Datasets:
vgainullin
/
xciting_data

Dataset card Data Studio Files
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2
INTRODUCTION
1
11
[ "B11", "B12 B13 B14" ]
17,704,136
pmid-7673231|pmid-8415647|NA|pmid-11259307|pmid-10931924|pmid-7439531|pmid-6268454|pmid-6278427|pmid-6216116|NA
It is shown that repeated or periodic variations in β sequence give rise to different types of helical and looped conformations and that helical conformations are able to associate pairwise as a zip, to form double helices, intercalate and contract to a high density.
[ "11", "12–14" ]
267
37,916
0
false
It is shown that repeated or periodic variations in β sequence give rise to different types of helical and looped conformations and that helical conformations are able to associate pairwise as a zip, to form double helices, intercalate and contract to a high density.
[]
It is shown that repeated or periodic variations in β sequence give rise to different types of helical and looped conformations and that helical conformations are able to associate pairwise as a zip, to form double helices, intercalate and contract to a high density.
true
true
true
true
true
6,500
2
INTRODUCTION
1
11
[ "B11", "B12 B13 B14" ]
17,704,136
pmid-7673231|pmid-8415647|NA|pmid-11259307|pmid-10931924|pmid-7439531|pmid-6268454|pmid-6278427|pmid-6216116|NA
Finally, the irregular conformation of a filament with a random β sequence is described as well as how it can be converted into a regular helix by chromatin remodeling and limited twisting of the linkers.
[ "11", "12–14" ]
204
37,917
0
false
Finally, the irregular conformation of a filament with a random β sequence is described as well as how it can be converted into a regular helix by chromatin remodeling and limited twisting of the linkers.
[]
Finally, the irregular conformation of a filament with a random β sequence is described as well as how it can be converted into a regular helix by chromatin remodeling and limited twisting of the linkers.
true
true
true
true
true
6,500
2
INTRODUCTION
1
11
[ "B11", "B12 B13 B14" ]
17,704,136
pmid-7673231|pmid-8415647|NA|pmid-11259307|pmid-10931924|pmid-7439531|pmid-6268454|pmid-6278427|pmid-6216116|NA
Although physical models are static and do not account for the linker flexibility, they might be useful in studies of chromatin ultrastructure and serve as reference models for the analysis of transmission electron microscopic images.
[ "11", "12–14" ]
234
37,918
0
false
Although physical models are static and do not account for the linker flexibility, they might be useful in studies of chromatin ultrastructure and serve as reference models for the analysis of transmission electron microscopic images.
[]
Although physical models are static and do not account for the linker flexibility, they might be useful in studies of chromatin ultrastructure and serve as reference models for the analysis of transmission electron microscopic images.
true
true
true
true
true
6,500
0
DISCUSSION
1
24
[ "B24", "B29", "B15", "B16" ]
17,704,136
pmid-9305837|pmid-2660830|NA|pmid-8138564|pmid-1757505|pmid-3955173|pmid-9826673|pmid-8522597|pmid-9635737|pmid-14645090
A major result of the present study is the demonstration of the significance of α for the conformational freedom of the nucleosomal filament.
[ "24", "29", "15", "16" ]
141
37,919
0
false
A major result of the present study is the demonstration of the significance of α for the conformational freedom of the nucleosomal filament.
[]
A major result of the present study is the demonstration of the significance of α for the conformational freedom of the nucleosomal filament.
true
true
true
true
true
6,501
0
DISCUSSION
1
24
[ "B24", "B29", "B15", "B16" ]
17,704,136
pmid-9305837|pmid-2660830|NA|pmid-8138564|pmid-1757505|pmid-3955173|pmid-9826673|pmid-8522597|pmid-9635737|pmid-14645090
When α is smaller than 60° the filament thus remains a helix with little space for variations in the β sequence, while larger values of α provide it with a freedom to attain conformations, which are not dependent on a helical symmetry, by allowing for an increased variation in β sequence.
[ "24", "29", "15", "16" ]
289
37,920
0
false
When α is smaller than 60° the filament thus remains a helix with little space for variations in the β sequence, while larger values of α provide it with a freedom to attain conformations, which are not dependent on a helical symmetry, by allowing for an increased variation in β sequence.
[]
When α is smaller than 60° the filament thus remains a helix with little space for variations in the β sequence, while larger values of α provide it with a freedom to attain conformations, which are not dependent on a helical symmetry, by allowing for an increased variation in β sequence.
true
true
true
true
true
6,501
0
DISCUSSION
1
24
[ "B24", "B29", "B15", "B16" ]
17,704,136
pmid-9305837|pmid-2660830|NA|pmid-8138564|pmid-1757505|pmid-3955173|pmid-9826673|pmid-8522597|pmid-9635737|pmid-14645090
The size of α in chromatin is not known with certainty, but α has been shown by cryo-EM imaging of native chromatin fibers (24,29) to decrease from 85 to 35° when the salt concentration is increased.
[ "24", "29", "15", "16" ]
199
37,921
0
false
The size of α in chromatin is not known with certainty, but α has been shown by cryo-EM imaging of native chromatin fibers to decrease from 85 to 35° when the salt concentration is increased.
[ "24,29" ]
The size of α in chromatin is not known with certainty, but α has been shown by cryo-EM imaging of native chromatin fibers to decrease from 85 to 35° when the salt concentration is increased.
true
true
true
true
true
6,501
0
DISCUSSION
1
24
[ "B24", "B29", "B15", "B16" ]
17,704,136
pmid-9305837|pmid-2660830|NA|pmid-8138564|pmid-1757505|pmid-3955173|pmid-9826673|pmid-8522597|pmid-9635737|pmid-14645090
These relatively small DNA entry–exit angles have been suggested to be caused by the stem motive, which has not been observed by scanning force microscopy (SFM).
[ "24", "29", "15", "16" ]
161
37,922
0
false
These relatively small DNA entry–exit angles have been suggested to be caused by the stem motive, which has not been observed by scanning force microscopy (SFM).
[]
These relatively small DNA entry–exit angles have been suggested to be caused by the stem motive, which has not been observed by scanning force microscopy (SFM).
true
true
true
true
true
6,501
0
DISCUSSION
1
15
[ "B24", "B29", "B15", "B16" ]
17,704,136
pmid-9305837|pmid-2660830|NA|pmid-8138564|pmid-1757505|pmid-3955173|pmid-9826673|pmid-8522597|pmid-9635737|pmid-14645090
Studies by SFM of chromatin fibers fixed at low ionic strength have yielded average values of α of 100 ± 40° in the presence and 130 ± 40° in the absence of linker histones (15), and unfixed mononucleosomes at 10 mM MgCl2 showed two maxima of α at around 80 and 136° in the absence of H1 and one maximum at 85–88° in the...
[ "24", "29", "15", "16" ]
411
37,923
1
false
Studies by SFM of chromatin fibers fixed at low ionic strength have yielded average values of α of 100 ± 40° in the presence and 130 ± 40° in the absence of linker histones, and unfixed mononucleosomes at 10 mM MgCl2 showed two maxima of α at around 80 and 136° in the absence of H1 and one maximum at 85–88° in the pres...
[ "15", "16" ]
Studies by SFM of chromatin fibers fixed at low ionic strength have yielded average values of α of 100 ± 40° in the presence and 130 ± 40° in the absence of linker histones, and unfixed mononucleosomes at 10 mM MgCl2 showed two maxima of α at around 80 and 136° in the absence of H1 and one maximum at 85–88° in the pres...
true
true
true
true
true
6,501
0
DISCUSSION
1
24
[ "B24", "B29", "B15", "B16" ]
17,704,136
pmid-9305837|pmid-2660830|NA|pmid-8138564|pmid-1757505|pmid-3955173|pmid-9826673|pmid-8522597|pmid-9635737|pmid-14645090
These large values of α thus correspond to a polygon fiber geometry.
[ "24", "29", "15", "16" ]
68
37,924
0
false
These large values of α thus correspond to a polygon fiber geometry.
[]
These large values of α thus correspond to a polygon fiber geometry.
true
true
true
true
true
6,501
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
17,704,136
pmid-15377519|pmid-16622406|pmid-9514762|pmid-11171316
An important property of the polygon fiber is the length expansion at 0° <
null
74
37,925
0
false
null
null
An important property of the polygon fiber is the length expansion at 0° <
true
true
false
true
false
6,502
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
17,704,136
pmid-15377519|pmid-16622406|pmid-9514762|pmid-11171316
β < 180° (in contrast to the star fiber, which contracts) and the more than 90° change in direction at β > 180°.
null
112
37,926
0
false
null
null
β < 180° (in contrast to the star fiber, which contracts) and the more than 90° change in direction at β > 180°.
false
true
true
true
false
6,502
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
17,704,136
pmid-15377519|pmid-16622406|pmid-9514762|pmid-11171316
These properties are essential for creation of swivel-linkers and for transformation of helical coils into loops by reversing the pitch of the filament.
null
152
37,927
0
false
null
null
These properties are essential for creation of swivel-linkers and for transformation of helical coils into loops by reversing the pitch of the filament.
true
true
true
true
true
6,502
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
17,704,136
pmid-15377519|pmid-16622406|pmid-9514762|pmid-11171316
Swivel-linkers can make space for close contacts between two fibers by separating two coils in a filament, thereby forming a pocket of 5–6 nucleosomes in which a nucleosome from another filament can bind.
null
204
37,928
0
false
null
null
Swivel-linkers can make space for close contacts between two fibers by separating two coils in a filament, thereby forming a pocket of 5–6 nucleosomes in which a nucleosome from another filament can bind.
true
true
true
true
true
6,502
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
17,704,136
pmid-15377519|pmid-16622406|pmid-9514762|pmid-11171316
Tandem repeats of the β sequences of such pockets allow for the side-by-side association of two fibers like a zip, and the separation of helical coils by swivel-linkers can also provide space for the formation of double helices.
null
228
37,929
0
false
null
null
Tandem repeats of the β sequences of such pockets allow for the side-by-side association of two fibers like a zip, and the separation of helical coils by swivel-linkers can also provide space for the formation of double helices.
true
true
true
true
true
6,502
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
17,704,136
pmid-15377519|pmid-16622406|pmid-9514762|pmid-11171316
It is tempting to speculate that tandem repeated DNA sequences, which often contain regularly positioned nucleosomes, might be stabilized and compacted by such types of fiber interactions.
null
188
37,930
0
false
null
null
It is tempting to speculate that tandem repeated DNA sequences, which often contain regularly positioned nucleosomes, might be stabilized and compacted by such types of fiber interactions.
true
true
true
true
true
6,502
2
DISCUSSION
1
30
[ "B30", "B31 B32 B33 B34", "B35" ]
17,704,136
pmid-7673231|pmid-8415647|NA|pmid-11259307|pmid-10931924|pmid-7439531|pmid-6268454|pmid-6278427|pmid-6216116|NA
Another type of double fiber, which does not involve regularly spaced nucleosomes, is represented by the left-handed coiling of two polygon fibers around each other by intercalation of every second nucleosome (Figure 5C).
[ "30", "31–34", "35" ]
221
37,931
0
false
Another type of double fiber, which does not involve regularly spaced nucleosomes, is represented by the left-handed coiling of two polygon fibers around each other by intercalation of every second nucleosome (Figure 5C).
[]
Another type of double fiber, which does not involve regularly spaced nucleosomes, is represented by the left-handed coiling of two polygon fibers around each other by intercalation of every second nucleosome (Figure 5C).
true
true
true
true
true
6,503
2
DISCUSSION
1
30
[ "B30", "B31 B32 B33 B34", "B35" ]
17,704,136
pmid-7673231|pmid-8415647|NA|pmid-11259307|pmid-10931924|pmid-7439531|pmid-6268454|pmid-6278427|pmid-6216116|NA
The positions of close contacts between the intercalated nucleosomes in this type of fiber appear to fit well with the positions of alternating asymmetric protection of nucleosomes in isolated nuclei against digestion by DNase I (30), which were shown to give rise to a dinucleosomal DNA repeat pattern (31–34).
[ "30", "31–34", "35" ]
311
37,932
1
false
The positions of close contacts between the intercalated nucleosomes in this type of fiber appear to fit well with the positions of alternating asymmetric protection of nucleosomes in isolated nuclei against digestion by DNase I, which were shown to give rise to a dinucleosomal DNA repeat pattern.
[ "30", "31–34" ]
The positions of close contacts between the intercalated nucleosomes in this type of fiber appear to fit well with the positions of alternating asymmetric protection of nucleosomes in isolated nuclei against digestion by DNase I, which were shown to give rise to a dinucleosomal DNA repeat pattern.
true
true
true
true
true
6,503
2
DISCUSSION
1
35
[ "B30", "B31 B32 B33 B34", "B35" ]
17,704,136
pmid-7673231|pmid-8415647|NA|pmid-11259307|pmid-10931924|pmid-7439531|pmid-6268454|pmid-6278427|pmid-6216116|NA
However, this type of double fiber may not provide the high degree of protection of the linkers, as inferred from analysis of the cleavage pattern, which was explained as a result of intercalation of nucleosomes in helical crosslinker model with linkers being buried in the interior of the fiber (35).
[ "30", "31–34", "35" ]
301
37,933
1
false
However, this type of double fiber may not provide the high degree of protection of the linkers, as inferred from analysis of the cleavage pattern, which was explained as a result of intercalation of nucleosomes in helical crosslinker model with linkers being buried in the interior of the fiber.
[ "35" ]
However, this type of double fiber may not provide the high degree of protection of the linkers, as inferred from analysis of the cleavage pattern, which was explained as a result of intercalation of nucleosomes in helical crosslinker model with linkers being buried in the interior of the fiber.
true
true
true
true
true
6,503
2
DISCUSSION
1
30
[ "B30", "B31 B32 B33 B34", "B35" ]
17,704,136
pmid-7673231|pmid-8415647|NA|pmid-11259307|pmid-10931924|pmid-7439531|pmid-6268454|pmid-6278427|pmid-6216116|NA
Although the interdigitated model may not be able to fully explain these observations, the polygon fiber geometry has the potential to provide the chromatin with architectural properties by facilitating the formation of double fibers, thus enabling the filaments to form 3D networks.
[ "30", "31–34", "35" ]
283
37,934
0
false
Although the interdigitated model may not be able to fully explain these observations, the polygon fiber geometry has the potential to provide the chromatin with architectural properties by facilitating the formation of double fibers, thus enabling the filaments to form 3D networks.
[]
Although the interdigitated model may not be able to fully explain these observations, the polygon fiber geometry has the potential to provide the chromatin with architectural properties by facilitating the formation of double fibers, thus enabling the filaments to form 3D networks.
true
true
true
true
true
6,503
3
DISCUSSION
1
36
[ "B36", "B18", "B17", "B37" ]
17,704,136
pmid-3479765|NA|pmid-12892727|pmid-16387302
A special property of the helical conformation formed by β sequence (333)n is the ability to compact to a high density by a decrease in α, followed by interdigitation.
[ "36", "18", "17", "37" ]
167
37,935
0
false
A special property of the helical conformation formed by β sequence (333)n is the ability to compact to a high density by a decrease in α, followed by interdigitation.
[]
A special property of the helical conformation formed by β sequence n is the ability to compact to a high density by a decrease in α, followed by interdigitation.
true
true
true
true
true
6,504
3
DISCUSSION
1
36
[ "B36", "B18", "B17", "B37" ]
17,704,136
pmid-3479765|NA|pmid-12892727|pmid-16387302
The extent of compaction (∼6 nucleosomes/11 nm), as well as the radius of gyration (32 nm), agrees with results of neutron scattering and scanning electron microscopy of isolated chromatin at elevated ionic strength (36), but the volume of the fiber is smaller because the cross-section area is smaller, and the shape of...
[ "36", "18", "17", "37" ]
443
37,936
1
false
The extent of compaction (∼6 nucleosomes/11 nm), as well as the radius of gyration (32 nm), agrees with results of neutron scattering and scanning electron microscopy of isolated chromatin at elevated ionic strength, but the volume of the fiber is smaller because the cross-section area is smaller, and the shape of the ...
[ "36" ]
The extent of compaction, as well as the radius of gyration, agrees with results of neutron scattering and scanning electron microscopy of isolated chromatin at elevated ionic strength, but the volume of the fiber is smaller because the cross-section area is smaller, and the shape of the fiber allows for interdigitatio...
true
true
true
true
true
6,504
3
DISCUSSION
1
18
[ "B36", "B18", "B17", "B37" ]
17,704,136
pmid-3479765|NA|pmid-12892727|pmid-16387302
This high density is so far only exceeded by two other models in which the compaction was caused by bending of the linkers (18) and by nucleosome gaping (17,37).
[ "36", "18", "17", "37" ]
161
37,937
1
false
This high density is so far only exceeded by two other models in which the compaction was caused by bending of the linkers and by nucleosome gaping.
[ "18", "17,37" ]
This high density is so far only exceeded by two other models in which the compaction was caused by bending of the linkers and by nucleosome gaping.
true
true
true
true
true
6,504
4
DISCUSSION
1
38
[ "B38", "B39" ]
17,704,136
pmid-15919827|pmid-17060627
Energy analyses have indicated that the balance between repulsion among linker DNA and internucleosome interactions determines the salt-dependent condensation of the nucleosomal filament (38), and positively charged core histone N-terminal tails are important in this process by mediating favorable internucleosomal inte...
[ "38", "39" ]
362
37,938
1
false
Energy analyses have indicated that the balance between repulsion among linker DNA and internucleosome interactions determines the salt-dependent condensation of the nucleosomal filament, and positively charged core histone N-terminal tails are important in this process by mediating favorable internucleosomal interacti...
[ "38", "39" ]
Energy analyses have indicated that the balance between repulsion among linker DNA and internucleosome interactions determines the salt-dependent condensation of the nucleosomal filament, and positively charged core histone N-terminal tails are important in this process by mediating favorable internucleosomal interacti...
true
true
true
true
true
6,505
4
DISCUSSION
1
38
[ "B38", "B39" ]
17,704,136
pmid-15919827|pmid-17060627
Compaction of the fiber would seem to require a high degree of charge neutralization, as linker DNA and nucleosomal DNA are brought very close to each other, while face-to-face internucleosomal interactions are only involved in interdigitation of the fibers and in apposition of layers of interdigitated fibers.
[ "38", "39" ]
311
37,939
0
false
Compaction of the fiber would seem to require a high degree of charge neutralization, as linker DNA and nucleosomal DNA are brought very close to each other, while face-to-face internucleosomal interactions are only involved in interdigitation of the fibers and in apposition of layers of interdigitated fibers.
[]
Compaction of the fiber would seem to require a high degree of charge neutralization, as linker DNA and nucleosomal DNA are brought very close to each other, while face-to-face internucleosomal interactions are only involved in interdigitation of the fibers and in apposition of layers of interdigitated fibers.
true
true
true
true
true
6,505
5
DISCUSSION
1
40
[ "B40" ]
17,704,136
NA
Since a regular spacing of nucleosomes is rare, it is noteworthy that repeated β sequences required for double fiber formation and compaction can also be formed by fibers with a random distribution of β values after displacement of nucleosomes and limited twisting of the linkers.
[ "40" ]
280
37,940
0
false
Since a regular spacing of nucleosomes is rare, it is noteworthy that repeated β sequences required for double fiber formation and compaction can also be formed by fibers with a random distribution of β values after displacement of nucleosomes and limited twisting of the linkers.
[]
Since a regular spacing of nucleosomes is rare, it is noteworthy that repeated β sequences required for double fiber formation and compaction can also be formed by fibers with a random distribution of β values after displacement of nucleosomes and limited twisting of the linkers.
true
true
true
true
true
6,506
5
DISCUSSION
1
40
[ "B40" ]
17,704,136
NA
This supports speculations that the nucleosome repositioning activity of chromatin remodeling factors may provide the chromatin fiber with dynamic properties at the supra-nucleosomal level (40).
[ "40" ]
194
37,941
1
false
This supports speculations that the nucleosome repositioning activity of chromatin remodeling factors may provide the chromatin fiber with dynamic properties at the supra-nucleosomal level.
[ "40" ]
This supports speculations that the nucleosome repositioning activity of chromatin remodeling factors may provide the chromatin fiber with dynamic properties at the supra-nucleosomal level.
true
true
true
true
true
6,506
5
DISCUSSION
1
40
[ "B40" ]
17,704,136
NA
It furthermore shows that variations in β may not only be caused by differences in linker length but also by twisting of the linker.
[ "40" ]
132
37,942
0
false
It furthermore shows that variations in β may not only be caused by differences in linker length but also by twisting of the linker.
[]
It furthermore shows that variations in β may not only be caused by differences in linker length but also by twisting of the linker.
true
true
true
true
true
6,506
5
DISCUSSION
1
40
[ "B40" ]
17,704,136
NA
There is therefore no unambiguous correlation between β and linker length.
[ "40" ]
74
37,943
0
false
There is therefore no unambiguous correlation between β and linker length.
[]
There is therefore no unambiguous correlation between β and linker length.
true
true
true
true
true
6,506
5
DISCUSSION
1
40
[ "B40" ]
17,704,136
NA
In addition, linkers of the same length can differ slightly in their β values owing to sequence-dependent variations in the helical twist angle of base pairs in the linker DNA.
[ "40" ]
176
37,944
0
false
In addition, linkers of the same length can differ slightly in their β values owing to sequence-dependent variations in the helical twist angle of base pairs in the linker DNA.
[]
In addition, linkers of the same length can differ slightly in their β values owing to sequence-dependent variations in the helical twist angle of base pairs in the linker DNA.
true
true
true
true
true
6,506
6
DISCUSSION
1
3
[ "B3" ]
17,704,136
NA
An important consequence of the polygon fiber geometry is the ability of the filament to form loops in response to variations in β.
[ "3" ]
131
37,945
0
false
An important consequence of the polygon fiber geometry is the ability of the filament to form loops in response to variations in β.
[]
An important consequence of the polygon fiber geometry is the ability of the filament to form loops in response to variations in β.
true
true
true
true
true
6,507
6
DISCUSSION
1
3
[ "B3" ]
17,704,136
NA
Closed and locked loops formed by periodic variations in β(0), β(+), β(5) and β(−) remained compact at many different combinations of β values, and the flexibility of the filament was caused only by the interconnecting linkers.
[ "3" ]
227
37,946
0
false
Closed and locked loops formed by periodic variations in β(0), β(+), β(5) and β(−) remained compact at many different combinations of β values, and the flexibility of the filament was caused only by the interconnecting linkers.
[]
Closed and locked loops formed by periodic variations in β(0), β(+), β(5) and β(−) remained compact at many different combinations of β values, and the flexibility of the filament was caused only by the interconnecting linkers.
true
true
true
true
true
6,507
6
DISCUSSION
1
3
[ "B3" ]
17,704,136
NA
The fact that some of these types of loops required the addition of one nucleosome at each terminal linker to provide space for being serially connected is reminiscent of the supranucleosomal organization of the chromatin.
[ "3" ]
222
37,947
0
false
The fact that some of these types of loops required the addition of one nucleosome at each terminal linker to provide space for being serially connected is reminiscent of the supranucleosomal organization of the chromatin.
[]
The fact that some of these types of loops required the addition of one nucleosome at each terminal linker to provide space for being serially connected is reminiscent of the supranucleosomal organization of the chromatin.
true
true
true
true
true
6,507
6
DISCUSSION
1
3
[ "B3" ]
17,704,136
NA
The size of supranucleosomes isolated by nuclease digestion thus varies from a minimum of 6 or 8 nucleosomes up to 40 nucleosomes (3).
[ "3" ]
134
37,948
1
false
The size of supranucleosomes isolated by nuclease digestion thus varies from a minimum of 6 or 8 nucleosomes up to 40 nucleosomes.
[ "3" ]
The size of supranucleosomes isolated by nuclease digestion thus varies from a minimum of 6 or 8 nucleosomes up to 40 nucleosomes.
true
true
true
true
true
6,507
6
DISCUSSION
1
3
[ "B3" ]
17,704,136
NA
Filaments with random variations in β sequence also seem to be able to attain a supranucleosomal organization by the formation of relatively stable loop clusters separated by more flexible segments.
[ "3" ]
198
37,949
0
false
Filaments with random variations in β sequence also seem to be able to attain a supranucleosomal organization by the formation of relatively stable loop clusters separated by more flexible segments.
[]
Filaments with random variations in β sequence also seem to be able to attain a supranucleosomal organization by the formation of relatively stable loop clusters separated by more flexible segments.
true
true
true
true
true
6,507
7
DISCUSSION
1
41
[ "B41", "B42" ]
17,704,136
pmid-11130729|pmid-11467737
It is generally recognized that the nucleosome filament is highly dynamic owing to limited twisting of the linkers within the twist constraints and a rapid exchange between free and bound histone H1 (41).
[ "41", "42" ]
204
37,950
1
false
It is generally recognized that the nucleosome filament is highly dynamic owing to limited twisting of the linkers within the twist constraints and a rapid exchange between free and bound histone H1.
[ "41" ]
It is generally recognized that the nucleosome filament is highly dynamic owing to limited twisting of the linkers within the twist constraints and a rapid exchange between free and bound histone H1.
true
true
true
true
true
6,508
7
DISCUSSION
1
42
[ "B41", "B42" ]
17,704,136
pmid-11130729|pmid-11467737
The major significance of static models may well be to show conformations that have the potential to be stabilized, either by double fiber formation, by the presence of closed and locked loops, or by cross linking of nucleosomes by nuclear proteins (42).
[ "41", "42" ]
254
37,951
1
false
The major significance of static models may well be to show conformations that have the potential to be stabilized, either by double fiber formation, by the presence of closed and locked loops, or by cross linking of nucleosomes by nuclear proteins.
[ "42" ]
The major significance of static models may well be to show conformations that have the potential to be stabilized, either by double fiber formation, by the presence of closed and locked loops, or by cross linking of nucleosomes by nuclear proteins.
true
true
true
true
true
6,508
7
DISCUSSION
1
41
[ "B41", "B42" ]
17,704,136
pmid-11130729|pmid-11467737
The stability of loop clusters in filaments with a random distribution of β may thus be increased by cross-linking of nearby nucleosomes.
[ "41", "42" ]
137
37,952
0
false
The stability of loop clusters in filaments with a random distribution of β may thus be increased by cross-linking of nearby nucleosomes.
[]
The stability of loop clusters in filaments with a random distribution of β may thus be increased by cross-linking of nearby nucleosomes.
true
true
true
true
true
6,508
8
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B39" ]
17,704,136
NA|pmid-11381129|pmid-16167325|pmid-17060627
In light of the importance of α, β and the linker length for the conformation of the nucleosomal filament, what is then the role of these parameters for the organization of chromatin in the nucleus?
[ "43", "44", "45", "39" ]
198
37,953
0
false
In light of the importance of α, β and the linker length for the conformation of the nucleosomal filament, what is then the role of these parameters for the organization of chromatin in the nucleus?
[]
In light of the importance of α, β and the linker length for the conformation of the nucleosomal filament, what is then the role of these parameters for the organization of chromatin in the nucleus?
true
true
true
true
true
6,509
8
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B39" ]
17,704,136
NA|pmid-11381129|pmid-16167325|pmid-17060627
A discussion of this question has to take into account that the geometry of the linker can be affected by bending.
[ "43", "44", "45", "39" ]
114
37,954
0
false
A discussion of this question has to take into account that the geometry of the linker can be affected by bending.
[]
A discussion of this question has to take into account that the geometry of the linker can be affected by bending.
true
true
true
true
true
6,509
8
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B39" ]
17,704,136
NA|pmid-11381129|pmid-16167325|pmid-17060627
Stretches of poly(dAdT) are often bent and have an increased likelihood of being present in linkers (43) and linkers may also bend as a result of binding of H1.
[ "43", "44", "45", "39" ]
160
37,955
1
false
Stretches of poly(dAdT) are often bent and have an increased likelihood of being present in linkers and linkers may also bend as a result of binding of H1.
[ "43" ]
Stretches of poly(dAdT) are often bent and have an increased likelihood of being present in linkers and linkers may also bend as a result of binding of H1.
true
true
true
true
true
6,509
8
DISCUSSION
1
44
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B39" ]
17,704,136
NA|pmid-11381129|pmid-16167325|pmid-17060627
Moreover, theoretical calculations do not exclude that electrostatic interactions with core histone tail domains (44) can bend the linker DNA, despite the known large persistence length of the DNA (45).
[ "43", "44", "45", "39" ]
202
37,956
1
false
Moreover, theoretical calculations do not exclude that electrostatic interactions with core histone tail domains can bend the linker DNA, despite the known large persistence length of the DNA.
[ "44", "45" ]
Moreover, theoretical calculations do not exclude that electrostatic interactions with core histone tail domains can bend the linker DNA, despite the known large persistence length of the DNA.
true
true
true
true
true
6,509
8
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B39" ]
17,704,136
NA|pmid-11381129|pmid-16167325|pmid-17060627
Mesoscopic computer models have indeed shown that when chromatin fiber models include real DNA flexibility and charge, then the internucleosome interactions overcome the pre-designed linker DNA geometry and result in establishing new nucleosome chain configurations.
[ "43", "44", "45", "39" ]
266
37,957
0
false
Mesoscopic computer models have indeed shown that when chromatin fiber models include real DNA flexibility and charge, then the internucleosome interactions overcome the pre-designed linker DNA geometry and result in establishing new nucleosome chain configurations.
[]
Mesoscopic computer models have indeed shown that when chromatin fiber models include real DNA flexibility and charge, then the internucleosome interactions overcome the pre-designed linker DNA geometry and result in establishing new nucleosome chain configurations.
true
true
true
true
true
6,509
8
DISCUSSION
1
39
[ "B43", "B44", "B45", "B39" ]
17,704,136
NA|pmid-11381129|pmid-16167325|pmid-17060627
However, the internucleosomal interactions appeared to be relatively weak and probably insufficient to maintain highly bent linker DNA (39).
[ "43", "44", "45", "39" ]
140
37,958
1
false
However, the internucleosomal interactions appeared to be relatively weak and probably insufficient to maintain highly bent linker DNA.
[ "39" ]
However, the internucleosomal interactions appeared to be relatively weak and probably insufficient to maintain highly bent linker DNA.
true
true
true
true
true
6,509
9
DISCUSSION
1
28
[ "B28" ]
17,704,136
pmid-8415708
Bending and twisting of linker DNA may be the result of aggregation of nucleosomes (28), which have a propensity to aggregate at high concentration and in high salt, and the sequence of aggregation of newly synthesized nucleosomes to their nearest neighbors, might in fact function as a folding path for nucleosomal fila...
[ "28" ]
341
37,959
1
false
Bending and twisting of linker DNA may be the result of aggregation of nucleosomes, which have a propensity to aggregate at high concentration and in high salt, and the sequence of aggregation of newly synthesized nucleosomes to their nearest neighbors, might in fact function as a folding path for nucleosomal filaments...
[ "28" ]
Bending and twisting of linker DNA may be the result of aggregation of nucleosomes, which have a propensity to aggregate at high concentration and in high salt, and the sequence of aggregation of newly synthesized nucleosomes to their nearest neighbors, might in fact function as a folding path for nucleosomal filaments...
true
true
true
true
true
6,510
9
DISCUSSION
1
28
[ "B28" ]
17,704,136
pmid-8415708
The potential importance of a folding path is seen from models of fibers consisting of hexanucleosomal loops, some of which needed an extra nucleosome at the terminals to give space for being serially connected.
[ "28" ]
211
37,960
0
false
The potential importance of a folding path is seen from models of fibers consisting of hexanucleosomal loops, some of which needed an extra nucleosome at the terminals to give space for being serially connected.
[]
The potential importance of a folding path is seen from models of fibers consisting of hexanucleosomal loops, some of which needed an extra nucleosome at the terminals to give space for being serially connected.
true
true
true
true
true
6,510
9
DISCUSSION
1
28
[ "B28" ]
17,704,136
pmid-8415708
Such sequences of eight nucleosomes could not be folded from preformed filaments and are therefore unlikely to be generated from pre-existing filaments as a result of a thermodynamic equilibrium.
[ "28" ]
195
37,961
0
false
Such sequences of eight nucleosomes could not be folded from preformed filaments and are therefore unlikely to be generated from pre-existing filaments as a result of a thermodynamic equilibrium.
[]
Such sequences of eight nucleosomes could not be folded from preformed filaments and are therefore unlikely to be generated from pre-existing filaments as a result of a thermodynamic equilibrium.
true
true
true
true
true
6,510
10
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "B27", "B46", "B47" ]
17,704,136
pmid-1736292|pmid-16506093|NA
The narrow distribution of NRLs in every cell type and organism around a single mean value suggests that there is a range of preferred β values in the chromatin.
[ "27", "46", "47" ]
161
37,962
0
false
The narrow distribution of NRLs in every cell type and organism around a single mean value suggests that there is a range of preferred β values in the chromatin.
[]
The narrow distribution of NRLs in every cell type and organism around a single mean value suggests that there is a range of preferred β values in the chromatin.
true
true
true
true
true
6,511
10
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "B27", "B46", "B47" ]
17,704,136
pmid-1736292|pmid-16506093|NA
NRLs for a large number of different organisms and cell types have been shown to be quantized by integral multiples of ∼10 bp, corresponding to integral multiples of helical turns of linker DNA (27), suggesting that preferred β values might be the same for these organisms.
[ "27", "46", "47" ]
273
37,963
1
false
NRLs for a large number of different organisms and cell types have been shown to be quantized by integral multiples of ∼10 bp, corresponding to integral multiples of helical turns of linker DNA, suggesting that preferred β values might be the same for these organisms.
[ "27" ]
NRLs for a large number of different organisms and cell types have been shown to be quantized by integral multiples of ∼10 bp, corresponding to integral multiples of helical turns of linker DNA, suggesting that preferred β values might be the same for these organisms.
true
true
true
true
true
6,511
10
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "B27", "B46", "B47" ]
17,704,136
pmid-1736292|pmid-16506093|NA
However, as the NRL can be changed experimentally by up to 15 bp without fatal effects (46,47), it seems that chromatin higher order structure can accommodate to a wide range of β values.
[ "27", "46", "47" ]
187
37,964
0
false
However, as the NRL can be changed experimentally by up to 15 bp without fatal effects, it seems that chromatin higher order structure can accommodate to a wide range of β values.
[ "46,47" ]
However, as the NRL can be changed experimentally by up to 15 bp without fatal effects, it seems that chromatin higher order structure can accommodate to a wide range of β values.
true
true
true
true
true
6,511
10
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "B27", "B46", "B47" ]
17,704,136
pmid-1736292|pmid-16506093|NA
This is in fact the case for the closed and locked hexanucleosomal looping of the filament, which depends more on the distribution of (+)- and (−)-linkers than on the actual values of β(+) and β(−).
[ "27", "46", "47" ]
198
37,965
0
false
This is in fact the case for the closed and locked hexanucleosomal looping of the filament, which depends more on the distribution of (+)- and (−)-linkers than on the actual values of β(+) and β(−).
[]
This is in fact the case for the closed and locked hexanucleosomal looping of the filament, which depends more on the distribution of (+)- and (−)-linkers than on the actual values of β(+) and β(−).
true
true
true
true
true
6,511
10
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "B27", "B46", "B47" ]
17,704,136
pmid-1736292|pmid-16506093|NA
While looping appears to be an inherent property of the filament, occurring even as a result of a stochastic distribution of linker lengths, the location, conformation and length of the loops depend on the actual β sequence.
[ "27", "46", "47" ]
224
37,966
0
false
While looping appears to be an inherent property of the filament, occurring even as a result of a stochastic distribution of linker lengths, the location, conformation and length of the loops depend on the actual β sequence.
[]
While looping appears to be an inherent property of the filament, occurring even as a result of a stochastic distribution of linker lengths, the location, conformation and length of the loops depend on the actual β sequence.
true
true
true
true
true
6,511
10
DISCUSSION
1
27
[ "B27", "B46", "B47" ]
17,704,136
pmid-1736292|pmid-16506093|NA
This suggests that for a supranucleosomal organization of the chromatin, changes in linker lengths have a modulating effect on the conformation of the filament, leaving some loops unaltered, changing the conformation of others, destroying some loops and creating new ones, thus leaving the principal structure of the fib...
[ "27", "46", "47" ]
380
37,967
0
false
This suggests that for a supranucleosomal organization of the chromatin, changes in linker lengths have a modulating effect on the conformation of the filament, leaving some loops unaltered, changing the conformation of others, destroying some loops and creating new ones, thus leaving the principal structure of the fib...
[]
This suggests that for a supranucleosomal organization of the chromatin, changes in linker lengths have a modulating effect on the conformation of the filament, leaving some loops unaltered, changing the conformation of others, destroying some loops and creating new ones, thus leaving the principal structure of the fib...
true
true
true
true
true
6,511
11
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
17,704,136
pmid-16862119
The models predict that this will be different for conformations, which are more dependent on a specific β sequence, as expected for regular fibers and for some types of double fibers with repeated β sequences.
[ "48" ]
210
37,968
0
false
The models predict that this will be different for conformations, which are more dependent on a specific β sequence, as expected for regular fibers and for some types of double fibers with repeated β sequences.
[]
The models predict that this will be different for conformations, which are more dependent on a specific β sequence, as expected for regular fibers and for some types of double fibers with repeated β sequences.
true
true
true
true
true
6,512
11
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
17,704,136
pmid-16862119
Since these types of fibers have a potential architectural role in the large-scale organization of the chromatin, changes in β within these segments of the filaments might have fatal effects.
[ "48" ]
191
37,969
0
false
Since these types of fibers have a potential architectural role in the large-scale organization of the chromatin, changes in β within these segments of the filaments might have fatal effects.
[]
Since these types of fibers have a potential architectural role in the large-scale organization of the chromatin, changes in β within these segments of the filaments might have fatal effects.
true
true
true
true
true
6,512
11
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
17,704,136
pmid-16862119
An invariable placement of nucleosomes in these regions may therefore be more important than in others.
[ "48" ]
103
37,970
0
false
An invariable placement of nucleosomes in these regions may therefore be more important than in others.
[]
An invariable placement of nucleosomes in these regions may therefore be more important than in others.
true
true
true
true
true
6,512
11
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
17,704,136
pmid-16862119
Maintenance of the higher order organization of the genome might thus depend on the existence of series of ‘architectural’ nucleosomes located in invariable positions.
[ "48" ]
167
37,971
0
false
Maintenance of the higher order organization of the genome might thus depend on the existence of series of ‘architectural’ nucleosomes located in invariable positions.
[]
Maintenance of the higher order organization of the genome might thus depend on the existence of series of ‘architectural’ nucleosomes located in invariable positions.
true
true
true
true
true
6,512
11
DISCUSSION
1
48
[ "B48" ]
17,704,136
pmid-16862119
Such nucleosomes might possibly belong to the most firmly bound nucleosomes whose positions are encoded by the DNA (48).
[ "48" ]
120
37,972
1
false
Such nucleosomes might possibly belong to the most firmly bound nucleosomes whose positions are encoded by the DNA.
[ "48" ]
Such nucleosomes might possibly belong to the most firmly bound nucleosomes whose positions are encoded by the DNA.
true
true
true
true
true
6,512
0
DISCUSSION
1
1
[ "bib1", "bib8", "bib2" ]
16,567,385
pmid-11861612|pmid-8600537|pmid-15102369
Acute infections have the potential to generate high levels of protective CD8 T cell memory that can persist for the life of the organism (1, 8).
[ "1", "8", "2" ]
145
37,973
0
false
Acute infections have the potential to generate high levels of protective CD8 T cell memory that can persist for the life of the organism.
[ "1, 8" ]
Acute infections have the potential to generate high levels of protective CD8 T cell memory that can persist for the life of the organism.
true
true
true
true
true
6,513
0
DISCUSSION
1
1
[ "bib1", "bib8", "bib2" ]
16,567,385
pmid-11861612|pmid-8600537|pmid-15102369
Although an extensive body of literature describing CD8 T cell memory has been amassed, the vast majority of these studies have focused on primary memory cells that arise after a single infection or vaccination.
[ "1", "8", "2" ]
211
37,974
0
false
Although an extensive body of literature describing CD8 T cell memory has been amassed, the vast majority of these studies have focused on primary memory cells that arise after a single infection or vaccination.
[]
Although an extensive body of literature describing CD8 T cell memory has been amassed, the vast majority of these studies have focused on primary memory cells that arise after a single infection or vaccination.
true
true
true
true
true
6,513
0
DISCUSSION
1
2
[ "bib1", "bib8", "bib2" ]
16,567,385
pmid-11861612|pmid-8600537|pmid-15102369
Importantly, in the case of vaccination, a single immunization may not be sufficient to generate an adequate level of immunity for protection from infection, and a temporally separated booster immunization may be required (2).
[ "1", "8", "2" ]
226
37,975
1
false
Importantly, in the case of vaccination, a single immunization may not be sufficient to generate an adequate level of immunity for protection from infection, and a temporally separated booster immunization may be required.
[ "2" ]
Importantly, in the case of vaccination, a single immunization may not be sufficient to generate an adequate level of immunity for protection from infection, and a temporally separated booster immunization may be required.
true
true
true
true
true
6,513
0
DISCUSSION
1
1
[ "bib1", "bib8", "bib2" ]
16,567,385
pmid-11861612|pmid-8600537|pmid-15102369
The characteristics of secondary responses, specifically the extent to which secondary CD8 T memory differs from primary CD8 T memory is, therefore, critical for the optimization of vaccination protocols.
[ "1", "8", "2" ]
204
37,976
0
false
The characteristics of secondary responses, specifically the extent to which secondary CD8 T memory differs from primary CD8 T memory is, therefore, critical for the optimization of vaccination protocols.
[]
The characteristics of secondary responses, specifically the extent to which secondary CD8 T memory differs from primary CD8 T memory is, therefore, critical for the optimization of vaccination protocols.
true
true
true
true
true
6,513
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
16,567,385
null
Here we have shown, in infection models that differ with respect to mouse strain, pathogen, antigen, and host environment, that secondary CD8 T cell responses result in memory populations that have unique qualities that distinguish them from primary memory CD8 T cell populations.
null
280
37,977
0
false
null
null
Here we have shown, in infection models that differ with respect to mouse strain, pathogen, antigen, and host environment, that secondary CD8 T cell responses result in memory populations that have unique qualities that distinguish them from primary memory CD8 T cell populations.
true
true
true
true
true
6,514
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
16,567,385
null
As defined by CD62L expression and IL-2 production, primary CD8 T cell responses after acute infection pass relatively rapidly through an effector–memory phase and stabilize as a predominantly TCM population.
null
208
37,978
0
false
null
null
As defined by CD62L expression and IL-2 production, primary CD8 T cell responses after acute infection pass relatively rapidly through an effector–memory phase and stabilize as a predominantly TCM population.
true
true
true
true
true
6,514
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
16,567,385
null
In contrast, secondary memory CD8 T cells appear to be severely delayed in this progression.
null
92
37,979
0
false
null
null
In contrast, secondary memory CD8 T cells appear to be severely delayed in this progression.
true
true
true
true
true
6,514
1
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
16,567,385
null
Furthermore, secondary memory CD8 T cells, besides sharing a similarly low CD62L expression level, are clearly not the same as primary TEM; secondary memory CD8 T cells display reduced basal proliferation, a higher level of expression of cytolytic molecules, exhibit more potent cytolytic capabilities, and are more prot...
null
344
37,980
0
false
null
null
Furthermore, secondary memory CD8 T cells, besides sharing a similarly low CD62L expression level, are clearly not the same as primary TEM; secondary memory CD8 T cells display reduced basal proliferation, a higher level of expression of cytolytic molecules, exhibit more potent cytolytic capabilities, and are more prot...
true
true
true
true
true
6,514
2
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "bib14", "bib14" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12563257|pmid-12563257
The IL-15–driven basal proliferation important for the long-term maintenance of primary memory CD8 T cells is substantially reduced in secondary memory CD8 T cells, which may account for the delayed acquisition of TCM characteristics.
[ "14", "14" ]
234
37,981
0
false
The IL-15–driven basal proliferation important for the long-term maintenance of primary memory CD8 T cells is substantially reduced in secondary memory CD8 T cells, which may account for the delayed acquisition of TCM characteristics.
[]
The IL-15–driven basal proliferation important for the long-term maintenance of primary memory CD8 T cells is substantially reduced in secondary memory CD8 T cells, which may account for the delayed acquisition of TCM characteristics.
true
true
true
true
true
6,515
2
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "bib14", "bib14" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12563257|pmid-12563257
This correlation between the rate of cell division and the acquisition of a central–memory phenotype for memory CD8 T cells may be explained by several possibilities.
[ "14", "14" ]
166
37,982
0
false
This correlation between the rate of cell division and the acquisition of a central–memory phenotype for memory CD8 T cells may be explained by several possibilities.
[]
This correlation between the rate of cell division and the acquisition of a central–memory phenotype for memory CD8 T cells may be explained by several possibilities.
true
true
true
true
true
6,515
2
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "bib14", "bib14" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12563257|pmid-12563257
One possibility is that cell division is a necessary step before memory cells can reexpress CD62L.
[ "14", "14" ]
98
37,983
0
false
One possibility is that cell division is a necessary step before memory cells can reexpress CD62L.
[]
One possibility is that cell division is a necessary step before memory cells can reexpress CD62L.
true
true
true
true
true
6,515
2
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "bib14", "bib14" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12563257|pmid-12563257
However, studies by others (14) do not support this hypothesis.
[ "14", "14" ]
63
37,984
1
false
However, studies by others do not support this hypothesis.
[ "14" ]
However, studies by others do not support this hypothesis.
true
true
true
true
true
6,515
2
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "bib14", "bib14" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12563257|pmid-12563257
Another possibility that may explain the correlation between cell division and CD62L acquisition is that TCM may accumulate faster than TEM, resulting in an increase in the representation of TEM over time.
[ "14", "14" ]
205
37,985
0
false
Another possibility that may explain the correlation between cell division and CD62L acquisition is that TCM may accumulate faster than TEM, resulting in an increase in the representation of TEM over time.
[]
Another possibility that may explain the correlation between cell division and CD62L acquisition is that TCM may accumulate faster than TEM, resulting in an increase in the representation of TEM over time.
true
true
true
true
true
6,515
2
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "bib14", "bib14" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12563257|pmid-12563257
Proponents of this hypothesis often cite data that indicate that TCM undergo a faster rate of basal proliferation than TEM (14).
[ "14", "14" ]
128
37,986
1
false
Proponents of this hypothesis often cite data that indicate that TCM undergo a faster rate of basal proliferation than TEM.
[ "14" ]
Proponents of this hypothesis often cite data that indicate that TCM undergo a faster rate of basal proliferation than TEM.
true
true
true
true
true
6,515
2
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "bib14", "bib14" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12563257|pmid-12563257
However, it is necessary that the death rate of this population is also known to invoke preferential accumulation; it is possible for a dividing population to decrease in total numbers if its death rate is greater than that which can be replenished by cell division.
[ "14", "14" ]
266
37,987
0
false
However, it is necessary that the death rate of this population is also known to invoke preferential accumulation; it is possible for a dividing population to decrease in total numbers if its death rate is greater than that which can be replenished by cell division.
[]
However, it is necessary that the death rate of this population is also known to invoke preferential accumulation; it is possible for a dividing population to decrease in total numbers if its death rate is greater than that which can be replenished by cell division.
true
true
true
true
true
6,515
2
DISCUSSION
1
14
[ "bib14", "bib14" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12563257|pmid-12563257
Resolution of this issue will likely require progress in understanding the death rate of memory T cell populations.
[ "14", "14" ]
115
37,988
0
false
Resolution of this issue will likely require progress in understanding the death rate of memory T cell populations.
[]
Resolution of this issue will likely require progress in understanding the death rate of memory T cell populations.
true
true
true
true
true
6,515
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
16,567,385
null
We found that secondary memory CD8 T cells are not only equally able to undergo expansion in response to antigen, but are better at immediate cytolysis and protecting hosts against challenge by a virulent pathogen compared with primary memory CD8 T cells of the same specificity.
null
279
37,989
0
false
null
null
We found that secondary memory CD8 T cells are not only equally able to undergo expansion in response to antigen, but are better at immediate cytolysis and protecting hosts against challenge by a virulent pathogen compared with primary memory CD8 T cells of the same specificity.
true
true
true
true
true
6,516
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
16,567,385
null
Additionally, their decreased representation in the lymph nodes and therefore increased representation in the peripheral organs may be a mechanism to maintain highly lytic memory CD8 T cells for longer periods at potential sites of pathogen entry.
null
247
37,990
0
false
null
null
Additionally, their decreased representation in the lymph nodes and therefore increased representation in the peripheral organs may be a mechanism to maintain highly lytic memory CD8 T cells for longer periods at potential sites of pathogen entry.
true
true
true
true
true
6,516
3
DISCUSSION
0
null
null
16,567,385
null
In this way, the host may tailor memory CD8 T cell migration to circumstances in which infection with the same pathogens are a recurring event.
null
143
37,991
0
false
null
null
In this way, the host may tailor memory CD8 T cell migration to circumstances in which infection with the same pathogens are a recurring event.
true
true
true
true
true
6,516
4
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "bib43", "bib44", "bib45", "bib46", "bib20", "bib42" ]
16,567,385
pmid-10376601|pmid-10073942|pmid-8946921|pmid-11323695|pmid-12734336|pmid-11034600
Immediately after an infection, the preexisting naive CD8 T cell population becomes activated by receiving antigenic and costimulatory signals in the secondary lymphoid organs and will eventually differentiate into a memory CD8 T cell population (43, 44).
[ "43", "44", "45", "46", "20", "42" ]
255
37,992
0
false
Immediately after an infection, the preexisting naive CD8 T cell population becomes activated by receiving antigenic and costimulatory signals in the secondary lymphoid organs and will eventually differentiate into a memory CD8 T cell population.
[ "43, 44" ]
Immediately after an infection, the preexisting naive CD8 T cell population becomes activated by receiving antigenic and costimulatory signals in the secondary lymphoid organs and will eventually differentiate into a memory CD8 T cell population.
true
true
true
true
true
6,517
4
DISCUSSION
1
45
[ "bib43", "bib44", "bib45", "bib46", "bib20", "bib42" ]
16,567,385
pmid-10376601|pmid-10073942|pmid-8946921|pmid-11323695|pmid-12734336|pmid-11034600
Throughout these responses, new naive CD8 T cells of the same specificity will be populating the periphery, either through thymic or extrathymic development (45).
[ "43", "44", "45", "46", "20", "42" ]
162
37,993
1
false
Throughout these responses, new naive CD8 T cells of the same specificity will be populating the periphery, either through thymic or extrathymic development.
[ "45" ]
Throughout these responses, new naive CD8 T cells of the same specificity will be populating the periphery, either through thymic or extrathymic development.
true
true
true
true
true
6,517
4
DISCUSSION
1
46
[ "bib43", "bib44", "bib45", "bib46", "bib20", "bib42" ]
16,567,385
pmid-10376601|pmid-10073942|pmid-8946921|pmid-11323695|pmid-12734336|pmid-11034600
Also, it may be possible that, during an initial infection, not all of the preexisting naive CD8 T cells will have been recruited to respond (46).
[ "43", "44", "45", "46", "20", "42" ]
146
37,994
1
false
Also, it may be possible that, during an initial infection, not all of the preexisting naive CD8 T cells will have been recruited to respond.
[ "46" ]
Also, it may be possible that, during an initial infection, not all of the preexisting naive CD8 T cells will have been recruited to respond.
true
true
true
true
true
6,517
4
DISCUSSION
1
20
[ "bib43", "bib44", "bib45", "bib46", "bib20", "bib42" ]
16,567,385
pmid-10376601|pmid-10073942|pmid-8946921|pmid-11323695|pmid-12734336|pmid-11034600
Therefore, it is likely that most anamnestic CD8 T cell responses include both primary and secondary responses (20).
[ "43", "44", "45", "46", "20", "42" ]
116
37,995
1
false
Therefore, it is likely that most anamnestic CD8 T cell responses include both primary and secondary responses.
[ "20" ]
Therefore, it is likely that most anamnestic CD8 T cell responses include both primary and secondary responses.
true
true
true
true
true
6,517
4
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "bib43", "bib44", "bib45", "bib46", "bib20", "bib42" ]
16,567,385
pmid-10376601|pmid-10073942|pmid-8946921|pmid-11323695|pmid-12734336|pmid-11034600
Here, we show that trafficking into lymph nodes by secondary memory CD8 T cells is severely decreased compared with primary memory CD8 T cells, which more rapidly adopt a CD62Lhi central–memory phenotype.
[ "43", "44", "45", "46", "20", "42" ]
204
37,996
0
false
Here, we show that trafficking into lymph nodes by secondary memory CD8 T cells is severely decreased compared with primary memory CD8 T cells, which more rapidly adopt a CD62Lhi central–memory phenotype.
[]
Here, we show that trafficking into lymph nodes by secondary memory CD8 T cells is severely decreased compared with primary memory CD8 T cells, which more rapidly adopt a CD62Lhi central–memory phenotype.
true
true
true
true
true
6,517
4
DISCUSSION
1
42
[ "bib43", "bib44", "bib45", "bib46", "bib20", "bib42" ]
16,567,385
pmid-10376601|pmid-10073942|pmid-8946921|pmid-11323695|pmid-12734336|pmid-11034600
Because primary memory CD8 T cells are present in lymph nodes, they are able to suppress a new naive CD8 T cell response from occurring by, most simply, competing for presented antigen on dendritic cells (42).
[ "43", "44", "45", "46", "20", "42" ]
209
37,997
1
false
Because primary memory CD8 T cells are present in lymph nodes, they are able to suppress a new naive CD8 T cell response from occurring by, most simply, competing for presented antigen on dendritic cells.
[ "42" ]
Because primary memory CD8 T cells are present in lymph nodes, they are able to suppress a new naive CD8 T cell response from occurring by, most simply, competing for presented antigen on dendritic cells.
true
true
true
true
true
6,517
4
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "bib43", "bib44", "bib45", "bib46", "bib20", "bib42" ]
16,567,385
pmid-10376601|pmid-10073942|pmid-8946921|pmid-11323695|pmid-12734336|pmid-11034600
Because secondary memory CD8 T cells, on the other hand, are excluded from entering the lymph nodes until very late time points after infection, they are more permissive for the initiation of a new naive CD8 T cell response.
[ "43", "44", "45", "46", "20", "42" ]
224
37,998
0
false
Because secondary memory CD8 T cells, on the other hand, are excluded from entering the lymph nodes until very late time points after infection, they are more permissive for the initiation of a new naive CD8 T cell response.
[]
Because secondary memory CD8 T cells, on the other hand, are excluded from entering the lymph nodes until very late time points after infection, they are more permissive for the initiation of a new naive CD8 T cell response.
true
true
true
true
true
6,517
4
DISCUSSION
1
43
[ "bib43", "bib44", "bib45", "bib46", "bib20", "bib42" ]
16,567,385
pmid-10376601|pmid-10073942|pmid-8946921|pmid-11323695|pmid-12734336|pmid-11034600
Their exclusion from the lymph nodes, therefore, increases the potential for the generation of a higher number of replacement memory cells in future exposures to the same pathogen.
[ "43", "44", "45", "46", "20", "42" ]
180
37,999
0
false
Their exclusion from the lymph nodes, therefore, increases the potential for the generation of a higher number of replacement memory cells in future exposures to the same pathogen.
[]
Their exclusion from the lymph nodes, therefore, increases the potential for the generation of a higher number of replacement memory cells in future exposures to the same pathogen.
true
true
true
true
true
6,517
5
DISCUSSION
1
47
[ "bib47", "bib48" ]
16,567,385
pmid-8992976|pmid-9729035
In terms of immune function, is there a compelling reason to keep secondary memory CD8 T cells out of lymph nodes for extended periods?
[ "47", "48" ]
135
38,000
0
false
In terms of immune function, is there a compelling reason to keep secondary memory CD8 T cells out of lymph nodes for extended periods?
[]
In terms of immune function, is there a compelling reason to keep secondary memory CD8 T cells out of lymph nodes for extended periods?
true
true
true
true
true
6,518
5
DISCUSSION
1
47
[ "bib47", "bib48" ]
16,567,385
pmid-8992976|pmid-9729035
Secondary memory CD8 T cells are, by definition, the progeny of many rounds of division caused by the expansion phase of their initial response, their maintenance by basal proliferation as primary memory CD8 T cells, and the expansion phase of their secondary response.
[ "47", "48" ]
269
38,001
0
false
Secondary memory CD8 T cells are, by definition, the progeny of many rounds of division caused by the expansion phase of their initial response, their maintenance by basal proliferation as primary memory CD8 T cells, and the expansion phase of their secondary response.
[]
Secondary memory CD8 T cells are, by definition, the progeny of many rounds of division caused by the expansion phase of their initial response, their maintenance by basal proliferation as primary memory CD8 T cells, and the expansion phase of their secondary response.
true
true
true
true
true
6,518
5
DISCUSSION
1
47
[ "bib47", "bib48" ]
16,567,385
pmid-8992976|pmid-9729035
Although telomerase is thought to be activated in responding CD8 T cells (47, 48), potentially permitting many more divisions before senescence compared with other cells, even memory T cells will likely reach a limit of division.
[ "47", "48" ]
229
38,002
0
false
Although telomerase is thought to be activated in responding CD8 T cells, potentially permitting many more divisions before senescence compared with other cells, even memory T cells will likely reach a limit of division.
[ "47, 48" ]
Although telomerase is thought to be activated in responding CD8 T cells, potentially permitting many more divisions before senescence compared with other cells, even memory T cells will likely reach a limit of division.
true
true
true
true
true
6,518
5
DISCUSSION
1
47
[ "bib47", "bib48" ]
16,567,385
pmid-8992976|pmid-9729035
Thus, delayed acquisition of CD62L by secondary memory CD8 T cells may be a mechanism to allow for a new population of CD8 T cell memory to be generated from naive precursors while maintaining adequate or even enhanced protection from infection.
[ "47", "48" ]
245
38,003
0
false
Thus, delayed acquisition of CD62L by secondary memory CD8 T cells may be a mechanism to allow for a new population of CD8 T cell memory to be generated from naive precursors while maintaining adequate or even enhanced protection from infection.
[]
Thus, delayed acquisition of CD62L by secondary memory CD8 T cells may be a mechanism to allow for a new population of CD8 T cell memory to be generated from naive precursors while maintaining adequate or even enhanced protection from infection.
true
true
true
true
true
6,518
5
DISCUSSION
1
47
[ "bib47", "bib48" ]
16,567,385
pmid-8992976|pmid-9729035
These results have practical implications for vaccines that rely on multiple immunizations by defining an optimal window for the third boost, before the reacquisition of CD62L.
[ "47", "48" ]
176
38,004
0
false
These results have practical implications for vaccines that rely on multiple immunizations by defining an optimal window for the third boost, before the reacquisition of CD62L.
[]
These results have practical implications for vaccines that rely on multiple immunizations by defining an optimal window for the third boost, before the reacquisition of CD62L.
true
true
true
true
true
6,518
5
DISCUSSION
1
47
[ "bib47", "bib48" ]
16,567,385
pmid-8992976|pmid-9729035
This may result in both efficient boosting of secondary memory CD8 T cells as well as the most effective generation of new primary CD8 T cell responses.
[ "47", "48" ]
152
38,005
0
false
This may result in both efficient boosting of secondary memory CD8 T cells as well as the most effective generation of new primary CD8 T cell responses.
[]
This may result in both efficient boosting of secondary memory CD8 T cells as well as the most effective generation of new primary CD8 T cell responses.
true
true
true
true
true
6,518
5
DISCUSSION
1
47
[ "bib47", "bib48" ]
16,567,385
pmid-8992976|pmid-9729035
This approach to timing may ensure that the induced memory is long lasting and able to respond to multiple encounters with the specific pathogen.
[ "47", "48" ]
145
38,006
0
false
This approach to timing may ensure that the induced memory is long lasting and able to respond to multiple encounters with the specific pathogen.
[]
This approach to timing may ensure that the induced memory is long lasting and able to respond to multiple encounters with the specific pathogen.
true
true
true
true
true
6,518
6
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "bib49" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12001996
In cases where the induction of humoral responses by vaccination is not sufficient to protect against pathogenic infection, the generation of CD8 T cell memory has substantial potential in the rational design of vaccines (49).
[ "49" ]
226
38,007
1
false
In cases where the induction of humoral responses by vaccination is not sufficient to protect against pathogenic infection, the generation of CD8 T cell memory has substantial potential in the rational design of vaccines.
[ "49" ]
In cases where the induction of humoral responses by vaccination is not sufficient to protect against pathogenic infection, the generation of CD8 T cell memory has substantial potential in the rational design of vaccines.
true
true
true
true
true
6,519
6
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "bib49" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12001996
Insufficient primary memory CD8 T cell responses may be boosted by secondary immunizations, which quantitatively enhance memory cell numbers and alter certain qualitative aspects of memory.
[ "49" ]
189
38,008
0
false
Insufficient primary memory CD8 T cell responses may be boosted by secondary immunizations, which quantitatively enhance memory cell numbers and alter certain qualitative aspects of memory.
[]
Insufficient primary memory CD8 T cell responses may be boosted by secondary immunizations, which quantitatively enhance memory cell numbers and alter certain qualitative aspects of memory.
true
true
true
true
true
6,519
6
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "bib49" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12001996
Whether secondary memory CD8 T cells will be more protective, as shown in our studies with L. monocytogenes against all, or only a subset, of pathogens, is a critical issue for the design of the most potent vaccines.
[ "49" ]
216
38,009
0
false
Whether secondary memory CD8 T cells will be more protective, as shown in our studies with L. monocytogenes against all, or only a subset, of pathogens, is a critical issue for the design of the most potent vaccines.
[]
Whether secondary memory CD8 T cells will be more protective, as shown in our studies with L. monocytogenes against all, or only a subset, of pathogens, is a critical issue for the design of the most potent vaccines.
true
true
true
true
true
6,519
6
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "bib49" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12001996
For example, a potent CD8 T cell response to a single immunization may be most effective against one subset of pathogens, whereas a low priming vaccination and robust booster immunization to generate secondary CD8 T cell memory may be more effective against another subset of pathogens.
[ "49" ]
286
38,010
0
false
For example, a potent CD8 T cell response to a single immunization may be most effective against one subset of pathogens, whereas a low priming vaccination and robust booster immunization to generate secondary CD8 T cell memory may be more effective against another subset of pathogens.
[]
For example, a potent CD8 T cell response to a single immunization may be most effective against one subset of pathogens, whereas a low priming vaccination and robust booster immunization to generate secondary CD8 T cell memory may be more effective against another subset of pathogens.
true
true
true
true
true
6,519
6
DISCUSSION
1
49
[ "bib49" ]
16,567,385
pmid-12001996
Comparison of primary and secondary memory CD8 T cells for protection against a variety of pathogens will be required to resolve this issue.
[ "49" ]
140
38,011
0
false
Comparison of primary and secondary memory CD8 T cells for protection against a variety of pathogens will be required to resolve this issue.
[]
Comparison of primary and secondary memory CD8 T cells for protection against a variety of pathogens will be required to resolve this issue.
true
true
true
true
true
6,519
0
INTRODUCTION
0
null
null
19,503,677
null
Disability evaluation typically requires an assessment of the activities of daily life (ADL) and instrumental ADL (I-ADL).
null
122
38,012
0
false
null
null
Disability evaluation typically requires an assessment of the activities of daily life (ADL) and instrumental ADL (I-ADL).
true
true
true
true
true
6,520
0
INTRODUCTION
0
null
null
19,503,677
null
In Japan, a physical disability certificate is based on the patient's ADL and I-ADL grades.
null
91
38,013
0
false
null
null
In Japan, a physical disability certificate is based on the patient's ADL and I-ADL grades.
true
true
true
true
true
6,520
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2" ]
19,503,677
NA|NA
The independent ADL scale, which is widely considered within the field of rehabilitation medicine to be a particularly important component in the evaluation (1, 2), considers both individual and universal factors (Fig.
[ "1", "2" ]
218
38,014
0
false
The independent ADL scale, which is widely considered within the field of rehabilitation medicine to be a particularly important component in the evaluation, considers both individual and universal factors (Fig.
[ "1, 2" ]
The independent ADL scale, which is widely considered within the field of rehabilitation medicine to be a particularly important component in the evaluation, considers both individual and universal factors (Fig.
true
true
true
true
true
6,521
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1
[ "B1", "B2" ]
19,503,677
NA|NA
Assessment is performed by analyzing the results of test activities relating the patient's personal life.
[ "1", "2" ]
105
38,015
0
false
Assessment is performed by analyzing the results of test activities relating the patient's personal life.
[]
Assessment is performed by analyzing the results of test activities relating the patient's personal life.
true
true
true
true
true
6,521