id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
22,586,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex%20stretching | In fluid dynamics, vortex stretching is the lengthening of vortices in three-dimensional fluid flow, associated with a corresponding increase of the component of vorticity in the stretching direction—due to the conservation of angular momentum.
Vortex stretching is associated with a particular term in the vorticity e... | Vortex stretching | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 290 | [
"Turbulence",
"Chemical engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
25,472,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%20649%20b | Gliese 649 b , or Gl 649 b is an extrasolar planet, orbiting the 10th magnitude M-type star Gliese 649, 10 parsecs from earth. This planet is a sub-Jupiter, massing 0.328 Jupiter mass and orbits at 1.135 AU.
References
Exoplanets discovered in 2009
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Giant planets
Hercules (conste... | Gliese 649 b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 88 | [
"Hercules (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
25,474,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-slit%20interferometric%20equation | Quantum mechanics was first applied to optics, and interference in particular, by Paul Dirac. Richard Feynman, in his Lectures on Physics, uses Dirac's notation to describe thought experiments on double-slit interference of electrons. Feynman's approach was extended to -slit interferometers for either single-photon ill... | N-slit interferometric equation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,337 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Classical mechanics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Equations",
"Measuring instruments",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Interferometers"
] |
25,480,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredge-up | A dredge-up is any one of several stages in the evolution of some stars. By definition, during a dredge-up, a convection zone extends all the way from the star's surface down to the layers of material that have undergone fusion. Consequently, the fusion products are mixed into the outer layers of the star's atmosphere,... | Dredge-up | [
"Physics"
] | 409 | [
"Astrophysics",
"Stellar evolution"
] |
18,826,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxipurinol | Oxipurinol (INN, or oxypurinol USAN) is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. It is an active metabolite of allopurinol and it is cleared renally. In cases of renal disease, this metabolite will accumulate to toxic levels. By inhibiting xanthine oxidase, it reduces uric acid production. High serum uric acid levels may resu... | Oxipurinol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 124 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
18,827,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20glycinate | Aluminium glycinate (or dihydroxyaluminium aminoacetate) is an antacid.
See also
Aceglutamide
References
Aluminium compounds
Antacids
Glycinates
Metal-amino acid complexes | Aluminium glycinate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 47 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"Metal-amino acid complexes"
] |
18,827,698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque%20effect | Torque effect is an effect experienced in helicopters and single propeller-powered aircraft is an example of Isaac Newton's third law of motion, that "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."
In helicopters, the torque effect causes the main rotor to turn the fuselage in the opposite direction from ... | Torque effect | [
"Engineering"
] | 134 | [
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
18,829,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20scheme | In mathematics, specifically in algebraic geometry, a formal scheme is a type of space which includes data about its surroundings. Unlike an ordinary scheme, a formal scheme includes infinitesimal data that, in effect, points in a direction off of the scheme. For this reason, formal schemes frequently appear in topics ... | Formal scheme | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,005 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
18,829,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuative%20criterion | In mathematics, specifically algebraic geometry, the valuative criteria are a collection of results that make it possible to decide whether a morphism of algebraic varieties, or more generally schemes, is universally closed, separated, or proper.
Statement of the valuative criteria
Recall that a valuation ring A is a... | Valuative criterion | [
"Mathematics"
] | 301 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
18,831,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut%20des%20mol%C3%A9cules%20et%20de%20la%20mati%C3%A8re%20condens%C3%A9e%20de%20Lille | The Institut des molécules et de la matière condensée de Lille - IMMCL Chevreul ( Institute for molecules and condensed matter in Lille) is a physics and chemistry research institute. It is a member of the University of Lille.
Background history
Academic researches in chemistry in Lille started in the early days of ... | Institut des molécules et de la matière condensée de Lille | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 614 | [
"Materials science organizations",
"Chemical research institutes",
"Materials science institutes"
] |
18,832,276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal%20tritone | A septimal tritone is a tritone (about one half of an octave) that involves the factor seven. There are two that are inverses. The lesser septimal tritone (also Huygens' tritone) is the musical interval with ratio 7:5 (582.51 cents). The greater septimal tritone (also Euler's tritone), is an interval with ratio 10:7 (6... | Septimal tritone | [
"Physics"
] | 389 | [
"Tritones",
"Symmetry",
"Musical symmetry"
] |
18,832,302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93Littlewood%20polynomials | In mathematics, the Hall–Littlewood polynomials are symmetric functions depending on a parameter t and a partition λ. They are Schur functions when t is 0 and monomial symmetric functions when t is 1 and are special cases of Macdonald polynomials.
They were first defined indirectly by Philip Hall using the Hall algeb... | Hall–Littlewood polynomials | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 274 | [
"Algebra",
"Combinatorics",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Symmetric functions",
"Algebraic combinatorics",
"Symmetry"
] |
18,836,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiferroelectricity | In electromagnetics and materials science, atiferroelectricity is a physical property of certain materials. It is closely related to ferroelectricity; the relation between antiferroelectricity and ferroelectricity is analogous to the relation between antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism.
An antiferroelectric material... | Antiferroelectricity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 279 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Materials science stubs",
"Phases of matter",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"Electromagnetism stubs",
"Matter"
] |
18,837,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium%20sublimation%20pump | A titanium sublimation pump (TSP) is a type of vacuum pump used to remove residual gas in ultra-high vacuum systems, maintaining the vacuum.
Principle of operation
Its construction and principle of operation is simple. It consists of a titanium filament through which a high current (typically around 40 A) is passed p... | Titanium sublimation pump | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 815 | [
"Vacuum pumps",
"Vacuum systems",
"Vacuum",
"Matter"
] |
3,658,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbouring%20group%20participation | In organic chemistry, neighbouring group participation (NGP, also known as anchimeric assistance) has been defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as the interaction of a reaction centre with a lone pair of electrons in an atom or the electrons present in a sigma or pi bond contained wi... | Neighbouring group participation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,001 | [
"Chemical kinetics",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Physical organic chemistry"
] |
3,659,337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20High%20Energy%20Physics | The Centre for High Energy Physics (CHEP) is a federally funded national research laboratory managed by the University of Punjab.
The CHEP is dedicated towards the scientific advancement and understanding of high energy physics (or particle physics) — a branch of fundamental physics that is concerned with unraveling... | Centre for High Energy Physics | [
"Physics"
] | 543 | [
"Particle physics",
"Computational particle physics",
"Computational physics"
] |
3,659,503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient%20of%20restitution | In physics, the coefficient of restitution (COR, also denoted by e), can be thought of as a measure of the elasticity of a collision between two bodies. It is a dimensionless parameter defined as the ratio of the relative velocity of separation after a two-body collision to the relative velocity of approach before coll... | Coefficient of restitution | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,549 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Arithmetic",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Ratios"
] |
3,662,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle%20of%20minimum%20energy | The principle of minimum energy is essentially a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that for a closed system, with constant external parameters and entropy, the internal energy will decrease and approach a minimum value at equilibrium. External parameters generally means the volume, but may in... | Principle of minimum energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,887 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,663,289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor-spring%20analogy | There are several formal analogies that can be made between electricity, which is invisible to the eye, and more familiar physical behaviors, such as the flowing of water or the motion of mechanical devices.
In the case of capacitance, one analogy to a capacitor in mechanical rectilineal terms is a spring where the c... | Capacitor-spring analogy | [
"Physics"
] | 512 | [
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
6,519,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane%20receptor | The thromboxane receptor (TP) also known as the prostanoid TP receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBXA2R gene, The thromboxane receptor is one among the five classes of prostanoid receptors and was the first eicosanoid receptor cloned. The TP receptor derives its name from its preferred endogenous li... | Thromboxane receptor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,690 | [
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
19,997,989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BREEAM | The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), first published by the Building Research Establishment in 1990, is touted as the world's longest established method of identifying the sustainability of buildings. Around 550,000 buildings have been "BREEAM-certified". Additionally, two milli... | BREEAM | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,750 | [
"Environmental design",
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering",
"Design",
"Architecture"
] |
20,000,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazenylium | Diazenylium is the chemical N2H+, an inorganic cation that was one of the first ions to be observed in interstellar clouds. Since then, it has been observed for in several different types of interstellar environments, observations that have several different scientific uses. It gives astronomers information about the... | Diazenylium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,691 | [
"Cations",
"Ions",
"Matter"
] |
20,000,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard%20modeling | Cardboard modeling or cardboard engineering is a form of modelling with paper, card stock, paperboard, and corrugated fiberboard. The term cardboard engineering is sometimes used to differentiate from the craft of making decorative cards. It is often referred to as paper modelling although in practice card is generally... | Cardboard modeling | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 345 | [
"Design stubs",
"Scale modeling",
"Design"
] |
860,861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping%20%28semiconductor%29 | In semiconductor production, doping is the intentional introduction of impurities into an intrinsic (undoped) semiconductor for the purpose of modulating its electrical, optical and structural properties. The doped material is referred to as an extrinsic semiconductor.
Small numbers of dopant atoms can change the abi... | Doping (semiconductor) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 4,819 | [
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Semiconductor properties",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Microtechnology"
] |
861,530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometric%20formula | The barometric formula is a formula used to model how the pressure (or density) of the air changes with altitude.
Pressure equations
There are two equations for computing pressure as a function of height. The first equation is applicable to the atmospheric layers in which the temperature is assumed to vary with alti... | Barometric formula | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,911 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Physical quantities",
"Mathematical objects",
"Meteorological quantities",
"Atmospheric pressure",
"Vertical distributions",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
861,928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory | In materials science, a refractory (or refractory material) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat or chemical attack and that retains its strength and rigidity at high temperatures. They are inorganic, non-metallic compounds that may be porous or non-porous, and their crystallinity varies widely: the... | Refractory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,411 | [
"Refractory materials",
"Materials",
"Ceramic materials",
"nan",
"Ceramic engineering",
"Matter"
] |
862,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide%20Area%20Augmentation%20System | The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) is an air navigation aid developed by the Federal Aviation Administration to augment the Global Positioning System (GPS), with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity, and availability. Essentially, WAAS is intended to enable aircraft to rely on GPS for all phases of fligh... | Wide Area Augmentation System | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,330 | [
"Global Positioning System",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Wireless locating",
"Aircraft instruments"
] |
862,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCckel%27s%20rule | In organic chemistry, Hückel's rule predicts that a planar ring molecule will have aromatic properties if it has 4n + 2 π-electrons, where n is a non-negative integer. The quantum mechanical basis for its formulation was first worked out by physical chemist Erich Hückel in 1931. The succinct expression as the 4n + 2 r... | Hückel's rule | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,692 | [
"Physical organic chemistry"
] |
862,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20camera | A gamma camera (γ-camera), also called a scintillation camera or Anger camera, is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. The applications of scintigraphy include early drug development and nuclear medical imaging to view and analyse images of the human body or ... | Gamma camera | [
"Physics"
] | 1,481 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Gamma rays",
"Medical physics"
] |
862,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometer | A photometer is an instrument that measures the strength of electromagnetic radiation in the range from ultraviolet to infrared and including the visible spectrum. Most photometers convert light into an electric current using a photoresistor, photodiode, or photomultiplier.
Photometers measure:
Illuminance
Irradiance
... | Photometer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,316 | [
"Measuring instruments",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Electromagnetic radiation meters"
] |
862,717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile%20motion | Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object or particle (a projectile) that is projected in a gravitational field, such as from Earth's surface, and moves along a curved path (a trajectory) under the action of gravity only. In the particular case of projectile motion on Earth, most calculations assum... | Projectile motion | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 3,580 | [
"Machines",
"Kinematics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics",
"Physical systems",
"Motion (physics)",
"Mechanics"
] |
863,161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%20Vinci%20Project | The da Vinci Project was a privately funded, volunteer-staffed attempt to launch a reusable crewed sub-orbital spacecraft. It was formed in 1996 specifically to be a contender for the Ansari X Prize for the first non-governmental reusable crewed spacecraft. The project was based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and led by... | Da Vinci Project | [
"Engineering"
] | 863 | [
"Space programs",
"Human spaceflight programs"
] |
21,097,089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Oceanographic%20Partnership%20Program | The National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) facilitates interagency and multi-sectoral partnerships to address federal ocean science and technology research priorities. Through this collaboration, federal agencies can leverage resources to invest in priorities that fall between agency missions or are too larg... | National Oceanographic Partnership Program | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,135 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
21,098,058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20software%20under%20the%20GNU%20AGPL | This is an incomplete list of software that are licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License, in alphabetical order.
Akvo platform - data platform for Sustainable Development Goals and international development tracking
Alaveteli
Ampache - web-based audio/video streaming application
Anki - the desktop versi... | List of software under the GNU AGPL | [
"Technology"
] | 508 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Lists of software"
] |
21,099,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krull%E2%80%93Schmidt%20category | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a Krull–Schmidt category is a generalization of categories in which the Krull–Schmidt theorem holds. They arise, for example, in the study of finite-dimensional modules over an algebra.
Definition
Let C be an additive category, or more generally an additive -linear catego... | Krull–Schmidt category | [
"Mathematics"
] | 582 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Representation theory"
] |
21,100,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krull%E2%80%93Schmidt%20theorem | In mathematics, the Krull–Schmidt theorem states that a group subjected to certain finiteness conditions on chains of subgroups, can be uniquely written as a finite direct product of indecomposable subgroups.
Definitions
We say that a group G satisfies the ascending chain condition (ACC) on subgroups if every sequence... | Krull–Schmidt theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,433 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Module theory"
] |
21,103,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glidcop | Glidcop is a family of copper-based metal matrix composite (MMC) alloys mixed primarily with small amounts of aluminum oxide ceramic particles. It is a trademark of North American Höganäs. The name is sometimes written GlidCop or GLIDCOP.
The aluminum oxide particles block dislocation creep, which retards recrystalliz... | Glidcop | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 777 | [
"Copper alloys",
"Composite materials",
"Materials",
"Alloys",
"Matter"
] |
21,103,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20Nanosatellite%20Program | The University Nanosat Program is a satellite design and fabrication competition for universities. It is jointly administered by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the Space Development and Test Wi... | University Nanosatellite Program | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,776 | [
"Spacecraft design",
"Design",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
21,106,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20operations | In the petroleum industry, Integrated operations (IO) refers to the integration of people, disciplines, organizations, work processes and information and communication technology to make smarter decisions. In short, IO is collaboration with focus on production.
Contents of the term
The most striking part of IO has bee... | Integrated operations | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,634 | [
"Petroleum engineering",
"Energy engineering",
"Petroleum industry",
"Petroleum",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
21,108,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20and%20vibration%20on%20maritime%20vessels | On maritime vessels, noise and vibration are not the same but they have the same origin and come in many forms. The methods to handle the related problems are similar, to a certain level, where most shipboard noise problems are reduced by controlling vibration.
Sources
The main producers of mechanically created noise ... | Noise and vibration on maritime vessels | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,147 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Naval architecture",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical vibrations",
"Marine engineering"
] |
27,342,975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly%20structured%20ring%20spectrum | In mathematics, a highly structured ring spectrum or -ring is an object in homotopy theory encoding a refinement of a multiplicative structure on a cohomology theory. A commutative version of an -ring is called an -ring. While originally motivated by questions of geometric topology and bundle theory, they are today mo... | Highly structured ring spectrum | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,468 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Algebraic topology"
] |
27,343,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Renewable%20Energy%20Network | WREN is a major non-profit organization registered in the United Kingdom with charitable status and affiliated to UNESCO, the Deputy Director General of which is its honorary President. It has a Governing Council, an Executive Committee and a Director General. It maintains links with many United Nations, governmental a... | World Renewable Energy Network | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,269 | [
"Renewable energy organizations",
"Energy organizations"
] |
27,344,508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract%20elementary%20class | In model theory, a discipline within mathematical logic, an abstract elementary class, or AEC for short, is a class of models with a partial order similar to the relation of an elementary substructure of an elementary class in first-order model theory. They were introduced by Saharon Shelah.
Definition
, for a cla... | Abstract elementary class | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,207 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Model theory"
] |
27,345,986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20to%20Go | Gold to Go is a product brand made by the TG Gold-Super-Markt corporation designed to dispense items made of pure gold from automated banking vending machines. The first gold-plated vending machine was located in the lobby of the Emirates Palace hotel in Abu Dhabi, dispensed 320 items made of gold, including 10-gram g... | Gold to Go | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 645 | [
"Machines",
"Commercial machines",
"Vending machines",
"Automation",
"Physical systems"
] |
27,346,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool%20flame | A cool flame is a flame having a typical temperature of about . In contrast to an ordinary hot flame, the reaction is not vigorous and releases little heat, light, or carbon dioxide. Cool flames are difficult to observe and are uncommon in everyday life, but they are responsible for engine knock – the undesirable, erra... | Cool flame | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,179 | [
"Combustion",
"Fire"
] |
27,347,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20cyclization | Radical cyclization reactions are organic chemical transformations that yield cyclic products through radical intermediates. They usually proceed in three basic steps: selective radical generation, radical cyclization, and conversion of the cyclized radical to product.
Introduction
Radical cyclization reactions produc... | Radical cyclization | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,446 | [
"Organic reactions"
] |
27,351,235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamped%20circuit%20board | A stamped circuit board (SCB) is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. This technology is used for small circuits, for instance in the production of LEDs.
Similar to pr... | Stamped circuit board | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 330 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electronics manufacturing",
"Computer engineering"
] |
27,353,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuroML | NeuroML is an XML (Extensible Markup Language) based model description language that aims to provide a common data format for defining and exchanging models in computational neuroscience. The focus of NeuroML is on models which are based on the biophysical and anatomical properties of real neurons.
History
The idea o... | NeuroML | [
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 1,166 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Computer standards",
"XML-based standards",
"Neuroinformatics"
] |
27,353,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20software%20for%20Monte%20Carlo%20molecular%20modeling | This is a list of computer programs that use Monte Carlo methods for molecular modeling.
Abalone classical Hybrid MC
BOSS classical
CASINO quantum
Cassandra classical
CP2K
FEASST classical
GOMC classical
Internal_Coordinate_Mechanics ICM by MolSoft classical
MacroModel classical
Materials Studio classic... | List of software for Monte Carlo molecular modeling | [
"Chemistry"
] | 126 | [
"Molecular modelling",
"Molecular modelling software",
"Computational chemistry software"
] |
26,978,338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale%E2%80%93Shapley%20algorithm | In mathematics, economics, and computer science, the Gale–Shapley algorithm (also known as the deferred acceptance algorithm, propose-and-reject algorithm, or Boston Pool algorithm) is an algorithm for finding a solution to the stable matching problem. It is named for David Gale and Lloyd Shapley, who published it in 1... | Gale–Shapley algorithm | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,464 | [
"Combinatorial algorithms",
"Computational mathematics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
26,983,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrically%20detected%20magnetic%20resonance | Electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) is a materials characterisation technique that improves upon electron spin resonance. It involves measuring the change in electrical resistance of a sample when exposed to certain microwave frequencies. It can be used to identify very small numbers (down to a few hundred ... | Electrically detected magnetic resonance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 406 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Quantum electronics",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
26,984,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arruda%E2%80%93Boyce%20model | In continuum mechanics, an Arruda–Boyce model is a hyperelastic constitutive model used to describe the mechanical behavior of rubber and other polymeric substances. This model is based on the statistical mechanics of a material with a cubic representative volume element containing eight chains along the diagonal dire... | Arruda–Boyce model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,066 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Solid mechanics",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Classical mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Physical properties"
] |
26,984,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiroll%20tanks | Antiroll tanks are tanks fitted onto ships in order to improve the ship's response to roll motion. Fitted with baffles intended to slow the rate of water transfer from the port side of the tank to the starboard side and the reverse, the tanks are designed such that a larger amount of water is trapped on the higher side... | Antiroll tanks | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,037 | [
"Control devices",
"Control engineering"
] |
1,326,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady%20state | In systems theory, a system or a process is in a steady state if the variables (called state variables) which define the behavior of the system or the process are unchanging in time. In continuous time, this means that for those properties p of the system, the partial derivative with respect to time is zero and remains... | Steady state | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,728 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,326,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamforming | Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive in... | Beamforming | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,105 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing"
] |
1,328,116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino%20oscillation | Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which a neutrino created with a specific lepton family number ("lepton flavor": electron, muon, or tau) can later be measured to have a different lepton family number. The probability of measuring a particular flavor for a neutrino varies between three known st... | Neutrino oscillation | [
"Physics"
] | 5,778 | [
"Standard Model",
"Physical phenomena",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Electroweak theory",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Particle physics",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model"
] |
24,094,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C21H22O9 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C21H22O9}}
The molecular formula C21H22O9 (molar mass: 418.39 g/mol, exact mass: 418.1264 u) may refer to:
Aloin, also known as barbaloin
Liquiritin
Natsudaidain, a flavanol
Molecular formulas | C21H22O9 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 79 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
24,094,910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C21H20O12 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C21H20O12}}
The molecular formula C21H20O12 (molar mass: 464.37 g/mol, exact mass: 464.095476 u) may refer to:
Hyperoside
Isoquercetin
Myricitrin, a flavonol
Spiraeoside, a flavonol
Molecular formulas | C21H20O12 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 84 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
24,098,258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20density%20functional%20theory | Lattice density functional theory (LDFT) is a statistical theory used in physics and thermodynamics to model a variety of physical phenomena with simple lattice equations.
Description
Lattice models with nearest-neighbor interactions have been used extensively to model a wide variety of systems and phenomena, includin... | Lattice density functional theory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 521 | [
"Density functional theory",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Lattice models",
"Computational physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
8,487,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine%20dimer | Pyrimidine dimers represent molecular lesions originating from thymine or cytosine bases within DNA, resulting from photochemical reactions. These lesions, commonly linked to direct DNA damage, are induced by ultraviolet light (UV), particularly UVC, result in the formation of covalent bonds between adjacent nitrogenou... | Pyrimidine dimer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 1,810 | [
"Dimers (chemistry)",
"Senescence",
"Cellular processes",
"Metabolism",
"Polymer chemistry",
"DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorders"
] |
8,491,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynting%20effect | The Poynting effect may refer to two unrelated physical phenomena. Neither should be confused with the Poynting–Robertson effect. All of these effects are named after John Henry Poynting, an English physicist.
Solid mechanics
In solid mechanics, the Poynting effect is a finite strain theory effect observed when an ... | Poynting effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 315 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Matter",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Phases of matter",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Physical properties",
"Gases"
] |
8,491,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davydov%20soliton | In quantum biology, the Davydov soliton (after the Soviet Ukrainian physicist Alexander Davydov) is a quasiparticle representing an excitation propagating along the self-trapped amide I groups within the α-helices of proteins. It is a solution of the Davydov Hamiltonian.
The Davydov model describes the interaction of... | Davydov soliton | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,042 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Biophysics",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins",
"Quantum biology"
] |
8,494,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20F.%20Hunt | Donald F. Hunt is the University Professor of Chemistry and Pathology at the University of Virginia. He is known for his research in the field of mass spectrometry, he developed electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry. He has received multiple awards for his work including the Distinguished Contribution Award f... | Donald F. Hunt | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 382 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
8,495,142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckart%20conditions | The Eckart conditions, named after Carl Eckart, simplify the nuclear motion (rovibrational) Hamiltonian that arises in the second step of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. They make it possible to approximately separate rotation from vibration. Although the rotational and vibrational motions of the nuclei in a ... | Eckart conditions | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,877 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Molecular physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
4,971,619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log%20wind%20profile | The log wind profile is a semi-empirical relationship commonly used to describe the vertical distribution of horizontal mean wind speeds within the lowest portion of the planetary boundary layer. The relationship is well described in the literature.
The logarithmic profile of wind speeds is generally limited to the l... | Log wind profile | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 723 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Vertical distributions",
"Atmospheric dispersion modeling",
"Mathematical relations",
"Environmental engineering",
"Environmental modelling"
] |
25,486,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shields%20parameter | The Shields parameter, also called the Shields criterion or Shields number, is a nondimensional number used to calculate the initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow. It is a dimensionalization of a shear stress, and is typically denoted or . This parameter has been developed by Albert F. Shields, and is calle... | Shields parameter | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 225 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
25,488,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic%20screen | A holographic screen is a two-dimensional display technology that uses coated glass media for the projection surface of a video projector. "Holographic" refers not to a stereoscopic effect, but to the coating that bundles light using formed microlenses. The lens design and attributes match the holographic area. The len... | Holographic screen | [
"Engineering"
] | 781 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Display technology"
] |
25,489,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20Pharmaco-Therapeutic%20Referrals | The Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals (CPR) is a taxonomy focused on defining and grouping together situations requiring a referral from pharmacists to physicians (and vice versa) regarding the pharmacotherapy used by the patients. It has been published in 2008. It is bilingual: English/Spanish (Clasific... | Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,012 | [
"Pharmacological classification systems",
"Pharmacology"
] |
25,491,298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus%20transplantation | Thymus transplantation is a form of organ transplantation where the thymus is moved from one body to another. It is used in certain immunodeficiencies, such as DiGeorge Syndrome.
Indications
Thymus transplantation is used to treat infants with DiGeorge syndrome, which results in an absent or hypoplastic thymus, in tu... | Thymus transplantation | [
"Biology"
] | 790 | [
"Immunology"
] |
25,491,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheer%20%28ship%29 | The sheer is a measure of longitudinal main deck curvature in naval architecture. The sheer forward is usually twice that aft. Increases in the rise of the sheer forward and aft build volume into the hull, and in turn increase its buoyancy forward and aft, thereby keeping the ends from diving into an oncoming wave and ... | Sheer (ship) | [
"Engineering"
] | 205 | [
"Naval architecture",
"Marine engineering"
] |
22,589,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instance-based%20learning | In machine learning, instance-based learning (sometimes called memory-based learning) is a family of learning algorithms that, instead of performing explicit generalization, compare new problem instances with instances seen in training, which have been stored in memory. Because computation is postponed until a new inst... | Instance-based learning | [
"Engineering"
] | 282 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
22,590,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Arf%20theorem | In mathematics, specifically in local class field theory, the Hasse–Arf theorem is a result concerning jumps of the upper numbering filtration of the Galois group of a finite Galois extension. A special case of it when the residue fields are finite was originally proved by Helmut Hasse, and the general result was pro... | Hasse–Arf theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 521 | [
"Theorems in algebraic number theory",
"Theorems in number theory"
] |
22,590,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonom%C3%A8tre%20of%20Louli%C3%A9 | The () is a tuning device that French musician Étienne Loulié invented to facilitate the tuning of stringed instruments. Sébastien de Brossard considered this device to be "one of the finest inventions" of the 17th century.
On July 4, 1699, Étienne Loulié had the honor of presenting two inventions before the Royal A... | Sonomètre of Loulié | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 1,476 | [
"Musical instrument parts and accessories",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Components"
] |
22,590,461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20disease%20resistance | Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant (and hence a reduction of disease), while the t... | Plant disease resistance | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 7,051 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical ecology"
] |
22,594,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20simulation | Process simulation is used for the design, development, analysis, and optimization of technical process of simulation of processes such as: chemical plants, chemical processes, environmental systems, power stations, complex manufacturing operations, biological processes, and similar technical functions.
Main principle... | Process simulation | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,108 | [
"Industrial design",
"Process engineering",
"Design engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Design"
] |
22,596,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure-based%20combinatorial%20protein%20engineering | Structure-based combinatorial protein engineering (SCOPE) is a synthetic biology technique for creating gene libraries (lineages) of defined composition designed from structural and probabilistic constraints of the encoded proteins. The development of this technique was driven by fundamental questions about protein str... | Structure-based combinatorial protein engineering | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 458 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Combinatorial chemistry",
"Biological engineering",
"Materials science",
"Combinatorics",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular genetics"
] |
22,597,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20situ%20polymerization | In polymer chemistry, in situ polymerization is a preparation method that occurs "in the polymerization mixture" and is used to develop polymer nanocomposites from nanoparticles. There are numerous unstable oligomers (molecules) which must be synthesized in situ (i.e. in the reaction mixture but cannot be isolated on t... | In situ polymerization | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,100 | [
"Polymers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
22,600,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSE%20buffer | TSE or Tris/Saline/EDTA, is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, Sodium chloride and EDTA.
In molecular biology, TSE buffers are often used in procedures involving nucleic acids. Tris-acid solutions are effective buffers for slightly basic conditions, which keep DNA deprotonated and soluble in water. T... | TSE buffer | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 221 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Buffer solutions",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Genetic engineering",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemistry"
] |
1,952,635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20trap | An ion trap is a combination of electric and/or magnetic fields used to capture charged particles — known as ions — often in a system isolated from an external environment. Atomic and molecular ion traps have a number of applications in physics and chemistry such as precision mass spectrometry, improved atomic frequenc... | Ion trap | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,909 | [
"Matter",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Particle traps",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Ions"
] |
1,952,861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20hardening | Shock hardening is a process used to strengthen metals and alloys, wherein a shock wave produces atomic-scale defects in the material's crystalline structure. As in cold work, these defects interfere with the normal processes by which metallic materials yield (plasticity), making materials stiffer, but more brittle. W... | Shock hardening | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 498 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy"
] |
1,953,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy%20%28engineering%29 | In engineering and systems theory, redundancy is the intentional duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the goal of increasing reliability of the system, usually in the form of a backup or fail-safe, or to improve actual system performance, such as in the case of GNSS receivers, or multi-threa... | Redundancy (engineering) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,379 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Reliability engineering",
"Computer systems",
"Fault-tolerant computer systems",
"nan"
] |
1,953,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora%20%28unit%29 | An amphora (/ˈæmfərə/; Ancient Greek: ἀμφορεύς) was the unit of measurement of volume in the Greco-Roman era. The term is derived from ancient Greek use of the amphora, a tall terracotta or ceramic jar-like shipping container with two opposed handles near the top. Amphora means "two handled".
An amphora is equal to 48... | Amphora (unit) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 308 | [
"Units of volume",
"Quantity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
1,955,806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Valley%20Project | The New Valley Project or Toshka Project consists of building a system of canals to carry water from Lake Nasser to irrigate part of the sandy wastes of the Western Desert of Egypt, which is part of the Sahara Desert.
History
In 1997, the Egyptian government decided to develop a new valley (as opposed to the existing ... | New Valley Project | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 593 | [
"Hydrology",
"Interbasin transfer"
] |
20,003,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodetection | In his historic paper entitled "The Quantum Theory of Optical Coherence," Roy J. Glauber set a solid foundation for the quantum electronics/quantum optics enterprise. The experimental development of the optical maser and later laser at that time had made the classical concept of optical coherence inadequate. Glauber st... | Photodetection | [
"Physics"
] | 437 | [
"Quantum optics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
20,010,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monad%20%28nonstandard%20analysis%29 | In nonstandard analysis, a monad or also a halo is the set of points infinitesimally close to a given point.
Given a hyperreal number x in R∗, the monad of x is the set
If x is finite (limited), the unique real number in the monad of x is called the standard part of x.
References
Nonstandard analysis | Monad (nonstandard analysis) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 79 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Infinity",
"Nonstandard analysis",
"Mathematics of infinitesimals",
"Model theory"
] |
6,527,803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-interacting%20dark%20matter | In astrophysics and particle physics, self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) is an alternative class of dark matter particles which have strong interactions, in contrast to the standard cold dark matter model (CDM). SIDM was postulated in 2000 as a solution to the core-cusp problem. In the simplest models of DM self-inte... | Self-interacting dark matter | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 383 | [
"Dark matter",
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astroparticle physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Particle physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Matter"
] |
6,529,589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker%20%28software%29 | Tinker, previously stylized as TINKER, is a suite of computer software applications for molecular dynamics simulation. The codes provide a complete and general set of tools for molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics, with some special features for biomolecules. The core of the software is a modular set of callable ... | Tinker (software) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 668 | [
"Molecular dynamics",
"Molecular dynamics software",
"Computational chemistry software"
] |
6,529,735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble%20%28physics%29 | A bubble is a globule of a gas substance in a liquid. In the opposite case, a globule of a liquid in a gas, is called a drop.
Due to the Marangoni effect, bubbles may remain intact when they reach the surface of the immersive substance.
Common examples
Bubbles are seen in many places in everyday life, for example:
A... | Bubble (physics) | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,177 | [
"Bubbles (physics)",
"Foams",
"Civil engineering",
"Fluid mechanics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
6,531,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine%20receptor | Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. There have been 20 distinct chemokine receptors discovered in humans. Each has a rhodopsin-like 7-transmembrane (7TM) structure and couples to G-protein for signal transduction wit... | Chemokine receptor | [
"Biology"
] | 1,662 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
6,532,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microecology | Microecology means microbial ecology or ecology of a microhabitat. It is a large field that includes many topics such as: evolution, biodiversity, exobiology, ecology, bioremediation, recycling, and food microbiology. It can also refer to a hybrid urban network at the scale of the neighbourhood. It is the study of the ... | Microecology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 629 | [
"Microbiology",
"Microscopy"
] |
6,533,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20perforated%20plate | A micro perforated plate (MPP) is a device used to absorb sound, reducing its intensity. It consists of a thin flat plate, made from one of several different materials, with small holes punched in it. An MPP offers an alternative to traditional sound absorbers made from porous materials.
Structure
An MPP is normally... | Micro perforated plate | [
"Physics"
] | 612 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Waves",
"Motion (physics)"
] |
26,987,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphon | In graph theory and statistics, a graphon (also known as a graph limit) is a symmetric measurable function , that is important in the study of dense graphs. Graphons arise both as a natural notion for the limit of a sequence of dense graphs, and as the fundamental defining objects of exchangeable random graph models. G... | Graphon | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,664 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics"
] |
26,991,816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronecker%20sum%20of%20discrete%20Laplacians | In mathematics, the Kronecker sum of discrete Laplacians, named after Leopold Kronecker, is a discrete version of the separation of variables for the continuous Laplacian in a rectangular cuboid domain.
General form of the Kronecker sum of discrete Laplacians
In a general situation of the separation of variables in t... | Kronecker sum of discrete Laplacians | [
"Mathematics"
] | 867 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Finite differences"
] |
512,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory%20Opinion%20on%20the%20Legality%20of%20the%20Threat%20or%20Use%20of%20Nuclear%20Weapons | Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons [1996] ICJ 3 is a landmark international law case, where the International Court of Justice gave an advisory opinion stating that while the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to international humanitarian law, it cannot be concluded whether or n... | Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons | [
"Biology"
] | 4,391 | [
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Aggression in international law"
] |
512,093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation%20equilibrium | Sedimentation equilibrium in a suspension of different particles, such as molecules, exists when the rate of transport of each material in any one direction due to sedimentation equals the rate of transport in the opposite direction due to diffusion. Sedimentation is due to an external force, such as gravity or centrif... | Sedimentation equilibrium | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 932 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Biochemistry"
] |
512,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi%20Mittal | Lakshmi Niwas Mittal (; born 15 June 1950 in Sadulpur, Rajasthan, India) is an Indian-born British steel magnate, based in the United Kingdom. He is the executive chairman of ArcelorMittal, the world's second largest steelmaking company, as well as chairman of stainless steel manufacturer Aperam. Mittal owns 38% of Ar... | Lakshmi Mittal | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,638 | [
"Bessemer Gold Medal",
"Chemical engineering awards"
] |
512,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20fractionation | In cell biology, cell fractionation is the process used to separate cellular components while preserving individual functions of each component. This is a method that was originally used to demonstrate the cellular location of various biochemical processes. Other uses of subcellular fractionation is to provide an enric... | Cell fractionation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 315 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Fractionation",
"Separation processes",
"Biochemical separation processes",
"nan"
] |
512,768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20centrifugation | In biochemistry and cell biology, differential centrifugation (also known as differential velocity centrifugation) is a common procedure used to separate organelles and other sub-cellular particles based on their sedimentation rate. Although often applied in biological analysis, differential centrifugation is a general... | Differential centrifugation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,461 | [
"Fractionation",
"Centrifugation",
"Cell biology",
"Separation processes",
"nan"
] |
513,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide%20polymorphism | In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ; plural SNPs ) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Although certain definitions require the substitution to be present in a sufficiently large fraction of the population (e.g. 1% or more), many pub... | Single-nucleotide polymorphism | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,627 | [
"Single-nucleotide polymorphisms",
"Biodiversity",
"Molecular biology"
] |
513,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy%20disk | In optics, the Airy disk (or Airy disc) and Airy pattern are descriptions of the best-focused spot of light that a perfect lens with a circular aperture can make, limited by the diffraction of light. The Airy disk is of importance in physics, optics, and astronomy.
The diffraction pattern resulting from a uniformly il... | Airy disk | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,757 | [
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
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