id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8,163,742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehalococcoides | Dehalococcoides is a genus of bacteria within class Dehalococcoidia that obtain energy via the oxidation of hydrogen and subsequent reductive dehalogenation of halogenated organic compounds in a mode of anaerobic respiration called organohalide respiration. They are well known for their great potential to remediate hal... | Dehalococcoides | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,798 | [
"Biodegradation",
"Ecological techniques",
"Environmental soil science",
"Bioremediation"
] |
15,659,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20operators%20in%20differential%20geometry | In differential geometry there are a number of second-order, linear, elliptic differential operators bearing the name Laplacian. This article provides an overview of some of them.
Connection Laplacian
The connection Laplacian, also known as the rough Laplacian, is a differential operator acting on the various tensor... | Laplace operators in differential geometry | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,053 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Differential operators"
] |
15,660,489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Shalaev | Vladimir (Vlad) M. Shalaev is a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Scientific Director for Nanophotonics at Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University.
Education and career
V. Shalaev earned a Master of Science Degree in physics (summa com laude) in 1979 from Krasnoyarsk State Unive... | Vladimir Shalaev | [
"Materials_science"
] | 2,071 | [
"Metamaterials scientists",
"Metamaterials"
] |
15,666,340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated%20Safety-Valve%20Co.%20v.%20Crosby%20Steam%20Gauge%20%26%20Valve%20Co. | Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co., 113 U.S. 157 (1885), was a patent case to determine validity of patent No. 58,294, granted to George W. Richardson September 25, 1866, for an improvement in steam safety valves.
Technical background
Richardson was the first person who made a safety valve... | Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co. | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 623 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Steam power",
"Power (physics)",
"Industrial safety devices",
"Safety valves"
] |
15,666,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20outlet%20tester | An electrical outlet tester, receptacle tester, or socket tester is a small device containing a 3-prong power plug and three indicator lights, used for quickly detecting some types of incorrectly-wired electrical wall outlets or campsite supplies.
Tests and limitations
The outlet tester checks that each contact in th... | Electrical outlet tester | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 510 | [
"Electrical systems",
"Building engineering",
"Electronic test equipment",
"Measuring instruments",
"Physical systems",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical wiring"
] |
15,667,957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%20content | The Minkowski content (named after Hermann Minkowski), or the boundary measure, of a set is a basic concept that uses concepts from geometry and measure theory to generalize the notions of length of a smooth curve in the plane, and area of a smooth surface in space, to arbitrary measurable sets.
It is typically appli... | Minkowski content | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 373 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Physical quantities",
"Measures (measure theory)",
"Quantity",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Size",
"Mathematical relations",
"Geometry",
"Theory of relativity",
"Dimension"
] |
15,668,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%205 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is a protein, and more specifically an enzyme, that is encoded by the Cdk5 gene. It was discovered 15 years ago, and it is saliently expressed in post-mitotic central nervous system neurons (CNS).
The molecule belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase family. Kinases are enzymes that catalyze re... | Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,867 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins",
"Cell cycle"
] |
15,668,833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season%20cracking | Season cracking is a form of stress-corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases originally reported from British forces in India. During the monsoon season, military activity was temporarily reduced, and ammunition was stored in stables until the dry weather returned. Many brass cartridges were subsequently found to be... | Season cracking | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 435 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Reliability engineering",
"Metallurgy",
"Corrosion",
"Electrochemistry",
"nan",
"Materials degradation"
] |
18,553,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CODESYS | Codesys (spelled “CODESYS” by the manufacturer, previously “CoDeSys”) is an integrated development environment for programming controller applications according to the international industrial standard IEC 61131-3.
CODESYS is developed and marketed by the CODESYS Group that is headquartered in Kempten. The company w... | CODESYS | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,043 | [
"Industrial computing",
"Industrial engineering",
"Automation",
"Programmable logic controllers",
"Industrial automation"
] |
18,555,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivastava%20code | In coding theory, Srivastava codes, formulated by Professor J. N. Srivastava, form a class of parameterised error-correcting codes which are a special case of alternant codes.
Definition
The original Srivastava code over GF(q) of length n is defined by a parity check matrix H of alternant form
where the αi and zi a... | Srivastava code | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 123 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Coding theory",
"Reliability engineering",
"Error detection and correction"
] |
18,555,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNPedia | SNPedia (pronounced "snipedia") is a wiki-based bioinformatics web site that serves as a database of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Each article on a SNP provides a short description, links to scientific articles and personal genomics web sites, as well as microarray information about that SNP. Thus SNPedia ma... | SNPedia | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 632 | [
"Single-nucleotide polymorphisms",
"Bioinformatics",
"Biodiversity",
"Molecular biology",
"Biological databases"
] |
18,557,138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justesen%20code | In coding theory, Justesen codes form a class of error-correcting codes that have a constant rate, constant relative distance, and a constant alphabet size.
Before the Justesen error correction code was discovered, no error correction code was known that had all of these three parameters as a constant.
Subsequently, ... | Justesen code | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,242 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Coding theory",
"Reliability engineering",
"Error detection and correction"
] |
19,593,167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat | In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings by modes other than thermodynamic work and transfer of matter. Such modes are microscopic, mainly thermal conduction, radiation, and friction, as distinct from the macroscopic modes, thermodynamic work and transfer of matt... | Heat | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 12,784 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamics",
"Physical properties",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
19,594,028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20physics | Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.
The advancement of science generally ... | Theoretical physics | [
"Physics"
] | 2,859 | [
"Theoretical physics"
] |
19,594,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20constant | The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle mome... | Planck constant | [
"Physics"
] | 3,285 | [
"Physical constants",
"Physical quantities",
"Fundamental constants"
] |
19,600,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope | Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), but different nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in ... | Isotope | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 6,506 | [
"Isotopes",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
19,603,150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutene | Polybutene is an organic polymer made from a mixture of 1-butene, 2-butene, and isobutylene. Ethylene steam cracker C4s are also used as supplemental feed for polybutene. It is similar to polyisobutylene (PIB), which is produced from essentially pure isobutylene made in a C4 complex of a major refinery. The presence ... | Polybutene | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 523 | [
"Polymers",
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
19,604,059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20limiter | A flow limiter or flow restrictor is a device to restrict the flow of a fluid, in general a gas or a liquid. Some designs use single stage or multi-stage orifice plates to handle high and low flow rates. Flow limiters are often used in manufacturing plants as well as households. Safety is usually the main purpose of us... | Flow limiter | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 545 | [
"Hydrology",
"Plumbing",
"Physical systems",
"Construction",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
19,606,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing-incidence%20small-angle%20scattering | Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) is a scattering technique used to study nanostructured surfaces and thin films. The scattered probe is either photons (grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, GISAXS) or neutrons (grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering, GISANS). GISAS combines the acces... | Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,254 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"X-rays",
"Neutron scattering",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Materials science",
"Scattering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
256,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent%20tag | In molecular biology and biotechnology, a fluorescent tag, also known as a fluorescent label or fluorescent probe, is a molecule that is attached chemically to aid in the detection of a biomolecule such as a protein, antibody, or amino acid. Generally, fluorescent tagging, or labeling, uses a reactive derivative of a ... | Fluorescent tag | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,529 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Fluorescence techniques",
"Molecular biology"
] |
256,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tyndall | John Tyndall (; 2 August 1820 – 4 December 1893) was an Irish physicist and chemist. His scientific fame arose in the 1850s from his study of diamagnetism. Later he made discoveries in the realms of infrared radiation and the physical properties of air, proving the connection between atmospheric CO and what is now know... | John Tyndall | [
"Physics"
] | 7,937 | [
"Experimental physics",
"Experimental physicists"
] |
256,322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Guthrie%20Tait | Peter Guthrie Tait (28 April 18314 July 1901) was a Scottish mathematical physicist and early pioneer in thermodynamics. He is best known for the mathematical physics textbook Treatise on Natural Philosophy, which he co-wrote with Lord Kelvin, and his early investigations into knot theory.
His work on knot theory con... | Peter Guthrie Tait | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,318 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamicists"
] |
256,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental%20mathematics | Experimental mathematics is an approach to mathematics in which computation is used to investigate mathematical objects and identify properties and patterns. It has been defined as "that branch of mathematics that concerns itself ultimately with the codification and transmission of insights within the mathematical comm... | Experimental mathematics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,812 | [
"Experimental mathematics"
] |
256,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal%20velocity | Terminal velocity is the maximum speed attainable by an object as it falls through a fluid (air is the most common example). It is reached when the sum of the drag force (Fd) and the buoyancy is equal to the downward force of gravity (FG) acting on the object. Since the net force on the object is zero, the object has z... | Terminal velocity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,863 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Motion (physics)",
"Vector physical quantities",
"Piping",
"Velocity",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
256,738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20field | In mathematics and physics, a tensor field is a function assigning a tensor to each point of a region of a mathematical space (typically a Euclidean space or manifold) or of the physical space. Tensor fields are used in differential geometry, algebraic geometry, general relativity, in the analysis of stress and strain... | Tensor field | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,395 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Tensors",
"Mathematical objects",
"Topology",
"Differential topology",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
258,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Chalmers | David John Chalmers (; born 20 April 1966) is an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist specializing in the areas of the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He is a professor of philosophy and neural science at New York University, as well as co-director of NYU's Center for Mind, Brain and Consc... | David Chalmers | [
"Physics"
] | 3,028 | [
"Quantum mind",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
258,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20mechanical%20analysis | Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA) is a technique used to study and characterize materials. It is most useful for studying the viscoelastic behavior of polymers. A sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured, allowing one to determine the complex modulus. The temperature of the sa... | Dynamic mechanical analysis | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,537 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
258,833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20analysis | Thermal analysis is a branch of materials science where the properties of materials are studied as they change with temperature. Several methods are commonly used – these are distinguished from one another by the property which is measured:
Dielectric thermal analysis: dielectric permittivity and loss factor
Diffe... | Thermal analysis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,050 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Chemical processes",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
258,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergodic%20hypothesis | In physics and thermodynamics, the ergodic hypothesis says that, over long periods of time, the time spent by a system in some region of the phase space of microstates with the same energy is proportional to the volume of this region, i.e., that all accessible microstates are equiprobable over a long period of time.
L... | Ergodic hypothesis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,279 | [
"Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics",
"Ergodic theory",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
258,986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergodic%20theory | Ergodic theory is a branch of mathematics that studies statistical properties of deterministic dynamical systems; it is the study of ergodicity. In this context, "statistical properties" refers to properties which are expressed through the behavior of time averages of various functions along trajectories of dynamical s... | Ergodic theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,995 | [
"Ergodic theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
23,764,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20Cell%20Network | The Stem Cell Network (SCN) is a Canadian non-profit that supports stem cell and regenerative medicine research, teaches the next generation of highly qualified personal, and delivers outreach activities across Canada. The Network has been supported by the Government of Canada, since inception in 2001. SCN has catalyze... | Stem Cell Network | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 310 | [
"Translational medicine",
"Tissue engineering",
"Stem cell research"
] |
12,825,821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20system%20simulation | Electrical power system simulation involves power system modeling and network simulation in order to analyze electrical power systems using design/offline or real-time data. Power system simulation software's are a class of computer simulation programs that focus on the operation of electrical power systems. These type... | Power system simulation | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,518 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
22,268,226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Prosperetti | Andrea Prosperetti is the Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston, the Berkhoff Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Twente in the Netherlands and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2012 ("for contributions to the fundamentals and applications... | Andrea Prosperetti | [
"Chemistry"
] | 505 | [
"Fluid dynamicists",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
22,269,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster%20%28cell%20biology%29 | An aster is a cellular structure shaped like a star, consisting of a centrosome and its associated microtubules during the early stages of mitosis in an animal cell. Asters do not form during mitosis in plants. Astral rays, composed of microtubules, radiate from the centrosphere and look like a cloud. Astral rays are ... | Aster (cell biology) | [
"Biology"
] | 905 | [
"Cell biology",
"Cell cycle",
"Cellular processes",
"Mitosis"
] |
22,269,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prp24 | Prp24 (precursor RNA processing, gene 24) is a protein part of the pre-messenger RNA splicing process and aids the binding of U6 snRNA to U4 snRNA during the formation of spliceosomes. Found in eukaryotes from yeast to E. coli, fungi, and humans, Prp24 was initially discovered to be an important element of RNA splicing... | Prp24 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 987 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
22,269,627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieri%27s%20formula | In mathematics, Pieri's formula, named after Mario Pieri, describes the product of a Schubert cycle by a special Schubert cycle in the Schubert calculus, or the product of a Schur polynomial by a complete symmetric function.
In terms of Schur functions sλ indexed by partitions λ, it states that
where hr is a complete... | Pieri's formula | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 219 | [
"Algebra",
"Symmetric functions",
"Symmetry"
] |
22,269,939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambelli%27s%20formula | In mathematics, Giambelli's formula, named after Giovanni Giambelli, expresses Schubert classes as determinants in terms of special Schubert classes.
It states
where σλ is the Schubert class of a partition λ.
Giambelli's formula may be derived as a consequence of Pieri's formula. The Porteous formula is a generaliz... | Giambelli's formula | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 252 | [
"Algebra",
"Symmetric functions",
"Symmetry"
] |
22,270,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit%20%28protein%29 | Slit is a family of secreted extracellular matrix proteins which play an important signalling role in the neural development of most bilaterians (animals with bilateral symmetry). While lower animal species, including insects and nematode worms, possess a single Slit gene, humans, mice and other vertebrates possess thr... | Slit (protein) | [
"Biology"
] | 1,981 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
22,272,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent%20organic%20framework | Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous polymers that form two- or three-dimensional structures through reactions between organic precursors resulting in strong, covalent bonds to afford porous, stable, and crystalline materials. COFs emerged as a field from the overarching domain of organic materials ... | Covalent organic framework | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,731 | [
"Porous polymers",
"Porous media",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Materials science"
] |
22,275,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metachronal%20rhythm | A metachronal rhythm or metachronal wave refers to wavy movements produced by the sequential action (as opposed to synchronized) of structures such as cilia, segments of worms, or legs. These movements produce the appearance of a travelling wave.
A Mexican wave is a large scale example of a metachronal wave. This pat... | Metachronal rhythm | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 292 | [
"Animal locomotion",
"Physical phenomena",
"Animals",
"Behavior",
"Waves",
"Motion (physics)",
"Ethology"
] |
22,275,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexitropsin | Lexitropsins are members of a family of semi-synthetic DNA-binding ligands. They are structural analogs of the natural antibiotics netropsin and distamycin. Antibiotics of this group can bind in the minor groove of DNA with different sequence-selectivity. Lexitropsins form a complexes with DNA with stoichiometry 1:1 a... | Lexitropsin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 132 | [
"Biochemistry",
"DNA-binding substances",
"Genetics techniques",
"Molecular biology"
] |
22,276,716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent%20molar%20property | In thermodynamics, an apparent molar property of a solution component in a mixture or solution is a quantity defined with the purpose of isolating the contribution of each component to the non-ideality of the mixture. It shows the change in the corresponding solution property (for example, volume) per mole of that comp... | Apparent molar property | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,349 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Intensive quantities",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry",
"Molar quantities"
] |
1,240,093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20action | In quantum field theory, the quantum effective action is a modified expression for the classical action taking into account quantum corrections while ensuring that the principle of least action applies, meaning that extremizing the effective action yields the equations of motion for the vacuum expectation values of the... | Effective action | [
"Physics"
] | 1,263 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
1,240,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20breaking | In physics, symmetry breaking is a phenomenon where a disordered but symmetric state collapses into an ordered, but less symmetric state. This collapse is often one of many possible bifurcations that a particle can take as it approaches a lower energy state. Due to the many possibilities, an observer may assume the res... | Symmetry breaking | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,749 | [
"Standard Model",
"Quantum field theory",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Particle physics",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
1,240,666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity%20%28physics%29 | In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it can also refer to the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates (a point reflection):
It can also be thought of as a test for chirality of a physical phenom... | Parity (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,489 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Physical phenomena",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Equations of physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Asymmetry",
"Conservation laws",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantity",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum numbers",
"Nuclear physics",
"Physical properties",
"Symmetry",
"Physics th... |
1,240,836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz%20time-domain%20spectroscopy | In physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a spectroscopic technique in which the properties of matter are probed with short pulses of terahertz radiation. The generation and detection scheme is sensitive to the sample's effect on both the amplitude and the phase of the terahertz radiation.
Explanatio... | Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,485 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Spectroscopy",
"Terahertz technology"
] |
1,241,092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%20backbonding | In chemistry, π backbonding is a π-bonding interaction between a filled (or half filled) orbital of a transition metal atom and a vacant orbital on an adjacent ion or molecule. In this type of interaction, electrons from the metal are used to bond to the ligand, which dissipates excess negative charge and stabilizes th... | Pi backbonding | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,275 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Chemical bonding",
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
1,241,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinism | Actinism () is the property of solar radiation that leads to the production of photochemical and photobiological effects. Actinism is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος ("ray, beam"). The word actinism is found, for example, in the terminology of imaging technology (esp. photography), medicine (concerning s... | Actinism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,012 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Waves",
"Radiation",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
1,242,892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge%20index%20theorem | In mathematics, the Hodge index theorem for an algebraic surface V determines the signature of the intersection pairing on the algebraic curves C on V. It says, roughly speaking, that the space spanned by such curves (up to linear equivalence) has a one-dimensional subspace on which it is positive definite (not uniquel... | Hodge index theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 440 | [
"Theorems in algebraic geometry",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
23,629,444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20linear%20complementarity%20problem | In mathematical optimization theory, the mixed linear complementarity problem, often abbreviated as MLCP or LMCP, is a generalization of the linear complementarity problem to include free variables.
References
Complementarity problems
Algorithms for complementarity problems and generalized equations
An Algorithm f... | Mixed linear complementarity problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 73 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Linear algebra",
"Algebra",
"Mathematical optimization"
] |
23,634,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20crossing%20singularity | In algebraic geometry a normal crossing singularity is a singularity similar to a union of coordinate hyperplanes. The term can be confusing because normal crossing singularities are not usually normal schemes (in the sense of the local rings being integrally closed).
Normal crossing divisors
In algebraic geometry, no... | Normal crossing singularity | [
"Mathematics"
] | 418 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
2,577,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-staging | B-staging is a process that utilizes heat or UV light to remove the majority of solvent from an adhesive, thereby allowing a construction to be “staged”. In between adhesive application, assembly and curing, the product can be held for a period of time, without sacrificing performance.
Attempts to use traditional ep... | B-staging | [
"Materials_science"
] | 206 | [
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Microtechnology"
] |
2,578,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved%20sequence | In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintai... | Conserved sequence | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,383 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Computational phylogenetics",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular genetics",
"Structural biology",
"Molecular biology",
"Phylogenetics",
"Protein structure",
"Nucleic acids"
] |
2,578,746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity%20%28physics%29 | In physics, a homogeneous material or system has the same properties at every point; it is uniform without irregularities. A uniform electric field (which has the same strength and the same direction at each point) would be compatible with homogeneity (all points experience the same physics). A material constructed wit... | Homogeneity (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,531 | [
"Dimensional analysis",
"Mechanical engineering",
"nan"
] |
2,580,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaerator | A deaerator is a device that is used for the removal of dissolved gases like oxygen from a liquid.
Thermal deaerators are commonly used to remove dissolved gases in feedwater for steam-generating boilers. The deaerator is part of the feedwater heating system. Dissolved oxygen in feedwater will cause serious corrosion ... | Deaerator | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,552 | [
"Separation processes by phases",
"Water treatment",
"Chemical equipment",
"Industrial water treatment",
"nan",
"Gas-liquid separation"
] |
2,580,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefaction%20of%20gases | Liquefaction of gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation). The liquefaction of gases is a complicated process that uses various compressions and expansions to achieve high pressures and very low temperatures, using, for example, turboexpanders.
Uses
Liquefaction processes are used for sc... | Liquefaction of gases | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 767 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Phases of matter",
"Matter",
"Industrial gases"
] |
2,581,209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory%20analysis | Sensory analysis (or sensory evaluation) is a scientific discipline that applies principles of experimental design and statistical analysis to the use of human senses (sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing) for the purposes of evaluating consumer products. This method of testing products is generally used during the m... | Sensory analysis | [
"Physics"
] | 745 | [
"Psychophysics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
2,581,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent%20computing | Concurrent computing is a form of computing in which several computations are executed concurrently—during overlapping time periods—instead of sequentially—with one completing before the next starts.
This is a property of a system—whether a program, computer, or a network—where there is a separate execution point or "... | Concurrent computing | [
"Technology"
] | 3,301 | [
"Computing platforms",
"Concurrent computing",
"IT infrastructure"
] |
2,582,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Bogolyubov | Nikolay Nikolayevich (Mykola Mykolayovych) Bogolyubov (; ; 21 August 1909 – 13 February 1992) was a Soviet, Ukrainian and Russian mathematician and theoretical physicist known for a significant contribution to quantum field theory, classical and quantum statistical mechanics, and the theory of dynamical systems; he was... | Nikolay Bogolyubov | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,442 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Quantum physicists",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Superfluidity",
"Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal",
"Control engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Control theorists",
"Exotic matter",
"Science and te... |
3,523,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoresistive%20effect | The piezoresistive effect is a change in the electrical resistivity of a semiconductor or metal when mechanical strain is applied. In contrast to the piezoelectric effect, the piezoresistive effect causes a change only in electrical resistance, not in electric potential.
History
The change of electrical resistance in... | Piezoresistive effect | [
"Physics"
] | 1,530 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electrical phenomena"
] |
3,524,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DriveSpace | DriveSpace (initially known as DoubleSpace) is a disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS starting from version 6.0 in 1993 and ending in 2000 with the release of Windows Me. The purpose of DriveSpace is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by transparently compressing and decompressing dat... | DriveSpace | [
"Technology"
] | 2,273 | [
"Windows commands",
"Computing commands"
] |
3,525,599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodial%20symmetry | In particle physics, a symmetry that remains after spontaneous symmetry breaking that can prevent higher-order radiative corrections from spoiling some property of a theory is called a custodial symmetry.
Motivation
In the Standard Model of particle physics, the custodial symmetry is a residual global SU(2) symmetry ... | Custodial symmetry | [
"Physics"
] | 770 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Electroweak theory"
] |
3,525,881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20quantum%20field%20theory | In theoretical physics, thermal quantum field theory (thermal field theory for short) or finite temperature field theory is a set of methods to calculate expectation values of physical observables of a quantum field theory at finite temperature.
In the Matsubara formalism, the basic idea (due to Felix Bloch) is that t... | Thermal quantum field theory | [
"Physics"
] | 682 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
3,526,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiberg%E2%80%93Witten%20theory | In theoretical physics, Seiberg–Witten theory is an supersymmetric gauge theory with an exact low-energy effective action (for massless degrees of freedom), of which the kinetic part coincides with the Kähler potential of the moduli space of vacua. Before taking the low-energy effective action, the theory is known as ... | Seiberg–Witten theory | [
"Physics"
] | 1,909 | [
"Supersymmetric quantum field theory",
"Supersymmetry",
"Symmetry"
] |
3,526,988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper%20drilling | Paper drilling is a technique used in binderies for providing large quantities of paper with round holes. The paper can be processed as loose leaves and in brochures (stitched, perfectly bound). The holes can be drilled for storage purposes, such as filing, or sometimes for decorative purposes.
Terminology
Paper dri... | Paper drilling | [
"Engineering"
] | 669 | [
"Book design",
"Design"
] |
3,527,984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20catalytic%20cracking | Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products. The cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by thermal ... | Fluid catalytic cracking | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,527 | [
"Fluidization",
"Petroleum technology",
"Chemical processes",
"Oil refining",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
3,528,740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20aluminium%20borate | Potassium aluminium borate (K2Al2B2O7) is an ionic compound composed of potassium ions, aluminium ions, and borate ions. Its crystal form exhibits nonlinear optical properties. The ultraviolet beam at 266 nm can be obtained by fourth harmonic generation (FGH) of 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser radiation through a nonlinear crysta... | Potassium aluminium borate | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 97 | [
"Crystallography",
"Crystals",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
10,553,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20chronometer | A marine chronometer is a precision timepiece that is carried on a ship and employed in the determination of the ship's position by celestial navigation. It is used to determine longitude by comparing Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), and the time at the current location found from observations of celestial bodies. When fir... | Marine chronometer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,067 | [
"Machines",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Horology",
"Clocks",
"Measuring instruments",
"Physical systems",
"Spacetime"
] |
10,554,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronometer%20watch | A chronometer (, khronómetron, "time measurer") is an extraordinarily accurate mechanical timepiece, with an original focus on the needs of maritime navigation. In Switzerland, timepieces certified by the Contrôle Officiel Suisse des Chronomètres (COSC) may be marked as Certified Chronometer or Officially Certified Chr... | Chronometer watch | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,493 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Clocks",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
10,557,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity-check%20matrix | In coding theory, a parity-check matrix of a linear block code C is a matrix which describes the linear relations that the components of a codeword must satisfy. It can be used to decide whether a particular vector is a codeword and is also used in decoding algorithms.
Definition
Formally, a parity check matrix H of a... | Parity-check matrix | [
"Mathematics"
] | 462 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Coding theory"
] |
10,559,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude%20drug | Crude drugs are drugs of plant, animal and microbial origin that contain natural substances that have undergone only the processes of collection and drying. The term natural substances refers to those substances found in nature that have not had man-made changes made in their molecular structure. They are used as medic... | Crude drug | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,427 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacognosy"
] |
10,559,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%20method | A test method is a method for a test in science or engineering, such as a physical test, chemical test, or statistical test. It is a definitive procedure that produces a test result. In order to ensure accurate and relevant test results, a test method should be "explicit, unambiguous, and experimentally feasible.", as ... | Test method | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,165 | [
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Measurement",
"Size"
] |
10,560,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytov%20number | The Rytov number is a fundamental scaling parameter for laser propagation through atmospheric turbulence. Rytov numbers greater than 0.2 are generally considered to be strong scintillation. A Rytov number of 0 would indicate no turbulence, thus no scintillation of the beam.
References
Wave mechanics | Rytov number | [
"Physics"
] | 59 | [
"Wave mechanics",
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
10,562,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faying%20surface | A faying surface is one of the surfaces that are in contact at a joint.
Faying surfaces may be connected to each other by bolts or rivets, adhesives, welding, or soldering. An example would be steel pipe flanges, in which the connected ends of the flanges would be faying surfaces.
References
Welding
http://www.eaa1... | Faying surface | [
"Engineering"
] | 100 | [
"Welding",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
10,562,182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversize%20permit | An oversize permit is a document obtained from a state, county, city or province (Canada) to authorize travel in the specified jurisdiction for oversize/overweight truck movement. In most cases it will list the hauler's name, the description of the load and its dimensions, and a route they are required to travel. The... | Oversize permit | [
"Physics"
] | 100 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport stubs"
] |
10,565,476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%20tiling | In geometry, a domino tiling of a region in the Euclidean plane is a tessellation of the region by dominoes, shapes formed by the union of two unit squares meeting edge-to-edge. Equivalently, it is a perfect matching in the grid graph formed by placing a vertex at the center of each square of the region and connecting ... | Domino tiling | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,147 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Tessellation",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Rectangular subdivisions",
"Lattice models",
"Computational physics",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Tiling puzzles",
"Matching (graph theory)",
"Statistical mechanic... |
10,566,027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupture%20disc | A rupture disc, also known as a pressure safety disc, burst disc, bursting disc, or burst diaphragm, is a non-reclosing pressure relief safety device that, in most uses, protects a pressure vessel, equipment or system from overpressurization or potentially damaging vacuum conditions.
A rupture disc is a type of sacrif... | Rupture disc | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,630 | [
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid technology",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Piping",
"Industrial safety devices",
"Safety valves"
] |
10,567,389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenase%20mimic | A hydrogenase mimic or bio-mimetic is an enzyme mimic of hydrogenases.
Bio-mimetic compounds inspired in hydrogenases
One of the more interesting applications of hydrogenases is to produce hydrogen, due its capacity to catalyze its redox reaction:
In the field of hydrogen production, the incorporation of chemical c... | Hydrogenase mimic | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,302 | [
"Biochemistry",
"nan"
] |
10,567,426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater%20acoustics | Underwater acoustics (also known as hydroacoustics) is the study of the propagation of sound in water and the interaction of the mechanical waves that constitute sound with the water, its contents and its boundaries. The water may be in the ocean, a lake, a river or a tank. Typical frequencies associated with underwate... | Underwater acoustics | [
"Physics"
] | 6,653 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
10,568,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metolachlor | Metolachlor is an organic compound that is widely used as an herbicide. It is a derivative of aniline and is a member of the chloroacetanilide family of herbicides. It is highly effective toward grasses.
Agricultural use
Metolachlor was developed by Ciba-Geigy. Its acts by inhibition of elongases and of the geranyl... | Metolachlor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 743 | [
"Herbicides",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Ethers",
"Biocides"
] |
8,174,919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymopoietin | Lamina-associated polypeptide 2 (LAP2), isoforms beta/gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMPO gene. LAP2 is an inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein.
Thymopoietin is a protein involved in the induction of CD90 in the thymus. The thymopoetin (TMPO) gene encodes three alternatively spliced mRNAs encodin... | Thymopoietin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 288 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
8,176,527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilin%20%28biochemistry%29 | Bilins, bilanes or bile pigments are biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins. Bilin (also called bilichrome) was named as a bile pigment of mammals, but can also be found in lower vertebrates, invertebrates, as well as red algae, green plants and cyanobacteria. Bilins c... | Bilin (biochemistry) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 898 | [
"Natural products",
"Organic compounds",
"Structural biology",
"Biomolecules",
"Biochemistry",
"Biological pigments",
"Pigmentation",
"Molecular biology"
] |
8,177,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20A.%20Guggenheim | Edward Armand Guggenheim FRS (11 August 1901 – 9 August 1970) was an English physical chemist, noted for his contributions to thermodynamics.
Life
Guggenheim was born in Manchester 11 August 1901, the son of Armand Guggenheim and Marguerite Bertha Simon. His father was Swiss, a naturalised British citizen. Guggenheim ... | Edward A. Guggenheim | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 784 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamicists"
] |
8,178,277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstructured%20optical%20arrays | Microstructured optical arrays (MOAs) are instruments for focusing x-rays. MOAs use total external reflection at grazing incidence from an array of small channels to bring x-rays to a common focus. This method of focusing means that MOAs exhibit low absorption. MOAs are used in applications that require x-ray focal spo... | Microstructured optical arrays | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 589 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"X-ray instrumentation",
"Optical devices",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
466,164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsager%20reciprocal%20relations | In thermodynamics, the Onsager reciprocal relations express the equality of certain ratios between flows and forces in thermodynamic systems out of equilibrium, but where a notion of local equilibrium exists.
"Reciprocal relations" occur between different pairs of forces and flows in a variety of physical systems. For... | Onsager reciprocal relations | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,945 | [
"Thermodynamic equations",
"Equations of physics",
"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Laws of thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
466,192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20equilibrium | Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat. Thermal equilibrium obeys the zeroth law of thermodynamics. A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the temperature within the system is spatia... | Thermal equilibrium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,764 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Heat transfer",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"P... |
467,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20energy | The term "thermal energy" is often used ambiguously in physics and engineering. It can denote several different physical concepts, including:
Internal energy: The energy contained within a body of matter or radiation, excluding the potential energy of the whole system, and excluding the kinetic energy of the system m... | Thermal energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 781 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Forms of energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
467,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Vinogradov | Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov (; 14 September 1891 – 20 March 1983) was a Soviet mathematician, who was one of the creators of modern analytic number theory, and also a dominant figure in mathematics in the USSR. He was born in the Velikiye Luki district, Pskov Oblast. He graduated from the University of St. Petersburg, ... | Ivan Vinogradov | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 999 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Number theorists",
"Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal",
"Number theory"
] |
467,183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-bandgap%20semiconductor | Wide-bandgap semiconductors (also known as WBG semiconductors or WBGSs) are semiconductor materials which have a larger band gap than conventional semiconductors. Conventional semiconductors like silicon and selenium have a bandgap in the range of 0.7 – 1.5 electronvolt (eV), whereas wide-bandgap materials have bandgap... | Wide-bandgap semiconductor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,945 | [
"Semiconductor material types",
"Semiconductor materials"
] |
467,198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%20nitride | Gallium nitride () is a binary III/V direct bandgap semiconductor commonly used in blue light-emitting diodes since the 1990s. The compound is a very hard material that has a Wurtzite crystal structure. Its wide band gap of 3.4 eV affords it special properties for applications in optoelectronics, high-power and high-fr... | Gallium nitride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,794 | [
"Semiconductor materials",
"Inorganic compounds",
"III-V semiconductors"
] |
467,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HACEK%20organisms | The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the heart due to bacterial infection. HACEK is an abbreviation of the initials of the genera of this group of bacteria: Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobac... | HACEK organisms | [
"Biology"
] | 819 | [
"Prokaryotes",
"Microorganisms",
"Bacteria"
] |
467,685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional%20interpretation | The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) takes the wave function of the standard quantum formalism, and its complex conjugate, to be retarded (forward in time) and advanced (backward in time) waves that form a quantum interaction as a Wheeler–Feynman handshake or transaction. It was first proposed i... | Transactional interpretation | [
"Physics"
] | 1,351 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum measurement",
"Interpretations of quantum mechanics"
] |
467,804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20discharge | In electrical engineering, partial discharge (PD) is a localized dielectric breakdown (DB) (which does not completely bridge the space between the two conductors) of a small portion of a solid or fluid electrical insulation (EI) system under high voltage (HV) stress.
While a corona discharge (CD) is usually revealed... | Partial discharge | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,682 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Electric charge",
"Quantity",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Electrical breakdown",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
467,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball | In baseball and softball, the curveball is a type of pitch thrown with a characteristic grip and hand movement that imparts forward spin to the ball, causing it to dive as it approaches the plate. Varieties of curveball include the 12–6 curveball, power curveball, and the knuckle curve. Its close relatives are the slid... | Curveball | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,952 | [
"Aerospace engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
467,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophile | In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. Most electrophiles are positively charged, have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet ... | Electrophile | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,607 | [
"Physical organic chemistry"
] |
467,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems%20biology | Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis and modeling of complex biological systems. It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological ... | Systems biology | [
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,701 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Computational fields of study",
"Bioinformatics",
"Computing and society",
"Systems biology"
] |
467,919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20software | Medical software is any software item or system used within a medical context, such as reducing the paperwork, tracking patient activity
Standalone software used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Software embedded in a medical device (often referred to as "medical device software").
Software that drives a med... | Medical software | [
"Biology"
] | 1,360 | [
"Medical software",
"Medical technology"
] |
468,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTA%20format | In bioinformatics and biochemistry, the FASTA format is a text-based format for representing either nucleotide sequences or amino acid (protein) sequences, in which nucleotides or amino acids are represented using single-letter codes.
The format allows for sequence names and comments to precede the sequences. It origi... | FASTA format | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,659 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"Biological sequence format"
] |
468,117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20clustering | In bioinformatics, sequence clustering algorithms attempt to group biological sequences that are somehow related. The sequences can be either of genomic, "transcriptomic" (ESTs) or protein origin.
For proteins, homologous sequences are typically grouped into families. For EST data, clustering is important to group se... | Sequence clustering | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 674 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering"
] |
468,154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20family | A protein family is a group of evolutionarily related proteins. In many cases, a protein family has a corresponding gene family, in which each gene encodes a corresponding protein with a 1:1 relationship. The term "protein family" should not be confused with family as it is used in taxonomy.
Proteins in a family desce... | Protein family | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,153 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Protein classification",
"Bioinformatics",
"Protein families",
"Protein superfamilies"
] |
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