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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
3,865,332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic%20convergence	Genomic convergence is a multifactor approach used in genetic research that combines different kinds of genetic data analysis to identify and prioritize susceptibility genes for a complex disease. Early applications In January 2003, Michael Hauser along with fellow researchers at the Duke Center for Human Genetics (C...	Genomic convergence	[ "Biology" ]	593	[ "Genetics" ]
3,865,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscayne%20Aquifer	The Biscayne Aquifer, named after Biscayne Bay, is a surficial aquifer. It is a shallow layer of highly permeable limestone under a portion of South Florida. The area it underlies includes Broward County, Miami-Dade County, Monroe County, and Palm Beach County, a total of about . Description The water-absorbing la...	Biscayne Aquifer	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	495	[ "Hydrology", "Environmental engineering" ]
3,865,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20protein%20liquid%20chromatography	Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is a form of liquid chromatography that is often used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. As in other forms of chromatography, separation is possible because the different components of a mixture have different affinities for two materials, a moving fluid (the mobile pha...	Fast protein liquid chromatography	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,481	[ "Chromatography", "Separation processes" ]
3,868,817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lag%20compensator	A lead–lag compensator is a component in a control system that improves an undesirable frequency response in a feedback and control system. It is a fundamental building block in classical control theory. Applications Lead–lag compensators influence disciplines as varied as robotics, satellite control, automobile dia...	Lead–lag compensator	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,255	[ "Applied mathematics", "Control engineering", "Computational mathematics" ]
3,869,624	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microshock	Microshock refers to the risk that patients undergoing medical procedures involving externally protruding intracardiac electrical conductors, such as external pacemaker electrodes, or saline filled catheters, could suffer an electric shock causing ventricular fibrillation (VF) due to currents entering the body via the...	Microshock	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,556	[ "Biological engineering", "Medical technology", "Biomedical engineering" ]
3,870,862	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodal%20admittance%20matrix	In power engineering, nodal admittance matrix (or just admittance matrix) is an N x N matrix describing a linear power system with N buses. It represents the nodal admittance of the buses in a power system. In realistic systems which contain thousands of buses, the admittance matrix is quite sparse. Each bus in a rea...	Nodal admittance matrix	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	617	[ "Power (physics)", "Electrical engineering", "Electric power", "Physical quantities" ]
2,072,393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93win%20game	In game theory, a win–win game or win–win scenario is a situation that produces a mutually beneficial outcome for two or more parties. It is also called a positive-sum game as it is the opposite of a zero-sum game. If a win–win scenario is not achieved, the scenario becomes a lose–lose situation by default, since it ha...	Win–win game	[ "Mathematics", "Biology" ]	179	[ "Personal development", "Behavior", "Game theory", "Game theory game classes", "Human behavior" ]
2,072,472	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20curvature	In differential geometry, the two principal curvatures at a given point of a surface are the maximum and minimum values of the curvature as expressed by the eigenvalues of the shape operator at that point. They measure how the surface bends by different amounts in different directions at that point. Discussion At eac...	Principal curvature	[ "Physics" ]	1,271	[ "Geometric measurement", "Physical quantities", "Curvature (mathematics)" ]
2,073,059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotoxin	A mitotoxin is a cytotoxic molecule targeted to specific cells by a mitogen. Generally found in snake venom. Mitotoxins are responsible for mediating cell death by interfering with protein or DNA synthesis. Some mechanisms by which mitotoxins can interfere with DNA or protein synthesis include the inactivation of ribo...	Mitotoxin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	301	[ "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
2,073,140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semileptonic%20decay	In particle physics the semileptonic decay of a hadron is a decay caused by the weak force in which one lepton (and the corresponding neutrino) is produced in addition to one or more hadrons. An example for this can be → + + This is to be contrasted with purely hadronic decays, such as → + , which are also media...	Semileptonic decay	[ "Physics" ]	121	[ "Physical phenomena", "Electroweak theory", "Fundamental interactions", "Particle physics", "Particle physics stubs" ]
2,073,235	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallation%20Neutron%20Source	The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source facility in the U.S. that provides the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development. Each year, the facility hosts hundreds of researchers from universities, national laboratories, and industr...	Spallation Neutron Source	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	784	[ "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Materials science", "Scattering", "Materials science organizations", "Condensed matter physics", "Particle physics", "Nuclear physics", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
2,075,246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20dimension	In chaos theory, the correlation dimension (denoted by ν) is a measure of the dimensionality of the space occupied by a set of random points, often referred to as a type of fractal dimension. For example, if we have a set of random points on the real number line between 0 and 1, the correlation dimension will be ν = 1...	Correlation dimension	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	573	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical objects", "Fractals", "Mathematical relations", "Mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
2,075,960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelectric%20RAM	Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM, F-RAM or FRAM) is a random-access memory similar in construction to DRAM but using a ferroelectric layer instead of a dielectric layer to achieve non-volatility. FeRAM is one of a growing number of alternative non-volatile random-access memory technologies that offer the same functionality as ...	Ferroelectric RAM	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	3,426	[ "Physical phenomena", "Ferroelectric materials", "Materials", "Electrical phenomena", "Hysteresis", "Matter" ]
30,549,271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab%20%28unit%29	A Crab is a standard astrophotometrical unit for measurement of the intensity of Astrophysical X-ray sources. One Crab is defined as the intensity of the Crab Nebula at the corresponding X-ray photon energy. The Crab Nebula, and the Crab Pulsar within it, is an intense space X-ray source. It is used as a standard can...	Crab (unit)	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	240	[ "Nebulae", "Quantity", "Units of measurement in astronomy", "Astronomical objects", "Units of measurement" ]
30,552,217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20mass	Stellar mass is a phrase that is used by astronomers to describe the mass of a star. It is usually enumerated in terms of the Sun's mass as a proportion of a solar mass (). Hence, the bright star Sirius has around . A star's mass will vary over its lifetime as mass is lost with the stellar wind or ejected via pulsation...	Stellar mass	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	863	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Physical quantities", "Concepts in astrophysics", "Quantity", "Mass", "Size", "Concepts in stellar astronomy", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter", "Stellar astronomy" ]
30,552,634	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOS%20II	MIMOS II is the miniaturised Mössbauer spectrometer, developed by Dr. Göstar Klingelhöfer at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany, that is used on the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity for close-up investigations on the Martian surface of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils. MIMO...	MIMOS II	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	208	[ "Spectrometers", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
30,555,998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondo%20insulator	In solid-state physics, Kondo insulators (also referred as Kondo semiconductors and heavy fermion semiconductors) are understood as materials with strongly correlated electrons, that open up a narrow band gap (in the order of 10 meV) at low temperatures with the chemical potential lying in the gap, whereas in heavy fer...	Kondo insulator	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	492	[ "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Correlated electrons", "Matter" ]
30,556,018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic%20geometry%20%28differential%20geometry%29	In differential geometry and the study of Lie groups, a parabolic geometry is a homogeneous space G/P which is the quotient of a semisimple Lie group G by a parabolic subgroup P. More generally, the curved analogs of a parabolic geometry in this sense is also called a parabolic geometry: any geometry that is modeled o...	Parabolic geometry (differential geometry)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	518	[ "Group actions", "Homogeneous spaces", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Geometry", "Symmetry" ]
25,886,202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion%20between%20Julian%20and%20Gregorian%20calendars	The tables below list equivalent dates in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Conventions Within these tables, January 1 is always the first day of the year. The Gregorian calendar did not exist before October 15, 1582. Gregorian dates before that are proleptic, that is,...	Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars	[ "Physics" ]	407	[ "Spacetime", "Calendars", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
25,886,609	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified%20space	In mathematics, especially in topology, a stratified space is a topological space that admits or is equipped with a stratification, a decomposition into subspaces, which are nice in some sense (e.g., smooth or flat). A basic example is a subset of a smooth manifold that admits a Whitney stratification. But there is al...	Stratified space	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	793	[ "Stratifications", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
25,887,069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe%20metric	In metric geometry, the Karlsruhe metric is a measure of distance that assumes travel is only possible along rays through the origin and circular arcs centered at the origin. The name alludes to the layout of the city of Karlsruhe, which has radial streets and circular avenues around a central point. This metric is als...	Karlsruhe metric	[ "Mathematics" ]	235	[ "Mathematical structures", "Space (mathematics)", "Metric spaces" ]
22,965,204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano%20fibration	In algebraic geometry, a Fano fibration or Fano fiber space, named after Gino Fano, is a morphism of varieties whose general fiber is a Fano variety (in other words has ample anticanonical bundle) of positive dimension. The ones arising from extremal contractions in the minimal model program are called Mori fibrations ...	Fano fibration	[ "Mathematics" ]	118	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry" ]
22,965,231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersingular%20prime%20%28algebraic%20number%20theory%29	In algebraic number theory, a supersingular prime for a given elliptic curve is a prime number with a certain relationship to that curve. If the curve E is defined over the rational numbers, then a prime p is supersingular for E if the reduction of E modulo p is a supersingular elliptic curve over the residue field Fp...	Supersingular prime (algebraic number theory)	[ "Mathematics" ]	273	[ "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Unsolved problems in number theory", "Algebraic number theory", "Mathematical problems", "Number theory" ]
22,965,361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20steering	Computational steering is the practice of manually intervening with an otherwise autonomous computational process, to change its outcome. The term is commonly used within the numerical simulation community, where it more specifically refers to the practice of interactively guiding a computational experiment into some r...	Computational steering	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	367	[ "Computational science", "Applied mathematics", "Control engineering" ]
22,968,686	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone%20wall%20plate	Keystone wall plates are used in commercial and industrial buildings to cleanly attach telecommunication cables etc. to a junction box, surface mount box, or a mud ring mounted in the drywall of a building. Keystone wall plates are made to work with many different types of cabling solutions, including coaxial, twisted ...	Keystone wall plate	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	169	[ "Electrical systems", "Building engineering", "Physical systems", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical wiring" ]
22,974,080	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%26H%20Mining	P&H Mining Equipment sells drilling and material handling machinery under the "P&H" trademark. The firm is an operating subsidiary of Joy Global Inc. In 2017 Joy Global Inc. was acquired by Komatsu Limited of Tokyo, Japan, and is now known as Komatsu Mining Corporation and operates as a subsidiary of Komatsu. Parent C...	P&H Mining	[ "Engineering" ]	2,292	[ "Mining equipment", "Mining equipment companies" ]
22,976,317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rster%20coupling	Förster coupling is the resonant energy transfer between excitons within adjacent QD's (quantum dots). The first studies of Forster were performed in the context of the sensitized luminescence of solids. Here, an excited sensitizer atom can transfer its excitation to a neighbouring acceptor atom, via an intermediate vi...	Förster coupling	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,395	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Theoretical physics", "Phases of matter", "Quantum mechanics", "Materials science", "Theoretical chemistry", "Condensed matter physics", " molecular", "Atomic", "Matter", " and optical physics" ]
29,025,999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbequinil	Terbequinil (SR-25776) is a stimulant and nootropic drug which acts as a partial inverse agonist at benzodiazepine sites on the GABAA receptor. In human trials it was found to partially reverse the sedative and amnestic effects of the hypnotic drug triazolam with only slight effects when administered by itself. See al...	Terbequinil	[ "Chemistry" ]	125	[ "Organic compounds", "Functional groups", "Ethers" ]
29,028,436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%20Leigh%20Stewart	Cameron Leigh Stewart FRSC is a Canadian mathematician. He is a professor of pure mathematics at the University of Waterloo. Contributions He has made numerous contributions to number theory, in particular to work on the abc conjecture. In 1976 he obtained, with Alan Baker, an effective improvement to Liouville's Theo...	Cameron Leigh Stewart	[ "Mathematics" ]	457	[ "Abc conjecture", "Number theory" ]
2,882,536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nig%27s%20theorem%20%28kinetics%29	In kinetics, König's theorem or König's decomposition is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculations of angular momentum and kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles. For a system of particles The theorem is divided in two parts. First part of König's theorem ...	König's theorem (kinetics)	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	583	[ "Equations of physics", "Theoretical physics", "Eponymous theorems of physics", "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Theoretical physics stubs", "Physics theorems" ]
2,883,833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HERA-B	The HERA-B detector was a particle physics experiment at the HERA accelerator at the German national laboratory DESY that collected data from 1993 to 2003. It measured 8 m × 20 m × 9 m and weighed 1000 tons. The HERA-B collaboration consisted of some 250 scientists from 32 institutes in 13 countries. Its primary aim w...	HERA-B	[ "Physics" ]	267	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Experimental physics", "Particle physics", "Experimental particle physics" ]
2,884,010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine%20map	Each turbine in a gas turbine engine has an operating map. Complete maps are either based on turbine rig test results or are predicted by a special computer program. Alternatively, the map of a similar turbine can be suitably scaled. Description A turbine map shows lines of percent corrected speed (based on a referenc...	Turbine map	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	740	[ "Machines", "Turbomachinery", "Engines", "Turbines", "Physical systems" ]
2,884,506	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detached%20eddy%20simulation	Detached eddy simulation (DES) is a modification of a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) model in which the model switches to a subgrid scale formulation in regions fine enough for large eddy simulation (LES) calculations. Details Regions near solid boundaries and where the turbulent length scale is les...	Detached eddy simulation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	289	[ "Computational physics stubs", "Computational fluid dynamics", "Computational physics", "Fluid dynamics stubs", "Fluid dynamics" ]
2,884,698	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion%20barrier	A diffusion barrier is a thin layer (usually micrometres thick) of metal usually placed between two other metals. It is done to act as a barrier to protect either one of the metals from corrupting the other. Adhesion of a plated metal layer to its substrate requires a physical interlocking, inter-diffusion of the depo...	Diffusion barrier	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	789	[ "Microtechnology", "Metallurgical processes", "Coatings", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Metal plating" ]
2,884,728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20reasoning	In computer science, in particular in knowledge representation and reasoning and metalogic, the area of automated reasoning is dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning. The study of automated reasoning helps produce computer programs that allow computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, auto...	Automated reasoning	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,694	[ "Logic in computer science", "Automated theorem proving", "Theoretical computer science", "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical logic", "Computational mathematics" ]
2,884,904	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary%20time	Imaginary time is a mathematical representation of time that appears in some approaches to special relativity and quantum mechanics. It finds uses in certain cosmological theories. Mathematically, imaginary time is real time which has undergone a Wick rotation so that its coordinates are multiplied by the imaginary un...	Imaginary time	[ "Physics" ]	851	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Philosophy of time", "Spacetime" ]
2,885,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotroph	An oligotroph is an organism that can live in an environment that offers very low levels of nutrients. They may be contrasted with copiotrophs, which prefer nutritionally rich environments. Oligotrophs are characterized by slow growth, low rates of metabolism, and generally low population density. Oligotrophic environm...	Oligotroph	[ "Biology" ]	1,864	[ "Aquatic ecology", "Ecosystems" ]
2,885,779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-transfer%20catalyst	In chemistry, a phase-transfer catalyst or PTC is a catalyst that facilitates the transition of a reactant from one phase into another phase where reaction occurs. Phase-transfer catalysis is a special form of catalysis and can act through homogeneous catalysis or heterogeneous catalysis methods depending on the cataly...	Phase-transfer catalyst	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,847	[ "Catalysis", "Catalysts", "Chemical kinetics" ]
2,886,641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepheloid%20layer	A nepheloid layer or nepheloid zone is a layer of water in the deep ocean basin, above the ocean floor, that contains significant amounts of suspended sediment. It is from 200 to 1000 m thick. The name comes from Greek: nephos, "cloud". The particles in the layer may come from the upper ocean layers and from stripping ...	Nepheloid layer	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	842	[ "Oceanography", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
2,887,653	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadle	A treadle (from , "to tread") is a foot-powered lever mechanism; it is operated by treading on it repeatedly. A treadle, unlike some other types of pedals, is not directly mounted on the crank (see treadle bicycle for a clear example). Most treadle machines convert reciprocating motion into rotating motion, using a me...	Treadle	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	487	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical quantities", "Power (physics)", "Mechanics", "Human power", "Mechanical hand tools", "Mechanical engineering" ]
35,784,363	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans%27s%20theorem	In astrophysics and statistical mechanics, Jeans's theorem, named after James Jeans, states that any steady-state solution of the collisionless Boltzmann equation depends on the phase space coordinates only through integrals of motion in the given potential, and conversely any function of the integrals is a steady-stat...	Jeans's theorem	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	419	[ "Astrophysics stubs", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Astronomy stubs", "Astrophysics" ]
35,788,567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEXT%20%28ion%20thruster%29	The NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) project at Glenn Research Center is a gridded electrostatic ion thruster about three times as powerful as the NSTAR used on Dawn and Deep Space 1 spacecraft. It was used in DART, launched in 2021. Glenn Research Center manufactured the test engine's core ionization chamber, ...	NEXT (ion thruster)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	627	[ "Ions", "Ion engines", "Matter" ]
24,470,730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV%20144	RV 144, or the Thai trial, was an HIV vaccine clinical trial that was conducted in Thailand between 2003 and 2006. It used a combination of two HIV vaccines that had each failed in earlier trials. Participants were vaccinated over the course of 24 weeks beginning in October 2003 and were then tested for HIV until July ...	RV 144	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,802	[ "HIV vaccine research", "Drug discovery" ]
24,471,529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%20289	IC 289 is a planetary nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia. It was discovered by Lewis Swift in early September 1888. It lies close to the 10th magnitude star BD +60° 0631. N.J. Martin described IC 289 as "A nice, faint round planet like planetary nebula. The uniform oval disc shows some irregularity in brightness bu...	IC 289	[ "Astronomy" ]	151	[ "Cassiopeia (constellation)", "Astronomy stubs", "Constellations", "Nebula stubs" ]
24,474,414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20Fisher%20information	In information theory, the principle of minimum Fisher information (MFI) is a variational principle which, when applied with the proper constraints needed to reproduce empirically known expectation values, determines the best probability distribution that characterizes the system. (See also Fisher information.) Measu...	Minimum Fisher information	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	700	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Computer science", "Information theory" ]
24,474,524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-free%20ideal%20gas	The scale-free ideal gas (SFIG) is a physical model assuming a collection of non-interacting elements with a stochastic proportional growth. It is the scale-invariant version of an ideal gas. Some cases of city-population, electoral results and cites to scientific journals can be approximately considered scale-free id...	Scale-free ideal gas	[ "Physics" ]	282	[ "Thermodynamic systems", "Symmetry", "Physical phenomena", "Critical phenomena", "Physical systems", "Scale-invariant systems", "Ideal gas", "Scaling symmetries" ]
24,476,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20metamaterial	An acoustic metamaterial, sonic crystal, or phononic crystal is a material designed to control, direct, and manipulate sound waves or phonons in gases, liquids, and solids (crystal lattices). Sound wave control is accomplished through manipulating parameters such as the bulk modulus β, density ρ, and chirality. They ca...	Acoustic metamaterial	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	5,523	[ "Metamaterials", "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics", "Materials science" ]
24,479,046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20mass	In astronomy, planetary mass is a measure of the mass of a planet-like astronomical object. Within the Solar System, planets are usually measured in the astronomical system of units, where the unit of mass is the solar mass (), the mass of the Sun. In the study of extrasolar planets, the unit of measure is typically th...	Planetary mass	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	1,864	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Units of measurement", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Units of measurement in astronomy", "Size", "Planetary science", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter" ]
33,099,208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane-wave%20expansion	In physics, the plane-wave expansion expresses a plane wave as a linear combination of spherical waves: where is the imaginary unit, is a wave vector of length , is a position vector of length , are spherical Bessel functions, are Legendre polynomials, and the hat denotes the unit vector. In the special c...	Plane-wave expansion	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	176	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Scattering stubs", "Scattering", "Particle physics", "Condensed matter physics", "Nuclear physics", "Mathematical physics" ]
33,104,716	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted%20geometries	Twisted geometries are discrete geometries that play a role in loop quantum gravity and spin foam models, where they appear in the semiclassical limit of spin networks. A twisted geometry can be visualized as collections of polyhedra dual to the nodes of the spin network's graph. Intrinsic and extrinsic curvatures are...	Twisted geometries	[ "Physics" ]	241	[ "Unsolved problems in physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Particle physics", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
33,105,284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl%20necklace	A Chernobyl necklace is a horizontal scar at the base of the throat which results from surgery to remove a thyroid cancer caused by fallout from a nuclear accident. The scar has come to be seen as one of the most graphic demonstrations of the impact of the Chernobyl disaster. The term takes its name from the increased...	Chernobyl necklace	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology" ]	491	[ "Radiation health effects", "Aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster", "Environmental impact of nuclear power", "Radiation effects", "Radioactivity" ]
38,580,904	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halin%27s%20grid%20theorem	In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, Halin's grid theorem states that the infinite graphs with thick ends are exactly the graphs containing subdivisions of the hexagonal tiling of the plane. It was published by , and is a precursor to the work of Robertson and Seymour linking treewidth to large grid minors, which ...	Halin's grid theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	886	[ "Mathematical objects", "Graph theory", "Infinity", "Theorems in discrete mathematics", "Infinite graphs", "Mathematical relations", "Theorems in graph theory", "Graph minor theory" ]
38,586,988	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggio%27s%20formula	In the mathematical field of potential theory, Boggio's formula is an explicit formula for the Green's function for the polyharmonic Dirichlet problem on the ball of radius 1. It was discovered by the Italian mathematician Tommaso Boggio. The polyharmonic problem is to find a function u satisfying where m is a posi...	Boggio's formula	[ "Mathematics" ]	146	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical objects", "Potential theory" ]
38,587,811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20M.%20Devienne	Fernand Marcel Devienne (20 February 1913 – 19 April 2003) was a French physicist who developed research on molecular beams and spectrum analysis in rarefied gas environment. Life Devienne was born in Marseille on 20 February 1913. A Doctor of physics, F. Marcel Devienne was director of a research laboratory (Labora...	F. M. Devienne	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	316	[ "Molecular physics", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
21,496,085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fock%E2%80%93Lorentz%20symmetry	Lorentz invariance follows from two independent postulates: the principle of relativity and the principle of constancy of the speed of light. Dropping the latter while keeping the former leads to a new invariance, known as Fock–Lorentz symmetry or the projective Lorentz transformation. The general study of such theorie...	Fock–Lorentz symmetry	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	231	[ "Special relativity", "Geometry", "Symmetry", "Theory of relativity" ]
21,496,872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared%20gas%20analyzer	An infrared gas analyzer measures trace gases by determining the absorption of an emitted infrared light source through a certain air sample. Trace gases found in the Earth's atmosphere become excited under specific wavelengths found in the infrared range. The concept behind the technology can be understood as testing ...	Infrared gas analyzer	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	889	[ "Measuring instruments" ]
21,504,334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20energy%20monitor	A home energy monitor is a device that provides information about a personal electrical energy usage to a consumer of electricity. Devices may display the amount of electricity used, plus the cost of energy used and estimates of greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of such devices is to assist in the management of pow...	Home energy monitor	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	721	[ "Power (physics)", "Electrical engineering", "Electric power", "Physical quantities" ]
21,505,767	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20dichroism	Linear dichroism (LD) or diattenuation is the difference between absorption of light polarized parallel and polarized perpendicular to an orientation axis. It is the property of a material whose transmittance depends on the orientation of linearly polarized light incident upon it. As a technique, it is primarily used t...	Linear dichroism	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,571	[ "Instrumental analysis", "Molecular physics", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
21,506,869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20research%20facility	A neutron research facility is most commonly a big laboratory operating a large-scale neutron source that provides thermal neutrons to a suite of research instruments. The neutron source usually is a research reactor or a spallation source. In some cases, a smaller facility will provide high energy neutrons (e.g. 2.5 M...	Neutron research facility	[ "Physics" ]	924	[ "Nuclear physics" ]
6,855,071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20membrane	Ceramic membranes are a type of artificial membranes made from inorganic materials (such as alumina, titania, zirconia oxides, silicon carbide or some glassy materials). They are used in membrane operations for liquid filtration. By contrast with polymeric membranes, they can be used in separations where aggressive me...	Ceramic membrane	[ "Chemistry" ]	805	[ "Membrane technology", "Separation processes" ]
6,855,413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20Matter%20%28journal%29	Soft Matter is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the science of soft matter. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and the editor-in-chief is Darrin Pochan (University of Delaware, USA). The journal was established in 2005. Initially it was published monthly, but as submissions increased it switc...	Soft Matter (journal)	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	174	[ "Biochemistry journals", "Biochemistry literature", "Materials science journals", "Materials science" ]
6,855,414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20pioneering%20solar%20buildings	The following buildings are of significance in pioneering the use of solar powered building design: MIT Solar House #1, Massachusetts, United States (Hoyt C. Hottel & others, 1939) Howard Sloan House, Glenview, Illinois, United States (George Fred Keck, 1940) "Solar Hemicycle", near Madison, Wisconsin, United State...	List of pioneering solar buildings	[ "Engineering" ]	874	[ "Building engineering", "Solar design", "Energy engineering", "Civil engineering", "Architecture" ]
6,856,520	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20radiography	Industrial radiography is a modality of non-destructive testing that uses ionizing radiation to inspect materials and components with the objective of locating and quantifying defects and degradation in material properties that would lead to the failure of engineering structures. It plays an important role in the scien...	Industrial radiography	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	5,825	[ "Nondestructive testing", "Materials testing", "Welding", "Mechanical engineering" ]
6,857,112	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%20Institute%20for%20Theoretical%20Physics	The Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics (SITP) is a research institute within the Physics Department at Stanford University. Led by 16 physics faculty members, the institute conducts research in high energy and condensed matter theoretical physics. Research Research within SITP includes a strong focus on fun...	Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics	[ "Physics" ]	518	[ "Theoretical physics", "Theoretical physics institutes" ]
6,858,518	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Ocean%20Observing%20System	The United States Integrated Ocean Observing System (U.S. IOOS) is a national-regional partnership of ocean observing systems that routinely and continuously provide quality-controlled data and observations of the oceans within the United States exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and Great Lakes. The U.S. Integrated Ocean O...	Integrated Ocean Observing System	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	461	[ "Oceanography", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
5,220,019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge%20%28physics%29	In physics, a charge is any of many different quantities, such as the electric charge in electromagnetism or the color charge in quantum chromodynamics. Charges correspond to the time-invariant generators of a symmetry group, and specifically, to the generators that commute with the Hamiltonian. Charges are often deno...	Charge (physics)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,528	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Fundamental interactions", "Physical properties" ]
5,220,510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20centroids	The following is a list of centroids of various two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects. The centroid of an object in -dimensional space is the intersection of all hyperplanes that divide into two parts of equal moment about the hyperplane. Informally, it is the "average" of all points of . For an object of un...	List of centroids	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	281	[ "Point (geometry)", "Geometric centers", "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Symmetry" ]
5,221,266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauged%20supergravity	Gauged supergravity is a supergravity theory in which some R-symmetry is gauged such that the gravitinos (superpartners of the graviton) are charged with respect to the gauge fields. Consistency of the supersymmetry transformation often requires the presence of the potential for the scalar fields of the theory, or the ...	Gauged supergravity	[ "Physics" ]	209	[ "Unsolved problems in physics", "Quantum gravity", "Relativity stubs", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", "Theory of relativity", "Supersymmetry", "Symmetry" ]
5,221,850	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell%20receptor	The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a transmembrane protein on the surface of a B cell. A B-cell receptor is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. The former forms a type 1 transmembrane receptor protein, and is typically located on the outer surface of these lymphocyte cells. ...	B-cell receptor	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,274	[ "Receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
5,222,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipleidoscope	A dipleidoscope is an instrument used to determine true noon; its name comes from the Greek for double image viewer. It consists of a small telescope and a prism that creates a double image of the sun. When the two images overlap, it is local true noon. The instrument is capable of determining true noon to within ten s...	Dipleidoscope	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	431	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Clocks", "Measuring instruments" ]
5,222,945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20lemniscate	In mathematics, a polynomial lemniscate or polynomial level curve is a plane algebraic curve of degree 2n, constructed from a polynomial p with complex coefficients of degree n. For any such polynomial p and positive real number c, we may define a set of complex numbers by This set of numbers may be equated to points...	Polynomial lemniscate	[ "Mathematics" ]	598	[ "Planes (geometry)", "Euclidean plane geometry", "Plane curves" ]
5,224,898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundy%20number	In graph theory, the Grundy number or Grundy chromatic number of an undirected graph is the maximum number of colors that can be used by a greedy coloring strategy that considers the vertices of the graph in sequence and assigns each vertex its first available color, using a vertex ordering chosen to use as many colors...	Grundy number	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,054	[ "Graph coloring", "Graph theory", "Computational problems", "Graph invariants", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical problems", "NP-complete problems" ]
31,591,503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20acoustic%20wave%20sensor	Surface acoustic wave sensors are a class of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) which rely on the modulation of surface acoustic waves to sense a physical phenomenon. The sensor transduces an input electrical signal into a mechanical wave which, unlike an electrical signal, can be easily influenced by physical phen...	Surface acoustic wave sensor	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,969	[ "Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems", "Materials science", "Microtechnology" ]
31,594,536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental%20dynamic%20analysis	Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is a computational analysis method of earthquake engineering for performing a comprehensive assessment of the behavior of structures under seismic loads. It has been developed to build upon the results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis in order to estimate the seismic risk face...	Incremental dynamic analysis	[ "Engineering" ]	833	[ "Structural engineering", "Structural analysis", "Civil engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Earthquake engineering", "Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation" ]
31,595,206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaferrum	Hexaferrum and epsilon iron (ε-Fe) are synonyms for the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase of iron that is stable only at extremely high pressure. A 1964 study at the University of Rochester mixed 99.8% pure α-iron powder with sodium chloride, and pressed a 0.5-mm diameter pellet between the flat faces of two diamond ...	Hexaferrum	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	530	[ "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "nan" ]
30,557,864	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%282%2B1%29-dimensional%20topological%20gravity	In two spatial and one time dimensions, general relativity has no propagating gravitational degrees of freedom. In fact, in a vacuum, spacetime will always be locally flat (or de Sitter or anti-de Sitter depending upon the cosmological constant). This makes (2+1)-dimensional topological gravity (2+1D topological gravit...	(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity	[ "Physics" ]	243	[ "Unsolved problems in physics", "Quantum gravity", "Relativity stubs", "Theory of relativity", "Physics beyond the Standard Model" ]
30,560,133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-around%20coil	A run-around coil is a type of energy recovery heat exchanger most often positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air handling system, or in the exhaust gases of an industrial process, to recover the heat energy. Generally, it refers to any intermediate stream used to transfer heat between two streams...	Run-around coil	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	767	[ "Transport phenomena", "Sustainable building", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Building engineering", "Construction", "Thermodynamics", "Mechanical engineering", "nan", "Dynamical systems" ]
30,563,979	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusin%27s%20separation%20theorem	In descriptive set theory and mathematical logic, Lusin's separation theorem states that if A and B are disjoint analytic subsets of Polish space, then there is a Borel set C in the space such that A ⊆ C and B ∩ C = ∅. It is named after Nikolai Luzin, who proved it in 1927. The theorem can be generalized to show that ...	Lusin's separation theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	169	[ "Foundations of mathematics", "Mathematical logic", "Theorems in topology", "Topology", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical logic stubs", "Mathematical theorems", "Theorems in the foundations of mathematics" ]
30,573,317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell%20Tanks	Caldwell Tanks is a large privately held company that designs, fabricates, and builds tanks for the water, wastewater, grain, coal and energy industries. Caldwell is the largest elevated tank company in the world. Caldwell has approximately 500 total employees with 206 employees in Louisville at its headquarters camp...	Caldwell Tanks	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	810	[ "Chemical equipment", "Storage tanks" ]
30,575,830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft%20attitude%20determination%20and%20control	Spacecraft attitude control is the process of controlling the orientation of a spacecraft (vehicle or satellite) with respect to an inertial frame of reference or another entity such as the celestial sphere, certain fields, and nearby objects, etc. Controlling vehicle attitude requires actuators to apply the torques n...	Spacecraft attitude determination and control	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	4,502	[ "Physical phenomena", "Classical mechanics", "Motion (physics)", "Dynamics (mechanics)", "Aerospace engineering" ]
30,578,054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20chart	The operation chart is a graphical and symbolic representation of the manufacturing operations used to produce a product. The operation chart illustrates only the value-adding activities in the manufacturing process; therefore, material handling and storage are not illustrated in this chart. operation chart records the...	Operation chart	[ "Engineering" ]	180	[ "Industrial engineering" ]
30,578,523	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naor%E2%80%93Reingold%20pseudorandom%20function	In 1997, Moni Naor and Omer Reingold described efficient constructions for various cryptographic primitives in private key as well as public-key cryptography. Their result is the construction of an efficient pseudorandom function. Let p and l be prime numbers with l \|p−1. Select an element g ∈ of multiplicative order ...	Naor–Reingold pseudorandom function	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,139	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
30,578,787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogota%20Declaration	The Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also known as the Bogota Declaration, is a declaration made and signed in 1976 by eight equatorial countries, and was an attempt to assert sovereignty over those portions of the geostationary orbit that continuously lie over the signatory nations' territory....	Bogota Declaration	[ "Astronomy" ]	452	[ "Outer space stubs", "Outer space", "Astronomy stubs" ]
1,431,559	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle%20boundary	The core–mantle boundary (CMB) of Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron–nickel outer core, at a depth of below Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantl...	Core–mantle boundary	[ "Physics" ]	832	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Geophysics" ]
1,432,127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20%28statistics%29	In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values. If is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value at which the probability mass function takes its maximum value (i.e., ). In other words, it is the value that is most likely to be sampled. Like the statistical mean and media...	Mode (statistics)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,994	[ "Means", "Mathematical analysis", "Point (geometry)", "Geometric centers", "Symmetry" ]
1,433,747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnack%27s%20principle	In the mathematical field of partial differential equations, Harnack's principle or Harnack's theorem is a corollary of Harnack's inequality which deals with the convergence of sequences of harmonic functions. Given a sequence of harmonic functions on an open connected subset of the Euclidean space , which are point...	Harnack's principle	[ "Mathematics" ]	431	[ "Mathematical principles", "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Theorems in complex analysis" ]
1,434,249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20migration	Planetary migration occurs when a planet or other body in orbit around a star interacts with a disk of gas or planetesimals, resulting in the alteration of its orbital parameters, especially its semi-major axis. Planetary migration is the most likely explanation for hot Jupiters (exoplanets with Jovian masses but orbi...	Planetary migration	[ "Physics" ]	4,161	[ "Celestial mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Astrophysics" ]
37,139,183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitting%20resistance%20equivalent%20number	Pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) is a predictive measurement of a stainless steel's resistance to localized pitting corrosion based on its chemical composition. In general: the higher PREN-value, the more resistant is the stainless steel to localized pitting corrosion by chloride. PREN is frequently specif...	Pitting resistance equivalent number	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	366	[ "Metallurgy", "Electrochemistry", "Materials degradation", "Corrosion" ]
37,139,944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application%20performance%20engineering	Application performance engineering is a method to develop and test application performance in various settings, including mobile computing, the cloud, and conventional information technology (IT). Methodology According to the American National Institute of Standards and Technology, nearly four out of every five doll...	Application performance engineering	[ "Engineering" ]	229	[ "Software engineering", "Software testing" ]
37,140,999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20hydride	Copper hydride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuHn where n ~ 0.95. It is a red solid, rarely isolated as a pure composition, that decomposes to the elements. Copper hydride is mainly produced as a reducing agent in organic synthesis and as a precursor to various catalysts. History In 1844, the F...	Copper hydride	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,112	[ "Metal hydrides", "Inorganic compounds", "Reducing agents" ]
37,143,605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGR%20J17091-3624	IGR J17091-3624 (also IGR J17091) is a stellar mass black hole 28,000 light-years away. It lies in the constellation Scorpius in the Milky Way galaxy. Discovery IGR J17091 was discovered by ESA's INTEGRAL satellite in April 2003. Description IGR J17091 is a stellar mass black hole with a mass between 3 and 10 . It i...	IGR J17091-3624	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	407	[ "Black holes", "Stellar black holes", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Constellations", "Scorpius", "Astronomical X-ray sources", "Astronomical objects" ]
37,147,646	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20law%20scheme	The power law scheme was first used by Suhas Patankar (1980). It helps in achieving approximate solutions in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and it is used for giving a more accurate approximation to the one-dimensional exact solution when compared to other schemes in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This scheme ...	Power law scheme	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	449	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Fluid dynamics", "Computational physics" ]
37,152,030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade%20box	A decade box is a piece of test equipment that can be used during prototyping of electronic circuits to substitute the interchanging of different values of certain passive components with a single variable output. Decade boxes are made for resistance, capacitance, and inductance, the values of which can be adjusted in...	Decade box	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	128	[ "Analog circuits", "Electronic engineering", "Electronic test equipment", "Measuring instruments" ]
29,044,095	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-oil%20equations	The black-oil equations are a set of partial differential equations that describe fluid flow in a petroleum reservoir, constituting the mathematical framework for a black-oil reservoir simulator. The term black-oil refers to the fluid model, in which water is modeled explicitly together with two hydrocarbon components,...	Black-oil equations	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	400	[ "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Petroleum stubs", "Petroleum", "Fluid dynamics stubs", "Fluid dynamics" ]
29,049,734	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode%20chemoreceptor	Nematode chemoreceptors are chemoreceptors of nematodes. Animals recognise a wide variety of chemicals using their senses of taste and smell. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has only 14 types of chemosensory neuron, yet is able to respond to dozens of chemicals because each neuron detects several stimuli. More than...	Nematode chemoreceptor	[ "Chemistry" ]	563	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
29,050,062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel%20edge%20staining	Panel edge staining is a naturally occurring problem that occurs to anodized aluminium and stainless steel panelling and façades. It is semi-permanent staining that dulls the panel or façade's surface (in particular the edges of the panelling), reducing the natural lustre and shine produced by the anodizing processes ...	Panel edge staining	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	243	[ "Metallurgy", "Corrosion", "Electrochemistry", "Electrochemistry stubs", "Architecture stubs", "Materials degradation", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Chemical process stubs", "Architecture" ]
35,800,432	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-46	Kepler-46, previously designated KOI-872, is a star located in the constellation Lyra. Observed since 2009 by the Kepler space observatory, it has since been found to possess a planetary system consisting of at least three planets and while it has a similar mass to the Sun (90%) it is significantly older at ten billion...	Kepler-46	[ "Astronomy" ]	513	[ "Lyra", "Constellations" ]
35,802,271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20integral%20molecular%20dynamics	Path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) is a method of incorporating quantum mechanics into molecular dynamics simulations using Feynman path integrals. In PIMD, one uses the Born–Oppenheimer approximation to separate the wavefunction into a nuclear part and an electronic part. The nuclei are treated quantum mechanical...	Path integral molecular dynamics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	422	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Molecular physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Computational physics", "Molecular dynamics", "Computational chemistry", "Theoretical chemistry", " molecular", "Atomic", "Quantum Monte Carlo", " and optical physics" ]
35,802,855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties%20of%20metals%2C%20metalloids%20and%20nonmetals	can be broadly divided into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals according to their shared physical and chemical properties. All elemental metals have a shiny appearance (at least when freshly polished); are good conductors of heat and electricity; form alloys with other metallic elements; and have at least one basic oxid...	Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	7,877	[ "Nonmetals", "Metals", "Condensed matter physics", "Materials science" ]
3,873,144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%E2%80%93Jouguet%20condition	The Chapman–Jouguet condition holds approximately in detonation waves in high explosives. It states that the detonation propagates at a velocity at which the reacting gases just reach sonic velocity (in the frame of the leading shock wave) as the reaction ceases. David Chapman and Émile Jouguet originally (c. 1900) st...	Chapman–Jouguet condition	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	666	[ "Combustion", "Explosives engineering" ]

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