id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,747,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramicidin%20S | Gramicidin S or Gramicidin Soviet is an antibiotic that is effective against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as some fungi.
It is a derivative of gramicidin, produced by the gram-positive bacterium Brevibacillus brevis. Gramicidin S is a cyclodecapeptide, constructed as two identical pentapeptide... | Gramicidin S | [
"Biology"
] | 1,037 | [
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
2,748,227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergetics%20%28Haken%29 | Synergetics is an interdisciplinary science explaining the formation and self-organization of patterns and structures in open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium. It is founded by Hermann Haken, inspired by the laser theory. Haken's interpretation of the laser principles as self-organization of non-equilibrium s... | Synergetics (Haken) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 631 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,749,048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-invariant%20measure | In mathematics, a quasi-invariant measure μ with respect to a transformation T, from a measure space X to itself, is a measure which, roughly speaking, is multiplied by a numerical function of T. An important class of examples occurs when X is a smooth manifold M, T is a diffeomorphism of M, and μ is any measure that l... | Quasi-invariant measure | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 378 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Measures (measure theory)",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,749,404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6hler%20synthesis | The Wöhler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea. This chemical reaction was described in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. It is often cited as the starting point of modern organic chemistry. Although the Wöhler reaction concerns the conversion of ammonium cyanate, this salt appears only as an (unstable) i... | Wöhler synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 438 | [
"Name reactions",
"Inorganic reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
2,750,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooshang%20Heshmat | Hooshang Heshmat was the CEO (1994 - 2022) and co-founder of Mohawk Innovative Technology. The company researches and develops green technology for integration into turbomachinery. Heshmat is a fellow in both the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers.... | Hooshang Heshmat | [
"Materials_science"
] | 163 | [
"Tribology",
"Tribologists"
] |
2,751,642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric%20complex%20reluctance | Dielectric complex reluctance is a scalar measurement of a passive dielectric circuit (or element within that circuit) dependent on sinusoidal voltage and sinusoidal electric induction flux, and this is determined by deriving the ratio of their complex effective amplitudes. The units of dielectric complex reluctance ar... | Dielectric complex reluctance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 448 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science"
] |
2,753,131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur-reducing%20bacteria | Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sul... | Sulfur-reducing bacteria | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 7,463 | [
"Bacteria",
"Photosynthesis",
"Phototrophic bacteria"
] |
2,754,080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoeoid | A homoeoid is a shell (a bounded region) bounded by two concentric, similar ellipses (in 2D) or ellipsoids (in 3D).
When the thickness of the shell becomes negligible, it is called a thin homoeoid. The name homoeoid was coined by Lord Kelvin and Peter Tait.
Mathematical definition
If the outer shell is given by
with ... | Homoeoid | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 177 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Equations of physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Potential theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Physics theorems"
] |
1,978,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer-messenger%20RNA | Transfer-messenger RNA (abbreviated tmRNA, also known as 10Sa RNA and by its genetic name SsrA) is a bacterial RNA molecule with dual tRNA-like and messenger RNA-like properties. The tmRNA forms a ribonucleoprotein complex (tmRNP) together with Small Protein B (SmpB), Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu), and ribosomal protein... | Transfer-messenger RNA | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,131 | [
"Protein biosynthesis",
"Gene expression",
"Biosynthesis"
] |
1,978,796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaxial%20wafer | An epitaxial wafer (also called epi wafer, epi-wafer, or epiwafer) is a wafer of semiconducting material made by epitaxial growth (epitaxy) for use in photonics, microelectronics, spintronics, or photovoltaics. The epi layer may be the same material as the substrate, typically monocrystaline silicon, or it may be a sil... | Epitaxial wafer | [
"Materials_science"
] | 1,053 | [
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Microtechnology"
] |
1,978,904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin%20letters%20used%20in%20mathematics%2C%20science%2C%20and%20engineering | Many letters of the Latin alphabet, both capital and small, are used in mathematics, science, and engineering to denote by convention specific or abstracted constants, variables of a certain type, units, multipliers, or physical entities. Certain letters, when combined with special formatting, take on special meaning.
... | Latin letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,402 | [
"Elementary mathematics",
"nan"
] |
1,979,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-fluid%20model | Two-fluid model is a macroscopic traffic flow model to represent traffic in a town/city or metropolitan area, put forward in the 1970s by Ilya Prigogine and Robert Herman.
There is also a two-fluid model which helps explain the behavior of superfluid helium. This model states that there will be two components in liqu... | Two-fluid model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 204 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Mathematical modeling",
"Applied mathematics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Phases of matter",
"Superfluidity",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Piping",
"Matter",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,980,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-level%20trap | Deep-level traps or deep-level defects are a generally undesirable type of electronic defect in semiconductors. They are "deep" in the sense that the energy required to remove an electron or hole from the trap to the valence or conduction band is much larger than the characteristic thermal energy kT, where k is the Bol... | Deep-level trap | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 310 | [
"Semiconductor properties",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
1,981,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-red%20light | Far-red light is a range of light at the extreme red end of the visible spectrum, just before infrared light. Usually regarded as the region between 700 and 750 nm wavelength, it is dimly visible to human eyes. It is largely reflected or transmitted by plants because of the absorbance spectrum of chlorophyll, and it is... | Far-red light | [
"Physics"
] | 753 | [
"Optical spectrum",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum"
] |
1,982,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effectiveness | Effectiveness or effectivity is the capability of producing a desired result or the ability to produce desired output. When something is deemed effective, it means it has an intended or expected outcome, or produces a deep, vivid impression.
Etymology
The origin of the word effective stems from the Latin word , which ... | Effectiveness | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 881 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
1,982,496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20force | The nuclear force (or nucleon–nucleon interaction, residual strong force, or, historically, strong nuclear force) is a force that acts between hadrons, most commonly observed between protons and neutrons of atoms. Neutrons and protons, both nucleons, are affected by the nuclear force almost identically. Since protons h... | Nuclear force | [
"Physics"
] | 3,926 | [
"Nuclear physics"
] |
1,982,854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push%20technology | Push technology, also known as server Push, refers to a communication method, where the communication is initiated by a server rather than a client. This approach is different from the "pull" method where the communication is initiated by a client.
In push technology, clients can express their preferences for certain ... | Push technology | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,470 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Internet terminology",
"Web development",
"Software engineering",
"nan"
] |
1,983,053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference%20gel%20electrophoresis | Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) is a form of gel electrophoresis where up to three different protein samples can be labeled with size-matched, charge-matched spectrally resolvable fluorescent dyes (for example Cy3, Cy5, Cy2) prior to two dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Procedure
The three samples are mixed and ... | Difference gel electrophoresis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 470 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Electrophoresis",
"Biochemical separation processes"
] |
30,160,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flory%E2%80%93Fox%20equation | In polymer chemistry and polymer physics, the Flory–Fox equation is a simple empirical formula that relates molecular weight to the glass transition temperature of a polymer system. The equation was first proposed in 1950 by Paul J. Flory and Thomas G. Fox while at Cornell University. Their work on the subject overtu... | Flory–Fox equation | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,759 | [
"Polymer physics",
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
30,162,162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Institute%20of%20Non-Destructive%20Testing | The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing or BINDT is a professional body for engineers and other technical professionals involved in non-destructive testing and condition monitoring in the United Kingdom. The institute was founded in 1976, by amalgamation of the Society of Non-Destructive Examination (SONDE) an... | British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing | [
"Materials_science"
] | 346 | [
"Nondestructive testing",
"Materials testing"
] |
27,432,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric%20labeling | Isobaric labeling is a mass spectrometry strategy used in quantitative proteomics. Peptides or proteins are labeled with chemical groups that have nominally identical mass (isobaric), but vary in terms of distribution of heavy isotopes in their structure. These tags, commonly referred to as tandem mass tags, are design... | Isobaric labeling | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 816 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
878,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticular%20printing | Lenticular printing is a technology in which lenticular lenses (a technology also used for 3D displays) are used to produce printed images with an illusion of depth, or the ability to change or move as they are viewed from different angles.
Examples include flip and animation effects such as winking eyes, and modern a... | Lenticular printing | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 6,608 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
878,340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritonavir | Ritonavir, sold under the brand name Norvir, is an antiretroviral medication used along with other medications to treat HIV/AIDS. This combination treatment is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor, though it now mainly serves to boost the potency of other protease inh... | Ritonavir | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,730 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas"
] |
878,978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion%20of%20scales%20of%20temperature | This is a collection of temperature conversion formulas and comparisons among eight different temperature scales, several of which have long been obsolete.
Temperatures on scales that either do not share a numeric zero or are nonlinearly related cannot correctly be mathematically equated (related using the symbol =), ... | Conversion of scales of temperature | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 307 | [
"Scales of temperature",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Conversion of units of measurement",
"Units of measurement"
] |
879,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20transport | Neutron transport (also known as neutronics) is the study of the motions and interactions of neutrons with materials. Nuclear scientists and engineers often need to know where neutrons are in an apparatus, in what direction they are going, and how quickly they are moving. It is commonly used to determine the behavior o... | Neutron transport | [
"Physics"
] | 2,232 | [
"Nuclear physics"
] |
880,393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20analyzer | An antenna analyzer or in British aerial analyser (also known as a noise bridge, RX bridge, SWR analyzer, or RF analyzer) is a device used for measuring the input impedance of antenna systems in radio electronics applications.
In radio communications systems, including amateur radio, an antenna analyzer is a common to... | Antenna analyzer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 971 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Physical quantities",
"Electronic test equipment",
"Measuring instruments",
"Impedance measurements",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
880,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium%20%2899mTc%29%20sestamibi | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi}}
Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi (INN) (commonly sestamibi; USP: technetium Tc 99m sestamibi; trade name Cardiolite) is a pharmaceutical agent used in nuclear medicine imaging. The drug is a coordination complex consisting of the radioisotope technetium-99m bound to six (sesta... | Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,255 | [
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Organometallic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"Isocyanides",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
881,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monel | Monel is a group of alloys of nickel (from 52 to 68%) and copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. Monel is not a cupronickel alloy because it has less than 60% copper.
Stronger than pure nickel, Monel alloys are resistant to corrosion by many aggressive agents, including rapidly flowing se... | Monel | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,828 | [
"Nickel alloys",
"Copper alloys",
"Building engineering",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Alloys",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
881,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteoglycan | Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated. The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a "core protein" with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s). The point of attachment is a serine (Ser) residue to which the glycosaminoglycan is joined through a tetrasaccharide bridge (e.g. cho... | Proteoglycan | [
"Chemistry"
] | 833 | [
"Glycoproteins",
"Glycobiology"
] |
881,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrograph | A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, channel, or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow is typically expressed in units of cubic meters per second (m³/s) or cubic feet per second (cfs).
Hydrographs often relate changes of precipitation to changes in... | Hydrograph | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,249 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
5,033,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive%20burner | A wood waste burner, known as a teepee burner or wigwam burner in the United States and a beehive burner in Canada, is a free-standing conical steel structure usually ranging from 30 to 60 feet in height. They are named for their resemblance to beehives, teepees or wigwams. A sawdust burner is cylindrical. They have an... | Beehive burner | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 371 | [
"Combustion engineering",
"Incineration"
] |
5,035,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipkill |
Chipkill is IBM's trademark for a form of advanced error checking and correcting (ECC) computer memory technology that protects memory systems from single memory chip failures and multi-bit errors from any portion of a single memory chip. One simple scheme to perform this function scatters the bits of a Hamming code E... | Chipkill | [
"Engineering"
] | 622 | [
"Error detection and correction",
"Reliability engineering"
] |
5,037,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P300-CBP%20coactivator%20family | The p300-CBP coactivator family in humans is composed of two closely related transcriptional co-activating proteins (or coactivators):
p300 (also called EP300 or E1A binding protein p300)
CBP (also known as CREB-binding protein or CREBBP)
Both p300 and CBP interact with numerous transcription factors and act to incr... | P300-CBP coactivator family | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,623 | [
"G proteins",
"Molecular biology",
"Membrane biology",
"Signal transduction"
] |
28,722,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteogenomics | Proteogenomics is a field of biological research that utilizes a combination of proteomics, genomics, and transcriptomics to aid in the discovery and identification of peptides. Proteogenomics is used to identify new peptides by comparing MS/MS spectra against a protein database that has been derived from genomic and t... | Proteogenomics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,850 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
28,729,190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular%20Cell%20Therapy%20Research%20Network | Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network (CCTRN) is a network of physicians, scientists, and support staff dedicated to studying stem cell therapy for treating heart disease. The CCTRN is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and includes expert researchers with experience in cardiovascular care at seve... | Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,087 | [
"Translational medicine",
"Tissue engineering",
"Stem cell research"
] |
24,173,395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting%20wire | Superconducting wires are electrical wires made of superconductive material. When cooled below their transition temperatures, they have zero electrical resistance. Most commonly, conventional superconductors such as niobium–titanium are used, but high-temperature superconductors such as YBCO are entering the market.
S... | Superconducting wire | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,758 | [
"Superconductivity",
"Superconductors"
] |
24,174,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20polar | The term shock polar is generally used with the graphical representation of the Rankine–Hugoniot equations in either the hodograph plane or the pressure ratio-flow deflection angle plane. The polar itself is the locus of all possible states after an oblique shock. The shock polar was first introduced by Adolf Busemann ... | Shock polar | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 306 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
24,175,195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C9H6O4 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C9H6O4}}
The molecular formula C9H6O4 (molar mass: 178.14 g/mol, exact mass 178.026609 u) may refer to:
Aesculetin, a coumarin
Daphnetin, a coumarin
Ninhydrin (2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione)
Molecular formulas | C9H6O4 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 93 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
24,177,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20bells | Franklin bells (also known as lightning bells) are an early demonstration of electric charge designed to work with a Leyden jar or a lightning rod. Franklin bells are only a qualitative indicator of electric charge and were used for simple demonstrations rather than research. The bells are an adaptation to the first de... | Franklin bells | [
"Physics"
] | 1,366 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Capacitors",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Lightning",
"Capacitance"
] |
24,178,404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C26H30O11 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C26H30O11}}
The molecular formula C26H30O11 (molar mass: 518.50 g/mol, exact mass: 518.1788 u) may refer to:
Phellamurin
Rubratoxin B
Molecular formulas | C26H30O11 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 63 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
24,179,739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose%20insulating%20material%20plant | Cellulose insulating material plants are used for the production of a natural building insulation material known as cellulose insulation.
Assembly
Cellulose insulating material plants essentially exist of a feeding unit with primary reduction of the raw material, a dosing system for adding flame retarding agent, a de... | Cellulose insulating material plant | [
"Engineering"
] | 306 | [
"nan"
] |
24,179,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20dusting | Metal dusting is "a catastrophic form of corrosion that occurs when susceptible materials are exposed to environments with high carbon activities." The corrosion manifests itself as a break-up of bulk metal to metal powder. The suspected mechanism is firstly the deposition of a graphite layer on the surface of the meta... | Metal dusting | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 312 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Corrosion",
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrochemistry stubs",
"Materials degradation",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Chemical process stubs"
] |
24,183,731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Nuclear%20Industry%20Status%20Report | The World Nuclear Industry Status Report is a yearly report on the nuclear power industry. It is produced by Mycle Schneider, an anti-nuclear activist and a founding member of WISE-Paris, which he directed from 1983 to 2003.
2019 Report
The 2019 report reached the conclusion that 'Stabilizing the climate is urgent, nu... | World Nuclear Industry Status Report | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,563 | [
"Nuclear energy",
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
21,208,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATHLAB | MATHLAB is a computer algebra system created in 1964 by Carl Engelman at MITRE and written in Lisp.
"MATHLAB 68" was introduced in 1967 and became rather popular in university environments running on DECs PDP-6 and PDP-10 under TOPS-10 or TENEX. In 1969 this version was included in the DECUS user group's library (as ... | MATHLAB | [
"Mathematics"
] | 291 | [
"Computer algebra systems",
"Mathematical software"
] |
21,209,174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided%20process%20planning | Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is the use of computer technology to aid in the process planning of a part or product, in manufacturing.
CAPP is the link between CAD and CAM in that it provides for the planning of the process to be used in producing a designed part.
Computer-aided process planning
CAPP is ... | Computer-aided process planning | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,446 | [
"Information technology management",
"Industrial engineering",
"Automation",
"Information technology",
"Industrial computing"
] |
21,209,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium%28III%29%20hydroxide | Curium hydroxide is a radioactive compound first discovered in measurable quantities in 1947. It is composed of a single curium atom and three hydroxy groups. It was the first curium compound ever isolated.
Curium hydroxide is an anhydrous colorless or light-yellow amorphous gelatinous solid that is insoluble in wate... | Curium(III) hydroxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 150 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Hydroxides",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
25,579,424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitomagnetic%20clock%20effect | In physics, the gravitomagnetic clock effect is a deviation from Kepler's third law that, according to the weak-field and low-velocity approximation of general relativity, will be suffered by a particle in orbit around a (slowly) spinning body, such as a typical planet or star.
Explanation
According to general relati... | Gravitomagnetic clock effect | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 364 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Clocks",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
25,584,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge%20coefficient | In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient of discharge or efflux coefficient) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge, i.e., the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working ... | Discharge coefficient | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 489 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
25,587,550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh%20Venapally | Suresh Venepally (; born 1966) is an Indian mathematician known for his research work in algebra. He is a professor at Emory University.
Background
Suresh was born in Vangoor, Telangana, India and studied in ZPHS at Vangoor up to 9th standard. He did his M.Sc at University of Hyderabad.
He joined Tata Institute of Fu... | Suresh Venapally | [
"Mathematics"
] | 442 | [
"Algebra",
"Algebraists"
] |
25,587,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioNumbers | BioNumbers is a free-access database of quantitative data in biology designed to provide the scientific community with access to the large amount of data now generated in the biological literature. The database aims to make quantitative values more easily available, to aid fields such as systems biology.
The BioNumber... | BioNumbers | [
"Biology"
] | 262 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
147,909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearity%20of%20differentiation | In calculus, the derivative of any linear combination of functions equals the same linear combination of the derivatives of the functions; this property is known as linearity of differentiation, the rule of linearity, or the superposition rule for differentiation. It is a fundamental property of the derivative that enc... | Linearity of differentiation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,150 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in calculus",
"Calculus",
"Differential calculus",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
147,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20rule | In calculus, the power rule is used to differentiate functions of the form , whenever is a real number. Since differentiation is a linear operation on the space of differentiable functions, polynomials can also be differentiated using this rule. The power rule underlies the Taylor series as it relates a power series w... | Power rule | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,528 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in calculus",
"Calculus",
"Mathematical problems",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical identities",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Algebra"
] |
147,918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20robot | An industrial robot is a robot system used for manufacturing. Industrial robots are automated, programmable and capable of movement on three or more axes.
Typical applications of robots include welding, painting, assembly, disassembly, pick and place for printed circuit boards, packaging and labeling, palletizing, pro... | Industrial robot | [
"Engineering"
] | 6,394 | [
"Packaging machinery",
"Industrial robots",
"Industrial machinery"
] |
147,923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringe | A syringe is a simple reciprocating pump consisting of a plunger (though in modern syringes, it is actually a piston) that fits tightly within a cylindrical tube called a barrel. The plunger can be linearly pulled and pushed along the inside of the tube, allowing the syringe to take in and expel liquid or gas through a... | Syringe | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,662 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Drug delivery devices",
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
148,281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMEbus | VMEbus (Versa Module Eurocard bus) is a computer bus standard physically based on Eurocard sizes.
History
In 1979, during development of the Motorola 68000 CPU, one of their engineers, Jack Kister, decided to set about creating a standardized bus system for 68000-based systems. The Motorola team brainstormed for days... | VMEbus | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 2,051 | [
"Computer standards",
"Experimental physics",
"Particle physics",
"Experimental particle physics",
"IEEE standards"
] |
148,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20characteristic | In mathematics, and more specifically in algebraic topology and polyhedral combinatorics, the Euler characteristic (or Euler number, or Euler–Poincaré characteristic) is a topological invariant, a number that describes a topological space's shape or structure regardless of the way it is bent. It is commonly denoted by ... | Euler characteristic | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,371 | [
"Graph theory",
"Algebraic topology",
"Combinatorics",
"Polyhedral combinatorics",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Mathematical relations",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Topological graph theory"
] |
148,550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiferromagnetism | In materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules, usually related to the spins of electrons, align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins (on different sublattices) pointing in opposite directions. This is, like ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, a manifestation of ordered m... | Antiferromagnetism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,343 | [
"Quantum phases",
"Physical phenomena",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter",
"Quantum lattice models"
] |
148,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20glass | In condensed matter physics, a spin glass is a magnetic state characterized by randomness, besides cooperative behavior in freezing of spins at a temperature called the "freezing temperature," Tf. In ferromagnetic solids, component atoms' magnetic spins all align in the same direction. Spin glass when contrasted wit... | Spin glass | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,289 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
148,819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault%27s%20measurements%20of%20the%20speed%20of%20light | In 1850, Léon Foucault used a rotating mirror to perform a differential measurement of the speed of light in water versus its speed in air. In 1862, he used a similar apparatus to measure the speed of light in the air.
Background
In 1834, Charles Wheatstone developed a method of using a rapidly rotating mirror to stu... | Foucault's measurements of the speed of light | [
"Physics"
] | 2,181 | [
"Experimental physics",
"Physics experiments"
] |
149,261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal%20erosion | Coastal erosion is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents, tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of storms. The landward retreat of the shoreline can be measured and described over a temporal scale of... | Coastal erosion | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,208 | [
"Construction",
"Coastal engineering",
"Coastal construction",
"Civil engineering"
] |
149,289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20alignment | In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented... | Sequence alignment | [
"Biology"
] | 6,430 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Computational phylogenetics",
"Bioinformatics algorithms",
"Bioinformatics",
"Phylogenetics"
] |
149,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20tree | A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time. In other words, it is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities ba... | Phylogenetic tree | [
"Biology"
] | 2,860 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Phylogenetics",
"Tree of life (biology)",
"Taxonomy (biology)"
] |
149,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20biology | Computational biology refers to the use of techniques in computer science, data analysis, mathematical modeling and computational simulations to understand biological systems and relationships. An intersection of computer science, biology, and data science, the field also has foundations in applied mathematics, molecul... | Computational biology | [
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,899 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Computational fields of study",
"Bioinformatics",
"Computing and society",
"Computational biology"
] |
149,544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20phylogenetics | Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieve... | Molecular phylogenetics | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,188 | [
"Evolutionary processes",
"Molecular evolution",
"Taxonomy (biology)",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular biology",
"Phylogenetics"
] |
150,159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s%20theorem | Noether's theorem states that every continuous symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law. This is the first of two theorems (see Noether's second theorem) published by mathematician Emmy Noether in 1918. The action of a physical system is the integral over... | Noether's theorem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 6,437 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Equations of physics",
"Conservation laws",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"nan",
"Geometry",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
150,183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschede%20train%20disaster | On 3 June 1998, part of an ICE 1 train on the Hannover–Hamburg railway near Eschede in Lower Saxony, Germany derailed and crashed into an overpass that crossed the railroad, which then collapsed onto the train. 101 people were killed and at least 88 were injured, making it the second-deadliest railway disaster in Germa... | Eschede train disaster | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,340 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Reliability engineering",
"Railway accidents and incidents",
"Technological failures",
"Bridge disasters caused by collision",
"Engineering failures",
"Civil engineering"
] |
6,620,973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKL%20singularity | A Belinski–Khalatnikov–Lifshitz (BKL) singularity is a model of the dynamic evolution of the universe near the initial gravitational singularity, described by an anisotropic, chaotic solution of the Einstein field equation of gravitation. According to this model, the universe is chaotically oscillating around a gravita... | BKL singularity | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 19,193 | [
"Exact solutions in general relativity",
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Physical quantities",
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Astrophysics",
"General relativity",
"Equations",
"Density",
"Theory of relativ... |
6,625,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle%20design | Cradle-to-cradle design (also referred to as 2CC2, C2C, cradle 2 cradle, or regenerative design) is a biomimetic approach to the design of products and systems that models human industry on nature's processes, where materials are viewed as nutrients circulating in healthy, safe metabolisms. The term itself is a play on... | Cradle-to-cradle design | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,659 | [
"Environmental design",
"Sustainable building",
"Building engineering",
"Industrial engineering",
"Construction",
"Environmental engineering",
"Industrial ecology",
"Design"
] |
3,717,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoof%E2%80%93Elkies%E2%80%93Atkin%20algorithm | The Schoof–Elkies–Atkin algorithm (SEA) is an algorithm used for finding the order of or calculating the number of points on an elliptic curve over a finite field. Its primary application is in elliptic curve cryptography. The algorithm is an extension of Schoof's algorithm by Noam Elkies and A. O. L. Atkin to signific... | Schoof–Elkies–Atkin algorithm | [
"Mathematics"
] | 632 | [
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Number theory"
] |
3,718,379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquadratic%20field | In mathematics, a biquadratic field is a number field of a particular kind, which is a Galois extension of the rational number field with Galois group isomorphic to the Klein four-group.
Structure and subfields
Biquadratic fields are all obtained by adjoining two square roots. Therefore in explicit terms they have ... | Biquadratic field | [
"Mathematics"
] | 169 | [
"Algebraic number theory",
"Number theory"
] |
3,719,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane | 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, or R-114, also known as cryofluorane (INN), is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) with the molecular formula ClFCCFCl. Its primary use has been as a refrigerant. It is a non-flammable gas with a sweetish, chloroform-like odor with the critical point occurring at 145.6 °C and 3.26 MPa. When pre... | 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 398 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Harmful chemical substances",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Ozone-depleting chemical substances"
] |
3,719,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphine | Porphine or porphin is an organic compound of empirical formula . It is heterocyclic and aromatic. The molecule is a flat macrocycle, consisting of four pyrrole-like rings joined by four methine bridges, which makes it the simplest of the tetrapyrroles.
The nonpolar tetrapyrrolic ring structure of porphine means it i... | Porphine | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 210 | [
"Natural products",
"Organic compounds",
"Macrocycles",
"Structural biology",
"Biomolecules",
"Biochemistry",
"Chelating agents",
"Process chemicals",
"Molecular biology"
] |
3,720,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road%20junction | A junction is where two or more roads meet.
History
Roads began as a means of linking locations of interest: towns, forts and geographic features such as river fords. Where roads met outside of an existing settlement, these junctions often led to a new settlement. Scotch Corner is an example of such a location.
In t... | Road junction | [
"Physics"
] | 1,372 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport infrastructure"
] |
3,720,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary%20conformal%20field%20theory | In theoretical physics, boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) is a conformal field theory defined on a spacetime with a boundary (or boundaries). Different kinds of boundary conditions for the fields may be imposed on the fundamental fields; for example, Neumann boundary condition or Dirichlet boundary condition is ac... | Boundary conformal field theory | [
"Physics"
] | 164 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
3,720,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20pressure | Back pressure (or backpressure) is the term for a resistance to the desired flow of fluid through pipes. Obstructions or tight bends create backpressure via friction loss and pressure drop.
In distributed systems in particular event-driven architecture, back pressure is a technique to regulate flow of data, ensuring t... | Back pressure | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 507 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Engines",
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Pressure",
"Engine technology",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Piping",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
3,720,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Baxter%20equation | In physics, the Yang–Baxter equation (or star–triangle relation) is a consistency equation which was first introduced in the field of statistical mechanics. It depends on the idea that in some scattering situations, particles may preserve their momentum while changing their quantum internal states. It states that a mat... | Yang–Baxter equation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,699 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Equations of physics",
"Monoidal categories",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Category theory",
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
3,721,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic%20wind%20tunnel | A supersonic wind tunnel is a wind tunnel that produces supersonic speeds (1.2<M<5)
The Mach number and flow are determined by the nozzle geometry. The Reynolds number is varied by changing the density level (pressure in the settling chamber). Therefore, a high pressure ratio is required (for a supersonic regime at M=4... | Supersonic wind tunnel | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 473 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
3,721,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical%20Society | The Biophysical Society is an international scientific society whose purpose is to lead the development and dissemination of knowledge in biophysics. Founded in 1958, the Society currently consists of over 7,000 members in academia, government, and industry. Although the Society is based in the United States, it is a... | Biophysical Society | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 1,213 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Biophysics"
] |
3,721,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational%E2%80%93vibrational%20coupling | In physics, rotational–vibrational coupling occurs when the rotation frequency of a system is close to or identical to a natural frequency of internal vibration. The animation on the right shows ideal motion, with the force exerted by the spring and the distance from the center of rotation increasing together linearly ... | Rotational–vibrational coupling | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,651 | [
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,722,654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASF%20reagent | The TASF reagent or tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate is a reagent in organic chemistry with structural formula [((CH3)2N)3S]+[F2Si(CH3)3]−. It is an anhydrous source of fluoride and is used to cleave silyl ether protective groups. Many other fluoride reagents are known, but few are truly anhydro... | TASF reagent | [
"Chemistry"
] | 411 | [
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
22,682,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetolithography | Magnetolithography (ML) is a photoresist-less and photomaskless lithography method for patterning wafer surfaces. ML is based on applying a magnetic field on the substrate using paramagnetic metal masks named "magnetic masks" placed on either topside or backside of the wafer. Magnetic masks are analogous to a photomask... | Magnetolithography | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 377 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science",
"Microtechnology",
"Lithography (microfabrication)"
] |
22,686,225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent%20tandem%20catalysis | Concurrent tandem catalysis (CTC) is a technique in chemistry where multiple catalysts (usually two) produce a product otherwise not accessible by a single catalyst. It is usually practiced as homogeneous catalysis.
Scheme 1 illustrates this process. Molecule A enters this catalytic system to produce the comonomer, B, ... | Concurrent tandem catalysis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 893 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
22,690,116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20particle%20semi-implicit%20method | The moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method is a computational method for the simulation of incompressible free surface flows. It is a macroscopic, deterministic particle method (Lagrangian mesh-free method) developed by Koshizuka and Oka (1996).
Method
The MPS method is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations i... | Moving particle semi-implicit method | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,664 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
20,124,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grome | Grome is an environmental modeling package developed by Quad Software dedicated for procedural and manual generation of large virtual outdoor worlds suitable for games and other 3D real-time simulation applications.
History
After more than two years of internal developing, the program was first launched on as versio... | Grome | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,093 | [
"Environmental science software"
] |
20,124,373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Acrivos | Andreas Acrivos (born 13 June 1928) is the Albert Einstein Professor of Science and Engineering, emeritus at the City College of New York. He is also the director of the Benjamin Levich Institute for Physicochemical Hydrodynamics.
Education and career
Born in Athens, Greece, Acrivos moved to the United States to purs... | Andreas Acrivos | [
"Chemistry"
] | 452 | [
"Fluid dynamicists",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
20,125,479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision%20cascade | In condensed-matter physics, a collision cascade (also known as a displacement cascade or a displacement spike) is a set of nearby adjacent energetic (much higher than ordinary thermal energies) collisions of atoms induced by an energetic particle in a solid or liquid.
If the maximum atom or ion energies in a collisio... | Collision cascade | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,033 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Radiation",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Radiation effects",
"Matter"
] |
20,127,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabimorelin | Tabimorelin (INN) (developmental code name NN-703) is a drug which acts as a potent, orally-active agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and growth hormone secretagogue, mimicking the effects of the endogenous peptide agonist ghrelin as a stimulator of growth hormone (GH) release. It was on... | Tabimorelin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 268 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Peptides",
"Molecular biology"
] |
20,130,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF-Ts | EF-Ts (elongation factor thermo stable) is one of the prokaryotic elongation factors. It is found in human mitochondria as TSFM. It is similar to eukaryotic EF-1B.
EF-Ts serves as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable), catalyzing the release of guanosine diphosphate from ... | EF-Ts | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,331 | [
"Protein biosynthesis",
"Gene expression",
"Biosynthesis"
] |
20,131,133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20reciprocity | Quartic or biquadratic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence x4 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form of some of these theorems, in that they relate the solvability of the congruence x4 ≡ p (mod ... | Quartic reciprocity | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,968 | [
"Theorems in number theory",
"Arithmetic",
"Algebraic number theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Modular arithmetic",
"Number theory"
] |
526,227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhuru%20%28satellite%29 | Uhuru was the first satellite launched specifically for the purpose of X-ray astronomy. It was also known as the X-ray Explorer Satellite, SAS-A (for Small Astronomy Satellite A, the first of the three-spacecraft SAS series), SAS 1, or Explorer 42. The NASA observatory was launched on 12 December 1970 into an initial ... | Uhuru (satellite) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 809 | [
"Space telescopes"
] |
526,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder%20abuse | Elder abuse (also called elder mistreatment, senior abuse, abuse in later life, abuse of older adults, abuse of older women, and abuse of older men) is a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an o... | Elder abuse | [
"Biology"
] | 4,742 | [
"Behavior",
"Abuse",
"Gerontology",
"Aggression",
"Human behavior"
] |
526,941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargaff%27s%20rules | Chargaff's rules (given by Erwin Chargaff) state that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine. Further, a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases (i.e., A+G=T+C) should ... | Chargaff's rules | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,674 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
527,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfine%20structure | In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is defined by small shifts in otherwise degenerate electronic energy levels and the resulting splittings in those electronic energy levels of atoms, molecules, and ions, due to electromagnetic multipole interaction between the nucleus and electron clouds.
In atoms, hyperfine stru... | Hyperfine structure | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,213 | [
"Foundational quantum physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
527,232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatics | Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium and "the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body".
It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium as opposed to fluid dynamics, the study ... | Hydrostatics | [
"Physics"
] | 2,351 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Underwater diving physics",
"Pressure",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
527,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20mathematics%20topics | Lists of mathematics topics cover a variety of topics related to mathematics. Some of these lists link to hundreds of articles; some link only to a few. The template to the right includes links to alphabetical lists of all mathematical articles. This article brings together the same content organized in a manner better... | Lists of mathematics topics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,182 | [
"nan"
] |
527,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20eighth%20problem | Hilbert's eighth problem is one of David Hilbert's list of open mathematical problems posed in 1900. It concerns number theory, and in particular the Riemann hypothesis, although it is also concerned with the Goldbach conjecture. It asks for more work on the distribution of primes and generalizations of Riemann hypothe... | Hilbert's eighth problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 212 | [
"Hilbert's problems",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
528,155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20radius | Solar radius is a unit of distance used to express the size of stars in astronomy relative to the Sun. The solar radius is usually defined as the radius to the layer in the Sun's photosphere where the optical depth equals 2/3:
is approximately 10 times the average radius of Jupiter, 109 times the radius of the Earth,... | Solar radius | [
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 442 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Units of length",
"Quantity",
"Units of measurement",
"Stellar astronomy"
] |
528,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20Virus | The Legacy Virus is a fictional plague appearing in American comic books featuring the X-Men published by Marvel Comics. It first appeared in an eponymous storyline in Marvel Comics titles, from 1993 to 2001, during which it swept through the mutant population of the Marvel Universe, killing hundreds, as well as mutati... | Legacy Virus | [
"Biology"
] | 2,141 | [
"Viruses",
"Microorganisms",
"Fictional viruses",
"Fictional microorganisms"
] |
528,425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-month | The half-month is a calendar subdivision used in astronomy. Each calendar month is separated into two parts:
days 1 to 15
day 16 until the end of the month.
Newly identified small Solar System bodies, such as comets and asteroids, are given systematic designations that contain the half-month encoded as a letter of the ... | Half-month | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 206 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time stubs",
"Units of time",
"Quantity",
"nan",
"Spacetime",
"Units of measurement"
] |
529,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Fischer%20titration | In analytical chemistry, Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method that uses coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample. It was invented in 1935 by the German chemist Karl Fischer. Today, the titration is done with an automated Karl Fischer titrator.
Chemical princip... | Karl Fischer titration | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,446 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Titration"
] |
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