id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
248,182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20charge | Space charge is an interpretation of a collection of electric charges in which excess electric charge is treated as a continuum of charge distributed over a region of space (either a volume or an area) rather than distinct point-like charges. This model typically applies when charge carriers have been emitted from some... | Space charge | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,803 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Semiconductors",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Vacuum tubes",
"Mass",
"Vacuum",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"M... |
248,590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing%20hormone | Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as luteinising hormone, lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. The production of LH is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. In females, an acute rise of LH known as an LH surg... | Luteinizing hormone | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,245 | [
"Behavior",
"Biotechnology products",
"Sex hormones",
"Recombinant proteins",
"Glycoproteins",
"Glycobiology",
"Sexuality"
] |
248,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room%20acoustics | Room acoustics is a subfield of acoustics dealing with the behaviour of sound in enclosed or partially-enclosed spaces. The architectural details of a room influences the behaviour of sound waves within it, with the effects varying by frequency. Acoustic reflection, diffraction, and diffusion can combine to create au... | Room acoustics | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,521 | [
"Building engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Civil engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
248,635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20cohomology | In mathematics (more specifically, in homological algebra), group cohomology is a set of mathematical tools used to study groups using cohomology theory, a technique from algebraic topology. Analogous to group representations, group cohomology looks at the group actions of a group G in an associated G-module M to eluci... | Group cohomology | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,872 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Algebraic number theory",
"Number theory",
"Homological algebra"
] |
248,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis | Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. It is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent,... | Gluconeogenesis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,772 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Biochemistry",
"Exercise biochemistry",
"Biochemical reactions",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"Metabolic pathways",
"Glycobiology",
"Metabolism"
] |
248,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic%20equipartition%20property | In information theory, the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) is a general property of the output samples of a stochastic source. It is fundamental to the concept of typical set used in theories of data compression.
Roughly speaking, the theorem states that although there are many series of results that may be pr... | Asymptotic equipartition property | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,962 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in statistics",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer science",
"Information theory",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
248,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20variety | Algebraic varieties are the central objects of study in algebraic geometry, a sub-field of mathematics. Classically, an algebraic variety is defined as the set of solutions of a system of polynomial equations over the real or complex numbers. Modern definitions generalize this concept in several different ways, while a... | Algebraic variety | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,385 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
248,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presolar%20grains | Presolar grains are interstellar solid matter in the form of tiny solid grains that originated at a time before the Sun was formed. Presolar grains formed within outflowing and cooling gases from earlier presolar stars. The study of presolar grains is typically considered part of the field of cosmochemistry and meteori... | Presolar grains | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,488 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Interstellar media",
"Outer space",
"Astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Astronomical objects",
"Cosmic dust"
] |
248,988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20rule | In calculus, the product rule (or Leibniz rule or Leibniz product rule) is a formula used to find the derivatives of products of two or more functions. For two functions, it may be stated in Lagrange's notation as or in Leibniz's notation as
The rule may be extended or generalized to products of three or more functi... | Product rule | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,744 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in calculus",
"Calculus",
"Mathematical problems",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
249,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique%20problem | In computer science, the clique problem is the computational problem of finding cliques (subsets of vertices, all adjacent to each other, also called complete subgraphs) in a graph. It has several different formulations depending on which cliques, and what information about the cliques, should be found. Common formulat... | Clique problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 7,055 | [
"Computational problems in graph theory",
"Computational mathematics",
"Graph theory",
"Computational problems",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical problems",
"NP-complete problems"
] |
249,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20spectrum | Open spectrum (also known as free spectrum) is a movement to get the Federal Communications Commission to provide more unlicensed radio-frequency spectrum that is available for use by all. Proponents of the "commons model" of open spectrum advocate a future where all the spectrum is shared, and in which people use Inte... | Open spectrum | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 525 | [
"Radio spectrum",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Wireless networking",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Electromagnetic spectrum"
] |
249,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Ring%20%28computer%20network%29 | The Cambridge Ring was an experimental local area network architecture developed at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge starting in 1974 and continuing into the 1980s. It was a ring network with a theoretical limit of 255 nodes (though such a large number would have badly affected performance), around whic... | Cambridge Ring (computer network) | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 374 | [
"Network topology",
"Topology",
"History of computing",
"History of computing in the United Kingdom"
] |
249,527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20decorative%20stones | This is a geographical list of natural stone used for decorative purposes in construction and monumental sculpture produced in various countries.
The dimension-stone industry classifies stone based on appearance and hardness as either "granite", "marble" or "slate".
The granite of the dimension-stone industry along w... | List of decorative stones | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 778 | [
"Natural materials",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Stonemasonry",
"Materials",
"Design-related lists",
"Design",
"Matter",
"Architecture lists"
] |
3,485,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoart | NanoArt is a novel art discipline related to science and technology. It depicts natural or synthetic structures with features sized at the nanometer scale, which are observed by electron or scanning probe microscopy techniques in scientific laboratories. The recorded two or three dimensional images and movies are proce... | Nanoart | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 437 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
3,487,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillet%20%28mechanics%29 | In mechanical engineering, a fillet (pronounced , like "fill it") is a rounding of an interior or exterior corner of a part. An interior or exterior corner, with an angle or type of bevel, is called a "chamfer". Fillet geometry, when on an interior corner is a line of concave function, whereas a fillet on an exterior c... | Fillet (mechanics) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 502 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
3,488,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds%20transport%20theorem | In differential calculus, the Reynolds transport theorem (also known as the Leibniz–Reynolds transport theorem), or simply the Reynolds theorem, named after Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912), is a three-dimensional generalization of the Leibniz integral rule. It is used to recast time derivatives of integrated quantities an... | Reynolds transport theorem | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 490 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Chemical engineering",
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Aerodynamics",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Physics theorems",
"Equations of fluid dynamic... |
3,489,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Andrew%20Goddard%20III | William Andrew Goddard III (born March 29, 1937) is the Charles and Mary Ferkel Professor of Chemistry and Applied Physics, and director of the Materials and Process Simulation Center at the California Institute of Technology.
Early life and education
William A. Goddard III was born in El Centro California and lived h... | William Andrew Goddard III | [
"Chemistry"
] | 422 | [
"Theoretical chemists",
"American theoretical chemists"
] |
113,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule%E2%80%93Thomson%20effect | In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is expanding; typically caused by the pressure loss from flow through a valve or porous plug while keeping it ... | Joule–Thomson effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,659 | [
"Matter",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Phases of matter",
"Cryogenics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,534,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regelation | Regelation is the phenomenon of ice melting under pressure and refreezing when the pressure is reduced. This can be demonstrated by looping a fine wire around a block of ice, with a heavy weight attached to it. The pressure exerted on the ice slowly melts it locally, permitting the wire to pass through the entire block... | Regelation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 871 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,536,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin-binding%20protein | Actin-binding proteins (also known as ABPs) are proteins that bind to actin. This may mean ability to bind actin monomers, or polymers, or both.
Many actin-binding proteins, including α-actinin, β-spectrin, dystrophin, utrophin and fimbrin, do this through the actin-binding calponin homology domain.
This is a list of... | Actin-binding protein | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,435 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Cell biology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
2,536,597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotribology | Nanotribology is the branch of tribology that studies friction, wear, adhesion and lubrication phenomena at the nanoscale, where atomic interactions and quantum effects are not negligible. The aim of this discipline is characterizing and modifying surfaces for both scientific and technological purposes.
Nanotribologic... | Nanotribology | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,064 | [
"Tribology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"nan",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
2,537,182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categories%20for%20the%20Working%20Mathematician | Categories for the Working Mathematician (CWM) is a textbook in category theory written by American mathematician Saunders Mac Lane, who cofounded the subject together with Samuel Eilenberg. It was first published in 1971, and is based on his lectures on the subject given at the University of Chicago, the Australian Na... | Categories for the Working Mathematician | [
"Mathematics"
] | 303 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical relations",
"Category theory"
] |
2,537,223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20polyhedron | In geometry, a uniform polyhedron has regular polygons as faces and is vertex-transitive—there is an isometry mapping any vertex onto any other. It follows that all vertices are congruent. Uniform polyhedra may be regular (if also face- and edge-transitive), quasi-regular (if also edge-transitive but not face-transitiv... | Uniform polyhedron | [
"Physics"
] | 3,320 | [
"Uniform polytopes",
"Uniform polyhedra",
"Symmetry"
] |
2,537,711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal%20chain | An ideal chain (or freely-jointed chain) is the simplest model in polymer chemistry to describe polymers, such as nucleic acids and proteins. It assumes that the monomers in a polymer are located at the steps of a hypothetical random walker that does not remember its previous steps. By neglecting interactions among mo... | Ideal chain | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,923 | [
"Polymer physics",
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
2,537,958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseledets%20theorem | In mathematics, the multiplicative ergodic theorem, or Oseledets theorem provides the theoretical background for computation of Lyapunov exponents of a nonlinear dynamical system. It was proved by Valery Oseledets (also spelled "Oseledec") in 1965 and reported at the International Mathematical Congress in Moscow in 196... | Oseledets theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 924 | [
"Theorems in dynamical systems",
"Ergodic theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
38,824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20power%20transmission | Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines that facilitate this movement form a transmission network. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, whi... | Electric power transmission | [
"Engineering"
] | 9,800 | [
"Electrical engineering"
] |
38,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase%20electric%20power | Three-phase electric power (abbreviated 3ϕ) is a common type of alternating current (AC) used in electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. It is a type of polyphase system employing three wires (or four including an optional neutral return wire) and is the most common method used by electrical grids world... | Three-phase electric power | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 6,064 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Electrical systems",
"Building engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Power (physics)",
"Electric power",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical wiring"
] |
38,873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult%27s%20law | Raoult's law ( law) is a relation of physical chemistry, with implications in thermodynamics. Proposed by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887, it states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (liquid or solid) multiplied b... | Raoult's law | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,045 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Separation processes",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Homogeneous chemical mixtures",
"Distillation",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Solutions",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
39,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia | Nvidia Corporation ( ) is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and incorporated in Delaware. Founded in 1993 by Jensen Huang (president and CEO), Chris Malachowsky, and Curtis Priem, it is a software company which designs and supplies graphics processing... | Nvidia | [
"Technology"
] | 9,405 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computer systems companies",
"Computers",
"Computer systems"
] |
39,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating%20expansion%20of%20the%20universe | Observations show that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy recedes from the observer is continuously increasing with time. The accelerated expansion of the universe was discovered in 1998 by two independent projects, the Supernova Cosmology Project and the Hig... | Accelerating expansion of the universe | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,345 | [
"Physical cosmological concepts",
"Cosmogony",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Physical quantities",
"Acceleration",
"Big Bang",
"Quantity",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
39,137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintessence%20%28physics%29 | In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field minimally coupled to gravity, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe. The first example of this scenario was proposed by Ratra and Peebles (1988) and Wetterich (198... | Quintessence (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,138 | [
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Physical quantities",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Energy (physics)",
"Dark energy",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
39,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson%27s%20eternal%20intelligence | Dyson's eternal intelligence (the Dyson Scenario) is a hypothetical concept, proposed by Freeman Dyson in 1979, by which an immortal society of intelligent beings in an open universe may escape the prospect of the heat death of the universe by performing an infinite number of computations (as defined below) though expe... | Dyson's eternal intelligence | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 592 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Theoretical physics",
"Physical cosmology",
"Astrophysics"
] |
39,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20free%20energy | In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system. The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden. ... | Thermodynamic free energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,066 | [
"State functions",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Energy (physics)",
"Thermodynamic free energy",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
39,406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20limit%20theorem | In probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) states that, under appropriate conditions, the distribution of a normalized version of the sample mean converges to a standard normal distribution. This holds even if the original variables themselves are not normally distributed. There are several versions of the ... | Central limit theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,497 | [
"Theorems in statistics",
"Central limit theorem",
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
39,407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac%20equation | In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin-1/2 massive particles, called "Dirac particles", such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry. It is ... | Dirac equation | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 8,871 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Equations of physics",
"Fermions",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Subatomic particles",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Dirac equation",
"Matter"
] |
39,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry | Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understand... | Geochemistry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 7,536 | [
"nan"
] |
39,619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroporation | Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane. This may allow chemicals, drugs, electrode arrays or DNA to be introduced into the cell (also called electrotransfer).
In microbiology, the process of... | Electroporation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,025 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Gene delivery"
] |
39,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis | Symbiosis (Ancient Greek : living with, companionship < : together; and bíōsis: living) is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction, between two organisms of different species. The two organisms, termed symbionts, can be either in a mutualistic, a commensalistic, or a parasitic relationship. In 1879,... | Symbiosis | [
"Biology"
] | 4,253 | [
"Biological interactions",
"Behavior",
"Symbiosis",
"Ecology"
] |
39,666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova%20remnant | A supernova remnant (SNR) is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova. The supernova remnant is bounded by an expanding shock wave, and consists of ejected material expanding from the explosion, and the interstellar material it sweeps up and shocks along the way.
There are two common routes... | Supernova remnant | [
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,287 | [
"Supernovae",
"Nebulae",
"Astronomical events",
"Explosions",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
39,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20nebula | A planetary nebula is a type of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars late in their lives.
The term "planetary nebula" is a misnomer because they are unrelated to planets. The term originates from the planet-like round shape of these nebulae observed by a... | Planetary nebula | [
"Physics"
] | 4,037 | [
"Astrophysics",
"Stellar evolution"
] |
39,739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal | In geometry, confocal means having the same foci: confocal conic sections.
For an optical cavity consisting of two mirrors, confocal means that they share their foci. If they are identical mirrors, their radius of curvature, Rmirror, equals L, where L is the distance between the mirrors.
In conic sections, it is sai... | Confocal | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 170 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
"Elementary mathematics",
"Elementary geometry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
39,774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20rotation | Optical rotation, also known as polarization rotation or circular birefringence, is the rotation of the orientation of the plane of polarization about the optical axis of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials. Circular birefringence and circular dichroism are the manifestations of optical act... | Optical rotation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,467 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Astrophysics",
"Space",
"nan",
"Spacetime",
"Polarization (waves)"
] |
39,846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outboard%20motor | An outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats, consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine, gearbox and propeller or jet drive, designed to be affixed to the outside of the transom. They are the most common motorised method of propelling small watercraft. As well as providing propulsion, outboards pro... | Outboard motor | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,653 | [
"Marine engines",
"Marine propulsion",
"Engines",
"Marine engineering"
] |
40,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia%20coli | Escherichia coli ( ) is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, where they constitute about 0.1%, along with other facultat... | Escherichia coli | [
"Biology"
] | 8,835 | [
"Biological models",
"Gut flora bacteria",
"Model organisms",
"Bacteria",
"Escherichia coli"
] |
40,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum%20toxin | Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction, thus causing flaccid paralysis. The toxin causes t... | Botulinum toxin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 8,608 | [
"Toxins by chemical classification",
"Protein toxins",
"Protein classification",
"Protein domains",
"Neurochemistry",
"Neurotoxins"
] |
40,180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer%20process | The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the tem... | Bessemer process | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,206 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Steelmaking",
"Metallurgy"
] |
40,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous%20orbit | A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds (one sidereal day). The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for an observer on Earth's surface, an object in geosynch... | Geosynchronous orbit | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,757 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Satellite broadcasting"
] |
40,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20impulse | Specific impulse (usually abbreviated ) is a measure of how efficiently a reaction mass engine, such as a rocket using propellant or a jet engine using fuel, generates thrust. In general, this is a ratio of the impulse, i.e. change in momentum, per mass of propellant. This is equivalent to "thrust per massflow". The r... | Specific impulse | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 4,622 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Engines",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics",
"Engine technology",
"Mechanics",
"Physical properties"
] |
40,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics | In physics and engineering, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD; also called magneto-fluid dynamics or hydromagnetics) is a model of electrically conducting fluids that treats all interpenetrating particle species together as a single continuous medium. It is primarily concerned with the low-frequency, large-scale, magnetic beh... | Magnetohydrodynamics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,342 | [
"Magnetohydrodynamics",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Plasma theory and modeling",
"Plasma physics"
] |
40,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland%20cement | Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the early 19th century by Joseph Aspdin, and is usually made from limestone. It is a fine powder... | Portland cement | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,103 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Concrete",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
40,364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrometer | An electrometer is an electrical instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference. There are many different types, ranging from historical handmade mechanical instruments to high-precision electronic devices. Modern electrometers based on vacuum tube or solid-state technology can be used to m... | Electrometer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,499 | [
"Voltmeters",
"Physical quantities",
"Measuring instruments",
"Voltage",
"Electrical meters"
] |
6,144,801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20speed | In solid mechanics, in the field of rotordynamics, the critical speed is the theoretical angular velocity that excites the natural frequency of a rotating object, such as a shaft, propeller, leadscrew, or gear. As the speed of rotation approaches the object's natural frequency, the object begins to resonate, which dram... | Critical speed | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 762 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
20,689,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20recoil | In nuclear physics, atomic recoil is the result of the interaction of an atom with an energetic elementary particle, when the momentum of the interacting particle is transferred to the atom as a whole without altering non-translational degrees of freedom of the atom. It is a purely quantum phenomenon. Atomic recoil was... | Atomic recoil | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 797 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
20,693,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment%20cost%E2%80%93benefit%20selection%20in%20physiology | Deployment cost–benefit selection in physiology concerns the costs and benefits of physiological process that can be deployed and selected in regard to whether they will increase or not an animal’s survival and biological fitness. Variably deployable physiological processes relate mostly to processes that defend or cl... | Deployment cost–benefit selection in physiology | [
"Biology"
] | 831 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Physiology"
] |
20,694,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20radiation%20modification | Solar radiation modification (SRM) (or solar radiation management or solar geoengineering), is a group of large-scale approaches to limit global warming by increasing the amount of sunlight (solar radiation) that is reflected away from Earth and back to space. Among the potential approaches, stratospheric aerosol inje... | Solar radiation modification | [
"Engineering"
] | 6,995 | [
"Planetary engineering",
"Geoengineering"
] |
20,695,220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMOLED | AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode; ) is a type of OLED display device technology. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in which organic compounds form the electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels.
Since 2007, AMOL... | AMOLED | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,447 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Molecular electronics",
"Electronic engineering",
"Display technology",
"Nanotechnology",
"Conductive polymers"
] |
20,695,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenScientist | OpenScientist is an integration of open source products working together to do scientific visualization and data analysis, in particular for high energy physics (HEP).
Among other things, it contains a light C++ AIDA implementation that can be used to run the histogramming part of Geant4 examples.
External links
D... | OpenScientist | [
"Physics"
] | 82 | [
"Computational physics",
"Experimental physics",
"Particle physics",
"Experimental particle physics",
"Particle physics stubs",
"Computational physics stubs",
"Physics software"
] |
452,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Qadeer%20Khan | Abdul Qadeer Khan, ( ; ; 1 April 1936 – 10 October 2021), known as A. Q. Khan, was a Pakistani nuclear physicist and metallurgical engineer who is colloquially known as the "father of Pakistan's atomic weapons program".
An émigré (Muhajir) from India who migrated to Pakistan in 1952, Khan was educated in the metallur... | Abdul Qadeer Khan | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 8,600 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Physical chemists",
"Theoretical physics",
"Materials science",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
452,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Laval%20nozzle | A de Laval nozzle (or convergent-divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con-di nozzle) is a tube which is pinched in the middle, with a rapid convergence and gradual divergence. It is used to accelerate a compressible fluid to supersonic speeds in the axial (thrust) direction, by converting the thermal energy of the flow into... | De Laval nozzle | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 1,452 | [
"Jet engines",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Engines",
"Astrophysics"
] |
452,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20body%20diagram | In physics and engineering, a free body diagram (FBD; also called a force diagram) is a graphical illustration used to visualize the applied forces, moments, and resulting reactions on a free body in a given condition. It depicts a body or connected bodies with all the applied forces and moments, and reactions, which a... | Free body diagram | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,430 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Structural analysis",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
452,667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20packet | In physics, a wave packet (also known as a wave train or wave group) is a short burst of localized wave action that travels as a unit, outlined by an envelope. A wave packet can be analyzed into, or can be synthesized from, a potentially-infinite set of component sinusoidal waves of different wavenumbers, with phases a... | Wave packet | [
"Physics"
] | 3,810 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics"
] |
453,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy%20weapon | A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a ranged weapon that damages its target with highly focused energy without a solid projectile, including lasers, microwaves, particle beams, and sound beams. Potential applications of this technology include weapons that target personnel, missiles, vehicles, and optical devices.
In th... | Directed-energy weapon | [
"Physics"
] | 4,975 | [
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Physical phenomena",
"Radiation"
] |
454,450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical%20mechanics | In theoretical physics and mathematical physics, analytical mechanics, or theoretical mechanics is a collection of closely related formulations of classical mechanics. Analytical mechanics uses scalar properties of motion representing the system as a whole—usually its kinetic energy and potential energy. The equations ... | Analytical mechanics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,000 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mechanics",
"Mathematical physics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
454,896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignard%20reaction | The Grignard reaction () is an organometallic chemical reaction in which, according to the classical definition, carbon alkyl, allyl, vinyl, or aryl magnesium halides (Grignard reagent) are added to the carbonyl groups of either an aldehyde or ketone under anhydrous conditions. This reaction is important for the format... | Grignard reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 991 | [
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Coupling reactions",
"Chemical tests",
"Organic reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
454,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream | A slipstream is a region behind a moving object in which a wake of fluid (typically air or water) is moving at velocities comparable to that of the moving object, relative to the ambient fluid through which the object is moving. The term slipstream also applies to the similar region adjacent to an object with a fluid m... | Slipstream | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 926 | [
"Aerospace engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
455,092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity%20%28electronics%29 | The sensitivity of an electronic device, such as a communications system receiver, or detection device, such as a PIN diode, is the minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a specified output signal having a specified signal-to-noise ratio, or other specified criteria. In general, it is the signal level re... | Sensitivity (electronics) | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,681 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical parameters"
] |
455,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet%20%28device%29 | A ratchet (occasionally spelled rachet) is a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction. Ratchets are widely used in machinery and tools. The word ratchet is also used informally to refer to a ratcheting socket wrench.
Theo... | Ratchet (device) | [
"Engineering"
] | 515 | [
"Mechanical engineering",
"Mechanisms (engineering)"
] |
18,481,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinium%28V%29%20chloride | Protactinium(V) chloride is the chemical compound composed of protactinium and chlorine with the formula PaCl5. It forms yellow monoclinic crystals and has a unique structure composed of chains of 7 coordinate, pentagonal bipyramidal, protactinium atoms sharing edges.
Protactinium(V) chloride can react with boron trib... | Protactinium(V) chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 146 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
18,482,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleuron%20%28architecture%29 | A fleuron is a flower-shaped ornament, and in architecture may have a number of meanings:
It is a collective noun for the ornamental termination at the ridge of a roof, such as a crop, finial or épi.
It is also a form of stylised Late Gothic decoration in the form of a four-leafed square, often seen on crockets and... | Fleuron (architecture) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 144 | [
"Building engineering",
"Architectural elements",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
18,482,489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption%20edge | In physics, an absorption edge (also known as an absorption discontinuity or absorption limit) is a sharp discontinuity in the absorption spectrum of a substance. These discontinuities occur at wavelengths where the energy of an absorbed photon corresponds to an electronic transition or ionization potential. When the q... | Absorption edge | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 248 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Waves",
"Radiation",
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
18,484,291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource%20intensity | Resource intensity is a measure of the resources (e.g. water, energy, materials) needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of good or service, or for the completion of a process or activity; it is therefore a measure of the efficiency of resource use. It is often expressed as the quantity of resource... | Resource intensity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 353 | [
"Energy economics",
"Environmental social science stubs",
"Thermodynamics",
"Environmental social science",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
18,484,667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20blocker | Alpha blockers, also known as α-blockers or α-adrenoreceptor antagonists, are a class of pharmacological agents that act as antagonists on α-adrenergic receptors (α-adrenoceptors).
Historically, alpha-blockers were used as a tool for pharmacologic research to develop a greater understanding of the autonomic nervous s... | Alpha blocker | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,230 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Alpha blockers"
] |
18,485,004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efaroxan | Efaroxan is an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist and antagonist of the imidazoline receptor.
Synthesis
The Darzens reaction between 2-fluorobenzaldehyde [57848-46-1] (1) and Ethyl 2-bromobutyrate [533-68-6] (2) gives ethyl 2-ethyl-3-(2-fluorophenyl)oxirane-2-carboxylate, CID:100942311 (3). A catalytic hydrogenation o... | Efaroxan | [
"Chemistry"
] | 329 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
18,487,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline%20mosaicism | Germline mosaicism, also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic information is found specifically within the gamete cells; conversely, somatic mosaicism is a type of genetic mosaicism found in somatic cells. Germline mosaicism can be present at the same time as somat... | Germline mosaicism | [
"Biology"
] | 1,038 | [
"Genetics"
] |
10,444,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolymerization | Depolymerization (or depolymerisation) is the process of converting a polymer into a monomer or a mixture of monomers. This process is driven by an increase in entropy.
Ceiling temperature
The tendency of polymers to depolymerize is indicated by their ceiling temperature. At this temperature, the enthalpy of polymeri... | Depolymerization | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 381 | [
"Polymer stubs",
"Polymers",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
10,446,157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COCO%20simulator | The COCO Simulator is a free-of-charge, non-commercial, graphical, modular and CAPE-OPEN compliant, steady-state, sequential simulation process modeling environment. It was originally intended as a test environment for CAPE-OPEN modeling tools but now provides free chemical process simulation for students. It is an ope... | COCO simulator | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 434 | [
"Chemical engineering software",
"Chemical engineering"
] |
10,451,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20catchment%20management | Integrated catchment management (ICM) is a subset of environmental planning which approaches sustainable resource management from a catchment perspective, in contrast to a piecemeal approach that artificially separates land management from water management.
Details
Integrated catchment management recognizes the existe... | Integrated catchment management | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 188 | [
"Hydrology",
"Architecture",
"Urban planning",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
10,451,852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahm%20equations | In differential geometry and gauge theory, the Nahm equations are a system of ordinary differential equations introduced by Werner Nahm in the context of the Nahm transform – an alternative to Ward's twistor construction of monopoles. The Nahm equations are formally analogous to the algebraic equations in the ADHM cons... | Nahm equations | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 538 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Integrable systems",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Differential equations",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
10,452,186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20problem%20for%20Lagrangian%20mechanics | In mathematics, the inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics is the problem of determining whether a given system of ordinary differential equations can arise as the Euler–Lagrange equations for some Lagrangian function.
There has been a great deal of activity in the study of this problem since the early 20th century.... | Inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,206 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Lagrangian mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Inverse problems",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
12,744,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20bracket | Lagrange brackets are certain expressions closely related to Poisson brackets that were introduced by Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1808–1810 for the purposes of mathematical formulation of classical mechanics, but unlike the Poisson brackets, have fallen out of use.
Definition
Suppose that (q1, ..., qn, p1, ..., pn) is a... | Lagrange bracket | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 602 | [
"Hamiltonian mechanics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
12,746,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocompact%20group%20action | In mathematics, an action of a group G on a topological space X is cocompact if the quotient space X/G is a compact space. If X is locally compact, then an equivalent condition is that there is a compact subset K of X such that the image of K under the action of G covers X. It is sometimes referred to as mpact, a tongu... | Cocompact group action | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 108 | [
"Topology stubs",
"Topology",
"Group actions",
"Symmetry"
] |
12,747,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20space%20%28mathematics%29 | In the mathematical subject of geometric group theory, the Culler–Vogtmann Outer space or just Outer space of a free group Fn is a topological space consisting of the so-called "marked metric graph structures" of volume 1 on Fn. The Outer space, denoted Xn or CVn, comes equipped with a natural action of the group of ou... | Outer space (mathematics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,996 | [
"Geometric group theory",
"Group actions",
"Geometric topology",
"Topology",
"Symmetry"
] |
12,750,298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%20dynamics | Reaction dynamics is a field within physical chemistry, studying why chemical reactions occur, how to predict their behavior, and how to control them. It is closely related to chemical kinetics, but is concerned with individual chemical events on atomic length scales and over very brief time periods. It considers stat... | Reaction dynamics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 444 | [
"Physical chemistry",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"nan"
] |
12,752,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%20of%20inversion | An island of inversion is a region of the chart of nuclides where isotopes have enhanced stability in a sea of mostly very unstable nuclei at the edge of the nuclear map. Each island contains isotopes with a non-standard ordering of single particle levels in the nuclear shell model. Such an area was first described in ... | Island of inversion | [
"Physics"
] | 243 | [
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
12,752,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloenzyme | Alloenzymes (or also called allozymes) are variant forms of an enzyme which differ structurally but not functionally from other allozymes coded for by different alleles at the same locus. These are opposed to isozymes, which are enzymes that perform the same function, but which are coded by genes located at different l... | Alloenzyme | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 389 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Taxonomy (biology)",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Phylogenetics"
] |
19,498,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20pair%20breaking%20in%20fission | Nucleon pair breaking in fission has been an important topic in nuclear physics for decades. "Nucleon pair" refers to nucleon pairing effects which strongly influence the nuclear properties of a nuclide.
The most measured quantities in research on nuclear fission are the charge and mass fragments yields for uranium-23... | Nucleon pair breaking in fission | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 396 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Fission products",
"Nuclear fallout",
"Nuclear chemistry stubs",
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
19,503,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20number | The neutron number (symbol N) is the number of neutrons in a nuclide.
Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number: . The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: .
Neutron number is not written explicitly in nuclide symbol notation, but can b... | Neutron number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 851 | [
"Nuclear chemistry stubs",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
19,505,063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20clock | A matrix clock is a mechanism for capturing chronological and causal relationships in a distributed system.
Matrix clocks are a generalization of the notion of vector clocks. A matrix clock maintains a vector of the vector clocks for each communicating host.
Every time a message is exchanged, the sending host sends n... | Matrix clock | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 123 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Computer science stubs",
"Computer science",
"Computing stubs",
"Spacetime",
"Logical clock algorithms"
] |
17,302,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructolysis | Fructolysis refers to the metabolism of fructose from dietary sources. Though the metabolism of glucose through glycolysis uses many of the same enzymes and intermediate structures as those in fructolysis, the two sugars have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Under one percent of ingested fructose is ... | Fructolysis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,529 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Cellular respiration",
"Biochemistry",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"nan",
"Metabolic pathways",
"Metabolism"
] |
17,303,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic%20potential-flow%20code | In fluid dynamics, aerodynamic potential flow codes or panel codes are used to determine the fluid velocity, and subsequently the pressure distribution, on an object. This may be a simple two-dimensional object, such as a circle or wing, or it may be a three-dimensional vehicle.
A series of singularities as sources, ... | Aerodynamic potential-flow code | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,111 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
17,303,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic%20pipework | Plastic pipe is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder, made of plastic. It is usually, but not necessarily, of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow—liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural applications; hollow pipes a... | Plastic pipework | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,361 | [
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Plumbing",
"Construction",
"Pipe manufacture",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Piping"
] |
22,173,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20conjecture | In the branch of mathematics called knot theory, the volume conjecture is an open problem that relates quantum invariants of knots to the hyperbolic geometry of their complements.
Statement
Let O denote the unknot. For any knot , let be the Kashaev invariant of , which may be defined as
,
where is the -Colored Jo... | Volume conjecture | [
"Mathematics"
] | 601 | [
"Geometry problems",
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Unsolved problems in geometry",
"Conjectures",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
22,174,129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20matrix | In mathematical biology, the community matrix is the linearization of a generalized Lotka–Volterra equation at an equilibrium point. The eigenvalues of the community matrix determine the stability of the equilibrium point.
For example, the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model is
where x(t) denotes the number of prey, y... | Community matrix | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 231 | [
"Mathematical and theoretical biology",
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Mechanics",
"Applied mathematics stubs",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
760,994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20mobility | In solid-state physics, the electron mobility characterises how quickly an electron can move through a metal or semiconductor when pushed or pulled by an electric field. There is an analogous quantity for holes, called hole mobility. The term carrier mobility refers in general to both electron and hole mobility.
Elect... | Electron mobility | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,742 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Matter",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Charge carriers",
"Semiconductors",
"Quantity",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter phy... |
761,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijke%20tube | The Rijke tube is a cylindrical tube with both ends open, inside of which a heat source is placed that turns heat into sound, by creating a self-amplifying standing wave, due to thermo-acoustic instability. It is an entertaining phenomenon in acoustics and is an excellent example of resonance.
Discovery
P. L. Rijke w... | Rijke tube | [
"Physics"
] | 1,565 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
762,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio%20Natta | Giulio Natta (; 26 February 1903 – 2 May 1979) was an Italian chemical engineer and Nobel laureate. He won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 with Karl Ziegler for work on high density polymers. He also received a Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1969.
Biography
Early years
Natta was born in Imperia, Italy. He earned his degr... | Giulio Natta | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 596 | [
"Physical chemists",
"Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Science and technology awards",
"Polymer scientists and engineers"
] |
762,691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical%20fluid | A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist, but below the pressure required to compress it into a solid. It can effuse through porous solids like a gas, overcoming the mass transfer limitations that slow liquid tra... | Supercritical fluid | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,678 | [
"Matter",
"Physical phenomena",
"Phases of matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
762,970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse%20potential | The Morse potential, named after physicist Philip M. Morse, is a convenient
interatomic interaction model for the potential energy of a diatomic molecule. It is a better approximation for the vibrational structure of the molecule than the quantum harmonic oscillator because it explicitly includes the effects of bond b... | Morse potential | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,312 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum models",
"Quantum mechanical potentials",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
"Chemical bonding",
" and optical physics"
] |
763,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier%20Luigi%20Nervi | Pier Luigi Nervi (21 June 1891 – 9 January 1979) was an Italian engineer and architect. He studied at the University of Bologna graduating in 1913. Nervi taught as a professor of engineering at Rome University from 1946 to 1961 and is known worldwide as a structural engineer and architect and for his innovative use of ... | Pier Luigi Nervi | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,425 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Structural engineers"
] |
763,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold%20%28geology%29 | In structural geology, a fold is a stack of originally planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, that are bent or curved ("folded") during permanent deformation. Folds in rocks vary in size from microscopic crinkles to mountain-sized folds. They occur as single isolated folds or in periodic sets (known as fold trai... | Fold (geology) | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,806 | [
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Materials science"
] |
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