image stringlengths 37 84 | question stringlengths 9 255 | answer stringlengths 1 1.79k |
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ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic23634.jpg | which image modality is this? | mr - flair |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4469411_Fig2_397371.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | The Results of elastic fiber staining of pathology morphological examination of vascular in sham group and in the balloon injury group. A: Sham group, there was no intimal hyperplasia in sham group (elastic fiber staining × 400); (B): 14 days after balloon injury, intimal hyperplasia was significant (elastic fiber staining × 400); (C): 28 days after balloon injury, intimal hyperplasia was significant (elastic fiber staining × 400). |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic49495.jpg | what organ systems can be evaluated with this mri? | skull and contents |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC1501076_F5.1_6005.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | M-mode echocardiography of a SVT with a short VA interval. First white line placed on the peak excursion of the left atrium wall, second line placed on the peak excursion of the right ventricle wall, third line on the consecutive peak atrial wall excursion. The AV interval is markedly longer than the VA interval. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1867.jpg | Is ovary present? | yes |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3522325_s2fig1_172793.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Computed Tomography Findings in a 20-Year-Old Man With Polypoid Cystitis.A, Pre-contrast axial scan shows no visible mass in the urinary bladder.B, Axial and C, Sagittal reformatted image show a polypoid homogeneously enhancing mass on the posterior wall of the urinary bladder near the bladder neck.D, Photomicrograph, broad-based polypoid architecture of the mass is noted. The stroma is mildly edematous (H and E stain, × 40).E, In the photomicrograph, the mass is lined by normal urothelium. Mildly edematous changes and infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells are observed in the stroma. Dilatation of the capillaries is also observed (H and E stain, × 200). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3151269_pone-0023101-g002_104542.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Bioluminescence imaging of gene transduction by vectors derived from AAV2, -8 and -9 displaying peptide ligands.In vivo bioluminescence imaging of transgene expression in FVB mice injected intravenously with rAAV-luciferase vectors harboring wild type capsid or capsids displaying a targeting peptide selected in the structural context of AAV2. Images were taken 28 days after vector injection, when whole animal bioluminescence intensities (BLI) reached peak values after injection of luciferase substrate. BLI ranges from 105–108 relative light units per animal (photons/sec/cm2). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3179305_fig01_109681.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Abnormal bone remodeling in the Dmp1 null mouse (Dmp1 KO, right panels), which is exacerbated with age. (A) Photographs of 3-day-old forelimbs stained with alizarin red/alcian blue showing that the KO cartilage is remodeled less than control. (B) Radiographs of 3-day-old hind limbs of Dmp1 control and KO images showing more trabecular bone in the KO bone marrow, which is further confirmed by ALP enzyme activity and von Kossa staining. (C, D) Photographs of alizarin red–stained femur (day 17), craniofacial bones (1 year), mandibular bone, and femur (1 year, X-ray) display severe defects of bone remodeling with age. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3539938_F5_177554.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | SspA is required for cell adherence and A/E lesion formation. HEp-2 cells were infected by wild type EHEC EDL933 (A) and its mutant derivatives of sspA (B), sspA pQEsspA (C), sspA pQEsspA84-86 (D), hns (E) and hns sspA (F). Bacterial adherence was examined by phase-contrast images (left panels) and the actin cytoskeleton of infected HEp-2 cells by fluorescent microscopic images (right panels). Representative images are shown. Black and white arrowheads indicate bacteria and A/E lesions, respectively. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/inside_spleen/train_2078.jpg | What is present? | Infarct |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4556151_fig-2_419538.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Representative angiographic images of the SNA (arrows) demonstrating the general feasibility of its visualization.(A) a normal SNA; (B) SNA with a focal stenosis (arrowhead); (C) diffuse atherosclerotic disease involving also the SNA; (D) stenosis of the main left coronary artery upstream the SNA (arrowhead). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3765775_F1_230140.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Scale bar – 1 cm. A Ginkgophyte leaf, Hangviller (Ba19). B Ginkgophyte seedling, stage II,, Adamswiller (Ba23). C Ginkgophyte seedling in transition from stage III to IV, taproot broken, Adamswiller (Ba32). D Ginkgophyte seedling, transition from stage III to IV, Adamswiller (Ba22). E Ginkgophyte seedling, stage IV, top of Figure 1G, Adamswiller (Ba27). F Ginkgophyte seedling, transition from stage II to IV, Adamswiller (Ba26). G Ginkgophyte seedling, stage IV, Adamswiller (Ba27, back side). H Ginkgophyte seedling in transition from stage III to IV, Adamswiller (Ba 24). (c) attachment of cotyledon; (tr) taproot; (sr) secondary root; (s) seed; (h) hypocotyl); (pl) primary leaves. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3745931_fig4_225255.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Chest radiograph demonstrating near-complete resolution of the right middle lobe mass after treatment with corticosteroids. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3783384_pone-0075501-g004_233610.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Thin-section TEM observations of bions derived from biological fluids.Bions were prepared by adding 12 (A), MgCl2 (B), MnCl2 (C), SrCl2 (D) or BaCl2 (E) in DMEM containing 10% FBS, prior to addition of 1 mM Na2HPO4. The particles were incubated overnight in cell culture conditions, collected by centrifugation, and washed with HEPES buffer. Thin-sections were observed under TEM without staining. Bions consisted of round bacteria-like formations with a wall and a central cavity. Solid, electron-dense, mineral particles were also noted. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwz6dotg086u3vp53hr9.jpg | How many polyps are in the image? | 1 |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4085630_f4_304131.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Tunable GroEL nanofiber.(a). TEM observations of the nanofiber formation of GroEL and GroELcys in the absence and presence of DTT. (b). A schematic figure of the self-assembly of GroEL nanofiber. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2843675_F7_60037.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Representative immunohistochemical staining of the analyzed breast cancer samples shows elevated levels of HAX-1 in tumor tissues. Each column represents samples from one patient. HAX-1 staining was detected in the nuclei (A) and the cytoplasm (B) of tumor cells (magnification × 400). Nuclear HAX-1 localization was observed only in the strongly ER-positive samples (C), while in the samples with cytoplasmic HAX-1 staining ER expression was weak (D). Control samples incubated with mouse IgG of the same subclasses and concentrations as the primary antibody (E and F) were negative. Normal samples from the analyzed two patients (G and H) do not show visible HAX-1 staining. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3903041_F2_261504.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of the uncinate process of the pancreas: histology with triple-phase helical CT correlation in mild chronic pancreatitis of the pancreas upstream. Extensive mild fibrosis in the upstream pancreatic tissue (HδE 100×) (a) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with severe fibrous stromal reaction (HδE 100×) (b). CT shows maximum enhancement on portal venous phase for upstream pancreatic tissue (c-e) and increasing pattern for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (f-h). Note dilatation of main pancreatic duct in the pancreas upstream to the tumor. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3128121_ppat-1002107-g005_101259.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Oxalic acid induces reducing conditions that correlates with the dampening of the host oxidative burst.Detached leaves of roGFP plants were infiltrated with either H2O or 10 mM KOA buffered to pH 7, and were examined for GFP fluorescence (Top two panels) over a time-course (0, 3, 6, and 12 hours). The same leaves were also stained for superoxide production (Bottom two panels) with nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_0405.jpg | Is nuclear pleomorphism evident? | yes |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4630387_fig2_440033.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Significant main effect of time point in diffusion indices. (a) Regions of enhanced FA in stroke patients with treatment intervention. (b–d) Regions of reduced AD, MD, and RD in stroke patients with treatment intervention. Shown are cluster in the CC, bilateral CST, ILF, IFOF, SLF, forceps minor, cingulate gyrus, and thalamic radiation. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1582.jpg | Is gastrointestinal present? | yes |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxv6905o074y93pdfoc4.jpg | Are there any abnormalities in the image? | Oesophagitis |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4621430_F5_437633.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Brain infusion of the TRPV1 agonist resiniferatoxin induced Fos expression by GFAP-positive NSCs and neurons in the sensory CVOs of adult mice. A large number of Fos-positive nuclei were observed in the OVLT (A), SFO (B), and AP (C) after the intracerebroventricular infusion of resiniferatoxin. Fos-positive nuclei were detected in GFAP-positive NSCs (arrowheads) and HuC/D-positive mature neurons (arrows). 3D images confirmed the presence of Fos-positive nuclei in HuC/D-positive neurons and GFAP-positive NSCs. Scale bars = 10 (bottom panels) and 50 (top panels) μm. Photographs are rearranged with permission from John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Mannari et al., 2013). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3594300_pone-0058211-g001_191019.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | TEM evaluation of the uptake of Au- and AgNPs of HNPCs. A.Gold and silver NPs (20 and 80 nm) imaged by TEM. Scale bars equal 0.2 µm. B. NPs were added to the medium 48 h after seeding and spheres were prepared for transmission electron microscopy two weeks later. All four different types of NPs were taken up by HNPCs. Arrowheads show the NPs that have been taken up by HNPCs. Scale bars equal 0.5 µm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4246651_f4-ol-09-01-0086_339903.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | Case two: Immunohistochemical staining revealing positivity for neuronal nuclear antigen. Magnification, ×100. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4526068_f3-mmr-12-03-4043_412089.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Electron micrographs of the glomeruli of the various groups (magnification, x15,000). N, non-diabetic control; DM, diabetic rats; B, diabetic rats treated with benazepril; M, diabetic rats treated with mycophenolate mofetil; BM, diabetic rats treated with benazepril and mycophenolate mofetil, n=2 per group. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_11721.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Fluid attenuation inversion recovery axial image at the level of upper medulla shows tiny hyperintense foci in the dorsal aspect of medulla at the caudal end of fourth ventricle - Area Postrema (arrows) |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4022059_F3_288948.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Distance maps calculated from CSLM images. (a) Control, (b) ZC, (c) SG, and (d) HS reactor samples pseudo-colored to depict cell wall thickness. (e) Mean cell wall thicknesses with standard deviations were determined from the centerline of the cell walls in the distance maps. CSLM, confocal scanning laser microscopy; HS, horizontal screw; SG, steam gun; ZC, ZipperClave®. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3127811_pcbi-1002093-g006_101094.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Validating mitochondrial localizations of mt proteins.SK-Hep1 cells expressing DsRed2-mito were transfected with GFP-hybrid plasmids of ZCD1, GPT2, PYCR2, CTSD, and HSPBP1. The transfected cells were fixed, mounted, and imaged using a confocal microscope. The functional module of each protein is presented on the top. Merged images of EGFP and DsRed signals represent the mt localization of the proteins. Scale bar = 10 µm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4498445_fig5_404995.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | HGF treatment perturbs cell–cell adhesion in ICAM1-expressing luminal progenitors.(A) Immunofluorescence labeling of sphere sections with anti-E-cadherin antibody. Low- and high-magnification views of untreated (left panels) and HGF-treated (right panels) spheres. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Bars, 60 μm and 30 μm. (B) Double immunodetection of Snail2 and E-cadherin in a HGF-treated sphere. Arrowheads indicate Snail2-positive cells expressing E-cadherin at their surface. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Bar, 20 μm. (C) Double immunofluorescence labeling of sphere sections with anti-claudin-1 and anti-E-cadherin antibodies. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Bar, 75 μm.DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06104.016 |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_72228.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Herniation of the heart into the right chest cavity |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2984396_F6_78660.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Morphology of differentiated osteoclast cells. May Grunwald-Giemsa staining of (A) multinucleated osteoclasts and (B) MC3T3-E1 cells. Both cells were subjected to cytospin at day 3, 5, 7 or 10 differentiations prior to May Grunwald-Giemsa staining. The figure shows that the numbers of multinucleated osteoclast cells increased upon differentiation of mononucleated cells but not MC3T3-E1 cells. The black arrows show the multinucleated osteoclasts (400× magnification). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4261791_fig4_343224.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | Coronal T2 weighted image in MRI shows no evidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (a) and damage of soft tissue (b) at 3 days. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cl8k2u1qr1f4j0832dt8b6tzl.jpg | What is the size of the polyp? | 5-10mm |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3506448_F1_168502.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Metaphase I stages of Coprophanaeus cyanescens carrying 1 B chromosome. Conventional staining (a), FISH mapping of C0t-1 DNA (b), 18S (green) and 5S (red) rRNA genes (c) and LOA-like non-LTR retrotransposon (d). The B chromosome and the XYP sex chromosomes are indicated. Bar = 5 μm |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4333807_F7_360190.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Starch-containing plastids (pl) from B. napus globular MDEs. The inset shows a light microscopy section of a globular MDE where the embryo proper (A) and the suspensor (B) domains can be clearly differentiated. Panels (A,B) show electron micrographs of plastids of embryo proper (A) and suspensor (B) cells. ct, cytoplasm; er, endoplasmic reticulum; m, mitochondria; s, starch. Bars: (A,B): 500 nm. Inset: 20 μm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3724604_pone-0070072-g006_220612.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | CLSM co-cultures at 1∶1 ratio for nanoparticles cellular localization analysis.Confocal microscopy images of MCF-7 breast cancer cells after 4 h of incubation with nanocarriers (A, B), orthogonal sectioning in xy axis (B1, B2), 3D reconstruction of the cell nucleus (C). Colocalization of the Red and Green channels (D). Colocalization of the Red and Blue channels. Red channel – RITC labelled pDNA/CH-H-R; Green channel – Actin-GFP staining of MCF-7 Blue Channel – Hoechst 33342® nuclear staining. Grey channels: colocalization analysis. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3163576_pone-0022835-g004_106787.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | Final registration results for five tumors.Registered ex vivo T2*-w MRI (first column), in vivo T2*-w MRI (second column), registered color 3D histology (third column), and checkerboard view of in vivo and registered histology (fourth column). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/val/inside_pancreas/train_2491.jpg | Is pancreas present? | yes |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4371620_Fig5_370954.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you |
Increasing the field of view using tiled imaging to capture the growth of an Arabidopsis leaf expressing GFP tubulin. (a) The dashed box indicates the limited field of view from 40/1.2 water objective at a single position. Tiled images were captured every hour for 63 hours where cell division (arrow) and growth were captured. Scale bar = 100 μm. (b) Displays a sub region from the tiled image (panel (a) highlighted in green) illustrating cellular growth. Maximum projections of the z stacks are shown and the numbers indicate time in hours from start of time-lapse experiment. Scale bar = 30 μm. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4206269_pone-0104262-g013_329654.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | The B-mode and M-mode image of active echo spot using different imaging methods.The echo spot blinking can be clearly seen as a “dashed line” in the M-mode image. The blinking frequency is about 2 Hz. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4470415_F0004_397614.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Ultrasound image shows renal cysts and angiomyolipomas seen as cystic and hyperechoic lesions in the kidneys (arrows) |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic51715.jpg | what organ is this image of? | skull and contents |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic47810.jpg | is this a contrast or noncontrast mri? | noncontrast |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3585442_F6_189206.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Ocular lens imaged using diffusion weighting pulse sequences with combinations of different b-values and TEs. In the second set of diffusion-weighted experiments (see Materials and Methods), b-values within the range of 1300–1600 s/mm2 were tested with a range of TE from 12 to 30 ms in unidirectional diffusion-weighted scans. For the combinations tested, there was a pronounced, general loss of signal as TE was increased; as well as attenuation as b-value was increased, consistent with the results shown earlier. The lens, image slice and diffusion gradients were oriented as in Figures 4 and 5. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_13239.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Collateral veins in both right and left sides, draining the lower limb veins through the azygos veins to the right heart. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3263658_fig1_122908.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | Rectal carcinoma depicted on PET-CT. (a) There is circumferential rectal thickening (arrow) on contrast-enhanced CT. (b) There is avid FDG radiotracer uptake (arrow) on axial FDG-PET. (c) Increased FDG uptake on FDG-PET correlates with thickening (arrow) due to rectal carcinoma seen on CT. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3692542_pone-0066933-g004_213816.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Immunostaining of histological sections of Tyr::Cre
ERT2; BrafCA/+ and CMV-Cre
T/+; Kras
+/LSLG12Vgeo adenomas (Kras
+/LSLG12Vgeo 6 months) and Tyr::Cre
ERT2; BrafCA/+; Lkb1
flox/+ and CMV-Cre
T/+; Kras
+/LSLG12Vgeo adenocarcinomas (Kras
+/LSLG12Vgeo 11 months) with CC10, SP-C, E-Cadherin, Ki67, p53 and LKB1 antibodies.(*) indicates airways. Bars 500 µm and 80 µm for magnifications. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC1298337_F3_4023.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Immunohistochemical localization of PPARγ in biopsies of the nasal mucosa from control subjects (A) and patients with allergic rhinitis (B), and in polyps before (C) and after treatment with steroids (D). Magnification: ×200. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4036709_F6_292504.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Intravital imaging of BL2-GFP cells in the ex ovo CAM model. A-E”: Time lapse images of BL2-GFP cells, which were grafted in 10% Matrigel on the ex ovo CAM. BL2-GFP cells show a bright green fluorescence, CAM tissue a weak greenish autofluorescence, and blood vessels appear black. Pictures were taken every 24 h, beginning 48 h post inoculation (p.i.). The magnification of the pictures is indicated. The yellow rectangles mark regions shown at higher magnification in B-E. The white dotted line in A and A” depicts the region of initial inoculation. Note the dissemination of tumor cells along vascular routes (white arrows). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3522339_s1fig7_172863.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | A 6-year-old girl with ALL presenting with pallor and right elbow painA, Forearm X-Ray reveals periosteal reaction of radial proximal metaphysis with distal metaphyseal translucency(arrow);B, AP X-ray of knee joints reveals metaphyseal translucency in both distal femurs and proximal tibiae more prominent in the latter. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3502398_F1_167086.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Radiological findings of the intranasal mass (A) Axial CT scan (T1) revealed that an irregular mass presented in the left nasal cavity displacing the nasal septum (white arrow). (B) CT scan (T2) showed that the mass also extended into left ethmoid sinus, but did not erode the bony margins of the medial wall of the left orbit (white arrow). After 6-month period of follow-up, axial CT scan T1 (C) and T2 (D) showed that location and size of the mass did not change remarkably (white arrow). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/inside_spleen/train_2090.jpg | Is spleen present? | yes |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4435188_f8-sensors-15-05096_387269.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Incremental background model simulation. (a) Bright RGB color image (initial reference region); (b) dark RGB color image simulating a cloud; (c) background model for bright image; (d) updated model based on the incremental update of the histograms; (e) resulting foreground detection for the bright image; (f) foreground detection for the dark image (there is a nest just above the center of the image). |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic52445.jpg | what organ system is visualized? | skull and contents |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3978575_F1_279613.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Examples of the AutoDensity breast density segmentation process on three cranio-caudal-view digitised film mammograms. Examples shown are from three women with different breast densities, from each of the lowest quintile (Q1), third quintile (Q3) and upper decile (D10) of the population distribution of dense area. For each woman, the breast density segmentation process is illustrated using (A) the input mammogram, (B) the dense area outline, and (C) the dense area mask. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_04669.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | Renal stone located at the pyeloureteric junction with accompanying hydronephrosis. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3313898_F2_131633.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Intracellular localization of the OsMCA1 protein. Confocal fluorescence images (b-d, f-h, j-l) and differential interference contrast (DIC) images (a, e, i) of tobacco BY-2 cells expressing GFP-OsMCA1 (a-h) or GFP (i-l) stained with FM4-64 (4.25 μM) for 3 h. Fluorescence of GFP (b, f, j) and FM4-64 (c, g, k). (e-h) Plasmolyzed cells. Scale bar: 20 μm. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxve90kk074yhyhi0w5o.jpg | Is there text? | Yes |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4022580_pone-0097592-g003_289234.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | RAMP2 expression in cryostat sections of human thymic tissue.Sections were incubated with an antibody against RAMP2. RAMP2 is expressed in the cortical (A) and medullary (B) epithelial compartments, in Hassal's bodies (C) and in blood vessels and their related mastocytes (arrow in panel D). When, for control purposes, the primary antibody was replaced by a non-immune normal goat serum or by primary antibodies pre-absorbed with antigen excess, no reactivity was observed (not shown in the figure). Original magnification ×100. C: cortex; M: medulla; HB: Hassal's body. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4215575_F2_331871.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | Brain magnetic resonance imaging scans show multiple cerebral infarctions. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2636757_F2_33844.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Confocal microscopy illustration of samples of MCF-7 cells A-C) without treatment; D-F) treated 30 minutes with heparitinase (in figure F a group of three cells), Cells were stained with ErbB4 carboxy-terminus specific HFR-1 antibody. Accumulation of immunoreactive perinuclear granules is indicated by arrows. G) Activity of Heparitinase was controlled by simultaneous Western analysis of ErbB4 cleavage from parallel samples. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3926403_fig1_267541.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | Inner cervical length of 11.4 mm at 12 + 4/7 gestational weeks before abdominal cerclage (a) and at 20 weeks after the transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage. The Mersilene band is shown as an echogenic structure at the cervicoisthmic junction (C) and seemed to have increased the cervical length to 25 mm (not shown). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3683027_pone-0065874-g002_211578.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Examples of image processing for registration testing.A) Original image. B) Image with bones removed. C) Image with all background masked. D) Same as C, with Gaussian filter applied prior to masking. E) Same as D, with contrast enhancement applied. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3184630_F7_110694.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Histological assessment of lung sections. Naïve mice were sensitized with PBS- or GC frass-pulsed BMDC from wild type or PAR-2-/- mice on day 0. Mice were challenged with PBS (40 μl) or GC frass (40 μg/40 μl) on day 14. On day 17, lungs were isolated and fixed in formalin. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining of sectioned lungs from mice exposed to PBS-pulsed wild type BMDCs (A) or GC frass-pulsed wild type BMDCs (B). PAR-2-/- BMDC exposed to PBS (C) or GC frass (D) are also shown. Representative slides are shown of sections from 4-6 mice per group. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3907159_f6_262752.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Wound healing kinetics of microbiopsy site.The left column shows dermoscopic images of the microbiopsy site over time. The middle and right column are mosaics and at 30x magnification reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) images, respectively, of the microbiopsy site. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4334762_Fig4_360427.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see |
Localisation of Ts-CLP in paraffin-embedded sections. Eight micrometre sections were treated with rabbit anti-rTs-CLP serum and Alexa Fluor 555 goat anti-rabbit IgG, then observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. A: normal intestine; B: intestine epithelial tissue at 6 h p.i.; C: Ad3; D: Ad5; E: larvae in muscle at 9 days p.i.; F: larvae in muscle at 15 days p.i.; G: ML at 24 days p.i.; H: ML at 60 days p.i. The Ts-CLP signal was red. Bars = 20 μm. The white arrows indicate the worms of T. spiralis. The green arrows indicate the NBL of T. spiralis.
|
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3199066_fig2_112727.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Preventive effect of polymerized-type I collagen on the histological damage in CIA mice. (a) Representative section of joint histopathology is shown. Upper panel: hematoxylin and eosin stained and lower panel: PAS stained; magnification: 10x. Arrow heads point out nodules. (b) Pathology scores of each group were calculated and expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6). *P < 0.05. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic26350.jpg | what organ system is being imaged? | skull and contents |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2905634_f6_69071.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | H&E staining of four groups ten weeks after transplantation. A: Control group: Epithelial structure was disordered, and numerous inflammatory cells and neovascularization emerged. B: AM group: Epithelium was integrated and some inflammatory cells infiltrated in the stroma. C: Non-induced MSC group: Incomplete epithelial hyperkeratosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. D: Induced MSC group: Epithelium was intact with a few lymphocytes and neovascularization infiltration. The magnification was 200×. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4487917_fig3_401431.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Pathological findings. (a) A grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma is characterized by glandular patterns resembling those of the endometrium. (b) Extensive necrosis of the endometrioid carcinoma (left side). (a-b) Hematoxylin and eosin staining (magnification, ×100). |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cl8k2u1qw1fdj08321tzt169d.jpg | Where in the image is the abnormality? | Center, Lower-right, Center-right, Lower-center |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_01005.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Chest CT, coronal view of trachea and bronchus. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2771359_pone-0007796-g006_49815.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Expression of the ExPEC adhesin I (yqi) gene cluster in vitro.Electron micrographs show negatively stained afimbriate strain E. coli AAEC189 (pKESK:yqi_4975_XB) over-expressed with the yqi adhesin gene cluster at a magnification of 45,000x, 65,000x and 100,000x (A–C), negative control afimbriate strain E. coli AAEC189 (D) and wild type fimbriated E. coli strain IMT5155 (E). The arrows indicate the location of the fimbriae. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2914708_F2_70538.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Radiographic images of Atlantic salmon at 15 g from the low temperature intensive group (A) and the high temperature intensive group (B). Scale bar = 1.5 cm. Enlarged picture (to the right) corresponds to the dissected area from underneath the dorsal fin. Scale bar = 1 cm. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1253.jpg | Is basilar skull fracture present? | yes |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3265482_pone-0030372-g006_123391.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | BUD-6 accumulation during conidiogenesis.(A) BUD-6-GFP accumulated at septation sites in developing macroconidiophores (arrowhead). Scale bars, 10 µm. (B) In cytologically separated, but physically still attached conidia, BUD-6 fluorescence persisted at the cell poles; either at both or only at one pole in case of the terminal conidium. Scale bars, 10 µm. (C) In addition to strong fluorescence at the cell poles, bright clusters of BUD-6-GFP also accumulated at other locations of the cell cortex. Scale bar, 5 µm. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3915798_fig2_264824.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Standard view of the sciatic nerve from the popliteal fossa in 4D mode. The white crosshair corresponds to the same location on the sciatic nerve in short axis (a), long axis (b), and coronal view (c). (d) is a three-dimensional composite image that updates in real time. |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4496065_pone.0130943.g001_404419.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Brain regions showing BOLD signal changes at absence seizures termination.
A. Areas of increased signal for the condition GSWD offset versus GSWD onset. B. Areas of decreased signal for the condition GSWD offset versus rest. Maps are superimposed on the template image MRICro (http://www.mccauslandcenter.sc.edu/mricro/index.html) and are thresholded at p ≤ 0.001 uncorrected for multiple comparisons, with a cluster extent threshold (k) of 10 voxels (p ≤ 0.05). Color bar represents T-values. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3467287_pone-0046776-g002_159639.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Intraepidermal PD-L1 increases in ACD patients after challenge with nickel.A. PD-L1 and nuclei are visualized by Alexa Fluor 488 (green) and 7-AAD (red) immunofluorescence in sections from lesions of ACD patients after being exposed to 5% NiSO4, for 0 hours and 72 hours. Bar = 50 µm. B. Biopsies taken from inflamed skin tissue areas of ACD donors. The sections were incubated with anti-PD-L1, stained with EnVision+ System-HRP AEC, and counterstained with hematoxylin. Representative light microscopy images covering the profile from the upper stratum corneum down to dermal rete pags are depicted. Bar = 50 µm. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic22007.jpg | what organ system is evaluated primarily? | genitourinary |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2648949_F1_35058.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Contrast-enhanced multi-slice CT of the thorax performed 48 hours after admission. Multi-slice CT of the thorax confirmed presence of bilateral pleural effusion and consolidation of lower lobes and lingula; cavitation was revealed in the pleural-based consolidation of the lingula (Figure 2A-B, white arrows) and in the right lower lobe (Figure 2A-C-D, black arrows). These findings were considered indicative of a necrotizing, gangrenous pneumonia. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3924702_F4_267071.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | The repeated chest radiograph after 4 days of surgery showed the well recruitment of the left lung. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4511822_fig-6_408510.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | 3D Graph visualization of direct (A) and (C), and mediated (B) and (D) hybrid structural-functional brain connectivities.(A) and (B) Full display of the hybrid connectivity matrices; (C) and (D) example of a mediated connection: functional connectivity between the rostral middle frontal gyri (D) mediated by the structural connections with the superior frontal gyri (C). |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4578834_fig6_425688.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Representative coronal images of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus showing immunohistochemical double labeling for GnRH/DAPI. Photomicrographs of DAPI ((a)–(d)) and GnRH ((e)–(h)) and merged images of DAPI and GnRH ((i)–(l)). The yellow arrow represents positive GnRH expression. Treatment with water layer fraction of aqueous extract 40 g/kg significantly decreased the GnRH fluorescence intensity of the hypothalamus compared with the microwave exposure group. GnRH = gonadotrophin-releasing hormone; TV = third ventricle. DAPI = 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Scale bar = 250 μm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4222285_F3_333430.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | TEM bright field micrographs of a dispersion of magnetite-decorated PLLA nanoparticles prepared by drop casting and subsequent carbon evaporation (A) and by high pressure freezing (HPF) followed by freeze substitution and microtomy (B). The inset of B shows the distribution of PLLA nanoparticle diameters as determined from 164 individual particles after HPF processing and TEM examination. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2649145_F5_35183.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance image of the large blood vessels showing a large filling defect in the pulmonary artery trunk and complete occlusion of the right branch with a discreet increase in signal intensity after contrast injection (arrows). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3636221_pone-0062919-g004_200865.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Subcellular localization of BODIPY-Cholesterol in the mouse oocyte.Zona-intact ovulated oocytes were incubated with the fluorescent cholesterol probe for 15 min at 37°C. (A,B) Oocytes continuously incubated with BPY-Chol were imaged at 15 and 50 min. (D,E) Pulse-chase experiment. After incubation, BPY-Chol was washed and followed in time. (C,F) Fluorescence intensity quantified with ImageJ software. The bars represent the mean ± SEM of a total of 15 oocytes for continuous exposition experiment and 15 oocytes for pulse-chase experiment. Comparison of mean values for each subcellular compartment over time was performed using Student t test. Asterisks denote significant differences (P<0.01). Fluorescence of oocytes measured after 90 min was normalized to 100%. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3885557_pone-0084343-g001_257454.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Dental anomalies encountered in Coffin-Lowry syndrome.This panoramic radiograph shows oligodontia (more than six permanent missing teeth (white stars: 12, 22, 41, 31, 45, 35, 47, 37). The deformations observed on this panoramic radiograph are linked to movements during the X-Ray acquisition process and difficulties for handicapped patient to remain still during the procedure. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4132775_F2_313443.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | HMGB1 induction and translocation correlate with disease stage in human ALD. IHC for HMGB1 in a set of human liver biopsies that are healthy or stage 2 (mild), 3 (significant), and 4 (severe) ALD classified according to the Brunt scoring system (40) is shown. The red arrow indicates HMGB1-positive staining in the nucleus and -negative staining in the cytoplasm, and the yellow arrows point to HMGB1-negative staining in the nucleus and -positive staining in the cytoplasm. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3915066_F3_264735.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Preoperative coronal (A) and axial (B) views of contrast CT scan of a patient with advanced angiofibroma who was referred for surgery due to nasal obstruction and epistaxis |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_57806.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | (patient 2). Sagittal reformatted multiplanar computed tomography showed irregular increased density in the mandibular bone and the increased density of cancellous bone at the inferior borders. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_40602.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | CECT, mediastinal window: Chest tube missing the pocket of air and entering lung tissue |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3541190_pone-0053635-g007_177961.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Delayed Purkinje cell dendrite outgrowth in Dab2IP KD mice.(A) Immunohistochemical staining of cerebellar Purkinje cells with anti-calbindin antibody at various postnatal ages (P5, P8 and P14). Scale bar: 50 µm. (B) Measurement of PC dendritic tree length on lobule IV/V in WT (N = 3, 210 observations) and Dab2IP KD (N = 3, 210 observations) littermates at P5, P8 and P14. Values are expressed as means ± S.D. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01, student’s t-test. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4554920_RSOB150076F2_419143.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | (a,b) Pronuclear formation and the first zygotic mitosis. (i–x) Confocal images of eggs or embryos at the indicated stages stained for histones to reveal nuclei. Left panels views were reconstituted by fusing two confocal images of the anterior and the posterior regions. Right panels are magnifications of the nuclei (the insets in (i–iii) show the male pronucleus). Male pronuclei are indicated (arrows). PB, polar bodies. Scale bars, 10 µm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3972681_cells-02-00294-f003_278140.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Confocal optical sections after immunolabeling for Golgi apparatus (GA). (a, a') control HeLa cells; (b) cells treated with 1 μg/ml actinomycin D for 20 h; (b'): cells treated with 40 μM etoposide for 20 h. Cells on coverslips were fixed and incubated with monoclonal anti-golgin antibody (1:200 in PBS), revealed either with Alexa 594-conjugated anti-mouse antibody (1:200 in PBS, red fluorescence; Molecular Probes (a, b) or with Alexa 488-conjugated anti-mouse antibody (1:200 in PBS, green fluorescence; Molecular Probes (a', b'). DNA was counterstained with Hoechst 33258 (blue fluorescence). Scale bar: 20 μm. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3401110_pone-0041483-g005_145955.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Co-localization of bovine BST-2 to the late-endosome (LE)/trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartments.FLAG-tagged bBST-2s expressed in HeLa cells were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-FLAG antibody (left panels) and then observed by confocal laser microscopy. LE or TGN was stained with anti-CD63 antibody (A) or anti-TGN46 antibody (B), respectively. Merged images of bBST-2s (green), organelle marker (red), and nuclei (blue) are shown in the right panels. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3676952_fig3_210001.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | X-ray and MRI imaging in a 31-year-old female patient with Liposarcoma grade 2 of the left femur: before operation (a)-(b), one week after operation (c), plate breakage and fracture 15 months after operation (d), and one month after revision (e). |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_26018.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Measurement of subcutaneous fat thickness from the perpendicular distance between symphysis pubis and skin at the level of the superior pubic ramus on T1 weighted transverse pelvis MRI. P = Prostate gland; R = Rectum; S = Symphysis pubis; SF = Subcutaneous fat. |
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