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PMC1479836_F8_5774.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Downregulation of survivin by celecoxib and DMC correlates with increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Top half: U87 glioblastoma cells were treated with celecoxib (Cxb) or DMC for 48 hours in vitro; thereafter, cytospins were performed and the cells were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of survivin protein levels and, in parallel, TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. Bottom half: tumor sections from animals described in Figure 7 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for survivin expression and by TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. In all cases, representative sections are shown. Small black rectangles denote enlarged areas of the same photograph shown below. Arrows indicate examples of TUNEL-positive, i.e., apoptotic, cells. |
PMC1479836_F8_5792.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Downregulation of survivin by celecoxib and DMC correlates with increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Top half: U87 glioblastoma cells were treated with celecoxib (Cxb) or DMC for 48 hours in vitro; thereafter, cytospins were performed and the cells were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of survivin protein levels and, in parallel, TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. Bottom half: tumor sections from animals described in Figure 7 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for survivin expression and by TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. In all cases, representative sections are shown. Small black rectangles denote enlarged areas of the same photograph shown below. Arrows indicate examples of TUNEL-positive, i.e., apoptotic, cells. |
PMC1479836_F8_5783.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Downregulation of survivin by celecoxib and DMC correlates with increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Top half: U87 glioblastoma cells were treated with celecoxib (Cxb) or DMC for 48 hours in vitro; thereafter, cytospins were performed and the cells were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of survivin protein levels and, in parallel, TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. Bottom half: tumor sections from animals described in Figure 7 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for survivin expression and by TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. In all cases, representative sections are shown. Small black rectangles denote enlarged areas of the same photograph shown below. Arrows indicate examples of TUNEL-positive, i.e., apoptotic, cells. |
PMC1479836_F8_5780.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Downregulation of survivin by celecoxib and DMC correlates with increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Top half: U87 glioblastoma cells were treated with celecoxib (Cxb) or DMC for 48 hours in vitro; thereafter, cytospins were performed and the cells were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of survivin protein levels and, in parallel, TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. Bottom half: tumor sections from animals described in Figure 7 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for survivin expression and by TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. In all cases, representative sections are shown. Small black rectangles denote enlarged areas of the same photograph shown below. Arrows indicate examples of TUNEL-positive, i.e., apoptotic, cells. |
PMC1479836_F8_5779.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Downregulation of survivin by celecoxib and DMC correlates with increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Top half: U87 glioblastoma cells were treated with celecoxib (Cxb) or DMC for 48 hours in vitro; thereafter, cytospins were performed and the cells were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of survivin protein levels and, in parallel, TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. Bottom half: tumor sections from animals described in Figure 7 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for survivin expression and by TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. In all cases, representative sections are shown. Small black rectangles denote enlarged areas of the same photograph shown below. Arrows indicate examples of TUNEL-positive, i.e., apoptotic, cells. |
PMC1479836_F8_5784.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Downregulation of survivin by celecoxib and DMC correlates with increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Top half: U87 glioblastoma cells were treated with celecoxib (Cxb) or DMC for 48 hours in vitro; thereafter, cytospins were performed and the cells were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of survivin protein levels and, in parallel, TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. Bottom half: tumor sections from animals described in Figure 7 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for survivin expression and by TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. In all cases, representative sections are shown. Small black rectangles denote enlarged areas of the same photograph shown below. Arrows indicate examples of TUNEL-positive, i.e., apoptotic, cells. |
PMC1479836_F8_5790.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Downregulation of survivin by celecoxib and DMC correlates with increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Top half: U87 glioblastoma cells were treated with celecoxib (Cxb) or DMC for 48 hours in vitro; thereafter, cytospins were performed and the cells were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of survivin protein levels and, in parallel, TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. Bottom half: tumor sections from animals described in Figure 7 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for survivin expression and by TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. In all cases, representative sections are shown. Small black rectangles denote enlarged areas of the same photograph shown below. Arrows indicate examples of TUNEL-positive, i.e., apoptotic, cells. |
PMC1479836_F8_5775.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Downregulation of survivin by celecoxib and DMC correlates with increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Top half: U87 glioblastoma cells were treated with celecoxib (Cxb) or DMC for 48 hours in vitro; thereafter, cytospins were performed and the cells were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of survivin protein levels and, in parallel, TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. Bottom half: tumor sections from animals described in Figure 7 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for survivin expression and by TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. In all cases, representative sections are shown. Small black rectangles denote enlarged areas of the same photograph shown below. Arrows indicate examples of TUNEL-positive, i.e., apoptotic, cells. |
PMC1479837_F1_5773.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Microscopic appearance of the lymphangioma of right side, the dilated lymphatic channels lined by endothelial cells can be observed. |
PMC1479837_F1_5772.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Microscopic appearance of the lymphangioma of right side, the dilated lymphatic channels lined by endothelial cells can be observed. |
PMC1479843_F2_5793.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Digital image of TMA spot presented in VTM using Zoomify™ application. On the top left corner of image is the thumbnail overview; the red box identifies location within the spot. The key at the bottom of the image allows the user to change position or magnification, which can also be controlled by the cursor. |
PMC1480489_f2-ehp0114-000898_5796.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Photomicrographs (two magnifications each) of representative H&E-stained cross sections of wild-type, Wnt7a +/−, and Wnt7a −/− uteri analyzed on PND6, 24 hr after final injection of saline, DES, or Aroclor 1254. Saline-treated wild-type (A) and Wnt7a heterozygous uteri (D) were indistinguishable with regard to overall size, epithelial morphology, stroma, and myometrial differentiation (arrows). In contrast, the diameter of the Wnt7a mutant uterus (G) was smaller and the myometrium was not visible (arrows). Low-level DES exposure resulted in epithelial folding in wild-type uteri (B). In the Wnt7a +/− uteri (E), the epithelium underwent stratification. In contrast to the effects of DES, Aroclor 1254 exposure induced precocious gland formation (arrows) in both wild-type (C) and Wnt7a +/− uteri (F). In contrast, Wnt7a −/− uteri showed no consistent or overt changes in morphologies in response to DES (H) or Aroclor 1254 (I) exposure, although we noted signs of water imbibition, as demonstrated by an increase in the intercellular spaces (arrows). Bar = 100 μm. |
PMC1480489_f2-ehp0114-000898_5801.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Photomicrographs (two magnifications each) of representative H&E-stained cross sections of wild-type, Wnt7a +/−, and Wnt7a −/− uteri analyzed on PND6, 24 hr after final injection of saline, DES, or Aroclor 1254. Saline-treated wild-type (A) and Wnt7a heterozygous uteri (D) were indistinguishable with regard to overall size, epithelial morphology, stroma, and myometrial differentiation (arrows). In contrast, the diameter of the Wnt7a mutant uterus (G) was smaller and the myometrium was not visible (arrows). Low-level DES exposure resulted in epithelial folding in wild-type uteri (B). In the Wnt7a +/− uteri (E), the epithelium underwent stratification. In contrast to the effects of DES, Aroclor 1254 exposure induced precocious gland formation (arrows) in both wild-type (C) and Wnt7a +/− uteri (F). In contrast, Wnt7a −/− uteri showed no consistent or overt changes in morphologies in response to DES (H) or Aroclor 1254 (I) exposure, although we noted signs of water imbibition, as demonstrated by an increase in the intercellular spaces (arrows). Bar = 100 μm. |
PMC1480489_f2-ehp0114-000898_5799.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Photomicrographs (two magnifications each) of representative H&E-stained cross sections of wild-type, Wnt7a +/−, and Wnt7a −/− uteri analyzed on PND6, 24 hr after final injection of saline, DES, or Aroclor 1254. Saline-treated wild-type (A) and Wnt7a heterozygous uteri (D) were indistinguishable with regard to overall size, epithelial morphology, stroma, and myometrial differentiation (arrows). In contrast, the diameter of the Wnt7a mutant uterus (G) was smaller and the myometrium was not visible (arrows). Low-level DES exposure resulted in epithelial folding in wild-type uteri (B). In the Wnt7a +/− uteri (E), the epithelium underwent stratification. In contrast to the effects of DES, Aroclor 1254 exposure induced precocious gland formation (arrows) in both wild-type (C) and Wnt7a +/− uteri (F). In contrast, Wnt7a −/− uteri showed no consistent or overt changes in morphologies in response to DES (H) or Aroclor 1254 (I) exposure, although we noted signs of water imbibition, as demonstrated by an increase in the intercellular spaces (arrows). Bar = 100 μm. |
PMC1480489_f2-ehp0114-000898_5797.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Photomicrographs (two magnifications each) of representative H&E-stained cross sections of wild-type, Wnt7a +/−, and Wnt7a −/− uteri analyzed on PND6, 24 hr after final injection of saline, DES, or Aroclor 1254. Saline-treated wild-type (A) and Wnt7a heterozygous uteri (D) were indistinguishable with regard to overall size, epithelial morphology, stroma, and myometrial differentiation (arrows). In contrast, the diameter of the Wnt7a mutant uterus (G) was smaller and the myometrium was not visible (arrows). Low-level DES exposure resulted in epithelial folding in wild-type uteri (B). In the Wnt7a +/− uteri (E), the epithelium underwent stratification. In contrast to the effects of DES, Aroclor 1254 exposure induced precocious gland formation (arrows) in both wild-type (C) and Wnt7a +/− uteri (F). In contrast, Wnt7a −/− uteri showed no consistent or overt changes in morphologies in response to DES (H) or Aroclor 1254 (I) exposure, although we noted signs of water imbibition, as demonstrated by an increase in the intercellular spaces (arrows). Bar = 100 μm. |
PMC1480489_f2-ehp0114-000898_5798.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Photomicrographs (two magnifications each) of representative H&E-stained cross sections of wild-type, Wnt7a +/−, and Wnt7a −/− uteri analyzed on PND6, 24 hr after final injection of saline, DES, or Aroclor 1254. Saline-treated wild-type (A) and Wnt7a heterozygous uteri (D) were indistinguishable with regard to overall size, epithelial morphology, stroma, and myometrial differentiation (arrows). In contrast, the diameter of the Wnt7a mutant uterus (G) was smaller and the myometrium was not visible (arrows). Low-level DES exposure resulted in epithelial folding in wild-type uteri (B). In the Wnt7a +/− uteri (E), the epithelium underwent stratification. In contrast to the effects of DES, Aroclor 1254 exposure induced precocious gland formation (arrows) in both wild-type (C) and Wnt7a +/− uteri (F). In contrast, Wnt7a −/− uteri showed no consistent or overt changes in morphologies in response to DES (H) or Aroclor 1254 (I) exposure, although we noted signs of water imbibition, as demonstrated by an increase in the intercellular spaces (arrows). Bar = 100 μm. |
PMC1480489_f2-ehp0114-000898_5795.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Photomicrographs (two magnifications each) of representative H&E-stained cross sections of wild-type, Wnt7a +/−, and Wnt7a −/− uteri analyzed on PND6, 24 hr after final injection of saline, DES, or Aroclor 1254. Saline-treated wild-type (A) and Wnt7a heterozygous uteri (D) were indistinguishable with regard to overall size, epithelial morphology, stroma, and myometrial differentiation (arrows). In contrast, the diameter of the Wnt7a mutant uterus (G) was smaller and the myometrium was not visible (arrows). Low-level DES exposure resulted in epithelial folding in wild-type uteri (B). In the Wnt7a +/− uteri (E), the epithelium underwent stratification. In contrast to the effects of DES, Aroclor 1254 exposure induced precocious gland formation (arrows) in both wild-type (C) and Wnt7a +/− uteri (F). In contrast, Wnt7a −/− uteri showed no consistent or overt changes in morphologies in response to DES (H) or Aroclor 1254 (I) exposure, although we noted signs of water imbibition, as demonstrated by an increase in the intercellular spaces (arrows). Bar = 100 μm. |
PMC1481512_F1_5802.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Example of indeterminate thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA). Fine needle aspirate sample from 28 year-old female with thyroid nodule. Case was interpreted as "fragments of atypical epithelial cells in a background of reactive lymphocytes. A follicular neoplasm or papillary carcinoma cannot be excluded." The thyroidectomy specimen showed a classical papillary thyroid carcinoma in the corresponding lobe of the thyroid. |
PMC1481514_F4_5803.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Lung FNA: DQ stains shows clusters of atypical epithelial cells with molding consistent with small cell carcinoma. A dried with fan & B without a fan. |
PMC1481514_F4_5804.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Lung FNA: DQ stains shows clusters of atypical epithelial cells with molding consistent with small cell carcinoma. A dried with fan & B without a fan. |
PMC1481516_F5_5807.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | In situ magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of prostate gland. Adapted from Kurhanewicz et al [42]. |
PMC1481536_F3_5813.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Compartmentalisation of CD-BODIPY inside living cells. (A) Shows a YZ optical section through a 3D confocal stack recorded from a single living HeLa expressing citrin-actin and stained with 50 nM CD-BODIPY for 20 minutes. The top and middle rows show corresponding CD-BODIPY and citrin-actin channels respectively, whereas the bottom shows the corresponding overlay image. Note the co-compartmentalisation of CD-BODIPY and the citrin-actin at a microspike protruding from the top of the cell (red cursor). Scale bar 5μm. (B) Single confocal optical section through a H-PomGFP (green) living cell co-stained with 50 nM CD-BODIPY (red) and the corresponding colour overlay image. Note strong accumulation of CD-BODIPY at the perinuclear proximity and the presence co-incident with NE-membrane labelling. Bottom panels show detail from selected region (white rectangle) highlighting where in this representative example NE-membrane signals were clearly distinguished from cytoplasmic staining revealing a clear view of compartmentalisation between CD-BODIPY and POM121 (white cursor). Scale bars: top row: 5μm; bottom row: 2μm. |
PMC1481536_F3_5814.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Compartmentalisation of CD-BODIPY inside living cells. (A) Shows a YZ optical section through a 3D confocal stack recorded from a single living HeLa expressing citrin-actin and stained with 50 nM CD-BODIPY for 20 minutes. The top and middle rows show corresponding CD-BODIPY and citrin-actin channels respectively, whereas the bottom shows the corresponding overlay image. Note the co-compartmentalisation of CD-BODIPY and the citrin-actin at a microspike protruding from the top of the cell (red cursor). Scale bar 5μm. (B) Single confocal optical section through a H-PomGFP (green) living cell co-stained with 50 nM CD-BODIPY (red) and the corresponding colour overlay image. Note strong accumulation of CD-BODIPY at the perinuclear proximity and the presence co-incident with NE-membrane labelling. Bottom panels show detail from selected region (white rectangle) highlighting where in this representative example NE-membrane signals were clearly distinguished from cytoplasmic staining revealing a clear view of compartmentalisation between CD-BODIPY and POM121 (white cursor). Scale bars: top row: 5μm; bottom row: 2μm. |
PMC1481536_F3_5815.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Compartmentalisation of CD-BODIPY inside living cells. (A) Shows a YZ optical section through a 3D confocal stack recorded from a single living HeLa expressing citrin-actin and stained with 50 nM CD-BODIPY for 20 minutes. The top and middle rows show corresponding CD-BODIPY and citrin-actin channels respectively, whereas the bottom shows the corresponding overlay image. Note the co-compartmentalisation of CD-BODIPY and the citrin-actin at a microspike protruding from the top of the cell (red cursor). Scale bar 5μm. (B) Single confocal optical section through a H-PomGFP (green) living cell co-stained with 50 nM CD-BODIPY (red) and the corresponding colour overlay image. Note strong accumulation of CD-BODIPY at the perinuclear proximity and the presence co-incident with NE-membrane labelling. Bottom panels show detail from selected region (white rectangle) highlighting where in this representative example NE-membrane signals were clearly distinguished from cytoplasmic staining revealing a clear view of compartmentalisation between CD-BODIPY and POM121 (white cursor). Scale bars: top row: 5μm; bottom row: 2μm. |
PMC1481536_F4_5820.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Perinuclear actin revealed with a range of actin staining methods. (A) Relative measure of actin accumulation at the NE inside living cells. Average values (n = 5 cells in each case) were calculated (see methods) from normalised intensity values mapped in three-dimensional image stacks recorded from living cells labelled using various protocols to reveal actin and NE-membranes. Results show averages of the percentage of NE-membrane label (either POM121-GFP or dsRed-laminA) that was not distinguishable in spatial coordinates (given resolution limits) from actin labelling probes (actin568, CD-BODIPY, citrin-actin). Averaged results (n= 5 cells) were compared (P < 0.01; student t-test) with those calculated from samples labelled by cytoplasmic micro-injection of dextran-rhodamine inside cells expressing POM121-GFP (B) Spinning disk confocal image of single living HeLa cell expressing lamin A dsRed (upper panels) and citrin-actin (lower panels). The XY optical section shows accumulation of cortical actin at the plasma membrane (red cursor). The green cursor indicates the faint perinuclear actin accumulation. The right panels show detail from the regions of interest indicated by the white-line dashed boxes in the left-hand panels. Scale bars: left panels 7μm; right panels 0.5μm. (C) Shows the YZ section view reconstructed from the same 3D through-stack dataset as (B) above. The red and green cursors show cortical and perinuclear actin accumulation as for (B). Note also the presence of an interphase nuclear invagination where dsRed-LaminA and citrin-actin both intrude upon the nuclear volume (white arrowhead). Scale bars: 7μm. |
PMC1481536_F4_5821.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Perinuclear actin revealed with a range of actin staining methods. (A) Relative measure of actin accumulation at the NE inside living cells. Average values (n = 5 cells in each case) were calculated (see methods) from normalised intensity values mapped in three-dimensional image stacks recorded from living cells labelled using various protocols to reveal actin and NE-membranes. Results show averages of the percentage of NE-membrane label (either POM121-GFP or dsRed-laminA) that was not distinguishable in spatial coordinates (given resolution limits) from actin labelling probes (actin568, CD-BODIPY, citrin-actin). Averaged results (n= 5 cells) were compared (P < 0.01; student t-test) with those calculated from samples labelled by cytoplasmic micro-injection of dextran-rhodamine inside cells expressing POM121-GFP (B) Spinning disk confocal image of single living HeLa cell expressing lamin A dsRed (upper panels) and citrin-actin (lower panels). The XY optical section shows accumulation of cortical actin at the plasma membrane (red cursor). The green cursor indicates the faint perinuclear actin accumulation. The right panels show detail from the regions of interest indicated by the white-line dashed boxes in the left-hand panels. Scale bars: left panels 7μm; right panels 0.5μm. (C) Shows the YZ section view reconstructed from the same 3D through-stack dataset as (B) above. The red and green cursors show cortical and perinuclear actin accumulation as for (B). Note also the presence of an interphase nuclear invagination where dsRed-LaminA and citrin-actin both intrude upon the nuclear volume (white arrowhead). Scale bars: 7μm. |
PMC1481542_F2_5827.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Photos showing microfossils from opposite sides. An example of the advantages of using both sides of a thin section. A and B showing a tubular filament attached to volcanic glass from opposite sides. C and D showing a twisted filament where the same twisted features are shown from both sides indicating that it is a three-dimensional morphological feature. E and F showing a filament blocked by another filament. In E the whole filament is visible but in F parts of the filament is blocked. The scale bars are 10 μm. |
PMC1481542_F2_5826.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Photos showing microfossils from opposite sides. An example of the advantages of using both sides of a thin section. A and B showing a tubular filament attached to volcanic glass from opposite sides. C and D showing a twisted filament where the same twisted features are shown from both sides indicating that it is a three-dimensional morphological feature. E and F showing a filament blocked by another filament. In E the whole filament is visible but in F parts of the filament is blocked. The scale bars are 10 μm. |
PMC1481565_F4_5830.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Photomicrographs and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of prostate sections after saline (A,B) and BTX-A (C,D) injection at 1 month. Significant glandular proliferation with papillary infolding in the lumen was seen in the control canine (A). Atrophy change of glandular component with flattening of the lining epithelium was seen in the BTX-A treated canine (C). Very few apoptotic nuclei are recognizable in the control animal (B). Strong fluorescence of apoptotic nuclei was seen in the BTX-A treated animal at 1 month. A, C magnification × 40; B, D magnification × 100. |
PMC1481565_F4_5829.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Photomicrographs and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of prostate sections after saline (A,B) and BTX-A (C,D) injection at 1 month. Significant glandular proliferation with papillary infolding in the lumen was seen in the control canine (A). Atrophy change of glandular component with flattening of the lining epithelium was seen in the BTX-A treated canine (C). Very few apoptotic nuclei are recognizable in the control animal (B). Strong fluorescence of apoptotic nuclei was seen in the BTX-A treated animal at 1 month. A, C magnification × 40; B, D magnification × 100. |
PMC1481565_F4_5831.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Photomicrographs and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of prostate sections after saline (A,B) and BTX-A (C,D) injection at 1 month. Significant glandular proliferation with papillary infolding in the lumen was seen in the control canine (A). Atrophy change of glandular component with flattening of the lining epithelium was seen in the BTX-A treated canine (C). Very few apoptotic nuclei are recognizable in the control animal (B). Strong fluorescence of apoptotic nuclei was seen in the BTX-A treated animal at 1 month. A, C magnification × 40; B, D magnification × 100. |
PMC1481565_F4_5832.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Photomicrographs and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of prostate sections after saline (A,B) and BTX-A (C,D) injection at 1 month. Significant glandular proliferation with papillary infolding in the lumen was seen in the control canine (A). Atrophy change of glandular component with flattening of the lining epithelium was seen in the BTX-A treated canine (C). Very few apoptotic nuclei are recognizable in the control animal (B). Strong fluorescence of apoptotic nuclei was seen in the BTX-A treated animal at 1 month. A, C magnification × 40; B, D magnification × 100. |
PMC1481579_F2_5833.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Histological examination of the pelvic mass. Microscopic appearance of the mass showing low cellularity, with no cytological atypia and few mitoses. Hematoxylin and eosin, 250 ×. |
PMC1481599_F4_5840.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Inhibition of cell-to-cell infection and syncytia formation. Uninfected 1G5 T cells were pretreated for 24 h with either (A) mock, (B) 10-6 M ddC, or with ddC and (B) 2 mg/ml or (C) 4 mg/ml S. fusiforme, or with S. fusiforme only at (D) 2 mg/ml or (E) 4 mg/ml. 1G5 cells were cocultivated at 1:1 ratio with CEM cells that were infected with NL4-3 at 0.01 moi. 24 h after cocultivation, cells were examined for syncytium formation using Leica DM IL Fluo microscope, ×20 magnification (A-F). Cell cultures were monitored for luciferase expression, and % inhibition was calculated from maximal luciferase expression from untreated 1G5 cells (1.9 × 105 RLU, not shown), which was plotted and is indicated on top of each bar (H). Data are mean +/- SD of triplicates. Uninfected adherent GHOST [29] cells were ddC treated and cocultivated at 1:1 ratio with HIV infected 1G5 cells for 24 h, and examined for syncytia formation by green fluorescence (G). Image shows fluorescence micrograph taken of a green fluorescent giant cell, which was superimposed on the same field phase contrast black and white image. |
PMC1481599_F4_5838.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Inhibition of cell-to-cell infection and syncytia formation. Uninfected 1G5 T cells were pretreated for 24 h with either (A) mock, (B) 10-6 M ddC, or with ddC and (B) 2 mg/ml or (C) 4 mg/ml S. fusiforme, or with S. fusiforme only at (D) 2 mg/ml or (E) 4 mg/ml. 1G5 cells were cocultivated at 1:1 ratio with CEM cells that were infected with NL4-3 at 0.01 moi. 24 h after cocultivation, cells were examined for syncytium formation using Leica DM IL Fluo microscope, ×20 magnification (A-F). Cell cultures were monitored for luciferase expression, and % inhibition was calculated from maximal luciferase expression from untreated 1G5 cells (1.9 × 105 RLU, not shown), which was plotted and is indicated on top of each bar (H). Data are mean +/- SD of triplicates. Uninfected adherent GHOST [29] cells were ddC treated and cocultivated at 1:1 ratio with HIV infected 1G5 cells for 24 h, and examined for syncytia formation by green fluorescence (G). Image shows fluorescence micrograph taken of a green fluorescent giant cell, which was superimposed on the same field phase contrast black and white image. |
PMC1481599_F4_5834.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Inhibition of cell-to-cell infection and syncytia formation. Uninfected 1G5 T cells were pretreated for 24 h with either (A) mock, (B) 10-6 M ddC, or with ddC and (B) 2 mg/ml or (C) 4 mg/ml S. fusiforme, or with S. fusiforme only at (D) 2 mg/ml or (E) 4 mg/ml. 1G5 cells were cocultivated at 1:1 ratio with CEM cells that were infected with NL4-3 at 0.01 moi. 24 h after cocultivation, cells were examined for syncytium formation using Leica DM IL Fluo microscope, ×20 magnification (A-F). Cell cultures were monitored for luciferase expression, and % inhibition was calculated from maximal luciferase expression from untreated 1G5 cells (1.9 × 105 RLU, not shown), which was plotted and is indicated on top of each bar (H). Data are mean +/- SD of triplicates. Uninfected adherent GHOST [29] cells were ddC treated and cocultivated at 1:1 ratio with HIV infected 1G5 cells for 24 h, and examined for syncytia formation by green fluorescence (G). Image shows fluorescence micrograph taken of a green fluorescent giant cell, which was superimposed on the same field phase contrast black and white image. |
PMC1481599_F4_5839.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Inhibition of cell-to-cell infection and syncytia formation. Uninfected 1G5 T cells were pretreated for 24 h with either (A) mock, (B) 10-6 M ddC, or with ddC and (B) 2 mg/ml or (C) 4 mg/ml S. fusiforme, or with S. fusiforme only at (D) 2 mg/ml or (E) 4 mg/ml. 1G5 cells were cocultivated at 1:1 ratio with CEM cells that were infected with NL4-3 at 0.01 moi. 24 h after cocultivation, cells were examined for syncytium formation using Leica DM IL Fluo microscope, ×20 magnification (A-F). Cell cultures were monitored for luciferase expression, and % inhibition was calculated from maximal luciferase expression from untreated 1G5 cells (1.9 × 105 RLU, not shown), which was plotted and is indicated on top of each bar (H). Data are mean +/- SD of triplicates. Uninfected adherent GHOST [29] cells were ddC treated and cocultivated at 1:1 ratio with HIV infected 1G5 cells for 24 h, and examined for syncytia formation by green fluorescence (G). Image shows fluorescence micrograph taken of a green fluorescent giant cell, which was superimposed on the same field phase contrast black and white image. |
PMC1481600_F8_5845.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Confocal microscopic images of suspended MT-2 cells incubated with R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (A, B), PEG3.4 K-R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (C, D) and PEG10 K- [R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9]8 (E, F) for 24 hours (all 1μM relative to Tat9). (A, C and E show fluorescence images while B, D and F are light images generated by differential interference contrast (DIC) of the same fields. All focal planes are through the middle of the cells. A and C show bright intracellular fluorescence, while E shows primarily cell surface bound fluorescence. |
PMC1481600_F8_5846.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Confocal microscopic images of suspended MT-2 cells incubated with R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (A, B), PEG3.4 K-R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (C, D) and PEG10 K- [R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9]8 (E, F) for 24 hours (all 1μM relative to Tat9). (A, C and E show fluorescence images while B, D and F are light images generated by differential interference contrast (DIC) of the same fields. All focal planes are through the middle of the cells. A and C show bright intracellular fluorescence, while E shows primarily cell surface bound fluorescence. |
PMC1481600_F8_5841.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Confocal microscopic images of suspended MT-2 cells incubated with R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (A, B), PEG3.4 K-R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (C, D) and PEG10 K- [R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9]8 (E, F) for 24 hours (all 1μM relative to Tat9). (A, C and E show fluorescence images while B, D and F are light images generated by differential interference contrast (DIC) of the same fields. All focal planes are through the middle of the cells. A and C show bright intracellular fluorescence, while E shows primarily cell surface bound fluorescence. |
PMC1481600_F8_5844.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Confocal microscopic images of suspended MT-2 cells incubated with R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (A, B), PEG3.4 K-R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (C, D) and PEG10 K- [R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9]8 (E, F) for 24 hours (all 1μM relative to Tat9). (A, C and E show fluorescence images while B, D and F are light images generated by differential interference contrast (DIC) of the same fields. All focal planes are through the middle of the cells. A and C show bright intracellular fluorescence, while E shows primarily cell surface bound fluorescence. |
PMC1481600_F8_5842.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Confocal microscopic images of suspended MT-2 cells incubated with R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (A, B), PEG3.4 K-R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (C, D) and PEG10 K- [R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9]8 (E, F) for 24 hours (all 1μM relative to Tat9). (A, C and E show fluorescence images while B, D and F are light images generated by differential interference contrast (DIC) of the same fields. All focal planes are through the middle of the cells. A and C show bright intracellular fluorescence, while E shows primarily cell surface bound fluorescence. |
PMC1481600_F8_5843.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Confocal microscopic images of suspended MT-2 cells incubated with R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (A, B), PEG3.4 K-R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9 (C, D) and PEG10 K- [R.I.CK(fluorescein)-Tat9]8 (E, F) for 24 hours (all 1μM relative to Tat9). (A, C and E show fluorescence images while B, D and F are light images generated by differential interference contrast (DIC) of the same fields. All focal planes are through the middle of the cells. A and C show bright intracellular fluorescence, while E shows primarily cell surface bound fluorescence. |
PMC1481617_F4_5848.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Immunohistochemical labelling of rat hippocampus with pAb77. (A). Typical results from immunoperoxidase-linked visualisation of pAb77 (1:5000) binding to rat hippocampal cryostat sections. Note the strong labelling of certain cells in the pyramidal cell layer (P). Scale bar represents 50 μM. (B) Schematic drawing of a coronal section of rat hippocampus. P = pyramidal layer, M = molecular layer. |
PMC1481618_F6_5851.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | TGF-β1 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) administration into the left lateral ventricle induced hippocampal apoptotic morphology in a sham-operated control rat. (A) Photomicrographs show the changes of apoptotic morphology in CA3 hippocampal subfield induced byTGF-β1 ASO i.c.v. treatment in sham-operated control animal. Upper microphotograph shows a 40× magnification (scale bar = 50 μm). The middle microphotographs show details of the same field at 100× magnification (scale bar = 20 μm). The lower microphotograph show CA3 area from a saline infused sham-operated animal. (B) Data represent the density of apoptotic cells (mean ± SEM from 4–5 animals) in the hippocampal areas ipsilateral to the side infused with saline (black bar), ASO (gray bar) or SCRO (open bar). * p < 0.05 vs control; ** p < 0.01 vs control; # p < 0.05 vs TGF-β1 ASO. |
PMC1481618_F6_5850.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | TGF-β1 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) administration into the left lateral ventricle induced hippocampal apoptotic morphology in a sham-operated control rat. (A) Photomicrographs show the changes of apoptotic morphology in CA3 hippocampal subfield induced byTGF-β1 ASO i.c.v. treatment in sham-operated control animal. Upper microphotograph shows a 40× magnification (scale bar = 50 μm). The middle microphotographs show details of the same field at 100× magnification (scale bar = 20 μm). The lower microphotograph show CA3 area from a saline infused sham-operated animal. (B) Data represent the density of apoptotic cells (mean ± SEM from 4–5 animals) in the hippocampal areas ipsilateral to the side infused with saline (black bar), ASO (gray bar) or SCRO (open bar). * p < 0.05 vs control; ** p < 0.01 vs control; # p < 0.05 vs TGF-β1 ASO. |
PMC1481618_F6_5853.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | TGF-β1 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) administration into the left lateral ventricle induced hippocampal apoptotic morphology in a sham-operated control rat. (A) Photomicrographs show the changes of apoptotic morphology in CA3 hippocampal subfield induced byTGF-β1 ASO i.c.v. treatment in sham-operated control animal. Upper microphotograph shows a 40× magnification (scale bar = 50 μm). The middle microphotographs show details of the same field at 100× magnification (scale bar = 20 μm). The lower microphotograph show CA3 area from a saline infused sham-operated animal. (B) Data represent the density of apoptotic cells (mean ± SEM from 4–5 animals) in the hippocampal areas ipsilateral to the side infused with saline (black bar), ASO (gray bar) or SCRO (open bar). * p < 0.05 vs control; ** p < 0.01 vs control; # p < 0.05 vs TGF-β1 ASO. |
PMC1481618_F6_5852.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | TGF-β1 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) administration into the left lateral ventricle induced hippocampal apoptotic morphology in a sham-operated control rat. (A) Photomicrographs show the changes of apoptotic morphology in CA3 hippocampal subfield induced byTGF-β1 ASO i.c.v. treatment in sham-operated control animal. Upper microphotograph shows a 40× magnification (scale bar = 50 μm). The middle microphotographs show details of the same field at 100× magnification (scale bar = 20 μm). The lower microphotograph show CA3 area from a saline infused sham-operated animal. (B) Data represent the density of apoptotic cells (mean ± SEM from 4–5 animals) in the hippocampal areas ipsilateral to the side infused with saline (black bar), ASO (gray bar) or SCRO (open bar). * p < 0.05 vs control; ** p < 0.01 vs control; # p < 0.05 vs TGF-β1 ASO. |
PMC1481628_F2_5854.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a low signal intensity of the mass in both T1-weighted (left) and T2-weighted images (right). |
PMC1481629_F2_5858.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | High-resolution post-contrast CT scans shows a spherical, well marginated, lower attenuation giant lipoma arising from left deep parotid lobe. (A) Axial view, the lipoma with rim of parotid gland overlaying lateral margin. (B) Reformatted coronal view, the lipoma is clearly defined from adjacent structures. |
PMC1481629_F2_5857.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | High-resolution post-contrast CT scans shows a spherical, well marginated, lower attenuation giant lipoma arising from left deep parotid lobe. (A) Axial view, the lipoma with rim of parotid gland overlaying lateral margin. (B) Reformatted coronal view, the lipoma is clearly defined from adjacent structures. |
PMC1482706_F1_5859.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | CT scan showing a pancreatic body mass and tail mass (white arrows) with portal vein thrombus (black arrows). |
PMC1483818_F1_5871.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | A-MLV binds preferentially to large rafts. A) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 3 hours, fixed, and GM1 was stained with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). B) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 3 hours and fixed. The cells were permeabilized with Triton X-100 and cav-1 was stained (red). C) NIH3T3 cells stably expressing cav-1 mRed fusion protein (red) were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 3 hours and fixed. Clusters of viral particles as those found bound to large rafts in A are labelled with arrows. All pictures were taken using confocal microscopy. |
PMC1483818_F1_5872.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | A-MLV binds preferentially to large rafts. A) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 3 hours, fixed, and GM1 was stained with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). B) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 3 hours and fixed. The cells were permeabilized with Triton X-100 and cav-1 was stained (red). C) NIH3T3 cells stably expressing cav-1 mRed fusion protein (red) were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 3 hours and fixed. Clusters of viral particles as those found bound to large rafts in A are labelled with arrows. All pictures were taken using confocal microscopy. |
PMC1483818_F1_5874.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | A-MLV binds preferentially to large rafts. A) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 3 hours, fixed, and GM1 was stained with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). B) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 3 hours and fixed. The cells were permeabilized with Triton X-100 and cav-1 was stained (red). C) NIH3T3 cells stably expressing cav-1 mRed fusion protein (red) were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 3 hours and fixed. Clusters of viral particles as those found bound to large rafts in A are labelled with arrows. All pictures were taken using confocal microscopy. |
PMC1483818_F2_5878.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Large rafts are present in NIH3T3 cells independent of A-MLV binding. A), and B) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 30 min, fixed, and stained for GM1 with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). Clusters of viral particles bound to large rafts are labelled with arrows in B). C), and D) NIH3T3 were incubated with VSV (green) for 30 min, fixed, and stained for GM1 with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). All images were taken using confocal microscopy. A) and C) are merged images, B) and D) show only GagYFP A-MLV or GagYFP VSV particles from A) and C), respectively. |
PMC1483818_F2_5877.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Large rafts are present in NIH3T3 cells independent of A-MLV binding. A), and B) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 30 min, fixed, and stained for GM1 with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). Clusters of viral particles bound to large rafts are labelled with arrows in B). C), and D) NIH3T3 were incubated with VSV (green) for 30 min, fixed, and stained for GM1 with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). All images were taken using confocal microscopy. A) and C) are merged images, B) and D) show only GagYFP A-MLV or GagYFP VSV particles from A) and C), respectively. |
PMC1483818_F2_5876.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Large rafts are present in NIH3T3 cells independent of A-MLV binding. A), and B) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 30 min, fixed, and stained for GM1 with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). Clusters of viral particles bound to large rafts are labelled with arrows in B). C), and D) NIH3T3 were incubated with VSV (green) for 30 min, fixed, and stained for GM1 with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). All images were taken using confocal microscopy. A) and C) are merged images, B) and D) show only GagYFP A-MLV or GagYFP VSV particles from A) and C), respectively. |
PMC1483818_F2_5875.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Large rafts are present in NIH3T3 cells independent of A-MLV binding. A), and B) NIH3T3 cells were incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 30 min, fixed, and stained for GM1 with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). Clusters of viral particles bound to large rafts are labelled with arrows in B). C), and D) NIH3T3 were incubated with VSV (green) for 30 min, fixed, and stained for GM1 with fluorescently labeled CTX (red). All images were taken using confocal microscopy. A) and C) are merged images, B) and D) show only GagYFP A-MLV or GagYFP VSV particles from A) and C), respectively. |
PMC1483818_F3_5868.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | A-MLV binding to large rafts is independent of extraction of plasma membrane cholesterol. NIH3T3 cells were treated with 10 mM MBCD, washed, and incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 30 min. Subsequently, the cells were washed, fixed, and stained for GM1 using fluorescently labeled CTX (red). Images were taken using confocal microscopy. |
PMC1483818_F3_5865.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | A-MLV binding to large rafts is independent of extraction of plasma membrane cholesterol. NIH3T3 cells were treated with 10 mM MBCD, washed, and incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 30 min. Subsequently, the cells were washed, fixed, and stained for GM1 using fluorescently labeled CTX (red). Images were taken using confocal microscopy. |
PMC1483818_F3_5869.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | A-MLV binding to large rafts is independent of extraction of plasma membrane cholesterol. NIH3T3 cells were treated with 10 mM MBCD, washed, and incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 30 min. Subsequently, the cells were washed, fixed, and stained for GM1 using fluorescently labeled CTX (red). Images were taken using confocal microscopy. |
PMC1483818_F3_5867.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | A-MLV binding to large rafts is independent of extraction of plasma membrane cholesterol. NIH3T3 cells were treated with 10 mM MBCD, washed, and incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 30 min. Subsequently, the cells were washed, fixed, and stained for GM1 using fluorescently labeled CTX (red). Images were taken using confocal microscopy. |
PMC1483818_F3_5864.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | A-MLV binding to large rafts is independent of extraction of plasma membrane cholesterol. NIH3T3 cells were treated with 10 mM MBCD, washed, and incubated with GagYFP A-MLV (green) for 30 min. Subsequently, the cells were washed, fixed, and stained for GM1 using fluorescently labeled CTX (red). Images were taken using confocal microscopy. |
PMC1483895_F3_5879.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | KIAA 0101 expression in tissue array was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (ISH) examination. The tissue array showed different levels of KIAA0101 protein expression in paired HCC and non-cancerous tissues, liver cirrhosis and normal liver tissues by ISH method. Weak expression of KIAA0101 was observed in HCC; while strong expression in its counterpart non-cancerous liver tissue. In 8 out of 13 liver cirrhosis and all 10 normal liver tissues, KIAA0101 protein expression level were strong(+++) or moderate(++) level. |
PMC1483895_F3_5881.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | KIAA 0101 expression in tissue array was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (ISH) examination. The tissue array showed different levels of KIAA0101 protein expression in paired HCC and non-cancerous tissues, liver cirrhosis and normal liver tissues by ISH method. Weak expression of KIAA0101 was observed in HCC; while strong expression in its counterpart non-cancerous liver tissue. In 8 out of 13 liver cirrhosis and all 10 normal liver tissues, KIAA0101 protein expression level were strong(+++) or moderate(++) level. |
PMC1484471_F1_5884.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | An example of oral appliance before (upper) and after (lower) adjustement. |
PMC1484471_F1_5883.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | An example of oral appliance before (upper) and after (lower) adjustement. |
PMC1484497_pbio-0040233-g003_5889.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Responses Related to Expected Value(A) Brain areas correlating with expected reward value in both the avoidance and reward trials, revealing significant effects in medial and lateral OFC.(B) Illustration of an expected value signal shown for each trial over the course of the experiment from a typical participant. This signal is generated by the computational model after passing that participant's behavioral data to the model as input. In the reward trials, this value signal increases over time, reflecting the fact that as rewards are obtained over the course of learning, the expected value of the chosen action on the reward trials increases as it is updated over the course of learning. The value signal in the avoidance trial decreases over time, reflecting the fact that as aversive outcomes are obtained over the course of learning, the expected reward value of the currently chosen action decreases as it is updated.(C) Plot of time course taken from the medial OFC showing responses occurring from trial onset. The time of outcome delivery is 4 s into the trial. This plot illustrates an increase in activity from the beginning of the trial on reward trials and a decrease in activity on avoidance trials. The time courses further diverge following the outcome (marked as a green arrow): trials in which a reward is delivered show further increases in activity compared to trials in which a reward is omitted, whereas trials in which an aversive outcome is omitted increase in activity relative to trials where an aversive outcome is delivered (reflecting the effects shown in
Figure 2B).
(D
) Brain regions correlating negatively with expected reward value
. These areas include the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex.
|
PMC1484497_pbio-0040233-g003_5888.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Responses Related to Expected Value(A) Brain areas correlating with expected reward value in both the avoidance and reward trials, revealing significant effects in medial and lateral OFC.(B) Illustration of an expected value signal shown for each trial over the course of the experiment from a typical participant. This signal is generated by the computational model after passing that participant's behavioral data to the model as input. In the reward trials, this value signal increases over time, reflecting the fact that as rewards are obtained over the course of learning, the expected value of the chosen action on the reward trials increases as it is updated over the course of learning. The value signal in the avoidance trial decreases over time, reflecting the fact that as aversive outcomes are obtained over the course of learning, the expected reward value of the currently chosen action decreases as it is updated.(C) Plot of time course taken from the medial OFC showing responses occurring from trial onset. The time of outcome delivery is 4 s into the trial. This plot illustrates an increase in activity from the beginning of the trial on reward trials and a decrease in activity on avoidance trials. The time courses further diverge following the outcome (marked as a green arrow): trials in which a reward is delivered show further increases in activity compared to trials in which a reward is omitted, whereas trials in which an aversive outcome is omitted increase in activity relative to trials where an aversive outcome is delivered (reflecting the effects shown in
Figure 2B).
(D
) Brain regions correlating negatively with expected reward value
. These areas include the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex.
|
PMC1484497_pbio-0040233-g003_5890.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Responses Related to Expected Value(A) Brain areas correlating with expected reward value in both the avoidance and reward trials, revealing significant effects in medial and lateral OFC.(B) Illustration of an expected value signal shown for each trial over the course of the experiment from a typical participant. This signal is generated by the computational model after passing that participant's behavioral data to the model as input. In the reward trials, this value signal increases over time, reflecting the fact that as rewards are obtained over the course of learning, the expected value of the chosen action on the reward trials increases as it is updated over the course of learning. The value signal in the avoidance trial decreases over time, reflecting the fact that as aversive outcomes are obtained over the course of learning, the expected reward value of the currently chosen action decreases as it is updated.(C) Plot of time course taken from the medial OFC showing responses occurring from trial onset. The time of outcome delivery is 4 s into the trial. This plot illustrates an increase in activity from the beginning of the trial on reward trials and a decrease in activity on avoidance trials. The time courses further diverge following the outcome (marked as a green arrow): trials in which a reward is delivered show further increases in activity compared to trials in which a reward is omitted, whereas trials in which an aversive outcome is omitted increase in activity relative to trials where an aversive outcome is delivered (reflecting the effects shown in
Figure 2B).
(D
) Brain regions correlating negatively with expected reward value
. These areas include the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex.
|
PMC1484497_pbio-0040233-g003_5887.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Responses Related to Expected Value(A) Brain areas correlating with expected reward value in both the avoidance and reward trials, revealing significant effects in medial and lateral OFC.(B) Illustration of an expected value signal shown for each trial over the course of the experiment from a typical participant. This signal is generated by the computational model after passing that participant's behavioral data to the model as input. In the reward trials, this value signal increases over time, reflecting the fact that as rewards are obtained over the course of learning, the expected value of the chosen action on the reward trials increases as it is updated over the course of learning. The value signal in the avoidance trial decreases over time, reflecting the fact that as aversive outcomes are obtained over the course of learning, the expected reward value of the currently chosen action decreases as it is updated.(C) Plot of time course taken from the medial OFC showing responses occurring from trial onset. The time of outcome delivery is 4 s into the trial. This plot illustrates an increase in activity from the beginning of the trial on reward trials and a decrease in activity on avoidance trials. The time courses further diverge following the outcome (marked as a green arrow): trials in which a reward is delivered show further increases in activity compared to trials in which a reward is omitted, whereas trials in which an aversive outcome is omitted increase in activity relative to trials where an aversive outcome is delivered (reflecting the effects shown in
Figure 2B).
(D
) Brain regions correlating negatively with expected reward value
. These areas include the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex.
|
PMC1484593_pgen-0020089-g001_5894.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Leaves Arise on the Flanks of the Shoot Meristem(A) Vegetative apex of Arabidopsis. The adaxial side of the leaf is adjacent to the central shoot apical meristem, whereas the opposite, abaxial, side of the leaf is farther from the shoot meristem. Dorsoventrality is established early in development and is clearly evident in the leaf on the left, which arches over the meristem due to differential growth on each side of the leaf. Scale bar is 50 μm.(B) Developing vegetative leaf of Arabidopsis. Adaxial trichomes on the larger leaf are one marker distinguishing dorsoventrality. Scale bar is 250 μm.(C) Diagrammatic representation of a leaf cross section with adaxial and abaxial outer epidermal and inner mesophyll marked.(D) Cross section of leaf midvein with adaxial xylem and abaxial phloem cells marked. |
PMC1484593_pgen-0020089-g001_5893.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Leaves Arise on the Flanks of the Shoot Meristem(A) Vegetative apex of Arabidopsis. The adaxial side of the leaf is adjacent to the central shoot apical meristem, whereas the opposite, abaxial, side of the leaf is farther from the shoot meristem. Dorsoventrality is established early in development and is clearly evident in the leaf on the left, which arches over the meristem due to differential growth on each side of the leaf. Scale bar is 50 μm.(B) Developing vegetative leaf of Arabidopsis. Adaxial trichomes on the larger leaf are one marker distinguishing dorsoventrality. Scale bar is 250 μm.(C) Diagrammatic representation of a leaf cross section with adaxial and abaxial outer epidermal and inner mesophyll marked.(D) Cross section of leaf midvein with adaxial xylem and abaxial phloem cells marked. |
PMC1484593_pgen-0020089-g001_5892.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Leaves Arise on the Flanks of the Shoot Meristem(A) Vegetative apex of Arabidopsis. The adaxial side of the leaf is adjacent to the central shoot apical meristem, whereas the opposite, abaxial, side of the leaf is farther from the shoot meristem. Dorsoventrality is established early in development and is clearly evident in the leaf on the left, which arches over the meristem due to differential growth on each side of the leaf. Scale bar is 50 μm.(B) Developing vegetative leaf of Arabidopsis. Adaxial trichomes on the larger leaf are one marker distinguishing dorsoventrality. Scale bar is 250 μm.(C) Diagrammatic representation of a leaf cross section with adaxial and abaxial outer epidermal and inner mesophyll marked.(D) Cross section of leaf midvein with adaxial xylem and abaxial phloem cells marked. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g002_5899.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | H3.3 Is Present throughout Development(A) HIS-71::GFP and (B) HIS-72::GFP fluorescence in living adults; cell types as indicated. Note absence of HIS-72::GFP in intestinal nuclei; small fluorescence particles surrounding the intestinal nuclei are autofluorescent gut granules.Note also that (B), the fluorescence of germ cell nuclei is less intense than that of somatic cell nuclei.(C) HIS-72::GFP expression in larvae; the bottom animal is an L1 larva.(D, E) Formaldeyde-fixed embryo showing HIS-72::GFP colocalization with DAPI staining. Double-headed arrows point to anaphase cells with characteristic bar-shaped structure of metaphase chromosome.(F, G) Fluorescence and DIC micrographs of embryos at various stages expressing HIS-72::GFP; the embryo at the right is at the two-cell stage. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g002_5901.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | H3.3 Is Present throughout Development(A) HIS-71::GFP and (B) HIS-72::GFP fluorescence in living adults; cell types as indicated. Note absence of HIS-72::GFP in intestinal nuclei; small fluorescence particles surrounding the intestinal nuclei are autofluorescent gut granules.Note also that (B), the fluorescence of germ cell nuclei is less intense than that of somatic cell nuclei.(C) HIS-72::GFP expression in larvae; the bottom animal is an L1 larva.(D, E) Formaldeyde-fixed embryo showing HIS-72::GFP colocalization with DAPI staining. Double-headed arrows point to anaphase cells with characteristic bar-shaped structure of metaphase chromosome.(F, G) Fluorescence and DIC micrographs of embryos at various stages expressing HIS-72::GFP; the embryo at the right is at the two-cell stage. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g002_5902.jpg | What is shown in this image? | H3.3 Is Present throughout Development(A) HIS-71::GFP and (B) HIS-72::GFP fluorescence in living adults; cell types as indicated. Note absence of HIS-72::GFP in intestinal nuclei; small fluorescence particles surrounding the intestinal nuclei are autofluorescent gut granules.Note also that (B), the fluorescence of germ cell nuclei is less intense than that of somatic cell nuclei.(C) HIS-72::GFP expression in larvae; the bottom animal is an L1 larva.(D, E) Formaldeyde-fixed embryo showing HIS-72::GFP colocalization with DAPI staining. Double-headed arrows point to anaphase cells with characteristic bar-shaped structure of metaphase chromosome.(F, G) Fluorescence and DIC micrographs of embryos at various stages expressing HIS-72::GFP; the embryo at the right is at the two-cell stage. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g002_5900.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | H3.3 Is Present throughout Development(A) HIS-71::GFP and (B) HIS-72::GFP fluorescence in living adults; cell types as indicated. Note absence of HIS-72::GFP in intestinal nuclei; small fluorescence particles surrounding the intestinal nuclei are autofluorescent gut granules.Note also that (B), the fluorescence of germ cell nuclei is less intense than that of somatic cell nuclei.(C) HIS-72::GFP expression in larvae; the bottom animal is an L1 larva.(D, E) Formaldeyde-fixed embryo showing HIS-72::GFP colocalization with DAPI staining. Double-headed arrows point to anaphase cells with characteristic bar-shaped structure of metaphase chromosome.(F, G) Fluorescence and DIC micrographs of embryos at various stages expressing HIS-72::GFP; the embryo at the right is at the two-cell stage. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g002_5897.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | H3.3 Is Present throughout Development(A) HIS-71::GFP and (B) HIS-72::GFP fluorescence in living adults; cell types as indicated. Note absence of HIS-72::GFP in intestinal nuclei; small fluorescence particles surrounding the intestinal nuclei are autofluorescent gut granules.Note also that (B), the fluorescence of germ cell nuclei is less intense than that of somatic cell nuclei.(C) HIS-72::GFP expression in larvae; the bottom animal is an L1 larva.(D, E) Formaldeyde-fixed embryo showing HIS-72::GFP colocalization with DAPI staining. Double-headed arrows point to anaphase cells with characteristic bar-shaped structure of metaphase chromosome.(F, G) Fluorescence and DIC micrographs of embryos at various stages expressing HIS-72::GFP; the embryo at the right is at the two-cell stage. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g005_5930.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | H3.3 Is Provided Maternally in Oocytes and Maternal H3.3 Is Incorporated into Paternal Chromatin upon Fertilization(A, B) HIS-72::GFP colocalizes with DAPI staining throughout the oogenic gonad. High magnification images of the (C, D) transition zone and (E, F) pachytene region. In the oocyte, HIS-72::GFP is provided maternally in the nuclei. (A, C, E) GFP fluorescence and (B, D, F) DAPI images of gonads dissected from hermaphrodites. (A) and (B) are composite images.(G, H) Times-lapse images of a single oocyte at meiosis II as the maternal chromosomes divide to segregate a polar body.(I–N) N2 males were crossed to temperature-sensitive fem-1(hc17ts) unc-4(e120) HIS-72::GFP hermaphrodites grown at nonpermissive temperature (23 °C). Upon fertilization, as soon as the nuclear envelope of the two pronuclei are formed, (I, J) maternal HIS-72::GFP is imported into both pronuclei and (K–N) incorporated into paternal chromatin. (I, J) GFP fluorescence and DIC images of a live, in utero one-cell embryo. (K–N) Images of a single, dissected, and methonal-fixed one-cell embryo labeled as shown. The maternal pronucleus can be identified by its proximity to the polar body (J and M), and the male pronucleus by its proximity to posterior-localized PGL-1 protein (N). In (N), PGL-1 localization is cytoplasmic in the zygote, while H3K4me2 is localized to chromatin. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g005_5927.jpg | What is shown in this image? | H3.3 Is Provided Maternally in Oocytes and Maternal H3.3 Is Incorporated into Paternal Chromatin upon Fertilization(A, B) HIS-72::GFP colocalizes with DAPI staining throughout the oogenic gonad. High magnification images of the (C, D) transition zone and (E, F) pachytene region. In the oocyte, HIS-72::GFP is provided maternally in the nuclei. (A, C, E) GFP fluorescence and (B, D, F) DAPI images of gonads dissected from hermaphrodites. (A) and (B) are composite images.(G, H) Times-lapse images of a single oocyte at meiosis II as the maternal chromosomes divide to segregate a polar body.(I–N) N2 males were crossed to temperature-sensitive fem-1(hc17ts) unc-4(e120) HIS-72::GFP hermaphrodites grown at nonpermissive temperature (23 °C). Upon fertilization, as soon as the nuclear envelope of the two pronuclei are formed, (I, J) maternal HIS-72::GFP is imported into both pronuclei and (K–N) incorporated into paternal chromatin. (I, J) GFP fluorescence and DIC images of a live, in utero one-cell embryo. (K–N) Images of a single, dissected, and methonal-fixed one-cell embryo labeled as shown. The maternal pronucleus can be identified by its proximity to the polar body (J and M), and the male pronucleus by its proximity to posterior-localized PGL-1 protein (N). In (N), PGL-1 localization is cytoplasmic in the zygote, while H3K4me2 is localized to chromatin. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g005_5928.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | H3.3 Is Provided Maternally in Oocytes and Maternal H3.3 Is Incorporated into Paternal Chromatin upon Fertilization(A, B) HIS-72::GFP colocalizes with DAPI staining throughout the oogenic gonad. High magnification images of the (C, D) transition zone and (E, F) pachytene region. In the oocyte, HIS-72::GFP is provided maternally in the nuclei. (A, C, E) GFP fluorescence and (B, D, F) DAPI images of gonads dissected from hermaphrodites. (A) and (B) are composite images.(G, H) Times-lapse images of a single oocyte at meiosis II as the maternal chromosomes divide to segregate a polar body.(I–N) N2 males were crossed to temperature-sensitive fem-1(hc17ts) unc-4(e120) HIS-72::GFP hermaphrodites grown at nonpermissive temperature (23 °C). Upon fertilization, as soon as the nuclear envelope of the two pronuclei are formed, (I, J) maternal HIS-72::GFP is imported into both pronuclei and (K–N) incorporated into paternal chromatin. (I, J) GFP fluorescence and DIC images of a live, in utero one-cell embryo. (K–N) Images of a single, dissected, and methonal-fixed one-cell embryo labeled as shown. The maternal pronucleus can be identified by its proximity to the polar body (J and M), and the male pronucleus by its proximity to posterior-localized PGL-1 protein (N). In (N), PGL-1 localization is cytoplasmic in the zygote, while H3K4me2 is localized to chromatin. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g005_5936.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | H3.3 Is Provided Maternally in Oocytes and Maternal H3.3 Is Incorporated into Paternal Chromatin upon Fertilization(A, B) HIS-72::GFP colocalizes with DAPI staining throughout the oogenic gonad. High magnification images of the (C, D) transition zone and (E, F) pachytene region. In the oocyte, HIS-72::GFP is provided maternally in the nuclei. (A, C, E) GFP fluorescence and (B, D, F) DAPI images of gonads dissected from hermaphrodites. (A) and (B) are composite images.(G, H) Times-lapse images of a single oocyte at meiosis II as the maternal chromosomes divide to segregate a polar body.(I–N) N2 males were crossed to temperature-sensitive fem-1(hc17ts) unc-4(e120) HIS-72::GFP hermaphrodites grown at nonpermissive temperature (23 °C). Upon fertilization, as soon as the nuclear envelope of the two pronuclei are formed, (I, J) maternal HIS-72::GFP is imported into both pronuclei and (K–N) incorporated into paternal chromatin. (I, J) GFP fluorescence and DIC images of a live, in utero one-cell embryo. (K–N) Images of a single, dissected, and methonal-fixed one-cell embryo labeled as shown. The maternal pronucleus can be identified by its proximity to the polar body (J and M), and the male pronucleus by its proximity to posterior-localized PGL-1 protein (N). In (N), PGL-1 localization is cytoplasmic in the zygote, while H3K4me2 is localized to chromatin. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g005_5926.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | H3.3 Is Provided Maternally in Oocytes and Maternal H3.3 Is Incorporated into Paternal Chromatin upon Fertilization(A, B) HIS-72::GFP colocalizes with DAPI staining throughout the oogenic gonad. High magnification images of the (C, D) transition zone and (E, F) pachytene region. In the oocyte, HIS-72::GFP is provided maternally in the nuclei. (A, C, E) GFP fluorescence and (B, D, F) DAPI images of gonads dissected from hermaphrodites. (A) and (B) are composite images.(G, H) Times-lapse images of a single oocyte at meiosis II as the maternal chromosomes divide to segregate a polar body.(I–N) N2 males were crossed to temperature-sensitive fem-1(hc17ts) unc-4(e120) HIS-72::GFP hermaphrodites grown at nonpermissive temperature (23 °C). Upon fertilization, as soon as the nuclear envelope of the two pronuclei are formed, (I, J) maternal HIS-72::GFP is imported into both pronuclei and (K–N) incorporated into paternal chromatin. (I, J) GFP fluorescence and DIC images of a live, in utero one-cell embryo. (K–N) Images of a single, dissected, and methonal-fixed one-cell embryo labeled as shown. The maternal pronucleus can be identified by its proximity to the polar body (J and M), and the male pronucleus by its proximity to posterior-localized PGL-1 protein (N). In (N), PGL-1 localization is cytoplasmic in the zygote, while H3K4me2 is localized to chromatin. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g005_5933.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | H3.3 Is Provided Maternally in Oocytes and Maternal H3.3 Is Incorporated into Paternal Chromatin upon Fertilization(A, B) HIS-72::GFP colocalizes with DAPI staining throughout the oogenic gonad. High magnification images of the (C, D) transition zone and (E, F) pachytene region. In the oocyte, HIS-72::GFP is provided maternally in the nuclei. (A, C, E) GFP fluorescence and (B, D, F) DAPI images of gonads dissected from hermaphrodites. (A) and (B) are composite images.(G, H) Times-lapse images of a single oocyte at meiosis II as the maternal chromosomes divide to segregate a polar body.(I–N) N2 males were crossed to temperature-sensitive fem-1(hc17ts) unc-4(e120) HIS-72::GFP hermaphrodites grown at nonpermissive temperature (23 °C). Upon fertilization, as soon as the nuclear envelope of the two pronuclei are formed, (I, J) maternal HIS-72::GFP is imported into both pronuclei and (K–N) incorporated into paternal chromatin. (I, J) GFP fluorescence and DIC images of a live, in utero one-cell embryo. (K–N) Images of a single, dissected, and methonal-fixed one-cell embryo labeled as shown. The maternal pronucleus can be identified by its proximity to the polar body (J and M), and the male pronucleus by its proximity to posterior-localized PGL-1 protein (N). In (N), PGL-1 localization is cytoplasmic in the zygote, while H3K4me2 is localized to chromatin. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g005_5929.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | H3.3 Is Provided Maternally in Oocytes and Maternal H3.3 Is Incorporated into Paternal Chromatin upon Fertilization(A, B) HIS-72::GFP colocalizes with DAPI staining throughout the oogenic gonad. High magnification images of the (C, D) transition zone and (E, F) pachytene region. In the oocyte, HIS-72::GFP is provided maternally in the nuclei. (A, C, E) GFP fluorescence and (B, D, F) DAPI images of gonads dissected from hermaphrodites. (A) and (B) are composite images.(G, H) Times-lapse images of a single oocyte at meiosis II as the maternal chromosomes divide to segregate a polar body.(I–N) N2 males were crossed to temperature-sensitive fem-1(hc17ts) unc-4(e120) HIS-72::GFP hermaphrodites grown at nonpermissive temperature (23 °C). Upon fertilization, as soon as the nuclear envelope of the two pronuclei are formed, (I, J) maternal HIS-72::GFP is imported into both pronuclei and (K–N) incorporated into paternal chromatin. (I, J) GFP fluorescence and DIC images of a live, in utero one-cell embryo. (K–N) Images of a single, dissected, and methonal-fixed one-cell embryo labeled as shown. The maternal pronucleus can be identified by its proximity to the polar body (J and M), and the male pronucleus by its proximity to posterior-localized PGL-1 protein (N). In (N), PGL-1 localization is cytoplasmic in the zygote, while H3K4me2 is localized to chromatin. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5923.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5921.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5916.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5906.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5904.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5903.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5910.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5915.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5918.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5914.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5922.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5911.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
PMC1484599_pgen-0020097-g007_5919.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | H3.3 Becomes Depleted from the Primordial Germ Cells(A–T) Each row shows successively older HIS-72::GFP-expressing embryos fixed and stained as indicated in the column headings; the top row is a two-cell embryo and row (M–P) is a 80- to 90-cell stage embryo. P lineage cells are indicated in the merge column. Note the relative loss of HIS-72::GFP in the older P lineage cells and in (Q–T) Z2 and Z3. The nearest relatives of P4 (the D cell and its descendants, labeled) also show a relative lack of HIS-72::GFP. (U–Y) HIS-71::GFP expression in a live embryo; (X) and (Y) are high magnifications of the boxed area in (W), showing the Z2, Z3, and D cells. Note that HIS-71::GFP is expressed at relatively low levels in Z2 and Z3 but is expressed in D descendants at levels comparable to other somatic precursors. Scale bars, 10 μm. |
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