Luke Williams \\|website\\=swanseacity.com \\|accessdate\\=6 January 2024}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://theathletic.com/5104900/2023/12/06/notts\\-county\\-short\\-corners\\-analysis/ \\|title\\=Notts County's devotion to short corners: Does it make statistical sense? \\|website\\=The Athletic \\|date\\=6 December 2023 \\|accessdate\\=6 January 2024}} Defensively, despite County conceding just 52 goals in all competitions in his first season, they conceded 49 goals in the first four months of his second season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67650153 \\|title\\=Notts County: Captain Kyle Cameron 'embarrassed' by goals League Two side have conceded \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=7 December 2023 \\|accessdate\\=6 January 2024}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nottinghampost.com/sport/football/football\\-news/luke\\-williams\\-blasts\\-soft\\-goals\\-8982831 \\|title\\=Luke Williams blasts 'soft goals' Notts County have conceded in recent weeks \\|website\\=Nottinghamshire Live \\|date\\=18 December 2023 \\|accessdate\\=6 January 2024}} Williams left County in January 2024, with the club fifth in the league and having scored 55 goals, the highest across England's top four divisions.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13042041/luke\\-williams\\-swansea\\-city\\-appoint\\-notts\\-county\\-boss\\-as\\-new\\-head\\-coach \\|title\\=Luke Williams: Swansea City appoint Notts County boss as new head coach \\|website\\=\\[\\[Sky Sports]] \\|date\\=5 January 2024 \\|accessdate\\=5 January 2024}}", "### Swansea City", "On 5 January 2024, Williams returned to [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\") club Swansea City as head coach on a three\\-and\\-a\\-half\\-year contract, replacing [Michael Duff](/wiki/Michael_Duff_%28footballer%29 \"Michael Duff (footballer)\") mid\\-season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/luke\\-williams\\-joins\\-swansea\\-city\\-head\\-coach\\|title\\=Luke Williams joins Swansea City as Head Coach\\|website\\=www.swanseacity.com\\|date\\=5 January 2024\\|accessdate\\=5 January 2024}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67897011 \\|title\\=Luke Williams: Swansea City 'the perfect move' for new head coach \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=5 January 2024 \\|accessdate\\=6 January 2024}} He was chosen by Swansea for his attacking, possession\\-based style of play.", "Williams took charge of his first match the following day, a 2–0 victory against [Morecambe](/wiki/Morecambe_F.C. \"Morecambe F.C.\") in the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\"), with goals from [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") loanee [Charlie Patino](/wiki/Charlie_Patino \"Charlie Patino\") and striker [Jerry Yates](/wiki/Jerry_Yates \"Jerry Yates\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67894715 \\|title\\=Swansea City 2 Morecambe 0 \\|website\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=6 January 2024 \\|accessdate\\=6 January 2024}} Despite a difficult start against four of the top six teams in the league, Williams improved Swansea's form over the last quarter of the season; they avoided relegation and finished 14th in the league.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/vital\\-statistics\\-swansea\\-citys\\-foundations\\-2024\\-25\\-season \\|title\\=VITAL STATISTICS SWANSEA CITY'S FOUNDATIONS FOR THE 2024\\-25 SEASON \\|website\\=Swansea City \\|date\\=20 May 2024 \\|accessdate\\=26 May 2024}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Emergence of the foreign concessions The emergence of foreign concessions in [Imperial China](/wiki/Imperial_China "Imperial China") was an indirect{{citation needed\|date\=June 2024}} offshoot of the 19th century [unequal treaties](/wiki/Unequal_treaties "Unequal treaties") following China's defeat against Great Britain in the Opium Wars. The 1842 [Treaty of Nanjing](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing "Treaty of Nanjing") between China and Great Britain stated that "British Subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying on their mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint at the cities and towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochow\-fu, Ningpo and Shanghai",C. F. Fraser, *The Status of the International Settlement at Shanghai*,[https://www\-jstor\-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/754551?seq\=1](https://www-jstor-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/754551?seq=1), Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Vol. 21, No 1 (1939\), p. 39\. but nothing was said, including in the supplementary treaty of the following year, about separate residential areas for foreigners in those ports, let alone their right to govern themselves."However, not a single word on concession was found in the treaties, not to mention its establishment and government." Wanshu Cong, Frédéric Mégret, *International Shanghai (1863–1931\): Imperialism and private authority in the Global City*, Leiden Journal of International Law (2021, 34\), p. 918\."The treaties that followed the Opium Wars only gave foreigners the right to reside in the newly\-opened ports and said nothing about separate foreign settlements as such." P. K. Cassel, *Grounds for Judgment*, Oxford University Press (2012\), p. 64\. However, the imperial commissioner who had negotiated the supplementary treaty reported to the [Qing emperor](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") that by signing the treaty he had successfully arranged that in the treaty ports "the boundaries of an area should be designated which foreigners are not allowed to exceed" (*yiding jiezhi, buxu yuyue*), an intent however that was not clearly stated in the English\-language version of the treaty."The Chinese version of the Bogue Treaty actually carried this wording, but the tone was not clearly reflected in the English version". Hanchao Hu, *Beyond the Neon Lights \- Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century*, University of California Press (1999\), p. 31\. The Qing rulers, by wishing to confine the "barbarians" to an officially designated special zone, hoped to resurrect the old [Canton system](/wiki/Canton_system "Canton system"), that is, a system that strictly confined foreigners to a segregated zone that also was off\-limit to Chinese subjects. At Shanghai, there was initially an attempt by imperial officials to keep the foreigners out as much as possible and the first British consul, Captain [George Balfour](/wiki/George_Balfour_%28Liberal_MP%29 "George Balfour (Liberal MP)"), could not even find a house for the consulate upon his arrival in 1843\. The British finally decided to locate themselves in the northern suburbs of the walled Chinese city and they asked the [Daotai](/wiki/Circuit_intendant_of_Shanghai "Circuit intendant of Shanghai"), Gong Muiju, to designate an area for their establishment there. This dovetailed with the Daotai's intentions, since following two violent incidents between local Chinese and foreigners, he had endeavored to limit contacts between Chinese and foreigners.Hanchao Hu (1999\), p. 31\.P. K. Cassel (2012\), p. 64\. This was formalized in 1845 with the delimitation of a segregated area north of Yangjingbang, a creek that ran north of the Chinese city. Later that year Gong Muiju and Balfour concluded an agreement called the Land Regulations (*Shanghai zudi zhangcheng*), which set forth the institutional basis for the British settlement.P. K. Cassel (2012\), p. 64\. Following the British example, [Charles de Montigny](/wiki/Charles_de_Montigny "Charles de Montigny"), the French consul at Shanghai, and the Daotai Lin’gui agreed in 1849 that a French settlement be established on a strip of land between the Chinese city and the British settlement. The American consul [George Seward](/wiki/George_Seward_%28diplomat%29 "George Seward (diplomat)") was dissatisfied with the fact that the British and the French had obtained the best plots of land in the area, and after lengthy deliberations, the Americans established [their own settlement in Hongkew northeast of Shanghai](/wiki/American_Concession_%28Shanghai%29 "American Concession (Shanghai)"), although it was not to be delineated until 1863\.Cassel p. 65\. In September of the same year, the British and American settlements were amalgamated into a single Foreign Settlement. A Municipal Council, officially known as "The Council for the Foreign Community of Shanghai", was established.Fraser (1939\), pp. 29, 42–43\. Local French representatives had agreed to amalgamate the French settlement with the other two but this was not accepted by the French Government and, as a consequence, a French concession was to exist alongside the International Settlement until World War II. The International Settlement began with the 138 acres of the British settlement, which was increased to 470 acres in 1848\. The addition of the American area and a number of subsequent additions brought the total area to 5,584 acres. Including the 2,525 acres of French Concession, the total area was eventually to reach 12\.66 square miles.H. L., *The Internal Status of Shanghai*, <https://www.jstor.org/stable/25639742> Bulletin of International News, Vol. 14, No. 12 (Dec. 11, 1937\), Royal Institute of International Affairs, p. 5\. Additional foreign concessions were set up in other treaty ports especially following the 1858 and 1860 Anglo\-Chinese treaties, and from the mid\-1890s to 1902, following the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion "Boxer Rebellion") (1899–1901\). While the settlements at Shanghai had been set up in cooperation with the local authorities and with the tacit, but not explicit, consent of the central Chinese government, the concessions that were established later had a more definitive treaty basis and their development as well as the extension of their boundaries has been regularized by agreements with the Chinese government.William C. Johnstone, *The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China*, [https://www\-jstor\-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/1947920](https://www-jstor-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/1947920) The American Political Science Review, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct. 1937\), p. 946\). An inventory of all the concessions along with a survey of their status done by W. C. Johnstone in 1937 shows that, aside from the two international settlements at Shanghai and Kulangsu (Amoy), there had been grants by the Chinese government of 23 national concessions to eight nations in 10 Chinese ports. In addition to the 23 formally established concessions, Great Britain, Japan, and the United States were granted rights to concessions in several treaty ports but these rights were never exercised.William C. Johnstone (1937\), p. 943–944\. On the eve of World War II, four Powers still possessed concessions: Great Britain (two, at Canton and Tientsin); Japan (three, at Hangchow, Hankow, and Tientsin); France (four, at Canton, Hankow, Shanghai, and Tientsin); and Italy (one, at Tientsin).William C. Johnstone (1937\), p. 943\). For his part, Kurt Bloch listed a total of 19 established national concessions."With the outbreak of the war, five concessions, two German, two Russian and one Austro\-Hungarian – in Tientsin and Hankow – were liquidated and taken over by the Chinese government. Of the remaining fourteen developed concessions, the British held six, the French four, Japan two and Italy and Belgium one each. Between the outbreak of the Nationalist Revolution of 1925 and the beginning of the Sino\-Japanese hostilities of 1931, another five concessions were taken over by the Chinese. Britain surrendered her areas in Hankow, Chinkiang, Kiukiang and Amoy, and Belgium in Tientsin. Of the remaining nine concessions – four in Tientsin, one in Shanghai, two in Hankow and two in Shameen (Canton) – four are French, two (in Tientsin and Shameen) are British, two (in Tientsin and Hankow) Japanese, and one (in Tientsin) Italian." Kurt Bloch, *The Basic Conflict Over Foreign Concessions in China,* <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3023092>, Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 8, No. 10 (May 10, 1939\), p. 113–114\. #### Operations In these concessions, the citizens of each foreign power were given the right to freely inhabit, trade, perform [missionary](/wiki/Missionary "Missionary") evangelization, and travel. They developed their own sub\-cultures, isolated and distinct from the intrinsic [Chinese culture](/wiki/Chinese_culture "Chinese culture"), and colonial administrations attempted to give their concessions "homeland" qualities. Churches, [public houses](/wiki/Public_house "Public house"), and various other western commercial institutions sprang up in the concessions. In the case of Japan, its own traditions and language naturally flourished. Some of these concessions eventually had a more advanced architecture of each originating culture than most cities back in the countries of the origin of the foreign powers. Over time, and without formal permission, Britain, France, Japan and the United States established their own postal systems within their concession and trade areas.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes\_from\_the\_Past/pastnote432\.htm \|title\=U.S. Postal Agency in Shanghai \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-02 \|archive\-date\=2017\-06\-29 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629063205/http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes\_from\_the\_Past/pastnote432\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} Following Chinese complaints over the loss of postal revenue and the lack of customs inspections, all of them were abolished at the end of 1922\.{{cite book \|last1\=Jianlang \|first1\=Wang \|title\=Unequal Treaties and China (Volume 1\) \|date\=22 May 2015 \|publisher\=Enrich Professional Publishing (S) Private, Limited \|isbn\=978\-1\-62320\-066\-4 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ftjPDgAAQBAJ\&dq\=chinese\+concession\+postal\+services\&pg\=PA85 \|language\=en}} The Shanghai International Settlement became a major place of refuge for European immigrants, notably from Slavic and Baltic regions, and American travelers and displaced persons. #### Laws Each concession also had its own police force and different legal jurisdictions with their own separate laws. Thus, an activity might be legal in one concession but illegal in another. Many of the concessions also maintained their own military garrison and a standing army. Military and police forces of the Chinese government were sometimes present. Some police forces allowed Chinese, others did not. There were economic inequalities between the concessions and surrounding areas outside. European powers had citizens employed inside of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service. Despite the service being sovereign to China, Europeans often influenced taxes levied and tariffs imposed upon foreign concessions—often to their own benefit. Foreign entities also benefited from imposing their own local taxes inside of their nation's respected concession. #### Wars Several wars would lead to the creation of colonial concessions taken from Qing China. These included the [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War "First Opium War") (1839–1842\), [Second Opium War](/wiki/Second_Opium_War "Second Opium War") (1856–1860\), [Sino\-French War](/wiki/Sino-French_War "Sino-French War") (1884–1885\), [First Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War "First Sino-Japanese War") (1894–1895\), and [Russian invasion of Manchuria](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria "Russian invasion of Manchuria") (1900\).{{Cite book \|last\=Zatsepine \|first\=Victor \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MzZLDgAAQBAJ \|title\=Beyond the Amur: Frontier Encounters between China and Russia, 1850–1930 \|date\=2017\-03\-09 \|publisher\=UBC Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-7748\-3412\-4 \|language\=en}} The [Eight Nation Alliance](/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance "Eight-Nation Alliance")'s suppression of the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion "Boxer Rebellion") (1899–1901\) would lead to participants being rewarded with concessions taken from the Qing dynasty, in the years following the conflict. It also led the foreign powers to station barracks and troops in the existing concessions, especially Tianjin, and increased the immigration of entire families to the concessions.{{Cite book \|last1\=Victoir \|first1\=Laura \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=V0N2sD\_MrK0C \|title\=Harbin to Hanoi: The Colonial Built Environment in Asia, 1840 to 1940 \|last2\=Zatsepine \|first2\=Victor \|date\=2013\-01\-01 \|publisher\=Hong Kong University Press \|isbn\=978\-988\-8139\-42\-2 \|pages\=95–96, 98–100 \|language\=en}}{{Rp\|pages\=98–100}} Wars that changed the ownership of existing concessions between the foreign powers included the [Triple Intervention](/wiki/Triple_Intervention "Triple Intervention") (1895\) and the [Russo\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War "Russo-Japanese War") (1904–1905\). ### Republic of China period [thumb\|The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, built in 1923 and The Customs House, built in 1927, Shanghai](/wiki/File:The_Hong_Kong_and_Shanghai_Bank%2C_built_in_1923_and_The_Customs_House_built_in_1927.jpg "The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, built in 1923 and The Customs House built in 1927.jpg") The foreign concessions continued to exist during the [mainland period](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 "Republic of China (1912–1949)") of the Republic of China. [The Asia and Pacific theatre of the First World War](/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I "Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I") would be another major incident changing the ownership of concessions in China with Japanese expansion. Concessions were partially curtailed in the [Washington Naval Treaty](/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty "Washington Naval Treaty") and the [Nine Power Treaty](/wiki/Nine-Power_Treaty "Nine-Power Treaty") attempting to reaffirm the sovereignty of China.{{Cite book \|last\=Unoki \|first\=Ko \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Hi3uCwAAQBAJ \|title\=International Relations and the Origins of the Pacific War \|date\=2016\-04\-08 \|publisher\=Springer \|isbn\=978\-1\-137\-57202\-8 \|pages\=108 \|language\=en}}{{Cite book \|last\=Jianlang \|first\=Wang \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=e5PRDgAAQBAJ \|title\=Unequal Treaties and China (2\-Volume Set) \|date\=2015\-11\-27 \|publisher\=Enrich Professional Publishing Limited \|isbn\=978\-1\-62320\-119\-7 \|pages\=139 \|language\=en}} Many foreigners arrived in the cities aiming primarily to get rich. During the first phase of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War "Chinese Civil War") in the 1920s, the concessions saw a sharp increase in immigration both from surrounding Chinese territory, and from the West and Japan. The population of Chinese residents eventually surpassed foreigners inside the concessions. With international travelers, culture took on an [eclectic](/wiki/Eclecticism "Eclecticism") character of many influences—including both language and architecture. This effect was exemplified in the Shanghai International Settlement and the multi\-concessions in Tianjin. Writings from the time period indicate that both the [Prussians](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia "Kingdom of Prussia") and Russians were seen as acting culturally British. The wealthy built opulent buildings with multiple European and Chinese inspirations. Some Chinese entrepreneurs became very wealthy and hired foreign designers and architects.{{Rp\|pages\=95–96\|page\=}} In major cities like Shanghai and Tianjin, due to the existence of numerous jurisdictions, criminals could commit a crime in one jurisdiction and then easily escape to another. This became a major problem during the Republican period, with the rise of the post–Imperial [Warlord era](/wiki/Warlord_era "Warlord era") and the collapse of central authority in the 1920s and the 1930s. Crime often flourished, especially organized crime by different warlord groups. Some efforts were made by the foreign powers to have the different police forces cooperate and work together, but not with significant success. The image of gangsters and [Triad societies](/wiki/Triad_society "Triad society") connected with the major cities and concessions of the period is often due to [extraterritoriality](/wiki/Extraterritoriality "Extraterritoriality") within the cities.{{Cite book \|last\=Martin \|first\=Brian G. \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=1mMdlRHiT44C\&pg\=PA64 \|title\=The Shanghai Green Gang: Politics and Organized Crime, 1919–1937 \|date\=1996\-04\-15 \|publisher\=University of California Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-91643\-2 \|language\=en \|chapter\=The French Connection}} Underdeveloped economies under a foreign government led many laborers without opportunities to be recruited by triads, who developed a subculture inspired by other eras that China was under foreign domination. Secret societies controlled drug trade, gambling, and prostitution in Shanghai.{{Cite book \|last1\=Kelly \|first1\=Robert J. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=CWg1Efv5C5UC \|title\=Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States \|last2\=Chin \|first2\=Ko\-lin \|last3\=Schatzberg \|first3\=Rufus \|date\=1994 \|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group \|isbn\=978\-0\-313\-28366\-6 \|pages\=234 \|language\=en}} Western outlaws also created organized crime groups, in one instance creating an "orientalist mini crime empire" in 1930s Shanghai.{{Cite book \|last\=French \|first\=Paul \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=a65YDwAAQBAJ \|title\=City of Devils: The Two Men Who Ruled the Underworld of Old Shanghai \|date\=2018\-07\-03 \|publisher\=Picador \|isbn\=978\-1\-250\-17058\-3 \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=These Rogue Gangsters Ruled the Streets of 1930s Shanghai \|url\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/evk9ya/these\-rogue\-foreigners\-ruled\-the\-streets\-of\-1930s\-shanghai \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-03 \|website\=www.vice.com \|date\=21 June 2018 \|language\=en}} From the 1919 [Karakhan Manifesto](/wiki/Karakhan_Manifesto "Karakhan Manifesto") to 1927, diplomats of the Soviet Union would promise to revoke concessions in China, but the Soviets secretly kept [tsarist](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") concessions such as the [Chinese Eastern Railway](/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway "Chinese Eastern Railway"), as well as [consulates](/wiki/Consulate "Consulate"), barracks, and Orthodox churches. This led [Chiang Kai\-Shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek")—who pushed foreign powers such as Britain to return some of their concessions from 1925 to 1927—to turn against his former Soviet ally in 1927, seizing Soviet [legations](/wiki/Legation "Legation"). The Soviets would later fight an armed conflict to keep control over the Chinese Eastern Railway [in 1929](/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_%281929%29 "Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)").{{Cite book \|last\=Elleman \|first\=Bruce A. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=sgRWWWNYZ1IC \|title\=Diplomacy and Deception: The Secret History of Sino\-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917–1927 \|date\=1997 \|publisher\=M.E. Sharpe \|isbn\=978\-0\-7656\-0142\-1 \|pages\=134, 165, 168, 174 \|language\=en}} At the start of the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War") (1937–1945\), the standing army in the Japanese concessions would be used against the Chinese forces.{{NoteTag\|\[\[Battle of Beiping–Tianjin]]\|name\=}}{{Citation needed\|date\=May 2022}} However the inland concession of [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing "Chongqing") was abandoned by the Japanese as they began the invasion.{{Cite book \|last\=Pletcher \|first\=Kenneth \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=tfVN0Gwx67YC \|title\=The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc \|isbn\=978\-1\-61530\-134\-8 \|pages\=247 \|language\=en}} World War II would spell the end for the concessions in Tianjin,{{Cite web \|last1\=University \|first1\=© Stanford \|last2\=Stanford \|last3\=California 94305 \|title\=\[Plan of Tianjin, China with Foreign Concessions] Tianjin di tu / Map of Tientsin \|url\=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/ruderman/catalog/vt775gn2391 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-03 \|website\=Barry Lawrence Ruderman Map Collection – Spotlight at Stanford \|language\=en}} as well as extraterritoriality as a whole.{{Cite book \|last\=Cassel \|first\=Par Kristoffer \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=5jDXWg1HhLsC \|title\=Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth\-Century China and Japan \|date\=2012\-01\-11 \|publisher\=Oxford University Press, USA \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-979205\-4 \|pages\=179 \|language\=en \|quote\=The circumstances surrounding the eventual abolition of extraterritoriality in China are full of ironies. The Japanese, who had given the treaty port system a "new lease on life" in the wake of the First Sino\-Japanese War, would render the practice inoperative in large parts of the country following their full\-scale invasion of China in 1937\. Later, as the Japanese government and the Allies were clamoring to win the support of the Chinese, extraterritoriality was officially abolished in both the Nationalist and Japanese\-occupied areas with great fanfare in early 1943\.}} While Japanese forces avoided attacking foreign concessions prior to the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor "Attack on Pearl Harbor"), afterwards they invaded and occupied the [Shanghai International Settlement](/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement "Shanghai International Settlement") and [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong").{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-08\-15 \|title\=Visa Investigation Records of the Shanghai Diaspora Communities, 1946–1951 – About the Series \|url\=https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign\-policy/shanghai\-visas/background.html \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-02 \|website\=National Archives \|language\=en}}{{Cite book \|last\=Kao \|first\=Charles K. \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=7VJBEAAAQBAJ \|title\=A Time and A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir \|date\=2010\-12\-20 \|publisher\=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press \|isbn\=978\-962\-996\-972\-1 \|pages\=21 \|language\=en}} Shanghai's status as a safe haven ended, as Jews who sought refuge in the city from 1933 to 1941, were forced into the [Shanghai Ghetto](/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto "Shanghai Ghetto") in 1943, most survived the war due to the deeply established community with Chinese residents before 1941\.{{Cite web \|last\=O'Connell \|first\=Ronan \|title\=How China saved more than 20,000 Jews during WW2 \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210405\-how\-china\-saved\-more\-than\-20000\-jews\-during\-ww2 \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-03 \|website\=www.bbc.com \|language\=en}} In 1943 Italy surrendered its treaty rights in cooperation with the [Japanese controlled puppet Nanjing government](/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime "Wang Jingwei regime"). Italy surrendered its special treaty rights, including its concession at Tientsin, and rights in the international settlements at Shanghai and Amoy (Xiamen) in its peace treaty with the Allies in 1945\.[Treaty ports\& extraterritoriality in China](https://archive.today/20140421211756/http://www.chinapage.org/transportation/port/treatport1.html#selection-1731.0-1731.316)
[ "History\n-------", "### Emergence of the foreign concessions", "The emergence of foreign concessions in [Imperial China](/wiki/Imperial_China \"Imperial China\") was an indirect{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}} offshoot of the 19th century [unequal treaties](/wiki/Unequal_treaties \"Unequal treaties\") following China's defeat against Great Britain in the Opium Wars. The 1842 [Treaty of Nanjing](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing \"Treaty of Nanjing\") between China and Great Britain stated that \"British Subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying on their mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint at the cities and towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochow\\-fu, Ningpo and Shanghai\",C. F. Fraser, *The Status of the International Settlement at Shanghai*,[https://www\\-jstor\\-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/754551?seq\\=1](https://www-jstor-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/754551?seq=1), Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Vol. 21, No 1 (1939\\), p. 39\\. but nothing was said, including in the supplementary treaty of the following year, about separate residential areas for foreigners in those ports, let alone their right to govern themselves.\"However, not a single word on concession was found in the treaties, not to mention its establishment and government.\" Wanshu Cong, Frédéric Mégret, *International Shanghai (1863–1931\\): Imperialism and private authority in the Global City*, Leiden Journal of International Law (2021, 34\\), p. 918\\.\"The treaties that followed the Opium Wars only gave foreigners the right to reside in the newly\\-opened ports and said nothing about separate foreign settlements as such.\" P. K. Cassel, *Grounds for Judgment*, Oxford University Press (2012\\), p. 64\\. However, the imperial commissioner who had negotiated the supplementary treaty reported to the [Qing emperor](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") that by signing the treaty he had successfully arranged that in the treaty ports \"the boundaries of an area should be designated which foreigners are not allowed to exceed\" (*yiding jiezhi, buxu yuyue*), an intent however that was not clearly stated in the English\\-language version of the treaty.\"The Chinese version of the Bogue Treaty actually carried this wording, but the tone was not clearly reflected in the English version\". Hanchao Hu, *Beyond the Neon Lights \\- Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century*, University of California Press (1999\\), p. 31\\. The Qing rulers, by wishing to confine the \"barbarians\" to an officially designated special zone, hoped to resurrect the old [Canton system](/wiki/Canton_system \"Canton system\"), that is, a system that strictly confined foreigners to a segregated zone that also was off\\-limit to Chinese subjects. At Shanghai, there was initially an attempt by imperial officials to keep the foreigners out as much as possible and the first British consul, Captain [George Balfour](/wiki/George_Balfour_%28Liberal_MP%29 \"George Balfour (Liberal MP)\"), could not even find a house for the consulate upon his arrival in 1843\\. The British finally decided to locate themselves in the northern suburbs of the walled Chinese city and they asked the [Daotai](/wiki/Circuit_intendant_of_Shanghai \"Circuit intendant of Shanghai\"), Gong Muiju, to designate an area for their establishment there. This dovetailed with the Daotai's intentions, since following two violent incidents between local Chinese and foreigners, he had endeavored to limit contacts between Chinese and foreigners.Hanchao Hu (1999\\), p. 31\\.P. K. Cassel (2012\\), p. 64\\. This was formalized in 1845 with the delimitation of a segregated area north of Yangjingbang, a creek that ran north of the Chinese city. Later that year Gong Muiju and Balfour concluded an agreement called the Land Regulations (*Shanghai zudi zhangcheng*), which set forth the institutional basis for the British settlement.P. K. Cassel (2012\\), p. 64\\.", "Following the British example, [Charles de Montigny](/wiki/Charles_de_Montigny \"Charles de Montigny\"), the French consul at Shanghai, and the Daotai Lin’gui agreed in 1849 that a French settlement be established on a strip of land between the Chinese city and the British settlement. The American consul [George Seward](/wiki/George_Seward_%28diplomat%29 \"George Seward (diplomat)\") was dissatisfied with the fact that the British and the French had obtained the best plots of land in the area, and after lengthy deliberations, the Americans established [their own settlement in Hongkew northeast of Shanghai](/wiki/American_Concession_%28Shanghai%29 \"American Concession (Shanghai)\"), although it was not to be delineated until 1863\\.Cassel p. 65\\. In September of the same year, the British and American settlements were amalgamated into a single Foreign Settlement. A Municipal Council, officially known as \"The Council for the Foreign Community of Shanghai\", was established.Fraser (1939\\), pp. 29, 42–43\\.", "Local French representatives had agreed to amalgamate the French settlement with the other two but this was not accepted by the French Government and, as a consequence, a French concession was to exist alongside the International Settlement until World War II. The International Settlement began with the 138 acres of the British settlement, which was increased to 470 acres in 1848\\. The addition of the American area and a number of subsequent additions brought the total area to 5,584 acres. Including the 2,525 acres of French Concession, the total area was eventually to reach 12\\.66 square miles.H. L., *The Internal Status of Shanghai*, <https://www.jstor.org/stable/25639742> Bulletin of International News, Vol. 14, No. 12 (Dec. 11, 1937\\), Royal Institute of International Affairs, p. 5\\.", "Additional foreign concessions were set up in other treaty ports especially following the 1858 and 1860 Anglo\\-Chinese treaties, and from the mid\\-1890s to 1902, following the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion \"Boxer Rebellion\") (1899–1901\\). While the settlements at Shanghai had been set up in cooperation with the local authorities and with the tacit, but not explicit, consent of the central Chinese government, the concessions that were established later had a more definitive treaty basis and their development as well as the extension of their boundaries has been regularized by agreements with the Chinese government.William C. Johnstone, *The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China*, [https://www\\-jstor\\-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/1947920](https://www-jstor-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/1947920) The American Political Science Review, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct. 1937\\), p. 946\\).", "An inventory of all the concessions along with a survey of their status done by W. C. Johnstone in 1937 shows that, aside from the two international settlements at Shanghai and Kulangsu (Amoy), there had been grants by the Chinese government of 23 national concessions to eight nations in 10 Chinese ports. In addition to the 23 formally established concessions, Great Britain, Japan, and the United States were granted rights to concessions in several treaty ports but these rights were never exercised.William C. Johnstone (1937\\), p. 943–944\\. On the eve of World War II, four Powers still possessed concessions: Great Britain (two, at Canton and Tientsin); Japan (three, at Hangchow, Hankow, and Tientsin); France (four, at Canton, Hankow, Shanghai, and Tientsin); and Italy (one, at Tientsin).William C. Johnstone (1937\\), p. 943\\). For his part, Kurt Bloch listed a total of 19 established national concessions.\"With the outbreak of the war, five concessions, two German, two Russian and one Austro\\-Hungarian – in Tientsin and Hankow – were liquidated and taken over by the Chinese government. Of the remaining fourteen developed concessions, the British held six, the French four, Japan two and Italy and Belgium one each. Between the outbreak of the Nationalist Revolution of 1925 and the beginning of the Sino\\-Japanese hostilities of 1931, another five concessions were taken over by the Chinese. Britain surrendered her areas in Hankow, Chinkiang, Kiukiang and Amoy, and Belgium in Tientsin. Of the remaining nine concessions – four in Tientsin, one in Shanghai, two in Hankow and two in Shameen (Canton) – four are French, two (in Tientsin and Shameen) are British, two (in Tientsin and Hankow) Japanese, and one (in Tientsin) Italian.\" Kurt Bloch, *The Basic Conflict Over Foreign Concessions in China,* <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3023092>, Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 8, No. 10 (May 10, 1939\\), p. 113–114\\.", "#### Operations", "In these concessions, the citizens of each foreign power were given the right to freely inhabit, trade, perform [missionary](/wiki/Missionary \"Missionary\") evangelization, and travel. They developed their own sub\\-cultures, isolated and distinct from the intrinsic [Chinese culture](/wiki/Chinese_culture \"Chinese culture\"), and colonial administrations attempted to give their concessions \"homeland\" qualities. Churches, [public houses](/wiki/Public_house \"Public house\"), and various other western commercial institutions sprang up in the concessions. In the case of Japan, its own traditions and language naturally flourished. Some of these concessions eventually had a more advanced architecture of each originating culture than most cities back in the countries of the origin of the foreign powers. Over time, and without formal permission, Britain, France, Japan and the United States established their own postal systems within their concession and trade areas.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes\\_from\\_the\\_Past/pastnote432\\.htm \\|title\\=U.S. Postal Agency in Shanghai \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-02 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-29 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629063205/http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes\\_from\\_the\\_Past/pastnote432\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Following Chinese complaints over the loss of postal revenue and the lack of customs inspections, all of them were abolished at the end of 1922\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Jianlang \\|first1\\=Wang \\|title\\=Unequal Treaties and China (Volume 1\\) \\|date\\=22 May 2015 \\|publisher\\=Enrich Professional Publishing (S) Private, Limited \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-62320\\-066\\-4 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ftjPDgAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=chinese\\+concession\\+postal\\+services\\&pg\\=PA85 \\|language\\=en}}", "The Shanghai International Settlement became a major place of refuge for European immigrants, notably from Slavic and Baltic regions, and American travelers and displaced persons.", "#### Laws", "Each concession also had its own police force and different legal jurisdictions with their own separate laws. Thus, an activity might be legal in one concession but illegal in another. Many of the concessions also maintained their own military garrison and a standing army. Military and police forces of the Chinese government were sometimes present. Some police forces allowed Chinese, others did not.", "There were economic inequalities between the concessions and surrounding areas outside. European powers had citizens employed inside of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service. Despite the service being sovereign to China, Europeans often influenced taxes levied and tariffs imposed upon foreign concessions—often to their own benefit. Foreign entities also benefited from imposing their own local taxes inside of their nation's respected concession.", "#### Wars", "Several wars would lead to the creation of colonial concessions taken from Qing China. These included the [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War \"First Opium War\") (1839–1842\\), [Second Opium War](/wiki/Second_Opium_War \"Second Opium War\") (1856–1860\\), [Sino\\-French War](/wiki/Sino-French_War \"Sino-French War\") (1884–1885\\), [First Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War \"First Sino-Japanese War\") (1894–1895\\), and [Russian invasion of Manchuria](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria \"Russian invasion of Manchuria\") (1900\\).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Zatsepine \\|first\\=Victor \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MzZLDgAAQBAJ \\|title\\=Beyond the Amur: Frontier Encounters between China and Russia, 1850–1930 \\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-09 \\|publisher\\=UBC Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7748\\-3412\\-4 \\|language\\=en}} The [Eight Nation Alliance](/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance \"Eight-Nation Alliance\")'s suppression of the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion \"Boxer Rebellion\") (1899–1901\\) would lead to participants being rewarded with concessions taken from the Qing dynasty, in the years following the conflict. It also led the foreign powers to station barracks and troops in the existing concessions, especially Tianjin, and increased the immigration of entire families to the concessions.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Victoir \\|first1\\=Laura \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=V0N2sD\\_MrK0C \\|title\\=Harbin to Hanoi: The Colonial Built Environment in Asia, 1840 to 1940 \\|last2\\=Zatsepine \\|first2\\=Victor \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-01 \\|publisher\\=Hong Kong University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-988\\-8139\\-42\\-2 \\|pages\\=95–96, 98–100 \\|language\\=en}}{{Rp\\|pages\\=98–100}}", "Wars that changed the ownership of existing concessions between the foreign powers included the [Triple Intervention](/wiki/Triple_Intervention \"Triple Intervention\") (1895\\) and the [Russo\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War \"Russo-Japanese War\") (1904–1905\\).", "### Republic of China period", "[thumb\\|The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, built in 1923 and The Customs House, built in 1927, Shanghai](/wiki/File:The_Hong_Kong_and_Shanghai_Bank%2C_built_in_1923_and_The_Customs_House_built_in_1927.jpg \"The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, built in 1923 and The Customs House built in 1927.jpg\")\nThe foreign concessions continued to exist during the [mainland period](/wiki/Republic_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931949%29 \"Republic of China (1912–1949)\") of the Republic of China.", "[The Asia and Pacific theatre of the First World War](/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I \"Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I\") would be another major incident changing the ownership of concessions in China with Japanese expansion. Concessions were partially curtailed in the [Washington Naval Treaty](/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty \"Washington Naval Treaty\") and the [Nine Power Treaty](/wiki/Nine-Power_Treaty \"Nine-Power Treaty\") attempting to reaffirm the sovereignty of China.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Unoki \\|first\\=Ko \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Hi3uCwAAQBAJ \\|title\\=International Relations and the Origins of the Pacific War \\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-08 \\|publisher\\=Springer \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-137\\-57202\\-8 \\|pages\\=108 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Jianlang \\|first\\=Wang \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=e5PRDgAAQBAJ \\|title\\=Unequal Treaties and China (2\\-Volume Set) \\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-27 \\|publisher\\=Enrich Professional Publishing Limited \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-62320\\-119\\-7 \\|pages\\=139 \\|language\\=en}}", "Many foreigners arrived in the cities aiming primarily to get rich. During the first phase of the [Chinese Civil War](/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War \"Chinese Civil War\") in the 1920s, the concessions saw a sharp increase in immigration both from surrounding Chinese territory, and from the West and Japan. The population of Chinese residents eventually surpassed foreigners inside the concessions. With international travelers, culture took on an [eclectic](/wiki/Eclecticism \"Eclecticism\") character of many influences—including both language and architecture. This effect was exemplified in the Shanghai International Settlement and the multi\\-concessions in Tianjin. Writings from the time period indicate that both the [Prussians](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia \"Kingdom of Prussia\") and Russians were seen as acting culturally British. The wealthy built opulent buildings with multiple European and Chinese inspirations. Some Chinese entrepreneurs became very wealthy and hired foreign designers and architects.{{Rp\\|pages\\=95–96\\|page\\=}}", "In major cities like Shanghai and Tianjin, due to the existence of numerous jurisdictions, criminals could commit a crime in one jurisdiction and then easily escape to another. This became a major problem during the Republican period, with the rise of the post–Imperial [Warlord era](/wiki/Warlord_era \"Warlord era\") and the collapse of central authority in the 1920s and the 1930s. Crime often flourished, especially organized crime by different warlord groups.", "Some efforts were made by the foreign powers to have the different police forces cooperate and work together, but not with significant success. The image of gangsters and [Triad societies](/wiki/Triad_society \"Triad society\") connected with the major cities and concessions of the period is often due to [extraterritoriality](/wiki/Extraterritoriality \"Extraterritoriality\") within the cities.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Martin \\|first\\=Brian G. \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1mMdlRHiT44C\\&pg\\=PA64 \\|title\\=The Shanghai Green Gang: Politics and Organized Crime, 1919–1937 \\|date\\=1996\\-04\\-15 \\|publisher\\=University of California Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-91643\\-2 \\|language\\=en \\|chapter\\=The French Connection}} Underdeveloped economies under a foreign government led many laborers without opportunities to be recruited by triads, who developed a subculture inspired by other eras that China was under foreign domination. Secret societies controlled drug trade, gambling, and prostitution in Shanghai.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Kelly \\|first1\\=Robert J. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CWg1Efv5C5UC \\|title\\=Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States \\|last2\\=Chin \\|first2\\=Ko\\-lin \\|last3\\=Schatzberg \\|first3\\=Rufus \\|date\\=1994 \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-313\\-28366\\-6 \\|pages\\=234 \\|language\\=en}} Western outlaws also created organized crime groups, in one instance creating an \"orientalist mini crime empire\" in 1930s Shanghai.{{Cite book \\|last\\=French \\|first\\=Paul \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=a65YDwAAQBAJ \\|title\\=City of Devils: The Two Men Who Ruled the Underworld of Old Shanghai \\|date\\=2018\\-07\\-03 \\|publisher\\=Picador \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-250\\-17058\\-3 \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=These Rogue Gangsters Ruled the Streets of 1930s Shanghai \\|url\\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/evk9ya/these\\-rogue\\-foreigners\\-ruled\\-the\\-streets\\-of\\-1930s\\-shanghai \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-03 \\|website\\=www.vice.com \\|date\\=21 June 2018 \\|language\\=en}}", "From the 1919 [Karakhan Manifesto](/wiki/Karakhan_Manifesto \"Karakhan Manifesto\") to 1927, diplomats of the Soviet Union would promise to revoke concessions in China, but the Soviets secretly kept [tsarist](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") concessions such as the [Chinese Eastern Railway](/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway \"Chinese Eastern Railway\"), as well as [consulates](/wiki/Consulate \"Consulate\"), barracks, and Orthodox churches. This led [Chiang Kai\\-Shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek \"Chiang Kai-shek\")—who pushed foreign powers such as Britain to return some of their concessions from 1925 to 1927—to turn against his former Soviet ally in 1927, seizing Soviet [legations](/wiki/Legation \"Legation\"). The Soviets would later fight an armed conflict to keep control over the Chinese Eastern Railway [in 1929](/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_%281929%29 \"Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)\").{{Cite book \\|last\\=Elleman \\|first\\=Bruce A. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=sgRWWWNYZ1IC \\|title\\=Diplomacy and Deception: The Secret History of Sino\\-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917–1927 \\|date\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=M.E. Sharpe \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7656\\-0142\\-1 \\|pages\\=134, 165, 168, 174 \\|language\\=en}}", "At the start of the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\") (1937–1945\\), the standing army in the Japanese concessions would be used against the Chinese forces.{{NoteTag\\|\\[\\[Battle of Beiping–Tianjin]]\\|name\\=}}{{Citation needed\\|date\\=May 2022}} However the inland concession of [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing \"Chongqing\") was abandoned by the Japanese as they began the invasion.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Pletcher \\|first\\=Kenneth \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=tfVN0Gwx67YC \\|title\\=The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61530\\-134\\-8 \\|pages\\=247 \\|language\\=en}}", "World War II would spell the end for the concessions in Tianjin,{{Cite web \\|last1\\=University \\|first1\\=© Stanford \\|last2\\=Stanford \\|last3\\=California 94305 \\|title\\=\\[Plan of Tianjin, China with Foreign Concessions] Tianjin di tu / Map of Tientsin \\|url\\=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/ruderman/catalog/vt775gn2391 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-03 \\|website\\=Barry Lawrence Ruderman Map Collection – Spotlight at Stanford \\|language\\=en}} as well as extraterritoriality as a whole.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Cassel \\|first\\=Par Kristoffer \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5jDXWg1HhLsC \\|title\\=Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth\\-Century China and Japan \\|date\\=2012\\-01\\-11 \\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press, USA \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-979205\\-4 \\|pages\\=179 \\|language\\=en \\|quote\\=The circumstances surrounding the eventual abolition of extraterritoriality in China are full of ironies. The Japanese, who had given the treaty port system a \"new lease on life\" in the wake of the First Sino\\-Japanese War, would render the practice inoperative in large parts of the country following their full\\-scale invasion of China in 1937\\. Later, as the Japanese government and the Allies were clamoring to win the support of the Chinese, extraterritoriality was officially abolished in both the Nationalist and Japanese\\-occupied areas with great fanfare in early 1943\\.}} While Japanese forces avoided attacking foreign concessions prior to the [attack on Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor \"Attack on Pearl Harbor\"), afterwards they invaded and occupied the [Shanghai International Settlement](/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement \"Shanghai International Settlement\") and [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-08\\-15 \\|title\\=Visa Investigation Records of the Shanghai Diaspora Communities, 1946–1951 – About the Series \\|url\\=https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign\\-policy/shanghai\\-visas/background.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-02 \\|website\\=National Archives \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Kao \\|first\\=Charles K. \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=7VJBEAAAQBAJ \\|title\\=A Time and A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir \\|date\\=2010\\-12\\-20 \\|publisher\\=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-962\\-996\\-972\\-1 \\|pages\\=21 \\|language\\=en}}", "Shanghai's status as a safe haven ended, as Jews who sought refuge in the city from 1933 to 1941, were forced into the [Shanghai Ghetto](/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto \"Shanghai Ghetto\") in 1943, most survived the war due to the deeply established community with Chinese residents before 1941\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=O'Connell \\|first\\=Ronan \\|title\\=How China saved more than 20,000 Jews during WW2 \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210405\\-how\\-china\\-saved\\-more\\-than\\-20000\\-jews\\-during\\-ww2 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-03 \\|website\\=www.bbc.com \\|language\\=en}}", "In 1943 Italy surrendered its treaty rights in cooperation with the [Japanese controlled puppet Nanjing government](/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime \"Wang Jingwei regime\"). Italy surrendered its special treaty rights, including its concession at Tientsin, and rights in the international settlements at Shanghai and Amoy (Xiamen) in its peace treaty with the Allies in 1945\\.[Treaty ports\\& extraterritoriality in China](https://archive.today/20140421211756/http://www.chinapage.org/transportation/port/treatport1.html#selection-1731.0-1731.316)", "" ]
### Emergence of the foreign concessions The emergence of foreign concessions in [Imperial China](/wiki/Imperial_China "Imperial China") was an indirect{{citation needed\|date\=June 2024}} offshoot of the 19th century [unequal treaties](/wiki/Unequal_treaties "Unequal treaties") following China's defeat against Great Britain in the Opium Wars. The 1842 [Treaty of Nanjing](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing "Treaty of Nanjing") between China and Great Britain stated that "British Subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying on their mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint at the cities and towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochow\-fu, Ningpo and Shanghai",C. F. Fraser, *The Status of the International Settlement at Shanghai*,[https://www\-jstor\-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/754551?seq\=1](https://www-jstor-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/754551?seq=1), Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Vol. 21, No 1 (1939\), p. 39\. but nothing was said, including in the supplementary treaty of the following year, about separate residential areas for foreigners in those ports, let alone their right to govern themselves."However, not a single word on concession was found in the treaties, not to mention its establishment and government." Wanshu Cong, Frédéric Mégret, *International Shanghai (1863–1931\): Imperialism and private authority in the Global City*, Leiden Journal of International Law (2021, 34\), p. 918\."The treaties that followed the Opium Wars only gave foreigners the right to reside in the newly\-opened ports and said nothing about separate foreign settlements as such." P. K. Cassel, *Grounds for Judgment*, Oxford University Press (2012\), p. 64\. However, the imperial commissioner who had negotiated the supplementary treaty reported to the [Qing emperor](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") that by signing the treaty he had successfully arranged that in the treaty ports "the boundaries of an area should be designated which foreigners are not allowed to exceed" (*yiding jiezhi, buxu yuyue*), an intent however that was not clearly stated in the English\-language version of the treaty."The Chinese version of the Bogue Treaty actually carried this wording, but the tone was not clearly reflected in the English version". Hanchao Hu, *Beyond the Neon Lights \- Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century*, University of California Press (1999\), p. 31\. The Qing rulers, by wishing to confine the "barbarians" to an officially designated special zone, hoped to resurrect the old [Canton system](/wiki/Canton_system "Canton system"), that is, a system that strictly confined foreigners to a segregated zone that also was off\-limit to Chinese subjects. At Shanghai, there was initially an attempt by imperial officials to keep the foreigners out as much as possible and the first British consul, Captain [George Balfour](/wiki/George_Balfour_%28Liberal_MP%29 "George Balfour (Liberal MP)"), could not even find a house for the consulate upon his arrival in 1843\. The British finally decided to locate themselves in the northern suburbs of the walled Chinese city and they asked the [Daotai](/wiki/Circuit_intendant_of_Shanghai "Circuit intendant of Shanghai"), Gong Muiju, to designate an area for their establishment there. This dovetailed with the Daotai's intentions, since following two violent incidents between local Chinese and foreigners, he had endeavored to limit contacts between Chinese and foreigners.Hanchao Hu (1999\), p. 31\.P. K. Cassel (2012\), p. 64\. This was formalized in 1845 with the delimitation of a segregated area north of Yangjingbang, a creek that ran north of the Chinese city. Later that year Gong Muiju and Balfour concluded an agreement called the Land Regulations (*Shanghai zudi zhangcheng*), which set forth the institutional basis for the British settlement.P. K. Cassel (2012\), p. 64\. Following the British example, [Charles de Montigny](/wiki/Charles_de_Montigny "Charles de Montigny"), the French consul at Shanghai, and the Daotai Lin’gui agreed in 1849 that a French settlement be established on a strip of land between the Chinese city and the British settlement. The American consul [George Seward](/wiki/George_Seward_%28diplomat%29 "George Seward (diplomat)") was dissatisfied with the fact that the British and the French had obtained the best plots of land in the area, and after lengthy deliberations, the Americans established [their own settlement in Hongkew northeast of Shanghai](/wiki/American_Concession_%28Shanghai%29 "American Concession (Shanghai)"), although it was not to be delineated until 1863\.Cassel p. 65\. In September of the same year, the British and American settlements were amalgamated into a single Foreign Settlement. A Municipal Council, officially known as "The Council for the Foreign Community of Shanghai", was established.Fraser (1939\), pp. 29, 42–43\. Local French representatives had agreed to amalgamate the French settlement with the other two but this was not accepted by the French Government and, as a consequence, a French concession was to exist alongside the International Settlement until World War II. The International Settlement began with the 138 acres of the British settlement, which was increased to 470 acres in 1848\. The addition of the American area and a number of subsequent additions brought the total area to 5,584 acres. Including the 2,525 acres of French Concession, the total area was eventually to reach 12\.66 square miles.H. L., *The Internal Status of Shanghai*, <https://www.jstor.org/stable/25639742> Bulletin of International News, Vol. 14, No. 12 (Dec. 11, 1937\), Royal Institute of International Affairs, p. 5\. Additional foreign concessions were set up in other treaty ports especially following the 1858 and 1860 Anglo\-Chinese treaties, and from the mid\-1890s to 1902, following the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion "Boxer Rebellion") (1899–1901\). While the settlements at Shanghai had been set up in cooperation with the local authorities and with the tacit, but not explicit, consent of the central Chinese government, the concessions that were established later had a more definitive treaty basis and their development as well as the extension of their boundaries has been regularized by agreements with the Chinese government.William C. Johnstone, *The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China*, [https://www\-jstor\-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/1947920](https://www-jstor-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/1947920) The American Political Science Review, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct. 1937\), p. 946\). An inventory of all the concessions along with a survey of their status done by W. C. Johnstone in 1937 shows that, aside from the two international settlements at Shanghai and Kulangsu (Amoy), there had been grants by the Chinese government of 23 national concessions to eight nations in 10 Chinese ports. In addition to the 23 formally established concessions, Great Britain, Japan, and the United States were granted rights to concessions in several treaty ports but these rights were never exercised.William C. Johnstone (1937\), p. 943–944\. On the eve of World War II, four Powers still possessed concessions: Great Britain (two, at Canton and Tientsin); Japan (three, at Hangchow, Hankow, and Tientsin); France (four, at Canton, Hankow, Shanghai, and Tientsin); and Italy (one, at Tientsin).William C. Johnstone (1937\), p. 943\). For his part, Kurt Bloch listed a total of 19 established national concessions."With the outbreak of the war, five concessions, two German, two Russian and one Austro\-Hungarian – in Tientsin and Hankow – were liquidated and taken over by the Chinese government. Of the remaining fourteen developed concessions, the British held six, the French four, Japan two and Italy and Belgium one each. Between the outbreak of the Nationalist Revolution of 1925 and the beginning of the Sino\-Japanese hostilities of 1931, another five concessions were taken over by the Chinese. Britain surrendered her areas in Hankow, Chinkiang, Kiukiang and Amoy, and Belgium in Tientsin. Of the remaining nine concessions – four in Tientsin, one in Shanghai, two in Hankow and two in Shameen (Canton) – four are French, two (in Tientsin and Shameen) are British, two (in Tientsin and Hankow) Japanese, and one (in Tientsin) Italian." Kurt Bloch, *The Basic Conflict Over Foreign Concessions in China,* <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3023092>, Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 8, No. 10 (May 10, 1939\), p. 113–114\. #### Operations In these concessions, the citizens of each foreign power were given the right to freely inhabit, trade, perform [missionary](/wiki/Missionary "Missionary") evangelization, and travel. They developed their own sub\-cultures, isolated and distinct from the intrinsic [Chinese culture](/wiki/Chinese_culture "Chinese culture"), and colonial administrations attempted to give their concessions "homeland" qualities. Churches, [public houses](/wiki/Public_house "Public house"), and various other western commercial institutions sprang up in the concessions. In the case of Japan, its own traditions and language naturally flourished. Some of these concessions eventually had a more advanced architecture of each originating culture than most cities back in the countries of the origin of the foreign powers. Over time, and without formal permission, Britain, France, Japan and the United States established their own postal systems within their concession and trade areas.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes\_from\_the\_Past/pastnote432\.htm \|title\=U.S. Postal Agency in Shanghai \|access\-date\=2020\-01\-02 \|archive\-date\=2017\-06\-29 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629063205/http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes\_from\_the\_Past/pastnote432\.htm \|url\-status\=dead }} Following Chinese complaints over the loss of postal revenue and the lack of customs inspections, all of them were abolished at the end of 1922\.{{cite book \|last1\=Jianlang \|first1\=Wang \|title\=Unequal Treaties and China (Volume 1\) \|date\=22 May 2015 \|publisher\=Enrich Professional Publishing (S) Private, Limited \|isbn\=978\-1\-62320\-066\-4 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ftjPDgAAQBAJ\&dq\=chinese\+concession\+postal\+services\&pg\=PA85 \|language\=en}} The Shanghai International Settlement became a major place of refuge for European immigrants, notably from Slavic and Baltic regions, and American travelers and displaced persons. #### Laws Each concession also had its own police force and different legal jurisdictions with their own separate laws. Thus, an activity might be legal in one concession but illegal in another. Many of the concessions also maintained their own military garrison and a standing army. Military and police forces of the Chinese government were sometimes present. Some police forces allowed Chinese, others did not. There were economic inequalities between the concessions and surrounding areas outside. European powers had citizens employed inside of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service. Despite the service being sovereign to China, Europeans often influenced taxes levied and tariffs imposed upon foreign concessions—often to their own benefit. Foreign entities also benefited from imposing their own local taxes inside of their nation's respected concession. #### Wars Several wars would lead to the creation of colonial concessions taken from Qing China. These included the [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War "First Opium War") (1839–1842\), [Second Opium War](/wiki/Second_Opium_War "Second Opium War") (1856–1860\), [Sino\-French War](/wiki/Sino-French_War "Sino-French War") (1884–1885\), [First Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War "First Sino-Japanese War") (1894–1895\), and [Russian invasion of Manchuria](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria "Russian invasion of Manchuria") (1900\).{{Cite book \|last\=Zatsepine \|first\=Victor \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MzZLDgAAQBAJ \|title\=Beyond the Amur: Frontier Encounters between China and Russia, 1850–1930 \|date\=2017\-03\-09 \|publisher\=UBC Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-7748\-3412\-4 \|language\=en}} The [Eight Nation Alliance](/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance "Eight-Nation Alliance")'s suppression of the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion "Boxer Rebellion") (1899–1901\) would lead to participants being rewarded with concessions taken from the Qing dynasty, in the years following the conflict. It also led the foreign powers to station barracks and troops in the existing concessions, especially Tianjin, and increased the immigration of entire families to the concessions.{{Cite book \|last1\=Victoir \|first1\=Laura \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=V0N2sD\_MrK0C \|title\=Harbin to Hanoi: The Colonial Built Environment in Asia, 1840 to 1940 \|last2\=Zatsepine \|first2\=Victor \|date\=2013\-01\-01 \|publisher\=Hong Kong University Press \|isbn\=978\-988\-8139\-42\-2 \|pages\=95–96, 98–100 \|language\=en}}{{Rp\|pages\=98–100}} Wars that changed the ownership of existing concessions between the foreign powers included the [Triple Intervention](/wiki/Triple_Intervention "Triple Intervention") (1895\) and the [Russo\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War "Russo-Japanese War") (1904–1905\).
[ "### Emergence of the foreign concessions", "The emergence of foreign concessions in [Imperial China](/wiki/Imperial_China \"Imperial China\") was an indirect{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2024}} offshoot of the 19th century [unequal treaties](/wiki/Unequal_treaties \"Unequal treaties\") following China's defeat against Great Britain in the Opium Wars. The 1842 [Treaty of Nanjing](/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing \"Treaty of Nanjing\") between China and Great Britain stated that \"British Subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying on their mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint at the cities and towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochow\\-fu, Ningpo and Shanghai\",C. F. Fraser, *The Status of the International Settlement at Shanghai*,[https://www\\-jstor\\-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/754551?seq\\=1](https://www-jstor-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/754551?seq=1), Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Vol. 21, No 1 (1939\\), p. 39\\. but nothing was said, including in the supplementary treaty of the following year, about separate residential areas for foreigners in those ports, let alone their right to govern themselves.\"However, not a single word on concession was found in the treaties, not to mention its establishment and government.\" Wanshu Cong, Frédéric Mégret, *International Shanghai (1863–1931\\): Imperialism and private authority in the Global City*, Leiden Journal of International Law (2021, 34\\), p. 918\\.\"The treaties that followed the Opium Wars only gave foreigners the right to reside in the newly\\-opened ports and said nothing about separate foreign settlements as such.\" P. K. Cassel, *Grounds for Judgment*, Oxford University Press (2012\\), p. 64\\. However, the imperial commissioner who had negotiated the supplementary treaty reported to the [Qing emperor](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") that by signing the treaty he had successfully arranged that in the treaty ports \"the boundaries of an area should be designated which foreigners are not allowed to exceed\" (*yiding jiezhi, buxu yuyue*), an intent however that was not clearly stated in the English\\-language version of the treaty.\"The Chinese version of the Bogue Treaty actually carried this wording, but the tone was not clearly reflected in the English version\". Hanchao Hu, *Beyond the Neon Lights \\- Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century*, University of California Press (1999\\), p. 31\\. The Qing rulers, by wishing to confine the \"barbarians\" to an officially designated special zone, hoped to resurrect the old [Canton system](/wiki/Canton_system \"Canton system\"), that is, a system that strictly confined foreigners to a segregated zone that also was off\\-limit to Chinese subjects. At Shanghai, there was initially an attempt by imperial officials to keep the foreigners out as much as possible and the first British consul, Captain [George Balfour](/wiki/George_Balfour_%28Liberal_MP%29 \"George Balfour (Liberal MP)\"), could not even find a house for the consulate upon his arrival in 1843\\. The British finally decided to locate themselves in the northern suburbs of the walled Chinese city and they asked the [Daotai](/wiki/Circuit_intendant_of_Shanghai \"Circuit intendant of Shanghai\"), Gong Muiju, to designate an area for their establishment there. This dovetailed with the Daotai's intentions, since following two violent incidents between local Chinese and foreigners, he had endeavored to limit contacts between Chinese and foreigners.Hanchao Hu (1999\\), p. 31\\.P. K. Cassel (2012\\), p. 64\\. This was formalized in 1845 with the delimitation of a segregated area north of Yangjingbang, a creek that ran north of the Chinese city. Later that year Gong Muiju and Balfour concluded an agreement called the Land Regulations (*Shanghai zudi zhangcheng*), which set forth the institutional basis for the British settlement.P. K. Cassel (2012\\), p. 64\\.", "Following the British example, [Charles de Montigny](/wiki/Charles_de_Montigny \"Charles de Montigny\"), the French consul at Shanghai, and the Daotai Lin’gui agreed in 1849 that a French settlement be established on a strip of land between the Chinese city and the British settlement. The American consul [George Seward](/wiki/George_Seward_%28diplomat%29 \"George Seward (diplomat)\") was dissatisfied with the fact that the British and the French had obtained the best plots of land in the area, and after lengthy deliberations, the Americans established [their own settlement in Hongkew northeast of Shanghai](/wiki/American_Concession_%28Shanghai%29 \"American Concession (Shanghai)\"), although it was not to be delineated until 1863\\.Cassel p. 65\\. In September of the same year, the British and American settlements were amalgamated into a single Foreign Settlement. A Municipal Council, officially known as \"The Council for the Foreign Community of Shanghai\", was established.Fraser (1939\\), pp. 29, 42–43\\.", "Local French representatives had agreed to amalgamate the French settlement with the other two but this was not accepted by the French Government and, as a consequence, a French concession was to exist alongside the International Settlement until World War II. The International Settlement began with the 138 acres of the British settlement, which was increased to 470 acres in 1848\\. The addition of the American area and a number of subsequent additions brought the total area to 5,584 acres. Including the 2,525 acres of French Concession, the total area was eventually to reach 12\\.66 square miles.H. L., *The Internal Status of Shanghai*, <https://www.jstor.org/stable/25639742> Bulletin of International News, Vol. 14, No. 12 (Dec. 11, 1937\\), Royal Institute of International Affairs, p. 5\\.", "Additional foreign concessions were set up in other treaty ports especially following the 1858 and 1860 Anglo\\-Chinese treaties, and from the mid\\-1890s to 1902, following the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion \"Boxer Rebellion\") (1899–1901\\). While the settlements at Shanghai had been set up in cooperation with the local authorities and with the tacit, but not explicit, consent of the central Chinese government, the concessions that were established later had a more definitive treaty basis and their development as well as the extension of their boundaries has been regularized by agreements with the Chinese government.William C. Johnstone, *The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China*, [https://www\\-jstor\\-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/1947920](https://www-jstor-org.res.banq.qc.ca/stable/1947920) The American Political Science Review, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct. 1937\\), p. 946\\).", "An inventory of all the concessions along with a survey of their status done by W. C. Johnstone in 1937 shows that, aside from the two international settlements at Shanghai and Kulangsu (Amoy), there had been grants by the Chinese government of 23 national concessions to eight nations in 10 Chinese ports. In addition to the 23 formally established concessions, Great Britain, Japan, and the United States were granted rights to concessions in several treaty ports but these rights were never exercised.William C. Johnstone (1937\\), p. 943–944\\. On the eve of World War II, four Powers still possessed concessions: Great Britain (two, at Canton and Tientsin); Japan (three, at Hangchow, Hankow, and Tientsin); France (four, at Canton, Hankow, Shanghai, and Tientsin); and Italy (one, at Tientsin).William C. Johnstone (1937\\), p. 943\\). For his part, Kurt Bloch listed a total of 19 established national concessions.\"With the outbreak of the war, five concessions, two German, two Russian and one Austro\\-Hungarian – in Tientsin and Hankow – were liquidated and taken over by the Chinese government. Of the remaining fourteen developed concessions, the British held six, the French four, Japan two and Italy and Belgium one each. Between the outbreak of the Nationalist Revolution of 1925 and the beginning of the Sino\\-Japanese hostilities of 1931, another five concessions were taken over by the Chinese. Britain surrendered her areas in Hankow, Chinkiang, Kiukiang and Amoy, and Belgium in Tientsin. Of the remaining nine concessions – four in Tientsin, one in Shanghai, two in Hankow and two in Shameen (Canton) – four are French, two (in Tientsin and Shameen) are British, two (in Tientsin and Hankow) Japanese, and one (in Tientsin) Italian.\" Kurt Bloch, *The Basic Conflict Over Foreign Concessions in China,* <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3023092>, Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 8, No. 10 (May 10, 1939\\), p. 113–114\\.", "#### Operations", "In these concessions, the citizens of each foreign power were given the right to freely inhabit, trade, perform [missionary](/wiki/Missionary \"Missionary\") evangelization, and travel. They developed their own sub\\-cultures, isolated and distinct from the intrinsic [Chinese culture](/wiki/Chinese_culture \"Chinese culture\"), and colonial administrations attempted to give their concessions \"homeland\" qualities. Churches, [public houses](/wiki/Public_house \"Public house\"), and various other western commercial institutions sprang up in the concessions. In the case of Japan, its own traditions and language naturally flourished. Some of these concessions eventually had a more advanced architecture of each originating culture than most cities back in the countries of the origin of the foreign powers. Over time, and without formal permission, Britain, France, Japan and the United States established their own postal systems within their concession and trade areas.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes\\_from\\_the\\_Past/pastnote432\\.htm \\|title\\=U.S. Postal Agency in Shanghai \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-02 \\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-29 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629063205/http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes\\_from\\_the\\_Past/pastnote432\\.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Following Chinese complaints over the loss of postal revenue and the lack of customs inspections, all of them were abolished at the end of 1922\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Jianlang \\|first1\\=Wang \\|title\\=Unequal Treaties and China (Volume 1\\) \\|date\\=22 May 2015 \\|publisher\\=Enrich Professional Publishing (S) Private, Limited \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-62320\\-066\\-4 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ftjPDgAAQBAJ\\&dq\\=chinese\\+concession\\+postal\\+services\\&pg\\=PA85 \\|language\\=en}}", "The Shanghai International Settlement became a major place of refuge for European immigrants, notably from Slavic and Baltic regions, and American travelers and displaced persons.", "#### Laws", "Each concession also had its own police force and different legal jurisdictions with their own separate laws. Thus, an activity might be legal in one concession but illegal in another. Many of the concessions also maintained their own military garrison and a standing army. Military and police forces of the Chinese government were sometimes present. Some police forces allowed Chinese, others did not.", "There were economic inequalities between the concessions and surrounding areas outside. European powers had citizens employed inside of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service. Despite the service being sovereign to China, Europeans often influenced taxes levied and tariffs imposed upon foreign concessions—often to their own benefit. Foreign entities also benefited from imposing their own local taxes inside of their nation's respected concession.", "#### Wars", "Several wars would lead to the creation of colonial concessions taken from Qing China. These included the [First Opium War](/wiki/First_Opium_War \"First Opium War\") (1839–1842\\), [Second Opium War](/wiki/Second_Opium_War \"Second Opium War\") (1856–1860\\), [Sino\\-French War](/wiki/Sino-French_War \"Sino-French War\") (1884–1885\\), [First Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War \"First Sino-Japanese War\") (1894–1895\\), and [Russian invasion of Manchuria](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria \"Russian invasion of Manchuria\") (1900\\).{{Cite book \\|last\\=Zatsepine \\|first\\=Victor \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MzZLDgAAQBAJ \\|title\\=Beyond the Amur: Frontier Encounters between China and Russia, 1850–1930 \\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-09 \\|publisher\\=UBC Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7748\\-3412\\-4 \\|language\\=en}} The [Eight Nation Alliance](/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance \"Eight-Nation Alliance\")'s suppression of the [Boxer Rebellion](/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion \"Boxer Rebellion\") (1899–1901\\) would lead to participants being rewarded with concessions taken from the Qing dynasty, in the years following the conflict. It also led the foreign powers to station barracks and troops in the existing concessions, especially Tianjin, and increased the immigration of entire families to the concessions.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Victoir \\|first1\\=Laura \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=V0N2sD\\_MrK0C \\|title\\=Harbin to Hanoi: The Colonial Built Environment in Asia, 1840 to 1940 \\|last2\\=Zatsepine \\|first2\\=Victor \\|date\\=2013\\-01\\-01 \\|publisher\\=Hong Kong University Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-988\\-8139\\-42\\-2 \\|pages\\=95–96, 98–100 \\|language\\=en}}{{Rp\\|pages\\=98–100}}", "Wars that changed the ownership of existing concessions between the foreign powers included the [Triple Intervention](/wiki/Triple_Intervention \"Triple Intervention\") (1895\\) and the [Russo\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War \"Russo-Japanese War\") (1904–1905\\).", "" ]
Plot ---- After his usual night of drinking at the local pub, Hubert Flynn ([Pete Postlethwaite](/wiki/Pete_Postlethwaite "Pete Postlethwaite")) returns home and transforms into a rat. Hubert's family each have different views on him now that he became a rodent. His wife Conchita ([Imelda Staunton](/wiki/Imelda_Staunton "Imelda Staunton")) thinks that this change is supposed to be a lesson to Hubert and that the reason he transformed is his own fault. Their son Pius ([Andrew Lovern](/wiki/Andrew_Lovern "Andrew Lovern")), destined for a religious life, feels that because his father is now an animal, his family should kill him. Their daughter Marietta ([Kerry Condon](/wiki/Kerry_Condon "Kerry Condon")) feels that the rat is still her father and that they should treat him with love and respect. After hearing the news of a man changing into a rat on the local radio, [ghostwriter](/wiki/Ghostwriter "Ghostwriter") Phelim Spratt ([David Wilmot](/wiki/David_Wilmot_%28actor%29 "David Wilmot (actor)")) convinces Conchita to write a book of the story. Because Phelim wants to write about Conchita's bravery and the family's loyalty to Hubert in the face of adversity, he suggests that they take Hubert out to the pub and [bookie](/wiki/Bookie "Bookie") to see his friends and to show the public that they are proud of him. Conchita sends for her brother, Matt ([Frank Kelly](/wiki/Frank_Kelly "Frank Kelly")), whom she describes as "a rock of sense". After telling the family all of the changes they will have to undergo, including Hubert's poor hygiene, unemployment, and unusual diet, Matt feels that Hubert would be more comfortable in a maggot factory with other rats. This decision is further solidified after Hubert bites Conchita on the finger. After the family leaves him at the maggot factory, Hubert treks forty miles back to the house to be with his family on Christmas. With Hubert nearly dead from exhaustion, Conchita calls the doctor ([Geoffrey Palmer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_%28actor%29 "Geoffrey Palmer (actor)")) and sends Pius to get Father Geraldo ([Niall Toibin](/wiki/Niall_Toibin "Niall Toibin")) to perform the [last rites](/wiki/Last_rites "Last rites") and an [exorcism](/wiki/Exorcism "Exorcism"). After the doctor tells Conchita to cool Hubert down because of his fever, they put him in the refrigerator. Father Geraldo then arrives and performs the exorcism and Hubert emerges from the refrigerator as a man. Because Hubert turned back into a man, Phelim and Conchita are nervous that no one will believe their story. They decide to lock Hubert in his room and use a replacement rat for public appearances. However, Hubert's old flame and neighbour, Daisy ([Veronica Duffy](/wiki/Veronica_Duffy "Veronica Duffy")) becomes sceptical when she hears him yelling that he needs to use the bathroom and calls for the police to investigate. While Hubert is in the bathroom, he remembers that as a rat, he saw Phelim hide the manuscript of the book in a cupboard. He takes the manuscript and hides it in his shirt. When the family realise that Hubert should be away from prying eyes, Conchita goes to tell him that they are sending him to a mental hospital until the book comes out. When the police arrive, Marietta finds a letter written by her father saying that he feels the same way that he did before he turned into a rat. A rat then runs out the door and the family chases it in the street. When they get the rat back, Phelim tries to put it in the oven and it bites him on the finger. Hubert then appears behind them as a man and explains that the rat Phelim is holding is Conchita. He says that when he bit her earlier, he felt something leave his body and enter hers. He then explains that instead of a book about the family's loyalty, Phelim has been writing about their thoughts of killing Hubert and plans to abandon him at the maggot factory. They throw Phelim out and tell him never to return. Marietta is worried about her mother and Hubert says that she will turn back into a woman when she serves her time. The film ends with the family at the pub with Hubert and Conchita, now a woman again, singing [karaoke](/wiki/Karaoke "Karaoke"). It also shows a rat in the pub that has an earring like the one that Phelim wears.
[ "Plot\n----", "After his usual night of drinking at the local pub, Hubert Flynn ([Pete Postlethwaite](/wiki/Pete_Postlethwaite \"Pete Postlethwaite\")) returns home and transforms into a rat. Hubert's family each have different views on him now that he became a rodent. His wife Conchita ([Imelda Staunton](/wiki/Imelda_Staunton \"Imelda Staunton\")) thinks that this change is supposed to be a lesson to Hubert and that the reason he transformed is his own fault. Their son Pius ([Andrew Lovern](/wiki/Andrew_Lovern \"Andrew Lovern\")), destined for a religious life, feels that because his father is now an animal, his family should kill him. Their daughter Marietta ([Kerry Condon](/wiki/Kerry_Condon \"Kerry Condon\")) feels that the rat is still her father and that they should treat him with love and respect.", "After hearing the news of a man changing into a rat on the local radio, [ghostwriter](/wiki/Ghostwriter \"Ghostwriter\") Phelim Spratt ([David Wilmot](/wiki/David_Wilmot_%28actor%29 \"David Wilmot (actor)\")) convinces Conchita to write a book of the story. Because Phelim wants to write about Conchita's bravery and the family's loyalty to Hubert in the face of adversity, he suggests that they take Hubert out to the pub and [bookie](/wiki/Bookie \"Bookie\") to see his friends and to show the public that they are proud of him.", "Conchita sends for her brother, Matt ([Frank Kelly](/wiki/Frank_Kelly \"Frank Kelly\")), whom she describes as \"a rock of sense\". After telling the family all of the changes they will have to undergo, including Hubert's poor hygiene, unemployment, and unusual diet, Matt feels that Hubert would be more comfortable in a maggot factory with other rats. This decision is further solidified after Hubert bites Conchita on the finger.", "After the family leaves him at the maggot factory, Hubert treks forty miles back to the house to be with his family on Christmas. With Hubert nearly dead from exhaustion, Conchita calls the doctor ([Geoffrey Palmer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_%28actor%29 \"Geoffrey Palmer (actor)\")) and sends Pius to get Father Geraldo ([Niall Toibin](/wiki/Niall_Toibin \"Niall Toibin\")) to perform the [last rites](/wiki/Last_rites \"Last rites\") and an [exorcism](/wiki/Exorcism \"Exorcism\"). After the doctor tells Conchita to cool Hubert down because of his fever, they put him in the refrigerator. Father Geraldo then arrives and performs the exorcism and Hubert emerges from the refrigerator as a man.", "Because Hubert turned back into a man, Phelim and Conchita are nervous that no one will believe their story. They decide to lock Hubert in his room and use a replacement rat for public appearances. However, Hubert's old flame and neighbour, Daisy ([Veronica Duffy](/wiki/Veronica_Duffy \"Veronica Duffy\")) becomes sceptical when she hears him yelling that he needs to use the bathroom and calls for the police to investigate. While Hubert is in the bathroom, he remembers that as a rat, he saw Phelim hide the manuscript of the book in a cupboard. He takes the manuscript and hides it in his shirt. When the family realise that Hubert should be away from prying eyes, Conchita goes to tell him that they are sending him to a mental hospital until the book comes out.", "When the police arrive, Marietta finds a letter written by her father saying that he feels the same way that he did before he turned into a rat. A rat then runs out the door and the family chases it in the street. When they get the rat back, Phelim tries to put it in the oven and it bites him on the finger. Hubert then appears behind them as a man and explains that the rat Phelim is holding is Conchita. He says that when he bit her earlier, he felt something leave his body and enter hers. He then explains that instead of a book about the family's loyalty, Phelim has been writing about their thoughts of killing Hubert and plans to abandon him at the maggot factory. They throw Phelim out and tell him never to return.", "Marietta is worried about her mother and Hubert says that she will turn back into a woman when she serves her time. The film ends with the family at the pub with Hubert and Conchita, now a woman again, singing [karaoke](/wiki/Karaoke \"Karaoke\"). It also shows a rat in the pub that has an earring like the one that Phelim wears.", "" ]
Offseason --------- ### Draft picks {{main\|2017 NBA draft}} | Round | Pick | Player | Position(s) | Nationality | College | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 4 | [Josh Jackson](/wiki/Josh_Jackson_%28basketball%29 "Josh Jackson (basketball)") | Small Forward | {{flagu\|United States}} | [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball "Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball") | | 2 | 32 | [Davon Reed](/wiki/Davon_Reed "Davon Reed") | Shooting Guard | {{flagu\|United States}} | [Miami (FL)](/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_men%27s_basketball "Miami Hurricanes men's basketball") | | 2 | 54 | [Alec Peters](/wiki/Alec_Peters "Alec Peters") | Power Forward | {{flagu\|United States}} | [Valparaiso](/wiki/Valparaiso_Crusaders_men%27s_basketball "Valparaiso Crusaders men's basketball") | The Phoenix Suns entered the draft with only one first\-round pick and two second round picks this season. Their first\-round pick was their second straight pick at \#4, despite having the second\-best odds at the \#1 pick that year. That draft later resulted in the Top 4 selections having the same teams representing the top of the draft similar to the [previous year's draft](/wiki/2016_NBA_draft "2016 NBA draft"). Meanwhile, their first second round pick was given to them for having the second\-worst record of the season last season despite having a better record than their previous season. Their own second round pick was also used in a trade with the [Atlanta Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks "Atlanta Hawks") during the 2017 trade deadline in exchange for the rights to [Mike Scott](/wiki/Mike_Scott_%28basketball%29 "Mike Scott (basketball)"), the draft rights to Turkish shooting guard/small forward [Cenk Akyol](/wiki/Cenk_Akyol "Cenk Akyol"), and some cash considerations worth $500,000, although it wasn't conveyed to Atlanta due to their second round pick(s) remaining in the top 55 of this year's draft. Finally, their second (and final) second round pick was given to them by the [Toronto Raptors](/wiki/Toronto_Raptors "Toronto Raptors") for trading defensive small forward [P. J. Tucker](/wiki/P._J._Tucker "P. J. Tucker") to them that same day in exchange for their second round picks in 2017 \& 2018, as well as the rights to [Jared Sullinger](/wiki/Jared_Sullinger "Jared Sullinger") and cash considerations worth $1,000,000\. The Raptors' second round pick won the tiebreaker over both the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers "Cleveland Cavaliers") and the [Los Angeles Clippers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers "Los Angeles Clippers") (who originally held Picks 55 \& 56 respectively that draft), but ultimately lost out to the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics") for pick 53 that year. Speaking of which, the Suns were also initially planned to get the [Minnesota Timberwolves](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves "Minnesota Timberwolves")' second round selection for this year, but traded it away in a different trade with the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics") (back when it was still considered to be a first round draft pick) in order to get [Brandan Wright](/wiki/Brandan_Wright "Brandan Wright") on the team under the same season they first acquired [Isaiah Thomas](/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_%28basketball%29 "Isaiah Thomas (basketball)"). In addition to that, the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers")' first\-round pick that had belonged to the Suns before the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NBA_season "2014–15 NBA season") came and went was originally perceived to be conveyed to the [Philadelphia 76ers](/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers "Philadelphia 76ers") this year, but the Lakers still wound up with pick \#2 again to keep their pick for this season; that 2018 pick could later be potentially given to the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics") in order for them to trade away their \#1 pick this year to Philadelphia. With the fourth pick in the 2017 NBA Draft, the Suns selected freshman small forward [Josh Jackson](/wiki/Josh_Jackson_%28basketball%29 "Josh Jackson (basketball)") from the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas"). During his only season with Kansas, Jackson showcased his talent. In the 35 games Josh played with the Jayhawks, he recorded averages of 16\.3 points, 7\.4 rebounds, 3\.0 assists, 1\.7 steals, and 1\.1 blocks per game while also earning the [Big 12 Conference](/wiki/Big_12_Conference "Big 12 Conference")'s Freshman of the Year Award, First Team All\-Big 12 honors, and mixed honors with the [NCAA Men's Basketball All\-Americans](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Basketball_All-Americans "NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans"); more specifically, he'd get Second Team honors from the [Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News "Sporting News"), while he had Third Team honors from the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") and the [National Association of Basketball Coaches](/wiki/National_Association_of_Basketball_Coaches "National Association of Basketball Coaches"). Meanwhile, with the Suns' first second round pick, they selected senior shooting guard [Davon Reed](/wiki/Davon_Reed "Davon Reed") from the [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami "University of Miami"). Throughout his career in Miami, Florida, Reed managed to provide career averages of 10\.3 points and 3\.6 rebounds per game, but managed his best work as a senior with 14\.9 points and 4\.8 rebounds per game. Davon's considered handiwork, however, comes on the defensive end, as he managed to earn All\-ACC Defensive Team honors in 2017 alongside being a member of the All\-ACC Third Team and holding great academics throughout his college career. Finally, with the last second round pick, Phoenix selected power forward [Alec Peters](/wiki/Alec_Peters "Alec Peters") from [Valparaiso University](/wiki/Valparaiso_University "Valparaiso University"). Under Alec's last season at Valparaiso, he became one of only two players to record over 20 points and 10 rebounds per game in the NCAA's Division I with 23\.0 points and 10\.1 rebounds per game recorded for them in his senior year (with the other player being senior power forward/center [Tim Kempton Jr.](/wiki/Tim_Kempton_Jr. "Tim Kempton Jr."), son of former Suns player [Tim Kempton Sr.](/wiki/Tim_Kempton "Tim Kempton"), from [Lehigh University](/wiki/Lehigh_University "Lehigh University")). As a result, Peters was named the [Horizon League Men's Basketball Player of the Year](/wiki/Horizon_League_Men%27s_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year "Horizon League Men's Basketball Player of the Year") in 2017\. He also was named the Horizon League Tournament's MVP in 2015, an Academics All\-American First Team member in 2017, became a three\-time member of the All\-Horizon League First Team from 2015 to 2017, and was even twice mentioned as an honorable mention for the Associated Press' All\-American Teams. Like first\-round pick Josh Jackson, Alec Peters was also named a member of the National Association of Basketball Coaches' All\-American Third Team in 2017 himself. Peters was originally projected to be a late\-first\-round pick before his right leg injury near the end of his senior season led to his draft stock slipping to the late second round; he also became the team's second [two\-way contract](/wiki/Two-way_contract "Two-way contract") of the season on September 18 (first contract being [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 "Mike James (basketball, born 1990)")), meaning he'd split his playing time between the Phoenix Suns and their [NBA G League](/wiki/NBA_G_League "NBA G League") affiliate, the [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns "Northern Arizona Suns"), for the vast majority of the season. ### Free agency {{main\|List of 2017–18 NBA season transactions}} This season, the only player on the Suns set to become an unrestricted free agent as of the end of the [2016–17 NBA season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NBA_season "2016–17 NBA season") was the twice\-returned [Ronnie Price](/wiki/Ronnie_Price "Ronnie Price"). However, for restricted free agents, both centers [Alex Len](/wiki/Alex_Len "Alex Len") and [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 "Alan Williams (basketball)") were given qualifying offers on June 27, 2017, and could have opportunities to remain with the team if the Suns wanted to keep both of them. [T. J. Warren](/wiki/T._J._Warren "T. J. Warren") also stayed for a longer period of time, signing a four\-year deal worth $50 million on September 25, 2017\. In addition, veteran guard [Leandro Barbosa](/wiki/Leandro_Barbosa "Leandro Barbosa") and small forwards [Derrick Jones Jr.](/wiki/Derrick_Jones_Jr. "Derrick Jones Jr.") and [Elijah Millsap](/wiki/Elijah_Millsap "Elijah Millsap"), all have team options for another season, with the latter two having them near the mid\-season deadline on January 7, 2018, although neither player got to that point in time. [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 "Alan Williams (basketball)") also qualified for the NBA's [Early Bird rights](/wiki/NBA_salary_cap%23Larry_Bird_exception "NBA salary cap#Larry Bird exception") due to previously debuting late in the [2015–16 NBA season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NBA_season "2015–16 NBA season") and essentially signing a two\-year deal around that time.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.cbafaq.com/salarycap.htm\|title \= NBA Salary Cap FAQ}} This season also marks the first season where NBA teams get to add 16 or even 17 players to their official roster using two\-way contracts, which allows NBA teams to add players with less than three full years of NBA experience to enter the league with the condition of staying on their [NBA G League](/wiki/NBA_G_League "NBA G League") team for the majority of the season for higher salaries than they could otherwise get in the recently rebranded league.{{Cite web\|url\=http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2017/04/27/d\-league\-salaries\-two\-way\-contracts\-increase\-nba\-draft\-early\-entries/\|title \= D\-League salaries, two\-way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries\|date \= 27 April 2017}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://2ways10days.com/nba\-two\-way\-contracts\-faq\-70d1c9cbbe9\|title \= NBA Two\-Way Contracts FAQ\|date \= 4 October 2018}} [Summer League](/wiki/2017_NBA_Summer_League "2017 NBA Summer League") invite [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 "Mike James (basketball, born 1990)"), a point guard who previously went to [Eastern Arizona College](/wiki/Eastern_Arizona_College "Eastern Arizona College") and a [Greek Basket League](/wiki/Greek_Basket_League "Greek Basket League") star with the [Panathinaikos Superfoods](/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C. "Panathinaikos B.C."), announced prior to free agency that he would try to earn a two\-way contract. On July 2, the Suns gave [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 "Alan Williams (basketball)") a four\-year deal worth around $24 million to stay with his hometown team. A day later, the Suns renounced their rights to [Leandro Barbosa](/wiki/Leandro_Barbosa "Leandro Barbosa") making him a free agent in the process. Mike James also officially signed a deal with the Suns the same day they announced their team for the [2017 NBA Summer League](/wiki/2017_NBA_Summer_League "2017 NBA Summer League"). After originally being offered a four\-year deal worth $24 million from the Suns, Williams officially received a three\-year partially guaranteed deal worth $17 million on July 9 and signed it on July 26\. A day before Williams signed with the Suns, however, it was reported that [Brandon Knight](/wiki/Brandon_Knight_%28basketball%29 "Brandon Knight (basketball)") tore his [ACL](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament "Anterior cruciate ligament") during a pickup game in [Florida](/wiki/Florida "Florida"). With the announcement of Knight's [ACL injury](/wiki/ACL_injury "ACL injury") causing him to be out for most of the season, the Suns qualified to have an additional $6\.8 million to spend as a disabled player exception, likely extending their roster to 18 players at some point this season. The roster potentially required that extra player again on August 25 with the announcement of rookie shooting guard [Davon Reed](/wiki/Davon_Reed "Davon Reed") being out for four to six months due to surgery on his left meniscus and then on September 22 with center/power forward [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 "Alan Williams (basketball)") being out for a currently undetermined time with a partially torn meniscus of his own. A day before his teammate got injured, though, the Suns signed their other center, [Alex Len](/wiki/Alex_Len "Alex Len"), to a one\-year qualifying offer worth $4\.2 million to remain on their squad. On November 11, 2017, it was announced that [Leandro Barbosa](/wiki/Leandro_Barbosa "Leandro Barbosa") would return to his native land of [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") for a second time, this time being a part of the [Franca Basquetebol Clube](/wiki/Franca_Basquetebol_Clube "Franca Basquetebol Clube"). [Ronnie Price](/wiki/Ronnie_Price "Ronnie Price") ultimately was the only player from last season's roster to not play at all entering this season. On August 22, 2017, the Suns signed former [Iowa University](/wiki/Iowa_University "Iowa University") shooting guard [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok "Peter Jok") to a partially guaranteed deal to prove his worth in training camp. On September 11, it was originally announced that the Suns signed shooting guard and former first round draft pick [R. J. Hunter](/wiki/R._J._Hunter "R. J. Hunter") as a possible temporary replacement for injured rookie [Davon Reed](/wiki/Davon_Reed "Davon Reed"). It was later reported from *[The Arizona Republic](/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic "The Arizona Republic")* on that same day that Hunter alongside shooting guards [Isaiah Canaan](/wiki/Isaiah_Canaan "Isaiah Canaan"), [Andre Dawkins](/wiki/Andre_Dawkins "Andre Dawkins"), and [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns "Northern Arizona Suns")' player [Xavier Silas](/wiki/Xavier_Silas "Xavier Silas") had all come to Phoenix for workouts, but none of them received a training camp offer with the Suns. On September 22, after Len's agreement was announced, former [2013 NBA draft](/wiki/2013_NBA_draft "2013 NBA draft") number\-one pick [Anthony Bennett](/wiki/Anthony_Bennett_%28basketball%29 "Anthony Bennett (basketball)") was confirmed as a partially guaranteed training camp deal player alongside Peter Jok. Furthermore, that same day also led to them gaining [Troy Daniels](/wiki/Troy_Daniels "Troy Daniels") from a trade to help shore up the shooting guard spot. Furthermore, on the same day [Alex Len](/wiki/Alex_Len "Alex Len") officially signed his qualifying offer (and [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 "Alan Williams (basketball)") had successful surgery on his meniscus), it was confirmed that [T. J. Warren](/wiki/T._J._Warren "T. J. Warren") signed a four\-year contract extension with the Suns worth $50 million. On October 11, the Suns cut [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok "Peter Jok") and [Anthony Bennett](/wiki/Anthony_Bennett_%28basketball%29 "Anthony Bennett (basketball)") before their final preseason game against the [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers "Portland Trail Blazers") began. Two days later, before their actual last preseason game began against the [Brisbane Bullets](/wiki/Brisbane_Bullets "Brisbane Bullets") from [Australia](/wiki/National_Basketball_League_%28Australia%29 "National Basketball League (Australia)"), the Suns signed a French power forward from Canada named [Tidjan Keita](/wiki/Tidjan_Keita "Tidjan Keita"). All of these players were part of the [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns "Northern Arizona Suns") G League squad instead, with both Keita and [Elijah Millsap](/wiki/Elijah_Millsap "Elijah Millsap") being cut a day later (Millsap was later traded to the [Iowa Wolves](/wiki/Iowa_Wolves "Iowa Wolves") after being cut by Phoenix via the Northern Arizona squad for the \#1 pick in the 2017 NBA G League Draft). On December 7, 2017, after point guard [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 "Mike James (basketball, born 1990)") finished the last day of his original [two\-way contract](/wiki/Two-way_contract "Two-way contract") with Phoenix, he'd be retained by them with a full\-blown contract, albeit at the price of being forced to waive small forward [Derrick Jones Jr.](/wiki/Derrick_Jones_Jr. "Derrick Jones Jr.") earlier than expected. On the same day, after a loss to the [Washington Wizards](/wiki/Washington_Wizards "Washington Wizards"), the Suns signed [Danuel House](/wiki/Danuel_House "Danuel House") to a [two\-way contract](/wiki/Two-way_contract "Two-way contract"), filling up the spot originally held for Mike James earlier in the year. However, Phoenix used their disabled player's injury exception to sign recent [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns "Northern Arizona Suns") and former [Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets "Houston Rockets") combo guard [Isaiah Canaan](/wiki/Isaiah_Canaan "Isaiah Canaan") on December 13, 2017, with the tipping point involving star shooting guard [Devin Booker](/wiki/Devin_Booker "Devin Booker") being out for a few weeks. Isaiah was previously acquired by the [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns "Northern Arizona Suns") trading their 2018 first\-round pick to the [Agua Caliente Clippers](/wiki/Agua_Caliente_Clippers "Agua Caliente Clippers") expansion squad for him. Canaan stayed with Phoenix even after [Devin Booker](/wiki/Devin_Booker "Devin Booker") returned from his injury by converting his deal into a standard one year, veteran's minimum contract, while the Suns waived former two\-way contracted point guard [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 "Mike James (basketball, born 1990)") from the team on December 22, 2017\. However, after Canaan fractured his tibia on the same day they officially waived center [Greg Monroe](/wiki/Greg_Monroe "Greg Monroe") from the team (January 31\), the Suns signed [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns "Northern Arizona Suns") point guard [Josh Gray](/wiki/Josh_Gray_%28basketball%29 "Josh Gray (basketball)") to a 10\-day contract a day later. In the aftermath of the February 8, 2018 NBA trade deadline, the Suns were forced to waive [Isaiah Canaan](/wiki/Isaiah_Canaan "Isaiah Canaan") (with him still receiving his full salary for the year) in order to gain [Elfrid Payton](/wiki/Elfrid_Payton_%28basketball%29 "Elfrid Payton (basketball)") in their trade with the [Orlando Magic](/wiki/Orlando_Magic "Orlando Magic") in exchange for a second round pick from Memphis. However, Canaan still got paid the full salary for the season and use the team's facilities to help his body recover from his season\-ending injury.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.nba.com/suns/press\-release/official\-phoenix\-suns\-waive\-isaiah\-canaan\|title \= Phoenix Suns Waive Isaiah Canaan\|website \= \[\[NBA.com]]}} Meanwhile, Josh Gray signed his second 10\-day contract with Phoenix on February 11, although he was waived on February 21 (with his contract expiring that day) with fellow [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns "Northern Arizona Suns") player [Shaquille Harrison](/wiki/Shaquille_Harrison "Shaquille Harrison") signing his own 10\-day contract that day. Harrison signed his second 10\-day contract on March 3 before signing a multi\-year contract with Phoenix on March 13\. #### Trades On September 22, 2017, the same day they had former \#1 pick [Anthony Bennett](/wiki/Anthony_Bennett_%28basketball%29 "Anthony Bennett (basketball)") join their training camp roster, the Suns traded their own top\-55 protected second round pick to the [Memphis Grizzlies](/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies "Memphis Grizzlies") (which wasn't be conveyed to Memphis) in exchange for shooting guard [Troy Daniels](/wiki/Troy_Daniels "Troy Daniels") and a second round pick of their own, which was the middle choice between the [Charlotte Hornets](/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets "Charlotte Hornets"), Memphis, and the [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat "Miami Heat") (which ultimately became Charlotte's second round pick). A month later, before the Suns fired head coach [Earl Watson](/wiki/Earl_Watson "Earl Watson"), star point guard [Eric Bledsoe](/wiki/Eric_Bledsoe "Eric Bledsoe") released a Tweet on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") saying he didn't want to be with the team. As a result of that tweet, he was sent home for the disruption. Teams that had talked with the Suns for their disgruntled star point guard included the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets "Denver Nuggets"), [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks "Milwaukee Bucks"), [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks"), and [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers "Cleveland Cavaliers"). While waiting for a potential trade, they eventually let Bledsoe return for practices with the squad, but didn't allow him to play in games. Ultimately, a trade with the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks "Milwaukee Bucks") was made November 7, 2017\. In that deal, the Suns received center [Greg Monroe](/wiki/Greg_Monroe "Greg Monroe") (who was on an expiring contract), [a protected first\-round pick](/wiki/Desmond_Bane "Desmond Bane") that'd be conveyed in 2018 (if it was at picks \#11–16; 2019 if it's at picks \#4–18; 2020 if it's at picks \#8–30; or 2021 as a fully unprotected pick), and a second round pick that was conveyed to Phoenix if it was at picks \#48–60 or be conveyed to the [Brooklyn Nets](/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets "Brooklyn Nets") later on by the end of the season; and [Greg Monroe](/wiki/Greg_Monroe "Greg Monroe") was waived by having his contract be bought out on January 31, 2018\. Finally, on the February 8, 2018 trade deadline, the Suns traded the [Charlotte Hornets](/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets "Charlotte Hornets")' second round pick they previously acquired from the [Troy Daniels](/wiki/Troy_Daniels "Troy Daniels") deal in exchange for point guard [Elfrid Payton](/wiki/Elfrid_Payton_%28basketball%29 "Elfrid Payton (basketball)") from the [Orlando Magic](/wiki/Orlando_Magic "Orlando Magic") for at least the rest of the season. ### Front office changes While general manager [Ryan McDonough](/wiki/Ryan_McDonough_%28NBA_executive%29 "Ryan McDonough (NBA executive)") was originally confirmed to remain as the team's general manager and President of Basketball Operations on April 19, 2017, for at least one more season, he was given a contract extension to remain for both roles throughout the end of the decade on July 19, 2017\. While McDonough never led the team to the playoffs throughout his original tenure (having a winning season only in his first year as general manager and being named the runner\-up for the [NBA Executive of the Year](/wiki/NBA_Executive_of_the_Year "NBA Executive of the Year") that year), what won him over was the youth movement that he arranged. Furthermore, on that same day, it was announced that former Suns player and three\-time [NBA Finals](/wiki/NBA_Finals "NBA Finals") champion small forward/shooting guard [James Jones](/wiki/James_Jones_%28basketball%2C_born_1980%29 "James Jones (basketball, born 1980)") was the new Vice President of Basketball Operations, to oversee basketball matters for the team like upcoming draft picks, trades, and free agency moves.[http://www.nba.com/suns/suns\-extend\-ryan\-mcdonough\-general\-manager\-name\-ames\-jones\-vice\-president\-basketball\-operations](http://www.nba.com/suns/suns-extend-ryan-mcdonough-general-manager-name-ames-jones-vice-president-basketball-operations) {{Dead link\|date\=September 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} ### Coaching changes On October 22, 2017, after having two of some of the worst losses in franchise history to start the season, the Suns fired head coach [Earl Watson](/wiki/Earl_Watson "Earl Watson"). That same day, the Suns hired Canadian associate head coach [Jay Triano](/wiki/Jay_Triano "Jay Triano") to be interim head coach for the rest of the season.{{cite web\|title\=Suns Relieve Earl Watson of Head Coaching Duties\|url\=http://www.nba.com/suns/suns\-relieve\-earl\-watson\-head\-coaching\-duties\|work\=NBA.com\|date\=October 22, 2017\|accessdate\=October 22, 2017}} Later on that day, the Suns also fired assistant coaches [Nate Bjorkgren](/wiki/Nate_Bjorkgren "Nate Bjorkgren"), [Mehmet Okur](/wiki/Mehmet_Okur "Mehmet Okur"), and Jason Fraser. A day later, it was announced that the head coach of the [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns "Northern Arizona Suns") affiliate team, [Tyrone Ellis](/wiki/Tyrone_Ellis "Tyrone Ellis"), was named as one of the new assistant coaches, with [Marlon Garnett](/wiki/Marlon_Garnett "Marlon Garnett") also being promoted as a full\-time assistant coach that same day. However, Tyrone wasn't officially called over until October 24, 2017, alongside [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns "Northern Arizona Suns") assistant coaches [Bret Burchard](/wiki/Bret_Burchard "Bret Burchard") and [Brandon Rosenthal](/wiki/Brandon_Rosenthal "Brandon Rosenthal") taking over some of the vacant coaching spots for the Phoenix Suns (with Tyler Gatlin being left to take over as the head coach for the G League squad for the preseason before returning as assistant (and later [associate](/wiki/Associate_head_coach "Associate head coach")) coach for [Cody Toppert](/wiki/Cody_Toppert "Cody Toppert")'s new coaching staff for Northern Arizona's regular season). For Northern Arizona, they found their newest assistant coaches to join Tyler Gatlin on November 20 with [Nick Friedman](/wiki/Nick_Friedman_%28basketball%29 "Nick Friedman (basketball)") and two\-time former Phoenix Suns (and one\-time Bakersfield Jam player back when the Northern Arizona squad was called that) center [Earl Barron](/wiki/Earl_Barron "Earl Barron") joining that newly completed coaching staff for the season. During the season, Phoenix also looked to target potential new coaching candidates, including former [Memphis Grizzlies](/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies "Memphis Grizzlies") head coach [David Fizdale](/wiki/David_Fizdale "David Fizdale"), former Suns and current (at the time) [Utah Jazz](/wiki/Utah_Jazz "Utah Jazz") assistant coach [Igor Kokoškov](/wiki/Igor_Koko%C5%A1kov "Igor Kokoškov"), and [Villanova University](/wiki/Villanova_University "Villanova University") head coach [Jay Wright](/wiki/Jay_Wright_%28basketball%29 "Jay Wright (basketball)") around the conclusion of the season.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.sportingnews.com/nba/news/nba\-rumors\-news\-coaches\-fired\-hot\-seat\-david\-fizdale\-lakers\-suns\-magic\-knicks\-pistons/ivyy667icovh1xftio43vtxxw?src\=rss\|title\=NBA coaching rumors: Suns targeting David Fizdale, but will Lakers intervene?}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.brightsideofthesun.com/2018/3/6/17084588/mcdonough\-riffs\-on\-suns\-off\-season\-coaching\-search\-draft\-and\-free\-agency\|title \= McDonough riffs on Suns off season: Coaching search, draft and free agency\|date \= 6 March 2018}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/nba/suns/2018/03/15/phoenix\-suns\-ryan\-mcdonough\-jay\-triano\-coaching\-search/429303002/\|title \= Phoenix Suns GM Ryan McDonough: Team will conduct 'wide\-ranging' coaching search}} In fact, on March 23, 2018, it was confirmed by general manager [Ryan McDonough](/wiki/Ryan_McDonough_%28NBA_executive%29 "Ryan McDonough (NBA executive)") that the team has begun their coaching search earlier than anticipated.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.espn.com/nba/story/\_/id/22877476/phoenix\-suns\-gm\-says\-team\-already\-beginning\-search\-new\-head\-coach\|title \= Suns already beginning search for head coach\|date \= 23 March 2018}}
[ "Offseason\n---------", "### Draft picks", "{{main\\|2017 NBA draft}}", "", "| Round | Pick | Player | Position(s) | Nationality | College |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 4 | [Josh Jackson](/wiki/Josh_Jackson_%28basketball%29 \"Josh Jackson (basketball)\") | Small Forward | {{flagu\\|United States}} | [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball \"Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball\") |\n| 2 | 32 | [Davon Reed](/wiki/Davon_Reed \"Davon Reed\") | Shooting Guard | {{flagu\\|United States}} | [Miami (FL)](/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_men%27s_basketball \"Miami Hurricanes men's basketball\") |\n| 2 | 54 | [Alec Peters](/wiki/Alec_Peters \"Alec Peters\") | Power Forward | {{flagu\\|United States}} | [Valparaiso](/wiki/Valparaiso_Crusaders_men%27s_basketball \"Valparaiso Crusaders men's basketball\") |", "The Phoenix Suns entered the draft with only one first\\-round pick and two second round picks this season. Their first\\-round pick was their second straight pick at \\#4, despite having the second\\-best odds at the \\#1 pick that year. That draft later resulted in the Top 4 selections having the same teams representing the top of the draft similar to the [previous year's draft](/wiki/2016_NBA_draft \"2016 NBA draft\"). Meanwhile, their first second round pick was given to them for having the second\\-worst record of the season last season despite having a better record than their previous season. Their own second round pick was also used in a trade with the [Atlanta Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks \"Atlanta Hawks\") during the 2017 trade deadline in exchange for the rights to [Mike Scott](/wiki/Mike_Scott_%28basketball%29 \"Mike Scott (basketball)\"), the draft rights to Turkish shooting guard/small forward [Cenk Akyol](/wiki/Cenk_Akyol \"Cenk Akyol\"), and some cash considerations worth $500,000, although it wasn't conveyed to Atlanta due to their second round pick(s) remaining in the top 55 of this year's draft. Finally, their second (and final) second round pick was given to them by the [Toronto Raptors](/wiki/Toronto_Raptors \"Toronto Raptors\") for trading defensive small forward [P. J. Tucker](/wiki/P._J._Tucker \"P. J. Tucker\") to them that same day in exchange for their second round picks in 2017 \\& 2018, as well as the rights to [Jared Sullinger](/wiki/Jared_Sullinger \"Jared Sullinger\") and cash considerations worth $1,000,000\\. The Raptors' second round pick won the tiebreaker over both the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers \"Cleveland Cavaliers\") and the [Los Angeles Clippers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers \"Los Angeles Clippers\") (who originally held Picks 55 \\& 56 respectively that draft), but ultimately lost out to the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\") for pick 53 that year. Speaking of which, the Suns were also initially planned to get the [Minnesota Timberwolves](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves \"Minnesota Timberwolves\")' second round selection for this year, but traded it away in a different trade with the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\") (back when it was still considered to be a first round draft pick) in order to get [Brandan Wright](/wiki/Brandan_Wright \"Brandan Wright\") on the team under the same season they first acquired [Isaiah Thomas](/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_%28basketball%29 \"Isaiah Thomas (basketball)\"). In addition to that, the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\")' first\\-round pick that had belonged to the Suns before the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NBA_season \"2014–15 NBA season\") came and went was originally perceived to be conveyed to the [Philadelphia 76ers](/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers \"Philadelphia 76ers\") this year, but the Lakers still wound up with pick \\#2 again to keep their pick for this season; that 2018 pick could later be potentially given to the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\") in order for them to trade away their \\#1 pick this year to Philadelphia.", "With the fourth pick in the 2017 NBA Draft, the Suns selected freshman small forward [Josh Jackson](/wiki/Josh_Jackson_%28basketball%29 \"Josh Jackson (basketball)\") from the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas \"University of Kansas\"). During his only season with Kansas, Jackson showcased his talent. In the 35 games Josh played with the Jayhawks, he recorded averages of 16\\.3 points, 7\\.4 rebounds, 3\\.0 assists, 1\\.7 steals, and 1\\.1 blocks per game while also earning the [Big 12 Conference](/wiki/Big_12_Conference \"Big 12 Conference\")'s Freshman of the Year Award, First Team All\\-Big 12 honors, and mixed honors with the [NCAA Men's Basketball All\\-Americans](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Basketball_All-Americans \"NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans\"); more specifically, he'd get Second Team honors from the [Sporting News](/wiki/Sporting_News \"Sporting News\"), while he had Third Team honors from the [Associated Press](/wiki/Associated_Press \"Associated Press\") and the [National Association of Basketball Coaches](/wiki/National_Association_of_Basketball_Coaches \"National Association of Basketball Coaches\"). Meanwhile, with the Suns' first second round pick, they selected senior shooting guard [Davon Reed](/wiki/Davon_Reed \"Davon Reed\") from the [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami \"University of Miami\"). Throughout his career in Miami, Florida, Reed managed to provide career averages of 10\\.3 points and 3\\.6 rebounds per game, but managed his best work as a senior with 14\\.9 points and 4\\.8 rebounds per game. Davon's considered handiwork, however, comes on the defensive end, as he managed to earn All\\-ACC Defensive Team honors in 2017 alongside being a member of the All\\-ACC Third Team and holding great academics throughout his college career. Finally, with the last second round pick, Phoenix selected power forward [Alec Peters](/wiki/Alec_Peters \"Alec Peters\") from [Valparaiso University](/wiki/Valparaiso_University \"Valparaiso University\"). Under Alec's last season at Valparaiso, he became one of only two players to record over 20 points and 10 rebounds per game in the NCAA's Division I with 23\\.0 points and 10\\.1 rebounds per game recorded for them in his senior year (with the other player being senior power forward/center [Tim Kempton Jr.](/wiki/Tim_Kempton_Jr. \"Tim Kempton Jr.\"), son of former Suns player [Tim Kempton Sr.](/wiki/Tim_Kempton \"Tim Kempton\"), from [Lehigh University](/wiki/Lehigh_University \"Lehigh University\")). As a result, Peters was named the [Horizon League Men's Basketball Player of the Year](/wiki/Horizon_League_Men%27s_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year \"Horizon League Men's Basketball Player of the Year\") in 2017\\. He also was named the Horizon League Tournament's MVP in 2015, an Academics All\\-American First Team member in 2017, became a three\\-time member of the All\\-Horizon League First Team from 2015 to 2017, and was even twice mentioned as an honorable mention for the Associated Press' All\\-American Teams. Like first\\-round pick Josh Jackson, Alec Peters was also named a member of the National Association of Basketball Coaches' All\\-American Third Team in 2017 himself. Peters was originally projected to be a late\\-first\\-round pick before his right leg injury near the end of his senior season led to his draft stock slipping to the late second round; he also became the team's second [two\\-way contract](/wiki/Two-way_contract \"Two-way contract\") of the season on September 18 (first contract being [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 \"Mike James (basketball, born 1990)\")), meaning he'd split his playing time between the Phoenix Suns and their [NBA G League](/wiki/NBA_G_League \"NBA G League\") affiliate, the [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns \"Northern Arizona Suns\"), for the vast majority of the season.", "### Free agency", "{{main\\|List of 2017–18 NBA season transactions}}", "This season, the only player on the Suns set to become an unrestricted free agent as of the end of the [2016–17 NBA season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NBA_season \"2016–17 NBA season\") was the twice\\-returned [Ronnie Price](/wiki/Ronnie_Price \"Ronnie Price\"). However, for restricted free agents, both centers [Alex Len](/wiki/Alex_Len \"Alex Len\") and [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 \"Alan Williams (basketball)\") were given qualifying offers on June 27, 2017, and could have opportunities to remain with the team if the Suns wanted to keep both of them. [T. J. Warren](/wiki/T._J._Warren \"T. J. Warren\") also stayed for a longer period of time, signing a four\\-year deal worth $50 million on September 25, 2017\\. In addition, veteran guard [Leandro Barbosa](/wiki/Leandro_Barbosa \"Leandro Barbosa\") and small forwards [Derrick Jones Jr.](/wiki/Derrick_Jones_Jr. \"Derrick Jones Jr.\") and [Elijah Millsap](/wiki/Elijah_Millsap \"Elijah Millsap\"), all have team options for another season, with the latter two having them near the mid\\-season deadline on January 7, 2018, although neither player got to that point in time. [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 \"Alan Williams (basketball)\") also qualified for the NBA's [Early Bird rights](/wiki/NBA_salary_cap%23Larry_Bird_exception \"NBA salary cap#Larry Bird exception\") due to previously debuting late in the [2015–16 NBA season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NBA_season \"2015–16 NBA season\") and essentially signing a two\\-year deal around that time.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cbafaq.com/salarycap.htm\\|title \\= NBA Salary Cap FAQ}} This season also marks the first season where NBA teams get to add 16 or even 17 players to their official roster using two\\-way contracts, which allows NBA teams to add players with less than three full years of NBA experience to enter the league with the condition of staying on their [NBA G League](/wiki/NBA_G_League \"NBA G League\") team for the majority of the season for higher salaries than they could otherwise get in the recently rebranded league.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://collegebasketball.nbcsports.com/2017/04/27/d\\-league\\-salaries\\-two\\-way\\-contracts\\-increase\\-nba\\-draft\\-early\\-entries/\\|title \\= D\\-League salaries, two\\-way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries\\|date \\= 27 April 2017}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://2ways10days.com/nba\\-two\\-way\\-contracts\\-faq\\-70d1c9cbbe9\\|title \\= NBA Two\\-Way Contracts FAQ\\|date \\= 4 October 2018}}", "[Summer League](/wiki/2017_NBA_Summer_League \"2017 NBA Summer League\") invite [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 \"Mike James (basketball, born 1990)\"), a point guard who previously went to [Eastern Arizona College](/wiki/Eastern_Arizona_College \"Eastern Arizona College\") and a [Greek Basket League](/wiki/Greek_Basket_League \"Greek Basket League\") star with the [Panathinaikos Superfoods](/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C. \"Panathinaikos B.C.\"), announced prior to free agency that he would try to earn a two\\-way contract. On July 2, the Suns gave [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 \"Alan Williams (basketball)\") a four\\-year deal worth around $24 million to stay with his hometown team. A day later, the Suns renounced their rights to [Leandro Barbosa](/wiki/Leandro_Barbosa \"Leandro Barbosa\") making him a free agent in the process. Mike James also officially signed a deal with the Suns the same day they announced their team for the [2017 NBA Summer League](/wiki/2017_NBA_Summer_League \"2017 NBA Summer League\"). After originally being offered a four\\-year deal worth $24 million from the Suns, Williams officially received a three\\-year partially guaranteed deal worth $17 million on July 9 and signed it on July 26\\. A day before Williams signed with the Suns, however, it was reported that [Brandon Knight](/wiki/Brandon_Knight_%28basketball%29 \"Brandon Knight (basketball)\") tore his [ACL](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament \"Anterior cruciate ligament\") during a pickup game in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"). With the announcement of Knight's [ACL injury](/wiki/ACL_injury \"ACL injury\") causing him to be out for most of the season, the Suns qualified to have an additional $6\\.8 million to spend as a disabled player exception, likely extending their roster to 18 players at some point this season. The roster potentially required that extra player again on August 25 with the announcement of rookie shooting guard [Davon Reed](/wiki/Davon_Reed \"Davon Reed\") being out for four to six months due to surgery on his left meniscus and then on September 22 with center/power forward [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 \"Alan Williams (basketball)\") being out for a currently undetermined time with a partially torn meniscus of his own. A day before his teammate got injured, though, the Suns signed their other center, [Alex Len](/wiki/Alex_Len \"Alex Len\"), to a one\\-year qualifying offer worth $4\\.2 million to remain on their squad. On November 11, 2017, it was announced that [Leandro Barbosa](/wiki/Leandro_Barbosa \"Leandro Barbosa\") would return to his native land of [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") for a second time, this time being a part of the [Franca Basquetebol Clube](/wiki/Franca_Basquetebol_Clube \"Franca Basquetebol Clube\"). [Ronnie Price](/wiki/Ronnie_Price \"Ronnie Price\") ultimately was the only player from last season's roster to not play at all entering this season.", "On August 22, 2017, the Suns signed former [Iowa University](/wiki/Iowa_University \"Iowa University\") shooting guard [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok \"Peter Jok\") to a partially guaranteed deal to prove his worth in training camp. On September 11, it was originally announced that the Suns signed shooting guard and former first round draft pick [R. J. Hunter](/wiki/R._J._Hunter \"R. J. Hunter\") as a possible temporary replacement for injured rookie [Davon Reed](/wiki/Davon_Reed \"Davon Reed\"). It was later reported from *[The Arizona Republic](/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic \"The Arizona Republic\")* on that same day that Hunter alongside shooting guards [Isaiah Canaan](/wiki/Isaiah_Canaan \"Isaiah Canaan\"), [Andre Dawkins](/wiki/Andre_Dawkins \"Andre Dawkins\"), and [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns \"Northern Arizona Suns\")' player [Xavier Silas](/wiki/Xavier_Silas \"Xavier Silas\") had all come to Phoenix for workouts, but none of them received a training camp offer with the Suns. On September 22, after Len's agreement was announced, former [2013 NBA draft](/wiki/2013_NBA_draft \"2013 NBA draft\") number\\-one pick [Anthony Bennett](/wiki/Anthony_Bennett_%28basketball%29 \"Anthony Bennett (basketball)\") was confirmed as a partially guaranteed training camp deal player alongside Peter Jok. Furthermore, that same day also led to them gaining [Troy Daniels](/wiki/Troy_Daniels \"Troy Daniels\") from a trade to help shore up the shooting guard spot. Furthermore, on the same day [Alex Len](/wiki/Alex_Len \"Alex Len\") officially signed his qualifying offer (and [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 \"Alan Williams (basketball)\") had successful surgery on his meniscus), it was confirmed that [T. J. Warren](/wiki/T._J._Warren \"T. J. Warren\") signed a four\\-year contract extension with the Suns worth $50 million. On October 11, the Suns cut [Peter Jok](/wiki/Peter_Jok \"Peter Jok\") and [Anthony Bennett](/wiki/Anthony_Bennett_%28basketball%29 \"Anthony Bennett (basketball)\") before their final preseason game against the [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers \"Portland Trail Blazers\") began. Two days later, before their actual last preseason game began against the [Brisbane Bullets](/wiki/Brisbane_Bullets \"Brisbane Bullets\") from [Australia](/wiki/National_Basketball_League_%28Australia%29 \"National Basketball League (Australia)\"), the Suns signed a French power forward from Canada named [Tidjan Keita](/wiki/Tidjan_Keita \"Tidjan Keita\"). All of these players were part of the [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns \"Northern Arizona Suns\") G League squad instead, with both Keita and [Elijah Millsap](/wiki/Elijah_Millsap \"Elijah Millsap\") being cut a day later (Millsap was later traded to the [Iowa Wolves](/wiki/Iowa_Wolves \"Iowa Wolves\") after being cut by Phoenix via the Northern Arizona squad for the \\#1 pick in the 2017 NBA G League Draft).", "On December 7, 2017, after point guard [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 \"Mike James (basketball, born 1990)\") finished the last day of his original [two\\-way contract](/wiki/Two-way_contract \"Two-way contract\") with Phoenix, he'd be retained by them with a full\\-blown contract, albeit at the price of being forced to waive small forward [Derrick Jones Jr.](/wiki/Derrick_Jones_Jr. \"Derrick Jones Jr.\") earlier than expected. On the same day, after a loss to the [Washington Wizards](/wiki/Washington_Wizards \"Washington Wizards\"), the Suns signed [Danuel House](/wiki/Danuel_House \"Danuel House\") to a [two\\-way contract](/wiki/Two-way_contract \"Two-way contract\"), filling up the spot originally held for Mike James earlier in the year. However, Phoenix used their disabled player's injury exception to sign recent [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns \"Northern Arizona Suns\") and former [Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets \"Houston Rockets\") combo guard [Isaiah Canaan](/wiki/Isaiah_Canaan \"Isaiah Canaan\") on December 13, 2017, with the tipping point involving star shooting guard [Devin Booker](/wiki/Devin_Booker \"Devin Booker\") being out for a few weeks. Isaiah was previously acquired by the [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns \"Northern Arizona Suns\") trading their 2018 first\\-round pick to the [Agua Caliente Clippers](/wiki/Agua_Caliente_Clippers \"Agua Caliente Clippers\") expansion squad for him. Canaan stayed with Phoenix even after [Devin Booker](/wiki/Devin_Booker \"Devin Booker\") returned from his injury by converting his deal into a standard one year, veteran's minimum contract, while the Suns waived former two\\-way contracted point guard [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 \"Mike James (basketball, born 1990)\") from the team on December 22, 2017\\. However, after Canaan fractured his tibia on the same day they officially waived center [Greg Monroe](/wiki/Greg_Monroe \"Greg Monroe\") from the team (January 31\\), the Suns signed [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns \"Northern Arizona Suns\") point guard [Josh Gray](/wiki/Josh_Gray_%28basketball%29 \"Josh Gray (basketball)\") to a 10\\-day contract a day later. In the aftermath of the February 8, 2018 NBA trade deadline, the Suns were forced to waive [Isaiah Canaan](/wiki/Isaiah_Canaan \"Isaiah Canaan\") (with him still receiving his full salary for the year) in order to gain [Elfrid Payton](/wiki/Elfrid_Payton_%28basketball%29 \"Elfrid Payton (basketball)\") in their trade with the [Orlando Magic](/wiki/Orlando_Magic \"Orlando Magic\") in exchange for a second round pick from Memphis. However, Canaan still got paid the full salary for the season and use the team's facilities to help his body recover from his season\\-ending injury.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/suns/press\\-release/official\\-phoenix\\-suns\\-waive\\-isaiah\\-canaan\\|title \\= Phoenix Suns Waive Isaiah Canaan\\|website \\= \\[\\[NBA.com]]}} Meanwhile, Josh Gray signed his second 10\\-day contract with Phoenix on February 11, although he was waived on February 21 (with his contract expiring that day) with fellow [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns \"Northern Arizona Suns\") player [Shaquille Harrison](/wiki/Shaquille_Harrison \"Shaquille Harrison\") signing his own 10\\-day contract that day. Harrison signed his second 10\\-day contract on March 3 before signing a multi\\-year contract with Phoenix on March 13\\.", "#### Trades", "On September 22, 2017, the same day they had former \\#1 pick [Anthony Bennett](/wiki/Anthony_Bennett_%28basketball%29 \"Anthony Bennett (basketball)\") join their training camp roster, the Suns traded their own top\\-55 protected second round pick to the [Memphis Grizzlies](/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies \"Memphis Grizzlies\") (which wasn't be conveyed to Memphis) in exchange for shooting guard [Troy Daniels](/wiki/Troy_Daniels \"Troy Daniels\") and a second round pick of their own, which was the middle choice between the [Charlotte Hornets](/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets \"Charlotte Hornets\"), Memphis, and the [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat \"Miami Heat\") (which ultimately became Charlotte's second round pick). A month later, before the Suns fired head coach [Earl Watson](/wiki/Earl_Watson \"Earl Watson\"), star point guard [Eric Bledsoe](/wiki/Eric_Bledsoe \"Eric Bledsoe\") released a Tweet on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") saying he didn't want to be with the team. As a result of that tweet, he was sent home for the disruption. Teams that had talked with the Suns for their disgruntled star point guard included the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets \"Denver Nuggets\"), [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks \"Milwaukee Bucks\"), [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks \"New York Knicks\"), and [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers \"Cleveland Cavaliers\"). While waiting for a potential trade, they eventually let Bledsoe return for practices with the squad, but didn't allow him to play in games. Ultimately, a trade with the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks \"Milwaukee Bucks\") was made November 7, 2017\\. In that deal, the Suns received center [Greg Monroe](/wiki/Greg_Monroe \"Greg Monroe\") (who was on an expiring contract), [a protected first\\-round pick](/wiki/Desmond_Bane \"Desmond Bane\") that'd be conveyed in 2018 (if it was at picks \\#11–16; 2019 if it's at picks \\#4–18; 2020 if it's at picks \\#8–30; or 2021 as a fully unprotected pick), and a second round pick that was conveyed to Phoenix if it was at picks \\#48–60 or be conveyed to the [Brooklyn Nets](/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets \"Brooklyn Nets\") later on by the end of the season; and [Greg Monroe](/wiki/Greg_Monroe \"Greg Monroe\") was waived by having his contract be bought out on January 31, 2018\\. Finally, on the February 8, 2018 trade deadline, the Suns traded the [Charlotte Hornets](/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets \"Charlotte Hornets\")' second round pick they previously acquired from the [Troy Daniels](/wiki/Troy_Daniels \"Troy Daniels\") deal in exchange for point guard [Elfrid Payton](/wiki/Elfrid_Payton_%28basketball%29 \"Elfrid Payton (basketball)\") from the [Orlando Magic](/wiki/Orlando_Magic \"Orlando Magic\") for at least the rest of the season.", "### Front office changes", "While general manager [Ryan McDonough](/wiki/Ryan_McDonough_%28NBA_executive%29 \"Ryan McDonough (NBA executive)\") was originally confirmed to remain as the team's general manager and President of Basketball Operations on April 19, 2017, for at least one more season, he was given a contract extension to remain for both roles throughout the end of the decade on July 19, 2017\\. While McDonough never led the team to the playoffs throughout his original tenure (having a winning season only in his first year as general manager and being named the runner\\-up for the [NBA Executive of the Year](/wiki/NBA_Executive_of_the_Year \"NBA Executive of the Year\") that year), what won him over was the youth movement that he arranged. Furthermore, on that same day, it was announced that former Suns player and three\\-time [NBA Finals](/wiki/NBA_Finals \"NBA Finals\") champion small forward/shooting guard [James Jones](/wiki/James_Jones_%28basketball%2C_born_1980%29 \"James Jones (basketball, born 1980)\") was the new Vice President of Basketball Operations, to oversee basketball matters for the team like upcoming draft picks, trades, and free agency moves.[http://www.nba.com/suns/suns\\-extend\\-ryan\\-mcdonough\\-general\\-manager\\-name\\-ames\\-jones\\-vice\\-president\\-basketball\\-operations](http://www.nba.com/suns/suns-extend-ryan-mcdonough-general-manager-name-ames-jones-vice-president-basketball-operations) {{Dead link\\|date\\=September 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "### Coaching changes", "On October 22, 2017, after having two of some of the worst losses in franchise history to start the season, the Suns fired head coach [Earl Watson](/wiki/Earl_Watson \"Earl Watson\"). That same day, the Suns hired Canadian associate head coach [Jay Triano](/wiki/Jay_Triano \"Jay Triano\") to be interim head coach for the rest of the season.{{cite web\\|title\\=Suns Relieve Earl Watson of Head Coaching Duties\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/suns/suns\\-relieve\\-earl\\-watson\\-head\\-coaching\\-duties\\|work\\=NBA.com\\|date\\=October 22, 2017\\|accessdate\\=October 22, 2017}} Later on that day, the Suns also fired assistant coaches [Nate Bjorkgren](/wiki/Nate_Bjorkgren \"Nate Bjorkgren\"), [Mehmet Okur](/wiki/Mehmet_Okur \"Mehmet Okur\"), and Jason Fraser. A day later, it was announced that the head coach of the [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns \"Northern Arizona Suns\") affiliate team, [Tyrone Ellis](/wiki/Tyrone_Ellis \"Tyrone Ellis\"), was named as one of the new assistant coaches, with [Marlon Garnett](/wiki/Marlon_Garnett \"Marlon Garnett\") also being promoted as a full\\-time assistant coach that same day. However, Tyrone wasn't officially called over until October 24, 2017, alongside [Northern Arizona Suns](/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Suns \"Northern Arizona Suns\") assistant coaches [Bret Burchard](/wiki/Bret_Burchard \"Bret Burchard\") and [Brandon Rosenthal](/wiki/Brandon_Rosenthal \"Brandon Rosenthal\") taking over some of the vacant coaching spots for the Phoenix Suns (with Tyler Gatlin being left to take over as the head coach for the G League squad for the preseason before returning as assistant (and later [associate](/wiki/Associate_head_coach \"Associate head coach\")) coach for [Cody Toppert](/wiki/Cody_Toppert \"Cody Toppert\")'s new coaching staff for Northern Arizona's regular season). For Northern Arizona, they found their newest assistant coaches to join Tyler Gatlin on November 20 with [Nick Friedman](/wiki/Nick_Friedman_%28basketball%29 \"Nick Friedman (basketball)\") and two\\-time former Phoenix Suns (and one\\-time Bakersfield Jam player back when the Northern Arizona squad was called that) center [Earl Barron](/wiki/Earl_Barron \"Earl Barron\") joining that newly completed coaching staff for the season. During the season, Phoenix also looked to target potential new coaching candidates, including former [Memphis Grizzlies](/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies \"Memphis Grizzlies\") head coach [David Fizdale](/wiki/David_Fizdale \"David Fizdale\"), former Suns and current (at the time) [Utah Jazz](/wiki/Utah_Jazz \"Utah Jazz\") assistant coach [Igor Kokoškov](/wiki/Igor_Koko%C5%A1kov \"Igor Kokoškov\"), and [Villanova University](/wiki/Villanova_University \"Villanova University\") head coach [Jay Wright](/wiki/Jay_Wright_%28basketball%29 \"Jay Wright (basketball)\") around the conclusion of the season.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sportingnews.com/nba/news/nba\\-rumors\\-news\\-coaches\\-fired\\-hot\\-seat\\-david\\-fizdale\\-lakers\\-suns\\-magic\\-knicks\\-pistons/ivyy667icovh1xftio43vtxxw?src\\=rss\\|title\\=NBA coaching rumors: Suns targeting David Fizdale, but will Lakers intervene?}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.brightsideofthesun.com/2018/3/6/17084588/mcdonough\\-riffs\\-on\\-suns\\-off\\-season\\-coaching\\-search\\-draft\\-and\\-free\\-agency\\|title \\= McDonough riffs on Suns off season: Coaching search, draft and free agency\\|date \\= 6 March 2018}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/nba/suns/2018/03/15/phoenix\\-suns\\-ryan\\-mcdonough\\-jay\\-triano\\-coaching\\-search/429303002/\\|title \\= Phoenix Suns GM Ryan McDonough: Team will conduct 'wide\\-ranging' coaching search}} In fact, on March 23, 2018, it was confirmed by general manager [Ryan McDonough](/wiki/Ryan_McDonough_%28NBA_executive%29 \"Ryan McDonough (NBA executive)\") that the team has begun their coaching search earlier than anticipated.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/nba/story/\\_/id/22877476/phoenix\\-suns\\-gm\\-says\\-team\\-already\\-beginning\\-search\\-new\\-head\\-coach\\|title \\= Suns already beginning search for head coach\\|date \\= 23 March 2018}}", "" ]
Plot ---- ### First part [Johann Strauss](/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I "Johann Strauss I") befriends [Joseph Lanner](/wiki/Joseph_Lanner "Joseph Lanner") at one of his concerts. The superficial dance music of the aristocratic balls gives Johann Strauss the idea of founding an orchestra with Lanner. Both of them immediately get a job with the inn owner Streim. While his daughter Anna flirts with Strauss and Lanner at the same time, the businessman Karl Friedrich Hirsch convince the two musicians to play music in parallel in Streim's inn and in other places. Anna becomes pregnant and marries Strauss; at the wedding Lanner breaks away from Strauss. Despite his professional success, Strauss is plagued by fears about the future. When Anna gives birth to their son [Johann](/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II "Johann Strauss II") ("Schani"), Strauss prefers to play with the Italian violinist [Niccolò Paganini](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini "Niccolò Paganini"), who has shown enthusiasm for his music. Little Schani develops his first musical inclinations, while his father becomes soon more successful than Lanner, despite the last one is appointed music director to the imperial court. During a [cholera](/wiki/Cholera "Cholera") epidemic, Strauss plans with Hirsch a concert in [Schönbrunn](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace "Schönbrunn Palace") to draw the emperor's attention to his music. Despite his absence, the concert is a success and Strauss chooses a waltz queen from the audience, the young {{Interlanguage link\|Emilie Trampusch\|lt\=Emilie Trampusch\|de}}. The troops of the emperor dissolve the concert due to health concerns, even with the use of force; in their escape, Strauss and Emilie kiss. [Prince Metternich](/wiki/Prince_Metternich "Prince Metternich") summons Strauss at court and sent him on a concert tour to England for the coronation of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria "Queen Victoria"). In return, he promises Strauss that he would find a post at the imperial court for him when he is back in Vienna. ### Second part Because his lover Emilie Trampusch gives birth to a son, Strauss decides, despite the homesickness of his orchestra, to prolong his concert tour to France. When he prospects to continue the journey to New York, Strauss is abandoned by his musicians. Resigned, Strauss and Hirsch return to Vienna, where Strauss sees his grown\-up son Schani and his brothers again. Strauss is unable to work, while Anna does not know how to support her family. Frustrated, Strauss forbids his sons to become musicians in order to spare them the disappointments he had to experience himself. When the musicians of his previous orchestra return to Strauss, at Anna's insistence he start working again. Strauss moves in with Emilie and agrees to pay Anna's family maintenance only if his sons abide by his music ban. For this reason, Schani attends business school, but, with the support of his mother, secretly turns back to music. Moreover, he falls in love with Lanner's daughter Kathi, who arranges for him violin lessons with her father. After Johann Strauss finds out about the lessons, Anna forbids any further interference from her husband and sends her son to take composition lessons with the organist [Joseph Drechsler](/wiki/Joseph_Drechsler "Joseph Drechsler"); Schani earns the necessary money at night working in a factory. However, Schani does not enjoy Drechslers' lessons on [fugues](/wiki/Fugue "Fugue") and would rather, contrary to his mother's plans, compose [waltzes](/wiki/Waltz "Waltz") and set up an orchestra with his friend Gustav Levi. Lanner dies unexpectedly; due to Prince Metternich's influence, Strauss becomes his successor as music director to the imperial court. After initial difficulties, Schani gets permission to found an orchestra with the help of his mother, who de facto signs as his guardian. Although Johann Strauss threatens to boycott all café owners who let Schani play with them, Schani celebrates a successful debut at {{Interlanguage link\|Café Dommayer\|lt\=Café Dommayer\|de}}. Johann Strauss congratulates his son and offers him a tour together; Schani's mother, however, vehemently refuses. ### Third part Prince Metternich worries about public order because of the rivalry between father and son. When a young woman dies in a dispute between the supporters of father and son, Schani plays at her funeral despite the official prohibition. Prince Metternich urges Strauss to end the conflict with his son, but then, at Hirsch's suggestion, sends Schani as a cultural ambassador to Romania. The rebels of the [revolution of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848 "Revolutions of 1848") celebrate Schani as a hero because he opposed the authorities at the funeral; he plays for them the *[Marseillaise](/wiki/La_Marseillaise "La Marseillaise")*. After his return to Vienna, Schani reports to the revolutionary army. While [Field Marshal Radetzky](/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz "Joseph Radetzky von Radetz") crushes the rebels, Schani and Levi are arrested for participating in the revolution. Prince Metternich is deposed and [Emperor Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria "Ferdinand I of Austria") abdicates; his successor is his nephew [Franz Joseph I](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria "Franz Joseph I of Austria"). Escaping from the revolution with other upper\-class citizens, Johann Strauss has an affair with the singer [Jetty Treffz](/wiki/Jetty_Treffz "Jetty Treffz"), the lover of the banker {{Interlanguage link\|Moritz von Todesco\|lt\=Moritz von Todesco\|de}}; when he returns to Vienna, he performs the *[Radetzky March](/wiki/Radetzky_March "Radetzky March")* in Radetzky's honour. While Anna is campaigning for Schani's release, Johann Strauss falls ill with [scarlet fever](/wiki/Scarlet_fever "Scarlet fever"). Schani is allowed to visit his terminally ill father, but comes too late: Emilie Trampusch has gone and has left Johann Strauss's naked body in the house. After his funeral, Schani reunites his orchestra with that of his father. A little later he falls in love with Karoline, who however is starting a relationship with Schani's brother [Josef](/wiki/Josef_Strauss "Josef Strauss"). When his application for music director to the imperial court is rejected, he reluctantly goes on a tour at the urging of his mother. The Russian Prince Alexander Nikolajewitsch Gribow gives him the opportunity to play in Russia for the Tsar. ### Fourth part Johann Strauss writes in his letters to his mother how successful his music is in Russia and how popular he is with women \- he already lives in a liaison with the aristocratic daughter {{Interlanguage link\|Olga Wassiljewna Smirnitskaja\|lt\=Olga Wassiljewna Smirnitskaja\|de}} \- but also reports on the darker side of the raging [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War "Crimean War") in Russia. A little later he is awarded the [Order of St. Stanislaus](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus "Order of Saint Stanislaus") by the Tsar. Olga's parents, on the other hand, try to prevent their daughter's not appropriate relationship with Johann. When he secretly arranges to take Olga with him to Austria, she tries, driven by inner voices, to shoot herself and Strauss; however, Strauss manages to flee. The Tsar promises that Olga will be taken care of; Strauss returns to Vienna, where, thanks to his success, he gives one concert after another. When Strauss has to go to the sanatorium for three months because of overwork, his brother Josef \- who works as an engineer \- replaces Johann as music director at the insistence of his mother. Since Johann's stay in the sanatorium results in a lack of new waltzes, Josef begins to compose; a little later their brother [Eduard](/wiki/Eduard_Strauss "Eduard Strauss") turns to music as well. When Josef also collapses due to overwork, Eduard takes over the orchestra. Johann and Jetty Treffz begin a relationship and get married, despite protests from Johann's mother, who considers Jetty a bad wife. Shortly after the wedding, Johann is appointed music director to the imperial court. Anna Strauss reacts in horror when Johann wants to devote himself exclusively to composing. ### Fifth part While the Strauss brothers quarrel over contract negotiations and Johann's choice of spouse, Austria experiences a defeat in the [Austro\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War "Austro-Prussian War") in 1866\. Johann is given by police inspector Joseph Weyl the task of setting a poem to music to lighten the mood in the population. While Johann despairs of the silly text, Levi becomes his publisher. Since Josef is in financial difficulties, Johann offer him the chance to go on a concert tour to Russia with some of his musicians. When Johann takes the rest of the orchestra to France, Eduard reacts angrily that there are no musicians left for him. Johann celebrates a success in Paris at the [1867 Exposition Universelle](/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_%281867%29 "Exposition Universelle (1867)") when he performs his music transposition of the poem, the waltz *[The Blue Danube](/wiki/The_Blue_Danube "The Blue Danube")*, without text. Since Johann reacts cautiously to an offer from the [impresario](/wiki/Impresario "Impresario") Charles Gilmore to host an American tour, Jetty informs him only when they are in America that he had received a telegram in France with the news of his mother's death. Johann is shocked by her approach. In Vienna, his joy over being awarded the Salvator Medal and the sale of a million copies of *The Blue Danube* is overshadowed by the cancer death of his brother Josef; on the deathbed Eduard accuses Johann of having caused Josef's death during the trip to Russia. Jetty tries several times to encourage Johann to write operettas; only when Eva Wesseli, a singer at the theater, presents Johann with a libretto, Johann decides to compose *[Die Fledermaus](/wiki/Die_Fledermaus "Die Fledermaus")*. Jetty is jealous when an affair develops between Johann and Eva. The great success of *Die Fledermaus* is overshadowed by allegations that Johann published an unknown work by his deceased brother as his own. His marriage is also threatened with disaster when Jetty's grown\-up son shows up and demands payment of his gambling debts; otherwise he threatens to expose public that he is the son of Johann Strauss (father). In the meantime, Johann meets [Johannes Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms "Johannes Brahms"), who as a music expert offers to publicly refute the plagiarism allegations against Johann, since his cheerful music is completely different from that of the calculating engineer Josef Strauss. His joy about such meeting is immediately spoiled by Jetty's suicide; through a letter from her he learns the truth about her son. ### Sixth part Shortly after Jetty's death, Strauss marries the actress Angelika Dittrich. She quickly dilapidates her husband's money and her attempt to surprise her husband with daring, self\-painted pictures fails miserably. During an argument, Angelika miscarries; due to rumours that she was having an affair, Johann asks for a divorce and, on the advice of family lawyer Dr. Halmi, travels to Hungary. After Angelika does not consent to the divorce, Strauss finds legal help from Dr. Halmi's widowed daughter\-in\-law Adele, who has opened a law firm in Budapest. At a gypsy festival, a fortune teller predicts an imminent wedding between them. After Angelika blocks Johann's accounts, Adele took over his financial affairs. Angelika insinuates a liaison between them, whereupon Dr. Halmi becomes her lawyer and dismisses Adele from his office. Despite Levi's request, Eduard refuses to help Johann financially by performing his music. While working on his new operetta *[Der Zigeunerbaron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron "The Gypsy Baron")*, Johann converts to Protestantism and becomes a citizen of the German Duchy of [Saxe\-Coburg and Gotha](/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha") in order to divorce Angelika and marry Adele; Eduard is his successor as music director to the imperial court. Despite Johann's new citizenship, the Viennese respond enthusiastically to *Der Zigeunerbaron*. Johann's plan to publish a complete edition of his works fails because of Edward's refusal to hand over the music he has archived. On the occasion of the award of the [Order of chivalry](/wiki/Order_of_chivalry "Order of chivalry") by [Franz Joseph I](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria "Franz Joseph I of Austria"), Johann dedicates his [Kaiser\-Waltz](/wiki/Kaiser-Walzer "Kaiser-Walzer") to the Emperor. On June 3, 1899, Johann, sitting in an armchair, thinks back to his eventful life and dies. The musicians in Eduard's orchestra mournfully play *The Blue Danube*; Eduard himself runs back home and, crying, burns his archive in the fireplace.
[ "Plot\n----", "### First part", "[Johann Strauss](/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I \"Johann Strauss I\") befriends [Joseph Lanner](/wiki/Joseph_Lanner \"Joseph Lanner\") at one of his concerts. The superficial dance music of the aristocratic balls gives Johann Strauss the idea of founding an orchestra with Lanner.", "Both of them immediately get a job with the inn owner Streim. While his daughter Anna flirts with Strauss and Lanner at the same time, the businessman Karl Friedrich Hirsch convince the two musicians to play music in parallel in Streim's inn and in other places.", "Anna becomes pregnant and marries Strauss; at the wedding Lanner breaks away from Strauss. Despite his professional success, Strauss is plagued by fears about the future. When Anna gives birth to their son [Johann](/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II \"Johann Strauss II\") (\"Schani\"), Strauss prefers to play with the Italian violinist [Niccolò Paganini](/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini \"Niccolò Paganini\"), who has shown enthusiasm for his music.", "Little Schani develops his first musical inclinations, while his father becomes soon more successful than Lanner, despite the last one is appointed music director to the imperial court. During a [cholera](/wiki/Cholera \"Cholera\") epidemic, Strauss plans with Hirsch a concert in [Schönbrunn](/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace \"Schönbrunn Palace\") to draw the emperor's attention to his music. Despite his absence, the concert is a success and Strauss chooses a waltz queen from the audience, the young {{Interlanguage link\\|Emilie Trampusch\\|lt\\=Emilie Trampusch\\|de}}. The troops of the emperor dissolve the concert due to health concerns, even with the use of force; in their escape, Strauss and Emilie kiss.", "[Prince Metternich](/wiki/Prince_Metternich \"Prince Metternich\") summons Strauss at court and sent him on a concert tour to England for the coronation of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\"). In return, he promises Strauss that he would find a post at the imperial court for him when he is back in Vienna.", "### Second part", "Because his lover Emilie Trampusch gives birth to a son, Strauss decides, despite the homesickness of his orchestra, to prolong his concert tour to France. When he prospects to continue the journey to New York, Strauss is abandoned by his musicians.", "Resigned, Strauss and Hirsch return to Vienna, where Strauss sees his grown\\-up son Schani and his brothers again. Strauss is unable to work, while Anna does not know how to support her family. Frustrated, Strauss forbids his sons to become musicians in order to spare them the disappointments he had to experience himself. When the musicians of his previous orchestra return to Strauss, at Anna's insistence he start working again.", "Strauss moves in with Emilie and agrees to pay Anna's family maintenance only if his sons abide by his music ban. For this reason, Schani attends business school, but, with the support of his mother, secretly turns back to music. Moreover, he falls in love with Lanner's daughter Kathi, who arranges for him violin lessons with her father. After Johann Strauss finds out about the lessons, Anna forbids any further interference from her husband and sends her son to take composition lessons with the organist [Joseph Drechsler](/wiki/Joseph_Drechsler \"Joseph Drechsler\"); Schani earns the necessary money at night working in a factory. However, Schani does not enjoy Drechslers' lessons on [fugues](/wiki/Fugue \"Fugue\") and would rather, contrary to his mother's plans, compose [waltzes](/wiki/Waltz \"Waltz\") and set up an orchestra with his friend Gustav Levi.", "Lanner dies unexpectedly; due to Prince Metternich's influence, Strauss becomes his successor as music director to the imperial court.", "After initial difficulties, Schani gets permission to found an orchestra with the help of his mother, who de facto signs as his guardian. Although Johann Strauss threatens to boycott all café owners who let Schani play with them, Schani celebrates a successful debut at {{Interlanguage link\\|Café Dommayer\\|lt\\=Café Dommayer\\|de}}. Johann Strauss congratulates his son and offers him a tour together; Schani's mother, however, vehemently refuses.", "### Third part", "Prince Metternich worries about public order because of the rivalry between father and son. When a young woman dies in a dispute between the supporters of father and son, Schani plays at her funeral despite the official prohibition. Prince Metternich urges Strauss to end the conflict with his son, but then, at Hirsch's suggestion, sends Schani as a cultural ambassador to Romania.", "The rebels of the [revolution of 1848](/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848 \"Revolutions of 1848\") celebrate Schani as a hero because he opposed the authorities at the funeral; he plays for them the *[Marseillaise](/wiki/La_Marseillaise \"La Marseillaise\")*. After his return to Vienna, Schani reports to the revolutionary army. While [Field Marshal Radetzky](/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz \"Joseph Radetzky von Radetz\") crushes the rebels, Schani and Levi are arrested for participating in the revolution. Prince Metternich is deposed and [Emperor Ferdinand I](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria \"Ferdinand I of Austria\") abdicates; his successor is his nephew [Franz Joseph I](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria \"Franz Joseph I of Austria\").", "Escaping from the revolution with other upper\\-class citizens, Johann Strauss has an affair with the singer [Jetty Treffz](/wiki/Jetty_Treffz \"Jetty Treffz\"), the lover of the banker {{Interlanguage link\\|Moritz von Todesco\\|lt\\=Moritz von Todesco\\|de}}; when he returns to Vienna, he performs the *[Radetzky March](/wiki/Radetzky_March \"Radetzky March\")* in Radetzky's honour. While Anna is campaigning for Schani's release, Johann Strauss falls ill with [scarlet fever](/wiki/Scarlet_fever \"Scarlet fever\"). Schani is allowed to visit his terminally ill father, but comes too late: Emilie Trampusch has gone and has left Johann Strauss's naked body in the house.", "After his funeral, Schani reunites his orchestra with that of his father. A little later he falls in love with Karoline, who however is starting a relationship with Schani's brother [Josef](/wiki/Josef_Strauss \"Josef Strauss\"). When his application for music director to the imperial court is rejected, he reluctantly goes on a tour at the urging of his mother. The Russian Prince Alexander Nikolajewitsch Gribow gives him the opportunity to play in Russia for the Tsar.", "### Fourth part", "Johann Strauss writes in his letters to his mother how successful his music is in Russia and how popular he is with women \\- he already lives in a liaison with the aristocratic daughter {{Interlanguage link\\|Olga Wassiljewna Smirnitskaja\\|lt\\=Olga Wassiljewna Smirnitskaja\\|de}} \\- but also reports on the darker side of the raging [Crimean War](/wiki/Crimean_War \"Crimean War\") in Russia. A little later he is awarded the [Order of St. Stanislaus](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus \"Order of Saint Stanislaus\") by the Tsar.", "Olga's parents, on the other hand, try to prevent their daughter's not appropriate relationship with Johann. When he secretly arranges to take Olga with him to Austria, she tries, driven by inner voices, to shoot herself and Strauss; however, Strauss manages to flee. The Tsar promises that Olga will be taken care of; Strauss returns to Vienna, where, thanks to his success, he gives one concert after another.", "When Strauss has to go to the sanatorium for three months because of overwork, his brother Josef \\- who works as an engineer \\- replaces Johann as music director at the insistence of his mother. Since Johann's stay in the sanatorium results in a lack of new waltzes, Josef begins to compose; a little later their brother [Eduard](/wiki/Eduard_Strauss \"Eduard Strauss\") turns to music as well. When Josef also collapses due to overwork, Eduard takes over the orchestra.", "Johann and Jetty Treffz begin a relationship and get married, despite protests from Johann's mother, who considers Jetty a bad wife. Shortly after the wedding, Johann is appointed music director to the imperial court. Anna Strauss reacts in horror when Johann wants to devote himself exclusively to composing.", "### Fifth part", "While the Strauss brothers quarrel over contract negotiations and Johann's choice of spouse, Austria experiences a defeat in the [Austro\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War \"Austro-Prussian War\") in 1866\\. Johann is given by police inspector Joseph Weyl the task of setting a poem to music to lighten the mood in the population. While Johann despairs of the silly text, Levi becomes his publisher.", "Since Josef is in financial difficulties, Johann offer him the chance to go on a concert tour to Russia with some of his musicians. When Johann takes the rest of the orchestra to France, Eduard reacts angrily that there are no musicians left for him. Johann celebrates a success in Paris at the [1867 Exposition Universelle](/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_%281867%29 \"Exposition Universelle (1867)\") when he performs his music transposition of the poem, the waltz *[The Blue Danube](/wiki/The_Blue_Danube \"The Blue Danube\")*, without text.", "Since Johann reacts cautiously to an offer from the [impresario](/wiki/Impresario \"Impresario\") Charles Gilmore to host an American tour, Jetty informs him only when they are in America that he had received a telegram in France with the news of his mother's death. Johann is shocked by her approach.", "In Vienna, his joy over being awarded the Salvator Medal and the sale of a million copies of *The Blue Danube* is overshadowed by the cancer death of his brother Josef; on the deathbed Eduard accuses Johann of having caused Josef's death during the trip to Russia.", "Jetty tries several times to encourage Johann to write operettas; only when Eva Wesseli, a singer at the theater, presents Johann with a libretto, Johann decides to compose *[Die Fledermaus](/wiki/Die_Fledermaus \"Die Fledermaus\")*. Jetty is jealous when an affair develops between Johann and Eva.", "The great success of *Die Fledermaus* is overshadowed by allegations that Johann published an unknown work by his deceased brother as his own. His marriage is also threatened with disaster when Jetty's grown\\-up son shows up and demands payment of his gambling debts; otherwise he threatens to expose public that he is the son of Johann Strauss (father).", "In the meantime, Johann meets [Johannes Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms \"Johannes Brahms\"), who as a music expert offers to publicly refute the plagiarism allegations against Johann, since his cheerful music is completely different from that of the calculating engineer Josef Strauss. His joy about such meeting is immediately spoiled by Jetty's suicide; through a letter from her he learns the truth about her son.", "### Sixth part", "Shortly after Jetty's death, Strauss marries the actress Angelika Dittrich. She quickly dilapidates her husband's money and her attempt to surprise her husband with daring, self\\-painted pictures fails miserably. During an argument, Angelika miscarries; due to rumours that she was having an affair, Johann asks for a divorce and, on the advice of family lawyer Dr. Halmi, travels to Hungary. After Angelika does not consent to the divorce, Strauss finds legal help from Dr. Halmi's widowed daughter\\-in\\-law Adele, who has opened a law firm in Budapest. At a gypsy festival, a fortune teller predicts an imminent wedding between them.", "After Angelika blocks Johann's accounts, Adele took over his financial affairs. Angelika insinuates a liaison between them, whereupon Dr. Halmi becomes her lawyer and dismisses Adele from his office. Despite Levi's request, Eduard refuses to help Johann financially by performing his music.", "While working on his new operetta *[Der Zigeunerbaron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron \"The Gypsy Baron\")*, Johann converts to Protestantism and becomes a citizen of the German Duchy of [Saxe\\-Coburg and Gotha](/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha \"Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\") in order to divorce Angelika and marry Adele; Eduard is his successor as music director to the imperial court.", "Despite Johann's new citizenship, the Viennese respond enthusiastically to *Der Zigeunerbaron*. Johann's plan to publish a complete edition of his works fails because of Edward's refusal to hand over the music he has archived. On the occasion of the award of the [Order of chivalry](/wiki/Order_of_chivalry \"Order of chivalry\") by [Franz Joseph I](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria \"Franz Joseph I of Austria\"), Johann dedicates his [Kaiser\\-Waltz](/wiki/Kaiser-Walzer \"Kaiser-Walzer\") to the Emperor.", "On June 3, 1899, Johann, sitting in an armchair, thinks back to his eventful life and dies. The musicians in Eduard's orchestra mournfully play *The Blue Danube*; Eduard himself runs back home and, crying, burns his archive in the fireplace.", "" ]
### Second part Because his lover Emilie Trampusch gives birth to a son, Strauss decides, despite the homesickness of his orchestra, to prolong his concert tour to France. When he prospects to continue the journey to New York, Strauss is abandoned by his musicians. Resigned, Strauss and Hirsch return to Vienna, where Strauss sees his grown\-up son Schani and his brothers again. Strauss is unable to work, while Anna does not know how to support her family. Frustrated, Strauss forbids his sons to become musicians in order to spare them the disappointments he had to experience himself. When the musicians of his previous orchestra return to Strauss, at Anna's insistence he start working again. Strauss moves in with Emilie and agrees to pay Anna's family maintenance only if his sons abide by his music ban. For this reason, Schani attends business school, but, with the support of his mother, secretly turns back to music. Moreover, he falls in love with Lanner's daughter Kathi, who arranges for him violin lessons with her father. After Johann Strauss finds out about the lessons, Anna forbids any further interference from her husband and sends her son to take composition lessons with the organist [Joseph Drechsler](/wiki/Joseph_Drechsler "Joseph Drechsler"); Schani earns the necessary money at night working in a factory. However, Schani does not enjoy Drechslers' lessons on [fugues](/wiki/Fugue "Fugue") and would rather, contrary to his mother's plans, compose [waltzes](/wiki/Waltz "Waltz") and set up an orchestra with his friend Gustav Levi. Lanner dies unexpectedly; due to Prince Metternich's influence, Strauss becomes his successor as music director to the imperial court. After initial difficulties, Schani gets permission to found an orchestra with the help of his mother, who de facto signs as his guardian. Although Johann Strauss threatens to boycott all café owners who let Schani play with them, Schani celebrates a successful debut at {{Interlanguage link\|Café Dommayer\|lt\=Café Dommayer\|de}}. Johann Strauss congratulates his son and offers him a tour together; Schani's mother, however, vehemently refuses.
[ "### Second part", "Because his lover Emilie Trampusch gives birth to a son, Strauss decides, despite the homesickness of his orchestra, to prolong his concert tour to France. When he prospects to continue the journey to New York, Strauss is abandoned by his musicians.", "Resigned, Strauss and Hirsch return to Vienna, where Strauss sees his grown\\-up son Schani and his brothers again. Strauss is unable to work, while Anna does not know how to support her family. Frustrated, Strauss forbids his sons to become musicians in order to spare them the disappointments he had to experience himself. When the musicians of his previous orchestra return to Strauss, at Anna's insistence he start working again.", "Strauss moves in with Emilie and agrees to pay Anna's family maintenance only if his sons abide by his music ban. For this reason, Schani attends business school, but, with the support of his mother, secretly turns back to music. Moreover, he falls in love with Lanner's daughter Kathi, who arranges for him violin lessons with her father. After Johann Strauss finds out about the lessons, Anna forbids any further interference from her husband and sends her son to take composition lessons with the organist [Joseph Drechsler](/wiki/Joseph_Drechsler \"Joseph Drechsler\"); Schani earns the necessary money at night working in a factory. However, Schani does not enjoy Drechslers' lessons on [fugues](/wiki/Fugue \"Fugue\") and would rather, contrary to his mother's plans, compose [waltzes](/wiki/Waltz \"Waltz\") and set up an orchestra with his friend Gustav Levi.", "Lanner dies unexpectedly; due to Prince Metternich's influence, Strauss becomes his successor as music director to the imperial court.", "After initial difficulties, Schani gets permission to found an orchestra with the help of his mother, who de facto signs as his guardian. Although Johann Strauss threatens to boycott all café owners who let Schani play with them, Schani celebrates a successful debut at {{Interlanguage link\\|Café Dommayer\\|lt\\=Café Dommayer\\|de}}. Johann Strauss congratulates his son and offers him a tour together; Schani's mother, however, vehemently refuses.", "" ]
### Fifth part While the Strauss brothers quarrel over contract negotiations and Johann's choice of spouse, Austria experiences a defeat in the [Austro\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War "Austro-Prussian War") in 1866\. Johann is given by police inspector Joseph Weyl the task of setting a poem to music to lighten the mood in the population. While Johann despairs of the silly text, Levi becomes his publisher. Since Josef is in financial difficulties, Johann offer him the chance to go on a concert tour to Russia with some of his musicians. When Johann takes the rest of the orchestra to France, Eduard reacts angrily that there are no musicians left for him. Johann celebrates a success in Paris at the [1867 Exposition Universelle](/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_%281867%29 "Exposition Universelle (1867)") when he performs his music transposition of the poem, the waltz *[The Blue Danube](/wiki/The_Blue_Danube "The Blue Danube")*, without text. Since Johann reacts cautiously to an offer from the [impresario](/wiki/Impresario "Impresario") Charles Gilmore to host an American tour, Jetty informs him only when they are in America that he had received a telegram in France with the news of his mother's death. Johann is shocked by her approach. In Vienna, his joy over being awarded the Salvator Medal and the sale of a million copies of *The Blue Danube* is overshadowed by the cancer death of his brother Josef; on the deathbed Eduard accuses Johann of having caused Josef's death during the trip to Russia. Jetty tries several times to encourage Johann to write operettas; only when Eva Wesseli, a singer at the theater, presents Johann with a libretto, Johann decides to compose *[Die Fledermaus](/wiki/Die_Fledermaus "Die Fledermaus")*. Jetty is jealous when an affair develops between Johann and Eva. The great success of *Die Fledermaus* is overshadowed by allegations that Johann published an unknown work by his deceased brother as his own. His marriage is also threatened with disaster when Jetty's grown\-up son shows up and demands payment of his gambling debts; otherwise he threatens to expose public that he is the son of Johann Strauss (father). In the meantime, Johann meets [Johannes Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms "Johannes Brahms"), who as a music expert offers to publicly refute the plagiarism allegations against Johann, since his cheerful music is completely different from that of the calculating engineer Josef Strauss. His joy about such meeting is immediately spoiled by Jetty's suicide; through a letter from her he learns the truth about her son.
[ "### Fifth part", "While the Strauss brothers quarrel over contract negotiations and Johann's choice of spouse, Austria experiences a defeat in the [Austro\\-Prussian War](/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War \"Austro-Prussian War\") in 1866\\. Johann is given by police inspector Joseph Weyl the task of setting a poem to music to lighten the mood in the population. While Johann despairs of the silly text, Levi becomes his publisher.", "Since Josef is in financial difficulties, Johann offer him the chance to go on a concert tour to Russia with some of his musicians. When Johann takes the rest of the orchestra to France, Eduard reacts angrily that there are no musicians left for him. Johann celebrates a success in Paris at the [1867 Exposition Universelle](/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_%281867%29 \"Exposition Universelle (1867)\") when he performs his music transposition of the poem, the waltz *[The Blue Danube](/wiki/The_Blue_Danube \"The Blue Danube\")*, without text.", "Since Johann reacts cautiously to an offer from the [impresario](/wiki/Impresario \"Impresario\") Charles Gilmore to host an American tour, Jetty informs him only when they are in America that he had received a telegram in France with the news of his mother's death. Johann is shocked by her approach.", "In Vienna, his joy over being awarded the Salvator Medal and the sale of a million copies of *The Blue Danube* is overshadowed by the cancer death of his brother Josef; on the deathbed Eduard accuses Johann of having caused Josef's death during the trip to Russia.", "Jetty tries several times to encourage Johann to write operettas; only when Eva Wesseli, a singer at the theater, presents Johann with a libretto, Johann decides to compose *[Die Fledermaus](/wiki/Die_Fledermaus \"Die Fledermaus\")*. Jetty is jealous when an affair develops between Johann and Eva.", "The great success of *Die Fledermaus* is overshadowed by allegations that Johann published an unknown work by his deceased brother as his own. His marriage is also threatened with disaster when Jetty's grown\\-up son shows up and demands payment of his gambling debts; otherwise he threatens to expose public that he is the son of Johann Strauss (father).", "In the meantime, Johann meets [Johannes Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms \"Johannes Brahms\"), who as a music expert offers to publicly refute the plagiarism allegations against Johann, since his cheerful music is completely different from that of the calculating engineer Josef Strauss. His joy about such meeting is immediately spoiled by Jetty's suicide; through a letter from her he learns the truth about her son.", "" ]
### Sixth part Shortly after Jetty's death, Strauss marries the actress Angelika Dittrich. She quickly dilapidates her husband's money and her attempt to surprise her husband with daring, self\-painted pictures fails miserably. During an argument, Angelika miscarries; due to rumours that she was having an affair, Johann asks for a divorce and, on the advice of family lawyer Dr. Halmi, travels to Hungary. After Angelika does not consent to the divorce, Strauss finds legal help from Dr. Halmi's widowed daughter\-in\-law Adele, who has opened a law firm in Budapest. At a gypsy festival, a fortune teller predicts an imminent wedding between them. After Angelika blocks Johann's accounts, Adele took over his financial affairs. Angelika insinuates a liaison between them, whereupon Dr. Halmi becomes her lawyer and dismisses Adele from his office. Despite Levi's request, Eduard refuses to help Johann financially by performing his music. While working on his new operetta *[Der Zigeunerbaron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron "The Gypsy Baron")*, Johann converts to Protestantism and becomes a citizen of the German Duchy of [Saxe\-Coburg and Gotha](/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha") in order to divorce Angelika and marry Adele; Eduard is his successor as music director to the imperial court. Despite Johann's new citizenship, the Viennese respond enthusiastically to *Der Zigeunerbaron*. Johann's plan to publish a complete edition of his works fails because of Edward's refusal to hand over the music he has archived. On the occasion of the award of the [Order of chivalry](/wiki/Order_of_chivalry "Order of chivalry") by [Franz Joseph I](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria "Franz Joseph I of Austria"), Johann dedicates his [Kaiser\-Waltz](/wiki/Kaiser-Walzer "Kaiser-Walzer") to the Emperor. On June 3, 1899, Johann, sitting in an armchair, thinks back to his eventful life and dies. The musicians in Eduard's orchestra mournfully play *The Blue Danube*; Eduard himself runs back home and, crying, burns his archive in the fireplace.
[ "### Sixth part", "Shortly after Jetty's death, Strauss marries the actress Angelika Dittrich. She quickly dilapidates her husband's money and her attempt to surprise her husband with daring, self\\-painted pictures fails miserably. During an argument, Angelika miscarries; due to rumours that she was having an affair, Johann asks for a divorce and, on the advice of family lawyer Dr. Halmi, travels to Hungary. After Angelika does not consent to the divorce, Strauss finds legal help from Dr. Halmi's widowed daughter\\-in\\-law Adele, who has opened a law firm in Budapest. At a gypsy festival, a fortune teller predicts an imminent wedding between them.", "After Angelika blocks Johann's accounts, Adele took over his financial affairs. Angelika insinuates a liaison between them, whereupon Dr. Halmi becomes her lawyer and dismisses Adele from his office. Despite Levi's request, Eduard refuses to help Johann financially by performing his music.", "While working on his new operetta *[Der Zigeunerbaron](/wiki/The_Gypsy_Baron \"The Gypsy Baron\")*, Johann converts to Protestantism and becomes a citizen of the German Duchy of [Saxe\\-Coburg and Gotha](/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha \"Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\") in order to divorce Angelika and marry Adele; Eduard is his successor as music director to the imperial court.", "Despite Johann's new citizenship, the Viennese respond enthusiastically to *Der Zigeunerbaron*. Johann's plan to publish a complete edition of his works fails because of Edward's refusal to hand over the music he has archived. On the occasion of the award of the [Order of chivalry](/wiki/Order_of_chivalry \"Order of chivalry\") by [Franz Joseph I](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria \"Franz Joseph I of Austria\"), Johann dedicates his [Kaiser\\-Waltz](/wiki/Kaiser-Walzer \"Kaiser-Walzer\") to the Emperor.", "On June 3, 1899, Johann, sitting in an armchair, thinks back to his eventful life and dies. The musicians in Eduard's orchestra mournfully play *The Blue Danube*; Eduard himself runs back home and, crying, burns his archive in the fireplace.", "" ]
The House --------- [thumb\|left\|View from 17th St.](/wiki/File:Meridian_House_in_Meridian_Hill%2C_DC.jpg "Meridian House in Meridian Hill, DC.jpg") ### Architecture In 1929, Meridian House was described by *[Architectural Forum](/wiki/Architectural_Forum "Architectural Forum")* as, > Perhaps as fine a piece of work of its kind as this country can show ... Certainly the manner of this house has not in this country been better done, not only in terms of stylistic authenticity, but in terms of pure architecture, meaning good taste in selectivity, in elimination, in execution. It cannot from its nature do otherwise than set a standard which should endure permanently. After undergoing a major renovation in 1994, Meridian House's principal rooms retain their architectural detail as well as some of the original decorative features, such as the 18th\-century European overdoor paintings and antique brass hardware and lighting fixtures. The classical symmetry of the [Louis XVI style](/wiki/Neoclassicism "Neoclassicism") is reflected throughout the house. ### Dining room The dining room features a beautiful [Mortlake tapestry](/wiki/Mortlake_tapestry "Mortlake tapestry"), which has been dated by experts as late 17th century. The tapestry, purchased by the Laughlin family in England at the turn of the century, depicts the legendary reception given [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great "Alexander the Great") by the Greek philosopher [Diogenes](/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope "Diogenes of Sinope"). An almost identical tapestry hangs in [Holyrood Palace](/wiki/Holyrood_Palace "Holyrood Palace") in [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"). The dining room also features two portraits \- one of Ambassador Laughlin and one of his daughter, Gertrude Laughlin Chanler, as a child. A portrait of Mrs. Laughlin hangs nearby in the Chairmen's Study. All three were painted by [Philip de László](/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3 "Philip de László"), the renowned portrait artist of the early 20th century. ### Reception The reception gallery remains much as it was at the time the Laughlin family occupied the house. The wrought\-iron and marble\-topped side tables, the four [Waterford crystal](/wiki/Waterford_crystal "Waterford crystal") torcheres in the corners, the blue Chinese temple jars, and the antique clock and barometer on the mirrored walls are all part of the original furnishings. The [loggia](/wiki/Loggia "Loggia"), which links the major reception rooms and rear garden, includes four marble busts sculpted in France, representing the four seasons. A [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") inscription, "{{lang\|la\|Quo habitat felicitas nil intret mali}}", appears over the front door and translates "Where happiness dwells, evil will not enter." Another inscription, over the rear courtyard doors, reads: "*Purior hic aer: late hinc conspectus in urbem*," meaning "Purer here the air whence we overlook the city," a quotation also inscribed on a house at the top of Rome's [Spanish Steps](/wiki/Spanish_Steps "Spanish Steps"). ### Gardens The rear and side gardens largely retain their original design. The pebbled courtyard has 40 [linden trees](/wiki/Tilia "Tilia"), imported from Europe when the house was built. The statues throughout the garden are original to the house, as are the statues at the four roof\-line corners.
[ "The House\n---------", "[thumb\\|left\\|View from 17th St.](/wiki/File:Meridian_House_in_Meridian_Hill%2C_DC.jpg \"Meridian House in Meridian Hill, DC.jpg\")\n### Architecture", "", "In 1929, Meridian House was described by *[Architectural Forum](/wiki/Architectural_Forum \"Architectural Forum\")* as,", "", "> Perhaps as fine a piece of work of its kind as this country can show ... Certainly the manner of this house has not in this country been better done, not only in terms of stylistic authenticity, but in terms of pure architecture, meaning good taste in selectivity, in elimination, in execution. It cannot from its nature do otherwise than set a standard which should endure permanently.", "After undergoing a major renovation in 1994, Meridian House's principal rooms retain their architectural detail as well as some of the original decorative features, such as the 18th\\-century European overdoor paintings and antique brass hardware and lighting fixtures. The classical symmetry of the [Louis XVI style](/wiki/Neoclassicism \"Neoclassicism\") is reflected throughout the house.", "### Dining room", "The dining room features a beautiful [Mortlake tapestry](/wiki/Mortlake_tapestry \"Mortlake tapestry\"), which has been dated by experts as late 17th century. The tapestry, purchased by the Laughlin family in England at the turn of the century, depicts the legendary reception given [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great \"Alexander the Great\") by the Greek philosopher [Diogenes](/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope \"Diogenes of Sinope\"). An almost identical tapestry hangs in [Holyrood Palace](/wiki/Holyrood_Palace \"Holyrood Palace\") in [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\").", "The dining room also features two portraits \\- one of Ambassador Laughlin and one of his daughter, Gertrude Laughlin Chanler, as a child. A portrait of Mrs. Laughlin hangs nearby in the Chairmen's Study. All three were painted by [Philip de László](/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3 \"Philip de László\"), the renowned portrait artist of the early 20th century.", "### Reception", "The reception gallery remains much as it was at the time the Laughlin family occupied the house. The wrought\\-iron and marble\\-topped side tables, the four [Waterford crystal](/wiki/Waterford_crystal \"Waterford crystal\") torcheres in the corners, the blue Chinese temple jars, and the antique clock and barometer on the mirrored walls are all part of the original furnishings.", "The [loggia](/wiki/Loggia \"Loggia\"), which links the major reception rooms and rear garden, includes four marble busts sculpted in France, representing the four seasons.", "A [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") inscription, \"{{lang\\|la\\|Quo habitat felicitas nil intret mali}}\", appears over the front door and translates \"Where happiness dwells, evil will not enter.\" Another inscription, over the rear courtyard doors, reads: \"*Purior hic aer: late hinc conspectus in urbem*,\" meaning \"Purer here the air whence we overlook the city,\" a quotation also inscribed on a house at the top of Rome's [Spanish Steps](/wiki/Spanish_Steps \"Spanish Steps\").", "### Gardens", "The rear and side gardens largely retain their original design. The pebbled courtyard has 40 [linden trees](/wiki/Tilia \"Tilia\"), imported from Europe when the house was built. The statues throughout the garden are original to the house, as are the statues at the four roof\\-line corners.", "" ]
History ------- Springfield began in the 18th century at one of the northernmost [points considered to be navigable](/wiki/Head_of_navigation "Head of navigation") on the [Natalbany River](/wiki/Natalbany_River "Natalbany River"). Between Springfield and [Lake Maurepas](/wiki/Lake_Maurepas "Lake Maurepas"), [Ponchatoula Creek](/wiki/Ponchatoula_Creek "Ponchatoula Creek") joins the Natalbany and increases its flow. The town was also connected to the [Natchez Trace](/wiki/Natchez_Trace "Natchez Trace"). Via the Natalbany, [Lake Maurepas](/wiki/Lake_Maurepas "Lake Maurepas"), [Lake Pontchartrain](/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain "Lake Pontchartrain"), and [Bayou Saint John](/wiki/Bayou_St._John "Bayou St. John"), Springfield had access to [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") by water. Similarly, at the time (prior to the damming of the channel by [levees](/wiki/Levee "Levee")) along the [Amite River](/wiki/Amite_River "Amite River") and [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River "Mississippi River"), [Bayou Manchac](/wiki/Bayou_Manchac "Bayou Manchac") provided shallow\-water access between Springfield and [Baton Rouge](/wiki/Baton_Rouge "Baton Rouge"). By 1810 Springfield was one of the areas of interest in the rebellion against [Spain](/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida "Spanish West Florida"), which produced the short\-lived [Republic of West Florida](/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida "Republic of West Florida"). Bricks from an old Spanish [fort](/wiki/Fort "Fort") can still be found, roughly 200 yards in front of today's post office. At this time the area was part of [St. Helena Parish](/wiki/St._Helena_Parish%2C_Louisiana "St. Helena Parish, Louisiana"), with Livingston Parish created in 1832 from the southern portion of St. Helena. Springfield served as the Livingston [parish seat](/wiki/County_seat "County seat") from 1835 to 1872\. The town was incorporated in 1838\.[Photo of Springfield's historical marker](http://www.livingstonparish.com/springfield.htm), accessed October 4, 2015\. A post office was listed in Springfield, Livingston County (Parish), on October 1, 1846, with Jacob P. Randolph as the postmaster.{{cite web \| url\=https://archive.org/stream/unitedstatesoff02deptgoog\#page/n0/mode/1up \| title\=Table of Post Offices in the United States (1846\) \| publisher\=John T. Tower (Printer, US Government) \| work\=Public domain, Google books (https://books.google.com) \| date\=1846 \| accessdate\=June 29, 2014 \| pages\=208}} In the early part of the 19th century, Peter av Hammerdal (Peter Hammond), eponym of [Hammond, Louisiana](/wiki/Hammond%2C_Louisiana "Hammond, Louisiana"), came to do business of transporting lumber and other products for ocean\-going ships in [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans"), via the rivers and lakes south of Springfield. The Springfield city fathers, fearing a lawless element, declined to allow a [railway](/wiki/Rail_transport "Rail transport") track to be laid from New Orleans through Springfield and then north. (This decision gave birth to Ponchatoula, Hammond, [Amite](/wiki/Amite%2C_Louisiana "Amite, Louisiana"), and other towns.) The 1854 completion of the [New Orleans, Jackson \& Great Northern Railroad](/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad "Illinois Central Railroad") (now the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway"))—which went through [Hammond](/wiki/Hammond%2C_Louisiana "Hammond, Louisiana"), [Ponchatoula](/wiki/Ponchatoula%2C_Louisiana "Ponchatoula, Louisiana"), and [Manchac](/wiki/Manchac%2C_Louisiana "Manchac, Louisiana")—bypassed Springfield and deprived it of a logistical role. When [Tangipahoa Parish](/wiki/Tangipahoa_Parish "Tangipahoa Parish") was formed partly from Livingston Parish in 1868, Springfield was no longer a central location in Livingston Parish. It sat along the new boundary between Livingston and Tangipahoa Parishes. Today's seat of government for Livingston Parish is the city of [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston%2C_Louisiana "Livingston, Louisiana").
[ "History\n-------", "Springfield began in the 18th century at one of the northernmost [points considered to be navigable](/wiki/Head_of_navigation \"Head of navigation\") on the [Natalbany River](/wiki/Natalbany_River \"Natalbany River\"). Between Springfield and [Lake Maurepas](/wiki/Lake_Maurepas \"Lake Maurepas\"), [Ponchatoula Creek](/wiki/Ponchatoula_Creek \"Ponchatoula Creek\") joins the Natalbany and increases its flow. The town was also connected to the [Natchez Trace](/wiki/Natchez_Trace \"Natchez Trace\").", "Via the Natalbany, [Lake Maurepas](/wiki/Lake_Maurepas \"Lake Maurepas\"), [Lake Pontchartrain](/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain \"Lake Pontchartrain\"), and [Bayou Saint John](/wiki/Bayou_St._John \"Bayou St. John\"), Springfield had access to [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") by water. Similarly, at the time (prior to the damming of the channel by [levees](/wiki/Levee \"Levee\")) along the [Amite River](/wiki/Amite_River \"Amite River\") and [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\"), [Bayou Manchac](/wiki/Bayou_Manchac \"Bayou Manchac\") provided shallow\\-water access between Springfield and [Baton Rouge](/wiki/Baton_Rouge \"Baton Rouge\"). By 1810 Springfield was one of the areas of interest in the rebellion against [Spain](/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida \"Spanish West Florida\"), which produced the short\\-lived [Republic of West Florida](/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida \"Republic of West Florida\"). Bricks from an old Spanish [fort](/wiki/Fort \"Fort\") can still be found, roughly 200 yards in front of today's post office. At this time the area was part of [St. Helena Parish](/wiki/St._Helena_Parish%2C_Louisiana \"St. Helena Parish, Louisiana\"), with Livingston Parish created in 1832 from the southern portion of St. Helena.", "Springfield served as the Livingston [parish seat](/wiki/County_seat \"County seat\") from 1835 to 1872\\. The town was incorporated in 1838\\.[Photo of Springfield's historical marker](http://www.livingstonparish.com/springfield.htm), accessed October 4, 2015\\. A post office was listed in Springfield, Livingston County (Parish), on October 1, 1846, with Jacob P. Randolph as the postmaster.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://archive.org/stream/unitedstatesoff02deptgoog\\#page/n0/mode/1up \\| title\\=Table of Post Offices in the United States (1846\\) \\| publisher\\=John T. Tower (Printer, US Government) \\| work\\=Public domain, Google books (https://books.google.com) \\| date\\=1846 \\| accessdate\\=June 29, 2014 \\| pages\\=208}}", "In the early part of the 19th century, Peter av Hammerdal (Peter Hammond), eponym of [Hammond, Louisiana](/wiki/Hammond%2C_Louisiana \"Hammond, Louisiana\"), came to do business of transporting lumber and other products for ocean\\-going ships in [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"), via the rivers and lakes south of Springfield.", "The Springfield city fathers, fearing a lawless element, declined to allow a [railway](/wiki/Rail_transport \"Rail transport\") track to be laid from New Orleans through Springfield and then north. (This decision gave birth to Ponchatoula, Hammond, [Amite](/wiki/Amite%2C_Louisiana \"Amite, Louisiana\"), and other towns.) The 1854 completion of the [New Orleans, Jackson \\& Great Northern Railroad](/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad \"Illinois Central Railroad\") (now the [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\"))—which went through [Hammond](/wiki/Hammond%2C_Louisiana \"Hammond, Louisiana\"), [Ponchatoula](/wiki/Ponchatoula%2C_Louisiana \"Ponchatoula, Louisiana\"), and [Manchac](/wiki/Manchac%2C_Louisiana \"Manchac, Louisiana\")—bypassed Springfield and deprived it of a logistical role.", "When [Tangipahoa Parish](/wiki/Tangipahoa_Parish \"Tangipahoa Parish\") was formed partly from Livingston Parish in 1868, Springfield was no longer a central location in Livingston Parish. It sat along the new boundary between Livingston and Tangipahoa Parishes. Today's seat of government for Livingston Parish is the city of [Livingston](/wiki/Livingston%2C_Louisiana \"Livingston, Louisiana\").", "" ]
Design ------ ### First generation Kestrel is designed for modern day warfare keeping in mind the crew survivability, protection against small arms fire, mobility and protection against concealed explosives. The armour is made up of applique and composites along with welded steels. Additional armour kit can be applied in heavy firing zones. The hull floor is further strengthened to defeat mines and similar explosives. The seats are attached to the roof for improved blast protection. Fuel tanks are placed outside the troop compartment for additional safety. The 8×8 wheel configuration is set on a [hydropneumatic suspension](/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension "Hydropneumatic suspension") utilizing double wishbone arrangement. All wheels have run flat capability to allow the vehicle to move even after suffering punctures. There are four axles, the front axle is steerable which minimizes the turning radius of the vehicle. [thumb\|WhAP undergoing high speed maneuver test.](/wiki/File:WHAP_During_Defence_Expo_2108.jpg "WHAP During Defence Expo 2108.jpg") The glacis plate is very shallow, and the fuel tank is mounted outside the vehicle to improve survivability. A standard operating crew of two including driver and commander, with a full mechanized squad of 12 members. Anti\-blast seats are installed to absorb any shocks and secondary slams, reducing brain and spinal injuries. Engine is placed at front left. Passengers are placed in the centerline in a back\-to\-back fashion, each facing a [firing port](/wiki/Firing_port "Firing port").The Kestrel has high [power\-to\-weight ratio](/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio "Power-to-weight ratio") for mountainous terrain and is powered by a 600{{Nbsp}}hp turbocharged diesel engine. The vehicle is fully amphibious, propelled by two waterjets.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.military\-today.com/apc/kestrel.htm\|title\=Kestrel Armored Personnel Carrier\|publisher\=military\-today.com\|access\-date\=16 September 2014}} It can reach up to 100 km/h. The vehicle has been designed to provide protection against land mines. It ranges from Stanag 4569 Level I to Level IV with the hull being designed with protection up to [Stanag](/wiki/Stanag "Stanag") Level III.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.overdrive.in/news\-cars\-auto/features/the\-tata\-kestrel\-personnel\-carrier/ \| title\=Tata Kestrel: An armoured, 8×8, amphibious carrier }} The hull configuration evolved follows a 'V’\-type bottom with double configuration consisting of an inner panel and bottom panel. The bottom panel is designed to deflect the blast energy and get deformed to minimize the blast effects. Snap\-on modules are used in the Kestrel in order to easily configure it according to needed roles in the field. The vehicle has been fitted with [INS](/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system "Inertial navigation system") and [GPS](/wiki/GPS "GPS") as its primary navigation equipment and is also fitted with Modular ([UHF](/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency "Ultra high frequency"), [VHF](/wiki/Very_high_frequency "Very high frequency"), HF) communication systems.{{Cite journal \|title\=Kestrel Wheeled Armored Amphibious Platform \|url\=https://www.team\-bhp.com/forum/attachments/commercial\-vehicles/1412273d1441779575\-kestrel\-lamv\-tatas\-defence\-vehicles\-detailed\-kestrel.pdf \|journal\=Tata Motors Limited \|pages\=4}} #### Weapons The Kestrel has been unveiled in 2 weapon configurations which were shown in DefExpo 2014 and DefExpo 2016 respectively. In 2014, the WhAP was showcased equipped with a roof\-mounted [remote controlled](/wiki/Remote_controlled_weapon_station "Remote controlled weapon station") [Kongsberg](/wiki/Kongsberg_Defence_%26_Aerospace "Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace") [Protector MCT\-30R (RWS)](/wiki/Protector_RWS "Protector RWS"), which is outfitted with a 30×113 mm autocannon and [7\.62×51 mm](/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO "7.62×51mm NATO") [coaxial machine gun](/wiki/Weapon_mount "Weapon mount"). The autocannon has an effective range of 3,000{{Nbsp}}m.{{cite web \|date\=2014\-02\-17 \|title\=Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT\-30R turret solution on TATA Motors Kestrel 8x8 armoured vehicle. \|url\=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army\-news/army\-news\-2014/kongsberg\-defexpo\-2014\-press\-release\-7\-february\-2014\-uk \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-19 \|website\=Army Recognition}}{{Cite tweet \|number\=1337026919313772544 \|user\=Kunal\_Biswas707 \|title\=Here's \#Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT\-30R turret on our very own \#Indian \#TATAKESTREL 8x8 WhAP, KESTREL was already tested with other turret also, Such RCWS can... \|first\=Kunal \|last\=Biswas \|date\=2020\-12\-10 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-19}} The [RCWS](/wiki/RCWS "RCWS") adds a 40{{Nbsp}}mm automatic grenade launcher and has an option for adding up to two anti\-tank guided missile launcher in quick fire mode. So, the vehicle is capable of countering enemy infantry, light armoured vehicles even main battle tanks.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor\_id\=699\|title\=TATA Motors Kestrel \- 8x8 Amphibious Armored Fighting Vehicle\|publisher\=militaryfactory.com\|access\-date\=16 September 2014}} In DefExpo 2016, a Kestrel was seen outfitted with the [BMP\-2](/wiki/BMP-2 "BMP-2") turret. The turret includes a [30 mm](/wiki/30_mm_caliber "30 mm caliber") [2A42 autocannon](/wiki/Shipunov_2A42 "Shipunov 2A42") and [7\.62 mm](/wiki/7.62_mm_caliber "7.62 mm caliber") [PKT](/wiki/PK_machine_gun "PK machine gun") coaxial machine gun (2,000 rounds) mounted to the left of the cannon. The version is also fitted with an [ATGM](/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile "Anti-tank guided missile") launcher.{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-04\-11 \|title\=New WhAP Wheeled Amphibious Platform 8x8 armoured at DefExpo 2018 \| DefExpo 2018 India News Show Daily \| Defence security military exhibition 2018 daily news category \|url\=http://www.armyrecognition.com/defexpo\_2018\_india\_news\_show\_daily/new\_whap\_wheeled\_amphibious\_platform\_8x8\_armoured\_at\_defexpo\_2018\.html \|website\=Army Recognition}} ### Second generation During a Defence Exhibition held at [Pune](/wiki/Pune "Pune") on 24 February 2024, [Mahindra Defence](/wiki/Mahindra_%26_Mahindra "Mahindra & Mahindra") unveiled a second generation Amphibious 8×8 [CBRN](/wiki/CBRN_defense "CBRN defense") variant of WhAP (Wheeled Armoured Platform) developed with DRDO. As of August 2024, the vehicle is undergoing trials with the Army on various terrains. The design is compact includes a 600 hp diesel engine and enhanced armour. It implements a STANAG II level protection from blast as well. The crew configuration is 3\+8\. While the TATA variant employs a 30 mm turret, this variant is fitted with [7\.62 mm calibre](/wiki/7.62_mm_caliber "7.62 mm caliber") remote controlled machine guns. It has a maximum speed of 95km/hr on road, 35 km/hr off road and 8 km/hr in water (using [hydrojets](/wiki/Pump-jet "Pump-jet")). It has a range of 500 km and [power\-to\-weight ratio](/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio "Power-to-weight ratio") of 24 hp/tonne.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-02\-25 \|title\=DRDO WhAP Gen 1 \& 2 vs USA Stryker \|url\=https://indiandefenseanalysis.com/2024/02/25/mahindra\-drdo\-showcased\-armoured\-vehicle\-better\-than\-stryker/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-16 \|website\=Indian Defense Analysis \|language\=en\-GB}}{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-02\-25 \|title\=DRDO, Mahindra Defence showcase advanced Wheeled Armoured Platform \|url\=https://www.inkl.com/news/drdo\-mahindra\-defence\-showcase\-advanced\-wheeled\-armoured\-platform \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-16 \|website\=inkl \|language\=en}}{{Cite tweet \|number\=1823615165855625334 \|user\=anandmahindra \|title\=Immensely proud that, side\-by\-side with DRDO, Mahindra Defence has helped developed \& build a world class product. A Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) variant of the Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP) Amphibious ops capabilities with compact design... \|first\=Anand \|last\=Mahindra \|date\=2024\-08\-14 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-16}}
[ "Design\n------", "### First generation", "Kestrel is designed for modern day warfare keeping in mind the crew survivability, protection against small arms fire, mobility and protection against concealed explosives. The armour is made up of applique and composites along with welded steels. Additional armour kit can be applied in heavy firing zones. The hull floor is further strengthened to defeat mines and similar explosives. The seats are attached to the roof for improved blast protection. Fuel tanks are placed outside the troop compartment for additional safety.", "The 8×8 wheel configuration is set on a [hydropneumatic suspension](/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension \"Hydropneumatic suspension\") utilizing double wishbone arrangement. All wheels have run flat capability to allow the vehicle to move even after suffering punctures. There are four axles, the front axle is steerable which minimizes the turning radius of the vehicle.", "[thumb\\|WhAP undergoing high speed maneuver test.](/wiki/File:WHAP_During_Defence_Expo_2108.jpg \"WHAP During Defence Expo 2108.jpg\")", "The glacis plate is very shallow, and the fuel tank is mounted outside the vehicle to improve survivability. A standard operating crew of two including driver and commander, with a full mechanized squad of 12 members. Anti\\-blast seats are installed to absorb any shocks and secondary slams, reducing brain and spinal injuries.", "Engine is placed at front left. Passengers are placed in the centerline in a back\\-to\\-back fashion, each facing a [firing port](/wiki/Firing_port \"Firing port\").The Kestrel has high [power\\-to\\-weight ratio](/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio \"Power-to-weight ratio\") for mountainous terrain and is powered by a 600{{Nbsp}}hp turbocharged diesel engine. The vehicle is fully amphibious, propelled by two waterjets.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.military\\-today.com/apc/kestrel.htm\\|title\\=Kestrel Armored Personnel Carrier\\|publisher\\=military\\-today.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2014}} It can reach up to 100 km/h.", "The vehicle has been designed to provide protection against land mines. It ranges from Stanag 4569 Level I to Level IV with the hull being designed with protection up to [Stanag](/wiki/Stanag \"Stanag\") Level III.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.overdrive.in/news\\-cars\\-auto/features/the\\-tata\\-kestrel\\-personnel\\-carrier/ \\| title\\=Tata Kestrel: An armoured, 8×8, amphibious carrier }} The hull configuration evolved follows a 'V’\\-type bottom with double configuration consisting of an inner panel and bottom panel. The bottom panel is designed to deflect the blast energy and get deformed to minimize the blast effects.", "Snap\\-on modules are used in the Kestrel in order to easily configure it according to needed roles in the field.", "The vehicle has been fitted with [INS](/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system \"Inertial navigation system\") and [GPS](/wiki/GPS \"GPS\") as its primary navigation equipment and is also fitted with Modular ([UHF](/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency \"Ultra high frequency\"), [VHF](/wiki/Very_high_frequency \"Very high frequency\"), HF) communication systems.{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Kestrel Wheeled Armored Amphibious Platform \\|url\\=https://www.team\\-bhp.com/forum/attachments/commercial\\-vehicles/1412273d1441779575\\-kestrel\\-lamv\\-tatas\\-defence\\-vehicles\\-detailed\\-kestrel.pdf \\|journal\\=Tata Motors Limited \\|pages\\=4}}", "#### Weapons", "The Kestrel has been unveiled in 2 weapon configurations which were shown in DefExpo 2014 and DefExpo 2016 respectively.", "In 2014, the WhAP was showcased equipped with a roof\\-mounted [remote controlled](/wiki/Remote_controlled_weapon_station \"Remote controlled weapon station\") [Kongsberg](/wiki/Kongsberg_Defence_%26_Aerospace \"Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace\") [Protector MCT\\-30R (RWS)](/wiki/Protector_RWS \"Protector RWS\"), which is outfitted with a 30×113 mm autocannon and [7\\.62×51 mm](/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO \"7.62×51mm NATO\") [coaxial machine gun](/wiki/Weapon_mount \"Weapon mount\"). The autocannon has an effective range of 3,000{{Nbsp}}m.{{cite web \\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-17 \\|title\\=Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT\\-30R turret solution on TATA Motors Kestrel 8x8 armoured vehicle. \\|url\\=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army\\-news/army\\-news\\-2014/kongsberg\\-defexpo\\-2014\\-press\\-release\\-7\\-february\\-2014\\-uk \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=Army Recognition}}{{Cite tweet \\|number\\=1337026919313772544 \\|user\\=Kunal\\_Biswas707 \\|title\\=Here's \\#Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT\\-30R turret on our very own \\#Indian \\#TATAKESTREL 8x8 WhAP, KESTREL was already tested with other turret also, Such RCWS can... \\|first\\=Kunal \\|last\\=Biswas \\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-19}} The [RCWS](/wiki/RCWS \"RCWS\") adds a 40{{Nbsp}}mm automatic grenade launcher and has an option for adding up to two anti\\-tank guided missile launcher in quick fire mode. So, the vehicle is capable of countering enemy infantry, light armoured vehicles even main battle tanks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor\\_id\\=699\\|title\\=TATA Motors Kestrel \\- 8x8 Amphibious Armored Fighting Vehicle\\|publisher\\=militaryfactory.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2014}}", "In DefExpo 2016, a Kestrel was seen outfitted with the [BMP\\-2](/wiki/BMP-2 \"BMP-2\") turret. The turret includes a [30 mm](/wiki/30_mm_caliber \"30 mm caliber\") [2A42 autocannon](/wiki/Shipunov_2A42 \"Shipunov 2A42\") and [7\\.62 mm](/wiki/7.62_mm_caliber \"7.62 mm caliber\") [PKT](/wiki/PK_machine_gun \"PK machine gun\") coaxial machine gun (2,000 rounds) mounted to the left of the cannon. The version is also fitted with an [ATGM](/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile \"Anti-tank guided missile\") launcher.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-11 \\|title\\=New WhAP Wheeled Amphibious Platform 8x8 armoured at DefExpo 2018 \\| DefExpo 2018 India News Show Daily \\| Defence security military exhibition 2018 daily news category \\|url\\=http://www.armyrecognition.com/defexpo\\_2018\\_india\\_news\\_show\\_daily/new\\_whap\\_wheeled\\_amphibious\\_platform\\_8x8\\_armoured\\_at\\_defexpo\\_2018\\.html \\|website\\=Army Recognition}}", "### Second generation", "During a Defence Exhibition held at [Pune](/wiki/Pune \"Pune\") on 24 February 2024, [Mahindra Defence](/wiki/Mahindra_%26_Mahindra \"Mahindra & Mahindra\") unveiled a second generation Amphibious 8×8 [CBRN](/wiki/CBRN_defense \"CBRN defense\") variant of WhAP (Wheeled Armoured Platform) developed with DRDO. As of August 2024, the vehicle is undergoing trials with the Army on various terrains. The design is compact includes a 600 hp diesel engine and enhanced armour. It implements a STANAG II level protection from blast as well. The crew configuration is 3\\+8\\. While the TATA variant employs a 30 mm turret, this variant is fitted with [7\\.62 mm calibre](/wiki/7.62_mm_caliber \"7.62 mm caliber\") remote controlled machine guns. It has a maximum speed of 95km/hr on road, 35 km/hr off road and 8 km/hr in water (using [hydrojets](/wiki/Pump-jet \"Pump-jet\")). It has a range of 500 km and [power\\-to\\-weight ratio](/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio \"Power-to-weight ratio\") of 24 hp/tonne.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-25 \\|title\\=DRDO WhAP Gen 1 \\& 2 vs USA Stryker \\|url\\=https://indiandefenseanalysis.com/2024/02/25/mahindra\\-drdo\\-showcased\\-armoured\\-vehicle\\-better\\-than\\-stryker/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-16 \\|website\\=Indian Defense Analysis \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-25 \\|title\\=DRDO, Mahindra Defence showcase advanced Wheeled Armoured Platform \\|url\\=https://www.inkl.com/news/drdo\\-mahindra\\-defence\\-showcase\\-advanced\\-wheeled\\-armoured\\-platform \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-16 \\|website\\=inkl \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite tweet \\|number\\=1823615165855625334 \\|user\\=anandmahindra \\|title\\=Immensely proud that, side\\-by\\-side with DRDO, Mahindra Defence has helped developed \\& build a world class product. A Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) variant of the Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP) Amphibious ops capabilities with compact design... \\|first\\=Anand \\|last\\=Mahindra \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-16}}", "" ]
### First generation Kestrel is designed for modern day warfare keeping in mind the crew survivability, protection against small arms fire, mobility and protection against concealed explosives. The armour is made up of applique and composites along with welded steels. Additional armour kit can be applied in heavy firing zones. The hull floor is further strengthened to defeat mines and similar explosives. The seats are attached to the roof for improved blast protection. Fuel tanks are placed outside the troop compartment for additional safety. The 8×8 wheel configuration is set on a [hydropneumatic suspension](/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension "Hydropneumatic suspension") utilizing double wishbone arrangement. All wheels have run flat capability to allow the vehicle to move even after suffering punctures. There are four axles, the front axle is steerable which minimizes the turning radius of the vehicle. [thumb\|WhAP undergoing high speed maneuver test.](/wiki/File:WHAP_During_Defence_Expo_2108.jpg "WHAP During Defence Expo 2108.jpg") The glacis plate is very shallow, and the fuel tank is mounted outside the vehicle to improve survivability. A standard operating crew of two including driver and commander, with a full mechanized squad of 12 members. Anti\-blast seats are installed to absorb any shocks and secondary slams, reducing brain and spinal injuries. Engine is placed at front left. Passengers are placed in the centerline in a back\-to\-back fashion, each facing a [firing port](/wiki/Firing_port "Firing port").The Kestrel has high [power\-to\-weight ratio](/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio "Power-to-weight ratio") for mountainous terrain and is powered by a 600{{Nbsp}}hp turbocharged diesel engine. The vehicle is fully amphibious, propelled by two waterjets.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.military\-today.com/apc/kestrel.htm\|title\=Kestrel Armored Personnel Carrier\|publisher\=military\-today.com\|access\-date\=16 September 2014}} It can reach up to 100 km/h. The vehicle has been designed to provide protection against land mines. It ranges from Stanag 4569 Level I to Level IV with the hull being designed with protection up to [Stanag](/wiki/Stanag "Stanag") Level III.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.overdrive.in/news\-cars\-auto/features/the\-tata\-kestrel\-personnel\-carrier/ \| title\=Tata Kestrel: An armoured, 8×8, amphibious carrier }} The hull configuration evolved follows a 'V’\-type bottom with double configuration consisting of an inner panel and bottom panel. The bottom panel is designed to deflect the blast energy and get deformed to minimize the blast effects. Snap\-on modules are used in the Kestrel in order to easily configure it according to needed roles in the field. The vehicle has been fitted with [INS](/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system "Inertial navigation system") and [GPS](/wiki/GPS "GPS") as its primary navigation equipment and is also fitted with Modular ([UHF](/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency "Ultra high frequency"), [VHF](/wiki/Very_high_frequency "Very high frequency"), HF) communication systems.{{Cite journal \|title\=Kestrel Wheeled Armored Amphibious Platform \|url\=https://www.team\-bhp.com/forum/attachments/commercial\-vehicles/1412273d1441779575\-kestrel\-lamv\-tatas\-defence\-vehicles\-detailed\-kestrel.pdf \|journal\=Tata Motors Limited \|pages\=4}} #### Weapons The Kestrel has been unveiled in 2 weapon configurations which were shown in DefExpo 2014 and DefExpo 2016 respectively. In 2014, the WhAP was showcased equipped with a roof\-mounted [remote controlled](/wiki/Remote_controlled_weapon_station "Remote controlled weapon station") [Kongsberg](/wiki/Kongsberg_Defence_%26_Aerospace "Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace") [Protector MCT\-30R (RWS)](/wiki/Protector_RWS "Protector RWS"), which is outfitted with a 30×113 mm autocannon and [7\.62×51 mm](/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO "7.62×51mm NATO") [coaxial machine gun](/wiki/Weapon_mount "Weapon mount"). The autocannon has an effective range of 3,000{{Nbsp}}m.{{cite web \|date\=2014\-02\-17 \|title\=Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT\-30R turret solution on TATA Motors Kestrel 8x8 armoured vehicle. \|url\=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army\-news/army\-news\-2014/kongsberg\-defexpo\-2014\-press\-release\-7\-february\-2014\-uk \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-19 \|website\=Army Recognition}}{{Cite tweet \|number\=1337026919313772544 \|user\=Kunal\_Biswas707 \|title\=Here's \#Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT\-30R turret on our very own \#Indian \#TATAKESTREL 8x8 WhAP, KESTREL was already tested with other turret also, Such RCWS can... \|first\=Kunal \|last\=Biswas \|date\=2020\-12\-10 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-19}} The [RCWS](/wiki/RCWS "RCWS") adds a 40{{Nbsp}}mm automatic grenade launcher and has an option for adding up to two anti\-tank guided missile launcher in quick fire mode. So, the vehicle is capable of countering enemy infantry, light armoured vehicles even main battle tanks.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor\_id\=699\|title\=TATA Motors Kestrel \- 8x8 Amphibious Armored Fighting Vehicle\|publisher\=militaryfactory.com\|access\-date\=16 September 2014}} In DefExpo 2016, a Kestrel was seen outfitted with the [BMP\-2](/wiki/BMP-2 "BMP-2") turret. The turret includes a [30 mm](/wiki/30_mm_caliber "30 mm caliber") [2A42 autocannon](/wiki/Shipunov_2A42 "Shipunov 2A42") and [7\.62 mm](/wiki/7.62_mm_caliber "7.62 mm caliber") [PKT](/wiki/PK_machine_gun "PK machine gun") coaxial machine gun (2,000 rounds) mounted to the left of the cannon. The version is also fitted with an [ATGM](/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile "Anti-tank guided missile") launcher.{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-04\-11 \|title\=New WhAP Wheeled Amphibious Platform 8x8 armoured at DefExpo 2018 \| DefExpo 2018 India News Show Daily \| Defence security military exhibition 2018 daily news category \|url\=http://www.armyrecognition.com/defexpo\_2018\_india\_news\_show\_daily/new\_whap\_wheeled\_amphibious\_platform\_8x8\_armoured\_at\_defexpo\_2018\.html \|website\=Army Recognition}}
[ "### First generation", "Kestrel is designed for modern day warfare keeping in mind the crew survivability, protection against small arms fire, mobility and protection against concealed explosives. The armour is made up of applique and composites along with welded steels. Additional armour kit can be applied in heavy firing zones. The hull floor is further strengthened to defeat mines and similar explosives. The seats are attached to the roof for improved blast protection. Fuel tanks are placed outside the troop compartment for additional safety.", "The 8×8 wheel configuration is set on a [hydropneumatic suspension](/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension \"Hydropneumatic suspension\") utilizing double wishbone arrangement. All wheels have run flat capability to allow the vehicle to move even after suffering punctures. There are four axles, the front axle is steerable which minimizes the turning radius of the vehicle.", "[thumb\\|WhAP undergoing high speed maneuver test.](/wiki/File:WHAP_During_Defence_Expo_2108.jpg \"WHAP During Defence Expo 2108.jpg\")", "The glacis plate is very shallow, and the fuel tank is mounted outside the vehicle to improve survivability. A standard operating crew of two including driver and commander, with a full mechanized squad of 12 members. Anti\\-blast seats are installed to absorb any shocks and secondary slams, reducing brain and spinal injuries.", "Engine is placed at front left. Passengers are placed in the centerline in a back\\-to\\-back fashion, each facing a [firing port](/wiki/Firing_port \"Firing port\").The Kestrel has high [power\\-to\\-weight ratio](/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio \"Power-to-weight ratio\") for mountainous terrain and is powered by a 600{{Nbsp}}hp turbocharged diesel engine. The vehicle is fully amphibious, propelled by two waterjets.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.military\\-today.com/apc/kestrel.htm\\|title\\=Kestrel Armored Personnel Carrier\\|publisher\\=military\\-today.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2014}} It can reach up to 100 km/h.", "The vehicle has been designed to provide protection against land mines. It ranges from Stanag 4569 Level I to Level IV with the hull being designed with protection up to [Stanag](/wiki/Stanag \"Stanag\") Level III.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.overdrive.in/news\\-cars\\-auto/features/the\\-tata\\-kestrel\\-personnel\\-carrier/ \\| title\\=Tata Kestrel: An armoured, 8×8, amphibious carrier }} The hull configuration evolved follows a 'V’\\-type bottom with double configuration consisting of an inner panel and bottom panel. The bottom panel is designed to deflect the blast energy and get deformed to minimize the blast effects.", "Snap\\-on modules are used in the Kestrel in order to easily configure it according to needed roles in the field.", "The vehicle has been fitted with [INS](/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system \"Inertial navigation system\") and [GPS](/wiki/GPS \"GPS\") as its primary navigation equipment and is also fitted with Modular ([UHF](/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency \"Ultra high frequency\"), [VHF](/wiki/Very_high_frequency \"Very high frequency\"), HF) communication systems.{{Cite journal \\|title\\=Kestrel Wheeled Armored Amphibious Platform \\|url\\=https://www.team\\-bhp.com/forum/attachments/commercial\\-vehicles/1412273d1441779575\\-kestrel\\-lamv\\-tatas\\-defence\\-vehicles\\-detailed\\-kestrel.pdf \\|journal\\=Tata Motors Limited \\|pages\\=4}}", "#### Weapons", "The Kestrel has been unveiled in 2 weapon configurations which were shown in DefExpo 2014 and DefExpo 2016 respectively.", "In 2014, the WhAP was showcased equipped with a roof\\-mounted [remote controlled](/wiki/Remote_controlled_weapon_station \"Remote controlled weapon station\") [Kongsberg](/wiki/Kongsberg_Defence_%26_Aerospace \"Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace\") [Protector MCT\\-30R (RWS)](/wiki/Protector_RWS \"Protector RWS\"), which is outfitted with a 30×113 mm autocannon and [7\\.62×51 mm](/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO \"7.62×51mm NATO\") [coaxial machine gun](/wiki/Weapon_mount \"Weapon mount\"). The autocannon has an effective range of 3,000{{Nbsp}}m.{{cite web \\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-17 \\|title\\=Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT\\-30R turret solution on TATA Motors Kestrel 8x8 armoured vehicle. \\|url\\=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army\\-news/army\\-news\\-2014/kongsberg\\-defexpo\\-2014\\-press\\-release\\-7\\-february\\-2014\\-uk \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-19 \\|website\\=Army Recognition}}{{Cite tweet \\|number\\=1337026919313772544 \\|user\\=Kunal\\_Biswas707 \\|title\\=Here's \\#Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT\\-30R turret on our very own \\#Indian \\#TATAKESTREL 8x8 WhAP, KESTREL was already tested with other turret also, Such RCWS can... \\|first\\=Kunal \\|last\\=Biswas \\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-19}} The [RCWS](/wiki/RCWS \"RCWS\") adds a 40{{Nbsp}}mm automatic grenade launcher and has an option for adding up to two anti\\-tank guided missile launcher in quick fire mode. So, the vehicle is capable of countering enemy infantry, light armoured vehicles even main battle tanks.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor\\_id\\=699\\|title\\=TATA Motors Kestrel \\- 8x8 Amphibious Armored Fighting Vehicle\\|publisher\\=militaryfactory.com\\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2014}}", "In DefExpo 2016, a Kestrel was seen outfitted with the [BMP\\-2](/wiki/BMP-2 \"BMP-2\") turret. The turret includes a [30 mm](/wiki/30_mm_caliber \"30 mm caliber\") [2A42 autocannon](/wiki/Shipunov_2A42 \"Shipunov 2A42\") and [7\\.62 mm](/wiki/7.62_mm_caliber \"7.62 mm caliber\") [PKT](/wiki/PK_machine_gun \"PK machine gun\") coaxial machine gun (2,000 rounds) mounted to the left of the cannon. The version is also fitted with an [ATGM](/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile \"Anti-tank guided missile\") launcher.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-11 \\|title\\=New WhAP Wheeled Amphibious Platform 8x8 armoured at DefExpo 2018 \\| DefExpo 2018 India News Show Daily \\| Defence security military exhibition 2018 daily news category \\|url\\=http://www.armyrecognition.com/defexpo\\_2018\\_india\\_news\\_show\\_daily/new\\_whap\\_wheeled\\_amphibious\\_platform\\_8x8\\_armoured\\_at\\_defexpo\\_2018\\.html \\|website\\=Army Recognition}}", "" ]
Axiomatisability ---------------- A common motivating question in finite model theory is whether a given class of structures can be described in a given language. For instance, one might ask whether the class of cyclic graphs can be distinguished among graphs by a FO sentence, which can also be phrased as asking whether cyclicity is FO\-expressible. A single finite structure can always be [axiomatized in first\-order logic](/wiki/Nonfirstorderizability "Nonfirstorderizability"), where axiomatized in a language *L* means described uniquely up to isomorphism by a single *L*\-sentence. Similarly, any finite collection of finite structures can always be axiomatized in first\-order logic. Some, but not all, infinite collections of finite structures can also be axiomatized by a single first\-order sentence. ### Characterisation of a single structure Is a language *L* expressive enough to axiomatize a single finite structure *S*? [thumb\|right\|Single graphs (1\) and (1') having common properties.](/wiki/Image:Math_graph_nikos_house_01.gif "Math graph nikos house 01.gif") #### Problem A structure like (1\) in the figure can be described by FO sentences in the [logic of graphs](/wiki/Logic_of_graphs "Logic of graphs") like 1. Every node has an edge to another node: \\forall\_x \\exists\_y G(x, y). 2. No node has an edge to itself: \\forall\_{x,y} (G(x, y) \\Rightarrow x \\neq y). 3. There is at least one [node that is connected to all others](/wiki/Universal_vertex "Universal vertex"): \\exists\_x \\forall\_y (x \\neq y \\Rightarrow G(x, y)). However, these properties do not axiomatize the structure, since for structure (1') the above properties hold as well, yet structures (1\) and (1') are not isomorphic. Informally the question is whether by adding enough properties, these properties together describe exactly (1\) and are valid (all together) for no other structure (up to isomorphism). #### Approach For a single finite structure it is always possible to precisely describe the structure by a single FO sentence. The principle is illustrated here for a structure with one binary relation R and without constants: 1. say that there are at least n elements: \\varphi\_1 \= \\bigwedge\_{i\\ne j} \\neg (x\_i \= x\_j) 2. say that there are at most n elements: \\varphi\_2 \= \\forall\_y \\bigvee\_{i} (x\_i \= y) 3. state every element of the relation R: \\varphi\_3 \= \\bigwedge\_{(a\_i, a\_j) \\in R} R(x\_i, x\_j) 4. state every non\-element of the relation R: \\varphi\_4 \= \\bigwedge\_{(a\_i, a\_j) \\notin R} \\neg R(x\_i, x\_j) all for the same tuple x\_1 .. x\_n, yielding the FO sentence \\exists\_{x\_1} \\dots \\exists\_{x\_n} (\\varphi\_1 \\land \\varphi\_2 \\land \\varphi\_3 \\land \\varphi\_4\). #### Extension to a fixed number of structures The method of describing a single structure by means of a first\-order sentence can easily be extended for any fixed number of structures. A unique description can be obtained by the disjunction of the descriptions for each structure. For instance, for two structures A and B with defining sentences \\varphi\_A and \\varphi\_B this would be \\varphi\_A \\lor \\varphi\_B. #### Extension to an infinite structure By definition, a set containing an infinite structure falls outside the area that FMT deals with. Note that infinite structures can never be discriminated in FO, because of the [Löwenheim–Skolem theorem](/wiki/L%C3%B6wenheim%E2%80%93Skolem_theorem "Löwenheim–Skolem theorem"), which implies that no first\-order theory with an infinite model can have a unique model up to isomorphism. The most famous example is probably [Skolem's theorem](/wiki/Non-standard_model_of_arithmetic "Non-standard model of arithmetic"), that there is a countable non\-standard model of arithmetic. ### Characterisation of a class of structures Is a language *L* expressive enough to describe exactly (up to isomorphism) those finite structures that have certain property *P*? [thumb\|right\|Set of up to *n* structures.](/wiki/Image:Math_graph_nikos_house_05.jpg "Math graph nikos house 05.jpg") #### Problem The descriptions given so far all specify the number of elements of the universe. Unfortunately most interesting sets of structures are not restricted to a certain size, like all graphs that are trees, are connected or are acyclic. Thus to discriminate a finite number of structures is of special importance. #### Approach Instead of a general statement, the following is a sketch of a methodology to differentiate between structures that can and cannot be discriminated. {{olist\| The core idea is that whenever one wants to see if a property ''P'' can be expressed in FO, one chooses structures ''A'' and ''B'', where ''A'' does have ''P'' and ''B'' doesn't. If for ''A'' and ''B'' the same FO sentences hold, then ''P'' cannot be expressed in FO. In short: :A \\in P, B \\not\\in P and A \\equiv B, where A \\equiv B is shorthand for A \\models \\alpha \\Leftrightarrow B \\models \\alpha for all FO\-sentences α, and ''P'' represents the class of structures with property ''P''. \| The methodology considers countably many subsets of the language, the union of which forms the language itself. For instance, for FO consider classes FO\[''m''] for each ''m''. For each ''m'' the above core idea then has to be shown. That is: :A \\in P, B \\not\\in P and A \\equiv\_m B with a pair A, B for each m and α (in ≡) from FO\[''m'']. It may be appropriate to choose the classes FO\[''m''] to form a partition of the language. \| One common way to define FO\[''m''] is by means of the \[\[quantifier rank]] qr(α) of a FO formula α, which expresses the depth of \[\[quantifier (logic)\|quantifier]] nesting. For example, for a formula in \[\[prenex normal form]], qr is simply the total number of its quantifiers. Then FO\[''m''] can be defined as all FO formulas α with qr(α) ≤ ''m'' (or, if a partition is desired, as those FO formulas with quantifier rank equal to ''m''). \| Thus it all comes down to showing A \\models \\alpha \\Leftrightarrow B \\models \\alpha on the subsets FO\[''m'']. The main approach here is to use the algebraic characterization provided by \[\[Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game]]s. Informally, these take a single partial isomorphism on ''A'' and ''B'' and extend it ''m'' times, in order to either prove or disprove A \\equiv\_m B, dependent on who wins the game. }} #### Example We want to show that the property that the size of an ordered structure **A** \= (A, ≤) is even, can not be expressed in FO. 1. The idea is to pick {{math\|'''A''' ∈ EVEN}} and {{math\|'''B''' ∉ EVEN}}, where EVEN is the class of all structures of even size. 2. We start with two ordered structures **A2** and **B2** with universes A2 \= {1, 2, 3, 4} and B2 \= {1, 2, 3}. Obviously {{math\|'''A2''' ∈ EVEN}} and {{math\|'''B2''' ∉ EVEN}}. 3. For *m* \= 2, we can now show\* that in a 2\-move [Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game](/wiki/Ehrenfeucht%E2%80%93Fra%C3%AFss%C3%A9_game "Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game") on **A2** and **B2** the duplicator always wins, and thus **A2** and **B2** cannot be discriminated in FO\[2], i.e. \\mathbf{A}\_2 \\models \\alpha \\iff \\mathbf{B}\_2 \\models \\alpha for every {{math\|''α'' ∈ FO\[2]}}. 4. Next we have to scale the structures up by increasing *m*. For example, for *m* \= 3 we must find an **A3** and **B3** such that the duplicator always wins the 3\-move game. This can be achieved by A3 \= {1, ..., 8} and B3 \= {1, ..., 7}. More generally, we can choose A*m* \= {1, ..., 2*m*} and B*m* \= {1, ..., 2*m*−1}; for any *m* the duplicator always wins the *m*\-move game for this pair of structures\*. 5. Thus EVEN on finite ordered structures cannot be expressed in FO. (\*) Note that the proof of the result of the [Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game](/wiki/Ehrenfeucht%E2%80%93Fra%C3%AFss%C3%A9_game "Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game") has been omitted, since it is not the main focus here.
[ "Axiomatisability\n----------------", "A common motivating question in finite model theory is whether a given class of structures can be described in a given language. For instance, one might ask whether the class of cyclic graphs can be distinguished among graphs by a FO sentence, which can also be phrased as asking whether cyclicity is FO\\-expressible.", "A single finite structure can always be [axiomatized in first\\-order logic](/wiki/Nonfirstorderizability \"Nonfirstorderizability\"), where axiomatized in a language *L* means described uniquely up to isomorphism by a single *L*\\-sentence. Similarly, any finite collection of finite structures can always be axiomatized in first\\-order logic. Some, but not all, infinite collections of finite structures can also be axiomatized by a single first\\-order sentence.", "### Characterisation of a single structure", "Is a language *L* expressive enough to axiomatize a single finite structure *S*?\n[thumb\\|right\\|Single graphs (1\\) and (1') having common properties.](/wiki/Image:Math_graph_nikos_house_01.gif \"Math graph nikos house 01.gif\")", "#### Problem", "A structure like (1\\) in the figure can be described by FO sentences in the [logic of graphs](/wiki/Logic_of_graphs \"Logic of graphs\") like", "1. Every node has an edge to another node: \\\\forall\\_x \\\\exists\\_y G(x, y).\n2. No node has an edge to itself: \\\\forall\\_{x,y} (G(x, y) \\\\Rightarrow x \\\\neq y).\n3. There is at least one [node that is connected to all others](/wiki/Universal_vertex \"Universal vertex\"): \\\\exists\\_x \\\\forall\\_y (x \\\\neq y \\\\Rightarrow G(x, y)).", "However, these properties do not axiomatize the structure, since for structure (1') the above properties hold as well, yet structures (1\\) and (1') are not isomorphic.", "Informally the question is whether by adding enough properties, these properties together describe exactly (1\\) and are valid (all together) for no other structure (up to isomorphism).", "#### Approach", "For a single finite structure it is always possible to precisely describe the structure by a single FO sentence. The principle is illustrated here for a structure with one binary relation R and without constants:\n1. say that there are at least n elements: \\\\varphi\\_1 \\= \\\\bigwedge\\_{i\\\\ne j} \\\\neg (x\\_i \\= x\\_j)\n2. say that there are at most n elements: \\\\varphi\\_2 \\= \\\\forall\\_y \\\\bigvee\\_{i} (x\\_i \\= y)\n3. state every element of the relation R: \\\\varphi\\_3 \\= \\\\bigwedge\\_{(a\\_i, a\\_j) \\\\in R} R(x\\_i, x\\_j)\n4. state every non\\-element of the relation R: \\\\varphi\\_4 \\= \\\\bigwedge\\_{(a\\_i, a\\_j) \\\\notin R} \\\\neg R(x\\_i, x\\_j)", "all for the same tuple x\\_1 .. x\\_n, yielding the FO sentence \\\\exists\\_{x\\_1} \\\\dots \\\\exists\\_{x\\_n} (\\\\varphi\\_1 \\\\land \\\\varphi\\_2 \\\\land \\\\varphi\\_3 \\\\land \\\\varphi\\_4\\).", "#### Extension to a fixed number of structures", "The method of describing a single structure by means of a first\\-order sentence can easily be extended for any fixed number of structures. A unique description can be obtained by the disjunction of the descriptions for each structure. For instance, for two structures A and B with defining sentences \\\\varphi\\_A and \\\\varphi\\_B this would be", "\\\\varphi\\_A \\\\lor \\\\varphi\\_B.\n#### Extension to an infinite structure", "By definition, a set containing an infinite structure falls outside the area that FMT deals with. Note that infinite structures can never be discriminated in FO, because of the [Löwenheim–Skolem theorem](/wiki/L%C3%B6wenheim%E2%80%93Skolem_theorem \"Löwenheim–Skolem theorem\"), which implies that no first\\-order theory with an infinite model can have a unique model up to isomorphism.", "The most famous example is probably [Skolem's theorem](/wiki/Non-standard_model_of_arithmetic \"Non-standard model of arithmetic\"), that there is a countable non\\-standard model of arithmetic.", "### Characterisation of a class of structures", "Is a language *L* expressive enough to describe exactly (up to isomorphism) those finite structures that have certain property *P*?\n[thumb\\|right\\|Set of up to *n* structures.](/wiki/Image:Math_graph_nikos_house_05.jpg \"Math graph nikos house 05.jpg\")", "#### Problem", "The descriptions given so far all specify the number of elements of the universe. Unfortunately most interesting sets of structures are not restricted to a certain size, like all graphs that are trees, are connected or are acyclic. Thus to discriminate a finite number of structures is of special importance.", "#### Approach", "Instead of a general statement, the following is a sketch of a methodology to differentiate between structures that can and cannot be discriminated.\n{{olist\\|\nThe core idea is that whenever one wants to see if a property ''P'' can be expressed in FO, one chooses structures ''A'' and ''B'', where ''A'' does have ''P'' and ''B'' doesn't. If for ''A'' and ''B'' the same FO sentences hold, then ''P'' cannot be expressed in FO. In short:", ":A \\\\in P, B \\\\not\\\\in P and A \\\\equiv B,", "where A \\\\equiv B is shorthand for A \\\\models \\\\alpha \\\\Leftrightarrow B \\\\models \\\\alpha for all FO\\-sentences α, and ''P'' represents the class of structures with property ''P''.\n\\|\nThe methodology considers countably many subsets of the language, the union of which forms the language itself. For instance, for FO consider classes FO\\[''m''] for each ''m''. For each ''m'' the above core idea then has to be shown. That is:", ":A \\\\in P, B \\\\not\\\\in P and A \\\\equiv\\_m B", "with a pair A, B for each m and α (in ≡) from FO\\[''m'']. It may be appropriate to choose the classes FO\\[''m''] to form a partition of the language.\n\\|\nOne common way to define FO\\[''m''] is by means of the \\[\\[quantifier rank]] qr(α) of a FO formula α, which expresses the depth of \\[\\[quantifier (logic)\\|quantifier]] nesting. For example, for a formula in \\[\\[prenex normal form]], qr is simply the total number of its quantifiers. Then FO\\[''m''] can be defined as all FO formulas α with qr(α) ≤ ''m'' (or, if a partition is desired, as those FO formulas with quantifier rank equal to ''m'').\n\\|\nThus it all comes down to showing A \\\\models \\\\alpha \\\\Leftrightarrow B \\\\models \\\\alpha on the subsets FO\\[''m'']. The main approach here is to use the algebraic characterization provided by \\[\\[Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game]]s. Informally, these take a single partial isomorphism on ''A'' and ''B'' and extend it ''m'' times, in order to either prove or disprove A \\\\equiv\\_m B, dependent on who wins the game.\n}}\n#### Example", "We want to show that the property that the size of an ordered structure **A** \\= (A, ≤) is even, can not be expressed in FO.\n1. The idea is to pick {{math\\|'''A''' ∈ EVEN}} and {{math\\|'''B''' ∉ EVEN}}, where EVEN is the class of all structures of even size.\n2. We start with two ordered structures **A2** and **B2** with universes A2 \\= {1, 2, 3, 4} and B2 \\= {1, 2, 3}. Obviously {{math\\|'''A2''' ∈ EVEN}} and {{math\\|'''B2''' ∉ EVEN}}.\n3. For *m* \\= 2, we can now show\\* that in a 2\\-move [Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game](/wiki/Ehrenfeucht%E2%80%93Fra%C3%AFss%C3%A9_game \"Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game\") on **A2** and **B2** the duplicator always wins, and thus **A2** and **B2** cannot be discriminated in FO\\[2], i.e. \\\\mathbf{A}\\_2 \\\\models \\\\alpha \\\\iff \\\\mathbf{B}\\_2 \\\\models \\\\alpha for every {{math\\|''α'' ∈ FO\\[2]}}.\n4. Next we have to scale the structures up by increasing *m*. For example, for *m* \\= 3 we must find an **A3** and **B3** such that the duplicator always wins the 3\\-move game. This can be achieved by A3 \\= {1, ..., 8} and B3 \\= {1, ..., 7}. More generally, we can choose A*m* \\= {1, ..., 2*m*} and B*m* \\= {1, ..., 2*m*−1}; for any *m* the duplicator always wins the *m*\\-move game for this pair of structures\\*.\n5. Thus EVEN on finite ordered structures cannot be expressed in FO.", "(\\*) Note that the proof of the result of the [Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game](/wiki/Ehrenfeucht%E2%80%93Fra%C3%AFss%C3%A9_game \"Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game\") has been omitted, since it is not the main focus here.", "", "" ]
Biography --------- Hayes was born in a [Land League](/wiki/Land_League "Land League") hut at [Murroe](/wiki/Murroe "Murroe"), Co [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick "Limerick") to a family languishing in poverty. One of ten siblings, seven of Hayes' brothers and sisters died of malnutrition and disease over a twelve\-year period. The family had been evicted from [Lord Cloncurry](/wiki/Baron_Cloncurry "Baron Cloncurry")'s estate in 1872 for non\-payment of rent, forcing them into destitution. The family returned to the estate in 1894\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.dib.ie/biography/hayes\-john\-martin\-a3872 \|title\=Hayes, John Martin \|author\=\[\[Diarmaid Ferriter]] \|date\=October 2009 \|website\=\[\[Dictionary of Irish Biography]] \|publisher\= \|access\-date\=29 July 2022 \|quote\=}} Hayes was educated by the [Jesuits](/wiki/Jesuits "Jesuits") at [Crescent College](/wiki/Crescent_College "Crescent College"), Limerick and thereafter studied for the priesthood in [St. Patrick's College, Thurles](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_College%2C_Thurles "St. Patrick's College, Thurles"). In 1907 he went to the [Irish College in Paris](/wiki/Irish_College_in_Paris "Irish College in Paris") where he was ordained in 1913\. Hayes enjoyed this time in France greatly, a period highlighted by the beatification of St Joan of Arc in 1909\. From 1915 to 1924 he worked in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") before returning to Ireland to serve as [curate](/wiki/Curate "Curate") in [Castleiney](/wiki/Castleiney "Castleiney") and later in [Tipperary](/wiki/Tipperary_%28town%29 "Tipperary (town)") Town. Previous to 1916, Hayes was a supporter of the [Irish Volunteers](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers "Irish Volunteers"), and his brother Mick became a leading member of the Limerick [Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_%281919%E2%80%931922%29 "Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)"), however, he effectively missed the [Irish revolutionary period](/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period "Irish revolutionary period") as he was sent to work in Liverpool between 1915 and 1924\. During the 1920s Hayes became an admirer of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini"), with whom he was granted an audience during a visit to Rome in 1930\.{{cite journal \|last\=Ryan \|first\=John \|date\=Autumn 1957 \|title\=The Founder of Muintir na Tíre: John M. Canon Hayes 1887\-1957 \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30098902?read\-now\=1\&seq\=10\#page\_scan\_tab\_contents \|journal\=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review \|volume\=46 \|issue\=183 \|pages\=312\-321 \|doi\= \|access\-date\=29 July 2022 \|url\-status\= \|archive\-url\= \|archive\-date\=}} Hayes was intrigued by [corporatism](/wiki/Corporatism "Corporatism") and came to believe it could uplift rural communities. Similarly, Hayes was influenced by continental movements such as the Belgian [Boerenbond](/wiki/Boerenbond "Boerenbond") league, which encouraged rural inhabitants to form [cooperatives](/wiki/Cooperative "Cooperative"). Hayes came to national prominence with the foundation of Muintir na Tíre in 1931, a rural development organisation which had core principles of neighbourliness, [self\-help](/wiki/Self-help "Self-help") and [self\-sufficiency](/wiki/Self-sufficiency "Self-sufficiency"). It was to act as a rural self\-help group based on collective parish organisation with a strong emphasis on the teaching of the papal encyclicals [Rerum Novarum](/wiki/Rerum_Novarum "Rerum Novarum") (1891\) and [Quadragesimo Anno](/wiki/Quadragesimo_Anno "Quadragesimo Anno") (1931\). Hayes was successfully able to draw on the power of the media, Irish newspapers and radio, to promote Muintir na Tíre and quickly became a figure of national prominence in doing so. In promoting and developing Muintir na Tíre Hayes resisted calls in some quarters to limit the membership to Catholics, remarking "this country is becoming so Catholic it forgets to be Christian". Nonetheless, under Hayes's leadership, there was eventually an overlap in membership between Muintir na Tíre and the Catholic fraternal organisation the [Knights of Columbanus](/wiki/Knights_of_Columbanus "Knights of Columbanus"). He was appointed [parish priest](/wiki/Parish_Priest "Parish Priest") of [Bansha](/wiki/Bansha "Bansha") \& [Kilmoyler](/wiki/Kilmoyler "Kilmoyler") in [County Tipperary](/wiki/County_Tipperary "County Tipperary") in 1946\. Due largely to his endeavours, a factory \- Bansha Rural Industries \- was started and enjoyed some success producing [preserves](/wiki/Preserves "Preserves") for the Irish home market. Bansha was at the forefront in developing many Muintir na Tíre initiatives and for a time in the 1950s enjoyed the soubriquet of The Model Parish. A lifelong [teetotaller](/wiki/Teetotaller "Teetotaller"), a highlight of Hayes' career was his address to the [Pioneer Total Abstinence Association](/wiki/Pioneer_Total_Abstinence_Association "Pioneer Total Abstinence Association") in [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park "Croke Park") in June 1949 to celebrate their 50th year of operation. The event was the largest Catholic gathering in Dublin since the [1932 Eucharistic Congress](/wiki/1932_Eucharistic_Congress "1932 Eucharistic Congress"). He spearheaded many initiatives including [rural electrification](/wiki/Rural_electrification "Rural electrification"), the "Parish Plan for Agriculture", and the setting up of small industries in rural areas in an attempt to stop [emigration](/wiki/Irish_diaspora "Irish diaspora"). He was later made a [canon](/wiki/Canon_%28priest%29 "Canon (priest)") of his [cathedral chapter](/wiki/Cathedral_chapter "Cathedral chapter"). Hayes died in February, 1957 in a Tipperary nursing home following a minor operation. His funeral in Bansha was a national occasion, attended by leaders of Church and State.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/john\-martin\-hayes\-priest \|title\=The extraordinary life of Irish priest John Martin Hayes \|last\=Quinn \|first\=Martin \|date\= \|website\=Irish Central \|publisher\= \|access\-date\=29 July 2022 \|quote\=}} His grave is at the rear of the Church of the Annunciation, Bansha. He was later [commemorated on an Irish postage stamp](/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Ireland "List of people on stamps of Ireland").
[ "Biography\n---------", "Hayes was born in a [Land League](/wiki/Land_League \"Land League\") hut at [Murroe](/wiki/Murroe \"Murroe\"), Co [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick \"Limerick\") to a family languishing in poverty. One of ten siblings, seven of Hayes' brothers and sisters died of malnutrition and disease over a twelve\\-year period. The family had been evicted from [Lord Cloncurry](/wiki/Baron_Cloncurry \"Baron Cloncurry\")'s estate in 1872 for non\\-payment of rent, forcing them into destitution. The family returned to the estate in 1894\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dib.ie/biography/hayes\\-john\\-martin\\-a3872 \\|title\\=Hayes, John Martin \\|author\\=\\[\\[Diarmaid Ferriter]] \\|date\\=October 2009 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Dictionary of Irish Biography]] \\|publisher\\= \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2022 \\|quote\\=}}", "Hayes was educated by the [Jesuits](/wiki/Jesuits \"Jesuits\") at [Crescent College](/wiki/Crescent_College \"Crescent College\"), Limerick and thereafter studied for the priesthood in [St. Patrick's College, Thurles](/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_College%2C_Thurles \"St. Patrick's College, Thurles\"). In 1907 he went to the [Irish College in Paris](/wiki/Irish_College_in_Paris \"Irish College in Paris\") where he was ordained in 1913\\. Hayes enjoyed this time in France greatly, a period highlighted by the beatification of St Joan of Arc in 1909\\. From 1915 to 1924 he worked in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\") before returning to Ireland to serve as [curate](/wiki/Curate \"Curate\") in [Castleiney](/wiki/Castleiney \"Castleiney\") and later in [Tipperary](/wiki/Tipperary_%28town%29 \"Tipperary (town)\") Town. Previous to 1916, Hayes was a supporter of the [Irish Volunteers](/wiki/Irish_Volunteers \"Irish Volunteers\"), and his brother Mick became a leading member of the Limerick [Irish Republican Army](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_%281919%E2%80%931922%29 \"Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)\"), however, he effectively missed the [Irish revolutionary period](/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period \"Irish revolutionary period\") as he was sent to work in Liverpool between 1915 and 1924\\.", "During the 1920s Hayes became an admirer of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\"), with whom he was granted an audience during a visit to Rome in 1930\\.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Ryan \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=Autumn 1957 \\|title\\=The Founder of Muintir na Tíre: John M. Canon Hayes 1887\\-1957 \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30098902?read\\-now\\=1\\&seq\\=10\\#page\\_scan\\_tab\\_contents \\|journal\\=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review \\|volume\\=46 \\|issue\\=183 \\|pages\\=312\\-321 \\|doi\\= \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2022 \\|url\\-status\\= \\|archive\\-url\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=}} Hayes was intrigued by [corporatism](/wiki/Corporatism \"Corporatism\") and came to believe it could uplift rural communities. Similarly, Hayes was influenced by continental movements such as the Belgian [Boerenbond](/wiki/Boerenbond \"Boerenbond\") league, which encouraged rural inhabitants to form [cooperatives](/wiki/Cooperative \"Cooperative\").", "Hayes came to national prominence with the foundation of Muintir na Tíre in 1931, a rural development organisation which had core principles of neighbourliness, [self\\-help](/wiki/Self-help \"Self-help\") and [self\\-sufficiency](/wiki/Self-sufficiency \"Self-sufficiency\"). It was to act as a rural self\\-help group based on collective parish organisation with a strong emphasis on the teaching of the papal encyclicals [Rerum Novarum](/wiki/Rerum_Novarum \"Rerum Novarum\") (1891\\) and [Quadragesimo Anno](/wiki/Quadragesimo_Anno \"Quadragesimo Anno\") (1931\\). Hayes was successfully able to draw on the power of the media, Irish newspapers and radio, to promote Muintir na Tíre and quickly became a figure of national prominence in doing so. In promoting and developing Muintir na Tíre Hayes resisted calls in some quarters to limit the membership to Catholics, remarking \"this country is becoming so Catholic it forgets to be Christian\". Nonetheless, under Hayes's leadership, there was eventually an overlap in membership between Muintir na Tíre and the Catholic fraternal organisation the [Knights of Columbanus](/wiki/Knights_of_Columbanus \"Knights of Columbanus\").", "He was appointed [parish priest](/wiki/Parish_Priest \"Parish Priest\") of [Bansha](/wiki/Bansha \"Bansha\") \\& [Kilmoyler](/wiki/Kilmoyler \"Kilmoyler\") in [County Tipperary](/wiki/County_Tipperary \"County Tipperary\") in 1946\\. Due largely to his endeavours, a factory \\- Bansha Rural Industries \\- was started and enjoyed some success producing [preserves](/wiki/Preserves \"Preserves\") for the Irish home market. Bansha was at the forefront in developing many Muintir na Tíre initiatives and for a time in the 1950s enjoyed the soubriquet of The Model Parish.", "A lifelong [teetotaller](/wiki/Teetotaller \"Teetotaller\"), a highlight of Hayes' career was his address to the [Pioneer Total Abstinence Association](/wiki/Pioneer_Total_Abstinence_Association \"Pioneer Total Abstinence Association\") in [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park \"Croke Park\") in June 1949 to celebrate their 50th year of operation. The event was the largest Catholic gathering in Dublin since the [1932 Eucharistic Congress](/wiki/1932_Eucharistic_Congress \"1932 Eucharistic Congress\").", "He spearheaded many initiatives including [rural electrification](/wiki/Rural_electrification \"Rural electrification\"), the \"Parish Plan for Agriculture\", and the setting up of small industries in rural areas in an attempt to stop [emigration](/wiki/Irish_diaspora \"Irish diaspora\"). He was later made a [canon](/wiki/Canon_%28priest%29 \"Canon (priest)\") of his [cathedral chapter](/wiki/Cathedral_chapter \"Cathedral chapter\"). Hayes died in February, 1957 in a Tipperary nursing home following a minor operation. His funeral in Bansha was a national occasion, attended by leaders of Church and State.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/john\\-martin\\-hayes\\-priest \\|title\\=The extraordinary life of Irish priest John Martin Hayes \\|last\\=Quinn \\|first\\=Martin \\|date\\= \\|website\\=Irish Central \\|publisher\\= \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2022 \\|quote\\=}} His grave is at the rear of the Church of the Annunciation, Bansha. He was later [commemorated on an Irish postage stamp](/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Ireland \"List of people on stamps of Ireland\").", "" ]
Production ---------- {{quote box\|width\=30%\|align\=right\|quote\="I was very mesmerised by this young lad who had taken on the system on his own. He was killed at 32, but there was so much he had achieved before that. I knew there was a story to tell there."\|source\=Mehta on the film.}} ### Development Mehta stated in an interview with Priyanka Pereira of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* that he needed a break after some of his films proved to be a box\-office failures, like *[Woodstock Villa](/wiki/Woodstock_Villa "Woodstock Villa")* (2007\) and *Raakh* (2010\).{{cite news \|url\=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/10/06/qa\-hansal\-mehta\-on\-his\-new\-film\-shahid/ \|title\=Q\&A: Hansal Mehta on His New Film 'Shahid' \|last\=Pereira \|first\=Priyanka \|work\=\[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \|date\=6 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171404/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/10/06/qa\-hansal\-mehta\-on\-his\-new\-film\-shahid/ \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} On 11 February 2010, lawyer [Shahid Azmi](/wiki/Shahid_Azmi "Shahid Azmi") was shot dead in his office in Mumbai at the age of 32\.{{cite news \|title\=26/11 accused Fahim Ansari's lawyer Shahid Azmi shot dead \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11\-accused\-Fahim\-Ansaris\-lawyer\-Shahid\-Azmi\-shot\-dead/articleshow/5561910\.cms \|work\=\[\[The Times of India]] \|date\=11 February 2010 \|access\-date\=19 January 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925131620/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010\-02\-11/india/28127692\_1\_fahim\-ansari\-assailants\-shahid\-azmi \|archive\-date\=25 September 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} He had represented those accused of the [2006 Mumbai train bombings](/wiki/2006_Mumbai_train_bombings "2006 Mumbai train bombings"), the [2006 Malegaon bombings](/wiki/2006_Malegaon_bombings "2006 Malegaon bombings") and while he was defending Faheem Ansari in the [2008 Mumbai attacks](/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks "2008 Mumbai attacks") case, he was killed.{{cite news \|title\=The lawyer who courted death \|url\=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ryxborlNOcg3cP0Bh7GSDM/The\-lawyer\-who\-courted\-death.html \|work\=\[\[Mint (newspaper)\|Mint]] \|date\=13 September 2012 \|access\-date\=19 January 2019\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925174602/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ryxborlNOcg3cP0Bh7GSDM/The\-lawyer\-who\-courted\-death.html \|archive\-date\=25 September 2013}} Azmi was arrested during the communal riots of 1992–1993 in Mumbai and later studied law and began defending people arrested on false charges.{{cite news \|url\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansal\-mehta\-a\-street\-should\-be\-named\-after\-shahid/ \|title\=Hansal Mehta: A street should be named after 'Shahid' \|work\=\[\[The Indian Express]] \|date\=16 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614172310/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansal\-mehta\-a\-street\-should\-be\-named\-after\-shahid/ \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} The lawyer secured 17 acquittals in his seven\-year career.{{cite news \|title\=Film remembers Indian lawyer Shahid Azmi as symbol of hope \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-asia\-india\-19595663 \|access\-date\=15 May 2013 \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=28 September 2012\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126083611/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-asia\-india\-19595663 \|archive\-date\=26 November 2012}} Mehta said that when he heard about Azmi's murder, he had a sense that the tale of his life could pull his "creativity out of the rut". He felt that Azmi lived an "ordinary life, with extraordinary conviction to do what he believed was right" and that his story "had to be told". Mehta began his research nearly three months after Azmi's murder.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.business\-standard.com/article/pti\-stories/i\-owe\-everything\-to\-my\-lack\-of\-success\-hansal\-mehta\-113101500531\_1\.html \|title\=I owe everything to my lack of success: Hansal Mehta \|work\=\[\[Business Standard]] \|date\=15 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171454/https://www.business\-standard.com/article/pti\-stories/i\-owe\-everything\-to\-my\-lack\-of\-success\-hansal\-mehta\-113101500531\_1\.html \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} He later met writer Sameer Gautam Singh, who approached Mehta with a script. Mehta said he could not make a film with the script and asked him if he was would co\-write another script with him. Singh agreed, and Mehta sent him along with his son Jai Mehta to Azmi's hometown to meet his family. They interviewed his family members and friends for two months.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ryxborlNOcg3cP0Bh7GSDM/The\-lawyer\-who\-courted\-death.html \|title\=The lawyer who courted death \|last\=Janardhan \|first\=Arun \|work\=Mint \|date\=13 September 2012 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614144254/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ryxborlNOcg3cP0Bh7GSDM/The\-lawyer\-who\-courted\-death.html \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} Mehta chose not to go with them as he feared that on seeing a filmmaker, Azmi's family and friends would "alter the version" of his life. Both Mehta and Singh read several of Azmi's cases for the story.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/interview\-hansal\-mehta\-shahid\-214032\-2013\-10\-11 \|title\=For me, Shahid is Gandhi: Hansal Mehta \|last\=Singh \|first\=Suhani \|work\=\[\[India Today]] \|date\=11 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614144232/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/interview\-hansal\-mehta\-shahid\-214032\-2013\-10\-11 \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} Mehta noticed that they were written in simple English that could be understood by anyone: "It told me he was a no\-nonsense guy. He wanted to fight the battle and not beat around the bush." Mehta and Singh also met his colleagues, attended court sessions, petitions, litigations and learned how to get a client acquitted. Mehta later went to seek permission to make the film to the family members who expressed their skepticism about the project. Later, they agreed and talked to him about Azmi. The film focused on Azmi's beginnings and two cases he handled: the 2006 Mumbai train blasts and the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks. Mehta combined several of Azmi's petitions into a single case for "clarity and dramatic impact". ### Casting Mehta said he was looking for "big stars" for the film, but most were not interested because of his earlier failures. At the time, the film's co\-producer [Anurag Kashyap](/wiki/Anurag_Kashyap "Anurag Kashyap") suggested he cast [Rajkummar Rao](/wiki/Rajkummar_Rao "Rajkummar Rao") thinking he was perfect for the role of Azmi. Later, casting director [Mukesh Chhabra](/wiki/Mukesh_Chhabra "Mukesh Chhabra") sent Rao to Mehta's office. Mehta cast him after a screen test. Mehta felt Rao "surrendered himself completely" to the film. In preparing for the role, Rao met Azmi's family and spent time with them to understand the man and his personality. He also studied the [Quran](/wiki/Quran "Quran") and attended courtrooms to understand how lawyers behave. Rao said he was "emotionally drained" as the character was challenging and complex. In the scenes where he had to cry, Rao said he could not stop himself, thinking about what Azmi had to go through. [Tigmanshu Dhulia](/wiki/Tigmanshu_Dhulia "Tigmanshu Dhulia"), [Prabhleen Sandhu](/wiki/Prabhleen_Sandhu "Prabhleen Sandhu"), [Kay Kay Menon](/wiki/Kay_Kay_Menon "Kay Kay Menon") and [Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub](/wiki/Mohammed_Zeeshan_Ayyub "Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub") played supporting roles in the film.{{cite news \|url\=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/raanjhanaa\-actor\-zeeshan\-ayyub\-looking\-forward\-to\-the\-release\-of\-shahid/1141642/ \|title\=Raanjhanaa actor Zeeshan Ayyub looking forward to the release of Shahid \|work\=The Indian Express \|date\=14 July 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714085155/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/raanjhanaa\-actor\-zeeshan\-ayyub\-looking\-forward\-to\-the\-release\-of\-shahid/1141642/ \|archive\-date\=14 July 2018}} Vivek Ghamande played the role of Faheem Ansari while [Baljinder Kaur](/wiki/Baljinder_Kaur "Baljinder Kaur") of Ammi.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shahid/cast/ \|title\=Shahid Cast \& Crew \|website\=\[\[Bollywood Hungama]] \|date\=18 October 2013 \|access\-date\=19 January 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120170638/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shahid/cast/ \|archive\-date\=20 January 2019\|url\-status\=live}} ### Filming *Shahid* was made on a production budget of {{INRConvert\|6\.5\|m}} and filmed in complete secrecy.{{cite news \|url\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/superstars\-do\-not\-guarantee\-success\-raj\-kumar/ \|title\=Superstars do not guarantee success: Raj Kumar \|work\=The Indian Express \|date\=26 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614172345/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/superstars\-do\-not\-guarantee\-success\-raj\-kumar/ \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} It was shot in several Mumbai neighbourhoods Azmi had frequented including [Kurla](/wiki/Kurla "Kurla"), [Govandi](/wiki/Govandi "Govandi") and [Pydhonie](/wiki/Pydhonie "Pydhonie"). Mehta chose to shoot in the apartment above Azmi's ground floor residence in the Taximen's Colony as he wanted to "capture the sense of claustrophobia and unkemptness of his home".{{cite news \|url\=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday\-read/Keeping\-it\-real/articleshow/24405378\.cms \|title\=Keeping it real \|last\=Holla \|first\=Anand \|work\=\[\[Mumbai Mirror]] \|date\=20 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614145617/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday\-read/Keeping\-it\-real/articleshow/24405378\.cms \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} Some portions of the film were shot in Azmi's office and his colony.{{cite web \|url\=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shahid\-makes\-shahid\-azmis\-brother\-emotional\-635836 \|title\=Shahid makes Shahid Azmi's brother emotional \|publisher\=\[\[NDTV]] \|date\=19 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171536/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shahid\-makes\-shahid\-azmis\-brother\-emotional\-635836 \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} *Shahid* was also shot in [Nagpada](/wiki/Nagpada "Nagpada"), where Faheem Ansari's wife Yasmin lives.{{cite news \|title\=The 'unlikely' lawyer as an unlikely hero \|url\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the\-unlikely\-lawyer\-as\-an\-unlikely\-hero/985769/0 \|work\=The Indian Express \|date\=9 August 2012 \|access\-date\=9 August 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010071725/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the\-unlikely\-lawyer\-as\-an\-unlikely\-hero/985769/0 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2013}} The scenes in the terrorist training camp were shot in [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh "Himachal Pradesh"). Mehta decided to depict realistic court scenes based on his team's observation of real courts. They visited the Andheri Court and the Esplanade Court among others, taking photographs to recreate the ambience for the courtroom scenes.{{cite news \|url\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment\-others/screen\-exclusive\-in\-conversation\-with\-shahid\-director\-and\-on\-screen\-shahid\-azmi/ \|title\=Screen Exclusive: In conversation with 'Shahid' director and on screen Shahid Azmi \|work\=The Indian Express \|date\=18 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171843/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment\-others/screen\-exclusive\-in\-conversation\-with\-shahid\-director\-and\-on\-screen\-shahid\-azmi/ \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} Courtroom sets were built because filming in an actual court is not permitted. The scene where Azmi's face is blackened by assailants outside a courtroom was a re\-enactment of an incident from Mehta's own life. In 2000, members of [Shiv Sena](/wiki/Shiv_Sena "Shiv Sena") who were protesting against Mehta's [drama film](/wiki/Drama_%28film_and_television%29 "Drama (film and television)") *[Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar!!](/wiki/Dil_Pe_Mat_Le_Yaar%21%21 "Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar!!")* attacked him and vandalised his office. The film's unit consisted of about 17 people because of budget and time constraints; it was made on a budget of {{INRConvert\|6\.5\|m}}. The film was shot linearly on a non\-linear draft. Mehta said it was filmed guerilla style using all "available digital formats without really worrying about which lens was available". The filmmaker used only natural or minimal lighting. For an interrogation scene, Rao suggested Mehta show him naked as he wanted to "feel the embarrassment, the mental pain of the character."{{cite news \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nude\-scene\-in\-Shahid\-was\-my\-idea\-Rajkumar\-Yadav/articleshow/24200732\.cms \|title\=Nude scene in 'Shahid' was my idea: Rajkumar Yadav \|work\=The Times of India \|date\=15 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625160550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nude\-scene\-in\-Shahid\-was\-my\-idea\-Rajkumar\-Yadav/articleshow/24200732\.cms \|archive\-date\=25 June 2018}} The film's editor, [Apurva Asrani](/wiki/Apurva_Asrani "Apurva Asrani"), edited the film in a linear order as he felt an earlier version was "not working". Mehta ultimately decided to give him a screenplay credit as he felt Asrani "shaped the narrative" of the film. *Shahid* was jointly produced by Kashyap, [UTV Spotboy](/wiki/UTV_Motion_Pictures%23UTV_Spotboy "UTV Motion Pictures#UTV Spotboy") and [Sunil Bohra](/wiki/Sunil_Bohra "Sunil Bohra").{{cite news \|url\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shahid\-director\-i\-had\-no\-apprehension\-in\-doing\-a\-biopic/ \|title\='Shahid' director: I had no apprehension in doing a biopic \|work\=The Indian Express \|date\=16 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614200219/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shahid\-director\-i\-had\-no\-apprehension\-in\-doing\-a\-biopic/ \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} Azmi had defended Kashyap's film *[Black Friday](/wiki/Black_Friday_%282007_film%29 "Black Friday (2007 film)")* (2007\) in the courts while it was debarred from release by the [Central Board of Film Certification](/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification "Central Board of Film Certification"). Anuj Dhawan served as the film's [director of photography](/wiki/Director_of_photography "Director of photography").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir\-not\-raj\-kumar\-was\-top\-choice\-for\-shahid\-director/story\-KeE1N0WNbmXPR8FU4JrQxI.html \|title\='Ranbir not Raj Kumar' was top choice for Shahid: director \|last\=Jha \|first\=Subhash K \|work\=\[\[Hindustan Times]] \|date\=19 October 2013 \|access\-date\=14 June 2018\|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir\-not\-raj\-kumar\-was\-top\-choice\-for\-shahid\-director/story\-KeE1N0WNbmXPR8FU4JrQxI.html \|archive\-date\=14 June 2018}} Mehta said that they had a lot of material they did not use as "not all of it could translate into a scene"; he wanted the film to be more accessible. Azmi's brother Khalid Azmi said of the film's authenticity that "it is 95 percent accurate."
[ "Production\n----------", "{{quote box\\|width\\=30%\\|align\\=right\\|quote\\=\"I was very mesmerised by this young lad who had taken on the system on his own. He was killed at 32, but there was so much he had achieved before that. I knew there was a story to tell there.\"\\|source\\=Mehta on the film.}}", "### Development", "Mehta stated in an interview with Priyanka Pereira of *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* that he needed a break after some of his films proved to be a box\\-office failures, like *[Woodstock Villa](/wiki/Woodstock_Villa \"Woodstock Villa\")* (2007\\) and *Raakh* (2010\\).{{cite news \\|url\\=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/10/06/qa\\-hansal\\-mehta\\-on\\-his\\-new\\-film\\-shahid/ \\|title\\=Q\\&A: Hansal Mehta on His New Film 'Shahid' \\|last\\=Pereira \\|first\\=Priyanka \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\|date\\=6 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171404/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/10/06/qa\\-hansal\\-mehta\\-on\\-his\\-new\\-film\\-shahid/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} On 11 February 2010, lawyer [Shahid Azmi](/wiki/Shahid_Azmi \"Shahid Azmi\") was shot dead in his office in Mumbai at the age of 32\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=26/11 accused Fahim Ansari's lawyer Shahid Azmi shot dead \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11\\-accused\\-Fahim\\-Ansaris\\-lawyer\\-Shahid\\-Azmi\\-shot\\-dead/articleshow/5561910\\.cms \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Times of India]] \\|date\\=11 February 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925131620/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010\\-02\\-11/india/28127692\\_1\\_fahim\\-ansari\\-assailants\\-shahid\\-azmi \\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He had represented those accused of the [2006 Mumbai train bombings](/wiki/2006_Mumbai_train_bombings \"2006 Mumbai train bombings\"), the [2006 Malegaon bombings](/wiki/2006_Malegaon_bombings \"2006 Malegaon bombings\") and while he was defending Faheem Ansari in the [2008 Mumbai attacks](/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks \"2008 Mumbai attacks\") case, he was killed.{{cite news \\|title\\=The lawyer who courted death \\|url\\=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ryxborlNOcg3cP0Bh7GSDM/The\\-lawyer\\-who\\-courted\\-death.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[Mint (newspaper)\\|Mint]] \\|date\\=13 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925174602/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ryxborlNOcg3cP0Bh7GSDM/The\\-lawyer\\-who\\-courted\\-death.html \\|archive\\-date\\=25 September 2013}} Azmi was arrested during the communal riots of 1992–1993 in Mumbai and later studied law and began defending people arrested on false charges.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansal\\-mehta\\-a\\-street\\-should\\-be\\-named\\-after\\-shahid/ \\|title\\=Hansal Mehta: A street should be named after 'Shahid' \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Indian Express]] \\|date\\=16 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614172310/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hansal\\-mehta\\-a\\-street\\-should\\-be\\-named\\-after\\-shahid/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} The lawyer secured 17 acquittals in his seven\\-year career.{{cite news \\|title\\=Film remembers Indian lawyer Shahid Azmi as symbol of hope \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-asia\\-india\\-19595663 \\|access\\-date\\=15 May 2013 \\|publisher\\=BBC \\|date\\=28 September 2012\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126083611/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-asia\\-india\\-19595663 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 November 2012}} Mehta said that when he heard about Azmi's murder, he had a sense that the tale of his life could pull his \"creativity out of the rut\". He felt that Azmi lived an \"ordinary life, with extraordinary conviction to do what he believed was right\" and that his story \"had to be told\". Mehta began his research nearly three months after Azmi's murder.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.business\\-standard.com/article/pti\\-stories/i\\-owe\\-everything\\-to\\-my\\-lack\\-of\\-success\\-hansal\\-mehta\\-113101500531\\_1\\.html \\|title\\=I owe everything to my lack of success: Hansal Mehta \\|work\\=\\[\\[Business Standard]] \\|date\\=15 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171454/https://www.business\\-standard.com/article/pti\\-stories/i\\-owe\\-everything\\-to\\-my\\-lack\\-of\\-success\\-hansal\\-mehta\\-113101500531\\_1\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} He later met writer Sameer Gautam Singh, who approached Mehta with a script. Mehta said he could not make a film with the script and asked him if he was would co\\-write another script with him. Singh agreed, and Mehta sent him along with his son Jai Mehta to Azmi's hometown to meet his family. They interviewed his family members and friends for two months.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ryxborlNOcg3cP0Bh7GSDM/The\\-lawyer\\-who\\-courted\\-death.html \\|title\\=The lawyer who courted death \\|last\\=Janardhan \\|first\\=Arun \\|work\\=Mint \\|date\\=13 September 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614144254/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ryxborlNOcg3cP0Bh7GSDM/The\\-lawyer\\-who\\-courted\\-death.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} Mehta chose not to go with them as he feared that on seeing a filmmaker, Azmi's family and friends would \"alter the version\" of his life.", "Both Mehta and Singh read several of Azmi's cases for the story.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/interview\\-hansal\\-mehta\\-shahid\\-214032\\-2013\\-10\\-11 \\|title\\=For me, Shahid is Gandhi: Hansal Mehta \\|last\\=Singh \\|first\\=Suhani \\|work\\=\\[\\[India Today]] \\|date\\=11 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614144232/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/interview\\-hansal\\-mehta\\-shahid\\-214032\\-2013\\-10\\-11 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} Mehta noticed that they were written in simple English that could be understood by anyone: \"It told me he was a no\\-nonsense guy. He wanted to fight the battle and not beat around the bush.\" Mehta and Singh also met his colleagues, attended court sessions, petitions, litigations and learned how to get a client acquitted. Mehta later went to seek permission to make the film to the family members who expressed their skepticism about the project. Later, they agreed and talked to him about Azmi. The film focused on Azmi's beginnings and two cases he handled: the 2006 Mumbai train blasts and the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks. Mehta combined several of Azmi's petitions into a single case for \"clarity and dramatic impact\".", "### Casting", "Mehta said he was looking for \"big stars\" for the film, but most were not interested because of his earlier failures. At the time, the film's co\\-producer [Anurag Kashyap](/wiki/Anurag_Kashyap \"Anurag Kashyap\") suggested he cast [Rajkummar Rao](/wiki/Rajkummar_Rao \"Rajkummar Rao\") thinking he was perfect for the role of Azmi. Later, casting director [Mukesh Chhabra](/wiki/Mukesh_Chhabra \"Mukesh Chhabra\") sent Rao to Mehta's office. Mehta cast him after a screen test. Mehta felt Rao \"surrendered himself completely\" to the film. In preparing for the role, Rao met Azmi's family and spent time with them to understand the man and his personality. He also studied the [Quran](/wiki/Quran \"Quran\") and attended courtrooms to understand how lawyers behave. Rao said he was \"emotionally drained\" as the character was challenging and complex. In the scenes where he had to cry, Rao said he could not stop himself, thinking about what Azmi had to go through.", "[Tigmanshu Dhulia](/wiki/Tigmanshu_Dhulia \"Tigmanshu Dhulia\"), [Prabhleen Sandhu](/wiki/Prabhleen_Sandhu \"Prabhleen Sandhu\"), [Kay Kay Menon](/wiki/Kay_Kay_Menon \"Kay Kay Menon\") and [Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub](/wiki/Mohammed_Zeeshan_Ayyub \"Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub\") played supporting roles in the film.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/raanjhanaa\\-actor\\-zeeshan\\-ayyub\\-looking\\-forward\\-to\\-the\\-release\\-of\\-shahid/1141642/ \\|title\\=Raanjhanaa actor Zeeshan Ayyub looking forward to the release of Shahid \\|work\\=The Indian Express \\|date\\=14 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714085155/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/raanjhanaa\\-actor\\-zeeshan\\-ayyub\\-looking\\-forward\\-to\\-the\\-release\\-of\\-shahid/1141642/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2018}} Vivek Ghamande played the role of Faheem Ansari while [Baljinder Kaur](/wiki/Baljinder_Kaur \"Baljinder Kaur\") of Ammi.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shahid/cast/ \\|title\\=Shahid Cast \\& Crew \\|website\\=\\[\\[Bollywood Hungama]] \\|date\\=18 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120170638/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shahid/cast/ \\|archive\\-date\\=20 January 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Filming", "*Shahid* was made on a production budget of {{INRConvert\\|6\\.5\\|m}} and filmed in complete secrecy.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/superstars\\-do\\-not\\-guarantee\\-success\\-raj\\-kumar/ \\|title\\=Superstars do not guarantee success: Raj Kumar \\|work\\=The Indian Express \\|date\\=26 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614172345/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/superstars\\-do\\-not\\-guarantee\\-success\\-raj\\-kumar/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} It was shot in several Mumbai neighbourhoods Azmi had frequented including [Kurla](/wiki/Kurla \"Kurla\"), [Govandi](/wiki/Govandi \"Govandi\") and [Pydhonie](/wiki/Pydhonie \"Pydhonie\"). Mehta chose to shoot in the apartment above Azmi's ground floor residence in the Taximen's Colony as he wanted to \"capture the sense of claustrophobia and unkemptness of his home\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday\\-read/Keeping\\-it\\-real/articleshow/24405378\\.cms \\|title\\=Keeping it real \\|last\\=Holla \\|first\\=Anand \\|work\\=\\[\\[Mumbai Mirror]] \\|date\\=20 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614145617/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday\\-read/Keeping\\-it\\-real/articleshow/24405378\\.cms \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} Some portions of the film were shot in Azmi's office and his colony.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shahid\\-makes\\-shahid\\-azmis\\-brother\\-emotional\\-635836 \\|title\\=Shahid makes Shahid Azmi's brother emotional \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NDTV]] \\|date\\=19 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171536/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shahid\\-makes\\-shahid\\-azmis\\-brother\\-emotional\\-635836 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} *Shahid* was also shot in [Nagpada](/wiki/Nagpada \"Nagpada\"), where Faheem Ansari's wife Yasmin lives.{{cite news \\|title\\=The 'unlikely' lawyer as an unlikely hero \\|url\\=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the\\-unlikely\\-lawyer\\-as\\-an\\-unlikely\\-hero/985769/0 \\|work\\=The Indian Express \\|date\\=9 August 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010071725/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the\\-unlikely\\-lawyer\\-as\\-an\\-unlikely\\-hero/985769/0 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2013}} The scenes in the terrorist training camp were shot in [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh \"Himachal Pradesh\").", "Mehta decided to depict realistic court scenes based on his team's observation of real courts. They visited the Andheri Court and the Esplanade Court among others, taking photographs to recreate the ambience for the courtroom scenes.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment\\-others/screen\\-exclusive\\-in\\-conversation\\-with\\-shahid\\-director\\-and\\-on\\-screen\\-shahid\\-azmi/ \\|title\\=Screen Exclusive: In conversation with 'Shahid' director and on screen Shahid Azmi \\|work\\=The Indian Express \\|date\\=18 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171843/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment\\-others/screen\\-exclusive\\-in\\-conversation\\-with\\-shahid\\-director\\-and\\-on\\-screen\\-shahid\\-azmi/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} Courtroom sets were built because filming in an actual court is not permitted. The scene where Azmi's face is blackened by assailants outside a courtroom was a re\\-enactment of an incident from Mehta's own life. In 2000, members of [Shiv Sena](/wiki/Shiv_Sena \"Shiv Sena\") who were protesting against Mehta's [drama film](/wiki/Drama_%28film_and_television%29 \"Drama (film and television)\") *[Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar!!](/wiki/Dil_Pe_Mat_Le_Yaar%21%21 \"Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar!!\")* attacked him and vandalised his office.", "The film's unit consisted of about 17 people because of budget and time constraints; it was made on a budget of {{INRConvert\\|6\\.5\\|m}}. The film was shot linearly on a non\\-linear draft. Mehta said it was filmed guerilla style using all \"available digital formats without really worrying about which lens was available\". The filmmaker used only natural or minimal lighting. For an interrogation scene, Rao suggested Mehta show him naked as he wanted to \"feel the embarrassment, the mental pain of the character.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nude\\-scene\\-in\\-Shahid\\-was\\-my\\-idea\\-Rajkumar\\-Yadav/articleshow/24200732\\.cms \\|title\\=Nude scene in 'Shahid' was my idea: Rajkumar Yadav \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|date\\=15 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625160550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nude\\-scene\\-in\\-Shahid\\-was\\-my\\-idea\\-Rajkumar\\-Yadav/articleshow/24200732\\.cms \\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2018}} The film's editor, [Apurva Asrani](/wiki/Apurva_Asrani \"Apurva Asrani\"), edited the film in a linear order as he felt an earlier version was \"not working\". Mehta ultimately decided to give him a screenplay credit as he felt Asrani \"shaped the narrative\" of the film.", "*Shahid* was jointly produced by Kashyap, [UTV Spotboy](/wiki/UTV_Motion_Pictures%23UTV_Spotboy \"UTV Motion Pictures#UTV Spotboy\") and [Sunil Bohra](/wiki/Sunil_Bohra \"Sunil Bohra\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shahid\\-director\\-i\\-had\\-no\\-apprehension\\-in\\-doing\\-a\\-biopic/ \\|title\\='Shahid' director: I had no apprehension in doing a biopic \\|work\\=The Indian Express \\|date\\=16 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614200219/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shahid\\-director\\-i\\-had\\-no\\-apprehension\\-in\\-doing\\-a\\-biopic/ \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}} Azmi had defended Kashyap's film *[Black Friday](/wiki/Black_Friday_%282007_film%29 \"Black Friday (2007 film)\")* (2007\\) in the courts while it was debarred from release by the [Central Board of Film Certification](/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification \"Central Board of Film Certification\"). Anuj Dhawan served as the film's [director of photography](/wiki/Director_of_photography \"Director of photography\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir\\-not\\-raj\\-kumar\\-was\\-top\\-choice\\-for\\-shahid\\-director/story\\-KeE1N0WNbmXPR8FU4JrQxI.html \\|title\\='Ranbir not Raj Kumar' was top choice for Shahid: director \\|last\\=Jha \\|first\\=Subhash K \\|work\\=\\[\\[Hindustan Times]] \\|date\\=19 October 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171401/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir\\-not\\-raj\\-kumar\\-was\\-top\\-choice\\-for\\-shahid\\-director/story\\-KeE1N0WNbmXPR8FU4JrQxI.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 June 2018}}\nMehta said that they had a lot of material they did not use as \"not all of it could translate into a scene\"; he wanted the film to be more accessible. Azmi's brother Khalid Azmi said of the film's authenticity that \"it is 95 percent accurate.\"", "" ]
Plot ---- After the Wicked Witch of the West is melted by a bucket of water, and Dorothy is sent back to her world, [Glinda](/wiki/Glinda_the_Good_Witch "Glinda the Good Witch"), the Good Witch of the South, decides to revive the Wicked Witch and remove her powers by storing them in a magic broom. Glinda then gives the magical broom to Dorothy's friends, [Tin Woodman](/wiki/Tin_Woodman "Tin Woodman"), [Cowardly Lion](/wiki/Cowardly_Lion "Cowardly Lion"), and [Scarecrow](/wiki/Scarecrow_%28Oz%29 "Scarecrow (Oz)"), and they become the guardians of the broom. Evilene, the Wicked Witch, conspires with her Flying Monkeys to retrieve her broom. However, a friendly little monkey named Ozzy forgets to close the gate of the castle and a battle ensues between the flying monkeys and the 'Bums of Oz.' Evilene retrieves her broom and repels the Champions of Oz from the castle. She then punishes Ozzy's father, transforming him into a chicken. Angered by the witch's spell on his father, Ozzy steals the broom from Evilene and runs away from the palace. Ozzy reaches Glinda to find she has been paralyzed by accidentally drinking a magic potion created by her niece Gabby, who is unable to create an antidote without a vital ingredient based on wood. Gabby and Ozzy set off to find the Champions of Oz. They are pursued by the other Flying Monkeys. They soon find [Cowardly Lion](/wiki/Cowardly_Lion "Cowardly Lion"), who is out of sorts due to the witch's spell, but with some effort they guide him to the north town, where they find the [Tin Woodman](/wiki/Tin_Woodman "Tin Woodman"), who is extremely depressed by the spell. The spell\-raged Lion smashes the Tin Man to bits, but calms down when Ozzy accidentally hits him with the magic broom. Ozzy, Gaby, and the Cowardly Lion take the Tin Man's parts to the Library of Oz where (due to the spell) Scarecrow is obsessively reading books in an effort to become more intelligent. He quickly repairs Tin with the help from a clue. However, the group is attacked by the Flying Monkeys, and in the chaos Ozzy cures Scarecrow of the spell's effects, but they are unable to save Gabby from being whisked away by the Flying Monkeys. The group arrives in Emerald City where the Wicked Witch gives an ultimatum to Ozzy to return the broom. The Guardians of Oz challenge the Witch but they are quickly defeated. Ozzy decides to break the broom in order to remove Evilene's powers for good, and tells the rest of the winged monkeys that they obey Evilene due to their dumb and cowardly mindset. The Monkeys rebel against Evilene who discovers there is some power left in the broom and tries to defeat Ozzy who escapes with a part of the broom. A chase through the streets of Emerald City ends with a crash in the fountain dedicated to Dorothy Gale, and the wicked witch is melted for good. As the story ends, Glinda breaks Evilene's spell on Ozzy's father and Ozzy learns how to fly on his own, being recognized as a hero by all of Oz.
[ "Plot\n----", "After the Wicked Witch of the West is melted by a bucket of water, and Dorothy is sent back to her world, [Glinda](/wiki/Glinda_the_Good_Witch \"Glinda the Good Witch\"), the Good Witch of the South, decides to revive the Wicked Witch and remove her powers by storing them in a magic broom. Glinda then gives the magical broom to Dorothy's friends, [Tin Woodman](/wiki/Tin_Woodman \"Tin Woodman\"), [Cowardly Lion](/wiki/Cowardly_Lion \"Cowardly Lion\"), and [Scarecrow](/wiki/Scarecrow_%28Oz%29 \"Scarecrow (Oz)\"), and they become the guardians of the broom.", "Evilene, the Wicked Witch, conspires with her Flying Monkeys to retrieve her broom. However, a friendly little monkey named Ozzy forgets to close the gate of the castle and a battle ensues between the flying monkeys and the 'Bums of Oz.' Evilene retrieves her broom and repels the Champions of Oz from the castle. She then punishes Ozzy's father, transforming him into a chicken. Angered by the witch's spell on his father, Ozzy steals the broom from Evilene and runs away from the palace.", "Ozzy reaches Glinda to find she has been paralyzed by accidentally drinking a magic potion created by her niece Gabby, who is unable to create an antidote without a vital ingredient based on wood. Gabby and Ozzy set off to find the Champions of Oz. They are pursued by the other Flying Monkeys.", "They soon find [Cowardly Lion](/wiki/Cowardly_Lion \"Cowardly Lion\"), who is out of sorts due to the witch's spell, but with some effort they guide him to the north town, where they find the [Tin Woodman](/wiki/Tin_Woodman \"Tin Woodman\"), who is extremely depressed by the spell. The spell\\-raged Lion smashes the Tin Man to bits, but calms down when Ozzy accidentally hits him with the magic broom.", "Ozzy, Gaby, and the Cowardly Lion take the Tin Man's parts to the Library of Oz where (due to the spell) Scarecrow is obsessively reading books in an effort to become more intelligent. He quickly repairs Tin with the help from a clue. However, the group is attacked by the Flying Monkeys, and in the chaos Ozzy cures Scarecrow of the spell's effects, but they are unable to save Gabby from being whisked away by the Flying Monkeys.", "The group arrives in Emerald City where the Wicked Witch gives an ultimatum to Ozzy to return the broom. The Guardians of Oz challenge the Witch but they are quickly defeated. Ozzy decides to break the broom in order to remove Evilene's powers for good, and tells the rest of the winged monkeys that they obey Evilene due to their dumb and cowardly mindset. The Monkeys rebel against Evilene who discovers there is some power left in the broom and tries to defeat Ozzy who escapes with a part of the broom. A chase through the streets of Emerald City ends with a crash in the fountain dedicated to Dorothy Gale, and the wicked witch is melted for good.", "As the story ends, Glinda breaks Evilene's spell on Ozzy's father and Ozzy learns how to fly on his own, being recognized as a hero by all of Oz.", "" ]
History ------- The origins of the School of English can be traced back to the Department of English \& Secretarial Studies in the Birmingham College of Commerce in the 1950s. In 1959, the department began offering the external University of London BA English degree. One of the graduates during this period was the celebrated novelist [Jim Crace](/wiki/Jim_Crace "Jim Crace"). During the 1960s, the department became the Department of English \& Foreign Languages in a Faculty of Arts \& Social Sciences, and this became one of the constituent faculties when the City of Birmingham Polytechnic was formed in 1971\. During the 1980s, the department became the Department of English \& Communication Studies in the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences. In 1985 the English degree was revised and renamed BA English Language \& Literature. At the time this was one of the few single honours courses that allowed students to combine literary and linguistic study. When polytechnics were given university status in 1992, Birmingham Polytechnic became the University of Central England in Birmingham. English and Communication Studies went their separate ways, Communication Studies to Art \& Design, and English (now the School of English) to the Faculty of Computing \& Information Studies, which was eventually renamed the Faculty of Computing, Information \& English (CIE). In 2004, the School joined the Faculty of Law \& Social Sciences. Following a faculty reorganisation in the renamed Birmingham City University in 2007, the School of English found itself in the Faculty of Performance, Media \& English (PME), before joining the Arts, Design \& Media faculty (ADM) in 2014\.
[ "History\n-------", "The origins of the School of English can be traced back to the Department of English \\& Secretarial Studies in the Birmingham College of Commerce in the 1950s. In 1959, the department began offering the external University of London BA English degree. One of the graduates during this period was the celebrated novelist [Jim Crace](/wiki/Jim_Crace \"Jim Crace\").", "During the 1960s, the department became the Department of English \\& Foreign Languages in a Faculty of Arts \\& Social Sciences, and this became one of the constituent faculties when the City of Birmingham Polytechnic was formed in 1971\\.", "During the 1980s, the department became the Department of English \\& Communication Studies in the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences. In 1985 the English degree was revised and renamed BA English Language \\& Literature. At the time this was one of the few single honours courses that allowed students to combine literary and linguistic study.", "When polytechnics were given university status in 1992, Birmingham Polytechnic became the University of Central England in Birmingham. English and Communication Studies went their separate ways, Communication Studies to Art \\& Design, and English (now the School of English) to the Faculty of Computing \\& Information Studies, which was eventually renamed the Faculty of Computing, Information \\& English (CIE).", "In 2004, the School joined the Faculty of Law \\& Social Sciences. Following a faculty reorganisation in the renamed Birmingham City University in 2007, the School of English found itself in the Faculty of Performance, Media \\& English (PME), before joining the Arts, Design \\& Media faculty (ADM) in 2014\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- The book starts with the traction city of London chasing and catching a small mining town called Salthook. Tom Natsworthy, a teenage Apprentice Historian, is sent, as punishment for skipping a chore, to the "Gut" of London, where captured Traction cities or towns are stripped of resources. Tom incidentally meets the Head of the Guild of Historians, Thaddeus Valentine, along with his daughter, Katherine. One of Salthook's residents, teenager Hester Shaw, attempts to assassinate Valentine, but Tom interferes and chases her. She reveals a disfiguring scar on her face and claims Valentine caused it, before escaping the London police through a chute. When Tom informs Valentine of her name, Valentine pushes him down into the chute. Tom and Hester recover outside of London within the Hunting Ground and, after an argument, they start following the city's tracks to reboard it. The pair eventually boards a small town called Speedwell, where the owner Orme Wreyland drugs them and plans to sell the pair as slaves for profit at a trading cluster. Tom and Hester escape from Wreyland, meeting a friendly airship pilot called Anna Fang, who takes them in her airship the *Jenny Haniver* to the neutral flying city of Airhaven where they can find passage to London. At Airhaven, they are then attacked by a [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg "Cyborg") "Stalker" called Shrike, who was sent after them by the London Mayor Magnus Crome to kill them and bring their bodies to him. Tom and Hester escape by stealing a hot\-air balloon and drift over the Hunting Ground. Hester reveals that when she was a child, her parents were killed by Valentine as they would not give up an Ancient machine. Valentine then injured her and believed that she was dead. Hester escaped, and Shrike took care of her for most of her childhood. Despite the fact that Shrike was not supposed to have feelings, he developed a fatherlike bond with her. Wanting to avenge her parents, Hester left Shrike despite his pleas for her to stay and travelled to London. Shrike followed her, reaching London first, but was captured by Crome and used to create more Stalkers for London. Hester sees that a London\-built scoutship is following them and lowers the balloon onto the Hunting Ground. The scoutship, with Shrike on board, finds the pair and the Stalker confronts them. Before he can explain why he wants Hester to die, two chasing towns run over him, and Tom and Hester manage to board the second of these, a pirate town called Tunbridge Wheels. The mayor, Chrysler Peavy, who knows Hester from her days with Shrike, frees Tom as he is a resident of London and Peavy wishes to learn etiquette worthy of a Londoner gentleman. Tom convinces him to free Hester, and Peavy informs them that he plans to consume the downed Airhaven. While charging at it over shallow water, Tunbridge Wheels beaches on a coral reef, sinking it whilst the survivors escape inland with Tom and Hester. Whilst attempting to feebly retake Airhaven, Peavy gets stuck in a bog and his pirate subordinates shoot him, then attempt to execute Tom and Hester, but Shrike intervenes and kills the remaining pirates. Shrike explains to Hester that Crome had agreed to resurrect her as a Stalker similar to him after he brings back her body. She agrees to this, but Tom intervenes by stabbing Shrike in the eye, shutting him down, and saving her life. Valentine is sent away by Crome on a "secret mission", much to Katherine's dismay. Suspicious of her father, Katherine begins investigating events in London with the help of Apprentice Engineer Bevis Pod, whom she befriends after discovering he witnessed Tom chasing Hester. They discover that Valentine salvaged a monstrous ancient weapon called MEDUSA for London and that the Guild of Engineers had reassembled it inside [St Paul's Cathedral](/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral "St Paul's Cathedral"). The Cathedral's dome splits open to reveal MEDUSA, which is then used to destroy a much larger city pursuing London. Tom and Hester are rescued by Fang, who is revealed to be an Anti\-Traction League agent and takes them to the Shield Wall of Batmunkh Gompa which protects the nation\-state of the League. Fang suspects that the weapon that London has reassembled will be used to destroy the Shield Wall, and warns League Governor Khan of MEDUSA. Khan is skeptical that London will attack, but Fang insists that they should bomb London to destroy the weapon. Convinced that the League will kill innocent people and angry at the idea of destroying his home, Tom storms out and discovers Valentine has infiltrated Batmunkh Gompa as a monk. Tom raises the alarm, but Valentine successfully cripples the League's northern fleet of airships. Valentine duels and kills Fang by stabbing her in the neck, before escaping in his own airship the *13th Floor Elevator*. Tom and Hester take the *Jenny Haniver* and fly it back to London in the hope of stopping Valentine and MEDUSA themselves. With MEDUSA finally launched, Crome begins guiding London east towards the Anti\-Traction League's base behind the Shield Wall of Batmunkh Gompa to destroy their defenses and devour all of their settlements. After Valentine returns, Katherine learns that MEDUSA was originally found by Hester's mother, Pandora and that he had killed her to steal it for London. He also admits that Katherine was likely Hester's half\-sister. Disillusioned, and horrified by the destructive power of the weapon, Katherine and Bevis conspire to plant a bomb to destroy MEDUSA but are caught in their attempt. The Guild of Historians, led by Tom's boss Chudleigh Pomeroy, come to their aid, and battle with the Engineers. Katherine travels up to the Top Tier to Saint Paul's Cathedral, with Bevis disguised as her captor. Tom and Hester arrive, and Hester attempts to fight her way to Valentine to avenge her parents. Tom is attacked by the *13th Floor Elevator* above London and shoots it down. Bevis is killed when the airship crushes him, but Katherine is able to reach Saint Paul's Cathedral. Inside, she sees Hester brought before Valentine. When he attempts to kill her, Katherine jumps in her father's way and is fatally wounded. She falls onto a keyboard, interrupting the firing sequence of MEDUSA, and causing it to malfunction. Valentine and Hester, briefly putting aside their differences, try to take Katherine to Tom to get help, but she dies before they can reach him. Hester leaves with Tom in the airship, while Valentine chooses to stay behind in London. MEDUSA finally misfires, obliterating most of the city and killing Valentine. Hester tries to comfort a grief\-stricken Tom as they fly away in the *Jenny Haniver*, apparently the only survivors of the incident, and make their way to the Bird Roads.
[ "Plot\n----", "The book starts with the traction city of London chasing and catching a small mining town called Salthook. Tom Natsworthy, a teenage Apprentice Historian, is sent, as punishment for skipping a chore, to the \"Gut\" of London, where captured Traction cities or towns are stripped of resources. Tom incidentally meets the Head of the Guild of Historians, Thaddeus Valentine, along with his daughter, Katherine. One of Salthook's residents, teenager Hester Shaw, attempts to assassinate Valentine, but Tom interferes and chases her. She reveals a disfiguring scar on her face and claims Valentine caused it, before escaping the London police through a chute. When Tom informs Valentine of her name, Valentine pushes him down into the chute. Tom and Hester recover outside of London within the Hunting Ground and, after an argument, they start following the city's tracks to reboard it.", "The pair eventually boards a small town called Speedwell, where the owner Orme Wreyland drugs them and plans to sell the pair as slaves for profit at a trading cluster. Tom and Hester escape from Wreyland, meeting a friendly airship pilot called Anna Fang, who takes them in her airship the *Jenny Haniver* to the neutral flying city of Airhaven where they can find passage to London. At Airhaven, they are then attacked by a [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg \"Cyborg\") \"Stalker\" called Shrike, who was sent after them by the London Mayor Magnus Crome to kill them and bring their bodies to him.", "Tom and Hester escape by stealing a hot\\-air balloon and drift over the Hunting Ground. Hester reveals that when she was a child, her parents were killed by Valentine as they would not give up an Ancient machine. Valentine then injured her and believed that she was dead. Hester escaped, and Shrike took care of her for most of her childhood. Despite the fact that Shrike was not supposed to have feelings, he developed a fatherlike bond with her. Wanting to avenge her parents, Hester left Shrike despite his pleas for her to stay and travelled to London. Shrike followed her, reaching London first, but was captured by Crome and used to create more Stalkers for London.", "Hester sees that a London\\-built scoutship is following them and lowers the balloon onto the Hunting Ground. The scoutship, with Shrike on board, finds the pair and the Stalker confronts them. Before he can explain why he wants Hester to die, two chasing towns run over him, and Tom and Hester manage to board the second of these, a pirate town called Tunbridge Wheels. The mayor, Chrysler Peavy, who knows Hester from her days with Shrike, frees Tom as he is a resident of London and Peavy wishes to learn etiquette worthy of a Londoner gentleman. Tom convinces him to free Hester, and Peavy informs them that he plans to consume the downed Airhaven. While charging at it over shallow water, Tunbridge Wheels beaches on a coral reef, sinking it whilst the survivors escape inland with Tom and Hester. Whilst attempting to feebly retake Airhaven, Peavy gets stuck in a bog and his pirate subordinates shoot him, then attempt to execute Tom and Hester, but Shrike intervenes and kills the remaining pirates. Shrike explains to Hester that Crome had agreed to resurrect her as a Stalker similar to him after he brings back her body. She agrees to this, but Tom intervenes by stabbing Shrike in the eye, shutting him down, and saving her life.", "Valentine is sent away by Crome on a \"secret mission\", much to Katherine's dismay. Suspicious of her father, Katherine begins investigating events in London with the help of Apprentice Engineer Bevis Pod, whom she befriends after discovering he witnessed Tom chasing Hester. They discover that Valentine salvaged a monstrous ancient weapon called MEDUSA for London and that the Guild of Engineers had reassembled it inside [St Paul's Cathedral](/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral \"St Paul's Cathedral\"). The Cathedral's dome splits open to reveal MEDUSA, which is then used to destroy a much larger city pursuing London.", "Tom and Hester are rescued by Fang, who is revealed to be an Anti\\-Traction League agent and takes them to the Shield Wall of Batmunkh Gompa which protects the nation\\-state of the League. Fang suspects that the weapon that London has reassembled will be used to destroy the Shield Wall, and warns League Governor Khan of MEDUSA. Khan is skeptical that London will attack, but Fang insists that they should bomb London to destroy the weapon. Convinced that the League will kill innocent people and angry at the idea of destroying his home, Tom storms out and discovers Valentine has infiltrated Batmunkh Gompa as a monk. Tom raises the alarm, but Valentine successfully cripples the League's northern fleet of airships. Valentine duels and kills Fang by stabbing her in the neck, before escaping in his own airship the *13th Floor Elevator*. Tom and Hester take the *Jenny Haniver* and fly it back to London in the hope of stopping Valentine and MEDUSA themselves.", "With MEDUSA finally launched, Crome begins guiding London east towards the Anti\\-Traction League's base behind the Shield Wall of Batmunkh Gompa to destroy their defenses and devour all of their settlements. After Valentine returns, Katherine learns that MEDUSA was originally found by Hester's mother, Pandora and that he had killed her to steal it for London. He also admits that Katherine was likely Hester's half\\-sister. Disillusioned, and horrified by the destructive power of the weapon, Katherine and Bevis conspire to plant a bomb to destroy MEDUSA but are caught in their attempt.", "The Guild of Historians, led by Tom's boss Chudleigh Pomeroy, come to their aid, and battle with the Engineers. Katherine travels up to the Top Tier to Saint Paul's Cathedral, with Bevis disguised as her captor. Tom and Hester arrive, and Hester attempts to fight her way to Valentine to avenge her parents. Tom is attacked by the *13th Floor Elevator* above London and shoots it down. Bevis is killed when the airship crushes him, but Katherine is able to reach Saint Paul's Cathedral. Inside, she sees Hester brought before Valentine. When he attempts to kill her, Katherine jumps in her father's way and is fatally wounded. She falls onto a keyboard, interrupting the firing sequence of MEDUSA, and causing it to malfunction. Valentine and Hester, briefly putting aside their differences, try to take Katherine to Tom to get help, but she dies before they can reach him.", "Hester leaves with Tom in the airship, while Valentine chooses to stay behind in London. MEDUSA finally misfires, obliterating most of the city and killing Valentine. Hester tries to comfort a grief\\-stricken Tom as they fly away in the *Jenny Haniver*, apparently the only survivors of the incident, and make their way to the Bird Roads.", "" ]
Format ------ In the 1992–93 Cypriot Cup, participated all the teams of the [Cypriot First Division](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Cypriot_First_Division "1992–93 Cypriot First Division"), the [Cypriot Second Division](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Cypriot_Second_Division "1992–93 Cypriot Second Division"), the [Cypriot Third Division](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Cypriot_Third_Division "1992–93 Cypriot Third Division") and 30 of the 40 teams of the [Cypriot Fourth Division](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Cypriot_Fourth_Division "1992–93 Cypriot Fourth Division"). The competition consisted of seven knock\-out rounds. In the preliminary rounds and in the first round each tie was played as a single leg and was held at the home ground of one of the two teams, according to the draw results. Each tie winner was qualifying to the next round. If a match was drawn, extra time was following. If extra time was drawn, there was a replay at the ground of the team who were away for the first game. If the rematch was also drawn, then extra time was following and if the match remained drawn after [extra time](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)") the winner was decided by [penalty shoot\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)"). The next three rounds were played in a two\-legged format, each team playing a home and an away match against their opponent. The team which scored more goals on aggregate, was qualifying to the next round. If the two teams scored the same number of goals on aggregate, then the team which scored more goals away from home was advancing to the next round. If both teams had scored the same number of home and away goals, then [extra time](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)") was following after the end of the second leg match. If during the extra thirty minutes both teams had managed to score, but they had scored the same number of goals, then the team who scored the away goals was advancing to the next round (i.e. the team which was playing away). If there weren't scored any goals during extra time, the qualifying team was determined by [penalty shoot\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 "Penalty shoot-out (association football)"). The cup winner secured a place in the [1993–94 European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup "1993–94 European Cup Winners' Cup").
[ "Format\n------", "In the 1992–93 Cypriot Cup, participated all the teams of the [Cypriot First Division](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Cypriot_First_Division \"1992–93 Cypriot First Division\"), the [Cypriot Second Division](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Cypriot_Second_Division \"1992–93 Cypriot Second Division\"), the [Cypriot Third Division](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Cypriot_Third_Division \"1992–93 Cypriot Third Division\") and 30 of the 40 teams of the [Cypriot Fourth Division](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Cypriot_Fourth_Division \"1992–93 Cypriot Fourth Division\").", "The competition consisted of seven knock\\-out rounds. In the preliminary rounds and in the first round each tie was played as a single leg and was held at the home ground of one of the two teams, according to the draw results. Each tie winner was qualifying to the next round. If a match was drawn, extra time was following. If extra time was drawn, there was a replay at the ground of the team who were away for the first game. If the rematch was also drawn, then extra time was following and if the match remained drawn after [extra time](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\") the winner was decided by [penalty shoot\\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\").", "The next three rounds were played in a two\\-legged format, each team playing a home and an away match against their opponent. The team which scored more goals on aggregate, was qualifying to the next round. If the two teams scored the same number of goals on aggregate, then the team which scored more goals away from home was advancing to the next round.", "If both teams had scored the same number of home and away goals, then [extra time](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\") was following after the end of the second leg match. If during the extra thirty minutes both teams had managed to score, but they had scored the same number of goals, then the team who scored the away goals was advancing to the next round (i.e. the team which was playing away). If there weren't scored any goals during extra time, the qualifying team was determined by [penalty shoot\\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\").", "The cup winner secured a place in the [1993–94 European Cup Winners' Cup](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup \"1993–94 European Cup Winners' Cup\").", "" ]
Consonants ---------- | | [Bilabial](/wiki/Bilabial_consonant "Bilabial consonant") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant "Alveolar consonant") | [Alveolo\-palatal](/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant "Alveolo-palatal consonant") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant "Palatal consonant") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant "Velar consonant") | [Uvular](/wiki/Uvular_consonant "Uvular consonant") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant "Glottal consonant") | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant "Nasal consonant") | {{IPA link\|m}} | {{IPA link\|n}} | ({{IPA link\|ɲ̟\|ɲ}}) | | ({{IPA link\|ŋ}}) | ({{IPA link\|ɴ}}) | | | [Plosive](/wiki/Plosive "Plosive") | {{IPA link\|p}}  {{IPA link\|b}} | {{IPA link\|t}}  {{IPA link\|d}} | | | {{IPA link\|k}}  {{IPA link\|ɡ}} | | | | [Affricate](/wiki/Affricate_consonant "Affricate consonant") | | ({{IPA link\|ts}})  ({{IPA link\|dz}}) | ({{IPA link\|tɕ}})  ({{IPA link\|dʑ}}) | | | | | | [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant "Fricative consonant") | ({{IPA link\|ɸ}}) | {{IPA link\|s}}  {{IPA link\|z}} | ({{IPA link\|ɕ}})  ({{IPA link\|ʑ}}) | ({{IPA link\|ç}}) | | | {{IPA link\|h}} | | [Liquid](/wiki/Liquid_consonant "Liquid consonant") | | {{IPA link\|ɾ\|r}} | | | | | | | [Semivowel](/wiki/Semivowel "Semivowel") | | | | {{IPA link\|j}} | {{IPA link\|ɰᵝ\|w}} | | | | Special moras | {{IPA\|/\[\[\#Moraic consonants\|N]]/  /\[\[\#Moraic consonants\|Q]]/}} | | | | | | | Different linguists analyze the Japanese inventory of consonant phonemes in significantly different ways:{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=225\-226}} for example, {{harvcoltxt\|Smith\|1980}} recognizes only 12 underlying consonants (/m p b n t d s dz r k ɡ h/),{{sfnp\|Smith\|1980\|loc\=§3\.1}} whereas {{harvcoltxt\|Okada\|1999}} recognizes 16, equivalent to Smith's 12 plus the following 4 (/j w ts ɴ/),{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=117}} and {{harvcoltxt\|Vance\|2008}} recognizes 21, equivalent to Smith's 12 plus the following 9 (/j w ts tɕ (d)ʑ ɕ ɸ N Q/).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=74\-114}} Consonants inside parentheses in the table can be analyzed as [allophones](/wiki/Allophone "Allophone") of other phonemes, at least in native words. In loanwords, {{IPA\|/ɸ, ts/}} sometimes occur phonemically.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=59}} In some analyses the glides {{IPA\|\[j, w]}} are not interpreted as consonant phonemes. In non\-loanword vocabulary, they generally can be followed only by a restricted set of vowel sounds: the permitted sequences, {{IPA\|\[ja, jɯ, jo, wa]}}, are sometimes analyzed as rising diphthongs rather than as consonant\-vowel sequences.{{sfnp\|Smith\|1980\|loc\=§2\.3\.2\.1, 3\.1}}{{sfnp\|Nasukawa\|2015}} {{harvcoltxt\|Lawrence\|2004}} analyzes the glides as non\-syllabic variants of the high vowel phonemes {{IPA\|/i, u/}}, arguing the use of {{IPA\|\[j, w]}} vs. {{IPA\|\[i, ɯ]}} may be predictable if both phonological and morphological context is taken into account. ### Phonetic notes #### Details of articulation * {{IPA\|\[t, d, n]}} are [lamino](/wiki/Laminal_consonant "Laminal consonant")\-alveolar{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=75–76, 87}} or laminal denti\-alveolar{{sfnp\|Kochetov\|2014\|p\=65}}{{sfnp\|Kochetov\|2018\|p\=88}} (that is, the blade of the tongue contacts the back of the upper teeth and the front part of the [alveolar ridge](/wiki/Alveolar_ridge "Alveolar ridge")). {{IPA\|\[ts, s, dz\~z]}} are laminal alveolar.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=78, 82, 84}}{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|pp\=93, 95, 98}} * {{IPA\|\[tɕ, ɕ, dʑ\~ʑ]}} are lamino\-alveolopalatal {{IPA\|\[t̠ɕ, ɕ, d̠ʑ\~ʑ]}}: the affricates are sometimes transcribed broadly as {{IPA\|\[cɕ, ɟʑ]}}{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|pp\=101\-103}} (standing for prepalatal {{IPA\|\[c̟ɕ, ɟ̟ʑ]}}).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=82–84}} The palatalized allophone of {{IPA\|/n/}} before {{IPA\|/i/}} or {{IPA\|/j/}} is also lamino\-alveolopalatal{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=87\-88}} or prepalatal, and so can be transcribed as {{IPA\|\[ɲ̟]}},{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} or more broadly as {{IPAblink\|ɲ}}.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=87\-88}} {{harvcoltxt\|Recasens\|2013}} reports its place of articulation as dentoalveolar or alveolar.{{sfnp\|Recasens\|2013\|p\=11}} * {{IPA\|/w/}} is traditionally described as a [velar](/wiki/Velar_approximant "Velar approximant") {{IPAblink\|ɰ}} or [labialized velar approximant](/wiki/Labialized_velar_approximant "Labialized velar approximant") {{IPAblink\|w}} or something between the two, or as the [semivocalic](/wiki/Semivowel "Semivowel") equivalent of {{IPA\|/u/}} with little to no rounding, while a 2020 [real\-time MRI](/wiki/Real-time_MRI "Real-time MRI") study found it is better described as a [bilabial approximant](/wiki/Bilabial_approximant "Bilabial approximant") {{IPAblink\|β̞}}.{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2020}} * {{IPA\|/h/}} is {{IPAblink\|ç}} before {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/j/}} {{pronunciation\|Hi (Japanese).ogg\|listen\|(\|help\=no}}, and {{IPAblink\|ɸ}} before {{IPA\|/u/}} {{pronunciation\|Ja\-Fu.oga\|listen\|(\|help\=no}},{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} coarticulated with the labial compression of that vowel. When not preceded by a pause, it often may be breathy\-voiced {{IPAblink\|ɦ}} rather than voiceless {{IPAblink\|h}}.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=81}} * Realization of the liquid phoneme {{IPA\|/r/}} varies greatly depending on environment and dialect. The prototypical and most common pronunciation is an [apical](/wiki/Apical_consonant "Apical consonant") tap, either alveolar {{IPAblink\|ɾ}} or postalveolar {{IPAblink\|ɾ̠}}.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=92}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=89}}{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} Utterance\-initially and after {{IPA\|/N/}}, the tap is typically articulated in such a way that the tip of the tongue is at first momentarily in light contact with the alveolar ridge before being released rapidly by airflow.{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p\=106}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=89}} This sound is described variably as a tap, a "variant of {{IPAblink\|ɾ}}", "a kind of weak plosive",{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p\=106}} and "an affricate with short friction, {{IPA\|\[d̠ɹ̝̆]}}".{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} The apical [alveolar or postalveolar lateral approximant](/wiki/Dental%2C_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants "Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants") {{IPAblink\|l}} is a common variant in all conditions,{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} particularly utterance\-initially{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p\=106}} and before {{IPA\|/i, j/}}.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=92}} According to {{harvcoltxt\|Akamatsu\|1997}}, utterance\-initially and intervocalically (that is, except after {{IPA\|/N/}}), the lateral variant is better described as a [tap](/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_flap "Alveolar lateral flap") {{IPAblink\|ɺ}} rather than an approximant.{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p\=106}}{{harvcoltxt\|Akamatsu\|1997}} employs a different symbol, {{IPAblink\|l̆}}, for the lateral tap. The [retroflex lateral approximant](/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_approximant "Retroflex lateral approximant") {{IPAblink\|ɭ}} is also found before {{IPA\|/i, j/}}.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=92}} In Tokyo's [Shitamachi dialect](/wiki/Tokyo_dialect "Tokyo dialect"), the [alveolar trill](/wiki/Alveolar_trill "Alveolar trill") {{IPAblink\|r}} is a variant marked with vulgarity.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=92}} Other reported variants include the [alveolar approximant](/wiki/Alveolar_approximant "Alveolar approximant") {{IPAblink\|ɹ}},{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} the [alveolar stop](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop "Voiced alveolar stop") {{IPAblink\|d}}, the [retroflex flap](/wiki/Retroflex_flap "Retroflex flap") {{IPAblink\|ɽ}}, the [lateral fricative](/wiki/Voiced_lateral_fricative "Voiced lateral fricative") {{IPAblink\|ɮ}},{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=92}} and the [retroflex stop](/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_stop "Voiced retroflex stop") {{IPAblink\|ɖ}}.{{sfnp\|Arai\|Warner\|Greenberg\|2007\|p\=48}} #### Voice onset time At the start of a word, the voiceless stops {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} are slightly [aspirated](/wiki/Aspirated_consonant "Aspirated consonant"){{sfnp\|Gao\|Arai\|2019\|p\=16}}—less so than English stops, but more than those in Spanish.{{sfnp\|Riney\|Takagi\|Ota\|Uchida\|2007}} Word\-medial {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} seem to be unaspirated on average.{{sfnp\|Gao\|Arai\|2019\|p\=16}} Phonetic studies in the 1980s observed an effect of accent as well as word position, with longer [voice onset time](/wiki/Voice_onset_time "Voice onset time") (greater aspiration) in accented syllables than in unaccented syllables.{{harvcoltxt\|Homma\|1981\|pp\=276\-277}}, also {{harvcoltxt\|Homma\|1980}} as cited by {{harvcoltxt\|Vance\|2008\|p\=75}}. A 2019 study of young adult speakers found that after a pause, word\-initial {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ/}} may be pronounced as plosives with zero or low positive voice onset time (categorizable as voiceless unaspirated or "short\-lag" plosives); while significantly less aspirated on average than word\-initial {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}}, some overlap in voice onset time was observed.{{sfnp\|Gao\|Arai\|2019\|p\=19}} A secondary cue to the distinction between {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ/}} and {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} in word\-initial position is a pitch offset on the following vowel: vowels after word\-initial (but not word\-medial) {{IPA\|/p, t, k/}} start out with a higher pitch compared to vowels after {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ/}}, even when the latter are phonetically devoiced.{{sfnp\|Gao\|Arai\|2019\|pp\=22\-25}} Word\-medial {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ/}} are normally fully [voiced](/wiki/Voiced_consonant "Voiced consonant") (or prevoiced), but may become non\-plosives through lenition.{{sfnp\|Gao\|Arai\|2019\|pp\=12, 32}} #### Lenition The phonemes {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ/}} have [weakened](/wiki/Lenition "Lenition") non\-plosive pronunciations that can be broadly transcribed as voiced fricatives {{IPA\|\[β, ð, ɣ]}}, although they may be realized instead as voiced [approximants](/wiki/Approximant "Approximant") {{IPA\|\[β̞, ð̞\~ɹ, ɣ̞\~ɰ]}}.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=76–78}}{{sfnp\|Kitagawa\|Albin\|2023\|pp\=5, 7, 19, 23}} There is no context where the non\-plosive pronunciations are consistently used, but they occur most often between vowels: {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/b/}} \> {{IPAblink\|β}} \| {{IPA\|/abareru/}} \> {{IPA\|\[aβaɾeɾɯ]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|暴れる\|abareru\|lit\=to behave violently\|label\=none}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} \> {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} \| {{IPA\|/haɡe/}} \> {{IPA\|\[haɣe]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|はげ\|hage\|lit\=baldness\|label\=none}} \|} These weakened pronunciations can occur not only in the middle of a word, but also when a word starting with {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ/}} follows a vowel\-final word with no intervening pause. {{harvcoltxt\|Maekawa\|2018}} found that, as with the pronunciation of {{IPA\|/z/}} as {{IPA\|\[dz]}} vs. {{IPA\|\[z]}}, the use of plosive vs. non\-plosive realizations of {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ/}} is closely correlated with the time available to a speaker to articulate the consonant, which is affected by speech rate as well as the identity of the preceding sound.{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2018\|pp\=25, 29–32}} All three show a high (over 90%) rate of plosive pronunciations after {{IPA\|/Q/}} or after a pause; after {{IPA\|/N/}}, plosive pronunciations occur at high (over 80%) rates for {{IPA\|/b/}} and {{IPA\|/d/}}, but less frequently for {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}, probably because word\-medial {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} after {{IPA\|/N/}} is often pronounced instead as a [velar nasal](/wiki/%23Velar_nasal_onset "#Velar nasal onset") {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} (although the use of {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} here may be declining for younger speakers).{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2018\|pp\=25–29, 33\-34}} Across contexts, {{IPA\|/d/}} generally has a higher rate of plosive realizations than {{IPA\|/b/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2018\|pp\=24, 27, 33}} ### Moraic consonants Certain consonant sounds are called 'moraic' because they count for a [mora](/wiki/%23Moras "#Moras"), a unit of timing or prosodic length. The phonemic analysis of moraic consonants is disputed. One approach, particularly popular among Japanese scholars, analyzes moraic consonants as the phonetic realization of special "mora phonemes" ({{lang\-ja\|モーラ 音素\|mōra onso\|label\=none}}): a mora nasal {{IPA\|/N/}}, called the [*hatsuon*](/wiki/N_%28kana%29 "N (kana)"), and a mora obstruent consonant {{IPA\|/Q/}}, called the *[sokuon](/wiki/Sokuon "Sokuon")*.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=132\-135}} The pronunciation of these sounds varies depending on context: because of this, they may be analyzed as "placeless" phonemes with no phonologically specified [place of articulation](/wiki/Place_of_articulation "Place of articulation").{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=59, 133, 135}} A competing approach rejects the transcriptions {{IPA\|/Q/}} and {{IPA\|/N/}} and the identification of moraic consonants as their own phonemes, treating them instead as the syllable\-final realizations of other consonant phonemes{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015a\|p\=34}} (although some analysts prefer to avoid using the concept of syllables when discussing Japanese phonology{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p\=332}}). #### Moraic nasal The moraic nasal{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|pp\=153, 331\-332}} or mora nasal ([hiragana](/wiki/Hiragana "Hiragana") {{angbr\|{{lang\|ja\|ん}}}}, [katakana](/wiki/Katakana "Katakana") {{angbr\|{{lang\|ja\|ン}}}}, romanized as {{angbr\|{{lang\|ja\|n}}}} or {{angbr\|{{lang\|ja\|n'}}}}) can be interpreted as a syllable\-final nasal consonant.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=96\-101, 240}} Aside from [certain marginal exceptions](/wiki/%23/N/ "#/N/"), it is found only after a vowel, which is phonetically [nasalized in this context](/wiki/%23Nasalization "#Nasalization").{{sfnp\|Vance\|1987\|p\=39}} It can be followed by a consonant, a vowel, or the end of a word: {\| cellpadding\="2" \| {{IPA\|\[o'''m'''pa]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|音波\|o'''n'''pa\|lit\=sound wave\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=102}} \| (hiragana: {{lang\|ja\|お'''ん'''ぱ}}, three moras long) \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[da'''ɰ̃'''atsɯ]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|弾圧\|da'''n''''atsu\|lit\=oppression\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=103}} \| (hiragana: {{lang\|ja\|だ'''ん'''あつ}}, four moras long) \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[sa'''ɴ''']}} \| {{lang\-ja\|三\|sa'''n'''\|lit\=three\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=96}} \| (hiragana: {{lang\|ja\|さ'''ん'''}}, two moras long) \|} Its pronunciation varies depending on the sound that follows it (including across a word boundary).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=101–102}} * Before a plosive, affricate, nasal, or liquid, it is pronounced as a nasal consonant [assimilated](/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29 "Assimilation (linguistics)") to the place of the following consonant: {\| cellpadding\="2" \| bilabial {{IPAblink\|m}} before {{IPA\|/p, b, m/}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=96, 99}}{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=133–134}} \| {{IPA\|\[sa'''m'''mai]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|三枚\|sanmai\|lit\=three sheets\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=99–100}} \|\- \| velar {{IPAblink\|ŋ}} before {{IPA\|/k, ɡ/}}{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=133–134}} \| {{IPA\|\[sa'''ŋ'''kai]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|三回\|sankai\|lit\=three times\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=97}} \|\- \| dorso\-palatal {{IPAblink\|ŋʲ}} before {{IPA\|\[kʲ, ɡʲ]}} \| {{IPA\|\[ɡe'''ŋʲ'''kʲi]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|元気\|genki\|lit\=healthy\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=76, 96}} \|\- \| [lamino\-alveolar](/wiki/Laminal_consonant "Laminal consonant") {{IPAblink\|n}} before {{IPA\|\[t, d, ts, dz, n]}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=97, 99}} \| {{IPA\|\[sa'''n'''neɴ]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|三年\|sannen\|lit\=three years\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=99}} \|\- \| lamino\-alveolopalatal {{IPAblink\|ɲ̟}} before {{IPA\|\[tɕ, dʑ, ɲ̟]}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=96}} \| {{IPA\|\[sa'''ɲ̟'''tɕoː]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|三兆\|sanchō\|lit\=three trillion\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=99}} \|\- \| [apico\-alveolar](/wiki/Apical_consonant "Apical consonant") {{IPAblink\|n̺}} before {{IPA\|/r/}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=97}} \| {{IPA\|\[sa'''n̺'''ɾɯi]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|三塁\|sanrui\|lit\=third base\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=97}} \|} * Before a vowel, approximant {{IPA\|/j, w/}}, or voiceless fricative {{IPA\|\[ɸ, s, ɕ, ç, h]}}, it is a [nasalized](/wiki/Nasalized "Nasalized") vowel or moraic semivowel that can be broadly transcribed as {{IPA\|\[ɰ̃]}} (its specific quality depends on the surrounding sounds).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=97, 99}} This pronunciation may also occur before the voiced fricatives {{IPA\|\[z, ʑ]}},{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=133\-134}} although more often, they are pronounced as affricates when preceded by the moraic nasal.{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|pp\=96, 103, 312\-313}} At the end of an utterance, the moraic nasal is pronounced as a nasal segment with a variable place of articulation and degree of constriction.{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2023\|p\=209}} Its pronunciation in this position is traditionally described and transcribed as uvular {{IPAblink\|ɴ}},{{sfnp\|Shibatani\|1990\|p\=169}} sometimes with the qualification that it is, or approaches, velar {{IPAblink\|ŋ}} after front vowels.{{harvcoltxt\|Saito\|2005\|p\=94}} and {{harvcoltxt\|National Language Research Institute\|1990\|p\=514}}, cited in {{harvcoltxt\|Maekawa\|2023\|pp\=191–192}}. Some descriptions state that it may have incomplete occlusion{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=96}} and can potentially be realized as a nasalized vowel, as in intervocalic position.{{sfnp\|Shibatani\|1990\|p\=169}}{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} Instrumental studies in the 2010s showed that there is considerable variability in its realization and that it often involves a lip closure or constriction.{{sfnp\|Yamane\|Gick\|2010}}{{sfnp\|Hashi\|Komada\|Miura\|Daimon\|2014}}{{sfnp\|Nogita\|Yamane\|2015}}{{sfnp\|Mizoguchi\|2019\|p\=65}} A study of [real\-time MRI](/wiki/Real-time_MRI "Real-time MRI") data collected between 2017 and 2019 found that the pronunciation of the moraic nasal in utterance\-final position most often involves vocal tract closure with a tongue position that can range from uvular to alveolar: it is assimilated to the position of the preceding vowel (for example, uvular realizations were observed only after the back vowels {{IPA\|/a, o/}}), but the range of overlap observed between similar vowel pairs suggests this assimilation is not a categorical allophonic rule, but a gradient phonetic process. 5% of the utterance\-final samples of the moraic nasal were realized as nasalized vowels with no closure: in this case, appreciable tongue raising was observed only when the preceding vowel was {{IPA\|/a/}}.{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2023\|pp\=200, 206\-207, 209–210}} There are a variety of competing phonemic analyses of the moraic nasal. It may be transcribed with the non\-[IPA](/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet "International Phonetic Alphabet") symbol {{IPA\|/N/}} and analyzed as a "placeless" nasal. Some analysts do not categorize it as a phonological consonant.{{efn\|{{harvcoltxt\|Labrune\|2012}} considers {{IPA\|/N/}} to be a "special segment", neither a consonant nor a vowel, and analyzes it as a deficient prosodeme specified only for \[\+consonantal] and \[\+nasal].{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=133, 162}} {{harvcoltxt\|Trigo Ferré\|1988}} analyzes it as a placeless non\-consonantal nasal glide.{{sfnp\|Trigo Ferré\|1988\|pp\=44\-47}} {{harvcoltxt\|Youngberg\|2021a}} analyzes Tokyo Japanese as possessing underlying long nasal vowels, e.g. {{IPA\|/kẽːka/}}, and explains the nasal consonant in the surface phonetic form as a non\-phonemic transition.{{sfnp\|Youngberg\|2021a\|pp\=24, 31}}}} Less abstractly, it may be analyzed as a uvular nasal {{IPAslink\|ɴ}},{{sfnp\|Shibatani\|1990\|p\=170}} based on the traditional description of its pronunciation before a pause.{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2023\|p\=2}} It is sometimes analyzed as a syllable\-final allophone of the coronal nasal consonant {{IPA\|/n/}},{{sfnp\|Smith\|1980\|loc\=§3\.1\.3\.1}}{{sfnp\|Aoyama\|2001\|p\=17}}{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015a\|p\=34}} but this requires treating syllable or mora boundaries as potentially distinctive, because there is a clear contrast in pronunciation between the moraic nasal and non\-moraic {{IPA\|/n/}} before a vowel{{sfnp\|Smith\|1980\|loc\=§2\.1\.1}} or before {{IPA\|/j/}}: {\| cellpadding\="5" ! Moraic nasal \| ! Non\-moraic {{IPA\|/n/}} \| \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[ka'''ɰ̃'''.a.ke]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|寒明け\|kan'ake\|lit\=the end of the coldest season\|label\=none}} \| {{IPA\|\[ka.'''n'''a.ke]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|金気\|kanake\|lit\=metallic taste\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p\=65}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[ka'''ɰ̃'''.juː]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|勧誘\|kan'yū\|lit\=solicitation; inducement\|label\=none}} \| {{IPA\|\[ka.'''ɲ'''uː]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|加入\|kanyū\|lit\=becoming a member of a group\|label\=none}} \|} Alternatively, in an analysis that treats syllabification as distinctive, the moraic nasal can be interpreted as an [archiphoneme](/wiki/Archiphoneme "Archiphoneme"){{sfnp\|Mizoguchi\|2019\|p\=2}} (a contextual neutralization of otherwise contrastive phonemes), since there is no contrast in syllable\-final position between {{IPA\|/m/}} and {{IPA\|/n/}}. Thus, depending on the analysis, a word like {{lang\-ja\|三枚\|sanmai\|lit\=three sheets\|label\=none}}, pronounced phonetically as {{IPA\|\[sammai]}}, could be phonemically transcribed as {{IPA\|/saNmai/}}, {{IPA\|/saɴmai/}}, or {{IPA\|/sanmai/}}. #### Moraic obstruent There is a contrast between short (or singleton) and long (or [geminate](/wiki/Gemination "Gemination")) consonant sounds. Compared to singleton consonants, geminate consonants have greater phonetic duration (realized for plosives and affricates in the form of a longer [hold phase](/wiki/Plosive%23Articulation "Plosive#Articulation") before the release of the consonant, and for fricatives in the form of a longer period of frication).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=105\-107}} A geminate can be analyzed phonologically as a syllable\-final consonant followed by a syllable\-initial consonant (although the hypothesized syllable boundary is not evident at the phonetic level){{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=105}} and can be transcribed phonetically as two occurrences of the same consonant phone in sequence: a geminate plosive or affricate is pronounced with just one release, so the first portion of such a geminate may be transcribed as an [unreleased stop](/wiki/No_audible_release "No audible release").{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=135\-136}} As discussed above, geminate nasal consonants are normally analyzed as sequences of a [moraic nasal](/wiki/%23Moraic_nasal "#Moraic nasal") followed by a non\-moraic nasal, e.g. {{IPA\|\[mm]}}, {{IPA\|\[nn]}} \= {{IPA\|/Nm/}}, {{IPA\|/Nn/}}.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=136}} In the case of non\-nasal consonants, [gemination is mostly restricted by Japanese phonotactics](/wiki/%23/Q/ "#/Q/") to the voiceless [obstruents](/wiki/Obstruent "Obstruent") /p t k s/ and their allophones. (However, other consonant phonemes can appear as geminates in special contexts, such as in loanwords.) Geminate consonants can also be phonetically transcribed with a length mark, as in {{IPA\|\[ipːai]}}, but this notation obscures mora boundaries. {{harvcoltxt\|Vance\|2008}} uses the length marker to mark a moraic nasal, as {{IPA\|\[sɑ̃mːbɑi]}}, based on the fact that a moraic consonant by itself has the same prosodic weight as a consonant\-vowel sequence: consequently, Vance transcribes Japanese geminates with two length markers, e.g. {{IPA\|\[sɑ̃mːːɑi]}}, {{IPA\|\[ipːːɑi]}}, and refers to them as "extra\-long" consonants.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=99, 107}} In the following transcriptions, geminates will be phonetically transcribed as two occurrences of the same consonant across a syllable boundary, the first being unreleased. {\| cellpadding\="5" ! Singleton \| \| ! Geminate \| \| \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[aka]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|垢\|aka\|lit\=dirt\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=105}} \| ({{lang\|ja\|あか}}, two moras long) \| {{IPA\|\[ak̚ka]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|悪化\|akka\|lit\=worsening\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=105}} \| ({{lang\|ja\|あっか}}, three moras long) \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[isai]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|異才\|isai\|lit\=genius\|label\=none}} \| ({{lang\|ja\|いさい}}, three moras long) \| {{IPA\|\[issai]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|一歳\|issai\|lit\=one year old\|label\=none}} \| ({{lang\|ja\|いっさい}}, four moras long) \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[satɕi]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|幸\|sachi\|lit\=good luck\|label\=none}} \| ({{lang\|ja\|さち}}, two moras long) \| {{IPA\|\[sat̚tɕi]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|察知\|satchi\|lit\=inference\|label\=none}} \| ({{lang\|ja\|さっち}}, three moras long) \|\- \|} A common phonemic analysis treats all geminate obstruents as sequences starting with the same consonant: a "mora obstruent" {{IPA\|/Q/}}.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=106}}{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=132}} In this analysis, {{IPA\|\[ak̚ka]}}, {{IPA\|\[issai]}}, {{IPA\|\[sat̚tɕi]}} can be phonemically transcribed as {{IPA\|/aQka/}}, {{IPA\|/iQsai/}}, {{IPA\|/saQti/}}. This analysis seems to be supported by the intuition of native speakers{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=107}} and matches the use in kana spelling of a single symbol, a small version of the *tsu* sign ([hiragana](/wiki/Hiragana "Hiragana") {{angbr\|{{lang\|ja\|っ}}}}, [katakana](/wiki/Katakana "Katakana") {{angbr\|{{lang\|ja\|ッ}}}}) to write the first half of any geminate obstruent.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=135}} Some analyses treat {{IPA\|/Q/}} as an underlyingly placeless consonant.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=135}} Alternatively, it has been suggested that the underlying phonemic representation of {{IPA\|/Q/}} might be a glottal stop {{IPAslink\|ʔ}}—despite the fact that phonetically, it is not always a stop, and is usually not glottal—based on the use of {{IPA\|\[ʔ]}} in certain marginal forms that can be interpreted as containing {{IPA\|/Q/}} not followed by another obstruent. For example, {{IPA\|\[ʔ]}} can be found [at the end of an exclamation](/wiki/%23Glottal_stop_insertion "#Glottal stop insertion"), or before a sonorant in forms with [emphatic gemination](/wiki/%23/Q/ "#/Q/"), and {{angbr\|{{lang\|ja\|っ}}}} is used as a written representation of {{IPA\|\[ʔ]}} in these contexts. This suggests that Japanese speakers identify {{IPA\|\[ʔ]}} as the default form of {{IPA\|/Q/}}, or the form it takes when it is not possible for it to share its place and manner of articulation with a following obstruent.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=110–112, 223–225}} Another approach dispenses with {{IPA\|/Q/}} and treats geminate consonants as double consonant phonemes, that is, as sequences consisting of a consonant phoneme followed by itself:{{sfnp\|Smith\|1980\|loc\=§3\.1\.3\.2}}{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015a\|p\=34}} in this type of analysis, {{IPA\|\[ak̚ka]}}, {{IPA\|\[issai]}}, {{IPA\|\[sat̚tɕi]}} can be phonemically transcribed as {{IPA\|/a'''kk'''a/}}, {{IPA\|/i'''ss'''ai/}}, {{IPA\|/sa'''tt'''i/}}. Alternatively, since the contrast between different obstruent consonants such as {{IPA\|/k/}}, {{IPA\|/s/}}, {{IPA\|/t/}} is neutralized in syllable\-final position, the first half of a geminate obstruent can be interpreted as an archiphoneme (just as the moraic nasal can be interpreted as an archiphoneme representing the neutralization of the contrast between the nasal consonants {{IPA\|/m/}}, {{IPA\|/n/}} in syllable\-final position). {\| cellpadding\="5" \| ! Analysis with {{IPA\|/Q/}} ! Analysis with double consonant phonemes \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[ak̚ka]}} \| {{IPA\|/aQka/}} ({{IPA\|/Q/}} \> {{IPA\|\[k̚]}} before {{IPA\|\[k]}}) \| {{IPA\|/akka/}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[issai]}} \| {{IPA\|/iQsai/}} ({{IPA\|/Q/}} \> {{IPA\|\[s]}} before {{IPA\|\[s]}}) \| {{IPA\|/issai/}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|\[satɕi]}} \| {{IPA\|/saQti/}} ({{IPA\|/Q/}} \> {{IPA\|\[t̚]}} before {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}}) \| {{IPA\|/satti/}} \|\- \|} ### Voiced affricate vs. fricative {{main\|Yotsugana}} The distinction between the voiced fricatives {{IPA\|\[z, ʑ]}} (originally allophones of {{IPA\|/z/}}) and the voiced affricates {{IPA\|\[dz, dʑ]}} (originally allophones of {{IPA\|/d/}}) is [neutralized](/wiki/Neutralization_%28linguistics%29 "Neutralization (linguistics)") in Standard Japanese and in most (although not all) regional Japanese dialects. (Some dialects, e.g. [Tosa](/wiki/Tosa_dialect "Tosa dialect"),{{cite book \|author\=Jeroen van de Weijer \|author2\=Kensuke Nanjo \|author3\=Tetsuo Nishihara \| title \= Voicing in Japanese \|date \= 2005 \|publisher\= Walter de Gruyter \| page \= 150\| isbn \= 978\-3\-11\-019768\-6}} retain the distinctions between {{IPA\|/zi/}} and {{IPA\|/di/}} and between {{IPA\|/zu/}} and {{IPA\|/du/}}, while others distinguish only {{IPA\|/zu/}} and {{IPA\|/du/}} but not {{IPA\|/zi/}} and {{IPA\|/di/}}. Yet others merge all four, e.g. north [Tōhoku](/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect "Tōhoku dialect").) In accents with the merger, the phonetically variable {{IPA\|\[(d)z]}} sound can be transcribed phonemically as {{IPA\|/z/}},{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=85\-86}} though some analyze it as {{IPA\|/dz/}}, the [voiced](/wiki/Voice_%28phonetics%29 "Voice (phonetics)") counterpart to {{IPA\|\[ts]}}.{{sfnp\|Smith\|1980\|loc\=§3\.1\.1}} A 2010 corpus study found that in neutralizing varieties, both the fricative and the affricate pronunciation could be found in any position in a word, but the likelihood of the affricate realization was increased in phonetic conditions that allowed for greater time to articulate the consonant: voiced affricates were found to occur on average 60% of the time after {{IPA\|/N/}}, 74% after {{IPA\|/Q/}}, and 80% after a pause.{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2010\|p\=365}} In addition, the rate of fricative realizations increased as speech rate increased.{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2010\|p\=371}} In terms of direction, these effects match those found for the use of [plosive vs. non\-plosive pronunciations of the voiced stops](/wiki/%23Phonetic_notes "#Phonetic notes") {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ/}}; however, the overall rate of fricative realizations of {{IPA\|/(d)z/}} (including both {{IPA\|\[dz\~z]}} and {{IPA\|\[dʑ\~ʑ]}}, in either intervocalic or postnasal position) seems to be higher than the rate of non\-plosive realizations of {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\|Kitagawa\|Albin\|2023\|p\=29}} As a result of the neutralization, the historical spelling distinction between these sounds has been eliminated from the [modern written standard](/wiki/Modern_kana_usage "Modern kana usage") except in cases where a mora is repeated once voiceless and once voiced, or where [rendaku](/wiki/%23Rendaku "#Rendaku") occurs in a compound word: {{lang\|ja\|つ'''づ'''く\[続く]}} {{IPA\|/tuzuku/}}, {{lang\|ja\|いち'''づ'''ける\[位置付ける]}} {{IPA\|/itizukeru/}} from {{IPA\|{{pipe}}iti\+tukeru{{pipe}}}}. The use of the historical or morphological spelling in these contexts does not indicate a phonetic distinction: {{IPA\|/zu/}} and {{IPA\|/zi/}} in Standard Japanese are variably pronounced with affricates or fricatives according to the contextual tendencies described above, regardless of whether they are underlyingly voiced or derived by rendaku from {{IPA\|/tu/}} and {{IPA\|/ti/}}.{{sfnp\|Kitagawa\|Albin\|2023\|pp\=16\-18}} ### Voiceless coronal affricate In core vocabulary, {{IPAblink\|ts}} can be analyzed as an allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}} before {{IPA\|/u/}}:{{sfnp\|Itō\|Mester\|1995\|p\=825}} | {{IPA\|/t/}} \> {{IPAblink\|ts}} | {{IPA\|/tuɡi/}} \> {{IPA\|\[tsɯɡi]}} | {{lang\-ja\|次\|tsugi\|lit\=next\|label\=none}} | | --- | --- | --- | In loanwords, however, {{IPAblink\|ts}} can occur before other vowels:{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=84}} examples include {{IPA\|\[tsaitoɡaisɯto]}} {{lang\-ja\|ツァイトガイスト\|tsaitogaisuto\|lit\=zeitgeist\|label\=none}}; {{IPA\|\[eɾitsiɴ]}} {{lang\-ja\|エリツィン\|Eritsin\|lit\=\[\[Boris Yeltsin\|Yeltsin]]\|label\=none}}. There are also a small number of native forms with {{IPA\|\[ts]}} before a vowel other than {{IPA\|/u/}}, such as {{lang\-ja\|otottsan\|lit\=dad\|label\=none}},{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=68}}{{sfnp\|Hattori\|1950\|p\=102}} although these are marginal and nonstandard{{sfnp\|Vance\|1987\|pp\=23, 41}} (the standard form of this word is {{lang\|ja\|otōsan}}).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=84}} Based on dialectal or colloquial forms like these, as well as the phonetic distance between plosive and affricate sounds, {{harvcoltxt\|Hattori\|1950}} argues that the affricate {{IPA\|\[ts]}} is its own phoneme, represented by the non\-IPA symbol {{IPA\|/c/}} (also interpreted to include {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}} before {{IPA\|\[i]}}).{{sfnp\|Hattori\|1950\|pp\=100\-102}} In contrast, {{harvcoltxt\|Shibatani\|1990}} disregards such forms as exceptional, and prefers analyzing {{IPA\|\[ts]}} and {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}} as allophones of {{IPA\|/t/}}, not as a distinct affricate phoneme.{{sfnp\|Shibatani\|1990\|p\=164–165}} ### Palatalized consonants {{See also\|Yōon}} Most consonants possess phonetically [palatalized](/wiki/Palatalization_%28phonetics%29 "Palatalization (phonetics)") counterparts.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=88}} Pairs of palatalized and non\-palatalized consonants contrast before the back vowels {{IPA\|/a o u/}}, but are in complementary distribution before the front vowels: only the palatalized version occurs before {{IPA\|/i/}}, and only the non\-palatalized version occurs before {{IPA\|/e/}}{{sfnp\|Smith\|1980\|loc\=§3\.1\.4\.2\.5}} (excluding certain marginal forms). Palatalized consonants are often analyzed as allophones conditioned by the presence of a following {{IPA\|/i/}} or {{IPA\|/j/}}. When this analysis is adopted, a palatalized consonant before a back vowel is interpreted as a biphonemic /Cj/ sequence. The phonemic analysis described above can be applied straightforwardly to the palatalized counterparts of {{IPA\|/p b k ɡ m n r/}},{{sfnp\|Vance\|1987\|pp\=28\-29}} as in the following examples: {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/mi/}} \> {{IPA\|\[mʲi]}} \| {{IPA\|/umi/}} \> {{IPA\|\[ɯmʲi]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|海\|umi\|lit\=sea\|label\=none}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|/mj/}} \> {{IPA\|\[mʲ]}} \| {{IPA\|/mjaku/}} \> {{IPA\|\[mʲakɯ]}}{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} \| {{lang\-ja\|脈\|myaku\|lit\=pulse\|label\=none}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|/ɡj/}} \> {{IPA\|\[ɡʲ]}} \| {{IPA\|/ɡjoːza/}} \> {{IPA\|\[ɡʲoːza]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|ぎょうざ\|gyōza\|lit\=fried dumpling\|label\=none}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|/ri/}} \> {{IPA\|\[ɾʲi]}} \| {{IPA\|/kiri/}} \> {{IPA\|\[kʲiɾʲi]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|霧\|kiri\|lit\=fog\|label\=none}} \|} The palatalized counterpart of {{IPA\|/h/}} is normally described as {{IPA\|\[ç]}} (although some speakers do not distinguish {{IPA\|\[ç]}} from {{IPA\|\[ɕ]}}{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=69}}): {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/hi/}} \> {{IPA\|\[çi]}} \| {{IPA\|/hito/}} \> {{IPA\|\[çito]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|人\|hito\|lit\=person\|label\=none}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|/hj/}} \> {{IPAblink\|ç}} \| {{IPA\|/hjaku/}} \> {{IPA\|\[çakɯ]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|百\|hyaku\|lit\=hundred\|label\=none}} \|} In the analysis presented above, a sequence like {{IPA\|\[mʲa]}} is interpreted as containing three phonemes, {{IPA\|/mja/}}, with a complex onset cluster of the form {{IPA\|/Cj/}}. Palatalized consonants could instead be interpreted as their own phonemes,{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=229\-232}}{{sfnp\|Nogita\|2016\|page\=73}} in which case {{IPA\|\[mʲa]}} is composed of {{IPA\|/mʲ/}} \+ {{IPA\|/a/}}. A third alternative is analyzing {{IPA\|\[ja, jo, jɯ]}}\~{{IPA\|\[ʲa, ʲo, ʲɯ]}} as rising diphthongs{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=55\-56}}{{sfnp\|Smith\|1980\|loc\=§2\.3\.2\.1}}{{sfnp\|Nasukawa\|2015\|p\=180}} ({{IPA\|/i͜a i͜o i͜u/}}), in which case {{IPA\|\[mʲa]}} is composed of {{IPA\|/m/}} \+ {{IPA\|/i͜a/}}. {{harvcoltxt\|Nogita\|2016}} argues for the cluster analysis {{IPA\|/Cj/}}, noting that in Japanese, syllables such as {{IPA\|\[bja, ɡja, mja, nja, ɾja]}} show a longer average duration than their non\-palatalized counterparts {{IPA\|\[ba, ɡa, ma, na, ɾa]}} (whereas comparable duration differences were not generally found between pairs of palatalized and unpalatalized consonants in Russian).{{sfnp\|Nogita\|2016\|pages\=78\-79, 83}} The glides {{IPA\|/j w/}} cannot precede {{IPA\|/j/}}.{{sfnp\|Nogita\|2016\|page\=75}} The alveolar\-palatal sibilants {{IPA\|\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} can be analyzed as the palatalized allophones of {{IPA\|/t s z/}}, but it is debated whether this phonemic interpretation remains accurate in light of contrasts found in loanword phonology. ### Alveolo\-palatal sibilants The three [alveolo\-palatal](/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant "Alveolo-palatal consonant") sibilants {{IPA\|\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} function, at least historically, as the palatalized counterparts of the four [coronal](/wiki/Coronal_consonant "Coronal consonant") obstruents {{IPA\|\[t s d (d)z]}}. Original {{IPA\|/ti/}} came to be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}}, original {{IPA\|/si/}} came to be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[ɕi]}},{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|pp\=135, 148}} and original {{IPA\|/di/}} and {{IPA\|/zi/}} both came to be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[(d)ʑi]}}.{{sfnp\|Takayama\|2015\|pp\=632\-633}} (As a result, the sequences {{IPA\|\[ti si di (d)zi]}} do not occur in native or Sino\-Japanese vocabulary.{{sfnp\|Takayama\|2015\|pp\=629, 631}}) {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/s/}} \> {{IPAblink\|ɕ}} \| {{IPA\|/sio/}} \> {{IPA\|\[ɕi.o]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|塩\|shio\|lit\=salt\|label\=none}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|/z/}} \> {{IPA\|\[dʑ\~ʑ]}} \| {{IPA\|/mozi/}} \> {{IPA\|\[modʑi \~ moʑi]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|文字\|moji\|lit\=letter, character\|label\=none}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|/t/}} \> {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}} \| {{IPA\|/tiziN/}} \> {{IPA\|\[tɕidʑiɴ]}} \~ {{IPA\|\[tɕiʑiɴ]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|知人\|chijin\|lit\=acquaintance\|label\=none}} \|} Likewise, original {{IPA\|/tj/}} came to be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}}, original {{IPA\|/sj/}} came to be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[ɕ]}},{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|pp\=137\-138, 148}} and original {{IPA\|/dj/}} and {{IPA\|/zj/}} both came to be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[(d)ʑ]}}:{{sfnp\|Takayama\|2015\|pp\=633\-634}} {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/sj/}} \> {{IPAblink\|ɕ}} \| {{IPA\|/isja/}} \> {{IPA\|\[iɕa]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|医者\|isha\|lit\=doctor\|label\=none}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|/zj/}} \> {{IPA\|\[dʑ\~ʑ]}} \| {{IPA\|/ɡozjuː/}} \> {{IPA\|\[ɡodʑɯː \~ ɡoʑɯː]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|五十\|gojū\|lit\=fifty\|label\=none}} \|\- \| {{IPA\|/tj/}} \> {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}} \| {{IPA\|/tja/}} \> {{IPA\|\[tɕa]}} \| {{lang\-ja\|茶\|cha\|lit\=tea\|label\=none}} \|} Therefore, alveolo\-palatal {{IPA\|\[tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]}} can be analyzed as positional allophones of {{IPA\|/t d s z/}} before {{IPA\|/i/}}, or as the surface realization of underlying {{IPA\|/tj dj sj zj/}} clusters before other vowels. For example, {{IPA\|\[ɕi]}} can be analyzed as {{IPA\|/si/}} and {{IPA\|\[ɕa]}} as {{IPA\|/sja/}}. Likewise, {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}} can be analyzed as {{IPA\|/ti/}} and {{IPA\|/tɕa/}} as {{IPA\|/tja/}}. (These analyses correspond to the representation of these sounds in the [Japanese spelling system](/wiki/Kana "Kana").) Most dialects show a merger in the pronunciation of underlying {{IPA\|/d/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} before {{IPA\|/j/}} or {{IPA\|/i/}}, with the resulting merged phone varying between {{IPA\|\[ʑ]}} and {{IPA\|\[dʑ]}}. The contrast between {{IPA\|/d/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} is also neutralized before {{IPA\|/u/}} in most dialects (see [above](/wiki/%23Voiced_affricate_vs._fricative "#Voiced affricate vs. fricative")). While the diachronic origins of these sounds as allophones of {{IPA\|/t s d z/}} is uncontroversial, there is disagreement among linguists about whether alveolo\-palatal sibilants continue to function synchronically as allophones of coronal consonant phonemes: the identification of {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}} as a palatalized allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}} is especially debated, due to the presence of a distinctive contrast between {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}} and {{IPA\|\[ti]}} in the foreign stratum of Standard Japanese vocabulary. #### {{IPA\|\[tɕi (d)ʑi]}} vs. foreign {{IPA\|\[ti, di]}} The sequences {{IPA\|\[ti, di]}} are found exclusively in recent loanwords; they have been assigned the novel kana spellings {{lang\|ja\|ティ, ディ}}. (Loanwords borrowed before {{IPA\|\[ti]}} was widely tolerated usually replaced this sequence with {{lang\|ja\|チ}} {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}} or (more rarely) {{lang\|ja\|テ}} {{IPA\|\[te]}},{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|p\=151}} and certain forms exhibiting these replacements continue to be used; likewise, {{lang\|ja\|ジ}} {{IPA\|\[(d)ʑi]}} or {{lang\|ja\|デ}} {{IPA\|\[de]}} can be found instead of {{IPA\|\[di]}} in some forms, such as {{lang\-ja\|ラジオ\|rajio\|lit\=radio\|label\=none}} and {{lang\-ja\|デジタル\|dejitaru\|lit\=digital\|label\=none}}.{{sfnp\|Irwin\|2011\|pp\=80\-83}}) Based on a study of type frequency in a lexicon and token frequency in a spoken corpus, {{harvcoltxt\|Hall\|2013}} concludes that {{IPA\|\[t]}} and {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}} have become about as contrastive before {{IPA\|/i/}} as they are before {{IPA\|/a/}}.{{sfn\|Hall\|2013\|pp\=11\-12}} Some analysts argue that the use of {{IPA\|\[ti, di]}} in loanwords shows that the change of {{IPA\|/ti/}} to {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}} is an inactive, 'fossilized' rule, and conclude that {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}} must now be analyzed as containing an affricate phoneme distinct from {{IPA\|/t/}}; others argue that pronunciation of {{IPA\|/ti/}} as {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}} continues to be an active rule of Japanese phonology, but that this rule is restricted from applying to words belonging to the foreign stratum.{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|p\=157}} In contrast to {{IPA\|\[ti, di]}}, the sequences {{IPA\|\*\[si, zi]}} are not established even in loanwords. English {{IPA\|/s/}} is still normally adapted as {{IPA\|\[ɕ]}} before {{IPA\|/i/}}{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|p\=139}} (i.e. with katakana {{lang\-ja\|シ\|shi\|label\=none}}). An example is {{lang\-ja\|シネマ\|shinema\|label\=none}} {{IPA\|\[ɕinema]}} from *cinema*.{{sfnp\|Itō\|Mester\|1995\|p\=828}} Likewise, English {{IPA\|/z/}} is normally adapted as {{IPA\|\[(d)ʑ]}} before {{IPA\|/i/}} (i.e. with katakana {{lang\-ja\|ジ\|ji\|label\=none}}). Pronouncing loanwords with {{IPA\|\[si]}}{{sfnp\|Hall\|2013\|pp\=9, 12}} or {{IPA\|\[zi]}} is rare even among the most innovative speakers, but not entirely absent.{{sfnp\|Irwin\|2011\|p\=84}} To transcribe {{IPA\|\[si]}}, as opposed to {{IPA\|\[ɕi]}}, it is possible to use the novel kana spelling {{lang\|ja\|スィ}} (*su* \+ small *i*){{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|p\=139}} (though this has also been used to transcribe original {{IPA\|\[sw]}} before {{IPA\|/i/}} in forms like {{lang\-ja\|スィッチ\|lit\=switch\|label\=none}} {{IPA\|\[sɯittɕi]}},{{sfnp\|Nogita\|2010\|p\=8}} as an alternative to the spellings {{lang\-ja\|スイッチ\|suitchi\|label\=none}} or {{lang\-ja\|スウィッチ\|suwitchi\|label\=none}}). The use of {{lang\|ja\|スィ}} and its voiced counterpart {{lang\|ja\|ズィ}} was mentioned, but not officially recommended, by a 1991 cabinet directive on the use of kana to spell foreign words.{{sfnp\|Irwin\|2011\|pp\=165, 181}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo\_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/gairai/honbun02\.html\|title\=外来語の表記\|website\=Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan\|publisher\=Agency for Cultural Affairs\|access\-date\=22 May 2024\|quote\=特別な音の書き表し方については,取決めを行わず,自由とすることとしたが,その中には,例えば,「スィ」｢ズィ｣｢グィ｣｢グェ｣｢グォ｣｢キェ｣｢ニェ｣｢ヒェ｣｢フョ｣｢ヴョ｣等の仮名が含まれる。}} {{harvcoltxt\|Nogita\|2016}} argues that the difference between {{IPA\|\[ɕi]}} and {{IPA\|\[si]}} may be marginally contrastive for some speakers,{{sfnp\|Nogita\|2016\|page\=75}} whereas {{harvcoltxt\|Labrune\|2012}} denies that {{IPA\|\*\[si, zi]}} are ever distinguished in pronunciation from {{IPA\|\[ɕi, (d)ʑi]}} in adapted forms, regardless of whether the spellings {{lang\|ja\|スィ}} and {{lang\|ja\|ズィ}}are used in writing.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=65\-66, 99}} The sequence {{IPA\|\[tsi]}} (as opposed to either {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}} or {{IPA\|\[ti]}}) also has some marginal use in loanwords.{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|p\=152}} An example is {{lang\-ja\|エリツィン\|Eritsin\|lit\=\[\[Boris Yeltsin\|Yeltsin]]\|label\=none}}.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=84}} In many cases a variant adaptation with {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}} exists.{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|p\=152}} #### Alternations involving {{IPA\|\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} Aside from arguments based on loanword phonology, there is also disagreement about the phonemic analysis of native Japanese forms. Some verbs can be analyzed as having an underlying stem that ends in either {{IPA\|/t/}} or {{IPA\|/s/}}; these become {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}} or {{IPA\|\[ɕ]}} respectively before inflectional suffixes that start with {{IPA\|\[i]}}: | \[matanai] 'wait' (negative) | vs. | \[matɕimasu] 'wait' (polite){{sfnp\|Crawford\|2009\|page\=15}} | | --- | --- | --- | | \[kasanai] 'lend' (negative) | vs. | \[kaɕimasu] 'lend' (polite){{sfnp\|Crawford\|2009\|page\=15}} | In addition, {{harvcoltxt\|Shibatani\|1990}} notes that in casual speech, {{IPA\|/se/}} or {{IPA\|/te/}} in verb forms may undergo coalescence with a following {{IPA\|/ba/}} (marking the conditional), forming {{IPA\|\[ɕaː]}} and {{IPA\|\[tɕaː]}} respectively, as in {{IPA\|\[kaɕaː]}} for {{IPA\|/kaseba/}} 'if (I) lend' and {{IPA\|\[katɕaː]}} for {{IPA\|/kateba/}} 'if (I) win.'{{sfnp\|Shibatani\|1990\|p\=164}} On the other hand, per {{harvcoltxt\|Vance\|1987}}, {{IPA\|\[tj, sj]}} (more narrowly, {{IPA\|\[tj̥, sj̥]}}) can occur instead of {{IPA\|\[tɕ, ɕ]}} for some speakers in contracted speech forms, such as {{IPA\|\[tjɯː]}} for {{IPA\|/tojuː/}} 'saying',{{sfnp\|Vance\|1987\|p\=28}} {{IPA\|\[matja(ː)]}} for {{IPA\|/mateba/}} 'if one waits', and {{IPA\|\[hanasja(ː)]}} for {{IPA\|/hanaseba/}} 'if one speaks'; Vance notes these could be dismissed as non\-phonemic rapid speech variants.{{sfnp\|Vance\|1987\|p\=31}} {{harvcoltxt\|Hattori\|1950}} argues that alternations in verb forms do not prove {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}} is phonemically {{IPA\|/t/}}, citing {{lang\|ja\|kawanai}} (with {{IPA\|/w/}}) vs. {{lang\|ja\|kai}}, {{lang\|ja\|kau}}, {{lang\|ja\|kae}}, etc. as evidence that a stem\-final consonant is not always maintained without phonemic change throughout a verb's conjugated forms, and {{IPA\|/joɴdewa/}}\~{{IPA\|/joɴzja/}} '(must not) read' as evidence that palatalization produced by vowel coalescence can result in alternation between different consonant phonemes.{{sfnp\|Hattori\|1950\|pp\=103\-104}} #### Competing phonemic analyses There are several alternatives to the interpretation of {{IPA\|\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} as allophones of {{IPA\|/t s z/}} before {{IPA\|/i/}} or {{IPA\|/j/}}. Some interpretations agree with the analysis of {{IPA\|\[ɕ]}} as an allophone of {{IPA\|/s/}} and {{IPA\|\[(d)ʑ]}} as an allophone of {{IPA\|/z/}} (or {{IPA\|/dz/}}), but treat {{IPA\|\[tɕ]}} as the palatalized allophone of a [voiceless coronal affricate phoneme](/wiki/%23Voiceless_coronal_affricate "#Voiceless coronal affricate"){{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} {{IPAslink\|ts}} (to clarify that it is analyzed as a single phoneme, some linguists phonemically transcribe this affricate as {{IPA\|/tˢ/}}{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} or with the non\-IPA symbol {{IPA\|/c/}}). In this sort of analysis, {{IPA\|\[tɕi, tɕa]}} \= {{IPA\|/tsi, tsja/}}.{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} Other interpretations treat {{IPA\|\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} as their own phonemes, while treating other palatalized consonants as allophones or clusters.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=76, 81, 83\-85, 92}}{{sfnp\|Nogita\|2016\|page\=75}} The status of {{IPA\|\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} as phonemes rather than clusters ending in {{IPA\|/j/}} is argued to be supported by the stable use of the sequences {{IPA\|\[tɕe (d)ʑe ɕe]}} in loanwords; in contrast, {{IPA\|/je/}} is somewhat unstable (it may be variably replaced with {{IPA\|/ie/}} or {{IPA\|/e/}}{{sfnp\|Smith\|1980\|loc\=§5\.6}}), and other consonant \+ {{IPA\|/je/}} sequences such as {{IPA\|\[pje]}}, {{IPA\|\[kje]}} are generally absent.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=228\-229}}{{sfnp\|Nogita\|2016\|page\=75}} (Aside from loanwords, {{IPA\|\[tɕe ɕe]}} also occur marginally in native vocabulary in certain exclamatory forms.{{sfnp\|Itō\|Mester\|1995\|p\=830}}{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|pp\=139, 150}}) It has alternatively been suggested that pairs like {{IPA\|\[tɕi]}} vs. {{IPA\|\[ti]}} could be analyzed as {{IPA\|/tji/}} vs. {{IPA\|/ti/}}.{{sfnp\|Hall\|2013\|p\=12}} {{harvcoltxt\|Vance\|2008}} objects to analyses like {{IPA\|/tji/}} on the basis that the sequence {{IPA\|/ji/}} is otherwise forbidden in Japanese phonology.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=228}} ### Voiceless bilabial fricative In core vocabulary, {{IPAblink\|ɸ}} occurs only before {{IPA\|/u/}} and can be analyzed as an allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}}:{{sfnp\|Itō\|Mester\|1995\|p\=825}} | {{IPA\|/h/}} \> {{IPAblink\|ɸ}} | {{IPA\|/huta/}} \> {{IPA\|\[ɸɯta]}} | {{lang\-ja\|ふた\|futa\|lit\=lid\|label\=none}} | | --- | --- | --- | According to some descriptions, the initial sound of {{lang\-ja\|ふ\|fu\|label\=none}} {{IPA\|/hu/}} is not consistently produced as {{IPA\|\[ɸ]}}, but can sometimes be a sound with weak or no bilabial friction that could be transcribed as {{IPA\|\[h]}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|1987\|pp\=19\-20}}{{sfnp\|Watanabe\|2009\|pp\=91, 94}} (a voiceless approximant similar to the start of English "who"{{sfnp\|Maddieson\|2005\|p\=213}}). In loanwords, {{IPA\|\[ɸ]}} can occur before other vowels or before {{IPA\|/j/}}. Examples include {{IPA\|\[ɸiɴ]}} ({{lang\-ja\|フィン\|fin\|lit\=fin\|label\=none}}), {{IPA\|\[ɸeɾiː]}} ({{lang\-ja\|フェリー\|ferī\|lit\=ferry\|label\=none}}), {{IPA\|\[ɸaɴ]}} ({{lang\-ja\|ファン\|fan\|lit\=fan\|label\=none}}), {{IPA\|\[ɸoːmɯ]}} ({{lang\-ja\|フォーム\|fōmu\|lit\=form\|label\=none}}), and {{IPA\|\[ɸjɯː(d)ʑoɴ]}} ({{lang\-ja\|フュージョン\|fyūjon\|lit\=fusion\|label\=none}}).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=78\-80}} Even in loanwords, {{IPA\|\*\[hɯ]}} is not distinguished from {{IPA\|\[ɸɯ]}}{{sfnp\|Itō\|Mester\|1995\|p\=828}} (e.g. English *hood* and *food* \> {{IPA\|\[ɸɯːdo]}} {{lang\-ja\|フード\|fūdo\|label\=none}}), but {{IPAblink\|ɸ}} and {{IPAblink\|h}} are distinguished before other vowels (e.g. English *fork* \> {{IPA\|\[ɸoːkɯ]}} {{lang\-ja\|フォーク\|fōku\|label\=none}} versus *hawk* \> {{IPA\|\[hoːkɯ]}} {{lang\-ja\|ホーク\|hōku\|label\=none}}). The integration of {{IPA\|\[ɸi]}}, {{IPA\|\[ɸe]}}, {{IPA\|\[ɸa]}}, {{IPA\|\[ɸo]}} and {{IPA\|\[ɸjɯ]}} into contemporary spoken Standard Japanese seems to have been completed at some point after the middle of the twentieth century,{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=80}} in the post\-war period: before then, the pronunciation of these sequences seems to have been common only in educated pronunciation.{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|p\=145}} Loanwords borrowed more recently than around 1890 fairly consistently show {{IPAblink\|ɸ}} as an adaptation of foreign {{IPA\|\[f]}}.{{sfnp\|Crawford\|2009\|page\=97}} Some older borrowed forms show adaptation of foreign {{IPA\|\[f]}} to Japanese {{IPA\|/h/}} before a vowel other than {{IPA\|/u/}}, such as {{lang\-ja\|コーヒー\|kōhī\|lit\=coffee\|label\=none}} and {{lang\-ja\|プラットホーム\|purattohōmu\|lit\=platform\|label\=none}}. Another old adaptation pattern was the replacement of foreign {{IPA\|\[f]}} with {{IPA\|\[ɸɯ]}} before a vowel other than {{IPA\|/u/}}, e.g. *film* \> {{IPA\|\[ɸɯ.i.rɯ.mɯ]}} {{lang\-ja\|フイルム\|fuirumu\|label\=none}}. Both of these replacement strategies are now largely obsolete,{{sfnp\|Pintér\|2015\|p\=145}} although certain old adapted forms continue to be used, sometimes with specialized meanings compared to a variant pronunciation: for example, {{lang\-ja\|フイルム\|fuirumu\|label\=none}} tends to be restricted in modern use to photographic films, whereas {{lang\-ja\|フィルム\|firumu\|label\=none}} is used for other senses of "film" such as movie films.{{sfnp\|Watanabe\|2009\|p\=100}} ### Voiced labiodental fricative Although spellings with the kana {{nihongo\|\|ヴ\|vu}}, {{nihongo\|\|ヴァ\|va}}, {{nihongo\|\|ヴィ\|vi}}, {{nihongo\|\|ヴェ\|ve}}, {{nihongo\|\|ヴォ\|vo}}, {{nihongo\|\|ヴャ\|vya}}, {{nihongo\|\|ヴュ\|vyu}}, {{nihongo\|\|ヴョ\|vyo}} are commonly used in narrow [transcriptions into Japanese](/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese "Transcription into Japanese"), the pronunciation is normally not distinguished from {{IPA\|/b/}}: for example, there is no meaningful phonological or phonetic difference in pronunciation between {{nihongo\|\|エルヴィス\|Eruvisu}} and {{nihongo\|\|エルビス\|Erubisu}}.{{cite book\|title\={{lang\|ja\|音声・音韻探究法 日本語音声へのいざない}}\|last\=Yuzawa\|first\=Tadayuki\|last2\=Matsuzaki\|first2\=Hiroshi\|publisher\=Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd.\|date\=25 October 2004\|chapter\={{lang\|ja\|第6章 「バイオリン」か，「ヴァイオリン」カ？ 【外来語の表記と発音】}}\|language\=Japanese\|page\=65}} Thus, a phonemic contrast between \*{{IPA\|/v/}} and {{IPA\|/b/}} is not normally recognized as part of Japanese phonology{{sfnp\|Vance\|1987\|p\=32}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=81}} (although some analysts have instead opted to interpret {{IPA\|/v/}} as an innovative phoneme that exists for only a few speakers{{sfnp\|Bloch\|1950\|p\=122}}{{sfnp\|Irwin\|2011\|pp\=75, 85}}). ### Velar nasal onset For some speakers, the velar nasal {{IPAblink\|ŋ}} can occur as an onset in place of the voiced velar plosive {{IPAblink\|ɡ}} in certain conditions. Onset {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}}, called {{Nihongo\|\|鼻濁音\|bidakuon}}, is generally restricted to word\-internal position,{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=78\-79}} where it may occur either after a vowel (as in {{lang\-ja\|禿\|ha'''g'''e\|lit\=baldness\|label\=none}} {{IPA\|\[haŋe]}}{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p\=124}}) or after a moraic nasal {{IPA\|/N/}}{{sfnp\|Maekawa\|2018\|p\=29}} (as in {{lang\-ja\|音楽\|on'''g'''aku\|lit\=music\|label\=none}} {{IPA\|\[oŋŋakɯ\~oŋŋakɯ̥]}}{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|p\=125}}). It is debated whether onset {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} constitutes a separate phoneme or an allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=78}} They are written the same way in kana, and native speakers have the intuition that the two sounds belong to the same phoneme.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=214\-222}}{{efn\|In contexts requiring specialized linguistic transcription of the {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} sound, such as pronunciation dictionaries, the \[\[handakuten]] diacritic can be added to ''k''\-series kana to represent {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}}: thus {{lang\|ja\|か゚, き゚, く゚, け゚, こ゚}} can be used to represent {{IPA\|\[ŋa, ŋi, ŋɯ, ŋe, ŋo]}} as opposed to {{IPA\|\[ɡa, ɡi, ɡɯ, ɡe, ɡo]}}. However, in ordinary writing {{lang\|ja\|か゚, き゚, く゚, け゚, こ゚}} are not used, and {{lang\|ja\|が, ぎ, ぐ, げ, ご}} can represent either.}} Speakers can be divided in three groups based on the extent to which they use {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} in contexts where {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} is not required: some consistently use {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}}, some never use {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}}, and some show variable use of {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} versus {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} (or {{IPA\|\[ɣ]}}). Speakers who consistently use {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} are a minority. The distribution of {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} versus {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} for these speakers mostly follows predictable rules (as described below): however, a number of complications and exceptions exist, and as a result, some linguists analyze {{IPA\|/ŋ/}} as a distinct phoneme for consistent nasal speakers.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=214\-222}} The contrast has very low functional load,{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=214\-222}} but for some speakers pairs such as {{IPA\|\[oːɡaɾasɯ]}} ({{lang\-ja\|大硝子\|lit\=big sheet of glass\|label\=none}}) versus {{IPA\|\[oːŋaɾasɯ]}} ({{lang\-ja\|大烏\|lit\=big raven\|label\=none}}) can be cited as examples of words that are segmentally identical aside from the use of {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} versus {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}}.{{sfnp\|Shibatani\|1990\|p\=172}} Another commonly cited pair is {{IPA\|\[seŋɡo]}} {{lang\-ja\|千五\|lit\=one thousand and five\|label\=none}} versus {{IPA\|\[seŋŋo]}} {{lang\-ja\|戦後\|lit\=postwar\|label\=none}}, although aside from the segmental difference in the consonant, these are prosodically distinct: the first is normally pronounced as two accent phrases, {{IPA\|\[seꜜŋɡoꜜ]}}, whereas the second is pronounced as a single accent phrase (either {{IPA\|\[seꜜŋŋo]}} or {{IPA\|\[seŋŋo]}}).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=219\-220}} #### Distribution of {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} vs. {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} At the start of an independent word, all speakers use {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} in almost all circumstances. However, postpositional particles, such as the subject marker {{lang\-ja\|が\|'''g'''a\|label\=none}}, are pronounced with {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} by consistent nasal speakers.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=221}} In addition, certain words that normally occur after other words may be pronounced with {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} even when they occur at the start of an utterance: examples include the conjunction {{lang\-ja\|が\|'''g'''a\|lit\=but\|label\=none}} and the word {{lang\-ja\|'''g'''urai\|lit\=approximately\|label\=none}}.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=221}}{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=79}} In the middle of a native morpheme, consistent nasal speakers always use {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}}. But in the middle of foreign\-stratum morphemes, {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} may be used even by consistent nasal speakers.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=220}} It is also possible for foreign morphemes to be pronounced with medial {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}}: there is considerable variability, but this may be more common in older borrowings (such as {{lang\-ja\|オルガン\|oru'''g'''an\|lit\=organ\|label\=none}}, from Portuguese {{lang\|pt\|órgão}}){{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=220}} or in borrowings that contained {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} in the source language (such as {{lang\-ja\|イギリス\|i'''g'''irisu\|lit\=England\|label\=none}}, from Portuguese {{lang\|pt\|inglês}}).{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=79\-80}} At the start of a morpheme in the middle of a word, either {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} or {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} may be possible, depending on the word. Only {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} is possible after the honorific prefix {{lang\-ja\|お\|o\|label\=none}} (as in {{lang\-ja\|お元気\|o'''g'''enki\|lit\=health\|label\=none}} {{IPA\|\[oɡenki]}}) or at the start of a reduplicated mimetic morpheme{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=79\-80}} (as in {{lang\-ja\|がらがら\|gara\-'''g'''ara\|lit\=rattle\-rattle\|label\=none}} {{IPA\|\[ɡaɾaɡaɾa]}}).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=216}} Consistent nasal speakers typically use {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} at the start of the second morpheme of a bimorphemic Sino\-Japanese word, or at the start of a morpheme that has undergone [rendaku](/wiki/%23Rendaku "#Rendaku") and begins with {{IPA\|/k/}} when pronounced as an independent word.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=218\-219}} When a morpheme that can occur independently as a word starting with {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} is used as the second element of a compound, the compound may be pronounced with either {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} or {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} by consistent nasal speakers: factors such as the lexical stratum of the morpheme may play a role, but it seems difficult to establish precise rules predicting which pronunciation occurs in this context, and the pronunciation of some words varies even among consistent nasal speakers, such as {{lang\-ja\|縞柄\|shima'''g'''ara\|lit\=striped pattern\|label\=none}} {{IPA\|\[ɕimaɡaɾa\~ɕimaŋaɾa]}}.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=217\-219}} The morpheme {{lang\-ja\|五\|go\|lit\=five\|label\=none}}, is pronounced with {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} when it is used as part of a compound numeral, as in {{IPA\|\[ɲi(d)ʑɯːgo]}} {{lang\-ja\|二十五\|nijū\-go\|lit\=twenty\-five\|label\=none}} (accented as {{IPA\|\[ɲiꜜ(d)ʑɯːgoꜜ]}}),{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p\=118}} although {{lang\|ja\|五}} can potentially be pronounced as {{IPA\|\[ŋo]}} when it occurs non\-initially in certain proper nouns or lexicalized compound words, such as {{IPA\|\[tameŋoɾoː]}} {{lang\|ja\|為五郎}} (a male given name), {{IPA\|\[ɕitɕiŋosaɴ]}} {{lang\|ja\|七五三}} (the name of a [festival for children aged seven, five or three](/wiki/Shichi-Go-San "Shichi-Go-San")), or {{IPA\|\[(d)ʑɯːŋoja]}} {{lang\|ja\|十五夜}} (a night of the full moon).{{sfnp\|Akamatsu\|1997\|pp\=129, 325}} To summarize: {\| class\=wikitable style\="border: none; background\-color: transparent" \| cellpadding\="5" \| style\="border\-style: none" \| ! in the middle of a morpheme ! at the start of a word ! rowspan\=2 \| at the start of a morpheme, in the middle of a word \|\- \| style\="border\-style: none" \| \| style\="background: \#f9f9f9" \| {{lang\-ja\|はげ\|hage\|lit\=baldness\|label\=none}} \| style\="background: \#f9f9f9" \| {{lang\-ja\|外遊\|gaiyū\|lit\=overseas trip\|label\=none}} \|\- ! inconsistent speakers \| {{IPA\|\[haŋe]}} or {{IPA\|\[haɡe]}} or {{IPA\|\[haɣe]}} \| rowspan\=3 \| {{IPA\|\[ɡaijɯː]}}, but *not* {{IPA\|\*\[ŋaijɯː]}} \| rowspan\=2 \| sometimes {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}}, sometimes {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}}\~{{IPA\|\[ɣ]}} \|\- ! consistent nasal speakers \| {{IPA\|\[haŋe]}} \|\- ! consistent stop speakers \| {{IPA\|\[haɡe]}} or {{IPA\|\[haɣe]}} \| {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} or {{IPA\|\[ɣ]}} \|} #### Sociolinguistics of {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} The frequency of onset {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} in Tokyo Japanese speech was falling as of 2008, and seems to have already been on the decline in 1940\.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=214}} Pronunciations with {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} are generally less frequent for younger speakers,{{sfnp\|Vance\|1987\|p\=110}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=214}}{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=78}} and even though the use of {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} was traditionally prescribed as a feature of standard Japanese, pronunciations with {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} seem in practice to have acquired a more prestigious status, as shown by studies that find higher rates of {{IPA\|\[ɡ]}} usage when speakers read words from a list.{{sfnp\|Shibatani\|1990\|pp\=171\-173}}{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=215}} The frequency of {{IPA\|\[ŋ]}} also varies by region: it is rare in the southwestern [Kansai dialects](/wiki/Kansai_dialect "Kansai dialect"), but more common in the northeastern [Tohoku dialects](/wiki/Tohoku_dialect "Tohoku dialect"), with an intermediate frequency in the [Kanto dialects](/wiki/Kanto_dialects "Kanto dialects") (which includes the Tokyo dialect).{{sfnp\|Sano\|Ooigawa\|2010}}
[ "Consonants\n----------", "", "| | [Bilabial](/wiki/Bilabial_consonant \"Bilabial consonant\") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | [Alveolo\\-palatal](/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant \"Alveolo-palatal consonant\") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | [Uvular](/wiki/Uvular_consonant \"Uvular consonant\") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\") | {{IPA link\\|m}} | {{IPA link\\|n}} | ({{IPA link\\|ɲ̟\\|ɲ}}) | | ({{IPA link\\|ŋ}}) | ({{IPA link\\|ɴ}}) | |\n| [Plosive](/wiki/Plosive \"Plosive\") | {{IPA link\\|p}}  {{IPA link\\|b}} | {{IPA link\\|t}}  {{IPA link\\|d}} | | | {{IPA link\\|k}}  {{IPA link\\|ɡ}} | | |\n| [Affricate](/wiki/Affricate_consonant \"Affricate consonant\") | | ({{IPA link\\|ts}})  ({{IPA link\\|dz}}) | ({{IPA link\\|tɕ}})  ({{IPA link\\|dʑ}}) | | | | |\n| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") | ({{IPA link\\|ɸ}}) | {{IPA link\\|s}}  {{IPA link\\|z}} | ({{IPA link\\|ɕ}})  ({{IPA link\\|ʑ}}) | ({{IPA link\\|ç}}) | | | {{IPA link\\|h}} |\n| [Liquid](/wiki/Liquid_consonant \"Liquid consonant\") | | {{IPA link\\|ɾ\\|r}} | | | | | |\n| [Semivowel](/wiki/Semivowel \"Semivowel\") | | | | {{IPA link\\|j}} | {{IPA link\\|ɰᵝ\\|w}} | | |\n| Special moras | {{IPA\\|/\\[\\[\\#Moraic consonants\\|N]]/  /\\[\\[\\#Moraic consonants\\|Q]]/}} | | | | | | |", "Different linguists analyze the Japanese inventory of consonant phonemes in significantly different ways:{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=225\\-226}} for example, {{harvcoltxt\\|Smith\\|1980}} recognizes only 12 underlying consonants (/m p b n t d s dz r k ɡ h/),{{sfnp\\|Smith\\|1980\\|loc\\=§3\\.1}} whereas {{harvcoltxt\\|Okada\\|1999}} recognizes 16, equivalent to Smith's 12 plus the following 4 (/j w ts ɴ/),{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=117}} and {{harvcoltxt\\|Vance\\|2008}} recognizes 21, equivalent to Smith's 12 plus the following 9 (/j w ts tɕ (d)ʑ ɕ ɸ N Q/).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=74\\-114}} Consonants inside parentheses in the table can be analyzed as [allophones](/wiki/Allophone \"Allophone\") of other phonemes, at least in native words. In loanwords, {{IPA\\|/ɸ, ts/}} sometimes occur phonemically.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=59}}", "In some analyses the glides {{IPA\\|\\[j, w]}} are not interpreted as consonant phonemes. In non\\-loanword vocabulary, they generally can be followed only by a restricted set of vowel sounds: the permitted sequences, {{IPA\\|\\[ja, jɯ, jo, wa]}}, are sometimes analyzed as rising diphthongs rather than as consonant\\-vowel sequences.{{sfnp\\|Smith\\|1980\\|loc\\=§2\\.3\\.2\\.1, 3\\.1}}{{sfnp\\|Nasukawa\\|2015}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Lawrence\\|2004}} analyzes the glides as non\\-syllabic variants of the high vowel phonemes {{IPA\\|/i, u/}}, arguing the use of {{IPA\\|\\[j, w]}} vs. {{IPA\\|\\[i, ɯ]}} may be predictable if both phonological and morphological context is taken into account.", "### Phonetic notes", "#### Details of articulation", "* {{IPA\\|\\[t, d, n]}} are [lamino](/wiki/Laminal_consonant \"Laminal consonant\")\\-alveolar{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=75–76, 87}} or laminal denti\\-alveolar{{sfnp\\|Kochetov\\|2014\\|p\\=65}}{{sfnp\\|Kochetov\\|2018\\|p\\=88}} (that is, the blade of the tongue contacts the back of the upper teeth and the front part of the [alveolar ridge](/wiki/Alveolar_ridge \"Alveolar ridge\")). {{IPA\\|\\[ts, s, dz\\~z]}} are laminal alveolar.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=78, 82, 84}}{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|pp\\=93, 95, 98}}\n* {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ, ɕ, dʑ\\~ʑ]}} are lamino\\-alveolopalatal {{IPA\\|\\[t̠ɕ, ɕ, d̠ʑ\\~ʑ]}}: the affricates are sometimes transcribed broadly as {{IPA\\|\\[cɕ, ɟʑ]}}{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|pp\\=101\\-103}} (standing for prepalatal {{IPA\\|\\[c̟ɕ, ɟ̟ʑ]}}).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=82–84}} The palatalized allophone of {{IPA\\|/n/}} before {{IPA\\|/i/}} or {{IPA\\|/j/}} is also lamino\\-alveolopalatal{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=87\\-88}} or prepalatal, and so can be transcribed as {{IPA\\|\\[ɲ̟]}},{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} or more broadly as {{IPAblink\\|ɲ}}.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=87\\-88}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Recasens\\|2013}} reports its place of articulation as dentoalveolar or alveolar.{{sfnp\\|Recasens\\|2013\\|p\\=11}}\n* {{IPA\\|/w/}} is traditionally described as a [velar](/wiki/Velar_approximant \"Velar approximant\") {{IPAblink\\|ɰ}} or [labialized velar approximant](/wiki/Labialized_velar_approximant \"Labialized velar approximant\") {{IPAblink\\|w}} or something between the two, or as the [semivocalic](/wiki/Semivowel \"Semivowel\") equivalent of {{IPA\\|/u/}} with little to no rounding, while a 2020 [real\\-time MRI](/wiki/Real-time_MRI \"Real-time MRI\") study found it is better described as a [bilabial approximant](/wiki/Bilabial_approximant \"Bilabial approximant\") {{IPAblink\\|β̞}}.{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2020}}\n* {{IPA\\|/h/}} is {{IPAblink\\|ç}} before {{IPA\\|/i/}} and {{IPA\\|/j/}} {{pronunciation\\|Hi (Japanese).ogg\\|listen\\|(\\|help\\=no}}, and {{IPAblink\\|ɸ}} before {{IPA\\|/u/}} {{pronunciation\\|Ja\\-Fu.oga\\|listen\\|(\\|help\\=no}},{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} coarticulated with the labial compression of that vowel. When not preceded by a pause, it often may be breathy\\-voiced {{IPAblink\\|ɦ}} rather than voiceless {{IPAblink\\|h}}.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=81}}\n* Realization of the liquid phoneme {{IPA\\|/r/}} varies greatly depending on environment and dialect. The prototypical and most common pronunciation is an [apical](/wiki/Apical_consonant \"Apical consonant\") tap, either alveolar {{IPAblink\\|ɾ}} or postalveolar {{IPAblink\\|ɾ̠}}.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=92}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=89}}{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} Utterance\\-initially and after {{IPA\\|/N/}}, the tap is typically articulated in such a way that the tip of the tongue is at first momentarily in light contact with the alveolar ridge before being released rapidly by airflow.{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|p\\=106}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=89}} This sound is described variably as a tap, a \"variant of {{IPAblink\\|ɾ}}\", \"a kind of weak plosive\",{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|p\\=106}} and \"an affricate with short friction, {{IPA\\|\\[d̠ɹ̝̆]}}\".{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} The apical [alveolar or postalveolar lateral approximant](/wiki/Dental%2C_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants \"Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants\") {{IPAblink\\|l}} is a common variant in all conditions,{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} particularly utterance\\-initially{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|p\\=106}} and before {{IPA\\|/i, j/}}.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=92}} According to {{harvcoltxt\\|Akamatsu\\|1997}}, utterance\\-initially and intervocalically (that is, except after {{IPA\\|/N/}}), the lateral variant is better described as a [tap](/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_flap \"Alveolar lateral flap\") {{IPAblink\\|ɺ}} rather than an approximant.{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|p\\=106}}{{harvcoltxt\\|Akamatsu\\|1997}} employs a different symbol, {{IPAblink\\|l̆}}, for the lateral tap. The [retroflex lateral approximant](/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_approximant \"Retroflex lateral approximant\") {{IPAblink\\|ɭ}} is also found before {{IPA\\|/i, j/}}.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=92}} In Tokyo's [Shitamachi dialect](/wiki/Tokyo_dialect \"Tokyo dialect\"), the [alveolar trill](/wiki/Alveolar_trill \"Alveolar trill\") {{IPAblink\\|r}} is a variant marked with vulgarity.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=92}} Other reported variants include the [alveolar approximant](/wiki/Alveolar_approximant \"Alveolar approximant\") {{IPAblink\\|ɹ}},{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} the [alveolar stop](/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop \"Voiced alveolar stop\") {{IPAblink\\|d}}, the [retroflex flap](/wiki/Retroflex_flap \"Retroflex flap\") {{IPAblink\\|ɽ}}, the [lateral fricative](/wiki/Voiced_lateral_fricative \"Voiced lateral fricative\") {{IPAblink\\|ɮ}},{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=92}} and the [retroflex stop](/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_stop \"Voiced retroflex stop\") {{IPAblink\\|ɖ}}.{{sfnp\\|Arai\\|Warner\\|Greenberg\\|2007\\|p\\=48}}", "#### Voice onset time", "At the start of a word, the voiceless stops {{IPA\\|/p, t, k/}} are slightly [aspirated](/wiki/Aspirated_consonant \"Aspirated consonant\"){{sfnp\\|Gao\\|Arai\\|2019\\|p\\=16}}—less so than English stops, but more than those in Spanish.{{sfnp\\|Riney\\|Takagi\\|Ota\\|Uchida\\|2007}} Word\\-medial {{IPA\\|/p, t, k/}} seem to be unaspirated on average.{{sfnp\\|Gao\\|Arai\\|2019\\|p\\=16}} Phonetic studies in the 1980s observed an effect of accent as well as word position, with longer [voice onset time](/wiki/Voice_onset_time \"Voice onset time\") (greater aspiration) in accented syllables than in unaccented syllables.{{harvcoltxt\\|Homma\\|1981\\|pp\\=276\\-277}}, also {{harvcoltxt\\|Homma\\|1980}} as cited by {{harvcoltxt\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=75}}.", "A 2019 study of young adult speakers found that after a pause, word\\-initial {{IPA\\|/b, d, ɡ/}} may be pronounced as plosives with zero or low positive voice onset time (categorizable as voiceless unaspirated or \"short\\-lag\" plosives); while significantly less aspirated on average than word\\-initial {{IPA\\|/p, t, k/}}, some overlap in voice onset time was observed.{{sfnp\\|Gao\\|Arai\\|2019\\|p\\=19}} A secondary cue to the distinction between {{IPA\\|/b, d, ɡ/}} and {{IPA\\|/p, t, k/}} in word\\-initial position is a pitch offset on the following vowel: vowels after word\\-initial (but not word\\-medial) {{IPA\\|/p, t, k/}} start out with a higher pitch compared to vowels after {{IPA\\|/b, d, ɡ/}}, even when the latter are phonetically devoiced.{{sfnp\\|Gao\\|Arai\\|2019\\|pp\\=22\\-25}} Word\\-medial {{IPA\\|/b, d, ɡ/}} are normally fully [voiced](/wiki/Voiced_consonant \"Voiced consonant\") (or prevoiced), but may become non\\-plosives through lenition.{{sfnp\\|Gao\\|Arai\\|2019\\|pp\\=12, 32}}", "#### Lenition", "The phonemes {{IPA\\|/b, d, ɡ/}} have [weakened](/wiki/Lenition \"Lenition\") non\\-plosive pronunciations that can be broadly transcribed as voiced fricatives {{IPA\\|\\[β, ð, ɣ]}}, although they may be realized instead as voiced [approximants](/wiki/Approximant \"Approximant\") {{IPA\\|\\[β̞, ð̞\\~ɹ, ɣ̞\\~ɰ]}}.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=76–78}}{{sfnp\\|Kitagawa\\|Albin\\|2023\\|pp\\=5, 7, 19, 23}} There is no context where the non\\-plosive pronunciations are consistently used, but they occur most often between vowels:\n{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/b/}} \\> {{IPAblink\\|β}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/abareru/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[aβaɾeɾɯ]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|暴れる\\|abareru\\|lit\\=to behave violently\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ɡ/}} \\> {{IPAblink\\|ɣ}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/haɡe/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[haɣe]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|はげ\\|hage\\|lit\\=baldness\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|}\nThese weakened pronunciations can occur not only in the middle of a word, but also when a word starting with {{IPA\\|/b, d, ɡ/}} follows a vowel\\-final word with no intervening pause. {{harvcoltxt\\|Maekawa\\|2018}} found that, as with the pronunciation of {{IPA\\|/z/}} as {{IPA\\|\\[dz]}} vs. {{IPA\\|\\[z]}}, the use of plosive vs. non\\-plosive realizations of {{IPA\\|/b, d, ɡ/}} is closely correlated with the time available to a speaker to articulate the consonant, which is affected by speech rate as well as the identity of the preceding sound.{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2018\\|pp\\=25, 29–32}} All three show a high (over 90%) rate of plosive pronunciations after {{IPA\\|/Q/}} or after a pause; after {{IPA\\|/N/}}, plosive pronunciations occur at high (over 80%) rates for {{IPA\\|/b/}} and {{IPA\\|/d/}}, but less frequently for {{IPA\\|/ɡ/}}, probably because word\\-medial {{IPA\\|/ɡ/}} after {{IPA\\|/N/}} is often pronounced instead as a [velar nasal](/wiki/%23Velar_nasal_onset \"#Velar nasal onset\") {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} (although the use of {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} here may be declining for younger speakers).{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2018\\|pp\\=25–29, 33\\-34}} Across contexts, {{IPA\\|/d/}} generally has a higher rate of plosive realizations than {{IPA\\|/b/}} and {{IPA\\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2018\\|pp\\=24, 27, 33}}", "### Moraic consonants", "Certain consonant sounds are called 'moraic' because they count for a [mora](/wiki/%23Moras \"#Moras\"), a unit of timing or prosodic length. The phonemic analysis of moraic consonants is disputed. One approach, particularly popular among Japanese scholars, analyzes moraic consonants as the phonetic realization of special \"mora phonemes\" ({{lang\\-ja\\|モーラ 音素\\|mōra onso\\|label\\=none}}): a mora nasal {{IPA\\|/N/}}, called the [*hatsuon*](/wiki/N_%28kana%29 \"N (kana)\"), and a mora obstruent consonant {{IPA\\|/Q/}}, called the *[sokuon](/wiki/Sokuon \"Sokuon\")*.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=132\\-135}} The pronunciation of these sounds varies depending on context: because of this, they may be analyzed as \"placeless\" phonemes with no phonologically specified [place of articulation](/wiki/Place_of_articulation \"Place of articulation\").{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=59, 133, 135}} A competing approach rejects the transcriptions {{IPA\\|/Q/}} and {{IPA\\|/N/}} and the identification of moraic consonants as their own phonemes, treating them instead as the syllable\\-final realizations of other consonant phonemes{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015a\\|p\\=34}} (although some analysts prefer to avoid using the concept of syllables when discussing Japanese phonology{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|p\\=332}}).", "#### Moraic nasal", "The moraic nasal{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|pp\\=153, 331\\-332}} or mora nasal ([hiragana](/wiki/Hiragana \"Hiragana\") {{angbr\\|{{lang\\|ja\\|ん}}}}, [katakana](/wiki/Katakana \"Katakana\") {{angbr\\|{{lang\\|ja\\|ン}}}}, romanized as {{angbr\\|{{lang\\|ja\\|n}}}} or {{angbr\\|{{lang\\|ja\\|n'}}}}) can be interpreted as a syllable\\-final nasal consonant.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=96\\-101, 240}} Aside from [certain marginal exceptions](/wiki/%23/N/ \"#/N/\"), it is found only after a vowel, which is phonetically [nasalized in this context](/wiki/%23Nasalization \"#Nasalization\").{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|1987\\|p\\=39}} It can be followed by a consonant, a vowel, or the end of a word:", "{\\| cellpadding\\=\"2\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[o'''m'''pa]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|音波\\|o'''n'''pa\\|lit\\=sound wave\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=102}} \n\\| (hiragana: {{lang\\|ja\\|お'''ん'''ぱ}}, three moras long)\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[da'''ɰ̃'''atsɯ]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|弾圧\\|da'''n''''atsu\\|lit\\=oppression\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=103}} \n\\| (hiragana: {{lang\\|ja\\|だ'''ん'''あつ}}, four moras long)\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[sa'''ɴ''']}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|三\\|sa'''n'''\\|lit\\=three\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=96}} \n\\| (hiragana: {{lang\\|ja\\|さ'''ん'''}}, two moras long)\n\\|}\nIts pronunciation varies depending on the sound that follows it (including across a word boundary).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=101–102}}\n* Before a plosive, affricate, nasal, or liquid, it is pronounced as a nasal consonant [assimilated](/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29 \"Assimilation (linguistics)\") to the place of the following consonant:", "{\\| cellpadding\\=\"2\"\n\\| bilabial {{IPAblink\\|m}} before {{IPA\\|/p, b, m/}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=96, 99}}{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=133–134}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[sa'''m'''mai]}} \n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|三枚\\|sanmai\\|lit\\=three sheets\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=99–100}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| velar {{IPAblink\\|ŋ}} before {{IPA\\|/k, ɡ/}}{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=133–134}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[sa'''ŋ'''kai]}} \n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|三回\\|sankai\\|lit\\=three times\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=97}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| dorso\\-palatal {{IPAblink\\|ŋʲ}} before {{IPA\\|\\[kʲ, ɡʲ]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[ɡe'''ŋʲ'''kʲi]}} \n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|元気\\|genki\\|lit\\=healthy\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=76, 96}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| [lamino\\-alveolar](/wiki/Laminal_consonant \"Laminal consonant\") {{IPAblink\\|n}} before {{IPA\\|\\[t, d, ts, dz, n]}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=97, 99}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[sa'''n'''neɴ]}} \n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|三年\\|sannen\\|lit\\=three years\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=99}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| lamino\\-alveolopalatal {{IPAblink\\|ɲ̟}} before {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ, dʑ, ɲ̟]}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=96}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[sa'''ɲ̟'''tɕoː]}} \n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|三兆\\|sanchō\\|lit\\=three trillion\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=99}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| [apico\\-alveolar](/wiki/Apical_consonant \"Apical consonant\") {{IPAblink\\|n̺}} before {{IPA\\|/r/}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=97}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[sa'''n̺'''ɾɯi]}} \n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|三塁\\|sanrui\\|lit\\=third base\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=97}}\n\\|}\n* Before a vowel, approximant {{IPA\\|/j, w/}}, or voiceless fricative {{IPA\\|\\[ɸ, s, ɕ, ç, h]}}, it is a [nasalized](/wiki/Nasalized \"Nasalized\") vowel or moraic semivowel that can be broadly transcribed as {{IPA\\|\\[ɰ̃]}} (its specific quality depends on the surrounding sounds).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=97, 99}} This pronunciation may also occur before the voiced fricatives {{IPA\\|\\[z, ʑ]}},{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=133\\-134}} although more often, they are pronounced as affricates when preceded by the moraic nasal.{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|pp\\=96, 103, 312\\-313}}", "At the end of an utterance, the moraic nasal is pronounced as a nasal segment with a variable place of articulation and degree of constriction.{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2023\\|p\\=209}} Its pronunciation in this position is traditionally described and transcribed as uvular {{IPAblink\\|ɴ}},{{sfnp\\|Shibatani\\|1990\\|p\\=169}} sometimes with the qualification that it is, or approaches, velar {{IPAblink\\|ŋ}} after front vowels.{{harvcoltxt\\|Saito\\|2005\\|p\\=94}} and {{harvcoltxt\\|National Language Research Institute\\|1990\\|p\\=514}}, cited in {{harvcoltxt\\|Maekawa\\|2023\\|pp\\=191–192}}. Some descriptions state that it may have incomplete occlusion{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=96}} and can potentially be realized as a nasalized vowel, as in intervocalic position.{{sfnp\\|Shibatani\\|1990\\|p\\=169}}{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} Instrumental studies in the 2010s showed that there is considerable variability in its realization and that it often involves a lip closure or constriction.{{sfnp\\|Yamane\\|Gick\\|2010}}{{sfnp\\|Hashi\\|Komada\\|Miura\\|Daimon\\|2014}}{{sfnp\\|Nogita\\|Yamane\\|2015}}{{sfnp\\|Mizoguchi\\|2019\\|p\\=65}} A study of [real\\-time MRI](/wiki/Real-time_MRI \"Real-time MRI\") data collected between 2017 and 2019 found that the pronunciation of the moraic nasal in utterance\\-final position most often involves vocal tract closure with a tongue position that can range from uvular to alveolar: it is assimilated to the position of the preceding vowel (for example, uvular realizations were observed only after the back vowels {{IPA\\|/a, o/}}), but the range of overlap observed between similar vowel pairs suggests this assimilation is not a categorical allophonic rule, but a gradient phonetic process. 5% of the utterance\\-final samples of the moraic nasal were realized as nasalized vowels with no closure: in this case, appreciable tongue raising was observed only when the preceding vowel was {{IPA\\|/a/}}.{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2023\\|pp\\=200, 206\\-207, 209–210}}", "There are a variety of competing phonemic analyses of the moraic nasal. It may be transcribed with the non\\-[IPA](/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet \"International Phonetic Alphabet\") symbol {{IPA\\|/N/}} and analyzed as a \"placeless\" nasal. Some analysts do not categorize it as a phonological consonant.{{efn\\|{{harvcoltxt\\|Labrune\\|2012}} considers {{IPA\\|/N/}} to be a \"special segment\", neither a consonant nor a vowel, and analyzes it as a deficient prosodeme specified only for \\[\\+consonantal] and \\[\\+nasal].{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=133, 162}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Trigo Ferré\\|1988}} analyzes it as a placeless non\\-consonantal nasal glide.{{sfnp\\|Trigo Ferré\\|1988\\|pp\\=44\\-47}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Youngberg\\|2021a}} analyzes Tokyo Japanese as possessing underlying long nasal vowels, e.g. {{IPA\\|/kẽːka/}}, and explains the nasal consonant in the surface phonetic form as a non\\-phonemic transition.{{sfnp\\|Youngberg\\|2021a\\|pp\\=24, 31}}}} Less abstractly, it may be analyzed as a uvular nasal {{IPAslink\\|ɴ}},{{sfnp\\|Shibatani\\|1990\\|p\\=170}} based on the traditional description of its pronunciation before a pause.{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2023\\|p\\=2}} It is sometimes analyzed as a syllable\\-final allophone of the coronal nasal consonant {{IPA\\|/n/}},{{sfnp\\|Smith\\|1980\\|loc\\=§3\\.1\\.3\\.1}}{{sfnp\\|Aoyama\\|2001\\|p\\=17}}{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015a\\|p\\=34}} but this requires treating syllable or mora boundaries as potentially distinctive, because there is a clear contrast in pronunciation between the moraic nasal and non\\-moraic {{IPA\\|/n/}} before a vowel{{sfnp\\|Smith\\|1980\\|loc\\=§2\\.1\\.1}} or before {{IPA\\|/j/}}:", "{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n! Moraic nasal\n\\|\n! Non\\-moraic {{IPA\\|/n/}}\n\\|\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[ka'''ɰ̃'''.a.ke]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|寒明け\\|kan'ake\\|lit\\=the end of the coldest season\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[ka.'''n'''a.ke]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|金気\\|kanake\\|lit\\=metallic taste\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|p\\=65}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[ka'''ɰ̃'''.juː]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|勧誘\\|kan'yū\\|lit\\=solicitation; inducement\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[ka.'''ɲ'''uː]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|加入\\|kanyū\\|lit\\=becoming a member of a group\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|}\nAlternatively, in an analysis that treats syllabification as distinctive, the moraic nasal can be interpreted as an [archiphoneme](/wiki/Archiphoneme \"Archiphoneme\"){{sfnp\\|Mizoguchi\\|2019\\|p\\=2}} (a contextual neutralization of otherwise contrastive phonemes), since there is no contrast in syllable\\-final position between {{IPA\\|/m/}} and {{IPA\\|/n/}}.", "Thus, depending on the analysis, a word like {{lang\\-ja\\|三枚\\|sanmai\\|lit\\=three sheets\\|label\\=none}}, pronounced phonetically as {{IPA\\|\\[sammai]}}, could be phonemically transcribed as {{IPA\\|/saNmai/}}, {{IPA\\|/saɴmai/}}, or {{IPA\\|/sanmai/}}.", "#### Moraic obstruent", "There is a contrast between short (or singleton) and long (or [geminate](/wiki/Gemination \"Gemination\")) consonant sounds. Compared to singleton consonants, geminate consonants have greater phonetic duration (realized for plosives and affricates in the form of a longer [hold phase](/wiki/Plosive%23Articulation \"Plosive#Articulation\") before the release of the consonant, and for fricatives in the form of a longer period of frication).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=105\\-107}} A geminate can be analyzed phonologically as a syllable\\-final consonant followed by a syllable\\-initial consonant (although the hypothesized syllable boundary is not evident at the phonetic level){{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=105}} and can be transcribed phonetically as two occurrences of the same consonant phone in sequence: a geminate plosive or affricate is pronounced with just one release, so the first portion of such a geminate may be transcribed as an [unreleased stop](/wiki/No_audible_release \"No audible release\").{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=135\\-136}} As discussed above, geminate nasal consonants are normally analyzed as sequences of a [moraic nasal](/wiki/%23Moraic_nasal \"#Moraic nasal\") followed by a non\\-moraic nasal, e.g. {{IPA\\|\\[mm]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[nn]}} \\= {{IPA\\|/Nm/}}, {{IPA\\|/Nn/}}.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=136}} In the case of non\\-nasal consonants, [gemination is mostly restricted by Japanese phonotactics](/wiki/%23/Q/ \"#/Q/\") to the voiceless [obstruents](/wiki/Obstruent \"Obstruent\") /p t k s/ and their allophones. (However, other consonant phonemes can appear as geminates in special contexts, such as in loanwords.)", "Geminate consonants can also be phonetically transcribed with a length mark, as in {{IPA\\|\\[ipːai]}}, but this notation obscures mora boundaries. {{harvcoltxt\\|Vance\\|2008}} uses the length marker to mark a moraic nasal, as {{IPA\\|\\[sɑ̃mːbɑi]}}, based on the fact that a moraic consonant by itself has the same prosodic weight as a consonant\\-vowel sequence: consequently, Vance transcribes Japanese geminates with two length markers, e.g. {{IPA\\|\\[sɑ̃mːːɑi]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[ipːːɑi]}}, and refers to them as \"extra\\-long\" consonants.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=99, 107}} In the following transcriptions, geminates will be phonetically transcribed as two occurrences of the same consonant across a syllable boundary, the first being unreleased.", "{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n! Singleton\n\\|\n\\|\n! Geminate\n\\|\n\\|\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[aka]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|垢\\|aka\\|lit\\=dirt\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=105}}\n\\| ({{lang\\|ja\\|あか}}, two moras long)\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[ak̚ka]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|悪化\\|akka\\|lit\\=worsening\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=105}}\n\\| ({{lang\\|ja\\|あっか}}, three moras long)\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[isai]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|異才\\|isai\\|lit\\=genius\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| ({{lang\\|ja\\|いさい}}, three moras long)\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[issai]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|一歳\\|issai\\|lit\\=one year old\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| ({{lang\\|ja\\|いっさい}}, four moras long)\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[satɕi]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|幸\\|sachi\\|lit\\=good luck\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| ({{lang\\|ja\\|さち}}, two moras long)\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[sat̚tɕi]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|察知\\|satchi\\|lit\\=inference\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| ({{lang\\|ja\\|さっち}}, three moras long)\n\\|\\-\n\\|}\nA common phonemic analysis treats all geminate obstruents as sequences starting with the same consonant: a \"mora obstruent\" {{IPA\\|/Q/}}.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=106}}{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=132}} In this analysis, {{IPA\\|\\[ak̚ka]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[issai]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[sat̚tɕi]}} can be phonemically transcribed as {{IPA\\|/aQka/}}, {{IPA\\|/iQsai/}}, {{IPA\\|/saQti/}}. This analysis seems to be supported by the intuition of native speakers{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=107}} and matches the use in kana spelling of a single symbol, a small version of the *tsu* sign ([hiragana](/wiki/Hiragana \"Hiragana\") {{angbr\\|{{lang\\|ja\\|っ}}}}, [katakana](/wiki/Katakana \"Katakana\") {{angbr\\|{{lang\\|ja\\|ッ}}}}) to write the first half of any geminate obstruent.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=135}} Some analyses treat {{IPA\\|/Q/}} as an underlyingly placeless consonant.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=135}} Alternatively, it has been suggested that the underlying phonemic representation of {{IPA\\|/Q/}} might be a glottal stop {{IPAslink\\|ʔ}}—despite the fact that phonetically, it is not always a stop, and is usually not glottal—based on the use of {{IPA\\|\\[ʔ]}} in certain marginal forms that can be interpreted as containing {{IPA\\|/Q/}} not followed by another obstruent. For example, {{IPA\\|\\[ʔ]}} can be found [at the end of an exclamation](/wiki/%23Glottal_stop_insertion \"#Glottal stop insertion\"), or before a sonorant in forms with [emphatic gemination](/wiki/%23/Q/ \"#/Q/\"), and {{angbr\\|{{lang\\|ja\\|っ}}}} is used as a written representation of {{IPA\\|\\[ʔ]}} in these contexts. This suggests that Japanese speakers identify {{IPA\\|\\[ʔ]}} as the default form of {{IPA\\|/Q/}}, or the form it takes when it is not possible for it to share its place and manner of articulation with a following obstruent.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=110–112, 223–225}}", "Another approach dispenses with {{IPA\\|/Q/}} and treats geminate consonants as double consonant phonemes, that is, as sequences consisting of a consonant phoneme followed by itself:{{sfnp\\|Smith\\|1980\\|loc\\=§3\\.1\\.3\\.2}}{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015a\\|p\\=34}} in this type of analysis, {{IPA\\|\\[ak̚ka]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[issai]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[sat̚tɕi]}} can be phonemically transcribed as {{IPA\\|/a'''kk'''a/}}, {{IPA\\|/i'''ss'''ai/}}, {{IPA\\|/sa'''tt'''i/}}. Alternatively, since the contrast between different obstruent consonants such as {{IPA\\|/k/}}, {{IPA\\|/s/}}, {{IPA\\|/t/}} is neutralized in syllable\\-final position, the first half of a geminate obstruent can be interpreted as an archiphoneme (just as the moraic nasal can be interpreted as an archiphoneme representing the neutralization of the contrast between the nasal consonants {{IPA\\|/m/}}, {{IPA\\|/n/}} in syllable\\-final position).", "{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\|\n! Analysis with {{IPA\\|/Q/}}\n! Analysis with double consonant phonemes\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[ak̚ka]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/aQka/}} ({{IPA\\|/Q/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[k̚]}} before {{IPA\\|\\[k]}})\n\\| {{IPA\\|/akka/}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[issai]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/iQsai/}} ({{IPA\\|/Q/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[s]}} before {{IPA\\|\\[s]}})\n\\| {{IPA\\|/issai/}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[satɕi]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/saQti/}} ({{IPA\\|/Q/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[t̚]}} before {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}})\n\\| {{IPA\\|/satti/}}\n\\|\\-\n\\|}\n### Voiced affricate vs. fricative", "{{main\\|Yotsugana}}\nThe distinction between the voiced fricatives {{IPA\\|\\[z, ʑ]}} (originally allophones of {{IPA\\|/z/}}) and the voiced affricates {{IPA\\|\\[dz, dʑ]}} (originally allophones of {{IPA\\|/d/}}) is [neutralized](/wiki/Neutralization_%28linguistics%29 \"Neutralization (linguistics)\") in Standard Japanese and in most (although not all) regional Japanese dialects. (Some dialects, e.g. [Tosa](/wiki/Tosa_dialect \"Tosa dialect\"),{{cite book \\|author\\=Jeroen van de Weijer \\|author2\\=Kensuke Nanjo \\|author3\\=Tetsuo Nishihara \\| title \\= Voicing in Japanese \\|date \\= 2005 \\|publisher\\= Walter de Gruyter \\| page \\= 150\\| isbn \\= 978\\-3\\-11\\-019768\\-6}} retain the distinctions between {{IPA\\|/zi/}} and {{IPA\\|/di/}} and between {{IPA\\|/zu/}} and {{IPA\\|/du/}}, while others distinguish only {{IPA\\|/zu/}} and {{IPA\\|/du/}} but not {{IPA\\|/zi/}} and {{IPA\\|/di/}}. Yet others merge all four, e.g. north [Tōhoku](/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect \"Tōhoku dialect\").)", "In accents with the merger, the phonetically variable {{IPA\\|\\[(d)z]}} sound can be transcribed phonemically as {{IPA\\|/z/}},{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=85\\-86}} though some analyze it as {{IPA\\|/dz/}}, the [voiced](/wiki/Voice_%28phonetics%29 \"Voice (phonetics)\") counterpart to {{IPA\\|\\[ts]}}.{{sfnp\\|Smith\\|1980\\|loc\\=§3\\.1\\.1}} A 2010 corpus study found that in neutralizing varieties, both the fricative and the affricate pronunciation could be found in any position in a word, but the likelihood of the affricate realization was increased in phonetic conditions that allowed for greater time to articulate the consonant: voiced affricates were found to occur on average 60% of the time after {{IPA\\|/N/}}, 74% after {{IPA\\|/Q/}}, and 80% after a pause.{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2010\\|p\\=365}} In addition, the rate of fricative realizations increased as speech rate increased.{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2010\\|p\\=371}} In terms of direction, these effects match those found for the use of [plosive vs. non\\-plosive pronunciations of the voiced stops](/wiki/%23Phonetic_notes \"#Phonetic notes\") {{IPA\\|/b, d, ɡ/}}; however, the overall rate of fricative realizations of {{IPA\\|/(d)z/}} (including both {{IPA\\|\\[dz\\~z]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[dʑ\\~ʑ]}}, in either intervocalic or postnasal position) seems to be higher than the rate of non\\-plosive realizations of {{IPA\\|/b, d, ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\\|Kitagawa\\|Albin\\|2023\\|p\\=29}}", "As a result of the neutralization, the historical spelling distinction between these sounds has been eliminated from the [modern written standard](/wiki/Modern_kana_usage \"Modern kana usage\") except in cases where a mora is repeated once voiceless and once voiced, or where [rendaku](/wiki/%23Rendaku \"#Rendaku\") occurs in a compound word: {{lang\\|ja\\|つ'''づ'''く\\[続く]}} {{IPA\\|/tuzuku/}}, {{lang\\|ja\\|いち'''づ'''ける\\[位置付ける]}} {{IPA\\|/itizukeru/}} from {{IPA\\|{{pipe}}iti\\+tukeru{{pipe}}}}. The use of the historical or morphological spelling in these contexts does not indicate a phonetic distinction: {{IPA\\|/zu/}} and {{IPA\\|/zi/}} in Standard Japanese are variably pronounced with affricates or fricatives according to the contextual tendencies described above, regardless of whether they are underlyingly voiced or derived by rendaku from {{IPA\\|/tu/}} and {{IPA\\|/ti/}}.{{sfnp\\|Kitagawa\\|Albin\\|2023\\|pp\\=16\\-18}}", "### Voiceless coronal affricate", "In core vocabulary, {{IPAblink\\|ts}} can be analyzed as an allophone of {{IPA\\|/t/}} before {{IPA\\|/u/}}:{{sfnp\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|1995\\|p\\=825}}", "", "| {{IPA\\|/t/}} \\> {{IPAblink\\|ts}} | {{IPA\\|/tuɡi/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[tsɯɡi]}} | {{lang\\-ja\\|次\\|tsugi\\|lit\\=next\\|label\\=none}} |\n| --- | --- | --- |", "In loanwords, however, {{IPAblink\\|ts}} can occur before other vowels:{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=84}} examples include {{IPA\\|\\[tsaitoɡaisɯto]}} {{lang\\-ja\\|ツァイトガイスト\\|tsaitogaisuto\\|lit\\=zeitgeist\\|label\\=none}}; {{IPA\\|\\[eɾitsiɴ]}} {{lang\\-ja\\|エリツィン\\|Eritsin\\|lit\\=\\[\\[Boris Yeltsin\\|Yeltsin]]\\|label\\=none}}. There are also a small number of native forms with {{IPA\\|\\[ts]}} before a vowel other than {{IPA\\|/u/}}, such as {{lang\\-ja\\|otottsan\\|lit\\=dad\\|label\\=none}},{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=68}}{{sfnp\\|Hattori\\|1950\\|p\\=102}} although these are marginal and nonstandard{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|1987\\|pp\\=23, 41}} (the standard form of this word is {{lang\\|ja\\|otōsan}}).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=84}} Based on dialectal or colloquial forms like these, as well as the phonetic distance between plosive and affricate sounds, {{harvcoltxt\\|Hattori\\|1950}} argues that the affricate {{IPA\\|\\[ts]}} is its own phoneme, represented by the non\\-IPA symbol {{IPA\\|/c/}} (also interpreted to include {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}} before {{IPA\\|\\[i]}}).{{sfnp\\|Hattori\\|1950\\|pp\\=100\\-102}} In contrast, {{harvcoltxt\\|Shibatani\\|1990}} disregards such forms as exceptional, and prefers analyzing {{IPA\\|\\[ts]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}} as allophones of {{IPA\\|/t/}}, not as a distinct affricate phoneme.{{sfnp\\|Shibatani\\|1990\\|p\\=164–165}}", "### Palatalized consonants", "{{See also\\|Yōon}}\nMost consonants possess phonetically [palatalized](/wiki/Palatalization_%28phonetics%29 \"Palatalization (phonetics)\") counterparts.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=88}} Pairs of palatalized and non\\-palatalized consonants contrast before the back vowels {{IPA\\|/a o u/}}, but are in complementary distribution before the front vowels: only the palatalized version occurs before {{IPA\\|/i/}}, and only the non\\-palatalized version occurs before {{IPA\\|/e/}}{{sfnp\\|Smith\\|1980\\|loc\\=§3\\.1\\.4\\.2\\.5}} (excluding certain marginal forms). Palatalized consonants are often analyzed as allophones conditioned by the presence of a following {{IPA\\|/i/}} or {{IPA\\|/j/}}. When this analysis is adopted, a palatalized consonant before a back vowel is interpreted as a biphonemic /Cj/ sequence. The phonemic analysis described above can be applied straightforwardly to the palatalized counterparts of {{IPA\\|/p b k ɡ m n r/}},{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|1987\\|pp\\=28\\-29}} as in the following examples:\n{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/mi/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[mʲi]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/umi/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɯmʲi]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|海\\|umi\\|lit\\=sea\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/mj/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[mʲ]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/mjaku/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[mʲakɯ]}}{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|脈\\|myaku\\|lit\\=pulse\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ɡj/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɡʲ]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ɡjoːza/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɡʲoːza]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|ぎょうざ\\|gyōza\\|lit\\=fried dumpling\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ri/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɾʲi]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/kiri/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[kʲiɾʲi]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|霧\\|kiri\\|lit\\=fog\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|}", "The palatalized counterpart of {{IPA\\|/h/}} is normally described as {{IPA\\|\\[ç]}} (although some speakers do not distinguish {{IPA\\|\\[ç]}} from {{IPA\\|\\[ɕ]}}{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=69}}):\n{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/hi/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[çi]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/hito/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[çito]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|人\\|hito\\|lit\\=person\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/hj/}} \\> {{IPAblink\\|ç}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/hjaku/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[çakɯ]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|百\\|hyaku\\|lit\\=hundred\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|}", "In the analysis presented above, a sequence like {{IPA\\|\\[mʲa]}} is interpreted as containing three phonemes, {{IPA\\|/mja/}}, with a complex onset cluster of the form {{IPA\\|/Cj/}}. Palatalized consonants could instead be interpreted as their own phonemes,{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=229\\-232}}{{sfnp\\|Nogita\\|2016\\|page\\=73}} in which case {{IPA\\|\\[mʲa]}} is composed of {{IPA\\|/mʲ/}} \\+ {{IPA\\|/a/}}. A third alternative is analyzing {{IPA\\|\\[ja, jo, jɯ]}}\\~{{IPA\\|\\[ʲa, ʲo, ʲɯ]}} as rising diphthongs{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=55\\-56}}{{sfnp\\|Smith\\|1980\\|loc\\=§2\\.3\\.2\\.1}}{{sfnp\\|Nasukawa\\|2015\\|p\\=180}} ({{IPA\\|/i͜a i͜o i͜u/}}), in which case {{IPA\\|\\[mʲa]}} is composed of {{IPA\\|/m/}} \\+ {{IPA\\|/i͜a/}}. {{harvcoltxt\\|Nogita\\|2016}} argues for the cluster analysis {{IPA\\|/Cj/}}, noting that in Japanese, syllables such as {{IPA\\|\\[bja, ɡja, mja, nja, ɾja]}} show a longer average duration than their non\\-palatalized counterparts {{IPA\\|\\[ba, ɡa, ma, na, ɾa]}} (whereas comparable duration differences were not generally found between pairs of palatalized and unpalatalized consonants in Russian).{{sfnp\\|Nogita\\|2016\\|pages\\=78\\-79, 83}}", "The glides {{IPA\\|/j w/}} cannot precede {{IPA\\|/j/}}.{{sfnp\\|Nogita\\|2016\\|page\\=75}} The alveolar\\-palatal sibilants {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} can be analyzed as the palatalized allophones of {{IPA\\|/t s z/}}, but it is debated whether this phonemic interpretation remains accurate in light of contrasts found in loanword phonology.", "### Alveolo\\-palatal sibilants", "The three [alveolo\\-palatal](/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant \"Alveolo-palatal consonant\") sibilants {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} function, at least historically, as the palatalized counterparts of the four [coronal](/wiki/Coronal_consonant \"Coronal consonant\") obstruents {{IPA\\|\\[t s d (d)z]}}. Original {{IPA\\|/ti/}} came to be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}}, original {{IPA\\|/si/}} came to be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[ɕi]}},{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|pp\\=135, 148}} and original {{IPA\\|/di/}} and {{IPA\\|/zi/}} both came to be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[(d)ʑi]}}.{{sfnp\\|Takayama\\|2015\\|pp\\=632\\-633}} (As a result, the sequences {{IPA\\|\\[ti si di (d)zi]}} do not occur in native or Sino\\-Japanese vocabulary.{{sfnp\\|Takayama\\|2015\\|pp\\=629, 631}})", "{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/s/}} \\> {{IPAblink\\|ɕ}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/sio/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɕi.o]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|塩\\|shio\\|lit\\=salt\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/z/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[dʑ\\~ʑ]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/mozi/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[modʑi \\~ moʑi]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|文字\\|moji\\|lit\\=letter, character\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/t/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/tiziN/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[tɕidʑiɴ]}} \\~ {{IPA\\|\\[tɕiʑiɴ]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|知人\\|chijin\\|lit\\=acquaintance\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|}\nLikewise, original {{IPA\\|/tj/}} came to be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}}, original {{IPA\\|/sj/}} came to be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[ɕ]}},{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|pp\\=137\\-138, 148}} and original {{IPA\\|/dj/}} and {{IPA\\|/zj/}} both came to be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[(d)ʑ]}}:{{sfnp\\|Takayama\\|2015\\|pp\\=633\\-634}}", "{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/sj/}} \\> {{IPAblink\\|ɕ}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/isja/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[iɕa]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|医者\\|isha\\|lit\\=doctor\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/zj/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[dʑ\\~ʑ]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ɡozjuː/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɡodʑɯː \\~ ɡoʑɯː]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|五十\\|gojū\\|lit\\=fifty\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/tj/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|/tja/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[tɕa]}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|茶\\|cha\\|lit\\=tea\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|}\nTherefore, alveolo\\-palatal {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]}} can be analyzed as positional allophones of {{IPA\\|/t d s z/}} before {{IPA\\|/i/}}, or as the surface realization of underlying {{IPA\\|/tj dj sj zj/}} clusters before other vowels. For example, {{IPA\\|\\[ɕi]}} can be analyzed as {{IPA\\|/si/}} and {{IPA\\|\\[ɕa]}} as {{IPA\\|/sja/}}. Likewise, {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}} can be analyzed as {{IPA\\|/ti/}} and {{IPA\\|/tɕa/}} as {{IPA\\|/tja/}}. (These analyses correspond to the representation of these sounds in the [Japanese spelling system](/wiki/Kana \"Kana\").) Most dialects show a merger in the pronunciation of underlying {{IPA\\|/d/}} and {{IPA\\|/z/}} before {{IPA\\|/j/}} or {{IPA\\|/i/}}, with the resulting merged phone varying between {{IPA\\|\\[ʑ]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[dʑ]}}. The contrast between {{IPA\\|/d/}} and {{IPA\\|/z/}} is also neutralized before {{IPA\\|/u/}} in most dialects (see [above](/wiki/%23Voiced_affricate_vs._fricative \"#Voiced affricate vs. fricative\")).", "While the diachronic origins of these sounds as allophones of {{IPA\\|/t s d z/}} is uncontroversial, there is disagreement among linguists about whether alveolo\\-palatal sibilants continue to function synchronically as allophones of coronal consonant phonemes: the identification of {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}} as a palatalized allophone of {{IPA\\|/t/}} is especially debated, due to the presence of a distinctive contrast between {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[ti]}} in the foreign stratum of Standard Japanese vocabulary.", "#### {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi (d)ʑi]}} vs. foreign {{IPA\\|\\[ti, di]}}", "The sequences {{IPA\\|\\[ti, di]}} are found exclusively in recent loanwords; they have been assigned the novel kana spellings {{lang\\|ja\\|ティ, ディ}}. (Loanwords borrowed before {{IPA\\|\\[ti]}} was widely tolerated usually replaced this sequence with {{lang\\|ja\\|チ}} {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}} or (more rarely) {{lang\\|ja\\|テ}} {{IPA\\|\\[te]}},{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|p\\=151}} and certain forms exhibiting these replacements continue to be used; likewise, {{lang\\|ja\\|ジ}} {{IPA\\|\\[(d)ʑi]}} or {{lang\\|ja\\|デ}} {{IPA\\|\\[de]}} can be found instead of {{IPA\\|\\[di]}} in some forms, such as {{lang\\-ja\\|ラジオ\\|rajio\\|lit\\=radio\\|label\\=none}} and {{lang\\-ja\\|デジタル\\|dejitaru\\|lit\\=digital\\|label\\=none}}.{{sfnp\\|Irwin\\|2011\\|pp\\=80\\-83}}) Based on a study of type frequency in a lexicon and token frequency in a spoken corpus, {{harvcoltxt\\|Hall\\|2013}} concludes that {{IPA\\|\\[t]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}} have become about as contrastive before {{IPA\\|/i/}} as they are before {{IPA\\|/a/}}.{{sfn\\|Hall\\|2013\\|pp\\=11\\-12}} Some analysts argue that the use of {{IPA\\|\\[ti, di]}} in loanwords shows that the change of {{IPA\\|/ti/}} to {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}} is an inactive, 'fossilized' rule, and conclude that {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}} must now be analyzed as containing an affricate phoneme distinct from {{IPA\\|/t/}}; others argue that pronunciation of {{IPA\\|/ti/}} as {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}} continues to be an active rule of Japanese phonology, but that this rule is restricted from applying to words belonging to the foreign stratum.{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|p\\=157}}", "In contrast to {{IPA\\|\\[ti, di]}}, the sequences {{IPA\\|\\*\\[si, zi]}} are not established even in loanwords. English {{IPA\\|/s/}} is still normally adapted as {{IPA\\|\\[ɕ]}} before {{IPA\\|/i/}}{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|p\\=139}} (i.e. with katakana {{lang\\-ja\\|シ\\|shi\\|label\\=none}}). An example is {{lang\\-ja\\|シネマ\\|shinema\\|label\\=none}} {{IPA\\|\\[ɕinema]}} from *cinema*.{{sfnp\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|1995\\|p\\=828}} Likewise, English {{IPA\\|/z/}} is normally adapted as {{IPA\\|\\[(d)ʑ]}} before {{IPA\\|/i/}} (i.e. with katakana {{lang\\-ja\\|ジ\\|ji\\|label\\=none}}). Pronouncing loanwords with {{IPA\\|\\[si]}}{{sfnp\\|Hall\\|2013\\|pp\\=9, 12}} or {{IPA\\|\\[zi]}} is rare even among the most innovative speakers, but not entirely absent.{{sfnp\\|Irwin\\|2011\\|p\\=84}} To transcribe {{IPA\\|\\[si]}}, as opposed to {{IPA\\|\\[ɕi]}}, it is possible to use the novel kana spelling {{lang\\|ja\\|スィ}} (*su* \\+ small *i*){{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|p\\=139}} (though this has also been used to transcribe original {{IPA\\|\\[sw]}} before {{IPA\\|/i/}} in forms like {{lang\\-ja\\|スィッチ\\|lit\\=switch\\|label\\=none}} {{IPA\\|\\[sɯittɕi]}},{{sfnp\\|Nogita\\|2010\\|p\\=8}} as an alternative to the spellings {{lang\\-ja\\|スイッチ\\|suitchi\\|label\\=none}} or {{lang\\-ja\\|スウィッチ\\|suwitchi\\|label\\=none}}). The use of {{lang\\|ja\\|スィ}} and its voiced counterpart {{lang\\|ja\\|ズィ}} was mentioned, but not officially recommended, by a 1991 cabinet directive on the use of kana to spell foreign words.{{sfnp\\|Irwin\\|2011\\|pp\\=165, 181}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo\\_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/gairai/honbun02\\.html\\|title\\=外来語の表記\\|website\\=Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan\\|publisher\\=Agency for Cultural Affairs\\|access\\-date\\=22 May 2024\\|quote\\=特別な音の書き表し方については,取決めを行わず,自由とすることとしたが,その中には,例えば,「スィ」｢ズィ｣｢グィ｣｢グェ｣｢グォ｣｢キェ｣｢ニェ｣｢ヒェ｣｢フョ｣｢ヴョ｣等の仮名が含まれる。}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Nogita\\|2016}} argues that the difference between {{IPA\\|\\[ɕi]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[si]}} may be marginally contrastive for some speakers,{{sfnp\\|Nogita\\|2016\\|page\\=75}} whereas {{harvcoltxt\\|Labrune\\|2012}} denies that {{IPA\\|\\*\\[si, zi]}} are ever distinguished in pronunciation from {{IPA\\|\\[ɕi, (d)ʑi]}} in adapted forms, regardless of whether the spellings {{lang\\|ja\\|スィ}} and {{lang\\|ja\\|ズィ}}are used in writing.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=65\\-66, 99}}", "The sequence {{IPA\\|\\[tsi]}} (as opposed to either {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[ti]}}) also has some marginal use in loanwords.{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|p\\=152}} An example is {{lang\\-ja\\|エリツィン\\|Eritsin\\|lit\\=\\[\\[Boris Yeltsin\\|Yeltsin]]\\|label\\=none}}.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=84}} In many cases a variant adaptation with {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}} exists.{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|p\\=152}}", "#### Alternations involving {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}}", "Aside from arguments based on loanword phonology, there is also disagreement about the phonemic analysis of native Japanese forms. Some verbs can be analyzed as having an underlying stem that ends in either {{IPA\\|/t/}} or {{IPA\\|/s/}}; these become {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[ɕ]}} respectively before inflectional suffixes that start with {{IPA\\|\\[i]}}:", "| \\[matanai] 'wait' (negative) | vs. | \\[matɕimasu] 'wait' (polite){{sfnp\\|Crawford\\|2009\\|page\\=15}} |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| \\[kasanai] 'lend' (negative) | vs. | \\[kaɕimasu] 'lend' (polite){{sfnp\\|Crawford\\|2009\\|page\\=15}} |", "", "In addition, {{harvcoltxt\\|Shibatani\\|1990}} notes that in casual speech, {{IPA\\|/se/}} or {{IPA\\|/te/}} in verb forms may undergo coalescence with a following {{IPA\\|/ba/}} (marking the conditional), forming {{IPA\\|\\[ɕaː]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[tɕaː]}} respectively, as in {{IPA\\|\\[kaɕaː]}} for {{IPA\\|/kaseba/}} 'if (I) lend' and {{IPA\\|\\[katɕaː]}} for {{IPA\\|/kateba/}} 'if (I) win.'{{sfnp\\|Shibatani\\|1990\\|p\\=164}} On the other hand, per {{harvcoltxt\\|Vance\\|1987}}, {{IPA\\|\\[tj, sj]}} (more narrowly, {{IPA\\|\\[tj̥, sj̥]}}) can occur instead of {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ, ɕ]}} for some speakers in contracted speech forms, such as {{IPA\\|\\[tjɯː]}} for {{IPA\\|/tojuː/}} 'saying',{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|1987\\|p\\=28}} {{IPA\\|\\[matja(ː)]}} for {{IPA\\|/mateba/}} 'if one waits', and {{IPA\\|\\[hanasja(ː)]}} for {{IPA\\|/hanaseba/}} 'if one speaks'; Vance notes these could be dismissed as non\\-phonemic rapid speech variants.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|1987\\|p\\=31}}", "{{harvcoltxt\\|Hattori\\|1950}} argues that alternations in verb forms do not prove {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}} is phonemically {{IPA\\|/t/}}, citing {{lang\\|ja\\|kawanai}} (with {{IPA\\|/w/}}) vs. {{lang\\|ja\\|kai}}, {{lang\\|ja\\|kau}}, {{lang\\|ja\\|kae}}, etc. as evidence that a stem\\-final consonant is not always maintained without phonemic change throughout a verb's conjugated forms, and {{IPA\\|/joɴdewa/}}\\~{{IPA\\|/joɴzja/}} '(must not) read' as evidence that palatalization produced by vowel coalescence can result in alternation between different consonant phonemes.{{sfnp\\|Hattori\\|1950\\|pp\\=103\\-104}}", "#### Competing phonemic analyses", "There are several alternatives to the interpretation of {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} as allophones of {{IPA\\|/t s z/}} before {{IPA\\|/i/}} or {{IPA\\|/j/}}.", "Some interpretations agree with the analysis of {{IPA\\|\\[ɕ]}} as an allophone of {{IPA\\|/s/}} and {{IPA\\|\\[(d)ʑ]}} as an allophone of {{IPA\\|/z/}} (or {{IPA\\|/dz/}}), but treat {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ]}} as the palatalized allophone of a [voiceless coronal affricate phoneme](/wiki/%23Voiceless_coronal_affricate \"#Voiceless coronal affricate\"){{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} {{IPAslink\\|ts}} (to clarify that it is analyzed as a single phoneme, some linguists phonemically transcribe this affricate as {{IPA\\|/tˢ/}}{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} or with the non\\-IPA symbol {{IPA\\|/c/}}). In this sort of analysis, {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi, tɕa]}} \\= {{IPA\\|/tsi, tsja/}}.{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}}", "Other interpretations treat {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} as their own phonemes, while treating other palatalized consonants as allophones or clusters.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=76, 81, 83\\-85, 92}}{{sfnp\\|Nogita\\|2016\\|page\\=75}} The status of {{IPA\\|\\[tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ]}} as phonemes rather than clusters ending in {{IPA\\|/j/}} is argued to be supported by the stable use of the sequences {{IPA\\|\\[tɕe (d)ʑe ɕe]}} in loanwords; in contrast, {{IPA\\|/je/}} is somewhat unstable (it may be variably replaced with {{IPA\\|/ie/}} or {{IPA\\|/e/}}{{sfnp\\|Smith\\|1980\\|loc\\=§5\\.6}}), and other consonant \\+ {{IPA\\|/je/}} sequences such as {{IPA\\|\\[pje]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[kje]}} are generally absent.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=228\\-229}}{{sfnp\\|Nogita\\|2016\\|page\\=75}} (Aside from loanwords, {{IPA\\|\\[tɕe ɕe]}} also occur marginally in native vocabulary in certain exclamatory forms.{{sfnp\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|1995\\|p\\=830}}{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|pp\\=139, 150}})", "It has alternatively been suggested that pairs like {{IPA\\|\\[tɕi]}} vs. {{IPA\\|\\[ti]}} could be analyzed as {{IPA\\|/tji/}} vs. {{IPA\\|/ti/}}.{{sfnp\\|Hall\\|2013\\|p\\=12}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Vance\\|2008}} objects to analyses like {{IPA\\|/tji/}} on the basis that the sequence {{IPA\\|/ji/}} is otherwise forbidden in Japanese phonology.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=228}}", "### Voiceless bilabial fricative", "In core vocabulary, {{IPAblink\\|ɸ}} occurs only before {{IPA\\|/u/}} and can be analyzed as an allophone of {{IPA\\|/h/}}:{{sfnp\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|1995\\|p\\=825}}", "", "| {{IPA\\|/h/}} \\> {{IPAblink\\|ɸ}} | {{IPA\\|/huta/}} \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɸɯta]}} | {{lang\\-ja\\|ふた\\|futa\\|lit\\=lid\\|label\\=none}} |\n| --- | --- | --- |", "According to some descriptions, the initial sound of {{lang\\-ja\\|ふ\\|fu\\|label\\=none}} {{IPA\\|/hu/}} is not consistently produced as {{IPA\\|\\[ɸ]}}, but can sometimes be a sound with weak or no bilabial friction that could be transcribed as {{IPA\\|\\[h]}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|1987\\|pp\\=19\\-20}}{{sfnp\\|Watanabe\\|2009\\|pp\\=91, 94}} (a voiceless approximant similar to the start of English \"who\"{{sfnp\\|Maddieson\\|2005\\|p\\=213}}).", "In loanwords, {{IPA\\|\\[ɸ]}} can occur before other vowels or before {{IPA\\|/j/}}. Examples include {{IPA\\|\\[ɸiɴ]}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|フィン\\|fin\\|lit\\=fin\\|label\\=none}}), {{IPA\\|\\[ɸeɾiː]}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|フェリー\\|ferī\\|lit\\=ferry\\|label\\=none}}), {{IPA\\|\\[ɸaɴ]}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|ファン\\|fan\\|lit\\=fan\\|label\\=none}}), {{IPA\\|\\[ɸoːmɯ]}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|フォーム\\|fōmu\\|lit\\=form\\|label\\=none}}), and {{IPA\\|\\[ɸjɯː(d)ʑoɴ]}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|フュージョン\\|fyūjon\\|lit\\=fusion\\|label\\=none}}).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=78\\-80}} Even in loanwords, {{IPA\\|\\*\\[hɯ]}} is not distinguished from {{IPA\\|\\[ɸɯ]}}{{sfnp\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|1995\\|p\\=828}} (e.g. English *hood* and *food* \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɸɯːdo]}} {{lang\\-ja\\|フード\\|fūdo\\|label\\=none}}), but {{IPAblink\\|ɸ}} and {{IPAblink\\|h}} are distinguished before other vowels (e.g. English *fork* \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɸoːkɯ]}} {{lang\\-ja\\|フォーク\\|fōku\\|label\\=none}} versus *hawk* \\> {{IPA\\|\\[hoːkɯ]}} {{lang\\-ja\\|ホーク\\|hōku\\|label\\=none}}).", "The integration of {{IPA\\|\\[ɸi]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[ɸe]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[ɸa]}}, {{IPA\\|\\[ɸo]}} and {{IPA\\|\\[ɸjɯ]}} into contemporary spoken Standard Japanese seems to have been completed at some point after the middle of the twentieth century,{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=80}} in the post\\-war period: before then, the pronunciation of these sequences seems to have been common only in educated pronunciation.{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|p\\=145}} Loanwords borrowed more recently than around 1890 fairly consistently show {{IPAblink\\|ɸ}} as an adaptation of foreign {{IPA\\|\\[f]}}.{{sfnp\\|Crawford\\|2009\\|page\\=97}} Some older borrowed forms show adaptation of foreign {{IPA\\|\\[f]}} to Japanese {{IPA\\|/h/}} before a vowel other than {{IPA\\|/u/}}, such as {{lang\\-ja\\|コーヒー\\|kōhī\\|lit\\=coffee\\|label\\=none}} and {{lang\\-ja\\|プラットホーム\\|purattohōmu\\|lit\\=platform\\|label\\=none}}. \nAnother old adaptation pattern was the replacement of foreign {{IPA\\|\\[f]}} with {{IPA\\|\\[ɸɯ]}} before a vowel other than {{IPA\\|/u/}}, e.g. *film* \\> {{IPA\\|\\[ɸɯ.i.rɯ.mɯ]}} {{lang\\-ja\\|フイルム\\|fuirumu\\|label\\=none}}. Both of these replacement strategies are now largely obsolete,{{sfnp\\|Pintér\\|2015\\|p\\=145}} although certain old adapted forms continue to be used, sometimes with specialized meanings compared to a variant pronunciation: for example, {{lang\\-ja\\|フイルム\\|fuirumu\\|label\\=none}} tends to be restricted in modern use to photographic films, whereas {{lang\\-ja\\|フィルム\\|firumu\\|label\\=none}} is used for other senses of \"film\" such as movie films.{{sfnp\\|Watanabe\\|2009\\|p\\=100}}", "### Voiced labiodental fricative", "Although spellings with the kana {{nihongo\\|\\|ヴ\\|vu}}, {{nihongo\\|\\|ヴァ\\|va}}, {{nihongo\\|\\|ヴィ\\|vi}}, {{nihongo\\|\\|ヴェ\\|ve}}, {{nihongo\\|\\|ヴォ\\|vo}}, {{nihongo\\|\\|ヴャ\\|vya}}, {{nihongo\\|\\|ヴュ\\|vyu}}, {{nihongo\\|\\|ヴョ\\|vyo}} are commonly used in narrow [transcriptions into Japanese](/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese \"Transcription into Japanese\"), the pronunciation is normally not distinguished from {{IPA\\|/b/}}: for example, there is no meaningful phonological or phonetic difference in pronunciation between {{nihongo\\|\\|エルヴィス\\|Eruvisu}} and {{nihongo\\|\\|エルビス\\|Erubisu}}.{{cite book\\|title\\={{lang\\|ja\\|音声・音韻探究法 日本語音声へのいざない}}\\|last\\=Yuzawa\\|first\\=Tadayuki\\|last2\\=Matsuzaki\\|first2\\=Hiroshi\\|publisher\\=Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd.\\|date\\=25 October 2004\\|chapter\\={{lang\\|ja\\|第6章 「バイオリン」か，「ヴァイオリン」カ？ 【外来語の表記と発音】}}\\|language\\=Japanese\\|page\\=65}} Thus, a phonemic contrast between \\*{{IPA\\|/v/}} and {{IPA\\|/b/}} is not normally recognized as part of Japanese phonology{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|1987\\|p\\=32}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=81}} (although some analysts have instead opted to interpret {{IPA\\|/v/}} as an innovative phoneme that exists for only a few speakers{{sfnp\\|Bloch\\|1950\\|p\\=122}}{{sfnp\\|Irwin\\|2011\\|pp\\=75, 85}}).", "### Velar nasal onset", "For some speakers, the velar nasal {{IPAblink\\|ŋ}} can occur as an onset in place of the voiced velar plosive {{IPAblink\\|ɡ}} in certain conditions. Onset {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}}, called {{Nihongo\\|\\|鼻濁音\\|bidakuon}}, is generally restricted to word\\-internal position,{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=78\\-79}} where it may occur either after a vowel (as in {{lang\\-ja\\|禿\\|ha'''g'''e\\|lit\\=baldness\\|label\\=none}} {{IPA\\|\\[haŋe]}}{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|p\\=124}}) or after a moraic nasal {{IPA\\|/N/}}{{sfnp\\|Maekawa\\|2018\\|p\\=29}} (as in {{lang\\-ja\\|音楽\\|on'''g'''aku\\|lit\\=music\\|label\\=none}} {{IPA\\|\\[oŋŋakɯ\\~oŋŋakɯ̥]}}{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|p\\=125}}). It is debated whether onset {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} constitutes a separate phoneme or an allophone of {{IPA\\|/ɡ/}}.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=78}} They are written the same way in kana, and native speakers have the intuition that the two sounds belong to the same phoneme.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=214\\-222}}{{efn\\|In contexts requiring specialized linguistic transcription of the {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} sound, such as pronunciation dictionaries, the \\[\\[handakuten]] diacritic can be added to ''k''\\-series kana to represent {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}}: thus {{lang\\|ja\\|か゚, き゚, く゚, け゚, こ゚}} can be used to represent {{IPA\\|\\[ŋa, ŋi, ŋɯ, ŋe, ŋo]}} as opposed to {{IPA\\|\\[ɡa, ɡi, ɡɯ, ɡe, ɡo]}}. However, in ordinary writing {{lang\\|ja\\|か゚, き゚, く゚, け゚, こ゚}} are not used, and {{lang\\|ja\\|が, ぎ, ぐ, げ, ご}} can represent either.}}", "Speakers can be divided in three groups based on the extent to which they use {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} in contexts where {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} is not required: some consistently use {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}}, some never use {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}}, and some show variable use of {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} versus {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} (or {{IPA\\|\\[ɣ]}}). Speakers who consistently use {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} are a minority. The distribution of {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} versus {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} for these speakers mostly follows predictable rules (as described below): however, a number of complications and exceptions exist, and as a result, some linguists analyze {{IPA\\|/ŋ/}} as a distinct phoneme for consistent nasal speakers.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=214\\-222}} The contrast has very low functional load,{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=214\\-222}} but for some speakers pairs such as {{IPA\\|\\[oːɡaɾasɯ]}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|大硝子\\|lit\\=big sheet of glass\\|label\\=none}}) versus {{IPA\\|\\[oːŋaɾasɯ]}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|大烏\\|lit\\=big raven\\|label\\=none}}) can be cited as examples of words that are segmentally identical aside from the use of {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} versus {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}}.{{sfnp\\|Shibatani\\|1990\\|p\\=172}} Another commonly cited pair is {{IPA\\|\\[seŋɡo]}} {{lang\\-ja\\|千五\\|lit\\=one thousand and five\\|label\\=none}} versus {{IPA\\|\\[seŋŋo]}} {{lang\\-ja\\|戦後\\|lit\\=postwar\\|label\\=none}}, although aside from the segmental difference in the consonant, these are prosodically distinct: the first is normally pronounced as two accent phrases, {{IPA\\|\\[seꜜŋɡoꜜ]}}, whereas the second is pronounced as a single accent phrase (either {{IPA\\|\\[seꜜŋŋo]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[seŋŋo]}}).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=219\\-220}}", "#### Distribution of {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} vs. {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}}", "At the start of an independent word, all speakers use {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} in almost all circumstances. However, postpositional particles, such as the subject marker {{lang\\-ja\\|が\\|'''g'''a\\|label\\=none}}, are pronounced with {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} by consistent nasal speakers.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=221}} In addition, certain words that normally occur after other words may be pronounced with {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} even when they occur at the start of an utterance: examples include the conjunction {{lang\\-ja\\|が\\|'''g'''a\\|lit\\=but\\|label\\=none}} and the word {{lang\\-ja\\|'''g'''urai\\|lit\\=approximately\\|label\\=none}}.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=221}}{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=79}}", "In the middle of a native morpheme, consistent nasal speakers always use {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}}. But in the middle of foreign\\-stratum morphemes, {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} may be used even by consistent nasal speakers.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=220}} It is also possible for foreign morphemes to be pronounced with medial {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}}: there is considerable variability, but this may be more common in older borrowings (such as {{lang\\-ja\\|オルガン\\|oru'''g'''an\\|lit\\=organ\\|label\\=none}}, from Portuguese {{lang\\|pt\\|órgão}}){{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=220}} or in borrowings that contained {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} in the source language (such as {{lang\\-ja\\|イギリス\\|i'''g'''irisu\\|lit\\=England\\|label\\=none}}, from Portuguese {{lang\\|pt\\|inglês}}).{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=79\\-80}}", "At the start of a morpheme in the middle of a word, either {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} may be possible, depending on the word. Only {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} is possible after the honorific prefix {{lang\\-ja\\|お\\|o\\|label\\=none}} (as in {{lang\\-ja\\|お元気\\|o'''g'''enki\\|lit\\=health\\|label\\=none}} {{IPA\\|\\[oɡenki]}}) or at the start of a reduplicated mimetic morpheme{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=79\\-80}} (as in {{lang\\-ja\\|がらがら\\|gara\\-'''g'''ara\\|lit\\=rattle\\-rattle\\|label\\=none}} {{IPA\\|\\[ɡaɾaɡaɾa]}}).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=216}} Consistent nasal speakers typically use {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} at the start of the second morpheme of a bimorphemic Sino\\-Japanese word, or at the start of a morpheme that has undergone [rendaku](/wiki/%23Rendaku \"#Rendaku\") and begins with {{IPA\\|/k/}} when pronounced as an independent word.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=218\\-219}} When a morpheme that can occur independently as a word starting with {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} is used as the second element of a compound, the compound may be pronounced with either {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} by consistent nasal speakers: factors such as the lexical stratum of the morpheme may play a role, but it seems difficult to establish precise rules predicting which pronunciation occurs in this context, and the pronunciation of some words varies even among consistent nasal speakers, such as {{lang\\-ja\\|縞柄\\|shima'''g'''ara\\|lit\\=striped pattern\\|label\\=none}} {{IPA\\|\\[ɕimaɡaɾa\\~ɕimaŋaɾa]}}.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=217\\-219}}", "The morpheme {{lang\\-ja\\|五\\|go\\|lit\\=five\\|label\\=none}}, is pronounced with {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} when it is used as part of a compound numeral, as in {{IPA\\|\\[ɲi(d)ʑɯːgo]}} {{lang\\-ja\\|二十五\\|nijū\\-go\\|lit\\=twenty\\-five\\|label\\=none}} (accented as {{IPA\\|\\[ɲiꜜ(d)ʑɯːgoꜜ]}}),{{sfnp\\|Okada\\|1999\\|p\\=118}} although {{lang\\|ja\\|五}} can potentially be pronounced as {{IPA\\|\\[ŋo]}} when it occurs non\\-initially in certain proper nouns or lexicalized compound words, such as {{IPA\\|\\[tameŋoɾoː]}} {{lang\\|ja\\|為五郎}} (a male given name), {{IPA\\|\\[ɕitɕiŋosaɴ]}} {{lang\\|ja\\|七五三}} (the name of a [festival for children aged seven, five or three](/wiki/Shichi-Go-San \"Shichi-Go-San\")), or {{IPA\\|\\[(d)ʑɯːŋoja]}} {{lang\\|ja\\|十五夜}} (a night of the full moon).{{sfnp\\|Akamatsu\\|1997\\|pp\\=129, 325}}", "To summarize:", "{\\| class\\=wikitable style\\=\"border: none; background\\-color: transparent\" \\| cellpadding\\=\"5\" \n\\| style\\=\"border\\-style: none\" \\|\n! in the middle of a morpheme\n! at the start of a word\n! rowspan\\=2 \\| at the start of a morpheme, \nin the middle of a word\n\\|\\-\n\\| style\\=\"border\\-style: none\" \\|\n\\| style\\=\"background: \\#f9f9f9\" \\| {{lang\\-ja\\|はげ\\|hage\\|lit\\=baldness\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| style\\=\"background: \\#f9f9f9\" \\| {{lang\\-ja\\|外遊\\|gaiyū\\|lit\\=overseas trip\\|label\\=none}}\n\\|\\-\n! inconsistent speakers\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[haŋe]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[haɡe]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[haɣe]}}\n\\| rowspan\\=3 \\| {{IPA\\|\\[ɡaijɯː]}}, but *not* {{IPA\\|\\*\\[ŋaijɯː]}}\n\\| rowspan\\=2 \\| sometimes {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}}, sometimes {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}}\\~{{IPA\\|\\[ɣ]}}\n\\|\\-\n! consistent nasal speakers\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[haŋe]}}\n\\|\\-\n! consistent stop speakers\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[haɡe]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[haɣe]}}\n\\| {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} or {{IPA\\|\\[ɣ]}}\n\\|}\n#### Sociolinguistics of {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}}", "The frequency of onset {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} in Tokyo Japanese speech was falling as of 2008, and seems to have already been on the decline in 1940\\.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=214}} Pronunciations with {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} are generally less frequent for younger speakers,{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|1987\\|p\\=110}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=214}}{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=78}} and even though the use of {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} was traditionally prescribed as a feature of standard Japanese, pronunciations with {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} seem in practice to have acquired a more prestigious status, as shown by studies that find higher rates of {{IPA\\|\\[ɡ]}} usage when speakers read words from a list.{{sfnp\\|Shibatani\\|1990\\|pp\\=171\\-173}}{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=215}} The frequency of {{IPA\\|\\[ŋ]}} also varies by region: it is rare in the southwestern [Kansai dialects](/wiki/Kansai_dialect \"Kansai dialect\"), but more common in the northeastern [Tohoku dialects](/wiki/Tohoku_dialect \"Tohoku dialect\"), with an intermediate frequency in the [Kanto dialects](/wiki/Kanto_dialects \"Kanto dialects\") (which includes the Tokyo dialect).{{sfnp\\|Sano\\|Ooigawa\\|2010}}", "" ]
Prosody ------- ### Moras {{Further\|On (Japanese prosody)\|Mora (linguistics)\#Japanese\|Isochrony\#Mora timing}} Japanese words have traditionally been analysed as composed of [moras](/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29%23Japanese "Mora (linguistics)#Japanese"), a distinct concept from that of syllables.{{efn\|Moras are represented orthographically in \[\[katakana]] and \[\[hiragana]] – each mora, with the exception of CjV clusters, being one kana – and are referred to in Japanese as ''\[\[On (Japanese prosody)\|on]]''.}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Verdonschot\|first1\=Rinus G.\|last2\=Kiyama\|first2\=Sachiko\|last3\=Tamaoka\|first3\=Katsuo\|last4\=Kinoshita\|first4\=Sachiko\|last5\=Heij\|first5\=Wido La\|last6\=Schiller\|first6\=Niels O.\|title\=The functional unit of Japanese word naming: Evidence from masked priming.\|journal\=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition\|language\=en\|volume\=37\|issue\=6\|pages\=1458–1473\|doi\=10\.1037/a0024491\|pmid\=21895391\|year\=2011\|hdl\=1887/18409\|s2cid\=18278865 \|hdl\-access\=free}} Each mora occupies one rhythmic unit, i.e. it is perceived to have the same time value.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=143}} A mora may be "regular" consisting of just a vowel (V) or a consonant and a vowel (CV), or may be one of two "special" moras, {{IPA\|/N/}} and {{IPA\|/Q/}}. A glide {{IPA\|/j/}} may precede the vowel in "regular" moras (CjV). Some analyses posit a third "special" mora, {{IPA\|/R/}}, the second part of a long vowel (a [chroneme](/wiki/Chroneme "Chroneme")).{{efn\|Also notated {{IPA\|/H/}}, following the conventional usage of ''h'' for lengthened vowels in \[\[romanization of Japanese\|romanization]].}}{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=143–144}} In the following table, the period represents a mora break, rather than the conventional syllable break. {\| border\="0" cellspacing\="3" cellpadding\="5" \| **Mora type** \| **Example** \| **Japanese** \| **Moras per word** \|\- \| V \| {{IPA\|/o/}} \| {{lang\-ja\|尾\|o\|lit\=tail\|label\=none}} \| 1\-mora word \|\- \| jV \| {{IPA\|/jo/}} \| {{lang\-ja\|世\|yo\|lit\=world\|label\=none}} \| 1\-mora word \|\- \| CV \| {{IPA\|/ko/}} \| {{lang\-ja\|子\|ko\|lit\=child\|label\=none}} \| 1\-mora word \|\- \| CjV \| {{IPA\|/kjo/}}{{ref\|1b\|1}} \| {{lang\-ja\|巨\|kyo\|lit\=hugeness\|label\=none}} \| 1\-mora word \|\- \| R \| {{IPA\|/R/}} in {{IPA\|/kjo.R/}} or {{IPA\|/kjo.o/}} \| {{lang\-ja\|今日\|kyō\|lit\=today\|label\=none}} \| 2\-mora word \|\- \| N \| {{IPA\|/N/}} in {{IPA\|/ko.N/}} \| {{lang\-ja\|紺\|kon\|lit\=deep blue\|label\=none}} \| 2\-mora word \|\- \| Q \| {{IPA\|/Q/}} in {{IPA\|/ko.Q.ko/}} or {{IPA\|/ko.k.ko/}} \| {{lang\-ja\|国庫\|kokko\|lit\=national treasury\|label\=none}} \| 3\-mora word \|} {{note\|1b\|1}} Traditionally, moras were divided into plain and palatal sets, the latter of which entail [palatalization](/wiki/Palatalization_%28phonetics%29 "Palatalization (phonetics)") of the consonant element.{{harvcoltxt\|Itō\|Mester\|1995\|p\=827}}. In such a classification scheme, the plain counterparts of moras with a palatal glide are onsetless moras. Thus, the disyllabic {{IPA\|\[ɲip.poɴ]}} ({{lang\-ja\|日本\|lit\=Japan\|label\=none}}) may be analyzed as {{IPA\|/niQpoN/}}, dissected into four moras: {{IPA\|/ni/}}, {{IPA\|/Q/}}, {{IPA\|/po/}}, and {{IPA\|/N/}}. In [English](/wiki/English_language "English language"), [stressed](/wiki/Stress_%28phonology%29 "Stress (phonology)") [syllables](/wiki/Syllable "Syllable") in a [word](/wiki/Word "Word") are pronounced louder, longer, and with higher pitch, while unstressed syllables are relatively shorter in duration. Japanese is often considered a [mora\-timed](/wiki/Timing_%28linguistics%29 "Timing (linguistics)") language, as each mora [tends to be of the same length](/wiki/Isochrony "Isochrony"),{{sfnp\|Aoyama\|2001\|pp\=1–2}} though not strictly: geminate consonants and moras with devoiced vowels may be shorter than other moras.{{sfnp\|Aoyama\|2001\|p\=11}} Factors such as pitch have negligible influence on mora length.{{sfnp\|Aoyama\|2001\|pp\=7–8}} ### Pitch accent {{Main\|Japanese pitch accent}} Standard Japanese has a distinctive [pitch accent](/wiki/Pitch_accent "Pitch accent") system where a word can either be unaccented, or can bear an accent on one of its moras. An accented mora is pronounced with a relatively high tone and is followed by a drop in [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_accent "Pitch accent"), which can be marked in transcription by placing a downward\-pointing arrow {{IPA\|/ꜜ/}} after the accented mora.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=143}} The pitch of other moras in the word (or more precisely, in the accent phrase) is predictable. A common simplified model describes pitch patterns in terms of a two\-way division between low\- and high\-pitched moras. Low pitch is found on all moras following the accented mora (if there is one) and usually also on the first mora of the accent phrase (unless it bears the accent). High pitch is found on the accented mora (if there is one) and on non\-initial moras up to the accented mora, or up to the end of the accent phrase if there is no accented mora.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=147\-150}} Under this model, it is not possible to distinguish the pitch patterns of an unaccented phrase and a phrase with accent on the final mora: both show low pitch on the first mora and high pitch on every following mora. It is generally said that there is no audible difference between these two accentuation patterns.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=144}}{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=182\-183}} (Some acoustic experiments have found evidence that some speakers may produce slightly different phonetic pitch contours for these two accentuation patterns;{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=144}}{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=182\-183}} however, even when such differences exist, they do not seem to be perceptible to listeners.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=183}}) However, the underlying lexical distinction between unaccented words and words with accent on the final mora is made apparent when the word is followed by further material within the same accent phrase, such as the case particle {{lang\|ja\|が}}: thus, {{IPA\|/hasiꜜɡa/}} ({{lang\-ja\|橋が\|lit\=bridge {{sc\|nom}}\|label\=none}}) clearly contrasts with {{IPA\|/hasiɡa/}} ({{lang\-ja\|端が\|lit\=edge {{sc\|nom}}\|label\=none}}), even though a distinction is not perceived between {{lang\|ja\|橋}} {{IPA\|/hasiꜜ/}} and {{lang\|ja\|端}} {{IPA\|/hasi/}} when pronounced in isolation. The placement of pitch accent, and the lowering of pitch on an initial unaccented mora, show some restrictions that can be explained in terms of syllable structure. Accent cannot be placed on the second mora of a [heavy (bimoraic) syllable](/wiki/%23Heavy_syllables "#Heavy syllables"){{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=146}} (which may be {{IPA\|/Q/}}, {{IPA\|/N/}}, or the second mora of a long vowel or diphthong). An initial unaccented mora isn't always pronounced with low pitch when it occurs as part of a heavy syllable.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=147}} Specifically, when the second mora of an accent phrase is {{IPA\|/R/}} (the latter part of a long vowel) or {{IPA\|/N/}} (the moraic nasal), the first two moras are optionally either LH (low\-high) or HH (high\-high).{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=154}} In contrast, when the second mora is {{IPA\|/Q/}} the first two moras are LL (low\-low).{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=154\-155}} When the second mora is {{IPA\|/i/}}, initial lowering seems to apply as usual to the first mora only, LH (low\-high).{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=154\-155}} {{harvcoltxt\|Labrune\|2012}} rejects the use of the syllable in descriptions of Japanese phonology and so explains these phenomena alternatively as a consequence of {{IPA\|/N/}}, {{IPA\|/Q/}}, {{IPA\|/R/}} constituting "deficient moras", a term Labrune suggests can also encompass moras without an onset, with a devoiced vowel, or with an epenthetic vowel.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=162\-164}} Different [dialects of Japanese](/wiki/Dialects_of_Japanese "Dialects of Japanese") have different accent systems: some distinguish a greater number of contrastive pitch patterns than the Tokyo dialect, while others make fewer distinctions.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=251\-257, 261, 263}} ### Feet The bimoraic foot, a unit composed of two moras, plays an important role in linguistic analyses of Japanese prosody.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=171}}{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=384}} The relevance of the bimoraic foot can be seen in the formation of [hypocoristic](/wiki/Hypocorism "Hypocorism") names, [clipped compounds](/wiki/Clipped_compound "Clipped compound"), and shortened forms of longer words. For example, the hypocoristic suffix *\-chan* is attached to the end of a name to form an affectionate term of address. When this suffix is used, the name may be unchanged in form, or it may optionally be modified: modified forms always have an even number of moras before the suffix.{{sfnp\|Poser\|1990\|p\=82}} It is common to use the first two moras of the base name, but there are also variations that are not produced by simple truncation:{{efn\|In content, all examples are taken from {{harvcoltxt\|Poser\|1990\|pp\=82–89}}; however, the original phonemic transcriptions have been altered and mora boundaries and romanizations have been added.}} Truncation to the first two moras:{{sfnp\|Poser\|1990\|pp\=82, 84}} {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/o.sa.mu/}} \| osamu \| \> \| {{IPA\|/o.sa.tja.N/}} \| osachan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/ta.ro.ː/}} \| taroo \| \> \| {{IPA\|/ta.ro.tja.N/}} \| tarochan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/jo.ː.su.ke/}} \| yoosuke \| \> \| {{IPA\|/jo.ː.tja.N/}} \| yoochan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/ta.i.zo.ː/}} \| taizoo \| \> \| {{IPA\|/ta.i.tja.N/}} \| taichan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/ki.N.su.ke/}} \| kinsuke \| \> \| {{IPA\|/ki.N.tja.N/}} \| kinchan \|} From first mora, with lengthening:{{sfnp\|Poser\|1990\|pp\=84–85}} {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/ti/}} \| chi \| \> \| {{IPA\|/ti.ː.tja.N/}} \| chiichan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/ka.yo.ko/}} \| kayoko \| \> \| {{IPA\|/ka.ː.tja.N/}} \| kaachan \|} With formation of a moraic obstruent:{{sfnp\|Poser\|1990\|p\=85}} {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/a.tu.ko/}} \| atsuko \| \> \| {{IPA\|/a.Q.tja.N/}} \| atchan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/mi.ti.ko/}} \| michiko \| \> \| {{IPA\|/mi.Q.tja.N/}} \| mitchan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/bo.ː/}} \| boo \| \> \| {{IPA\|/bo.Q.tja.N/}} \| botchan \|} With formation of a moraic nasal:{{sfnp\|Poser\|1990\|pp\=85, 89}} {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/a.ni/}} \| ani \| \> \| {{IPA\|/a.N.tja.N/}} \| anchan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/me.ɡu.mi/}} \| megumi \| \> \| {{IPA\|/me.N.tja.N/}} \| menchan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/no.bu.ko/}} \| nobuko \| \> \| {{IPA\|/no.N.tja.N/}} \| nonchan \|} From two non\-adjacent moras:{{sfnp\|Poser\|1990\|p\=86}} {\| cellpadding\="5" \| {{IPA\|/a.ki.ko/}} \| akiko \| \> \| {{IPA\|/a.ko.tja.N/}} \| akochan \|\- \| {{IPA\|/mo.to.ko/}} \| motoko \| \> \| {{IPA\|/mo.ko.tja.N/}} \| mokochan \|} {{harvcoltxt\|Poser\|1990}} argues that the various kinds of modifications are best explained in terms of a two\-mora 'template' used in the formation of this type of hypocoristic: the bimoraic foot.{{sfnp\|Poser\|1990\|pp\=86, 88–89}} Aside from the bimoraic foot as shown above, in some analyses monomoraic (one\-mora) feet (also called "degenerate" feet) or trimoraic (three\-mora) feet are considered to occur in certain contexts.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|p\=171}} ### Syllables Although there is debate about the usefulness or relevance of syllables to the phonology of Japanese, it is possible to analyze Japanese words as being divided into syllables. When setting Japanese lyrics to (modern Western\-style) music, a single note may correspond either to a mora or to a syllable.{{sfnp\|Starr\|Shih\|2017\|pp\=6–8}} Normally, each syllable contains at least one vowel{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=117\-118}} and has a length of either one mora (called a light syllable) or two moras (called a heavy syllable); thus, the structure of a typical Japanese syllable can be represented as (C)(j)V(V/N/Q), where C represents an onset consonant, V represents a vowel, N represents a moraic nasal, Q represents a moraic obstruent, components in parentheses are optional, and components separated by a slash are mutually exclusive.{{sfnp\|Shinohara\|2004\|p\=295}} However, other, more marginal syllable types (such as trimoraic syllables or vowelless syllables) may exist in restricted contexts. The majority of syllables in spontaneous Japanese speech are 'light',{{sfnp\|Otake\|2015\|p\=504}} that is, one mora long, with the form (C)(j)V. #### Heavy syllables "Heavy" syllables (two moras long) may potentially take any of the following forms: * (C)(j)VN (ending in a short vowel \+ /N/) * (C)(j)VQ (ending in a short vowel \+ /Q/) * (C)(j)VR (ending in a long vowel). May be analyzed either as a special case of (C)(j)VV with both V as the same vowel phoneme,{{sfnp\|Shinohara\|2004\|p\=295}} or as ending in a vowel followed by a special chroneme segment (written as R or sometimes H).{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=118}} * (C)(j)V₁V₂, where V₁ is different from V₂. Sometimes notated as (C)(j)VJ. Some descriptions of Japanese phonology refer to a VV sequence within a syllable as a diphthong; others use the term "quasi\-diphthong" as a means of clarifying that these are analyzed as sequences of two vowel phonemes within one syllable, rather than as unitary phonemes.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2017\|p\=26}} There is disagreement about which non\-identical vowel sequences can occur within the same syllable. One criterion used to evaluate this question is the placement of pitch accent: it has been argued that, like syllables ending in long vowels, syllables ending in diphthongs cannot bear a pitch accent on their final mora.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=135}} It has also been argued that diphthongs, like long vowels, cannot normally be pronounced with a glottal stop or vowel rearticulation between their two moras, whereas this may optionally occur between two vowels that belong to separate syllables.{{sfnp\|Youngberg\|2021b\|p\=228}} {{harvcoltxt\|Kubozono\|2015a}} argues that only {{IPA\|/ai/}}, {{IPA\|/oi/}} and {{IPA\|/ui/}} can be diphthongs,{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015a\|pp\=5–6}} although some prior literature has included other sequences such as {{IPA\|/ae/}}, {{IPA\|/ao/}}, {{IPA\|/oe/}}, {{IPA\|/au/}}, when they occur within a morpheme.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=54}} {{harvcoltxt\|Labrune\|2012}} argues against the syllable as a unit of Japanese phonology and thus concludes that no vowel sequences ought to be analyzed as diphthongs.{{sfnp\|Labrune\|2012\|pp\=53–56}} In some contexts, a VV sequence that could form a valid diphthong is separated by a syllable break at a morpheme boundary, as in {{IPA\|/kuruma.iꜜdo/}} 'well with a pulley' from {{IPA\|/kuruma/}} 'wheel, car' and {{IPA\|/iꜜdo/}} 'well'.{{sfnp\|Youngberg\|2021b\|p\=240}} However, the distinction between a heterosyllabic vowel sequence and a long vowel or diphthong is not always predictable from the position of morpheme boundaries: that is, syllable breaks between vowels do not always correspond to morpheme boundaries (or vice versa). For example, some speakers may pronounce the word {{lang\-ja\|炎\|honoo\|lit\=flame\|label\=none}} with a heterosyllabic {{IPA\|/o.o/}} sequence, even though this word is arguably monomorphemic in modern Japanese.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=62}} This is an exceptional case: for the most part, heterosyllabic sequences of two identical short vowels are found only across a morpheme boundary.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=62}} On the other hand, it is not so rare for a heterosyllabic sequence of two non\-identical vowels to occur within a morpheme.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=62}} In addition, it seems to be possible in some cases for a VV sequence to be pronounced in one syllable even across a morpheme boundary. For example, {{lang\-ja\|歯医者\|haisha\|lit\=dentist\|label\=none}} is morphologically a compound of {{lang\-ja\|歯\|ha\|lit\=tooth\|label\=none}} and {{lang\-ja\|医者\|isha\|lit\=doctor\|label\=none}} (itself composed of the morphemes {{lang\-ja\|医\|i\|lit\=medical\|label\=none}} and {{lang\-ja\|者\|sha\|lit\=person\|label\=none}}); despite the morpheme boundary between {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} in this word, they seem to be pronounced in one syllable as a diphthong, making it a homophone with {{lang\-ja\|敗者\|haisha\|lit\=defeated person\|label\=none}}.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=63}} Likewise, the morpheme {{IPA\|/i/}} used as a suffix to form the dictionary form (or affirmative nonpast\-tense form) of an [i\-adjective](/wiki/Japanese_adjectives%23i-adjective "Japanese adjectives#i-adjective") is almost never pronounced as a separate syllable; instead, it combines with a preceding stem\-final {{IPA\|/i/}} to form the long vowel {{IPA\|\[iː]}}, or with a preceding stem\-final {{IPA\|/a/}}, {{IPA\|/o/}} or {{IPA\|/u/}} to form a diphthong.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|pp\=174–175}} #### Superheavy syllables Syllables of three or more moras, called "superheavy" syllables, are uncommon and exceptional (or "marked"); the extent to which they occur in Japanese words is debated.{{sfnp\|Itō\|Mester\|2013\|loc\=19:50}} Superheavy syllables never occur within a morpheme in Yamato or Sino\-Japanese.{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|pp\=375–376}} Apparent superheavy syllables can be found in certain morphologically derived Yamato forms (including inflected verb forms where a suffix starting with {{IPA\|/t/}} is attached to a root ending in \-VVC\-, derived adjectives in {{lang\-ja\|{{linktext\|っぽい}}\|\-ppoi\|label\=none}}, or derived demonyms in {{lang\-ja\|{{linktext\|っこ}}\|\-kko\|label\=none}}) as well as in many loanwords.{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|pp\=375–376}}{{sfnp\|Itō\|Mester\|2013\|loc\=16:05\-19:42}} | Apparent superheavy syllables | | | Syllable type | Examples | | | Morphologically complex forms | Loanwords | | (C)(j)VRN | | {{lang\-en\|green}} → {{lang\-ja\|グリーン\|gurīn}}{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015a\|p\=13}} | | (C)(j)V₁V₂N | | {{lang\-en\|Spain}} → {{lang\-ja\|スペイン\|supein}}{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015a\|p\=13}} | | (C)(j)VRQ | {{lang\-ja\|通った\|tootta\|lit\=pass\-PAST\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Aoyama\|2001\|p\=9}}{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=376}}{{lang\-ja\|東京っ子\|tōkyōkko\|lit\=Tokyoite\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Ohta\|1991\|p\=168}} | | | (C)(j)V₁V₂Q | {{lang\-ja\|入って\|haitte\|lit\=enter\-GERUNDIVE\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=376}}{{lang\-ja\|仙台っ子\|sendaikko\|lit\=Sendai\-ite\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=377}} | | | C)(j)VNQ | {{lang\-ja\|ロンドンっ子\|rondonkko\|lit\=Londoner\|label\=none}},{{sfnp\|Aoyama\|2001\|p\=9}}{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=377}}{{lang\-ja\|ドラえもんっぽい\|doraemonppoi\|lit\=like Doraemon\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=377}} | | | C)(j)VRNQ | {{lang\-ja\|ウィーンっ子\|uiinkko\|lit\=Wiener\|label\=none}},{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=377}}{{lang\-ja\|ウィーンって言った\|uiintte itta\|lit\=Vienna, (s)he said\|label\=none}}{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=377}} | | According to some accounts, certain forms listed in the above table may be avoided in favor of a different pronunciation with an ordinary heavy syllable (by reducing a long vowel to a short vowel or a geminate to a singleton consonant). {{harvcoltxt\|Vance\|1987}} suggests there might be a strong tendency to reduce superheavy syllables to the length of two moras in speech at a normal conversational speed, saying that *tooQta* is often indistinguishable from *toQta*.{{sfnp\|Vance\|1987\|pp\=72–73}} {{harvcoltxt\|Vance\|2008}} again affirms the existence of a tendency to shorten superheavy syllables in speech at a conversational tempo (specifically, to replace VRQ with VQ, VRN with VN, and VNQ with VN), but stipulates that the distinctions between {{lang\-ja\|通った\|tootta\|label\=none}} and {{lang\-ja\|取った\|totta\|label\=none}}; {{lang\-ja\|シーン\|shiin\|label\=none}} and {{lang\-ja\|芯\|shin\|label\=none}}; and {{lang\-ja\|コンテ\|konte\|lit\=script\|label\=none}} and {{lang\-ja\|紺って\|kontte\|lit\=navy blue\-QUOTATIVE\|label\=none}} are clearly audible in careful pronunciation.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=132}} Ito and Mester explicitly deny that there is a general tendency to shorten the long vowel of forms such as *tootte* in most styles of speech.{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=376}}{{sfnp\|Itō\|Mester\|2013\|loc\=18:10}} {{harvcoltxt\|Ohta\|1991}} accepts superheavy syllables ending in {{IPA\|/RQ/}} and {{IPA\|/JQ/}} but describes {{IPA\|/NQ/}} as hardly possible, stating that he and the majority of the informants he consulted judged examples such as {{IPA\|/roNdoNQko/}} to be questionably well\-formed in comparison to {{IPA\|/roNdoNko/}}.{{sfnp\|Ohta\|1991\|pp\=168, 177}} It has also been argued that in some cases, an apparent superheavy syllable might actually be a sequence of a light syllable followed by a heavy syllable. {{harvcoltxt\|Kubozono\|2015c}} argues that {{IPA\|/VVN/}} sequences are generally syllabified as {{IPA\|/V.VN/}}, citing forms where pitch accent is placed on the second vowel such as {{lang\-ja\|スペイン風邪\|supeiꜜnkaze\|lit\=Spanish influenza\|label\=none}}, {{lang\-ja\|リンカーン杯\|rinkaaꜜnhai\|lit\=Lincoln Cup\|label\=none}}, {{lang\-ja\|グリーン車\|guriiꜜnsha\|lit\=Green Car\|label\=none}} (first\-class car of a train) (syllabified per Kubozono as *su.pe.in.ka.ze, rin.ka.an.hai, gu.ri.in.sha*).{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015a\|pp\=13–14}}{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015c\|pp\=341–342}} {{harvcoltxt\|Ito\|Mester\|2018}} state that compounds formed from words of this shape often exhibit variable accentuation, citing *guriꜜinsha\~guriiꜜnsha*, {{lang\-ja\|Uターン率\|yuutaaꜜnritsu\~yuutaꜜanritsu\|lit\=U\-turn percentage\|label\=none}}, and {{lang\-ja\|マクリーン館\|makuriiꜜnkan \~ makuriꜜinkan\|lit\=McLean Building\|label\=none}}.{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2018\|p\=214}} {{harvcoltxt\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b}} note that the pitch\-based criterion for syllabifying VV sequences would suggest that *Sendaiꜜkko* is syllabified as *Sen.da.ik.ko*;{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=377}} likewise, {{harvcoltxt\|Ohta\|1991}} reports a suggestion by Shin’ichi Tanaka (per personal communication) that the accentuation *tookyooꜜkko* implies the syllable division *\-kyo.oQ\-*, although Ohta favors the analysis with a superheavy syllable based on intuitition that this word contains a long vowel and not a sequence of two separate vowels.{{sfnp\|Ohta\|1991\|p\=177}} Ito and Mester ultimately question whether the placement of pitch accent on the second mora really rules out analyzing a three\-mora sequence as a single superheavy syllable. The word {{lang\|ja\|rondonkko}} has a pronunciation where the pitch accent is placed on {{IPA\|/N/}}:{{sfnp\|Ohta\|1991\|p\=177}}{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=377}} {{IPA\|/roNdoNꜜQko/}}. {{harvcoltxt\|Vance\|2008}} interprets {{IPA\|/NꜜQ/}} here as its own syllable, separate from the preceding vowel, while stating that a variant pronunciation {{IPA\|/roNdoꜜNQko/}}, with a superheavy syllable {{IPA\|/doꜜNQ/}}, also exists.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=147}} Ito and Mester consider the syllabification *ron.do.nk.ko* implausible,{{sfnp\|Ito\|Mester\|2015b\|p\=377}} and propose that pitch accent, rather than always falling on the first mora of a syllable, may fall on the penultimate mora when a syllable is superheavy.{{sfnp\|Itō\|Mester\|2013\|loc\=25:25\-30:15}} Per {{harvcoltxt\|Kubozono\|2015c}}, the superheavy syllable in *toꜜotta* bears accent on its first mora.{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015c\|p\=343}} Evidence for the avoidance of superheavy syllables includes the adaptation of foreign long vowels or diphthongs to Japanese short vowels before {{IPA\|/N/}} in loanwords such as the following: {{lang\-en\|foundation}} → {{lang\-ja\|ファンデーション\|fandēshon}} {{lang\-en\|stainless}} → {{lang\-ja\|ステンレス\|sutenresu}} {{lang\-en\|corned beef}} → {{lang\-ja\|コンビーフ\|konbīfu}}{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|Itô\|Mester\|2009\|page\=956}} There are exceptions to this shortening: {{IPA\|/ai/}} seems to never be affected, and {{IPA\|/au/}}, although often replaced with {{IPA\|/a/}} in this context, can be kept, as in the following words:{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015c\|p\=337}} {{lang\-en\|sound}} → {{lang\-ja\|サウンド\|saundo}} {{lang\-en\|mountain}} → {{lang\-ja\|マウンテン\|maunten}}{{sfnp\|Kubozono\|2015c\|p\=338}} #### Vowelless syllables Some analyses recognize vowelless syllables in restricted contexts. * {{harvcoltxt\|Kawahara\|Shaw\|2018}} argue that [high vowel deletion](/wiki/%23Devoicing "#Devoicing") may produce syllabic fricatives or affricates.{{sfnp\|Kawahara\|Shaw\|2018\|loc\=§5}} * Per {{harvcoltxt\|Vance\|2008}}, {{IPA\|/N/}} is syllabic in the [marginal circumstances](/wiki/%23/N/ "#/N/") where it occurs word\-initially, such as {{lang\-ja\|ン十億\|njūoku\|lit\=several billion\|label\=none}};{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=119}} Vance also considers {{IPA\|/NQ/}} to constitute its own syllable in the exceptional form {{lang\|ja\|rondonkko}} {{IPA\|/roNdoNꜜQko/}} (alternatively analyzed as containing a [superheavy syllable](/wiki/%23Superheavy_syllables "#Superheavy syllables"); see above) due to the placement of the pitch accent on {{IPA\|/N/}}.{{sfnp\|Vance\|2008\|p\=147}}
[ "Prosody\n-------", "### Moras", "{{Further\\|On (Japanese prosody)\\|Mora (linguistics)\\#Japanese\\|Isochrony\\#Mora timing}}\nJapanese words have traditionally been analysed as composed of [moras](/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29%23Japanese \"Mora (linguistics)#Japanese\"), a distinct concept from that of syllables.{{efn\\|Moras are represented orthographically in \\[\\[katakana]] and \\[\\[hiragana]] – each mora, with the exception of CjV clusters, being one kana – and are referred to in Japanese as ''\\[\\[On (Japanese prosody)\\|on]]''.}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Verdonschot\\|first1\\=Rinus G.\\|last2\\=Kiyama\\|first2\\=Sachiko\\|last3\\=Tamaoka\\|first3\\=Katsuo\\|last4\\=Kinoshita\\|first4\\=Sachiko\\|last5\\=Heij\\|first5\\=Wido La\\|last6\\=Schiller\\|first6\\=Niels O.\\|title\\=The functional unit of Japanese word naming: Evidence from masked priming.\\|journal\\=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=1458–1473\\|doi\\=10\\.1037/a0024491\\|pmid\\=21895391\\|year\\=2011\\|hdl\\=1887/18409\\|s2cid\\=18278865 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} Each mora occupies one rhythmic unit, i.e. it is perceived to have the same time value.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=143}} A mora may be \"regular\" consisting of just a vowel (V) or a consonant and a vowel (CV), or may be one of two \"special\" moras, {{IPA\\|/N/}} and {{IPA\\|/Q/}}. A glide {{IPA\\|/j/}} may precede the vowel in \"regular\" moras (CjV). Some analyses posit a third \"special\" mora, {{IPA\\|/R/}}, the second part of a long vowel (a [chroneme](/wiki/Chroneme \"Chroneme\")).{{efn\\|Also notated {{IPA\\|/H/}}, following the conventional usage of ''h'' for lengthened vowels in \\[\\[romanization of Japanese\\|romanization]].}}{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=143–144}} In the following table, the period represents a mora break, rather than the conventional syllable break.", "{\\| border\\=\"0\" cellspacing\\=\"3\" cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| **Mora type**\n\\| **Example**\n\\| **Japanese**\n\\| **Moras per word**\n\\|\\-\n\\| V\n\\| {{IPA\\|/o/}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|尾\\|o\\|lit\\=tail\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| 1\\-mora word\n\\|\\-\n\\| jV\n\\| {{IPA\\|/jo/}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|世\\|yo\\|lit\\=world\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| 1\\-mora word\n\\|\\-\n\\| CV\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ko/}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|子\\|ko\\|lit\\=child\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| 1\\-mora word\n\\|\\-\n\\| CjV\n\\| {{IPA\\|/kjo/}}{{ref\\|1b\\|1}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|巨\\|kyo\\|lit\\=hugeness\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| 1\\-mora word\n\\|\\-\n\\| R\n\\| {{IPA\\|/R/}} in {{IPA\\|/kjo.R/}} or {{IPA\\|/kjo.o/}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|今日\\|kyō\\|lit\\=today\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| 2\\-mora word\n\\|\\-\n\\| N\n\\| {{IPA\\|/N/}} in {{IPA\\|/ko.N/}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|紺\\|kon\\|lit\\=deep blue\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| 2\\-mora word\n\\|\\-\n\\| Q\n\\| {{IPA\\|/Q/}} in {{IPA\\|/ko.Q.ko/}} or {{IPA\\|/ko.k.ko/}}\n\\| {{lang\\-ja\\|国庫\\|kokko\\|lit\\=national treasury\\|label\\=none}}\n\\| 3\\-mora word\n\\|}\n{{note\\|1b\\|1}} Traditionally, moras were divided into plain and palatal sets, the latter of which entail [palatalization](/wiki/Palatalization_%28phonetics%29 \"Palatalization (phonetics)\") of the consonant element.{{harvcoltxt\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|1995\\|p\\=827}}. In such a classification scheme, the plain counterparts of moras with a palatal glide are onsetless moras.\nThus, the disyllabic {{IPA\\|\\[ɲip.poɴ]}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|日本\\|lit\\=Japan\\|label\\=none}}) may be analyzed as {{IPA\\|/niQpoN/}}, dissected into four moras: {{IPA\\|/ni/}}, {{IPA\\|/Q/}}, {{IPA\\|/po/}}, and {{IPA\\|/N/}}.", "In [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"), [stressed](/wiki/Stress_%28phonology%29 \"Stress (phonology)\") [syllables](/wiki/Syllable \"Syllable\") in a [word](/wiki/Word \"Word\") are pronounced louder, longer, and with higher pitch, while unstressed syllables are relatively shorter in duration. Japanese is often considered a [mora\\-timed](/wiki/Timing_%28linguistics%29 \"Timing (linguistics)\") language, as each mora [tends to be of the same length](/wiki/Isochrony \"Isochrony\"),{{sfnp\\|Aoyama\\|2001\\|pp\\=1–2}} though not strictly: geminate consonants and moras with devoiced vowels may be shorter than other moras.{{sfnp\\|Aoyama\\|2001\\|p\\=11}} Factors such as pitch have negligible influence on mora length.{{sfnp\\|Aoyama\\|2001\\|pp\\=7–8}}", "### Pitch accent", "{{Main\\|Japanese pitch accent}}\nStandard Japanese has a distinctive [pitch accent](/wiki/Pitch_accent \"Pitch accent\") system where a word can either be unaccented, or can bear an accent on one of its moras. An accented mora is pronounced with a relatively high tone and is followed by a drop in [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_accent \"Pitch accent\"), which can be marked in transcription by placing a downward\\-pointing arrow {{IPA\\|/ꜜ/}} after the accented mora.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=143}}", "The pitch of other moras in the word (or more precisely, in the accent phrase) is predictable. A common simplified model describes pitch patterns in terms of a two\\-way division between low\\- and high\\-pitched moras. Low pitch is found on all moras following the accented mora (if there is one) and usually also on the first mora of the accent phrase (unless it bears the accent). High pitch is found on the accented mora (if there is one) and on non\\-initial moras up to the accented mora, or up to the end of the accent phrase if there is no accented mora.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=147\\-150}}", "Under this model, it is not possible to distinguish the pitch patterns of an unaccented phrase and a phrase with accent on the final mora: both show low pitch on the first mora and high pitch on every following mora. It is generally said that there is no audible difference between these two accentuation patterns.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=144}}{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=182\\-183}} (Some acoustic experiments have found evidence that some speakers may produce slightly different phonetic pitch contours for these two accentuation patterns;{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=144}}{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=182\\-183}} however, even when such differences exist, they do not seem to be perceptible to listeners.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=183}}) However, the underlying lexical distinction between unaccented words and words with accent on the final mora is made apparent when the word is followed by further material within the same accent phrase, such as the case particle {{lang\\|ja\\|が}}: thus, {{IPA\\|/hasiꜜɡa/}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|橋が\\|lit\\=bridge {{sc\\|nom}}\\|label\\=none}}) clearly contrasts with {{IPA\\|/hasiɡa/}} ({{lang\\-ja\\|端が\\|lit\\=edge {{sc\\|nom}}\\|label\\=none}}), even though a distinction is not perceived between {{lang\\|ja\\|橋}} {{IPA\\|/hasiꜜ/}} and {{lang\\|ja\\|端}} {{IPA\\|/hasi/}} when pronounced in isolation.", "The placement of pitch accent, and the lowering of pitch on an initial unaccented mora, show some restrictions that can be explained in terms of syllable structure. Accent cannot be placed on the second mora of a [heavy (bimoraic) syllable](/wiki/%23Heavy_syllables \"#Heavy syllables\"){{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=146}} (which may be {{IPA\\|/Q/}}, {{IPA\\|/N/}}, or the second mora of a long vowel or diphthong). An initial unaccented mora isn't always pronounced with low pitch when it occurs as part of a heavy syllable.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=147}} Specifically, when the second mora of an accent phrase is {{IPA\\|/R/}} (the latter part of a long vowel) or {{IPA\\|/N/}} (the moraic nasal), the first two moras are optionally either LH (low\\-high) or HH (high\\-high).{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=154}} In contrast, when the second mora is {{IPA\\|/Q/}} the first two moras are LL (low\\-low).{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=154\\-155}} When the second mora is {{IPA\\|/i/}}, initial lowering seems to apply as usual to the first mora only, LH (low\\-high).{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=154\\-155}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Labrune\\|2012}} rejects the use of the syllable in descriptions of Japanese phonology and so explains these phenomena alternatively as a consequence of {{IPA\\|/N/}}, {{IPA\\|/Q/}}, {{IPA\\|/R/}} constituting \"deficient moras\", a term Labrune suggests can also encompass moras without an onset, with a devoiced vowel, or with an epenthetic vowel.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=162\\-164}}", "Different [dialects of Japanese](/wiki/Dialects_of_Japanese \"Dialects of Japanese\") have different accent systems: some distinguish a greater number of contrastive pitch patterns than the Tokyo dialect, while others make fewer distinctions.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=251\\-257, 261, 263}}", "### Feet", "The bimoraic foot, a unit composed of two moras, plays an important role in linguistic analyses of Japanese prosody.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=171}}{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=384}} The relevance of the bimoraic foot can be seen in the formation of [hypocoristic](/wiki/Hypocorism \"Hypocorism\") names, [clipped compounds](/wiki/Clipped_compound \"Clipped compound\"), and shortened forms of longer words.", "For example, the hypocoristic suffix *\\-chan* is attached to the end of a name to form an affectionate term of address. When this suffix is used, the name may be unchanged in form, or it may optionally be modified: modified forms always have an even number of moras before the suffix.{{sfnp\\|Poser\\|1990\\|p\\=82}} It is common to use the first two moras of the base name, but there are also variations that are not produced by simple truncation:{{efn\\|In content, all examples are taken from {{harvcoltxt\\|Poser\\|1990\\|pp\\=82–89}}; however, the original phonemic transcriptions have been altered and mora boundaries and romanizations have been added.}}", "Truncation to the first two moras:{{sfnp\\|Poser\\|1990\\|pp\\=82, 84}}\n{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/o.sa.mu/}}\n\\| osamu\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/o.sa.tja.N/}}\n\\| osachan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ta.ro.ː/}}\n\\| taroo\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ta.ro.tja.N/}}\n\\| tarochan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/jo.ː.su.ke/}}\n\\| yoosuke\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/jo.ː.tja.N/}}\n\\| yoochan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ta.i.zo.ː/}}\n\\| taizoo\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ta.i.tja.N/}}\n\\| taichan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ki.N.su.ke/}}\n\\| kinsuke\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ki.N.tja.N/}}\n\\| kinchan\n\\|}\nFrom first mora, with lengthening:{{sfnp\\|Poser\\|1990\\|pp\\=84–85}}\n{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ti/}}\n\\| chi\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ti.ː.tja.N/}}\n\\| chiichan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ka.yo.ko/}}\n\\| kayoko\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/ka.ː.tja.N/}}\n\\| kaachan\n\\|}\nWith formation of a moraic obstruent:{{sfnp\\|Poser\\|1990\\|p\\=85}}\n{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/a.tu.ko/}}\n\\| atsuko\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/a.Q.tja.N/}}\n\\| atchan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/mi.ti.ko/}}\n\\| michiko\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/mi.Q.tja.N/}}\n\\| mitchan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/bo.ː/}}\n\\| boo\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/bo.Q.tja.N/}}\n\\| botchan\n\\|}\nWith formation of a moraic nasal:{{sfnp\\|Poser\\|1990\\|pp\\=85, 89}}\n{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/a.ni/}}\n\\| ani\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/a.N.tja.N/}}\n\\| anchan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/me.ɡu.mi/}}\n\\| megumi\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/me.N.tja.N/}}\n\\| menchan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/no.bu.ko/}}\n\\| nobuko\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/no.N.tja.N/}}\n\\| nonchan\n\\|}\nFrom two non\\-adjacent moras:{{sfnp\\|Poser\\|1990\\|p\\=86}}\n{\\| cellpadding\\=\"5\"\n\\| {{IPA\\|/a.ki.ko/}}\n\\| akiko\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/a.ko.tja.N/}}\n\\| akochan\n\\|\\-\n\\| {{IPA\\|/mo.to.ko/}}\n\\| motoko\n\\| \\>\n\\| {{IPA\\|/mo.ko.tja.N/}}\n\\| mokochan\n\\|}", "{{harvcoltxt\\|Poser\\|1990}} argues that the various kinds of modifications are best explained in terms of a two\\-mora 'template' used in the formation of this type of hypocoristic: the bimoraic foot.{{sfnp\\|Poser\\|1990\\|pp\\=86, 88–89}}", "Aside from the bimoraic foot as shown above, in some analyses monomoraic (one\\-mora) feet (also called \"degenerate\" feet) or trimoraic (three\\-mora) feet are considered to occur in certain contexts.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|p\\=171}}", "### Syllables", "Although there is debate about the usefulness or relevance of syllables to the phonology of Japanese, it is possible to analyze Japanese words as being divided into syllables. When setting Japanese lyrics to (modern Western\\-style) music, a single note may correspond either to a mora or to a syllable.{{sfnp\\|Starr\\|Shih\\|2017\\|pp\\=6–8}}", "Normally, each syllable contains at least one vowel{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=117\\-118}} and has a length of either one mora (called a light syllable) or two moras (called a heavy syllable); thus, the structure of a typical Japanese syllable can be represented as (C)(j)V(V/N/Q), where C represents an onset consonant, V represents a vowel, N represents a moraic nasal, Q represents a moraic obstruent, components in parentheses are optional, and components separated by a slash are mutually exclusive.{{sfnp\\|Shinohara\\|2004\\|p\\=295}} However, other, more marginal syllable types (such as trimoraic syllables or vowelless syllables) may exist in restricted contexts.", "The majority of syllables in spontaneous Japanese speech are 'light',{{sfnp\\|Otake\\|2015\\|p\\=504}} that is, one mora long, with the form (C)(j)V.", "#### Heavy syllables", "\"Heavy\" syllables (two moras long) may potentially take any of the following forms:\n* (C)(j)VN (ending in a short vowel \\+ /N/)\n* (C)(j)VQ (ending in a short vowel \\+ /Q/)\n* (C)(j)VR (ending in a long vowel). May be analyzed either as a special case of (C)(j)VV with both V as the same vowel phoneme,{{sfnp\\|Shinohara\\|2004\\|p\\=295}} or as ending in a vowel followed by a special chroneme segment (written as R or sometimes H).{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=118}}\n* (C)(j)V₁V₂, where V₁ is different from V₂. Sometimes notated as (C)(j)VJ.", "Some descriptions of Japanese phonology refer to a VV sequence within a syllable as a diphthong; others use the term \"quasi\\-diphthong\" as a means of clarifying that these are analyzed as sequences of two vowel phonemes within one syllable, rather than as unitary phonemes.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2017\\|p\\=26}} There is disagreement about which non\\-identical vowel sequences can occur within the same syllable. One criterion used to evaluate this question is the placement of pitch accent: it has been argued that, like syllables ending in long vowels, syllables ending in diphthongs cannot bear a pitch accent on their final mora.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=135}} It has also been argued that diphthongs, like long vowels, cannot normally be pronounced with a glottal stop or vowel rearticulation between their two moras, whereas this may optionally occur between two vowels that belong to separate syllables.{{sfnp\\|Youngberg\\|2021b\\|p\\=228}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Kubozono\\|2015a}} argues that only {{IPA\\|/ai/}}, {{IPA\\|/oi/}} and {{IPA\\|/ui/}} can be diphthongs,{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015a\\|pp\\=5–6}} although some prior literature has included other sequences such as {{IPA\\|/ae/}}, {{IPA\\|/ao/}}, {{IPA\\|/oe/}}, {{IPA\\|/au/}}, when they occur within a morpheme.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=54}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Labrune\\|2012}} argues against the syllable as a unit of Japanese phonology and thus concludes that no vowel sequences ought to be analyzed as diphthongs.{{sfnp\\|Labrune\\|2012\\|pp\\=53–56}}", "In some contexts, a VV sequence that could form a valid diphthong is separated by a syllable break at a morpheme boundary, as in {{IPA\\|/kuruma.iꜜdo/}} 'well with a pulley' from {{IPA\\|/kuruma/}} 'wheel, car' and {{IPA\\|/iꜜdo/}} 'well'.{{sfnp\\|Youngberg\\|2021b\\|p\\=240}} However, the distinction between a heterosyllabic vowel sequence and a long vowel or diphthong is not always predictable from the position of morpheme boundaries: that is, syllable breaks between vowels do not always correspond to morpheme boundaries (or vice versa).", "For example, some speakers may pronounce the word {{lang\\-ja\\|炎\\|honoo\\|lit\\=flame\\|label\\=none}} with a heterosyllabic {{IPA\\|/o.o/}} sequence, even though this word is arguably monomorphemic in modern Japanese.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=62}} This is an exceptional case: for the most part, heterosyllabic sequences of two identical short vowels are found only across a morpheme boundary.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=62}} On the other hand, it is not so rare for a heterosyllabic sequence of two non\\-identical vowels to occur within a morpheme.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=62}}", "In addition, it seems to be possible in some cases for a VV sequence to be pronounced in one syllable even across a morpheme boundary. For example, {{lang\\-ja\\|歯医者\\|haisha\\|lit\\=dentist\\|label\\=none}} is morphologically a compound of {{lang\\-ja\\|歯\\|ha\\|lit\\=tooth\\|label\\=none}} and {{lang\\-ja\\|医者\\|isha\\|lit\\=doctor\\|label\\=none}} (itself composed of the morphemes {{lang\\-ja\\|医\\|i\\|lit\\=medical\\|label\\=none}} and {{lang\\-ja\\|者\\|sha\\|lit\\=person\\|label\\=none}}); despite the morpheme boundary between {{IPA\\|/a/}} and {{IPA\\|/i/}} in this word, they seem to be pronounced in one syllable as a diphthong, making it a homophone with {{lang\\-ja\\|敗者\\|haisha\\|lit\\=defeated person\\|label\\=none}}.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=63}} Likewise, the morpheme {{IPA\\|/i/}} used as a suffix to form the dictionary form (or affirmative nonpast\\-tense form) of an [i\\-adjective](/wiki/Japanese_adjectives%23i-adjective \"Japanese adjectives#i-adjective\") is almost never pronounced as a separate syllable; instead, it combines with a preceding stem\\-final {{IPA\\|/i/}} to form the long vowel {{IPA\\|\\[iː]}}, or with a preceding stem\\-final {{IPA\\|/a/}}, {{IPA\\|/o/}} or {{IPA\\|/u/}} to form a diphthong.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|pp\\=174–175}}", "#### Superheavy syllables", "Syllables of three or more moras, called \"superheavy\" syllables, are uncommon and exceptional (or \"marked\"); the extent to which they occur in Japanese words is debated.{{sfnp\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|2013\\|loc\\=19:50}} Superheavy syllables never occur within a morpheme in Yamato or Sino\\-Japanese.{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|pp\\=375–376}} Apparent superheavy syllables can be found in certain morphologically derived Yamato forms (including inflected verb forms where a suffix starting with {{IPA\\|/t/}} is attached to a root ending in \\-VVC\\-, derived adjectives in {{lang\\-ja\\|{{linktext\\|っぽい}}\\|\\-ppoi\\|label\\=none}}, or derived demonyms in {{lang\\-ja\\|{{linktext\\|っこ}}\\|\\-kko\\|label\\=none}}) as well as in many loanwords.{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|pp\\=375–376}}{{sfnp\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|2013\\|loc\\=16:05\\-19:42}}", "", "| Apparent superheavy syllables", "| |\n| Syllable type | Examples | |\n| Morphologically complex forms | Loanwords |\n| (C)(j)VRN | | {{lang\\-en\\|green}} → {{lang\\-ja\\|グリーン\\|gurīn}}{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015a\\|p\\=13}} |\n| (C)(j)V₁V₂N | | {{lang\\-en\\|Spain}} → {{lang\\-ja\\|スペイン\\|supein}}{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015a\\|p\\=13}} |\n| (C)(j)VRQ | {{lang\\-ja\\|通った\\|tootta\\|lit\\=pass\\-PAST\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Aoyama\\|2001\\|p\\=9}}{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=376}}{{lang\\-ja\\|東京っ子\\|tōkyōkko\\|lit\\=Tokyoite\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Ohta\\|1991\\|p\\=168}} | |\n| (C)(j)V₁V₂Q | {{lang\\-ja\\|入って\\|haitte\\|lit\\=enter\\-GERUNDIVE\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=376}}{{lang\\-ja\\|仙台っ子\\|sendaikko\\|lit\\=Sendai\\-ite\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=377}} | |\n| C)(j)VNQ | {{lang\\-ja\\|ロンドンっ子\\|rondonkko\\|lit\\=Londoner\\|label\\=none}},{{sfnp\\|Aoyama\\|2001\\|p\\=9}}{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=377}}{{lang\\-ja\\|ドラえもんっぽい\\|doraemonppoi\\|lit\\=like Doraemon\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=377}} | |\n| C)(j)VRNQ | {{lang\\-ja\\|ウィーンっ子\\|uiinkko\\|lit\\=Wiener\\|label\\=none}},{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=377}}{{lang\\-ja\\|ウィーンって言った\\|uiintte itta\\|lit\\=Vienna, (s)he said\\|label\\=none}}{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=377}} | |", "According to some accounts, certain forms listed in the above table may be avoided in favor of a different pronunciation with an ordinary heavy syllable (by reducing a long vowel to a short vowel or a geminate to a singleton consonant). {{harvcoltxt\\|Vance\\|1987}} suggests there might be a strong tendency to reduce superheavy syllables to the length of two moras in speech at a normal conversational speed, saying that *tooQta* is often indistinguishable from *toQta*.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|1987\\|pp\\=72–73}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Vance\\|2008}} again affirms the existence of a tendency to shorten superheavy syllables in speech at a conversational tempo (specifically, to replace VRQ with VQ, VRN with VN, and VNQ with VN), but stipulates that the distinctions between {{lang\\-ja\\|通った\\|tootta\\|label\\=none}} and {{lang\\-ja\\|取った\\|totta\\|label\\=none}}; {{lang\\-ja\\|シーン\\|shiin\\|label\\=none}} and {{lang\\-ja\\|芯\\|shin\\|label\\=none}}; and {{lang\\-ja\\|コンテ\\|konte\\|lit\\=script\\|label\\=none}} and {{lang\\-ja\\|紺って\\|kontte\\|lit\\=navy blue\\-QUOTATIVE\\|label\\=none}} are clearly audible in careful pronunciation.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=132}} Ito and Mester explicitly deny that there is a general tendency to shorten the long vowel of forms such as *tootte* in most styles of speech.{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=376}}{{sfnp\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|2013\\|loc\\=18:10}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Ohta\\|1991}} accepts superheavy syllables ending in {{IPA\\|/RQ/}} and {{IPA\\|/JQ/}} but describes {{IPA\\|/NQ/}} as hardly possible, stating that he and the majority of the informants he consulted judged examples such as {{IPA\\|/roNdoNQko/}} to be questionably well\\-formed in comparison to {{IPA\\|/roNdoNko/}}.{{sfnp\\|Ohta\\|1991\\|pp\\=168, 177}}", "It has also been argued that in some cases, an apparent superheavy syllable might actually be a sequence of a light syllable followed by a heavy syllable.", "{{harvcoltxt\\|Kubozono\\|2015c}} argues that {{IPA\\|/VVN/}} sequences are generally syllabified as {{IPA\\|/V.VN/}}, citing forms where pitch accent is placed on the second vowel such as {{lang\\-ja\\|スペイン風邪\\|supeiꜜnkaze\\|lit\\=Spanish influenza\\|label\\=none}}, {{lang\\-ja\\|リンカーン杯\\|rinkaaꜜnhai\\|lit\\=Lincoln Cup\\|label\\=none}}, {{lang\\-ja\\|グリーン車\\|guriiꜜnsha\\|lit\\=Green Car\\|label\\=none}} (first\\-class car of a train) (syllabified per Kubozono as *su.pe.in.ka.ze, rin.ka.an.hai, gu.ri.in.sha*).{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015a\\|pp\\=13–14}}{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015c\\|pp\\=341–342}} {{harvcoltxt\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2018}} state that compounds formed from words of this shape often exhibit variable accentuation, citing *guriꜜinsha\\~guriiꜜnsha*, {{lang\\-ja\\|Uターン率\\|yuutaaꜜnritsu\\~yuutaꜜanritsu\\|lit\\=U\\-turn percentage\\|label\\=none}}, and {{lang\\-ja\\|マクリーン館\\|makuriiꜜnkan \\~ makuriꜜinkan\\|lit\\=McLean Building\\|label\\=none}}.{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2018\\|p\\=214}}", "{{harvcoltxt\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b}} note that the pitch\\-based criterion for syllabifying VV sequences would suggest that *Sendaiꜜkko* is syllabified as *Sen.da.ik.ko*;{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=377}} likewise, {{harvcoltxt\\|Ohta\\|1991}} reports a suggestion by Shin’ichi Tanaka (per personal communication) that the accentuation *tookyooꜜkko* implies the syllable division *\\-kyo.oQ\\-*, although Ohta favors the analysis with a superheavy syllable based on intuitition that this word contains a long vowel and not a sequence of two separate vowels.{{sfnp\\|Ohta\\|1991\\|p\\=177}} Ito and Mester ultimately question whether the placement of pitch accent on the second mora really rules out analyzing a three\\-mora sequence as a single superheavy syllable.", "The word {{lang\\|ja\\|rondonkko}} has a pronunciation where the pitch accent is placed on {{IPA\\|/N/}}:{{sfnp\\|Ohta\\|1991\\|p\\=177}}{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=377}} {{IPA\\|/roNdoNꜜQko/}}. {{harvcoltxt\\|Vance\\|2008}} interprets {{IPA\\|/NꜜQ/}} here as its own syllable, separate from the preceding vowel, while stating that a variant pronunciation {{IPA\\|/roNdoꜜNQko/}}, with a superheavy syllable {{IPA\\|/doꜜNQ/}}, also exists.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=147}} Ito and Mester consider the syllabification *ron.do.nk.ko* implausible,{{sfnp\\|Ito\\|Mester\\|2015b\\|p\\=377}} and propose that pitch accent, rather than always falling on the first mora of a syllable, may fall on the penultimate mora when a syllable is superheavy.{{sfnp\\|Itō\\|Mester\\|2013\\|loc\\=25:25\\-30:15}} Per {{harvcoltxt\\|Kubozono\\|2015c}}, the superheavy syllable in *toꜜotta* bears accent on its first mora.{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015c\\|p\\=343}}", "Evidence for the avoidance of superheavy syllables includes the adaptation of foreign long vowels or diphthongs to Japanese short vowels before {{IPA\\|/N/}} in loanwords such as the following:\n {{lang\\-en\\|foundation}} → {{lang\\-ja\\|ファンデーション\\|fandēshon}}\n {{lang\\-en\\|stainless}} → {{lang\\-ja\\|ステンレス\\|sutenresu}}\n {{lang\\-en\\|corned beef}} → {{lang\\-ja\\|コンビーフ\\|konbīfu}}{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|Itô\\|Mester\\|2009\\|page\\=956}}", "There are exceptions to this shortening: {{IPA\\|/ai/}} seems to never be affected, and {{IPA\\|/au/}}, although often replaced with {{IPA\\|/a/}} in this context, can be kept, as in the following words:{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015c\\|p\\=337}}", "{{lang\\-en\\|sound}} → {{lang\\-ja\\|サウンド\\|saundo}}\n {{lang\\-en\\|mountain}} → {{lang\\-ja\\|マウンテン\\|maunten}}{{sfnp\\|Kubozono\\|2015c\\|p\\=338}}\n#### Vowelless syllables", "Some analyses recognize vowelless syllables in restricted contexts.\n* {{harvcoltxt\\|Kawahara\\|Shaw\\|2018}} argue that [high vowel deletion](/wiki/%23Devoicing \"#Devoicing\") may produce syllabic fricatives or affricates.{{sfnp\\|Kawahara\\|Shaw\\|2018\\|loc\\=§5}}\n* Per {{harvcoltxt\\|Vance\\|2008}}, {{IPA\\|/N/}} is syllabic in the [marginal circumstances](/wiki/%23/N/ \"#/N/\") where it occurs word\\-initially, such as {{lang\\-ja\\|ン十億\\|njūoku\\|lit\\=several billion\\|label\\=none}};{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=119}} Vance also considers {{IPA\\|/NQ/}} to constitute its own syllable in the exceptional form {{lang\\|ja\\|rondonkko}} {{IPA\\|/roNdoNꜜQko/}} (alternatively analyzed as containing a [superheavy syllable](/wiki/%23Superheavy_syllables \"#Superheavy syllables\"); see above) due to the placement of the pitch accent on {{IPA\\|/N/}}.{{sfnp\\|Vance\\|2008\\|p\\=147}}", "" ]