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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
144,652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian%20manifold	In differential geometry, a Riemannian manifold is a geometric space on which many geometric notions such as distance, angles, length, volume, and curvature are defined. Euclidean space, the -sphere, hyperbolic space, and smooth surfaces in three-dimensional space, such as ellipsoids and paraboloids, are all examples o...	Riemannian manifold	[ "Mathematics" ]	7,235	[ "Riemannian manifolds", "Space (mathematics)", "Metric spaces" ]
144,940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal%20wave	Longitudinal waves are waves which oscillate in the direction which is parallel to the direction in which the wave travels and displacement of the medium is in the same (or opposite) direction of the wave propagation. Mechanical longitudinal waves are also called compressional or compression waves, because they produce...	Longitudinal wave	[ "Physics" ]	1,586	[ "Wave mechanics", "Waves", "Physical phenomena", "Classical mechanics" ]
145,020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintering	Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by pressure or heat without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens as part of a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The atoms/molecules in the sintered material diffus...	Sintering	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	7,074	[ "Metallurgical processes", "Metallurgy" ]
145,040	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20of%20mass	In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter the mass of the system must remain constant over time. The law implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space, or the ...	Conservation of mass	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,108	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Matter", "Physical quantities", "Equations of physics", "Conservation laws", "Mass", "Quantity", "Size", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Symmetry", "Physics theorems" ]
145,066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive%20metallurgy	Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure me...	Extractive metallurgy	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,219	[ "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "nan" ]
145,159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine	Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery. It is typically given intravenously or by injection into a muscle. Eye drops are also available wh...	Atropine	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,693	[ "Chemical ecology", "Secondary metabolites", "Esters", "Chemical substances for emergency medicine", "Tropane alkaloids", "Plant toxins", "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Alkaloids by chemical classification", "Chemicals in medicine", "Metabolism" ]
145,197	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic%20hydrogen	Metallic hydrogen is a phase of hydrogen in which it behaves like an electrical conductor. This phase was predicted in 1935 on theoretical grounds by Eugene Wigner and Hillard Bell Huntington. At high pressure and temperatures, metallic hydrogen can exist as a partial liquid rather than a solid, and researchers think ...	Metallic hydrogen	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,054	[ "Periodic table", "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Properties of chemical elements", "Allotropes", "Phases of matter", "Superfluidity", "Materials", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Exotic matter", "Physical chemistry", "Matter", "Fl...
145,343	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20function	In quantum physics, a wave function (or wavefunction) is a mathematical description of the quantum state of an isolated quantum system. The most common symbols for a wave function are the Greek letters and (lower-case and capital psi, respectively). Wave functions are complex-valued. For example, a wave function migh...	Wave function	[ "Physics" ]	10,220	[ "Physical phenomena", "Quantum mechanics", "Waves", "Motion (physics)", "Quantum states" ]
145,372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile	An audiophile (from + ) is a person who is enthusiastic about high-fidelity sound reproduction. The audiophile seeks to achieve high sound quality in the audio reproduction of recorded music, typically in a quiet listening space in a room with good acoustics. Audiophile values may be applied at all stages of music re...	Audiophile	[ "Engineering" ]	2,680	[ "Electrical engineering", "Audio engineering" ]
145,424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeleton	An exoskeleton (from Greek éxō "outer" and skeletós "skeleton") is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument, which both supports the body's shape and protects the internal organs, in contrast to an internal endoskeleton (e.g. that of a human) which is enclosed underneath othe...	Exoskeleton	[ "Physics", "Biology" ]	2,223	[ "Biomechanics", "Mechanics", "Biological defense mechanisms", "Armour (zoology)" ]
145,438	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Object%20Facility	The Meta-Object Facility (MOF) is an Object Management Group (OMG) standard for model-driven engineering. Its purpose is to provide a type system for entities in the CORBA architecture and a set of interfaces through which those types can be created and manipulated. MOF may be used for domain-driven software design and...	Meta-Object Facility	[ "Engineering" ]	1,172	[ "Data modeling", "Specification languages", "Data engineering", "Software engineering" ]
8,510,311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20Fidelity	Liquid Fidelity is a "microdisplay" technology applied in high-definition televisions. It incorporates Liquid Crystal on Silicon technology capable of producing true 1080p resolution with two million pixels on a single display chip. Components of Liquid Fidelity technology were originally used in 720p HDTVs produced ...	Liquid Fidelity	[ "Engineering" ]	593	[ "Electronic engineering", "Display technology" ]
8,512,436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory%20fatigue	Olfactory fatigue, also known as odor fatigue, odor habituation, olfactory adaptation, or noseblindness, is the temporary, normal inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that airborne compound. For example, when entering a restaurant initially the odor of food is often perceived as bein...	Olfactory fatigue	[ "Engineering" ]	840	[ "Building engineering", "Building biology" ]
8,512,525	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONETEP	ONETEP (Order-N Electronic Total Energy Package) is a linear-scaling density functional theory software package able to run on parallel computers. It uses a basis of non-orthogonal generalized Wannier functions (NGWFs) expressed in terms of periodic cardinal sine (psinc) functions, which are in turn equivalent to a bas...	ONETEP	[ "Chemistry" ]	316	[ "Computational chemistry", "Density functional theory software", "Computational chemistry software", "Chemistry software" ]
8,515,349	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20of%20thermodynamic%20equations	Common thermodynamic equations and quantities in thermodynamics, using mathematical notation, are as follows: Definitions Many of the definitions below are also used in the thermodynamics of chemical reactions. General basic quantities General derived quantities Thermal properties of matter Thermal transfer Equ...	Table of thermodynamic equations	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	675	[ "Thermodynamic equations", "Equations of physics", "Chemical engineering", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Dynamical systems" ]
18,848,199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioPAX	BioPAX (Biological Pathway Exchange) is a RDF/OWL-based standard language to represent biological pathways at the molecular and cellular level. Its major use is to facilitate the exchange of pathway data. Pathway data captures our understanding of biological processes, but its rapid growth necessitates development of d...	BioPAX	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	680	[ "Bioinformatics", "Biological engineering", "Systems biology" ]
2,710,684	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay-tolerant%20networking	Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) is an approach to computer network architecture that seeks to address the technical issues in heterogeneous networks that may lack continuous network connectivity. Examples of such networks are those operating in mobile or extreme terrestrial environments, or planned networks in space. ...	Delay-tolerant networking	[ "Engineering" ]	2,158	[ "Network architecture", "Computer networks engineering" ]
2,710,800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature%20invariant%20%28general%20relativity%29	In general relativity, curvature invariants are a set of scalars formed from the Riemann, Weyl and Ricci tensors — which represent curvature, hence the name — and possibly operations on them such as contraction, covariant differentiation and dualisation. Certain invariants formed from these curvature tensors play an ...	Curvature invariant (general relativity)	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	980	[ "Tensors", "Physical quantities", "Tensor physical quantities", "Curvature tensors", "Tensors in general relativity" ]
2,710,834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20chlorination	Shock chlorination is a process used in many swimming pools, water wells, springs, and other water sources to reduce the bacterial and algal residue in the water. Shock chlorination is performed by mixing a large amount of sodium hypochlorite, which can be in the form of a powder or a liquid such as chlorine bleach, in...	Shock chlorination	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	429	[ "Water treatment", "Water pollution", "Water technology", "Environmental engineering" ]
2,711,029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20education	Physics education or physics teaching refers to the education methods currently used to teach physics. The occupation is called physics educator or physics teacher. Physics education research refers to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods. Historically, physics has been taught at the high...	Physics education	[ "Physics" ]	1,063	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physics education" ]
2,711,320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal%20tensor	In Newton's theory of gravitation and in various relativistic classical theories of gravitation, such as general relativity, the tidal tensor represents tidal accelerations of a cloud of (electrically neutral, nonspinning) test particles, tidal stresses in a small object immersed in an ambient gravitational field. Th...	Tidal tensor	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	834	[ "Quantity", "Tensors", "Tensor physical quantities", "Physical quantities" ]
2,711,446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCM6	DNA replication licensing factor MCM6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCM6 gene. MCM6 is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. Function The MCM complex consisting of MCM6 (this protein) and MCM2, 4 ...	MCM6	[ "Chemistry" ]	495	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
2,711,593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well%20control	Well control is the technique used in oil and gas operations such as drilling, well workover and well completion for maintaining the hydrostatic pressure and formation pressure to prevent the influx of formation fluids into the wellbore. This technique involves the estimation of formation fluid pressures, the strength ...	Well control	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,704	[ "Petroleum technology", "Oil wells" ]
2,712,280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20desalination	Solar desalination is a desalination technique powered by solar energy. The two common methods are direct (thermal) and indirect (photovoltaic). History Solar distillation has been used for thousands of years. Early Greek mariners and Persian alchemists produced both freshwater and medicinal distillates. Solar stills...	Solar desalination	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	3,743	[ "Water desalination", "Water treatment", "Water pollution", "Environmental engineering", "Water technology" ]
2,713,504	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porous%20silicon	Porous silicon (abbreviated as "PS" or "pSi") is a form of the chemical element silicon that has introduced nanopores in its microstructure, rendering a large surface to volume ratio in the order of 500 m2/cm3. History Porous silicon was discovered by accident in 1956 by Arthur Uhlir Jr. and Ingeborg Uhlir at the Bel...	Porous silicon	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,793	[ "Pharmacology", "Biological engineering", "Allotropes", "Biomedical engineering", "Pharmacodynamics", "Semiconductor materials", "Group IV semiconductors", "Allotropes of silicon", "Medical technology" ]
2,714,149	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20in%20mathematics	Symmetry occurs not only in geometry, but also in other branches of mathematics. Symmetry is a type of invariance: the property that a mathematical object remains unchanged under a set of operations or transformations. Given a structured object X of any sort, a symmetry is a mapping of the object onto itself which pre...	Symmetry in mathematics	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,026	[ "Geometry", "Symmetry" ]
2,714,255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20scanning	3D scanning is the process of analyzing a real-world object or environment to collect three dimensional data of its shape and possibly its appearance (e.g. color). The collected data can then be used to construct digital 3D models. A 3D scanner can be based on many different technologies, each with its own limitations...	3D scanning	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	9,118	[ "Physical quantities", "Applied mathematics", "Quantity", "Packaging machinery", "Measurement", "Size", "Surveying", "Civil engineering", "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Geodesy", "Computer vision" ]
2,715,668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NA60%20experiment	The NA60 experiment was a high energy heavy ions experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. It studied "prompt dimuon and charm production with proton and heavy ion beams". The spokesperson for the experiment is Gianluca Usai. The experiment was proposed on 7 March 2000 and accepted on 15 June 2000. The experimen...	NA60 experiment	[ "Physics" ]	106	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Particle physics" ]
2,715,981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminosalicylic%20acid	4-Aminosalicylic acid, also known as para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and sold under the brand name Paser among others, is an antibiotic primarily used to treat tuberculosis. Specifically it is used to treat active drug resistant tuberculosis together with other antituberculosis medications. It has also been used as a se...	4-Aminosalicylic acid	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,439	[ "Antimetabolites", "Biotechnology products", "Antibiotics", "Biocides", "Metabolism" ]
1,958,621	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhydrophilicity	Superhydrophilicity refers to the phenomenon of excess hydrophilicity, or attraction to water; in superhydrophilic materials, the contact angle of water is equal to zero degrees. This effect was discovered in 1995 by the Research Institute of Toto Ltd. for titanium dioxide irradiated by sunlight. Under light irradiatio...	Superhydrophilicity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	266	[ "nan", "Condensed matter physics", "Surface science" ]
1,959,732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning%20tunneling%20spectroscopy	Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), an extension of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), is used to provide information about the density of electrons in a sample as a function of their energy. In scanning tunneling microscopy, a metal tip is moved over a conducting sample without making physical contact. A bias v...	Scanning tunneling spectroscopy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	3,306	[ "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Scanning probe microscopy", "Microscopy", "Nanotechnology", "Spectroscopy" ]
1,960,070	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calixarene	A calixarene is a macrocycle or cyclic oligomer based on a methylene-linked phenols. With hydrophobic cavities that can hold smaller molecules or ions, calixarenes belong to the class of cavitands known in host–guest chemistry. Nomenclature Calixarene nomenclature is straightforward and involves counting the number of...	Calixarene	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,111	[ "Organic compounds", "Chelating agents", "Macrocycles", "Process chemicals" ]
1,960,338	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogsteen%20base%20pair	A Hoogsteen base pair is a variation of base-pairing in nucleic acids such as the A•T pair. In this manner, two nucleobases, one on each strand, can be held together by hydrogen bonds in the major groove. A Hoogsteen base pair applies the N7 position of the purine base (as a hydrogen bond acceptor) and C4 amino group (...	Hoogsteen base pair	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,069	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Nucleic acids" ]
1,960,886	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20coordinate%20system	In the manufacturing industry, with regard to numerically controlled machine tools, the phrase machine coordinate system refers to the physical limits of the motion of the machine in each of its axes, and to the numerical coordinate which is assigned (by the machine tool builder) to each of these limits. CNC Machinery ...	Machine coordinate system	[ "Engineering" ]	504	[ "Industrial machinery" ]
1,961,275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta%20precursor%20protein	Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. It functions as a cell surface receptor and has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural plasticity, antimicrobial activity, and iron export. It is coded for by ...	Amyloid-beta precursor protein	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,303	[ "Biochemistry", "Neurochemistry" ]
1,961,594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger%20receptor%20%28immunology%29	Scavenger receptors are a large and diverse superfamily of cell surface receptors. Its properties were first recorded in 1970 by Drs. Brown and Goldstein, with the defining property being the ability to bind and remove modified low density lipoproteins (LDL). Today scavenger receptors are known to be involved in a wid...	Scavenger receptor (immunology)	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,641	[ "Receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
1,961,786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Pol%20oscillator	In the study of dynamical systems, the van der Pol oscillator (named for Dutch physicist Balthasar van der Pol) is a non-conservative, oscillating system with non-linear damping. It evolves in time according to the second-order differential equation where is the position coordinate—which is a function of the time —an...	Van der Pol oscillator	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,520	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical objects", "Mechanics", "Mathematical relations", "Chaotic maps", "Dynamical systems" ]
3,670,743	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extent%20of%20reaction	In physical chemistry and chemical engineering, extent of reaction is a quantity that measures the extent to which the reaction has proceeded. Often, it refers specifically to the value of the extent of reaction when equilibrium has been reached. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter ξ. The extent of reaction is us...	Extent of reaction	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	606	[ "Physical chemistry", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "nan" ]
3,672,150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20evaporation	Vacuum evaporation is the process of causing the pressure in a liquid-filled container to be reduced below the vapor pressure of the liquid, causing the liquid to evaporate at a lower temperature than normal. Although the process can be applied to any type of liquid at any vapor pressure, it is generally used to descri...	Vacuum evaporation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	611	[ "Thin film deposition", "Chemical equipment", "Coatings", "Thin films", "Vacuum", "Water pollution", "Distillation", "Evaporators", "Planes (geometry)", "Solid state engineering", "Matter" ]
3,673,778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwieg%20tube	A Ludwieg tube is a cheap and efficient way of producing supersonic flow. Mach numbers up to 4 in air are easily obtained without any additional heating of the flow. With heating, Mach numbers of up to 11 can be reached. Principle A Ludwieg tube is a wind tunnel that produces supersonic flow for short periods of time....	Ludwieg tube	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	511	[ "Chemical engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Aerospace engineering", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
3,674,008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puka%20shell	Puka shells are naturally occurring bead-like shells found on the beaches of Hawaii or other places. Each bead is the beach-worn apex of a cone snail. Such shells are often strung as necklaces, known as puka shell necklaces. Puka is the Hawaiian word for "hole" and refers to the naturally occurring hole in the middle o...	Puka shell	[ "Technology" ]	826	[ "Jewellery components", "Components" ]
27,369,936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion%20welding	Fusion welding is a generic term for welding processes that rely on melting to join materials of similar compositions and melting points. Due to the high-temperature phase transitions inherent to these processes, a heat-affected zone is created in the material (although some techniques, like beam welding, often minimiz...	Fusion welding	[ "Engineering" ]	1,051	[ "Welding", "Mechanical engineering" ]
27,370,341	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction%20stir%20processing	Friction stir processing (FSP) is a method of changing the properties of a metal through intense, localized plastic deformation. This deformation is produced by forcibly inserting a non-consumable tool into the workpiece, and revolving the tool in a stirring motion as it is pushed laterally through the workpiece. The p...	Friction stir processing	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,433	[ "Metallurgical processes", "Metallurgy" ]
27,370,755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Suhail%20Zubairy	Muhammad Suhail Zubairy, HI, SI, FPAS (born 19 October 1952), is a University Distinguished Professor as of 2014 in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the Texas A&M University and is the inaugural holder of the Munnerlyn-Heep Chair in Quantum Optics. In 2017, Prof. Suhail Zubairy was awarded the Changjiang Dis...	Muhammad Suhail Zubairy	[ "Physics" ]	706	[ "Theoretical physics", "Theoretical physicists" ]
28,628,021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siacci%27s%20theorem	In kinematics, the acceleration of a particle moving along a curve in space is the time derivative of its velocity. In most applications, the acceleration vector is expressed as the sum of its normal and tangential components, which are orthogonal to each other. Siacci's theorem, formulated by the Italian mathematician...	Siacci's theorem	[ "Physics" ]	760	[ "Physical phenomena", "Equations of physics", "Classical mechanics", "Eponymous theorems of physics", "Motion (physics)", "Dynamics (mechanics)", "Physics theorems" ]
28,632,986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%20V-700	The CD V-700 (often written as "CDV-700") is a Geiger counter employing a probe equipped with a Geiger–Müller tube, manufactured by several companies under contract to United States federal civil defense agencies in the 1950s and 1960s. While all models adhere to a similar size, shape, coloring and form-factor, there w...	CD V-700	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,747	[ "Counting instruments", "Measuring instruments", "Particle detectors", "Numeral systems", "Nuclear physics", "Radioactivity" ]
24,113,755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Nuclear%20Society	The Chinese Nuclear Society (CNS; ) is a non-profit organization representing individuals contributing to and supporting nuclear science, nuclear technology and nuclear engineering in China. Objectives It was established in 1980. Its objective is to promote the advancement and peaceful use of nuclear science and techn...	Chinese Nuclear Society	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	529	[ "Nuclear organizations", "Nuclear and atomic physics stubs", "Nuclear physics", "Nuclear industry organizations", "Energy organizations" ]
24,114,848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition%20test	An attrition test is a test carried out to measure the resistance of a granular material to wear. An example of a material subjected to an attrition test are stones used in road construction, indicating the resistance of the material to being broken down under road traffic. Heterogeneous catalysts are also subjected ...	Attrition test	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	190	[ "Tribology", "Mechanical engineering", "Materials science", "Surface science" ]
27,005,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20roadmap%20simulation	For robot control, Stochastic roadmap simulation is inspired by probabilistic roadmap methods (PRM) developed for robot motion planning. The main idea of these methods is to capture the connectivity of a geometrically complex high-dimensional space by constructing a graph of local paths connecting points randomly sam...	Stochastic roadmap simulation	[ "Engineering" ]	271	[ "Robotics engineering", "Robot control" ]
27,007,301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gent%20hyperelastic%20model	The Gent hyperelastic material model is a phenomenological model of rubber elasticity that is based on the concept of limiting chain extensibility. In this model, the strain energy density function is designed such that it has a singularity when the first invariant of the left Cauchy-Green deformation tensor reaches...	Gent hyperelastic model	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	649	[ "Physical phenomena", "Solid mechanics", "Continuum mechanics", "Elasticity (physics)", "Deformation (mechanics)", "Classical mechanics", "Mechanics", "Physical properties" ]
27,007,597	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20hyperelastic%20model	The polynomial hyperelastic material model is a phenomenological model of rubber elasticity. In this model, the strain energy density function is of the form of a polynomial in the two invariants of the left Cauchy-Green deformation tensor. The strain energy density function for the polynomial model is where ar...	Polynomial hyperelastic model	[ "Physics" ]	150	[ "Solid mechanics", "Mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Continuum mechanics" ]
27,008,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20exchange%20models%20of%20markets	Kinetic exchange models are multi-agent dynamic models inspired by the statistical physics of energy distribution, which try to explain the robust and universal features of income/wealth distributions. Understanding the distributions of income and wealth in an economy has been a classic problem in economics for more t...	Kinetic exchange models of markets	[ "Physics" ]	1,355	[ "Statistical mechanics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
27,009,195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro%20Space%20Center%20%28Russia%29	This enclave of scientific research is officially known as Astro Space Center of PN Lebedev Physics Institute, (ASC LPI, ) and is under the purview of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Generally speaking, the space center's mission focuses on astrophysics, which includes cosmology. The emphasis is on accomplishing b...	Astro Space Center (Russia)	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	552	[ "Radio astronomy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Astrophysics research institutes", "Astrophysics" ]
20,027,027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-pi%20topology	In electronics, a split-pi topology is a pattern of component interconnections used in a kind of power converter that can theoretically produce an arbitrary output voltage, either higher or lower than the input voltage. In practice the upper voltage output is limited to the voltage rating of components used. It is esse...	Split-pi topology	[ "Physics" ]	448	[ "Voltage", "Physical quantities", "Voltage regulation" ]
20,037,546	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylisoquinoline	Substitution of the heterocycle isoquinoline at the C1 position by a benzyl group provides 1‑benzylisoquinoline, the most widely examined of the numerous benzylisoquinoline structural isomers. The 1-benzylisoquinoline moiety can be identified within numerous compounds of pharmaceutical interest, such as moxaverine; but...	Benzylisoquinoline	[ "Chemistry" ]	455	[ "Organic compounds", "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Natural products", "Alkaloids" ]
6,551,283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20pump	A Cyclic pump is an apparatus which moves a fluid in a periodic uni-directional direction from one containment system to another while overcoming static conditions that would, without intervention, not move. The intervention predicated by the pump alters pressures, volumes and sometimes temperatures of fluids (gaseous...	Cyclic pump	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	188	[ "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Turbomachinery", "Pumps" ]
6,552,190	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20space	In continuum mechanics, Haigh–Westergaard stress space, or simply stress space is a 3-dimensional space in which the three spatial axes represent the three principal stresses of a body subject to stress. This space is named after Bernard Haigh and Harold M. Westergaard. In mathematical terms, H-W space can also be int...	Stress space	[ "Physics" ]	208	[ "Classical mechanics", "Continuum mechanics" ]
6,553,354	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tightness%20of%20measures	In mathematics, tightness is a concept in measure theory. The intuitive idea is that a given collection of measures does not "escape to infinity". Definitions Let be a Hausdorff space, and let be a σ-algebra on that contains the topology . (Thus, every open subset of is a measurable set and is at least as fine a...	Tightness of measures	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	787	[ "Measures (measure theory)", "Quantity", "Physical quantities", "Size" ]
4,983,963	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93Wales%20defect	A Stone–Wales defect is a crystallographic defect that involves the change of connectivity of two π-bonded carbon atoms, leading to their rotation by 90° with respect to the midpoint of their bond. The reaction commonly involves conversion between a naphthalene-like structure into a fulvalene-like structure, that is, t...	Stone–Wales defect	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	593	[ "Crystallographic defects", "Crystallography", "Materials degradation", "Materials science" ]
4,985,628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Born%20rule	The Cauchy–Born rule or Cauchy–Born approximation is a basic hypothesis used in the mathematical formulation of solid mechanics which relates the movement of atoms in a crystal to the overall deformation of the bulk solid. A widespread simplified version states that in a crystalline solid subject to a small strain, the...	Cauchy–Born rule	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	417	[ "Materials science stubs", "Materials science", "Crystallography stubs", "Crystallography", "Condensed matter physics" ]
4,989,510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar%20Mubarakmand	Samar Mubarakmand (Urdu: ; b. 17 September 1942; ) is a Pakistani nuclear physicist known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and the experimental development of the Charged Particle Accelerator at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH). Due to his doctoral research in fast neutron spectr...	Samar Mubarakmand	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,906	[ "Fluid dynamicists", "Experimental physics", "Experimental physicists", "Fluid dynamics" ]
4,989,808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Institute%20of%20Nuclear%20Science%20%26%20Technology	The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) is a federally funded research and development laboratory in Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan. The site was designed by the American architect Edward Durell Stone and its construction was completed in 1965. It has been described as "[maybe] the most archite...	Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	3,242	[ "Nuclear research institutes", "Nuclear organizations", "Theoretical physics", "Chemical research institutes", "Theoretical physics institutes" ]
4,990,900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional%20scattering%20distribution%20function	The definition of the BSDF (bidirectional scattering distribution function) is not well standardized. The term was probably introduced in 1980 by Bartell, Dereniak, and Wolfe. Most often it is used to name the general mathematical function which describes the way in which the light is scattered by a surface. However, i...	Bidirectional scattering distribution function	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Engineering" ]	967	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Astrophysics", "Radiometry" ]
4,992,216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonic%20ester%20synthesis	The malonic ester synthesis is a chemical reaction where diethyl malonate or another ester of malonic acid is alkylated at the carbon alpha (directly adjacent) to both carbonyl groups, and then converted to a substituted acetic acid. A major drawback of malonic ester synthesis is that the alkylation stage can also pr...	Malonic ester synthesis	[ "Chemistry" ]	384	[ "Coupling reactions", "Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
22,618,454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium-223	Radium-223 (223Ra, Ra-223) is an isotope of radium with an 11.4-day half-life. It was discovered in 1905 by T. Godlewski, a Polish chemist from Kraków, and was historically known as actinium X (AcX). Radium-223 dichloride is an alpha particle-emitting radiotherapy drug that mimics calcium and forms complexes with hydr...	Radium-223	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,403	[ "Isotopes of radium", "Chemicals in medicine", "Isotopes", "Medical isotopes" ]
22,618,474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20Cybernetic%20Building%20Testbed	The Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed (VCBT) is a whole building emulator located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. It is designed with enough flexibility to be capable of reproducibly simulating normal operation and a variety of faulty and hazardous conditions that migh...	Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed	[ "Engineering" ]	208	[ "Building engineering", "Control engineering", "Building automation", "Automation" ]
22,619,813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentadienylcobalt%20dicarbonyl	Cyclopentadienylcobalt dicarbonyl is an organocobalt compound with formula (C5H5)Co(CO)2, abbreviated CpCo(CO)2. It is an example of a half-sandwich complex. It is a dark red air sensitive liquid. This compound features one cyclopentadienyl ring that is bound in an η5-manner and two carbonyl ligands. The compound is ...	Cyclopentadienylcobalt dicarbonyl	[ "Chemistry" ]	664	[ "Half sandwich compounds", "Organometallic chemistry", "Cyclopentadienyl complexes" ]
22,624,170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20invariant	In the mathematical field of knot theory, a quantum knot invariant or quantum invariant of a knot or link is a linear sum of colored Jones polynomial of surgery presentations of the knot complement. List of invariants Finite type invariant Kontsevich invariant Kashaev's invariant Witten–Reshetikhin–Turaev invariant (C...	Quantum invariant	[ "Physics" ]	286	[ "Invariant theory", "Group actions", "Symmetry" ]
22,625,160	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic%20activity	Intrinsic activity (IA) and efficacy (Emax) refer to the relative ability of a drug-receptor complex to produce a maximum functional response. This must be distinguished from the affinity, which is a measure of the ability of the drug to bind to its molecular target, and the EC50, which is a measure of the potency of t...	Intrinsic activity	[ "Chemistry" ]	772	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacodynamics" ]
299,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20tweezers	Optical tweezers (originally called single-beam gradient force trap) are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to hold and move microscopic and sub-microscopic objects like atoms, nanoparticles and droplets, in a manner similar to tweezers. If the object is held in air or vacuum without additional...	Optical tweezers	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	6,864	[ "Physical phenomena", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Cell biology", "Optical trapping", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Levitation", "Motion (physics)", "Particle traps", "Biophysics", "Condensed matter physics", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Matter" ]
300,044	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucite	Brucite is the mineral form of magnesium hydroxide, with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It is a common alteration product of periclase in marble; a low-temperature hydrothermal vein mineral in metamorphosed limestones and chlorite schists; and formed during serpentinization of dunites. Brucite is often found in associat...	Brucite	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	639	[ "Structural engineering", "Luminescence", "Concrete", "Luminescent minerals" ]
300,082	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anechoic%20chamber	An anechoic chamber (an-echoic meaning "non-reflective" or "without echoes") is a room designed to stop reflections or echoes of either sound or electromagnetic waves. They are also often isolated from energy entering from their surroundings. This combination means that a person or detector exclusively hears direct so...	Anechoic chamber	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,321	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics", "Rooms", "Waves", "Radiation", "Architecture" ]
300,420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophile	A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, with an optimum growth range from . The optimum growth temperature for these organisms is 37 °C (about 99 °F). The term is mainly applied to microorganisms. Organisms that prefer extreme environments are known as extremop...	Mesophile	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,563	[ "Biodegradable waste management", "Biodegradation", "Anaerobic digestion", "Environmental engineering", "Water technology" ]
300,445	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20chorionic%20gonadotropin	Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone for the maternal recognition of pregnancy produced by trophoblast cells that are surrounding a growing embryo (syncytiotrophoblast initially), which eventually forms the placenta after implantation. The presence of hCG is detected in some pregnancy tests (HCG pregnancy st...	Human chorionic gonadotropin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,758	[ "Biomarkers", "Behavior", "Biochemistry", "Sex hormones", "Anti-aging substances", "Tumor markers", "Senescence", "Glycoproteins", "Glycobiology", "Chemical pathology", "Sexuality" ]
300,650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar%20Klein	Oskar Benjamin Klein (; 15 September 1894 – 5 February 1977) was a Swedish theoretical physicist. Oskar Klein is known for his work on Kaluza–Klein theory, which is partially named after him. Biography Klein was born in Danderyd outside Stockholm, son of the chief rabbi of Stockholm, Gottlieb Klein from Humenné in K...	Oskar Klein	[ "Physics" ]	718	[ "Theoretical physics", "Theoretical physicists" ]
300,769	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony%20Hewish	Antony Hewish (11 May 1924 – 13 September 2021) was a British radio astronomer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 (together with fellow radio-astronomer Martin Ryle) for his role in the discovery of pulsars. He was also awarded the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1969. Early life and educ...	Antony Hewish	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,135	[ "Physical chemists", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Analytical chemists", "Spectroscopists", "Spectroscopy" ]
301,135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma%20Narrows%20Bridge%20%281940%29	The 1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the first bridge at this location, was a suspension bridge in the U.S. state of Washington that spanned the Tacoma Narrows strait of Puget Sound between Tacoma and the Kitsap Peninsula. It opened to traffic on July 1, 1940, and dramatically collapsed into Puget Sound on November 7 of the...	Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)	[ "Engineering" ]	5,572	[ "Civil engineering", "Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks" ]
301,398	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolair	Iolair (Gaelic for eagle) is a specialised semi-submersible offshore platform designed for BP to support and service oil platforms in the North Sea and served as an emergency support vessel (ESV) in the Forties Oil Field. Since 2000 it has been working in the Cantarell Field, Mexico as an offshore construction and main...	Iolair	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	837	[ "Oil platforms", "Petroleum technology", "Natural gas technology", "Structural engineering" ]
301,429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20elasticity	Linear elasticity is a mathematical model as to how solid objects deform and become internally stressed by prescribed loading conditions. It is a simplification of the more general nonlinear theory of elasticity and a branch of continuum mechanics. The fundamental "linearizing" assumptions of linear elasticity are: in...	Linear elasticity	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	3,521	[ "Solid mechanics", "Physical phenomena", "Elasticity (physics)", "Deformation (mechanics)", "Mechanics", "Physical properties" ]
301,504	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20derivative	In the calculus of variations, a field of mathematical analysis, the functional derivative (or variational derivative) relates a change in a functional (a functional in this sense is a function that acts on functions) to a change in a function on which the functional depends. In the calculus of variations, functionals...	Functional derivative	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,693	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Vector spaces", "Calculus", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological vector spaces", "Differential calculus", "Differential operators" ]
301,521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20integration	Functional integration is a collection of results in mathematics and physics where the domain of an integral is no longer a region of space, but a space of functions. Functional integrals arise in probability, in the study of partial differential equations, and in the path integral approach to the quantum mechanics of ...	Functional integration	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,273	[ "Quantum field theory", "Functions and mappings", "Functional analysis", "Calculus", "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Quantum mechanics", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical physics", "Integral calculus" ]
301,647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier%20island	Barrier islands are a coastal landform, a type of dune system and sand island, where an area of sand has been formed by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen. They are subject to change during storms and other a...	Barrier island	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	3,650	[ "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography", "Environmental engineering" ]
301,750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20effect	The Magnus effect is a phenomenon that occurs when a spinning object is moving through a fluid. A lift force acts on the spinning object and its path may be deflected in a manner not present when it is not spinning. The strength and direction of the Magnus effect is dependent on the speed and direction of the rotation ...	Magnus effect	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,765	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Physical phenomena", "Fluid dynamics" ]
301,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumped-element%20model	The lumped-element model (also called lumped-parameter model, or lumped-component model) is a simplified representation of a physical system or circuit that assumes all components are concentrated at a single point and their behavior can be described by idealized mathematical models. The lumped-element model simplifies...	Lumped-element model	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	3,991	[ "Electronic design", "Electronic circuits", "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics", "Electronic engineering", "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Design" ]
301,950	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed-element%20model	In electrical engineering, the distributed-element model or transmission-line model of electrical circuits assumes that the attributes of the circuit (resistance, capacitance, and inductance) are distributed continuously throughout the material of the circuit. This is in contrast to the more common lumped-element mode...	Distributed-element model	[ "Engineering" ]	1,324	[ "Electronic design", "Electronic circuits", "Electronic engineering", "Distributed element circuits", "Design" ]
302,033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20response	In signal processing and electronics, the frequency response of a system is the quantitative measure of the magnitude and phase of the output as a function of input frequency. The frequency response is widely used in the design and analysis of systems, such as audio and control systems, where they simplify mathematical...	Frequency response	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,369	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Electronic engineering", "Audio engineering", "Audio amplifier specifications", "Dynamical systems" ]
302,185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Bolzano	Bernard Bolzano (, ; ; ; born Bernardus Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bolzano; 5 October 1781 – 18 December 1848) was a Bohemian mathematician, logician, philosopher, theologian and Catholic priest of Italian extraction, also known for his liberal views. Bolzano wrote in German, his native language. For the most part, his w...	Bernard Bolzano	[ "Mathematics" ]	5,952	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical logicians", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical analysts", "Philosophers of mathematics" ]
302,218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipper	A zipper (N. America), zip, zip fastener (UK), formerly known as a clasp locker, is a commonly used device for binding together two edges of fabric or other flexible material. Used in clothing (e.g. jackets and jeans), luggage and other bags, camping gear (e.g. tents and sleeping bags), and many other items, zippers co...	Zipper	[ "Engineering" ]	4,878	[ "Construction", "Fasteners" ]
302,441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram	A hexagram (Greek) or sexagram (Latin) is a six-pointed geometric star figure with the Schläfli symbol {6/2}, 2{3}, or {{3}}. The term is used to refer to a compound figure of two equilateral triangles. The intersection is a regular hexagon. The hexagram is part of an infinite series of shapes which are compounds of t...	Hexagram	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,351	[ "Visual motifs", "Symbols", "Symmetry", "Rotational symmetry" ]
28,635,039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing%20of%20rotating%20masses	The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial machines such as gas turbines and electric generators, vibration can cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel, balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the centre of r...	Balancing of rotating masses	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,124	[ "Structural engineering", "Mechanics", "Mechanical vibrations" ]
28,640,072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic%20Register%20of%20Shipping	Hellenic Register of Shipping was founded in 1919 and is active in the industry inspections and certifications of facilities and equipment as well as the Certification of Management Systems. HRS is an international NGO -non-governmental International Organization-, dedicated to the safeguarding of both life and propert...	Hellenic Register of Shipping	[ "Engineering" ]	197	[ "Marine engineering organizations", "Ship classification societies" ]
28,643,345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viability%20assay	A viability assay is an assay that is created to determine the ability of organs, cells or tissues to maintain or recover a state of survival. Viability can be distinguished from the all-or-nothing states of life and death by the use of a quantifiable index that ranges between the integers of 0 and 1 or, if more easily...	Viability assay	[ "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	1,265	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Toxicology", "Cell biology", "Cell culture techniques", "Molecular biology techniques", "Microbiology techniques", "Molecular biology", "Toxicology tests" ]
18,857,868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20Socket%20Interface%20Alliance	Virtual Socket Interface Alliance (VSIA) is a body of SIP (Semiconductor / Silicon intellectual property) standards. History VSIA was founded in 1996 and dissolved in 2008, and was an open, international organization of companies such as Mentor Graphics, Cadence Design Systems, Magma Design Automation, ARM Holdings, ...	Virtual Socket Interface Alliance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	424	[ "Electrical resistance and conductance", "Physical quantities", "Semiconductors", "Materials", "Electronic engineering", "Condensed matter physics", "Solid state engineering", "Matter" ]
515,683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion	In organic chemistry, a carbanion is an anion in which carbon is negatively charged. Formally, a carbanion is the conjugate base of a carbon acid: where B stands for the base. The carbanions formed from deprotonation of alkanes (at an sp3 carbon), alkenes (at an sp2 carbon), arenes (at an sp2 carbon), and alkynes (at...	Carbanion	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,298	[ "Matter", "Anions", "Organic compounds", "Physical organic chemistry", "Reactive intermediates", "Ions" ]
515,898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth%20rate	Birth rate, also known as natality, is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; population counts from a census, and estimation through speciali...	Birth rate	[ "Physics" ]	5,452	[ "Temporal quantities", "Temporal rates", "Physical quantities" ]
515,977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturally%20aspirated%20engine	A naturally aspirated engine, also known as a normally aspirated engine, and abbreviated to N/A or NA, is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a turbocharger or a supercharger. Description In a naturally aspirated engine, a...	Naturally aspirated engine	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	684	[ "Engine technology", "Combustion engineering", "Engines", "Internal combustion engine" ]
515,999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokaw%20bandgap%20reference	Brokaw bandgap reference is a voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits, with an output voltage around 1.25 V with low temperature dependence. This particular circuit is one type of a bandgap voltage reference, named after Paul Brokaw, the author of its first publication. Like all temperature-indepe...	Brokaw bandgap reference	[ "Engineering" ]	755	[ "Analog circuits", "Electronic engineering", "Electronic circuits" ]
516,067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandgap%20voltage%20reference	A bandgap voltage reference is a voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits. It produces an almost constant voltage corresponding to the particular semiconductor's theoretical band gap, with very little fluctuations from variations of power supply, electrical load, time, temperature (, they typically ...	Bandgap voltage reference	[ "Engineering" ]	1,181	[ "Analog circuits", "Electronic engineering", "Electronic circuits" ]
516,133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipartition%20theorem	In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is...	Equipartition theorem	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	7,954	[ "Theorems in dynamical systems", "Equations of physics", "Statistical mechanics theorems", "Theorems in mathematical physics", "Thermodynamics", "Statistical mechanics", "Laws of thermodynamics", "Physics theorems" ]
516,150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20mode	A transverse mode of electromagnetic radiation is a particular electromagnetic field pattern of the radiation in the plane perpendicular (i.e., transverse) to the radiation's propagation direction. Transverse modes occur in radio waves and microwaves confined to a waveguide, and also in light waves in an optical fiber ...	Transverse mode	[ "Physics" ]	1,557	[ "Physical phenomena", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Classical mechanics", "Waves", "Wave mechanics", "Radiation" ]

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