id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10,516,723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detrended%20fluctuation%20analysis | In stochastic processes, chaos theory and time series analysis, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is a method for determining the statistical self-affinity of a signal. It is useful for analysing time series that appear to be long-memory processes (diverging correlation time, e.g. power-law decaying autocorrelation ... | Detrended fluctuation analysis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,483 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
10,518,546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology%20life%20cycle | The technology life cycle (TLC) describes the commercial gain of a product through the expense of research and development phase, and the financial return during its "vital life". Some technologies, such as steel, paper or cement manufacturing, have a long lifespan (with minor variations in technology incorporated with... | Technology life cycle | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 2,655 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Diffusion",
"Science and technology studies"
] |
10,523,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Bromhead | Sir Edward Thomas ffrench Bromhead, 2nd Baronet FRS FRSE (26 March 1789 – 14 March 1855) was a British landowner and mathematician, best remembered as patron of the mathematician and physicist George Green and mentor of George Boole.
Life
Born the son of Gonville Bromhead, 1st Baronet Bromhead (grandfather of the Brit... | Edward Bromhead | [
"Mathematics"
] | 570 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysts"
] |
10,523,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degranulation | Degranulation is a cellular process that releases antimicrobial, cytotoxic, or other molecules from secretory vesicles called granules found inside some cells. It is used by several different cells involved in the immune system, including granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells). It is also us... | Degranulation | [
"Biology"
] | 508 | [
"Immunology",
"Cell biology",
"nan"
] |
8,135,659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20decay | In particle physics, particle decay is the spontaneous process of one unstable subatomic particle transforming into multiple other particles. The particles created in this process (the final state) must each be less massive than the original, although the total mass of the system must be conserved. A particle is unstab... | Particle decay | [
"Physics"
] | 890 | [
"Particle physics"
] |
8,136,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20basis%20%28linear%20programming%29 | The Hilbert basis of a convex cone C is a minimal set of integer vectors in C such that every integer vector in C is a conical combination of the vectors in the Hilbert basis with integer coefficients.
Definition
Given a lattice and a convex polyhedral cone with generators
we consider the monoid . By Gordan's le... | Hilbert basis (linear programming) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 186 | [
"Eponyms in geometry",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Discrete geometry",
"Applied mathematics stubs",
"Geometry"
] |
8,138,006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian%20crucible | A Hessian crucible is a type of ceramic crucible that was manufactured in the Hesse region of Germany from the late Middle Ages through the Renaissance period. They were renowned for their ability to withstand very high temperatures, rapid changes in temperature, and strong reagents. These crucibles were widely used fo... | Hessian crucible | [
"Chemistry"
] | 177 | [
"nan"
] |
8,139,076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline%20development | In developmental biology, the cells that give rise to the gametes are often set aside during embryonic cleavage. During development, these cells will differentiate into primordial germ cells, migrate to the location of the gonad, and form the germline of the animal.
Creation of germ plasm and primordial germ cells
Cle... | Germline development | [
"Biology"
] | 3,111 | [
"Behavior",
"Developmental biology",
"Reproduction"
] |
8,140,063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinkfree%20Office | Thinkfree Office is a web-based commercial office productivity suite developed by Thinkfree Inc. It includes Word (a word processor), Spreadsheet (a spreadsheet) and Presentation (a presentation program).
They are compatible with Microsoft Office's Word, PowerPoint, and Excel. It also features collaborative editing. ... | Thinkfree Office | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 693 | [
"Collaborative real-time editors",
"Spreadsheet software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
8,140,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvoretzky%E2%80%93Kiefer%E2%80%93Wolfowitz%20inequality | In the theory of probability and statistics, the Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz–Massart inequality (DKW inequality) provides a bound on the worst case distance of an empirically determined distribution function from its associated population distribution function. It is named after Aryeh Dvoretzky, Jack Kiefer, and Jacob W... | Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality | [
"Mathematics"
] | 911 | [
"Theorems in statistics",
"Statistical inequalities",
"Inequalities (mathematics)"
] |
8,140,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASEB%20Excellence%20in%20Science%20Award | The Excellence in Science Award was established by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) in 1989 to recognize outstanding achievement by women in biological science. All women who are members of one or more of the societies of FASEB are eligible for nomination. Nominations recognize a ... | FASEB Excellence in Science Award | [
"Technology"
] | 395 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Biology awards",
"Science awards honoring women"
] |
8,142,356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoleamine%202%2C3-dioxygenase | Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO ) is a heme-containing enzyme physiologically expressed in a number of tissues and cells, such as the small intestine, lungs, female genital tract or placenta. In humans is encoded by the IDO1 gene. IDO is involved in tryptophan metabolism. It is one of three enzymes tha... | Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase | [
"Biology"
] | 1,161 | [
"Immune system",
"Organ systems"
] |
8,142,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational%20application | In computing, a situational application is "good enough" software created for a narrow group of users with a unique set of needs. The application typically (but not always) has a short life span, and is often created within the group where it is used, sometimes by the users themselves. As the requirements of a small te... | Situational application | [
"Engineering"
] | 542 | [
"Software engineering",
"Web development"
] |
8,143,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Technologies%20Demonstrator%20Programme | The New Technologies Demonstrator Programme is a scheme part of Defra's Waste Implementation Programme, New Technologies Workstream, to demonstrate advanced solid waste processing technologies in England. A pot of £30million was allocated to fund 10 demonstrator projects with the project being headed by Dave Brooks at ... | New Technologies Demonstrator Programme | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 536 | [
"Water treatment",
"Waste treatment technology",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
8,145,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Darwin | Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now generally accepted and considered a fundamental scientific co... | Charles Darwin | [
"Biology"
] | 13,590 | [
"Behavior",
"Ethologists",
"Bioinformatics",
"Theoretical biologists",
"Ethology"
] |
12,795,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20principle%20%28large%20deviations%20theory%29 | In mathematics, Laplace's principle is a basic theorem in large deviations theory which is similar to Varadhan's lemma. It gives an asymptotic expression for the Lebesgue integral of exp(−θφ(x)) over a fixed set A as θ becomes large. Such expressions can be used, for example, in statistical mechanics to determining the... | Laplace principle (large deviations theory) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 247 | [
"Statistical mechanics stubs",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical principles",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Asymptotic analysis",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
19,568,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20elastic%20material | In physics, a Cauchy-elastic material is one in which the stress at each point is determined only by the current state of deformation with respect to an arbitrary reference configuration. A Cauchy-elastic material is also called a simple elastic material.
It follows from this definition that the stress in a Cauchy-ela... | Cauchy elastic material | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 674 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Classical mechanics",
"Physical properties"
] |
19,570,879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston%20effect | Piston effect refers to the forced-air flow inside a tunnel or shaft caused by moving vehicles. It is one of numerous phenomena that engineers and designers must consider when developing a range of structures.
Cause
In open air, when a vehicle travels along, air pushed aside can move in any direction except into the... | Piston effect | [
"Physics"
] | 1,037 | [
"Physical phenomena"
] |
19,571,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly%20symmetric%20space | In mathematics, a weakly symmetric space is a notion introduced by the Norwegian mathematician Atle Selberg in the 1950s as a generalisation of symmetric space, due to Élie Cartan. Geometrically the spaces are defined as complete Riemannian manifolds such that any two points can be exchanged by an isometry, the symmetr... | Weakly symmetric space | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 147 | [
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Group actions",
"Homogeneous spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Algebraic structures",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
19,572,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovative%20Interstellar%20Explorer | Innovative Interstellar Explorer was a NASA "Vision Mission" study funded by NASA following a proposal under NRA-03-OSS-01 on 11 September 2003. This study focused on measuring the interstellar medium, the region outside the influence of the nearest star, the Sun. It proposes to use a radioisotope thermal generator to ... | Innovative Interstellar Explorer | [
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 556 | [
"Hypothetical spacecraft",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Interstellar travel",
"Exploratory engineering"
] |
19,572,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza | Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms begin one to four (typically two) days after exposure to the virus and last for ab... | Influenza | [
"Biology"
] | 13,772 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccine-preventable diseases"
] |
118,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20gap | In solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, a band gap, also called a bandgap or energy gap, is an energy range in a solid where no electronic states exist. In graphs of the electronic band structure of solids, the band gap refers to the energy difference (often expressed in electronvolts) between the top of the ... | Band gap | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,501 | [
"Electron",
"Electron states",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Molecular physics",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Electronic band structures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
118,450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation | Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services. ISO TC 279 in the standard ISO 56000:2020 defines innovation as "a new or changed entity, realizing or redistributing value". Others have different definitions; a co... | Innovation | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 7,593 | [
"Design",
"Science and technology studies"
] |
118,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetar | A magnetar is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field (~109 to 1011 T, ~1013 to 1015 G). The magnetic-field decay powers the emission of high-energy electromagnetic radiation, particularly X-rays and gamma rays.
The existence of magnetars was proposed in 1992 by Robert Duncan and Christopher T... | Magnetar | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,406 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Magnetars",
"Astronomical classification systems",
"Magnetism in astronomy",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Star types"
] |
3,511,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98e%C5%BE | Řež () is a village and administrative part of Husinec in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.
Řež is the site of a nuclear research centre and a chemical factory. In August 2002 there was a serious flood which damaged the site.
Řež has a railway connection by Prague - Kralupy nad Vltavou line. The stop... | Řež | [
"Physics"
] | 170 | [
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
3,512,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenin | Angiogenin (ANG) also known as ribonuclease 5 is a small 123 amino acid protein that in humans is encoded by the ANG gene. Angiogenin is a potent stimulator of new blood vessels through the process of angiogenesis. Ang hydrolyzes cellular RNA, resulting in modulated levels of protein synthesis and interacts with DNA ca... | Angiogenin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,119 | [
"Natural products",
"Organic compounds",
"Structural biology",
"Biomolecules",
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
3,512,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20%28mathematical%20logic%29 | In mathematical logic, a theory (also called a formal theory) is a set of sentences in a formal language. In most scenarios a deductive system is first understood from context, after which an element of a deductively closed theory is then called a theorem of the theory. In many deductive systems there is usually a su... | Theory (mathematical logic) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,873 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Logical expressions"
] |
3,514,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20telluride | Zinc telluride is a binary chemical compound with the formula ZnTe. This solid is a semiconductor material with a direct band gap of 2.26 eV. It is usually a p-type semiconductor. Its crystal structure is cubic, like that for sphalerite and diamond.
Properties
ZnTe has the appearance of grey or brownish-red powder, ... | Zinc telluride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 821 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"II-VI semiconductors",
"Terahertz technology"
] |
3,514,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20shielding | Lead shielding refers to the use of lead as a form of radiation protection to shield people or objects from radiation so as to reduce the effective dose. Lead can effectively attenuate certain kinds of radiation because of its high density and high atomic number; principally, it is effective at stopping gamma rays and... | Lead shielding | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 846 | [
"Radiobiology",
"Medical equipment",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactivity",
"Medical technology"
] |
3,514,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%20phosphide | Gallium phosphide (GaP), a phosphide of gallium, is a compound semiconductor material with an indirect band gap of 2.24eV at room temperature. Impure polycrystalline material has the appearance of pale orange or grayish pieces. Undoped single crystals are orange, but strongly doped wafers appear darker due to free-carr... | Gallium phosphide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 558 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Materials",
"Optical materials",
"III-V semiconductors",
"Light-emitting diode materials",
"III-V compounds",
"Matter"
] |
3,514,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20gallium%20nitride | Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) is a semiconductor material. It is any alloy of aluminium nitride and gallium nitride.
The bandgap of AlxGa1−xN can be tailored from 4.3eV (xAl=0) to 6.2eV (xAl=1).
AlGaN is used to manufacture light-emitting diodes operating in blue to ultraviolet region, where wavelengths down to 2... | Aluminium gallium nitride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 318 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Semiconductor materials",
"III-V semiconductors",
"Light-emitting diode materials",
"III-V compounds"
] |
3,515,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabaztag | Nabaztag (Armenian for "hare", նապաստակ (napastak)) is a Wi-Fi enabled ambient electronic device in the shape of a rabbit, invented by Rafi Haladjian and Olivier Mével, and manufactured by the company Violet. Nabaztag was designed to be a "smart object" comparable to those manufactured by Ambient Devices; it can connec... | Nabaztag | [
"Biology"
] | 1,982 | [
"Animals",
"Robotic animals"
] |
6,183,028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxycytidine%20triphosphate | Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is a nucleoside triphosphate that contains the pyrimidine base cytosine. The triphosphate group contains high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds, which liberate energy when hydrolized.
DNA polymerase enzymes use this energy to incorporate deoxycytidine into a newly synthesized strand of D... | Deoxycytidine triphosphate | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 239 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
6,187,083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon%20spin%20structure | Nucleon spin structure describes the partonic structure of nucleon (proton and neutron) intrinsic angular momentum (spin). The key question is how the nucleon's spin, whose magnitude is 1/2ħ, is carried by its constituent partons (quarks and gluons). It was originally expected before the 1980s that quarks carry all of ... | Nucleon spin structure | [
"Physics"
] | 425 | [
"Standard Model",
"Particle physics"
] |
18,536,695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomorphic%20cell | The nanomorphic cell is a conception of an atomic-level, integrated, self-sustaining microsystem with five main functions: internal energy supply, sensing, actuation, computation and communication. Atomic level integration provides the ultimate functionality per unit volume for microsystems. The nanomorphic cell abstra... | Nanomorphic cell | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 445 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Microtechnology"
] |
18,539,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20geophysics | Computational geophysics is the field of study that uses any type of numerical computations to generate and analyze models of complex geophysical systems. It can be considered an extension, or sub-field, of both computational physics and geophysics. In recent years, computational power, data availability, and modelling... | Computational geophysics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 750 | [
"Computational fields of study",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computational science",
"Computing and society",
"Geophysics"
] |
1,846,548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Celestial%20Reference%20System%20and%20its%20realizations | The International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is the current standard celestial reference system adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Its origin is at the barycenter of the Solar System, with axes that are intended to "show no global rotation with respect to a set of distant extragalactic object... | International Celestial Reference System and its realizations | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,054 | [
"Coordinate systems",
"Frames of reference",
"Astrometry",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astronomical coordinate systems",
"Theory of relativity",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
1,846,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe%20modeling | Catastrophe modeling (also known as cat modeling) is the process of using computer-assisted calculations to estimate the losses that could be sustained due to a catastrophic event such as a hurricane or earthquake. Cat modeling is especially applicable to analyzing risks in the insurance industry and is at the conflue... | Catastrophe modeling | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 860 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Applied mathematics",
"Actuarial science",
"Natural hazards",
"Environmental modelling"
] |
1,847,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20Scintillator%20Neutrino%20Detector | The Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) was a scintillation counter at Los Alamos National Laboratory that measured the number of neutrinos being produced by an accelerator neutrino source. The LSND project was created to look for evidence of neutrino oscillation, and its results conflict with the Standard Mod... | Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector | [
"Physics"
] | 354 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Particle physics"
] |
1,848,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrathecal%20administration | Intrathecal administration is a route of administration for drugs via an injection into the spinal canal, or into the subarachnoid space so that it reaches the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is useful in several applications, such as for spinal anesthesia, chemotherapy, or pain management. This route is also used to int... | Intrathecal administration | [
"Chemistry"
] | 886 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Routes of administration"
] |
1,848,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azurophilic%20granule | An azurophilic granule is a cellular object readily stainable with a Romanowsky stain. In white blood cells and hyperchromatin, staining imparts a burgundy or merlot coloration. Neutrophils in particular are known for containing azurophils loaded with a wide variety of anti-microbial defensins that fuse with phagocyti... | Azurophilic granule | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 305 | [
"Staining",
"Microbiology techniques",
"Cell imaging",
"Microscopy"
] |
1,848,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusee%20%28horology%29 | A fusee (from the French fusée, wire wound around a spindle) is a cone-shaped pulley with a helical groove around it, wound with a cord or chain attached to the mainspring barrel of antique mechanical watches and clocks. It was used from the 15th century to the early 20th century to improve timekeeping by equalizing th... | Fusee (horology) | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 1,963 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Horology",
"Time",
"Timekeeping components",
"Spacetime",
"Components"
] |
1,848,952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20resistivities%20of%20the%20elements%20%28data%20page%29 |
Electrical resistivity
References
WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
D.R... | Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 472 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical data pages",
"Quantity",
"Chemical element data pages",
"nan",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
1,850,013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitterbewegung | In physics, the zitterbewegung (, ) is the theoretical prediction of a rapid oscillatory motion of elementary particles that obey relativistic wave equations. This prediction was first discussed by Gregory Breit in 1928 and later by Erwin Schrödinger in 1930 as a result of analysis of the wave packet solutions of the ... | Zitterbewegung | [
"Physics"
] | 1,227 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
1,850,216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s%20theorem%20on%20sums%20of%20two%20squares | In additive number theory, Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares states that an odd prime p can be expressed as:
with x and y integers, if and only if
The prime numbers for which this is true are called Pythagorean primes.
For example, the primes 5, 13, 17, 29, 37 and 41 are all congruent to 1 modulo 4, and they ca... | Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,801 | [
"Theorems in number theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Squares in number theory",
"Number theory"
] |
253,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension%20of%20an%20algebraic%20variety | In mathematics and specifically in algebraic geometry, the dimension of an algebraic variety may be defined in various equivalent ways.
Some of these definitions are of geometric nature, while some other are purely algebraic and rely on commutative algebra. Some are restricted to algebraic varieties while others apply... | Dimension of an algebraic variety | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 1,497 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Physical quantities",
"Computer algebra",
"Computational mathematics",
"Computer science",
"Theory of relativity",
"Dimension",
"Algebra"
] |
253,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten%20kinetics | In biochemistry, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, named after Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten, is the simplest case of enzyme kinetics, applied to enzyme-catalysed reactions of one substrate and one product. It takes the form of a differential equation describing the reaction rate (rate of formation of product P, with conc... | Michaelis–Menten kinetics | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,730 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Enzyme kinetics"
] |
253,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20computing | DNA computing is an emerging branch of unconventional computing which uses DNA, biochemistry, and molecular biology hardware, instead of the traditional electronic computing. Research and development in this area concerns theory, experiments, and applications of DNA computing. Although the field originally started wit... | DNA computing | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 3,473 | [
"DNA nanotechnology",
"Computer systems",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Nanotechnology",
"Computers",
"Classes of computers"
] |
253,849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value%20%28insulation%29 | The R-value (in K⋅m2/W) is a measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the conductive flow of heat, in the context of construction. R-value is the temperature difference per unit of heat flux needed to sustain one unit of heat flux betw... | R-value (insulation) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 7,974 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Building engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Thermodynamics",
"Architecture"
] |
254,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramicroscope | An ultramicroscope is a microscope with a system that lights the object in a way that allows viewing of tiny particles via light scattering, and not light reflection or absorption. When the diameter of a particle is below or near the wavelength of visible light (around 500 nanometers), the particle cannot be seen in a ... | Ultramicroscope | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 550 | [
" absorption and radiative transfer (optics)",
"Measuring instruments",
"Scattering",
"Microscopes",
"Microscopy"
] |
254,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic%20cell | A galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after the scientists Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, respectively, is an electrochemical cell in which an electric current is generated from spontaneous oxidation–reduction reactions. An example of a galvanic cell consists of two different metals, each immersed in separate bea... | Galvanic cell | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,407 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Corrosion",
"Electrochemical concepts",
"Electrochemistry",
"Materials degradation"
] |
254,533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic%20protection | Cathodic protection (CP; ) is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. A simple method of protection connects the metal to be protected to a more easily corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode. The sacrificial metal then corrodes instead... | Cathodic protection | [
"Chemistry"
] | 6,292 | [
"Corrosion prevention",
"Corrosion",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
254,777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry | In mathematics, an isometry (or congruence, or congruent transformation) is a distance-preserving transformation between metric spaces, usually assumed to be bijective. The word isometry is derived from the Ancient Greek: ἴσος isos meaning "equal", and μέτρον metron meaning "measure". If the transformation is from a me... | Isometry | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,672 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
255,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive%20testing | Nondestructive testing (NDT) is any of a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and technology industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage.
The terms nondestructive examination (NDE), nondestructive inspection (NDI), and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) are al... | Nondestructive testing | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,371 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Nondestructive testing",
"Materials testing",
"nan",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Maintenance"
] |
255,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive%20testing | In destructive testing (or destructive physical analysis, DPA) tests are carried out to the specimen's failure, in order to understand a specimen's performance or material behavior under different loads. These tests are generally much easier to carry out, yield more information, and are easier to interpret than nondes... | Destructive testing | [
"Engineering"
] | 673 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Mechanical tests",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Earthquake engineering"
] |
255,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo%20theory | In physics, the dynamo theory proposes a mechanism by which a celestial body such as Earth or a star generates a magnetic field. The dynamo theory describes the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time scales. A dynamo is thoug... | Dynamo theory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,754 | [
"Plasma physics",
"Magnetohydrodynamics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma theory and modeling",
"Magnetism in astronomy",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
255,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater | Seawater, or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has approximately of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium () and chloride () ions). The avera... | Seawater | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,585 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Chemical oceanography",
"Ecosystems",
"Physical oceanography",
"Aquatic ecology"
] |
255,446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20potential | A thermodynamic potential (or more accurately, a thermodynamic potential energy) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system. Just as in mechanics, where potential energy is defined as capacity to do work, similarly different potentials have different meanings. The concept of thermodynami... | Thermodynamic potential | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,467 | [
"Thermodynamic equations",
"Equations of physics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
255,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz%20free%20energy | In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature (isothermal). The change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system c... | Helmholtz free energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,731 | [
"State functions",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamic free energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical properties"
] |
2,567,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minatec | Minatec (initially called the Micro and Nanotechnology Innovation Centre) is a research complex specializing in micro/nano technologies in Grenoble, France.
The center was inaugurated in June 2006 by François Loos, French Minister Delegate for Industry, as a partnership between LETI (the Electronics and Information Te... | Minatec | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 376 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanotechnology institutions",
"Materials science",
"Microtechnology"
] |
2,568,484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geon%20%28physics%29 | In general relativity, a geon is a nonsingular electromagnetic or gravitational wave which is held together in a confined region by the gravitational attraction of its own field energy. They were first investigated theoretically in 1955 by J. A. Wheeler, who coined the term as a contraction of "gravitational electroma... | Geon (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 434 | [
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"General relativity",
"Quantum gravity",
"Density",
"Theory of relativity",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model"
] |
2,568,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannock%20Device | The Brannock Device is a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock for measuring a person's shoe size. Brannock spent two years developing a simple means of measuring the length, width, and arch length of the human foot. He eventually improved on the wooden RITZ Stick, the industry standard of the day, paten... | Brannock Device | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,308 | [
"Quantity",
"Dimensional instruments",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
2,570,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic | Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources. Historically, bioplastics made from natural materials like shellac or cellulose had been the first plastics. Since the end of the 19th century they have been increasingly superseded by fossil-fuel plastics derived from petroleum or natural gas (... | Bioplastic | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 7,681 | [
"Biodegradation",
"Biodegradable waste management",
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
2,570,928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Hydroxy%20%CE%B2-methylbutyric%20acid | β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), otherwise known as its conjugate base, , is a naturally produced substance in humans that is used as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain medical foods that are intended to promote wound healing and provide nutritional support for people with muscle wasting due to ... | Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,423 | [
"Natural products",
"Physiology",
"Organic compounds",
"Structural biology",
"Biomolecules",
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
20,766,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fusion%E2%80%93fission%20hybrid | Hybrid nuclear fusion–fission (hybrid nuclear power) is a proposed means of generating power by use of a combination of nuclear fusion and fission processes.
The basic idea is to use high-energy fast neutrons from a fusion reactor to trigger fission in non-fissile fuels like U-238 or Th-232. Each neutron can trigger s... | Nuclear fusion–fission hybrid | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,142 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Nuclear technology",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
20,769,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric%20membrane%20capsule | The asymmetric membrane capsule is an example of a single core osmotic delivery system, consisting of a drug-containing core surrounded by an asymmetric membrane made with a non disintegrating polymer (cellulose acetate, ethylcellulose etc.).
References
Dosage forms | Asymmetric membrane capsule | [
"Chemistry"
] | 65 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
20,770,305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc-activated%20ion%20channel | Zinc-activated ion channel (ZAC), is a human protein encoded by the gene. ZAC forms a cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channel of the "Cys-loop" superfamily. The ZAC gene is present in humans and dogs, but no ortholog is thought to exist in the rat or mouse genomes.
ZAC mRNA is expressed in prostate, thyroid, trache... | Zinc-activated ion channel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 155 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Ion channels"
] |
20,774,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRC2 | PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) is one of the two classes of polycomb-group proteins or (PcG). The other component of this group of proteins is PRC1 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 1).
This complex has histone methyltransferase activity and primarily methylates histone H3 on lysine 27 (i.e. H3K27me3), a mark of tra... | PRC2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 630 | [
"Proteins",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Molecular biology"
] |
20,775,637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C17H36 | The molecular formula C17H36 (molar mass: 240.27 g/mol, exact mass: 240.2817 u) may refer to:
3,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane
Heptadecane
Molecular formulas | C17H36 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 69 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
22,236,319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-confined%20Stark%20effect | The quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) describes the effect of an external electric field upon the light absorption spectrum or emission spectrum of a quantum well (QW). In the absence of an external electric field, electrons and holes within the quantum well may only occupy states within a discrete set of energy su... | Quantum-confined Stark effect | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,934 | [
"Quantum electronics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
22,238,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxo-Diels%E2%80%93Alder%20reaction | An oxo-Diels–Alder reaction (also called an oxa-Diels–Alder reaction) is an organic reaction and a variation of the Diels–Alder reaction in which a suitable diene reacts with an aldehyde to form a dihydropyran ring. This reaction is of some importance to synthetic organic chemistry.
The oxo-DA reaction was first repor... | Oxo-Diels–Alder reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 166 | [
"Name reactions"
] |
22,241,441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium%20cycle | The selenium cycle is a biological cycle of selenium similar to the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Within the cycle, there are organisms which reduce the most oxidized form of the element and different organisms complete the cycle by oxidizing the reduced element to the initial state.
In the selenium cycle i... | Selenium cycle | [
"Chemistry"
] | 636 | [
"Biogeochemical cycle",
"Biogeochemistry"
] |
22,242,751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocatalytic%20water%20splitting | Photocatalytic water splitting is a process that uses photocatalysis for the dissociation of water (H2O) into hydrogen () and oxygen (). The inputs are light energy (photons), water, and a catalyst(s). The process is inspired by Photosynthesis, which converts water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates. Wa... | Photocatalytic water splitting | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,440 | [
"Environmental chemistry",
"nan"
] |
22,245,276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20aircraft%20carrier%20programme | , the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) has two active carriers, the and , with the third, , currently undergoing sea trials. A fourth carrier, currently called "Type 004" and featuring nuclear propulsion, might be under construction. Wang Yunfei, a retired PLA Navy officer and other naval experts projected... | Chinese aircraft carrier programme | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,074 | [
"Military projects",
"Proposed aircraft carriers"
] |
22,247,480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptaquark | In particle physics, heptaquarks are a family of hypothetical composite particles, each consisting of seven quarks or antiquarks of any flavours.
Properties
One model predicts that the lowest-energy heptaquark state would be a spin-1/2 or spin-3/2 state of energy roughly 2.5 GeV. Another study found that the most stab... | Heptaquark | [
"Physics"
] | 110 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Particle physics"
] |
22,249,204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Hillenkamp | Franz Hillenkamp (March 18, 1936 – August 22, 2014) was a German scientist known for his development of the laser microprobe mass analyzer and, with Michael Karas, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI).
Early life and education
Franz Hillenkamp was born in 1936 in Essen, Germany. He attended high school ... | Franz Hillenkamp | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 701 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
22,250,489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley%20Center%20for%20New%20Media | The Berkeley Center for New Media (BCNM) is a research, teaching, and public events program at UC Berkeley. Its mission is to critically analyze and help shape developments in new media from cross-disciplinary and global perspectives that emphasize humanities and the public interest. Founded in 2004 by Linda Williams, ... | Berkeley Center for New Media | [
"Technology"
] | 639 | [
"Multimedia",
"New media"
] |
22,250,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESD%20simulator | An ESD simulator, also known as an ESD gun, is a handheld unit used to test the immunity of devices to electrostatic discharge (ESD). These simulators are used in special electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) laboratories. ESD pulses are fast, high-voltage pulses created when two objects with different electrical charges... | ESD simulator | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 482 | [
"Electromagnetic compatibility",
"Radio electronics",
"Computer engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
12,799,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYRO | GYRO is a computational plasma physics code developed and maintained at General Atomics. It solves the 5-D coupled gyrokinetic-Maxwell equations using a combination of finite difference, finite element and spectral methods. Given plasma equilibrium data, GYRO can determine the rate of turbulent transport of particles... | GYRO | [
"Physics"
] | 92 | [
"Plasma physics",
"Computational physics",
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Plasma theory and modeling",
"Computational physics stubs",
"Physics software"
] |
12,800,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinyatoxin | Tinyatoxin (TTX or TTN) is an analog of the neurotoxin resiniferatoxin. It occurs naturally in Euphorbia poissonii.
It is a neurotoxin that acts via full agonism of the vanilloid receptors of sensory nerves. Tinyatoxin has a potential for pharmaceutical uses similar to uses of capsaicin. Tinyatoxin is about one third ... | Tinyatoxin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 149 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Chemical ecology",
"Natural products",
"Plant toxins",
"Organic compounds",
"Terpenes and terpenoids",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
12,801,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film-forming%20agent | Film-forming agents are a group of chemicals that leave a pliable, cohesive, and continuous covering over the hair or skin when applied to their surface. This film has strong hydrophilic properties and leaves a smooth feel on skin.
Film-forming agents include polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), acrylates, acrylamides, and co... | Film-forming agent | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 134 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
12,804,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis%20of%20doxorubicin | Doxorubicin (DXR) is a 14-hydroxylated version of daunorubicin, the immediate precursor of DXR in its biosynthetic pathway. Daunorubicin is more abundantly found as a natural product because it is produced by a number of different wild type strains of Streptomyces. In contrast, only one known non-wild type species, St... | Biosynthesis of doxorubicin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,835 | [
"Biosynthesis",
"Metabolism",
"Chemical synthesis"
] |
12,805,720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMN-GOMS | CMN-GOMS stands for Card, Moran and Newell GOMS. CMN-GOMS is the original version of the GOMS technique in human computer interaction. It takes the name after its creators Stuart Card, Thomas P. Moran and Allen Newell who first described GOMS in their 1983 book The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction.
Overview
... | CMN-GOMS | [
"Engineering"
] | 610 | [
"Human–computer interaction",
"Human–machine interaction"
] |
12,809,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIFAC | In statistical thermodynamics, the UNIFAC method (UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients) is a semi-empirical system for the prediction of non-electrolyte activity in non-ideal mixtures. UNIFAC uses the functional groups present on the molecules that make up the liquid mixture to calculate activity coefficient... | UNIFAC | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,490 | [
"Thermodynamic models",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
10,531,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20cuts%20in%20computer%20vision | As applied in the field of computer vision, graph cut optimization can be employed to efficiently solve a wide variety of low-level computer vision problems (early vision), such as image smoothing, the stereo correspondence problem, image segmentation, object co-segmentation, and many other computer vision problems tha... | Graph cuts in computer vision | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,925 | [
"Computational problems in graph theory",
"Packaging machinery",
"Computational mathematics",
"Graph theory",
"Computational problems",
"Mathematical relations",
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Mathematical problems",
"Computer vision"
] |
10,533,506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20heat%20recycling | Water heat recycling (also known as drain water heat recovery, waste water heat recovery, greywater heat recovery, or sometimes shower water heat recovery) is the use of a heat exchanger to recover energy and reuse heat from drain water from various activities such as dishwashing, clothes washing and especially showers... | Water heat recycling | [
"Engineering"
] | 725 | [
"Construction",
"Building"
] |
10,538,780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-power%20impulse%20magnetron%20sputtering | High-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS or HiPIMS, also known as high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering, HPPMS) is a method for physical vapor deposition of thin films which is based on magnetron sputter deposition. HIPIMS utilises extremely high power densities of the order of kW⋅cm−2 in short pulses (impulse... | High-power impulse magnetron sputtering | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,926 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Plasma physics",
"Plasma technology and applications",
"Coatings",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
4,732,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand%20isomerism | In coordination chemistry, ligand isomerism is a type of structural isomerism in coordination complexes which arises from the presence of ligands which can adopt different isomeric forms. 1,2-Diaminopropane and 1,3-Diaminopropane are the examples that each feature a different isomer would be ligand isomers.
References... | Ligand isomerism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 75 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
4,733,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon%20difluoride | Xenon difluoride is a powerful fluorinating agent with the chemical formula , and one of the most stable xenon compounds. Like most covalent inorganic fluorides it is moisture-sensitive. It decomposes on contact with water vapor, but is otherwise stable in storage. Xenon difluoride is a dense, colourless crystalline s... | Xenon difluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,029 | [
"Fluorinating agents",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
4,733,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon%20compounds | Xenon compounds are compounds containing the element xenon (Xe). After Neil Bartlett's discovery in 1962 that xenon can form chemical compounds, a large number of xenon compounds have been discovered and described. Almost all known xenon compounds contain the electronegative atoms fluorine or oxygen. The chemistry of x... | Xenon compounds | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,787 | [
"Explosive chemicals"
] |
4,735,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramberg%E2%80%93B%C3%A4cklund%20reaction | The Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction is an organic reaction converting an α-halo sulfone into an alkene in presence of a base with extrusion of sulfur dioxide. The reaction is named after the two Swedish chemists Ludwig Ramberg and Birger Bäcklund. The carbanion formed by deprotonation gives an unstable episulfone that decomp... | Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 628 | [
"Olefination reactions",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Organic reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions"
] |
23,613,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20homeostasis | In biology, energy homeostasis, or the homeostatic control of energy balance, is a biological process that involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure (energy outflow). The human brain, particularly the hypothalamus, plays a central role in regulating energy hom... | Energy homeostasis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,115 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"nan",
"Cellular processes"
] |
23,614,364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercompact%20stellar%20system | A hypercompact stellar system (HCSS) is a dense cluster of stars around a supermassive black hole that has been ejected from the center of its host galaxy. Stars that are close to the black hole at the time of the ejection will remain bound to the black hole after it leaves the galaxy, forming the HCSS.
The term "hype... | Hypercompact stellar system | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,563 | [
"Black holes",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Star clusters",
"Galaxies",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Supermassive black holes",
"Concepts in stellar astronomy",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
23,616,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiopure%20drug | An enantiopure drug is a pharmaceutical that is available in one specific enantiomeric form. Most biological molecules (proteins, sugars, etc.) are present in only one of many chiral forms, so different enantiomers of a chiral drug molecule bind differently (or not at all) to target receptors. Chirality can be observed... | Enantiopure drug | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,694 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Origin of life",
"Biochemistry",
"Stereochemistry",
"Enantiopure drugs",
"Chirality",
"Space",
"nan",
"Asymmetry",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Spacetime",
"Symmetry"
] |
19,583,778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative%20stress%20measures | In continuum mechanics, the most commonly used measure of stress is the Cauchy stress tensor, often called simply the stress tensor or "true stress". However, several alternative measures of stress can be defined:
The Kirchhoff stress ().
The nominal stress ().
The Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensors
The first Piola–Kirchh... | Alternative stress measures | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 845 | [
"Solid mechanics",
"Tensors",
"Physical quantities",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Quantity",
"Tensor physical quantities",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanics"
] |
19,584,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%20ash | Wood ash is the powdery residue remaining after the combustion of wood, such as burning wood in a fireplace, bonfire, or an industrial power plant. It is largely composed of calcium compounds, along with other non-combustible trace elements present in the wood, and has been used for many purposes throughout history.
C... | Wood ash | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,751 | [
"Types of ash",
"Combustion engineering",
"Incineration",
"Materials",
"Combustion",
"Waste",
"Matter"
] |
8,150,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostic%20interaction | In organometallic chemistry, agostic interaction refers to the intramolecular interaction of a coordinatively-unsaturated transition metal with an appropriately situated C−H bond on one of its ligands. The interaction is the result of two electrons involved in the C−H bond interaction with an empty d-orbital of the tr... | Agostic interaction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 928 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
8,151,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polywell | The polywell is a proposed design for a fusion reactor using an electric and magnetic field to heat ions to fusion conditions.
The design is related to the fusor, the high beta fusion reactor, the magnetic mirror, and the biconic cusp. A set of electromagnets generates a magnetic field that traps electrons. This creat... | Polywell | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 8,418 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Fusion power",
"Plasma physics"
] |
8,152,214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric%20catalytic%20oxidation | Asymmetric catalytic oxidation is a technique of oxidizing various substrates to give an enantio-enriched product using a catalyst. Typically, but not necessarily, asymmetry is induced by the chirality of the catalyst. Typically, but again not necessarily, the methodology applies to organic substrates. Functional gro... | Asymmetric catalytic oxidation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 514 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
8,152,998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%20output | In physics, work output is the work done by a simple machine, compound machine, or any type of engine model. In common terms, it is the energy output, which for simple machines is always less than the energy input, even though the forces may be drastically different.
In [thermodynamics], work output can refer to the t... | Work output | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 120 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
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