image stringlengths 37 84 | question stringlengths 9 255 | answer stringlengths 1 1.79k |
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splits/subfolder_2/PMC3579987_Fig12_187289.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. |
a, b Transverse contrast-enhanced CT images acquired during the portal-venous phase at two different levels in a 55-year-old man with littoral cell angioma, which presents as multiple hypodense, partially contrast-enhancing, lesions of different size (arrows) |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3749607_fig4_226065.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Comparison of segmentation results on two X-ray vessel images. Column 1: original images. Column 2: the BCFCM algorithm. Column 3: the sFCM algorithm. Column 4: the CLIC algorithm. Column 5: the proposed algorithm. Column 6: the estimated bias fields by the proposed algorithm. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4365027_pone.0120037.g005_369154.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Contrast enhanced T1w image at (A) 48 hours post thermal ablation, inset is a close up of tumor with ADC map overlaid in color.Using the entire tumor from (A) as an ROI, we get (B) an average ADC for the tumor by fitting to a mono-exponential. Scale bar represents 2 mm. (C) Tumor ADC (mean over all animals). *: p < 0.05. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4650435_fig3_445300.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | BM-MSCs significantly enhanced the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. (a) Immunofluorescence analysis was used to assess the number of LC3-positive (red) autophagosomes colocalized with LAMP2-labeled (green) lysosomes. White arrows point at the colocalization. Scale bar, 20 μm. (b) TEM analysis showed ultrastructural changes in INS-1 cells. N, nucleus. Blue arrows, autophagosomes; yellow arrows, autolysosomes. Scale bar, 0.5 μm. Magnification: × 40 000. All the data were collected from at least three independent experiments |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4414206_F3_381868.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Representative images showing tumor localization of 111In amatuximab and tumor expression of mesothelin in a 70 year old man with mesotheliomaCT (A), SPECT (B) and SPECT/CT (C) fusion image at 24 hours post-injection of 111In amatuximab showing mild uptake in the right pleural-based mass (arrows). High uptake in the liver, aorta and spleen are physiologic. The increased uptake at the skin level on the left side is the standard vial containing 111Indium. (D) Representative immunohistochemical staining of tumor from right pleural mass showing strong membranous and cytoplasmic staining for mesothelin in > 90% of tumor cells. Mesothelin staining is indicated by brown staining of tumor cells (20 X magnification). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4394550_ijms-16-06595-f004_377547.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Immunohistochemical detection of DAZL protein expression in chicken ESCs treated with various inducers of germ cell differentiation. (A) chicken ESCs with DMEM; (B) chicken ESCs with 10−5 mol/L ATRA induction; (C) chicken ESCs with 10−6 mol/L Am80 induction; (D) chicken ESCs with 1 μg/mL E2 induction. (400× magnification). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC2807616_f3_55036.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Effects of dexamethasone on zonula occludens 1 and connexin 43 in normal trabecular meshwork cells. Fixed normal trabecular meshwork (NTM) cells were immunolabeled with zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and connexin 43 (Cx43) (green fluorescence) and observed under a confocal microscope, using identical parameters. The ZO-1 antibody recognizes both α+ and α– isoforms of ZO-1. Both ZO-1 and Cx43 were plasma membrane bound. Treatment with 10−7 mol/l dexamethasone (DEX) for 2 days resulted in no significant changes in expression and distribution of ZO-1. However, DEX increased the cytoplasmic pool of Cx43. Nuclei are shown by DAPI staining (blue fluorescence). The scale bar=20 μm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4114608_f3-ol-08-03-1169_309614.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Immunostaining of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family member 3 in non-small cell lung cancer samples; (A) adenocarcinoma and (B) squamous cell carcinoma (magnification, ×400). |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_01405.jpg | Describe the image concisely. | Case 6: Magnetic resonance imaging axial section showing a well-defined enhancing lesion in the retromaxillary region. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4101946_fig5_306833.jpg | What is shown in this image? | RE: complete resolution at biomicroscopy. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxus8zoo074yad840gix.jpg | How many findings are present? | 2 |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2566591_pone-0003378-g004_28727.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | A–B, Immunohistochemistry for TH in the substantia nigra.High power view (10× and 20× magnification respectively) of TH-ir neurons in the substantia nigra employing the citraconic anhydride solution. Note the enhancement in the intensity and morphology (somas more preserved and processes more delineated) compared to the conventional immunostaining method (C–D). Scale bar: A and C 100 µm; B and D 50 µm. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_21528.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Sagittal endovaginal ultrasound of a cervical EP. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic36991.jpg | what plane is seen? | axial |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3522368_rootfig4_172935.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Mammography shows a uniformly dense mass. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3414816_F3_149015.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Preoperative findings in case 2. (A) Anteroposterior radiograph reveals an osteonecrotic lesion in the left medial femoral condyle. (B,C) Coronal and saggital MRI shows an osteonecrotic lesion with high signal change on the T2-weighted image in the left medial femoral condyle. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cla820glis4jj071ub5c57d9g.jpg | Are there any abnormalities in the image? | Ulcerative colitis |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4348517_pone.0116692.g005_363730.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Averaged cortical activity evoked by acoustic stimulation examined by fMRI in all 3 groups.A—YC, b—MP, c—EP; group statistics, p = 0.05 with FWE correction; red—pink noise centered at 350 Hz and 700 Hz; blue—pink noise centered at 1.5 kHz, 3 kHz and 8 kHz. The arrowheads accentuate an increase in the right AC activation in both elderly groups. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_31583.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Magnetic resonance imaging of both thighs consistent with myositis. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4368423_pone.0120512.g006_370014.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | Effect of AqE, AlE, CA and CI on protein expression of αSMA, Vimentin and ZO-1 by Immunofluorescence.ARPE-19 cells were seeded in chamber slides, treated with TGFβ1 or co-treated with TGFβ1 and various concentrations of AqE, AlE, CA and CI as indicated for 48 h. Cells were immunostained for αSMA (Red fluorescence), vimentin and ZO-1 (Green fluorescence). Image magnification 40X, Scale bar 10μm. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_2289.jpg | What is present? | multiple myeloma |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4432958_Fig7_386683.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Determination of uptake of Cy7-IO/HSA NPs by hBM-MSCs using Prussian Blue iron staining. Cells were grown in the absence (control, J) or presence of 10 ng/ml (A,C), 50 ng/ml (D,F)or 100 ng/ml (G,I) free FGF2 (A, D, G) or conjugated-FGF2 NPs (C, F, I) , or non-conjugated IO/HSA NPs at concentration of 9 μg/ml (B), 45 μg/ml (E) or 90 μg/ml (H). Following fixation in 4% PFA, cells were stained with Prussian Blue iron stain (blue) and counter stained with Nuclear Fast Red (red). The percentage of Prussian Blue positive cells was calculated from 3 microscopic fields and is indicated at the bottom of each picture. Magnification (×200). |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4224021_Fig8_334056.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner |
TLR2 immunopositive cells in the substantia nigra (SN) of control subjects, iLBD cases and PD patients. (a) Control subject showing few TLR2 positive cells (arrow), (b) an iLBD case showing widespread and numerous TLR2 positive cells (arrows) and (c) a PD patient, showing moderate numbers of TLR2 positive cells (arrows), (a’-c’) represent higher magnifications of (a-c); bar (a-c, a’-c’) = 100 μm. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cla820gl8s41n071uanbv7xro.jpg | Where in the image is the abnormality? | Center, Upper-left, Upper-right, Lower-left, Lower-right, Center-left, Center-right, Upper-center, Lower-center |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxv5903w074y7k9dawqu.jpg | Is there a green/black box artefact? | No |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3905103_F1_262244.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | 55 degrees autofluorescence (A: Right eye & C: Left eye) and optical coherence tomography (B: Right eye & D: Left eye) performed 6 months after initial consultation. The OCT scan line location is shown as a green line in the autofluorescence images (A & C). The deposits that appeared drusen-like on clinical exam were hyperfluorescent on autofluorescence imagery (A & C), indicative of RPE cell dysfunction. The OCTs revealed numerous subretinal lesions with different levels of elevation throughout the posterior pole. White arrows point to three “blister” like lesions, as seen by OCT. (B, right eye &D, left eye). |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4024188_F4_289560.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | AR and ERα expression in the MPOA only partly overlaps with ARO expression. Brightfield photomicrographs of autoradiograms and schematic drawings of coronal sections from a female breeder illustrating the expression pattern of AR, ERα and ARO in the medial preoptic area. Shown are adjacent sections from the same female brain of the left hemisphere at the level of the caudal end of the anterior commissure (A-C) and when the commissure has ended (E-G). Panels D and H show schematic overlays of the expression pattern of all three genes. Scale bar = 500 μm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4349238_Fig5_363932.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. |
Fistulogram and ultrasound images of brachio-cephalic fistula. a: Fistulogram of Brachio-Cephalic AVF demonstrating a stenosis mid humerus (arrow). b: Doppler flow ultrasound of the AVF with large residual clot. c: Repeat ultrasound after tPA infusions resulted in decrease of clot burden. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3666204_fig1_207515.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | X-ray of image of rats in zinc disc implantation model of urolithiasis. (a) Control, (b) zinc disc implanted, (c) Cystone treated, (d) OA 60 mg/kg, (e) OA 80 mg/kg, (f) OA 100 mg/kg, and (g) ELC 200 mg/kg. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/val/illus_other/train_2674.jpg | What is present? | coronary artery anomalous origin left from pulmonary artery |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3723636_pone-0069712-g005_220122.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Mesothelia have varying abilities to migrate.Visceral mesothelial (A), parietal mesothelial (B), pleural mesothelioma (C), and peritoneal mesothelioma (D) cells were plated on fibronectin and subjected to time-lapse imaging in order to visualize their ability to migrate. Panels A–D are compilations of static images taken at 20 minute intervals. False coloration indicates a cell's location at each interval: red 0 min; green 20 min; yellow 40 min; blue 60 min; purple 80 min. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3466321_pone-0045040-g018_159504.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Pseudocolor isosurface plots of the local membrane potential illustrating scroll-wave dynamics in a mural slice of our 3D simulation domain with a random distribution of myocytes and fibroblasts.We obtain three qualitatively different behaviors, namely, SRS (Single Rotating Scroll), MRSP (Multiple Rotating Scrolls), and SA (Scroll Absorption). Illustrative pseudocolor plots with isosurface slicing of show the time evolution of a scroll wave for (a.1)–(a.3) SRS with , (b.1)–(b.3) MRS with , and (c.1)–(c.5) SA with . (For full spatiotemporal evolutions see Video S6.). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3311543_pone-0033722-g001_131358.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image | Axonal morphological changes demonstrated by in vivo tracing in the different brain areas after transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.Right panels were high magnification views of the areas in left panels in A–E (single arrow), respectively. Typical swollen axons or varicosities (arrowheads) could be seen in the primary sensory cortex (Psc) (A), primary motor cortex (Pmc) (B), hippocampus (Hi) (C) and caudoputamen (Cpu) (D) of the ischemic hemisphere after transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. No obvious axonal changes were noticed in the primary sensory cortex from the sham group (E). Scale bars: 20 µm for left panels and 5 µm for right panels in A–E. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/clb0kvxve90k0074y15po5cmu.jpg | How many polyps are in the image? | 0 |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2901996_pone-0011492-g002_68476.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | Calvarial bone formation is defective in Osx-Cre: Hdac3 CKO mice.A–C. Staining of one day-old wildtype, het (Hdac3+/−:Osx-Cre−), and Hdac3 CKO mice with alizarin red and alcian blue. D. MicroCT reconstructions of skulls from 5.5 week-old wildtype, Het (Hdac3+/−: Osx-Cre+), and Hdac3 CKO mice. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3573988_F5_185953.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Intracellular localization of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in the hepatic tissues. Cells were double-stained with anti-high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 antibodies and propidium iodide and analyzed by confocal microscopy. In the control cells, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 was located in the cytoplasm. In the hepatocellular carcinoma group, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 was mainly located in the nucleus. In the actinomycosis-affected cells, a high level of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 was found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus (original magnification, ×400). HMGB1, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; PI, propidium iodide. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/inside_skull/train_1263.jpg | What removed ? | opened base of skull with brain |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3097768_F7_96098.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Defining the bowel on treatment planning (a) T2 WI in sagittal plane followed by T2WI with fat saturation shows the bowel (arrow) clearly against the suppressed intra-peritoneal fat. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4352940_fig2_365175.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | Orthopantomographic view after trauma. |
ImageClef-2019-VQA-Med-Training/Train_images/synpic33454.jpg | what is the plane? | frontal |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_1078.jpg | Is oral present? | yes |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3189131_F6_111132.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Immunofluorescence staining of NOTCH3 and HEYL. Immunofluorescence staining of NOTCH3 (green) and HEYL (red). Proliferating hemangioma, panels a-c; involuting hemangioma, panels e-g. NOTCH3+ cells are located in the perivascular regions and co-localize with HEYL (thick arrows, panels c & g). However, some endothelial cells also express HEYL (thin arrows, panels c & g). Magnification, 40×. Panels d, h: close up of Figure 6c (proliferating hemangioma) and 6g (involuting hemangioma). There were luminal cells that stained for HEYL (green, thick arrows) but not NOTCH3. The majority of HEYL positive cells co-localized with NOTCH3 (yellow). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3179305_fig01_109688.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Abnormal bone remodeling in the Dmp1 null mouse (Dmp1 KO, right panels), which is exacerbated with age. (A) Photographs of 3-day-old forelimbs stained with alizarin red/alcian blue showing that the KO cartilage is remodeled less than control. (B) Radiographs of 3-day-old hind limbs of Dmp1 control and KO images showing more trabecular bone in the KO bone marrow, which is further confirmed by ALP enzyme activity and von Kossa staining. (C, D) Photographs of alizarin red–stained femur (day 17), craniofacial bones (1 year), mandibular bone, and femur (1 year, X-ray) display severe defects of bone remodeling with age. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3338496_pone-0035877-g002_135730.jpg | Describe the following image in detail | Hematopoietic deficiency of miR155 promotes atherosclerotic lesion development in LDLR−/− mice.Representative pictures of toluidine blue-stained sections of the aortic root of wildtype (A) and miR155−/− (B) transplanted mice, magnification 40×. Hematopoietic miR155 deficiency increases plaque area (C) and promotes plaque progression towards more advanced lesions (D, Chi square test p<0.05). * p<0.05, n = 14 wildtypes and 19 miR155−/− mice. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3423768_f4-rado-46-01-01_151129.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Volume rendered images of the dental pulp from Figure 3 in 18 different viewpoints 20° apart around the vertical axis. The shape of the pulp chamber, extent of pulp diverticles and the number of pulp canals are visualized with a high accuracy. Volume rendered images clearly demonstrate the complex anatomy of the dental pulp dental pulp and its unique shape. The presence of fourth root canal is obvious. The mesio-lingual canal is consisted of two interconnected canals. The wrapping of all canals toward the central vertical axis can also be seen. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2246238_F3_17795.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | (a) Bone cortex defect (arrows) on ultrasonography in a 63-year-old healthy control person on the radial side of the 3rd proximal interphalangeal joint in a longitudinal view. (b) The corresponding transverse view. (c) The coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance image without contrast administration reveals no erosion-like changes in the same person at the corresponding site (arrows). IP, intermediate phalanx; PP, proximal phalanx. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3514139_F2_170392.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | Double immunostaining for Aβ42 (green fluorescence) and different subcellular markers (red fluorescence) in RA differenatiated SH-SY5Y cells. (A) Rab8 (Golgi derived vesicles marker), (B) Rab9 (trans-Golgi network, Golgi-derived vesicles and late endosome marker), (C) LAMP-2 (late endosome and lysosome marker), (D) Rab5 (early endosome marker), (E) Rab3 (exocytotic vesicle marker) and (F) VAMP2 (synaptobrevin, marker for synaptic vesicles) were used as subcellular organelle markers. Scale bar, 5 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3651531_Fig6_203923.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Combined Nile red and DAPI staining of DAOY (upper) and PFSK-1 (lower): a untreated cells at 0 h, b 10 μM cisplatin 24 h, c 10 μM cisplatin 48 h. The size bar is 5 μm |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3662089_F2_206349.jpg | Relay a brief, clear account of the picture shown. | MRI of SKO acquired 9 years post-stroke, demonstrating an extensive left fronto-temporo-parietal lesion. Presented are a single sagittal slice, with nine coronal slices from anterior to posterior through the lesion area. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4524636_pone.0135202.g004_411761.jpg | Offer a succinct explanation of the picture presented. | Histology of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained labyrinth of one wild-type (wt) three DNMT1o-deficient low-Peg10 gDMD methylation placentas.The scale bars for 50X, 100X and 200X magnification are 500, 200 and 100 μm respectively. Yellow lines in 50x and 100x magnification images outline the labyrinthine zone (LZ). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3944744_F5_272225.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | FE-SEM images. The magnifications of the images are (A) × 33,000, (B) × 150,000, and (C) × 160,000. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4357899_f5_367076.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | DAPI staining outside of tubules shows necrotic or apoptotic nuclei.Uptake of DAPI by Oct family cation transporters after 6 days in Sebinger culture either without (A) or with (B) Oct inhibitors metformin and cimetidine followed by staining with Cy5-conjugated Annexin-V. Annexin-V staining is associated with DAPI-positive apoptotic nuclei outside the tubules (A(i)) and B(i), and boxed enlargements white arrows), but not with DAPI-positive (non-apoptotic) tubular nuclei (Ai). Images were captured by confocal microscopy. Scale bars represent 500 μm (A, B), or 100 μm (A(i), B(i)). |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4526535_pone.0134558.g003_412313.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Photomicrographs of gastric mucosa stained with HE and PAS of the rats subjected to induction of chronic ulcer by 30% acetic acid.Animals were treated orally with 1% Tween-80 aqueous solution (control group), pantoprazole (40 mg/kg) or CIN (100 mg/kg) for 14 days. The filled arrow indicates the absence of the epithelial layer (ulcer area internal) and the dashed arrow indicates epithelial layer remaining (ulcer edge). Haematoxylin/eosin (HE) and Periodic Acid–Schiff staining (PAS), magnification, 40x. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC2891704_pgen-1000995-g003_67325.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image |
Brca2;Trp53 mutants have increased DNA damage and apoptosis.(A) Immunohistochemistry for γH2AX shows several cells have DNA damage in LG PIN areas in Brca2F/F;PBCre4 and Brca2F/F;Trp53F/+;PBCre4 mutant prostates, whereas control (Brca2F/F) prostates have undetectable levels of DNA damage. Brca2F/F;Trp53F/F;PBCre4 mutants have multi-focal areas with a large number of cells with DNA damage in regions of HG PIN. (B) TUNEL assay on sections of prostates demonstrates Brca2F/F;PBCre4 and Brca2F/F;Trp53F/+;PBCre4 mutant prostates have an increased level of apoptosis, compared to control (Brca2F/F) prostates. The level of apoptotic cells increases further in HG PIN lesions of Brca2F/F;Trp53F/F;PBCre4 mutants. Arrows indicate apoptotic cells. The anterior prostates of 16-month-old animals are shown. |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC3621816_f1-or-29-04-1299_197706.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Immunohistochemical profiles of ER, PR, HER2 and Ki-67 markers in the tumor sample from patient 1 (Patient 1); MACL-1-derived tumor xenograft in immunodeficient mouse (MACL-1 xenograft) and MACL-1-cultured cell line (MACL-1 cells). Scale bar, 100 μm. |
ImageCLEFmed-MEDVQA-GI-2023-Development-Dataset/images/cla820glys53z071u0kdfg268.jpg | How many findings are present? | 1 |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4263965_jpm-04-00402-f005_344092.jpg | Write an exhaustive depiction of the given image | (A) Bone metastases aspirate smear. Wright-Giemsa stain; 600× magnification. The arrows point to some of the malignant cells in this field; (B) Bone metastases, high power: bone marrow biopsy. Hematoxylin and eosin stain; 400× magnification. A sheet of malignant cells at high magnification; (C) Bone metastases, synaptophysin stain: bone marrow biopsy. Immunohistochemical stain for synaptophysin; 400× magnification. A stain for synaptophysin shows peri-nuclear dot-positivity in the malignant cells; (D) Bone metastases, GFAP stain: bone marrow biopsy. Immunohistochemical stain for GFAP; 400× magnification. A stain for GFAP marks the cytoplasm of the malignant cells. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3024221_F2_84886.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | T1-weighted MR images and segmented contour plots showing Hemorrhage. (a) In vivo MR-images; (b) Segmented contour plots showing plaque components; (c) 3D geometry showing hemorrhage and other components. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_29424.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Abdominal radiograph showing dilated small-bowel loops (Case 1). |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4623916_Fig4_438151.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Expression of Ghrelin in hypothalamus of each group. a Control group. b Model group. c XSLJZD-treated group. d Low-dose XSLJZD treated group. e Domperidone-treated group. Ghrelin distributed in cytoplasm of hypothalamus. (Tissue sections were viewed at 100× magnification.) Positive cells for Ghrelin were brown and circular or pear-shaped. Fewer positive cells can be seen in the model group |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train_unlabel/train_2866.jpg | What is present ? | hepatobiliary |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_2319.jpg | What does this image show? | surgical specimen |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3599251_F2_192282.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Group differences in subcortical regional brain volumes: superior view (A) and sagittal view showing the divisions for the corpus callosum (B). The larger volume in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) was observed in the left and right thalamus (green) and right caudate nucleus (blue) after controlling for total intracranial volume (TIV) and multiple comparisons using false discovery rate (FDR). In the corpus callosum, patients with NF1 showed larger volumes of the mid regions (mid-posterior, mid-anterior and central). CC = corpus callosum; CC1 = posterior; CC2 = mid-posterior; CC3 = central; CC4 = mid-anterior; CC5 = anterior. |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4648850_Fig2_444707.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | Double-balloon enteroscopy showed an approximately 2-cm submucosal tumor in the jejunum at 100 cm from the incisor teeth |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3587996_f4-ijms-14-02449_189641.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | An alveolar macrophage. Penetration of silver nanoparticles from aggregates in the cytoplasm into mitchondria. No silver nanoparticles are discovered in the nucleus. TEM, magnification 28,000×. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4630636_f3_440102.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | (a) Time-lapse image of the movement of the nuclei and the granules in the MARCO cell (Media 1). The nuclei move and disappear at 300 s, and reappear again at 450 s. The intracellular granules become concentrated in the circle region from 150 s. (b) Time-lapse image of the dynamic movement of the unstained single granule (Media 2). The granule moves in the left direction in the cell. The average velocity of the granule is 33 nm/s. The granule movement image size is 512 × 512 pixels, and the frame rate is 1 fps. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4578006_mcv123-F5_425384.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Spatial and temporal localization of superoxide (A, C, E) as contrasted to lignin (B, D, F) in grapevine buds during the first 3 h after transfer to 23 °C. Superoxide (NBT) is localized to latent meristem cells at 0 h, with negligible association with lignified cells (A–D, indicated by Auramine-O), where C and D are magnifications of the boxed inserts in A and B. By 3 h at 23 °C, superoxide production is evidently associated with lignin, indicative of pro-vascular development (E–G), where G is F superimposed over E. Scale bar = 100 µm (A, B), 20 µm (C, D), 50 µm (E–G). Figures are representative of three independent replicates. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/inside_lungs/train_1378.jpg | Is hyperplasia median bar present? | no |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC4590420_RSFS20150012F1_428979.jpg | Clarify the contents of the displayed image with great detail | Cubic membrane architecture. (a) Three-dimensional mathematical model representing the phospholipid bilayer of cubic membrane organization. (b) Two-dimensional transmission electron micrograph of the same three-dimensional model presented in (a). (c) Scanning electron micrograph and its corresponding (d) three-dimensional and (e) two-dimensional computer simulation model of cubic membranes found in the mitochondria of 10-day starved amoeba Chaos cells. Scale bars, (b) 500 nm and (c) 100 nm. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2670517_pone-0005354-g002_37479.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Expression of Wnt5a and Fzd3, Fzd5, and Fzd6 in adult human hair follicles.Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded skin samples was performed as detailed in Methods. Panels shown are at 200× magnification. The hair follicle schematic for the cartoon on lower right was adapted from [11]. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4374284_Fig4_371721.jpg | Write a terse but informative summary of the picture. | These serial CT scans demonstrate the efficacy of re-treatment with everolimus 10 mg/d. The liver metastases remained stable during the period of re-treatment with everolimus for over 2 years. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4662030_Fig2_448495.jpg | Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative | Abdominal computed tomography (CT). a–c Post-enhancement CT shows a hyperdense mass of 2.62 × 5.70 cm in the right renal pelvis. This mass did not obstruct UPJ directly, and the ureter below the stone was dilated. a Transverse view. b Sagittal view. c Coronal view. d Another section of the transverse view of the CT shows dense lines (red arrows) in the dilated right renal pelvis, suggesting septa |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_22853.jpg | Summarize the visual content of the image. | Axial CT scan shows a triangular hard palate |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC2913841_fig6_70381.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | A 79-year-old male who received PDT for 27 months ago showed a recurrence of CNV (arrowheads), mainly at the temporal edge of the old scar (arrows) (a). Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed predominantly classic CNV (c), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed a subretinal lesion before treatment (e). After the oral administration of alendronate for three months, the CNV became subretinal fibrosis (b) and no leakage was observed using FA (d). A remarkable decrease in the size of the subretinal lesion was observed using OCT (f). |
splits/subfolder_5/PMC2714572_F0007_42029.jpg | Render a clear and concise summary of the photo. | AP radiograph of the same patient with ARDS as in Figure 6 with further complication of bilateral pneumothoraces secondary to pleural drain placement |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4295575_Fig2_350704.jpg | Offer a thorough analysis of the image |
Magnetic resonance imaging scans showing the recurrence of the pituitary tumor. (A) Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan taken in September 2008 (10 years after the first surgery) show no evidence of recurrence. (B) Postoperative MRI scan obtained in June 2009 show the recurrence of the tumor. (C and
D) Postoperative MRI scans obtained in December 2011 and May 2013, respectively, show rapid growth of the tumor. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3542083_pcbi-1002849-g001_178368.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Computed Tomography (CT) scans of scleractinian coral Pocillopora verrucosa.(A) A controlled coral exposed to ambient current with the average near-bottom velocity of 5 cm s−1
[46]. (B) A coral that was grown in an in situ controlled flume setup with “reduced flow” condition (∼1 cm s−1) (C–E) Corals were grown in the in-situ controlled flumes setup with “enhanced flow” condition (15–20 cm s−1) [32]. Arrows indicate flow direction. The labels of the CT scans are located at the bottom of each figure (see Table 1). |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC4596022_F4_430591.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | KC amplitudes vary across the cortex. A, The average amplitude of manual KCs at each channel, color coded by subject, is highly variable across the cortex. However, no significant effects are found when a linear mixed-effects model is applied. B, The addition of KC-like activity shows a similar pattern, but with the increased sample, the same linear mixed-effects model now finds that the anterior prefrontal channels highlighted by the blue circle are ∼30% smaller than the orbitofrontal reference (p = 0.045). Black circles in the top right indicate the amplitude scale represented by the size of each circle. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3210136_pone-0027148-g007_114488.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | CDC-42, RAC and CDC-24 display partially distinct localization patterns in mature hyphal tips.Confocal laser scanning confocal microscopy of functional N-terminal fusion constructs of YFP-CDC-42 (A), YFP-RAC (B) and GFP-CDC-24 (C) reveal distinct localizations. CDC-42 localized as confined apical membrane-associated crescent, while RAC labeled a membrane-associated ring excluding the region labeled by CDC42. The GEF CDC-24 occupied a strategic position at the apical dome and localized as broad apical crescent covering the localization pattern of both GTPases and the apical cytosol. (D) Time course of GFP-CDC-24 co-localization with the vital dye FM4-64. Arrows indicate a dynamic accumulation of cytosolic CDC-24, clearly excluding the Spk core. |
roco-dataset/data/train/radiology/images/ROCO_65544.jpg | Present a compact description of the photo’s key features. | Severe subclavian artery stenosis before stenting. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3882054_f7-0070119_256805.jpg | Provide a detailed description of the given image | Correct subcellular targeting of ClC-7/Ostm1 upon heterologous expression. (A) After transient transfection with rat ClC-7, either wild-type (WT) or the Y744Q mutant (MUT), HeLa cells were immunolabeled for ClC-7 (green in overlay) and the late endosomal/lysosomal marker protein LAMP-1 (red); blue in overlay indicates DAPI staining of nuclei. (B) HeLa cells co-transfected with rat ClC-7 (either WT or MUT) and mOstm1-GFP (green in overlay), or with Ostm1-GFP alone (bottom panel) were immunolabeled for ClC-7 (red) and the late endosomal/lysosomal marker protein LAMP-1 (blue). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4146447_F1_315938.jpg | Give a short and clear explanation of the subsequent image. | Enhanced chest CT scan before operation. (A) In the coronal mediastinal window, preoperational CT scan showing the mass compressing the mediastinal vessels, heart and airway. (B) In the mediastinal window. (C) In the lung window. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC3341371_pone-0036188-g009_136347.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Electron microscopy of isolated human islets after 24 h incubation with glucose and/or palmitate.
A) control; B 25 mM glucose; C) 0.5 mM PA; D) 25 mM glucose+0.5 mM pA (magnification: 10.000×; insert: 38.000×). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3797294_f1-etm-06-04-1029_237831.jpg | Provide a brief description of the given image. | Histological observations. (A) Blank control; (B) epidermal keratinocytes of the normal mouse skin; (C) mouse skin epidermis following thermal stimulation. Immunostaining was used. The arrows indicate the skin epidermal keratinocytes where CAR may be expressed. Magnification, ×40. |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC4176721_pone-0107979-g004_322854.jpg | Illustrate the image through a descriptive explanation | Increased demyelination in CSC-treated mice at day 14.Frozen sections of spinal cords were isolated from vehicle (saline/DMSO) and CSC-treated mice at day 14 and day 28 of EAE. Eriochrome cyanine (A) or fluoromyelin (B) was used to visualize demyelination. Areas of demyelination are indicated by diminished fluorescence; boxed regions are shown at higher magnification. (C) Demyelinated areas from (B) were measured using ImageJ and calculated based on equation listed in Methods (n = 4, *p<0.05). The levels of demyelination at day 14 in saline- or nicotine-infused spinal cords are also shown for comparison. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4506988_fig3_407421.jpg | Examine the image closely and share its details | Live fluorescent Neobenedenia sp. attached to Lates calcarifer over time. Parasites observed attached to fish following 15 min (A), 30 min (B), 2 h (C), 48 h (D), 96 h (E) and 16 d (F) post-infection. Arrow shows the haptor of Neobenedenia sp. A slightly higher exposure was used when photographing parasites at 16 days post-infection to account for faded fluorescence. Scale bar = 100 μm. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4502305_fig2_405980.jpg | Break down the elements of the image in a detailed manner | Histological analysis (Masson's trichrome staining). Histological examination of the myocardium stained with Masson's trichrome (magnification ×100, scale bar: 100 μm). Data is presented as mean ± SEM. ∗
P < 0.05 versus W; #
P < 0.05 versus GK; $
P < 0.05 versus W + MI. MI indicates myocardial infarction; GK: Goto-Kakizaki; W: Wistar. Masson's trichrome staining (grade 0 indicates normal tissue showing no fibrotic region; grade 1 indicates mild fibrosis; grade 2 indicates moderate fibrosis, and grade 3 indicates severe fibrosis). |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3892164_f01_258517.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Spatiotemporal pattern of accumulation of Hp-gad transcript, determined using whole-mount in situ hybridization.(A,a) Unfertilized eggs. (B,b) Fertilized eggs. (C,c) Morulae. (D,d) Swimming blastulae. (E–G,I) Double-stained whole-mount in situ hybridization. Hp-gad transcripts, red. Primary mesenchyme cells, green. (E) Mesenchyme blastula. (F,F′,e) Early gastrulae. (G,H,f) Late gastrulae. (I,I′,g) Prism larvae. Inset of (I′), higher magnification of the region indicated by a box in (I′). (E′,F′,I′) Hp-gad-transcripts, green. Nuclei, red. Arrows, Hp-gad-transcribing epithelial cells (white) and blastocoelar cells (yellow). Upper-case letters, anti-sense probe. Lower-case letters, sense probe. Scale bars: 50 µm (A–I′,a–g) and 20 µm (I′ inset). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC2936090_F0002_73029.jpg | What is shown in this image? | (a) Preoperative photograph showing Ellis class III fracture in 21 with pulp exposure, (b) Preoperative radiograph revealing fracture in 21 with pulp involvement, (c) Partial pulpotomy performed in 21 and MTA placed over the exposed pulp, (d) Postoperative photograph, (e) Postoperative radiograph after two years showing no radiographic changes |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/t0/train/illus_process/train_0910.jpg | Are histologic features negative for ER and HER2 triple negative ? | no |
splits/subfolder_4/PMC3686068_fig2_212066.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Micrographs of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of rat kidneys. Light microscopy of sagittal half of kidney sections stained with PAS and counterstained with hematoxylin is shown (original magnification 200x for all panels). (a) Normal (ND), (b) T2DM treated with vitamin C (DM + vitamin C), (c) T2DM (DM), and (d) T2DM treated with SNE at the dose of 1.0 g/kg BW (DM + SNE1.0). The lesions of mesangial cells and glomerulus are indicated by arrow “a”; the proximal tubular epithelium and the lumen are indicated by arrow “b.” Abbreviation: glomerulus (G). |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC3153919_fig3_104825.jpg | Explain the various aspects of the image before you | Patient with 18 months of history of CSC in the right eye. (a) dots spots of leakage in the angiography; (b) standard FAF, showing diffuse superior hyperFAF; (c) NIA, showing three hypofluorescent spots around the macula, some of them corresponding exactly with the PEDs in (d) and (e); (d) and (e) SD-OCT exhibiting the PEDs and neurosensorial retinal detachment. |
data_PathVQA/pathvqa_maml/test/cell_sparse/train_1529.jpg | What is present? | female reproductive |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC4074851_F2_302115.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description | MRI (Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI, hepatobiliary phase) and CT scans of a patient with CR. Monitoring of in vivo migration of 111In-oxine labeled dendritic cells with scintigraphy. MRI and CT scans revealed a liver metastatic lesion (arrow) (a, b). After 3 cell transfers, the metastatic lesion disappeared completely (c, d). (a, c): MRI. (b,d): CT. Two hours after injection, DCs migrated from the injection site to inguinal lymph nodes (arrowhead) (e). Forty-eight hours after injection, that accumulation extended into distant lymph node, but still remained in the injection site (arrow) and inguinal lymph nodes (f). |
splits/sfolder_3/PMC4624843_pone.0141501.g002_438406.jpg | Share a concise interpretation of the image provided. | Accumulation of (p)ppGpp in S8, S8ΔrelA and S8HB.Cells were labeled with [32P]-H3PO4-labelled in MOPS under starvation conditions, nucleotides were acid extracted, centrifuged, 32Pi-labeled nucleotides were resolved by polyethyleneimine coated TLC plates followed by autoradiography. (P)ppGpp separated by TLC are indicated. Strains used are: S8, S8ΔrelA and S8HB. |
splits/subfolder_2/PMC4396151_Fig4_377902.jpg | Characterize the image using a well-detailed description |
Activity-dependent mislocalisation of mutant PDGFRα. (A) 293FR-PDGFRα-GFP stable cell lines were treated with doxycycline for 14 h and subjected to confocal live cell microscopy. For figures d-f, the cells were additionally treated with 1 μM Gleevec for 14 h. (B) 293FR-PDGFRα stable cell lines were treated with doxycycline for 14 h, fixed, permeabilized and stained with DAPI (nuclear marker), GM130 (Golgi marker) and anti-PDGFRα antibody as described in the Methods section. The merged image represents PDGFRα proteins in red, the Golgi compartment in green, the nucleus in blue and PDGFRα/Golgi colocalisation in yellow. |
splits/sfolder_2/PMC4662828_Fig1_448544.jpg | Walk through the important details of the image | Clinical diagnosis and surgical treatment. Preoperative sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depicting the L5-S1 disc herniation immediately before surgery. The herniated disc can clearly be seen protruding into the spinal cord (a). Postoperative sagittal computed tomography (CT) scan immediately following surgery and transverse X-ray image of screws and interbody device at L5-S1 1 week later, both demonstrating accurate screw placement into the vertebral pedicles. It is clear that there was no protrusion of the screws into the spinal cord, and the pedicle was therefore properly tapped (b and c) |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC3770586_pone-0074991-g004_231089.jpg | Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner | Coronal CT and MRI slices of a CRS patient before and 166 days after sinus surgery.Superposition of the anterior gamma camera images with the CT slice before FESS (A–C) without (B) and with (C) central nasal lead shield mask and with the MRI slice after FESS (D–F) without (E) and with (F) lead shield. Lund-Mackay score was 15 and maxillary sinus deposition was 1.3% (C) before and 7.9% (F) after surgery. The patient had septoplasty and conchotomy on both sides eight years before participation in the study. |
splits/sfolder_1/PMC3764091_f3_229494.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | Photomicrographs of H&E-stained tumors from BPA-treated rats at time of sacrifice at PND90 (A,D), 140 (B,E), and 200 (C,F) in gestationally and gestationally/lactationally exposed females. (A,B,D,E) Papillary adenocarcinoma from rats exposed gestationally to BPA250 (A) or BPA2.5 (D), or gestationallly/lactationally to BPA2.5 (B) or BPA25 (E). (C) Ulcerative adenocarcinoma from rat exposed gestationally to BPA0.25. (F) Fibroadenoma from rat exposed gestationally/lactationally to BPA2.5. Bar = 500 μm. Insets: Magnification at 10× base image to show detail of tumor morphology. |
splits/subfolder_3/PMC2553280_pntd-0000311-g004_28107.jpg | Share a comprehensive rundown of the presented image | DV3 sE-eGFP protein is excluded from acidic compartments in MDdMφ.Confocal microscopic analysis of the localization of DV3 sE-eGFP protein at different time-points in cells loaded with the fluorescent LysoSensor dye (optimal fluorescence at pH 5.1). For the overlay images, blue color was converted to red to allow better co-visualization with eGFP. After 5 min incubation, sE-eGFP was endocytosed into vesicles close to the plasma membrane in both cells types. After 30 min and 60 min, sE-eGFP-containing vesicles acidified in the perinuclear area in MDDC, whereas in MDdMφ, sE-eGFP remained in non-acidified, large vesicles. The data is representative of 3 experiments. |
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