image stringlengths 37 84 | question stringlengths 9 255 | answer stringlengths 1 1.79k |
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splits/subfolder_4/PMC2575198_F2_29525.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Example of one patient without significant CAD. Normal findings in stress- and rest-PERF (short axis views), late gadolinium enhancement (short axis view) and magnetic resonance coronary angiography (SoapBubble software, Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands). Invasive angiography demonstrates normal coronary arteries. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3382247_pone-0038535-g004_142514.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Localization of TcOPT3 expression by in situ hybridization.(A,C,E,G,I) represents hybridization with TcOPT3 antisense probe. (B,D,F,H,J) shows hybridization with the sense probe (negative control). In situ hybridization of the sense and antisense TcOPT3 probes to sections of Thlaspi caerulescens root tissues (A) to (D), stem tissues(E,F,I,J) and leaf tissues(G,H). Abbreviation: c, cortex; ep, epidermis; p, pericycle; ph, phloem; rh, root hair; x, xylem; cb, cambium; ve, vein; me, mesophyll; vc, vascular cambium. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4666855_Fig2_449372.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Hematoxylin-Eosin staining of trigeminal ganglia from control (fresh), inflammatory (2 or 10 days post-CFA) and treated (KYNA and KYNAA2) groups. a Neurons of different size, surrounded by SGCs, were found. b-f As a result of inflammation, perineurium thickening (arrows) and sterile abscess (asterisk) were present. Inserts show higher magnification of the neurons surrounded by SGCs. In b-f, the inserts show abscesses with polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. Insert scale bars 50 μm |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_02315.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Axial T2-weighted FSE (TSE) sequence. Inguinal lymph node metastases (arrows) in a patient with low rectal cancer |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3878525_F3_255806.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Head CT scan at the second admission. A. An acute irregular large hematoma presents near the left basal ganglia with a prominent mass effect, which extended into the ventricular system. B. CT scans three days later show no significant change of the size of hematoma. |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3317720_f4-ijms-13-03431_132463.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | (a) Three-dimensional images of the distal femur in rats in the 0.5% group at 0.5, 1 and 2 months after pseudopurpurin feeding. (b) Three-dimensional images of the distal femur in rats in the 0% group at 0.5, 1 and 2 months after pseudopurpurin feeding. (c) Three-dimensional images of the femur diaphysis in rats in the 0.5% group at 0.5, 1 and 2 months after pseudopurpurin feeding. (d) Three-dimensional images of the femur diaphysis in rats in the 0% group at 0.5, 1 and 2 months after pseudopurpurin feeding. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/inside_lungs/train_1355.jpg | What does this image show? | lung |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_11148.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | A 41-year-old premenopausal woman with invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast who underwent preoperative breast MRI. The tumor is not shown on the image. The post-contrast, fat-suppressed T1-weighted image of the first phase of dynamic study shows moderate background enhancement. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4201736_Fig3_329087.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description |
Example of postoperative radiographs and three-dimensional CT. A 23-year-old female presented with cam-type femoroacetabular deformity and acetabular hip dysplasia. Radiographs and three-dimensional CT images were taken 1 week after curved periacetabular osteotomy. (A) The centre-edge angle and acetabular roof obliquity were 33.0° and 0°, respectively. (B) The alpha angle was 40.0°. (C) The arrow indicates the spherical junction of the femoral head-neck on a three-dimensional CT image after curved periacetabular osteotomy and osteochondroplasty. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxvd90ig074yb6in8d04.jpg | How many polyps are in the image? | 0 |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2928795_F1_72217.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Immunohistochemical identification of lymphatic vessels. Immunohistochemical identification of lymphatic vessels using D2-40 antibody against podoplanin in an oropharyngeal (A) and a supraglottic tumour (E). Detection of intratumoural lymphatics in an oropharyngeal (B) and a supraglottic tumour (F). Detection of peritumoural lymphatics in a supraglottic tumour. The basal layer of the epithelium and the margin of the tumour mass gave positive signal for podoplanin (C). Detection of peritumoural lymphatics in a glottic tumour that stained positive for podoplanin (G). Example of one representative podoplanin positive tumour cell embolus inside a podoplanin positive lymphatic vessel of an oropharyngeal (D) and a supraglottic carcinoma (H). Scale bar, 250 μm. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cl8k2u1qv1fcb08322yevda3q.jpg | Where in the image is the abnormality? | Center |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_1022.jpg | What does this image show? | odontoma |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_49304.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | IOPA showing mineral trioxide placed in a coronal pulp |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC3776544_fig1_232172.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | (a) Endoscopic view of the gastric outlet showing an irregular growth with narrowing of lumen. The gastroscope was passed with difficulty beyond this point. (b) Abdominal computed tomography scan showing pyloroantral thickening and distended stomach. (c, d) Histopathological examination image: antral biopsy showing a chronic granulomatous inflammation with Langhans-type giant cells with small foci of caseous necrosis. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/outside_leg/train_1931.jpg | Is foot present? | yes |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3600993_F2_192837.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Selected axial (A) and high resolution coronal (B) reformats from a non-contrast helical CT shows striking bilateral bulky hilar and mediastinal adenopathy. Mass-like fibrosis is encasing the hila and central bronchi causing traction bronchiectasis. There are several partially calcified hilar lymph nodes. There are also extensive perivascular and perilymphatic nodules throughout both lobes with relative sparing of the lower zones and right upper lobe bullae. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4701667_pone.0145935.g005_459427.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Tablet-based method for real-time assay modification by hand drawing.(a) Schematic of sequence, resulting in projection of manual tablet input to create PEG-DA features on the substrate. In this case, the scale of the hand drawing is reduced 50X. (b) Video frames of the photopatterning of a series of dots drawn by the researcher to confine a worm inside a spiral frame (S3 Video). The system projects each feature drawn by the researcher after a delay of 0.25 seconds. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3529871_Fig1_174987.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Computed tomography and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showing a thrombus at the trifurcation of right pulmonary artery (a). Representative SEM images of the removed parts of the thrombus from the right atrium (b and e), lobar pulmonary artery (c and f) and segmental artery (d and g). b–d magnification, ×1,000; e–g magnification, ×3,500. Scale bar 5 μm |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4309964_f2_353758.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Adhesion identification and tracking using PAASTA.Raw time-lapse TIRF images of an HT1080 cell expressing GFP-paxillin are shown (upper panels). These images were then processed with PAASTA to generate individual adhesion tracks that are shown in the lower panels both without labeling (No ID numbers) and with ID numbers labeling each adhesion (With ID numbers). Bar, 5 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2217561_F2_16843.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Suprabasal-specific Cldns in epidermal tumor progression. Cldn6, Cldn11, Cldn12 and Cldn18 expression changes during epidermal tumorigenesis to occupy a gradually expanding zone of expression as observed after 2 (a-d), 6 (e-h) and 12 (i-l) weeks of the carcinogenesis protocol. While the localization of these suprabasal-specific Cldns shifted to varying degrees away from the cell membrane, there was a correspondingly varied reduction in the number of Cldn-positive epidermal cell layers in the lower strata of the epidermis after 6 and 12 weeks. The acetone-treated epidermis (after 12 weeks) is shown (m-p). A dotted line marks the base of the epidermal basal layer and the suprabasal zone is indicated with a bracket. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4086537_F9_304325.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Crown preparation done on the upper and lower anterior teeth and full coverage acrylic crowns given |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3423364_pone-0043553-g006_150845.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Shox2 acts downstream of both Hoxa11 and Hoxd11 as well as of Runx2.
Shox2 in situ hybridization on E14.5 (A–D) and E16.5 (E–H) control (A, E), Hoxa11−/−;d11−/− (B, F), Ulnaless (C, G) and Runx2−/−;Runx3−/− (D, H) forelimbs revealed the absence of its expression in the ulna of both Hox mutants (B, C, F, G, red arrows) and in ulna and radius of Runx2−/−;Runx3−/− mutant mice (D, H, red arrows). However, Shox2 expression was detected in other regions of the analyzed forelimbs (B, C, D, G, yellow arrows). 80x magnification (A–C, E–H), 100x magnification (D); R = radius, U = ulna. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4175409_fig5_322528.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Micro-CT scans of the head of Philoliche rostrata displaying the cibarial pump (blue) and the pharyngeal pump with the oesophagus (green). A–B. Cibarial pump, lateral and frontal view displaying epipharyngeal compressor and cibarial dilator. C–D. Pharyngeal pump, lateral and frontal view displaying main and secondary pharyngeal dilators, pharyngeal compressors and oesopharyngeal dilator. E–F. Lateral and frontal view of cibarial protractor and retractor attached to a dorsolateral cuticular ledge on the cibarium. Cb, cibarium; mcc, musculus clypeo-cibarialis; mtp, m. clypeo-pharyngealis; mfc, musculus fronto-cibarialis; mfp, m. fronto-pharyngealis; mtc, m. tentorio-cibarialis; mle, m. labro-epipharyngealis; mpo, m. postoccipitalis-oesopharyngealis; oe oesopharynx; ph, pharynx. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2531085_F1_27446.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Carotid plaque images obtained with 3D US. The plaque is presented in longitudinal and cross-sectional views. The 3D image has been sliced 6 times from one end to the other along the vessel axis in the scan direction. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3515592_pone-0049786-g002_170845.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | A prehistoric elephant depiction.
Left: Prehistoric illustration of an elephant from the Libian Tadrart Acacus (http://www.galuzzi.it, the permission from the photographer, Luca Galuzzi is found in the Supporting Online Material). Right: Contour of the elephant. Here there are three possibilities (A, B, C) for the alignment of the assumed ground line: In cases (A), (B) and (C) the walking depiction falls in cells Be, Cf and Bf of the walking matrix, respectively, all being incorrect. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2834605_F2_58632.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | 68-year-old man with cirrhosis and hemosiderosis confirmed by the biopsy. Axial MR T2-weighted images performed on gradient echo (fig.2a) and Express (fig.2b) sequences show typical findings for hepatic iron overload. The signal intensity of liver (accordingly 23 and 56) is lower than that of paraspinal muscles (accordingly 436 and 269). |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_0497.jpg | Is Fig.653 more cellular and disorganized than this? | no |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4015033_F3_286947.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Light microscopy and electron microscopy observations. (A) Light micrographs of normal control (Con) and the ADRV infected (Inf) EPC cells. Cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed at 48 h post-infection, Bar = 200 μm. (B) Electron micrographs of the ADRV infected cell. A large viromatrix (VM) nearby the nucleus (N) and containing some scattered viral particles, a viral crystalline aggregate (CA) alongside the viromatrix. VA, vacuole Bar = 500 nm. On the upper left corner is an enlarged image, showing the ADRV crystalline aggregate. Bar = 150 nm. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC1458960_ppat-0020039-g007_5447.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Electron Microscopy Examination of HIV-1 Assembly and Effects of Vpu and Endocytosis InhibitionHela cells expressing Gag-Pol in the presence or absence of Vpu or Rab5a(S34N) were examined.(A–C) Examples of cells expressing Gag-Pol only, revealing mature particles at both the PM (A and C) and within internal, apparently membrane-bound compartments (arrows in A and B). Immature budding structure are also observed at the PM but only rarely within endosomes.(D) Cells co-expressing Gag-Pol and Vpu with reduced numbers of cell-associated particles, and absence of particles from endosomes.(E and F) Cells co-expressing Gag-Pol and Rab5a(S34N), with exclusively surface-accumulated virions. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3445538_pone-0044709-g001_155855.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Subfields in the hippocampal formation under NeuN immunohistochemistry.In A can be seen: the granule cell layer of fascia dentata (GCL, composed by granular neurons) and the hilus (HIL, composed by several types of interneurons); pyramidal neuronal layers of the hippocampus (CA4-CA1); the subicular formation, composed by prosubiculum (PRO) and subiculum (SUB). In B, a higher magnification of the fascia dentate (marked as a black square in A), composed by subgranule zone (SGZ), granule cell layer (GCL), inner molecular layer (IML) and outer molecular layer (OML). Bar in A indicates 1 millimeter and in B indicates 50 micrometers. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3519516_F4_171789.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | (A,B) WB-DWI with b1000-images and T2-weighted images in the coronal plane shows clear partial regression of the gastric tumour (arrow), (C,D) diffuse metastases in the lungs and mediastinum and skeletal metastases in a right-sided rib and right iliac wing (arrows). |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC2938437_fig2_73438.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Ultrasonography shows a straight echogenic foreign body (arrow). |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxva90c4074y1p0q5ffu.jpg | How many polyps are in the image? | 0 |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwypdoek086u7tem98me.jpg | How many polyps are in the image? | 0 |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4672345_f2_451391.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | DAB photooxidation by TMR-labelled HaloTag fusion protein.HeLa cells stably transfected with pLifeAct-HaloTag-meGFP were incubated with medium only (−TMR) or medium containing 100 nM ligand HTL-TMR (+TMR) for 15 min. to label the F-actin cytoskeleton. After fixation and quenching cells were covered with buffer only (−DAB) or fresh DAB solution in buffer (+DAB). During illumination of samples on the microscope stage, cells labelled with HTL-TMR and incubated with DAB showed the formation of localized DAB polymers after 8–12 min. concomitantly with disappearance of fluorescence signals. Notice the precise staining of actin stress fibres by DAB polymers in details image (bottom). Scale bars: 20 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3728490_F1_221539.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Lesion location in patients with unilateral spatial neglect. T1-weighted magnetic resonance images for all three patients with unilateral spatial neglect. White arrows indicate lesions. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4575997_fig7_425166.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Six-month postoperative control radiographs, CBCT, and clinical image of patient case 2 with PCO. (a) Panoramic radiograph; (b) CBCT. Coronal section of the sclerotic collum mandibulae with lytic lesions; (c) patient photo, with reduced facial swelling at the right side; and (d) CT scan 3D model with bone thickness at the right side of the collum mandibulae. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3116716_fig2_99186.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Normal aspect of skin optical microscopy with 40× objective. (See colour version of this figure online at www.informahealthcare.com/cot) |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2745371_F1_46166.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Myxoma originating from the anterior mitral valve leaflet. a. Transthoracic echocardiographic study, apical 2 chamber view. Myxoma seen attached at the ventricular surface of the anterior mitral valve leaflet (dimensions 1,99 × 1,1 cm). b. Transoesophageal echocardiographic study, 4 chamber view. Left ventricular myxoma arizing from a thin stalk attached at the ventricular surface of the anterior mitral valve leaflet. ALMV refers to anterior leaflet of mitral valve and PLMV refers to posterior leaflet. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC1764872_F1_8405.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Qualitative examples of GUS expression. Histochemical staining of the controls indicates that Adh/GUS was not expressed in these plants (a – b). An increase in magnetic field strength induces expression of the Adh/GUS transgene (e.g. 20 Tesla for 2.5 hours, c – d). The increased magnification of the plants shown in b and d (second row) provide closer inspection of GUS localization in the roots and leaves of these samples. The middle panel (e) provides a top-view of the five 21 day-old plants just prior to insertion into the bore of the magnet. The right hand panel (f) shows the plants from the side. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3769244_pone-0074299-g002_230720.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Subcellular localization of CLN5 N-glycosylation mutants.Confocal microscopy analysis of cells transiently expressing N-glycosylation mutants of CLN5. HeLa cells were seeded on glass coverslips and transfected with wt CLN5 or mutants. The cells were treated with cycloheximide for 2 h prior to fixation. Different antibodies were used to label specific organelles (A), (B) and (D) Lamp2 for the lysosomes, (C) and (D) Calnexin for the ER, (E) Grasp65 for the Golgi. Cln5 mutants are as indicated. The mouse monoclonal anti-Myc antibody was used to detect CLN5. Original magnification, 1,000×. Bars, 5 µm. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3235173_pone-0028915-g001_118792.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Phase-contrast microscopic observation and identification of primary culture cyst-lining epithelial cells.(A) Confluent monolayer of cyst-lining epithelial cells (Magnification ×200). (B–C). Transmission electron micrographs of cyst-lining epithelial cells (Magnification ×9600). B and C respectively showing the presence of adhesion plaque at tight junctions of cell-cell contact and microvilli-like coating. (D–G). Immunocytochemistry of E-cadherin (D) (Magnification ×400), cytokeratin (E) (Magnification ×200), vimentin (F) (Magnification ×200) and α-SMA (G) (Magnification ×200) in cyst-derived cells. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3353490_fig5_138209.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Serial fMRI results of a 18-year-old male right BPI patient with good recovery. (a) The first fMRI (before operation), (b) the second fMRI (approximately 1 year after operation), (c) the third fMRI (approximately 2 years after operation), and (d) the fourth fMRI (approximately 3 years after operation). The patients' right is on the observers' right. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3539936_F1_177531.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Computed tomography scans. (A–C) Plain scan, artery phase, and portal phase, respectively, showed a cyst-like and well-encapsulated tumor, with mild enhancement of the wall on portal phase. (D–F) Coronal and transverse sections showed that the tumor was compressing the inferior vena cava, duodenum, and right upper ureter respectively (white arrows). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3896721_F3_259789.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Assessment of total root volume and mesial root volume. (A) Root structure is carefully highlighted, ending at the CEJ, for every fifth sagittal slice containing the maxillary first molar roots. Intermediate slices were initially interpolated by morphing and then visually inspected, with the contours modified where necessary, to ensure that all root structure was included. (B) Reconstruction of the sagittal slices produced a 3-D representation of the entire root structure to allow assessment of root volume (RV). (C) The mesial root was then digitally resected from this rendering and its volume is analysed individually. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_0033.jpg | Are distended hydropic villi and proliferation of the chorionic epithelium evident in this microscopic image? | yes |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4273457_Fig1_345905.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image |
Typical OCT (first column), slit-lamp (second column) and retroillumination images (third column) of IOL without PCO at 7 months after cataract surgery (first row), and different PCO types: fibrosis-type PCO (second row), pearl-type PCO (third row), mixed-type PCO (fourth row), and late-postoperative CBDS (fifth row). The dashed lines in the slit-lamp and retroillumination images show the position of the OCT cross-section image. The arrows within the IOL on the OCT images show the horizontal IOL direction, while the zero corresponds to the IOL center. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3677287_F1_210088.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Spinivalva gaucha adult, dorsal view: A wings spread, pinned, dorsal view B wings folded, on Passiflora actinia leaf. Scale bars = 1.0 mm. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4664921_f2_448912.jpg | What is shown in this image? | (A) Conventional x-ray transmission radiograms of five control mice (animals 1–5, top row) and five mice with pulmonary fibrosis (animals 6–10, bottom row). (B) X-ray dark-field radiograms of the same animals. The scale bar corresponds to 5 mm. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_54731.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Pelvic floor ultrasound examination in sagittal plane. S: symphysis pubis and BN: bladder neck. The sling lies below the middle part of the urethra. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3304982_F1_130106.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | Left panel: Comparison of location-matched longitudinal MPR images obtained from the “SPACE STL”, “SPACE SWL+SG”, and “SPACE SWL” scans, respectively, in a 45-year-old male volunteer. Right panel: Comparison in the depiction of carotid atherosclerotic plaques between regular SPACE (a.1-2, b.1-2) and SG-SPACE (a.3-4, b.3-4) imaging in two patients. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_2303.jpg | Is hematologic present? | yes |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4657362_Fig1_447222.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Color fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms. a Fundus photographs of the patients (PA and PB are the family members depicted in Fig. 2). The images for PA were taken in 2007 and those for PB in 2014. b Fluorescein angiograms for PA taken in 1996 and PB in 2014. Choroidal neovascularization, hyperpigmentation and reticular pseudodrusen were seen as representative markers for classical wet type of age-related macular degeneration. PA Patient A, PB Patient B |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4423200_fig2_384203.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Alcohol and HFD increase lipid accumulation and cellular infiltration in mouse livers. Left panel-H&E staining: Maximum steatosis (black arrows) was observed in livers of Alc+HFD-treated mice and HFD-treated mice showed increased inflammatory cell clusters (white arrows) compared with control liver. Right panel-ORO staining: Maximum lipid accumulation (red) was observed in Alc+HFD-treated mice followed by HFD treatment. Alcohol only minimally increased steatosis. Representative images at × 10 magnification. H&E, haematoxylin and eosin; ORO, Oil Red O. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4689559_FIG3_455916.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Comparison of initial and follow-up PET/CT images using PMOD/PNeuro toolThe initial PET/CT demonstrates no areas of abnormal uptake to suggest brain involvement (top row). The subsequent PET/CT demonstrates patchy areas of intensely increased uptake (middle row). Subtraction images show difference increase in uptake suggestive of lymphomatous infiltration (third row). The analysis performed suggested a heterogeneous pattern of uptake in the cortical gray matter and callosal white matter, and many areas corresponded to abnormalities detected by MRI. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4063757_pone-0100274-g001_299882.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | 3D rendering of the left IFOFq.The left IFOFq, reconstructed on the 20 subjects and normalized to the MNI space, is visualized from a lateral (A), anterior (B) and posterior (C) point of view. In A the path of the whole bundle can be appreciated, whereas B and C show its group average cortical terminations. Voxels that were visited in the residual bootstrap tractography in at least 20% of subject are shown. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_2313.jpg | Is metastatic carcinoma colon present? | no |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC2855661_F0021_62209.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | (a) Fundus photographs of the right eye of a 25-year-old man with strongly positive tuberculin skin test demonstrating perivenous sheathing with intraretinal hemorrhages (upper left) and neovessels nasal to optic nerve head (upper right) Fluorescein angiography showing retinal nonperfusion (bottom left) Optical coherence tomography showing macular edema (bottom right)(b) Fundus photographs after treatment with systemic steroids, appropriate antituberculous therapy, and scatter laser photocoagulation (upper left and right) showing resolution of perivenous sheathing and intraretinal hemorrhages and involution of neovessels Optical coherence tomography displays normal anatomy of the macula (bottom) |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3085497_fig4_94160.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | FDG-PET in the transaxial plane shows moderate FDG uptake (arrows) involving mainly the right heart. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3317227_fig1_132343.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | CT (a) and MRI ((b and d): T2-weighted images; (c, e, and f): T1-weighted images) of orbital space in 55-year-old man (case 1). CT image reveals soft tissue around the bilateral infra orbital nerve (a; arrows). MRI shows soft tissue around the left orbital nerve (b–d; small arrows), bilateral infraorbital nerve (c–f; arrows) and right supraorbital nerve (c and d; arrowheads). Left orbital nerve can be detected in the lesion (b and d). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2525658_F2_27026.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | AIDS-related PCNSL in Norway: imaging findings at CT and MRI. Contrast enhanced CT in 3 patients demonstrating lesions with ring-enhancement in the frontal lobes (a), cerebellum (b) and basal ganglia (c). MRI (d-f) in another patient with lesion in the basal ganglia at T1 (d-e) and T2 (f) weighted images. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4379892_F4_373434.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Expression of β3-tubulin in E8 chick CP. Sections double-labeled for ß3-tubulin and Otx2, a marker of the CP epithelium. High magnification images are shown in the right panels. Note the presence of nerves and neurons (some indicated by arrows) in the CP as well as of cells spanning across the CP epithelium (arrowhead). Nuclei are counterstained with Hoechst (blue). The bottom right panel is at the same magnification as the one at its left. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cl8k2u1q91ekb0832138447lf.jpg | Are there any anatomical landmarks in the image? | No |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4653001_F2_445915.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Effect of Up-sized MB on tumor vascular perfusionTumor-bearing animals were treated with ultrasonic cavitation when xenograft tumors had reached 120 mm3 as described in the MATERIALS AND METHODS. Representative B-mode and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of the tumors before and after treatment. Outlined circle indicates tumor. White arrows depict regions of absent blood flow. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3443279_Fig17_155146.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Focal fat sparing area and a FNH, in a 36-year-old woman with no liver disease. a OP, b IP, c PDFF, d T2-weighted, e T1 fat-sat, f arterial phase, g PV phase, h HCP. Triangular-shaped periportal area (arrows) hyperintense to the rest of the liver in OP and Fat Sat imaging mimicking uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA, corresponding to a fat spared area. This is confirmed in the fat-fraction map. Of note, is a lesion (*) compatible with a FNH |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3128593_pone-0021601-g001_101294.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | 41-year-old female with a BMI of 27.7 diagnosed with thoracolumbar idiopathic scoliosis.(A) anterior-posterior standing and (B) standing lateral full-length spinal preoperative X-rays showing coronal imbalance and sagittal thoracolumbar kyphosis; (C) anterior-posterior standing and (D) standing lateral full-length spinal X-rays: the first post-surgical erect X-rays showing the correction and fusion; (E) anterior-posterior standing and (F) standing lateral full-length spinal X-rays: the two-year follow-up X-rays showed a good balance. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2781011_F4_51641.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Morphological patterns of boar sperm membrane lysis after incubation with the indicated detergents for 30 min at 4°C. Sperm samples were observed by light microscopy (A, phase contrast, magnification of 500) as well as by transmission electron microscopy (B, C). For further details see the Materials and Methods section. Each bar represents 200 nm. The quantitative evaluation of the microscopic investigations is given in Tab. 2. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3778887_f0070_232716.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Absence seizure analysis: regions of interest. This figure summarizes the standard SPM activation results of a single case study of an epileptic (petit mal) absence seizure. Significant (whole brain FWE-corrected) positive and negative GSW-related BOLD responses were identified using an F-contrast on the GSW regressors. The colour bar indicates the range of displayed F values. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0lbwzadoxk086ugkmwg78t.jpg | What type of procedure is the image taken from? | Colonoscopy |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3614758_F2_196129.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | The expression of NEP (A, E, I, M, R), synaptopodin (B, F, J, N, S) and CR1 (C, G, K, O, T) in NK (A, B, C), IMGN (E, F, G), MesPGN with moderate proliferation of mesangial cells (I, J, K), MesPGN with high proliferation of mesangial cells (M, N, O) and MPGN (R, S, T). The pictures D, H, L, P, and U represent negative controls (D to A, H to E, L to I, P to N, and U to T) (magnification 400×). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4182442_pone-0107952-g009_324312.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Morphological assessment of NHDF on hydrogels with SEM.SEM images of NHDF adherent on (a,b) alginate, (c,d) ADA70-GEL30, (e,f) ADA60-GEL40, (g,h) ADA50-GEL50, (i,j) ADA40-GEL60, and (k,l) ADA30-GEL70 after 4 days (left column) and 7 days (right column) of incubation. Black arrows and white arrows indicate filopodia and microvilli of cells, respectively. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/cell_dense/train_2934.jpg | What stain tubular atrophy and interstitial iron deposits? | iron |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3775303_F3_231904.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | A. Coronary sinus (CS) angiography showing successful ablation site. B. (*) Disappearance of the accessory pathway potential after successful ablation . C. Twelve lead-ECG after ablation showing delta-wave disappearance and narrower QRS. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3317505_pone-0034320-g001_132391.jpg | Narrate the contents of the image with precision | αSNAP is enriched at epithelial junctions in vitro and in vivo.
(A) Dual immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy show colocalization (arrows) of αSNAP (red) and tight junction protein occludin (green) in confluent T84 cell monolayers and normal human colonic mucosa. (B) Immunofluorescence images show predominantly-perinuclear localization of αSNAP in calcium-depleted SK-CO15 cells (arrowheads) and its rapid translocation to newly-formed AJs in calcium-repleted cells (arrows). Scale bar, 10 µM. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3274299_f2-sensors-11-10534_124759.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Example of processing of four temporally consecutive images (taken from 8:00 to 12:00 on 2 December 2009) for the automated identification and counting of the squat lobster (Munida quadrispina) at VENUS cabled observatory. (A) original RGB image, in which the metric bar appears (metric bar is on the upper left; black mark units are speared of 10 cm); (B) the same image after Median filtering and background correction with Top-Hat; (C) ED’s between R and G channel calculated for each pixel of the Top-Hat filtered-image; (D) segmentation using a threshold value corresponding to 95th percentile of ED. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4511457_Fig5_408439.jpg | Create a compact narrative representing the image presented | Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. The lesion appears hypointense to muscle on T1-weighted MRI (a), and predominantly hyperintense on T2-weighted fat-saturated sequences (b). Post-gadolinium sequences show peripheral enhancement of the cyst (c). MRI reveals simple bone cyst or aneurysmal bone cyst in the distal humerus (yellow arrow). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4082918_fig7_303668.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | Whole body bone scan utilizing Tc-99 m MDP reveals a discrete area of increased radiotracer uptake within the metaphysis of the right proximal femur. No additional areas of abnormal radiotracer uptake are seen. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3940880_pone-0090374-g005_271036.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Effects of cilengitide on 3D invasion by MPM spheroids.Spheroids were embedded in collagen gel, overlaid with medium ±1 µM cilengitide and incubated at 37°C for 1–4 days. Spheroids were stained with calcein-AM or SYBR green and live images were captured. Representative images from four cell lines are shown; each experiment was performed in triplicate and on at least 3 occasions. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4262063_Fig1_343277.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation |
Macroscopic observation and CT findings of MTSC and sPRCC. (a): MTSC (case 2) showed a well-defined nodular mass with a greyish-white cut surface accompanied with hemorrhage and necrosis. (b): sPRCC (case 3) showed a well-defined nodular mass with a greyish-white cut surface (arrow). c): Computed tomography revealed a mass in the renal cortex in case 3 that was well-defined (arrow). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3999100_pone-0096159-g005_284146.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | EEG-informed fMRI Results.Results from time-frequency EEG-informed fMRI analyses reveal overlapping effects across frequency bands for response inhibition, especially within the left MFG and to a lesser extent the right inferior frontal region and cingulate gyrus; however, theta band parameterization additionally reveals larger activation within the superior frontal gyrus. T-values are reported in Tables 3–5, along with voxel data and MNI co-ordinates. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3224831_f4_117194.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Elevated pressure (60 mmHg) induced collapse of cytoskeleton and focal adhesion in both iHTM and GTM3 after incubation for 24 h. Ctrl: cells cultured in a conventional incubator as the control group. 60 mmHg: cells cultured in the 60 mmHg elevated pressure system. The nucleus was immunolabeled with hoechst (blue fluorescence), filamentious actin (F-actin) was immunolabeled with TRITC (red fluorescence), and Vinculin was immunolabeled with FITC (green fluorescence). Slides were observed under the confocal microscope using identical parameters (scale bar=10 µm). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3962575_Fig2_276159.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | CT/MR/PET fusion images are shown in the navigation display in a patient with a left pelvic tumor involving the posterior superior iliac crest and sacral ala. Wide resection was performed under navigational guidance via a posterior approach, and the left L5 and S1 nerve roots were preserved. Different proportions of image modality could be adjusted on the axial (a), reformatted sagittal (b), and coronal (c) views of the fused images. d A 3D bone tumor model was created after the tumor extent was outlined on the MR images. Surgeons then could accurately define the resection planes after studying the fused 2D images and 3D model |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3318219_fig3_132655.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Preoperative (a) Intraoperative (b), and postoperative (c) radiologic imaging of the Comprehensive Arthroscopic Management procedure of an osteoarthritic shoulder of a 52-year-old male. (b) shows the osteoplasty of the inferior humeral osteophyte with the arthroscopic burr. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4579827_f3-ol-0-0-3515_426123.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | The in situ expression of TBX5 protein in stage I and II GC specimens was assessed by immunohistochemistry. (A) Negative TBX5 staining was observed in well-differentiated GC. (B) Weak TBX5 staining in moderately differentiated GC. (C) Strong TBX5 staining in poorly differentiated GC. (Upper panels, magnification ×200; lower panels, magnification ×400). TBX5, T-box transcription factor 5; GC, gastric cancer. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4662693_F1_448536.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the patient with cryptococcal infection shows bilateral enlarged perivascular spaces (white arrows) and basal ganglia hyperintensities in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI along with bilateral mild basal leptomeningeal enhancement in contrast-enhanced MRI |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/outside_leg/train_1938.jpg | Does this image show typical gangrene? | yes |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic43704.jpg | what abnormality is seen in the image? | intracranial lipoma |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2636752_F3_33842.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | The real radiograph is on the left, and the simulated one is on the right. They show to be similar except some local features of the acetabulum and the bony noise. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_81505.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | 2D apical 4 chamber view showing forward tricuspid flow through the residual RV cavity |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4509847_Fig3_407946.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | One case develops AVN and screw cutout but gets satisfactory outcomes after the implant is being removed. a X-ray film before surgery. b X-ray film after surgery. c X-ray film 3 months after surgery. d X-ray film 12 months after surgery. e, f X-ray film 30 months after surgery. g, h Function of patient’s upper arm |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxvc90gg074ybumufky2.jpg | Is there a green/black box artefact? | No |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3000089_f2-ijms-11-04407_80716.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Neuroprotective effect of ischemic postconditioning on neuron death induced by global ischemia/reperfusion in the hippocampal CA1, as determined using cresyl violet staining. A, D: sham group; B, E: ischemia/reperfusion group; C, F: Ischemic postconditioning group. Magnification, (×40) (A, B, C) and (×400) (D, E, F). |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3271029_F5_124316.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Microscopic examination of the proximal tumor in the stomach demonstrating typical histological findings of adenocarcinoma (A). In addition, histopathological examination of the submucosal nodule revealed GIST of the low-risk category, composed of cytologically bland spindle cells with a low mitotic index (< 5) (B). Immunohistochemistry indicated strong staining for CD34 (C) and C-kit (D), while negative results were observed for S-100 (E) and SMA (F). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3955141_Fig1_274240.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Representative CT (left) and PET (right, SUV 45–60 min) images of patient 11 acquired at baseline (top) and after delivery of 27.5 Gy (bottom). Primary tumour is manually delineated within green outline. Note sharply demarcated dramatic reduction in bone marrow uptake and modest reduction of tumour uptake after RT, as previously reported [21] |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4594025_F9_429872.jpg | Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see | Electron micrographs of synaptic contacts (arrows) of OFF bipolar cells with midget and parasol ganglion cells. (A) The axon of cell FMB-1forms a ribbon (arrow head) synapse with the dendrite of cell MG-3. (B) Cell DB1-3 projects ribbon synapses to the dendrites of two cells MG-13 and PG-1. (C) Cells DB2-1 and DB3b-1 project ribbon synapses to the same dendrite of cell PG-1. (D) Cells DB3a-1 and DB3a-2 are coupled by a gap junction (arrows within brackets) and project ribbon synapses to the dendrites of cell PG-1. Bipolar letterings are abbreviated without “B.” |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4652838_F6_445891.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy of GPI/AMF and AMFR in normal (Panels A–C) and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) specimens (Panels D–I). Immunofluorescence staining showed an increased signal for both G6PI and AMFR in cancer cells, and their colocalization on plasma membranes (Panels F and I). |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic59120.jpg | what is most alarming about this gastrointestinal image? | achalasia |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3144454_F3_103615.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Ear cells. Typical images of ear cells biolistically transfected with 1 μg of YFP-DNA using 1 μm or 40 nm gold projectiles. These images are from a section of tissue at a depth of 20 µm. Scale bar = 10 µm. Examination of > 10 images revealed ~ 10% less YFP labelled cells in the microparticle-transfected cells, consistent with our data showing more tissue damage in these samples. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_52713.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Radiography AP of the hip: at an advanced stage, the destructive nature of PVNS results in multiple and dispersed subchondral cysts. |
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