id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27,149,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOX%20process | The SNOX process is a process which removes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates from flue gases. The sulfur is recovered as concentrated sulfuric acid and the nitrogen oxides are reduced to free nitrogen. The process is based on the well-known wet sulfuric acid process (WSA), a process for recovering sulfu... | SNOX process | [
"Chemistry"
] | 866 | [
"Desulfurization",
"Separation processes",
"Petroleum technology",
"Chemical processes",
"Oil refining",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
27,149,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOXS | Solar X-Ray Spectrometer, or SOXS, was an experimental payload launched onboard Indian geostationary satellite GSAT-2 by the Indian Space Research Organisation, ISRO. SOXS collected data about X-ray emissions from solar flares with high energy and temporal resolutions.
Features
X-Ray spectrometer (SOXS) was flown onb... | SOXS | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 245 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomical spectroscopy",
"Spectroscopy",
"Outer space stubs"
] |
27,150,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADITYA%20%28tokamak%29 | ADITYA is a medium size tokamak installed at the Institute for Plasma Research in India. Its construction began in 1982, and it was commissioned in 1989. It was the first tokamak in India.
It has a major radius of 0.75 metres and a minor radius of 0.25 metres. The maximum field strength is 1.2 tesla produced by 20 tor... | ADITYA (tokamak) | [
"Physics"
] | 280 | [
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Plasma physics"
] |
27,151,056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81o%C5%9B%E2%80%93Tarski%20preservation%20theorem | The Łoś–Tarski theorem is a theorem in model theory, a branch of mathematics, that states that the set of formulas preserved under taking substructures is exactly the set of universal formulas. The theorem was discovered by Jerzy Łoś and Alfred Tarski.
Statement
Let be a theory in a first-order logic language and ... | Łoś–Tarski preservation theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 280 | [
"Mathematical logic stubs",
"Mathematical logic",
"Model theory"
] |
27,157,933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20secondary%20structure | Nucleic acid secondary structure is the basepairing interactions within a single nucleic acid polymer or between two polymers. It can be represented as a list of bases which are paired in a nucleic acid molecule.
The secondary structures of biological DNAs and RNAs tend to be different: biological DNA mostly exists as ... | Nucleic acid secondary structure | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,188 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Molecular geometry",
"Molecules",
"Stereochemistry",
"Biophysics",
"Matter"
] |
27,157,939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt%20volcano | Asphalt volcanoes are a rare variety of submarine volcano (seamount). They were unknown before 2003. Several examples have been found along the coasts of the United States and Mexico and elsewhere, some still showing activity. Asphalt volcanoes resemble other seamounts however they are made entirely of asphalt. The str... | Asphalt volcano | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,292 | [
"Petroleum",
"Petroleum geology"
] |
275,712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanroom | A cleanroom or clean room is an engineered space that maintains a very low concentration of airborne particulates. It is well isolated, well controlled from contamination, and actively cleansed. Such rooms are commonly needed for scientific research and in industrial production for all nanoscale processes, such as semi... | Cleanroom | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,936 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Microtechnology",
"Chemical equipment",
"Filters",
"Cleanroom technology",
"Rooms",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Filtration",
"Electrical engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
275,935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible%20AC%20transmission%20system | A Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) is a family of Power-Electronic based devices designed for use on an Alternating Current (AC) Transmission System to improve and control Power Flow and support Voltage. FACTs devices are alternatives to traditional electric grid solutions and improvements, wher... | Flexible AC transmission system | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,603 | [
"Power engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Energy engineering"
] |
276,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar%20concentration | Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular, of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution. In chemistry, the most commonly used unit for molarity is the number... | Molar concentration | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 972 | [
"Stoichiometry",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Intensive quantities",
"Chemical quantities",
"Concentration",
"nan",
"Molar quantities"
] |
276,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci%20curvature | In differential geometry, the Ricci curvature tensor, named after Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, is a geometric object which is determined by a choice of Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian metric on a manifold. It can be considered, broadly, as a measure of the degree to which the geometry of a given metric tensor differs loca... | Ricci curvature | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 4,203 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Tensors",
"Physical quantities",
"Tensor physical quantities",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Metric spaces",
"Riemannian manifolds",
"Tensors in general relativity",
"Curvature (mathematics)"
] |
277,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fock%20state | In quantum mechanics, a Fock state or number state is a quantum state that is an element of a Fock space with a well-defined number of particles (or quanta). These states are named after the Soviet physicist Vladimir Fock. Fock states play an important role in the second quantization formulation of quantum mechanics.
... | Fock state | [
"Physics"
] | 2,348 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Quantum optics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
277,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent%20state | In physics, specifically in quantum mechanics, a coherent state is the specific quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator, often described as a state that has dynamics most closely resembling the oscillatory behavior of a classical harmonic oscillator. It was the first example of quantum dynamics when Erwin Schr... | Coherent state | [
"Physics"
] | 5,192 | [
"Quantum states",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
277,641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength%20of%20materials | The field of strength of materials (also called mechanics of materials) typically refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failu... | Strength of materials | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,058 | [
"Solid mechanics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Building engineering",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
277,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharonov%E2%80%93Bohm%20effect | The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum-mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic potential (, ), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field and electric field are zero. The under... | Aharonov–Bohm effect | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 4,588 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Mesoscopic physics"
] |
277,702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20diffraction | Electron diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of electron beams due to elastic interactions with atoms. It occurs due to elastic scattering, when there is no change in the energy of the electrons. The negatively charged electrons are scattered due to Coulomb forces when t... | Electron diffraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 10,623 | [
"Electron",
"Electron microscopy",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Molecular physics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Materials science",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Scattering",
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
... |
277,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20power%20industry | The electric power industry covers the generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electric power to the general public and industry. The commercial distribution of electric power started in 1882 when electricity was produced for electric lighting. In the 1880s and 1890s, growing economic and safety concerns lea... | Electric power industry | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,338 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
277,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20metal | Trace metals are the metals subset of trace elements; that is, metals normally present in small but measurable amounts in animal and plant cells and tissues. Some of these trace metals are a necessary part of nutrition and physiology. Some biometals are trace metals. Ingestion of, or exposure to, excessive quantities c... | Trace metal | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 663 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Metals",
"nan",
"Physiology"
] |
278,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula%20SAE | Formula SAE is a student design competition organized by SAE International (previously known as the Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE). The competition was started in 1980 by the SAE student branch at the University of Texas at Austin after a prior asphalt racing competition proved to be unsustainable.
Concept
The... | Formula SAE | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,583 | [
"Mechanical engineering competitions",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
278,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment%20%28physics%29 | A moment is a mathematical expression involving the product of a distance and a physical quantity such as a force or electric charge. Moments are usually defined with respect to a fixed reference point and refer to physical quantities located some distance from the reference point. For example, the moment of force, oft... | Moment (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,377 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical phenomena",
"Distance",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Length",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical properties",
"Moment (physics)"
] |
279,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20paradigm | In black hole theory, the black hole membrane paradigm is a simplified model, useful for visualising and calculating the effects predicted by quantum mechanics for the exterior physics of black holes, without using quantum-mechanical principles or calculations. It models a black hole as a thin, classically radiating su... | Membrane paradigm | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 765 | [
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Quantum gravity",
"Density",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model"
] |
279,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20flux%20quantum | The magnetic flux, represented by the symbol , threading some contour or loop is defined as the magnetic field multiplied by the loop area , i.e. . Both and can be arbitrary, meaning that the flux can be as well but increments of flux can be quantized. The wave function can be multivalued as it happens in the Aharo... | Magnetic flux quantum | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,565 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Superconductivity",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Quantum magnetism",
"Physical constants",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
279,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20tetrahedron | In geometry, the truncated tetrahedron is an Archimedean solid. It has 4 regular hexagonal faces, 4 equilateral triangle faces, 12 vertices and 18 edges (of two types). It can be constructed by truncating all 4 vertices of a regular tetrahedron.
Construction
The truncated tetrahedron can be constructed from a regular... | Truncated tetrahedron | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 936 | [
"Truncated tilings",
"Tessellation",
"Planar graphs",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Symmetry"
] |
279,654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20octahedron | In geometry, the truncated octahedron is the Archimedean solid that arises from a regular octahedron by removing six pyramids, one at each of the octahedron's vertices. The truncated octahedron has 14 faces (8 regular hexagons and 6 squares), 36 edges, and 24 vertices. Since each of its faces has point symmetry the tru... | Truncated octahedron | [
"Physics"
] | 1,373 | [
"Symmetry",
"Uniform polytopes",
"Truncated tilings",
"Tessellation",
"Uniform polyhedra"
] |
279,722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm%20operator | In mathematics, Fredholm operators are certain operators that arise in the Fredholm theory of integral equations. They are named in honour of Erik Ivar Fredholm. By definition, a Fredholm operator is a bounded linear operator T : X → Y between two Banach spaces with finite-dimensional kernel and finite-dimensional (al... | Fredholm operator | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,303 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical objects",
"Linear operators"
] |
280,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20hydrant | A fire hydrant, fireplug, firecock (archaic), hydrant riser or Johnny Pump is a connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water supply. It is a component of active fire protection. Underground fire hydrants have been used in Europe and Asia since at least the 18th century. Above-ground pillar-type hydrants ... | Fire hydrant | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,461 | [
"Hydrology",
"Construction",
"Urban planning",
"Water industry",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water supply",
"Infrastructure",
"Architecture"
] |
281,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogalaxy | In physical cosmology, a protogalaxy, which could also be called a "primeval galaxy", is a cloud of gas which is forming into a galaxy. It is believed that the rate of star formation during this period of galactic evolution will determine whether a galaxy is a spiral or elliptical galaxy; a slower star formation tends ... | Protogalaxy | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,273 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Theoretical physics",
"Physical cosmology",
"Astrophysics"
] |
19,826,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydraulic%20servo%20valve | An electrohydraulic servo valve (EHSV) is an electrically-operated valve that controls how hydraulic fluid is sent to an actuator. Servo valves are often used to control powerful hydraulic cylinders with a very small electrical signal. Servo valves can provide precise control of position, velocity, pressure, and force ... | Electrohydraulic servo valve | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 837 | [
"Control devices",
"Physical systems",
"Valves",
"Hydraulics",
"Control engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
19,827,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity%20coefficient | In chemistry, the rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by many different factors, such as temperature, pH, reactant, the concentration of products, and other effectors. The degree to which these factors change the reaction rate is described by the elasticity coefficient. This coefficient is defined as follows:
w... | Elasticity coefficient | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 2,052 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Mathematical and theoretical biology",
"Applied mathematics",
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Metabolism",
"Systems biology"
] |
19,828,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsilyl%20trifluoromethanesulfonate | Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) is an organosilicon compound with the formula . It is a colorless moisture-sensitive liquid. It is the trifluoromethanesulfonate derivative of trimethylsilyl. It is mainly used to activate ketones and aldehydes in organic synthesis.
Reactions
TMSOTf is quite sensitiv... | Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 363 | [
"Functional groups",
"Trimethylsilyl compounds"
] |
6,360,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20metabolism | Nucleic acid metabolism is a collective term that refers to the variety of chemical reactions by which nucleic acids (DNA and/or RNA) are either synthesized or degraded. Nucleic acids are polymers (so-called "biopolymers") made up of a variety of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotide synthesis is an anabolic mechanis... | Nucleic acid metabolism | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,075 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Biochemistry",
"Cellular processes",
"Metabolic pathways",
"Metabolism",
"Nucleic acids"
] |
488,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge%20carrier | In solid state physics, a charge carrier is a particle or quasiparticle that is free to move, carrying an electric charge, especially the particles that carry electric charges in electrical conductors. Examples are electrons, ions and holes. In a conducting medium, an electric field can exert force on these free partic... | Charge carrier | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,621 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Charge carriers",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics"
] |
488,182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagrid%20converter | The pentagrid converter is a type of radio receiving valve (vacuum tube) with five grids used as the frequency mixer stage of a superheterodyne radio receiver.
The pentagrid was part of a line of development of valves that were able to take an incoming RF signal and change its frequency to a fixed intermediate frequen... | Pentagrid converter | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,461 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Vacuum tubes",
"Vacuum",
"Frequency mixers",
"Matter"
] |
488,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining%20engineering | Mining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations,... | Mining engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,953 | [
"Mining engineering",
"nan"
] |
488,382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilemma | A trilemma is a difficult choice from three options, each of which is (or appears) unacceptable or unfavourable. There are two logically equivalent ways in which to express a trilemma: it can be expressed as a choice among three unfavourable options, one of which must be chosen, or as a choice among three favourable op... | Trilemma | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,254 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Lemmas"
] |
488,391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobson%20density%20theorem | In mathematics, more specifically non-commutative ring theory, modern algebra, and module theory, the Jacobson density theorem is a theorem concerning simple modules over a ring .
The theorem can be applied to show that any primitive ring can be viewed as a "dense" subring of the ring of linear transformations of a ve... | Jacobson density theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 955 | [
"Articles containing proofs",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Module theory"
] |
488,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian%20limit | In physics, the Newtonian limit is a mathematical approximation applicable to physical systems exhibiting (1) weak gravitation, (2) objects moving slowly compared to the speed of light, and (3) slowly changing (or completely static) gravitational fields. Under these conditions, Newton's law of universal gravitation ma... | Newtonian limit | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 274 | [
"Special relativity",
"Mechanics",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
488,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20measure | In the mathematical field of measure theory, an outer measure or exterior measure is a function defined on all subsets of a given set with values in the extended real numbers satisfying some additional technical conditions. The theory of outer measures was first introduced by Constantin Carathéodory to provide an abstr... | Outer measure | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,672 | [
"Measures (measure theory)",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
488,687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%20information%20metric | In information geometry, the Fisher information metric is a particular Riemannian metric which can be defined on a smooth statistical manifold, i.e., a smooth manifold whose points are probability distributions. It can be used to calculate the distance between probability distributions.
The metric is interesting in se... | Fisher information metric | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,916 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Physical quantities",
"Statistical distance",
"Distance",
"Category theory",
"Information geometry"
] |
488,743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20monoxide%20poisoning | Carbon monoxide poisoning typically occurs from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels. Symptoms are often described as "flu-like" and commonly include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion. Large exposures can result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, or death.... | Carbon monoxide poisoning | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 8,008 | [
"Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source",
"Natural gas safety",
"Natural gas technology",
"Toxicology"
] |
488,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20sulfide | Silver sulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula . A dense black solid, it is the only sulfide of silver. It is useful as a photosensitizer in photography. It constitutes the tarnish that forms over time on silverware and other silver objects. Silver sulfide is insoluble in most solvents, but is degraded by st... | Silver sulfide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 869 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
488,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility%20frequency | The utility frequency, (power) line frequency (American English) or mains frequency (British English) is the nominal frequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in a wide area synchronous grid transmitted from a power station to the end-user. In large parts of the world this is 50 Hz, although in the Amer... | Utility frequency | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,558 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
489,228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology | Tribology is the science and engineering of understanding friction, lubrication and wear phenomena for interacting surfaces in relative motion. It is highly interdisciplinary, drawing on many academic fields, including physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, biology and engineering. The fundamental objects ... | Tribology | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 7,918 | [
"Mechanical phenomena",
"Tribology",
"Physical phenomena",
"Force",
"Friction",
"Physical quantities",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"nan",
"Engineering mechanics",
"Materials ... |
490,067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinding%20%28cryptography%29 | In cryptography, blinding is a technique by which an agent can provide a service to (i.e., compute a function for) a client in an encoded form without knowing either the real input or the real output. Blinding techniques also have applications to preventing side-channel attacks on encryption devices.
More precisely, ... | Blinding (cryptography) | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 759 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
490,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected%20sum | In mathematics, specifically in topology, the operation of connected sum is a geometric modification on manifolds. Its effect is to join two given manifolds together near a chosen point on each. This construction plays a key role in the classification of closed surfaces.
More generally, one can also join manifolds tog... | Connected sum | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,824 | [
"Topology",
"Differential topology",
"Geometric topology"
] |
490,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homological%20conjectures%20in%20commutative%20algebra | In mathematics, homological conjectures have been a focus of research activity in commutative algebra since the early 1960s. They concern a number of interrelated (sometimes surprisingly so) conjectures relating various homological properties of a commutative ring to its internal ring structure, particularly its Krull ... | Homological conjectures in commutative algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 935 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Mathematical structures",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Conjectures",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Commutative algebra",
"Homological algebra"
] |
491,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20in%20special%20relativity | The word "mass" has two meanings in special relativity: invariant mass (also called rest mass) is an invariant quantity which is the same for all observers in all reference frames, while the relativistic mass is dependent on the velocity of the observer. According to the concept of mass–energy equivalence, invariant ma... | Mass in special relativity | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,567 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Size",
"Special relativity",
"Theory of relativity",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
491,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational%20principle | In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions. For example, the problem of determining the shape of a hanging chain... | Variational principle | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 693 | [
"Mathematical principles",
"Variational principles",
"Theoretical physics",
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
26,802,549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean%20enterprise | Lean enterprise is a practice focused on value creation for the end customer with minimal waste and processes. Principals derive from lean manufacturing and Six Sigma (or Lean Six Sigma). The lean principles were popularized by Toyota in the automobile manufacturing industry, and subsequently the electronics and intern... | Lean enterprise | [
"Engineering"
] | 983 | [
"Lean manufacturing"
] |
26,808,371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen%20cryopreservation | Semen cryopreservation (commonly called sperm banking or sperm freezing) is a procedure to preserve sperm cells. Semen can be used successfully indefinitely after cryopreservation. It can be used for sperm donation where the recipient wants the treatment in a different time or place, or as a means of preserving fertil... | Semen cryopreservation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,251 | [
"Cryopreservation",
"Cryobiology",
"Assisted reproductive technology",
"Medical technology"
] |
26,809,738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C23H28O6 | The molecular formula C23H28O6 (molar mass: 400.46 g/mol, exact mass: 400.1886 u) may refer to:
Enprostil
Molecular formulas | C23H28O6 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 42 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
8,334,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coble%20creep | In materials science, Coble creep, a form of diffusion creep, is a mechanism for deformation of crystalline solids. Contrasted with other diffusional creep mechanisms, Coble creep is similar to Nabarro–Herring creep in that it is dominant at lower stress levels and higher temperatures than creep mechanisms utilizing di... | Coble creep | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,409 | [
"Materials degradation",
"Materials science"
] |
8,334,655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Brillouin%E2%80%93Keller%20method | The Einstein–Brillouin–Keller (EBK) method is a semiclassical technique (named after Albert Einstein, Léon Brillouin, and Joseph B. Keller) used to compute eigenvalues in quantum-mechanical systems. EBK quantization is an improvement from Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization which did not consider the caustic phase jumps at ... | Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method | [
"Physics"
] | 576 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
8,337,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20model | In computational chemistry, a water model is used to simulate and thermodynamically calculate water clusters, liquid water, and aqueous solutions with explicit solvent. The models are determined from quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics, experimental results, and these combinations. To imitate a specific nature of mo... | Water model | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,282 | [
"Water",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry",
"Hydrology"
] |
8,340,209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative%20fuel%20vehicle | An alternative fuel vehicle is a motor vehicle that runs on alternative fuel rather than traditional petroleum-based fossil fuels such as gasoline, petrodiesel or liquefied petroleum gas (autogas). The term typically refers to internal combustion engine vehicles or fuel cell vehicles that utilize synthetic renewable fu... | Alternative fuel vehicle | [
"Engineering"
] | 9,731 | [
"Vehicle technology",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline"
] |
8,342,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium%20sulfate | Strontium sulfate (SrSO4) is the sulfate salt of strontium. It is a white crystalline powder and occurs in nature as the mineral celestine. It is poorly soluble in water to the extent of 1 part in 8,800. It is more soluble in dilute HCl and nitric acid and appreciably soluble in alkali chloride solutions (e.g. sodium c... | Strontium sulfate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 255 | [
"Sulfates",
"Salts"
] |
25,309,794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodium%20powder | Lycopodium powder is a yellow-tan dust-like powder, consisting of the dry spores of clubmoss plants, or various fern relatives. When it is mixed with air, the spores are highly flammable and are used to create dust explosions as theatrical special effects. The powder was traditionally used in physics experiments to dem... | Lycopodium powder | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 675 | [
"Materials",
"Powders",
"Pyrotechnic compositions",
"Matter"
] |
25,317,580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothiocyanite | Hypothiocyanite is the anion [OSCN]− and the conjugate base of hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). It is an organic compound part of the thiocyanates as it contains the functional group SCN. It is formed when an oxygen is singly bonded to the thiocyanate group. Hypothiocyanous acid is a fairly weak acid; its acid dissociatio... | Hypothiocyanite | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,105 | [
"Matter",
"Anions",
"Functional groups",
"Biochemistry",
"Thiocyanates",
"Chemical pathology",
"Sulfur ions",
"Ions"
] |
25,318,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20Repair%20and%20Mutagenesis | DNA Repair and Mutagenesis is a college-level textbook about DNA repair and mutagenesis written by Errol Friedberg, Graham Walker, Wolfram Siede, Richard D. Wood, and Roger Schultz. In its second edition as of 2009, DNA Repair and Mutagenesis contains over 1,000 pages, 10,000 references and 700 illustrations and has be... | DNA Repair and Mutagenesis | [
"Biology"
] | 107 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"DNA repair",
"Cellular processes"
] |
23,962,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20chemical%20Substances%20Information%20System | The European chemical Substances Information System (ESIS) was a chemoinformatics database that stored information system on chemicals of the European Union. It was created in the year 2003 by the former European Chemicals Bureau, which completed its mandate in 2008. ESIS was set up by the Joint Research Centre of the ... | European chemical Substances Information System | [
"Chemistry"
] | 301 | [
"Regulation of chemicals in the European Union",
"Regulation of chemicals",
"Computational chemistry",
"nan",
"Cheminformatics"
] |
23,967,473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrifold | In mathematics, a fibrifold is (roughly) a fiber space whose fibers and base spaces are orbifolds. They were introduced by , who introduced a system of notation for 3-dimensional fibrifolds and used this to assign names to the 219 affine space group types. 184 of these are considered reducible, and 35 irreducible.
I... | Fibrifold | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 134 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Finite groups",
"Algebraic structures",
"Geometry",
"Geometry stubs",
"Symmetry"
] |
1,280,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20syzygy%20theorem | In mathematics, Hilbert's syzygy theorem is one of the three fundamental theorems about polynomial rings over fields, first proved by David Hilbert in 1890, that were introduced for solving important open questions in invariant theory, and are at the basis of modern algebraic geometry. The two other theorems are Hilber... | Hilbert's syzygy theorem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,856 | [
"Symmetry",
"Mathematical structures",
"Group actions",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Commutative algebra",
"Invariant theory",
"Homological algebra"
] |
1,281,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance%20thermometer | Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature. Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a heat-resistant ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum (Pt),... | Resistance thermometer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,319 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Measuring instruments",
"Resistive components",
"Thermometers",
"Sensors",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
1,281,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum%20carbide | Tantalum carbides (TaC) form a family of binary chemical compounds of tantalum and carbon with the empirical formula TaCx, where x usually varies between 0.4 and 1. They are extremely hard, brittle, refractory ceramic materials with metallic electrical conductivity. They appear as brown-gray powders, which are usually ... | Tantalum carbide | [
"Physics"
] | 1,625 | [
"Refractory materials",
"Materials",
"Superhard materials",
"Matter"
] |
1,282,548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarzynski%20equality | The Jarzynski equality (JE) is an equation in statistical mechanics that relates free energy differences between two states and the irreversible work along an ensemble of trajectories joining the same states. It is named after the physicist Christopher Jarzynski (then at the University of Washington and Los Alamos Nati... | Jarzynski equality | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,435 | [
"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,282,696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20eye%20%28medicine%29 | A red eye is an eye that appears red due to illness or injury. It is usually injection and prominence of the superficial blood vessels of the conjunctiva, which may be caused by disorders of these or adjacent structures. Conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage are two of the less serious but more common causes.
... | Red eye (medicine) | [
"Biology"
] | 1,503 | [
"Senescence",
"External signs of ageing"
] |
1,283,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert | A culvert is a structure that channels water past an obstacle or to a subterranean waterway. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. In the United Kingdom, the word can also be used for a longer artificially buried watercourse.
Culver... | Culvert | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,031 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Bridges"
] |
1,284,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutination%20assay | The hemagglutination assay or haemagglutination assay (HA) and the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI or HAI) were developed in 1941–42 by American virologist George Hirst as methods for quantifying the relative concentration of viruses, bacteria, or antibodies.
HA and HAI apply the process of hemagglutination, in ... | Hemagglutination assay | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,422 | [
"Microbiology techniques"
] |
1,284,761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20locomotion | Fish locomotion is the various types of animal locomotion used by fish, principally by swimming. This is achieved in different groups of fish by a variety of mechanisms of propulsion, most often by wave-like lateral flexions of the fish's body and tail in the water, and in various specialised fish by motions of the fin... | Fish locomotion | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 5,875 | [
"Animal locomotion",
"Physical phenomena",
"Animals",
"Behavior",
"Motion (physics)",
"Ethology"
] |
1,284,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch%20process | The Fischer–Tropsch process (FT) is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as syngas, into liquid hydrocarbons. These reactions occur in the presence of metal catalysts, typically at temperatures of and pressures of one to several tens of atmospheres. The Fisc... | Fischer–Tropsch process | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,592 | [
"Catalysis",
"Biofuels technology",
"Petroleum technology",
"Organic redox reactions",
"Organic reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Synthetic fuel technologies",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
1,285,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterel | Esterel is a synchronous programming language for the development of complex reactive systems. The imperative programming style of Esterel allows the simple expression of parallelism and preemption. As a consequence, it is well suited for control-dominated model designs.
The development of the language started in the ... | Esterel | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 870 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Real-time computing",
"Hardware description languages",
"Synchronous programming languages"
] |
828,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex%20ring | A vortex ring, also called a toroidal vortex, is a torus-shaped vortex in a fluid; that is, a region where the fluid mostly spins around an imaginary axis line that forms a closed loop. The dominant flow in a vortex ring is said to be toroidal, more precisely poloidal.
Vortex rings are plentiful in turbulent flows of... | Vortex ring | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,481 | [
"Vortices",
"Aerodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
828,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Mathematical%20Theory%20of%20Communication | "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" is an article by mathematician Claude E. Shannon published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948. It was renamed The Mathematical Theory of Communication in the 1949 book of the same name, a small but significant title change after realizing the generality of this work. It ha... | A Mathematical Theory of Communication | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 563 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer science",
"Information theory"
] |
829,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinthariscope | A spinthariscope () is a device for observing individual nuclear disintegrations caused by the interaction of ionizing radiation with a phosphor (see radioluminescence) or scintillator.
Invention
The spinthariscope was invented by William Crookes in 1903. While observing the apparently uniform fluorescence on a zinc s... | Spinthariscope | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 488 | [
"Radioactive contamination",
"Measuring instruments",
"Particle detectors",
"Ionising radiation detectors",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactivity"
] |
831,261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhattacharyya%20distance | In statistics, the Bhattacharyya distance is a quantity which represents a notion of similarity between two probability distributions. It is closely related to the Bhattacharyya coefficient, which is a measure of the amount of overlap between two statistical samples or populations.
It is not a metric, despite being n... | Bhattacharyya distance | [
"Physics"
] | 1,029 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Statistical distance",
"Distance"
] |
831,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance%20matrix | In mathematics, computer science and especially graph theory, a distance matrix is a square matrix (two-dimensional array) containing the distances, taken pairwise, between the elements of a set. Depending upon the application involved, the distance being used to define this matrix may or may not be a metric. If there ... | Distance matrix | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 4,428 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Mathematical objects",
"Graph theory",
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Bioinformatics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph distance"
] |
833,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed%20concrete | Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction. It is substantially "prestressed" (compressed) during production, in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service. It was patented by Eugène Freyssinet in 1928.
This compression is produced by the tensioning of hi... | Prestressed concrete | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,589 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building engineering",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Civil engineering",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
835,157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion | Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. (Cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles and surfaces to cling to one another.)
The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can be divided into several types. The intermolecular forces responsible for the fu... | Adhesion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,204 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Intermolecular forces",
"nan"
] |
18,693,930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurosh%20subgroup%20theorem | In the mathematical field of group theory, the Kurosh subgroup theorem describes the algebraic structure of subgroups of free products of groups. The theorem was obtained by Alexander Kurosh, a Russian mathematician, in 1934. Informally, the theorem says that every subgroup of a free product is itself a free product of... | Kurosh subgroup theorem | [
"Physics"
] | 720 | [
"Geometric group theory",
"Group actions",
"Symmetry"
] |
18,694,928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient%20pressure | The ambient pressure on an object is the pressure of the surrounding medium, such as a gas or liquid, in contact with the object.
Atmosphere
Within the atmosphere, the ambient pressure decreases as elevation increases. By measuring ambient atmospheric pressure, a pilot may determine altitude (see pitot-static system).... | Ambient pressure | [
"Physics"
] | 491 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Underwater diving physics",
"Pressure",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
18,695,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20scale%20electronics | Molecular scale electronics, also called single-molecule electronics, is a branch of nanotechnology that uses single molecules, or nanoscale collections of single molecules, as electronic components. Because single molecules constitute the smallest stable structures imaginable, this miniaturization is the ultimate goal... | Molecular scale electronics | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,717 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Molecular physics",
"Molecular electronics"
] |
18,696,066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylethylenediamine | 1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethylenediamine, DPEN, is an organic compound with the formula H2NCHPhCHPhNH2, where Ph is phenyl (C6H5). DPEN exists as three stereoisomers: meso and two enantiomers S,S- and R,R-. The chiral diastereomers are used in asymmetric hydrogenation. Both diastereomers are bidentate ligands.
Preparation and... | Diphenylethylenediamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 440 | [
"Chelating agents",
"Process chemicals"
] |
18,698,592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloform%20reaction | In chemistry, the haloform reaction (also referred to as the Lieben haloform reaction) is a chemical reaction in which a haloform (, where X is a halogen) is produced by the exhaustive halogenation of an acetyl group (, where R can be either a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or an aryl group), in the presence of a base. The re... | Haloform reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 999 | [
"Carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions",
"Organic redox reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
18,699,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faujasite | Faujasite (FAU-type zeolite) is a mineral group in the zeolite family of silicate minerals. The group consists of faujasite-Na, faujasite-Mg and faujasite-Ca. They all share the same basic formula by varying the amounts of sodium, magnesium and calcium. Faujasite occurs as a rare mineral in several locations worldwid... | Faujasite | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,199 | [
"Catalysis",
"Catalysts",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
18,699,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20hexafluorophosphate | Ammonium hexafluorophosphate is the inorganic compound with the formula NH4PF6. It is a white water-soluble, hygroscopic solid. The compound is a salt consisting of the ammonium cation and hexafluorophosphate anion. It is commonly used as a source of the hexafluorophosphate anion, a weakly coordinating anion. It is pre... | Ammonium hexafluorophosphate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 167 | [
"Ammonium compounds",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
3,600,345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20frequency%20multiplier | An optical frequency multiplier is a nonlinear optical device in which photons interacting with a nonlinear material are effectively "combined" to form new photons with greater energy, and thus higher frequency (and shorter wavelength). Two types of devices are currently common: frequency doublers, often based on lith... | Optical frequency multiplier | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 392 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Optical devices"
] |
3,600,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20fraction | In chemistry and fluid mechanics, the volume fraction is defined as the volume of a constituent Vi divided by the volume of all constituents of the mixture V prior to mixing:
Being dimensionless, its unit is 1; it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18. It is the same concept as volume percent (vol%) except that the la... | Volume fraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 558 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Chemical quantities",
"Dimensionless quantities of chemistry",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Dimensionless quantities",
"Physical chemistry",
"Dimensionless numbers of chemistry",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,601,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20diamond | Shock diamonds (also known as Mach diamonds or thrust diamonds, and less commonly Mach disks) are a formation of standing wave patterns that appear in the supersonic exhaust plume of an aerospace propulsion system, such as a supersonic jet engine, rocket, ramjet, or scramjet, when it is operated in an atmosphere. The "... | Shock diamond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 881 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Aerospace",
"Shock waves",
"Aerodynamics",
"Waves",
"Space",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Spacetime",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
3,602,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell%20vaccination | T-cell vaccination is immunization with inactivated autoreactive T cells. The concept of T-cell vaccination is, at least partially, analogous to classical vaccination against infectious disease. However, the agents to be eliminated or neutralized are not foreign microbial agents but a pathogenic autoreactive T-cell pop... | T-cell vaccination | [
"Biology"
] | 117 | [
"Immunology"
] |
3,602,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell%20vaccine | A T-cell vaccine is a vaccine designed to induce protective T-cells. It is not a vaccine whereby T-cells are administered to the patient.
T-cell vaccines are designed to induce cellular immunity. They are also referred to as cell-mediated immune (CMI) vaccines.
It is believed that CMI vaccines can be more effective t... | T-cell vaccine | [
"Biology"
] | 175 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccines"
] |
3,603,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen%20theory | Nielsen theory is a branch of mathematical research with its origins in topological fixed-point theory. Its central ideas were developed by Danish mathematician Jakob Nielsen, and bear his name.
The theory developed in the study of the so-called minimal number of a map f from a compact space to itself, denoted MF[f]. ... | Nielsen theory | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 419 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Fixed points (mathematics)",
"Fixed-point theorems",
"Theorems in topology",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,605,571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20particle | In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest-mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light .
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by spec... | Relativistic particle | [
"Physics"
] | 584 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Special relativity",
"Experimental physics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Accelerator physics"
] |
27,162,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory%20for%20Energy%20Conversion | The Laboratory for Energy Conversion (LEC) formerly known as Turbomachinery Laboratory (LSM) was founded in 1892 by Aurel Boleslav Stodola. As part of the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH). The laboratory has been headed by some of the most prominent mechanical engineers in the history of turbomachinery.
Ar... | Laboratory for Energy Conversion | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 357 | [
"Mechanical engineering",
"Mechanical engineering organizations",
"Turbines",
"Turbomachinery"
] |
27,170,659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamaterials%3A%20Physics%20and%20Engineering%20Explorations | Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations is a book length introduction to the fundamental research and advancements in electromagnetic composite substances known as electromagnetic metamaterials. The discussion encompasses examination of the physics of metamaterial interactions, the designs, and the perspec... | Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 998 | [
"Metamaterials",
"Materials science"
] |
12,986,940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAPWS | The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) is an international non-profit association of national organizations concerned with the properties of water and steam, particularly thermophysical properties and other aspects of high-temperature steam, water and aqueous mixtures that are rele... | IAPWS | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 122 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
12,987,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAW%20hypothesis | The CLAW hypothesis proposes a negative feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystems and the Earth's climate. The hypothesis specifically proposes that particular phytoplankton that produce dimethyl sulfide are responsive to variations in climate forcing, and that these responses act to stabilise the temperatu... | CLAW hypothesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 844 | [
"Particulates",
"Particle technology"
] |
12,987,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ambidextrous%20Universe | The Ambidextrous Universe is a popular science book by Martin Gardner, covering aspects of symmetry and asymmetry in human culture, science and the wider universe. It culminates in a discussion of whether nature's conservation of parity (the symmetry of mirrored quantum systems) is ever violated, which had been proven ... | The Ambidextrous Universe | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,140 | [
"Geometry",
"Symmetry",
"Asymmetry"
] |
12,989,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAL4/UAS%20system | The GAL4-UAS system is a biochemical method used to study gene expression and function in organisms such as the fruit fly. It is based on the finding by Hitoshi Kakidani and Mark Ptashne, and Nicholas Webster and Pierre Chambon in 1988 that Gal4 binding to UAS sequences activates gene expression. The method was introdu... | GAL4/UAS system | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,611 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
12,989,803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-positive%20curvature | In mathematics, spaces of non-positive curvature occur in many contexts and form a generalization of hyperbolic geometry. In the category of Riemannian manifolds, one can consider the sectional curvature of the manifold and require that this curvature be everywhere less than or equal to zero. The notion of curvature ex... | Non-positive curvature | [
"Physics"
] | 689 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Physical quantities",
"Curvature (mathematics)"
] |
12,993,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20angle%20%28EELS%29 | The magic angle is a particular value of the collection angle of an electron microscope at which the measured energy-loss spectrum "magically" becomes independent of the tilt angle of the sample with respect to the beam direction. The magic angle is not uniquely defined for isotropic samples, but the definition is uniq... | Magic angle (EELS) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 302 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Molecular physics",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Materials science",
"nan",
"Spectroscopy",
"Chemical physics"
] |
12,994,056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20invasion%20analysis | Evolutionary invasion analysis, also known as adaptive dynamics, is a set of mathematical modeling techniques that use differential equations to study the long-term evolution of traits in asexually and sexually reproducing populations. It rests on the following three assumptions about mutation and population dynamics:
... | Evolutionary invasion analysis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,253 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations"
] |
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