id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
53,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s%20little%20theorem | In number theory, Fermat's little theorem states that if is a prime number, then for any integer , the number is an integer multiple of . In the notation of modular arithmetic, this is expressed as
For example, if and , then , and is an integer multiple of .
If is not divisible by , that is, if is coprime to , ... | Fermat's little theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,917 | [
"Theorems about prime numbers",
"Theorems in number theory",
"Arithmetic",
"Modular arithmetic",
"Number theory"
] |
53,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Minkowski's theorem is the statement that every convex set in which is symmetric with respect to the origin and which has volume greater than contains a non-zero integer point (meaning a point in that is not the origin). The theorem was proved by Hermann Minkowski in 1889 and became the foundation of... | Minkowski's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,672 | [
"Geometry of numbers",
"Theorems in number theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Number theory"
] |
53,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statcoulomb | The statcoulomb (statC), franklin (Fr), or electrostatic unit of charge (esu) is the unit of measurement for electrical charge used in the centimetre–gram–second electrostatic units variant (CGS-ESU) and Gaussian systems of units. In terms of the Gaussian base units, it is
That is, it is defined so that the proportion... | Statcoulomb | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 416 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Electric charge",
"Quantity",
"Units of electrical charge",
"Units of measurement"
] |
53,539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz%20programme | The Soyuz programme ( , ; , meaning "Union") is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok (1961–... | Soyuz programme | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,642 | [
"Space programs",
"Human spaceflight programs"
] |
53,601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20casting | In metalworking and jewelry making, casting is a process in which a liquid metal is delivered into a mold (usually by a crucible) that contains a negative impression (i.e., a three-dimensional negative image) of the intended shape. The metal is poured into the mold through a hollow channel called a sprue. The metal and... | Metal casting | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 7,172 | [
"Metallurgy",
"History of metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
53,683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fallout | Nuclear fallout is residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave has passed. It commonly refers to the radioactive dust and ash created when a nuclear weapon explodes. The amount and spread... | Nuclear fallout | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 9,507 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Radiation health effects",
"Radioactive contamination",
"Nuclear chemistry",
"Radiobiology",
"Fission products",
"Nuclear fallout",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"nan",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radiation effects",
"Radioactivity"
] |
53,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27%20screw | The Archimedes' screw, also known as the Archimedean screw, hydrodynamic screw, water screw or Egyptian screw, is one of the earliest hydraulic machines named after Greek mathematician Archimedes who first described it around 234 BC, although the device had been used in Ancient Egypt. It is a reversible hydraulic machi... | Archimedes' screw | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 2,227 | [
"Pumps",
"Machines",
"Turbomachinery",
"Physical systems",
"Rotating machines",
"Hydraulics"
] |
53,702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20constant | The Boltzmann constant ( or ) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the gas constant, in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, ... | Boltzmann constant | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,091 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Physical constants",
"Thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Fundamental constants",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
53,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry | Symmetry () in everyday life refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance. In mathematics, the term has a more precise definition and is usually used to refer to an object that is invariant under some transformations, such as translation, reflection, rotation, or scaling. Although these two mean... | Symmetry | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,318 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
53,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20permittivity | The relative permittivity (in older texts, dielectric constant) is the permittivity of a material expressed as a ratio with the electric permittivity of a vacuum. A dielectric is an insulating material, and the dielectric constant of an insulator measures the ability of the insulator to store electric energy in an elec... | Relative permittivity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,804 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Colloids",
"Surface science",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
10,938,074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar%20limit | In stellar astrophysics, the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a non-fusing, isothermal core that can support an enclosing envelope. It is expressed as the ratio of the core mass to the total mass of the core and envelope. Estimates of the limit depend on the models used and the assumed chemical comp... | Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 433 | [
"Stellar astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Astrophysics",
"Stellar dynamics"
] |
10,939,045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidase%20E | Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and enkephalin convertase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPE gene. This enzyme catalyzes the release of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides.
CPE is involved in the biosynthesis of most neuropeptides and peptide hormon... | Carboxypeptidase E | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,079 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Proteins",
"Metabolism"
] |
10,940,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20anion | The hydrogen anion, H−, is a negative ion of hydrogen, that is, a hydrogen atom that has captured an extra electron. The hydrogen anion is an important constituent of the atmosphere of stars, such as the Sun. In chemistry, this ion is called hydride. The ion has two electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nu... | Hydrogen anion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 445 | [
"Matter",
"Anions",
"Astrophysics",
"Ions",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
10,940,802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
In biochemistry, the term "precursor" often refers more specifically to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway, such as a protein precursor.
Illicit drug precursors
In 1988, the Unit... | Precursor (chemistry) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 346 | [
"Biochemical reactions",
"Cellular processes",
"nan",
"Chemical synthesis",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
10,941,726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose-bisphosphate%20aldolase | Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (), often just aldolase, is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction that splits the aldol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Aldolase can also produce DHAP from other (3S,4R)-ketose 1-phosphates... | Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,830 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Glycolysis",
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
10,943,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploscope | A haploscope is an optical device for presenting one image to one eye and another image to the other eye. The word derives from two Greek roots: haploieides, single and skopeo, to view. The word is often used interchangeably with stereoscope, but it is more general than that. A stereoscope is a type of haploscope, but ... | Haploscope | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 257 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Optical devices"
] |
1,566,768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material%20properties%20of%20diamond | Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic. It is a crystal that is transparent to opaque and which is generally isotropic (no or very weak birefringence). Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Yet, due to imp... | Material properties of diamond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,014 | [
"Allotropes of carbon",
"Allotropes",
"Materials",
"Superhard materials",
"Matter"
] |
1,567,681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froth%20flotation | Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic. This is used in mineral processing, paper recycling and waste-water treatment industries. Historically this was first used in the mining industry, where it was one of the great enabling technologies of the 20th century. It h... | Froth flotation | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 7,175 | [
"Water treatment",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"Water pollution",
"Environmental engineering",
"Oil refining",
"Flotation processes",
"Water technology"
] |
1,568,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite%20%28crystal%29 | A crystal dendrite is a crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching form, resembling a fractal. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word (), which means "tree", since the crystal's structure resembles that of a tree. These crystals can be synthesised by using a supercooled pure liquid, however they are also... | Dendrite (crystal) | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,690 | [
"Crystallography",
"Crystals"
] |
1,568,958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel | Inconel is a nickel-chromium-based superalloy often utilized in extreme environments where components are subjected to high temperature, pressure or mechanical loads. Inconel alloys are oxidation- and corrosion-resistant. When heated, Inconel forms a thick, stable, passivating oxide layer protecting the surface from fu... | Inconel | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,036 | [
"Nickel alloys",
"Aerospace materials",
"Refractory metals",
"Superalloys",
"Alloys",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Chromium alloys"
] |
1,569,089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20gas%20separation | Gas mixtures can be effectively separated by synthetic membranes made from polymers such as polyamide or cellulose acetate, or from ceramic materials.
While polymeric membranes are economical and technologically useful, they are bounded by their performance, known as the Robeson limit (permeability must be sacrificed ... | Membrane gas separation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,084 | [
"Separation processes",
"Membrane technology",
"Industrial gases",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
1,569,292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20electrodynamics | Stochastic electrodynamics (SED) extends classical electrodynamics (CED) of theoretical physics by adding the hypothesis of a classical Lorentz invariant radiation field having statistical properties similar to that of the electromagnetic zero-point field (ZPF) of quantum electrodynamics (QED).
Key ingredients
Stocha... | Stochastic electrodynamics | [
"Physics"
] | 875 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
1,569,600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20expansion | Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to increase in length, area, or volume, changing its size and density, in response to an increase in temperature (usually excluding phase transitions).
Substances usually contract with decreasing temperature (thermal contraction), with rare exceptions within limited temperatu... | Thermal expansion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,905 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Thermodynamics",
"Building defects",
"Mechanical failure",
"Physical properties",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,570,072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20chemistry | Mathematical chemistry is the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena. Mathematical chemistry has also sometimes been called computer chemistry, but should not be confused with computational chemistry... | Mathematical chemistry | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 666 | [
"Drug discovery",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Mathematical chemistry",
"Molecular modelling",
"Computational chemistry",
"nan",
"Cheminformatics"
] |
1,570,968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl%20%CE%B2-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside}}
Isopropyl β--1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent. This compound is a molecular mimic of allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gen... | Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 581 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Carbohydrates",
"Organosulfur compounds",
"Organic compounds",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
166,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry | Interferometry is a technique which uses the interference of superimposed waves to extract information. Interferometry typically uses electromagnetic waves and is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber optics, engineering metrology, optical metrology, oceanography, seismology, spectrosc... | Interferometry | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 10,098 | [
"Plasma diagnostics",
"Measuring instruments",
"Plasma physics"
] |
166,796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile%20material | In nuclear engineering, fissile material is material that can undergo nuclear fission when struck by a neutron of low energy. A self-sustaining thermal chain reaction can only be achieved with fissile material. The predominant neutron energy in a system may be typified by either slow neutrons (i.e., a thermal system) o... | Fissile material | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,558 | [
"Explosive chemicals",
"Nuclear fission",
"Fissile materials",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
166,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langevin%20equation | In physics, a Langevin equation (named after Paul Langevin) is a stochastic differential equation describing how a system evolves when subjected to a combination of deterministic and fluctuating ("random") forces. The dependent variables in a Langevin equation typically are collective (macroscopic) variables changing o... | Langevin equation | [
"Physics"
] | 2,558 | [
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
166,896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker%E2%80%93Planck%20equation | In statistical mechanics and information theory, the Fokker–Planck equation is a partial differential equation that describes the time evolution of the probability density function of the velocity of a particle under the influence of drag forces and random forces, as in Brownian motion. The equation can be generalized ... | Fokker–Planck equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,671 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied mathematics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Mathematical finance"
] |
167,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone%20%28protein%29 | In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the conformational folding or unfolding of large proteins or macromolecular protein complexes. There are a number of classes of molecular chaperones, all of which function to assist large proteins in proper protein folding during or after synthesis, an... | Chaperone (protein) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,804 | [
"Protein biosynthesis",
"Gene expression",
"Biosynthesis"
] |
167,740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insult | An insult is an expression, statement, or behavior that is often deliberately disrespectful, offensive, scornful, or derogatory towards an individual or a group.
Insults can be intentional or unintentional, and they often aim to belittle, offend, or humiliate the target. While intentional insults can sometimes include... | Insult | [
"Biology"
] | 1,520 | [
"Behavior",
"Abuse",
"Harassment and bullying",
"Aggression",
"Human behavior"
] |
168,340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage%20sludge | Sewage sludge is the residual, semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or municipal wastewater. The term "septage" also refers to sludge from simple wastewater treatment but is connected to simple on-site sanitation systems, such as septic tanks.
After treatment, and ... | Sewage sludge | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 6,983 | [
"Sewerage",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water pollution"
] |
168,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens | Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational technology conglomerate. It is focused on industrial automation, distributed energy resources, rail transport and health technology. Siemens is the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe, and holds the position of global market leader in industrial automation and in... | Siemens | [
"Engineering"
] | 9,187 | [
"Industrial machine manufacturers",
"Radio electronics",
"Radio manufacturers",
"Industrial machinery"
] |
168,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance%20liquid%20chromatography | High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify specific components in mixtures. The mixtures can originate from food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biological, environmental and agr... | High-performance liquid chromatography | [
"Chemistry"
] | 10,890 | [
"Chromatography",
"Separation processes"
] |
168,701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Database%20Connectivity | In computing, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is a standard application programming interface (API) for accessing database management systems (DBMS). The designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of database systems and operating systems. An application written using ODBC can be ported to other platforms, both o... | Open Database Connectivity | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,032 | [
"Software engineering",
"Computer programming",
"Computers"
] |
168,848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20skeleton | The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight (ca. 10–11 kg for an average person) and reac... | Human skeleton | [
"Biology"
] | 2,518 | [
"Organ systems",
"Endocrine system"
] |
168,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-ordering%20principle | In mathematics, the well-ordering principle states that every non-empty subset of nonnegative integers contains a least element. In other words, the set of nonnegative integers is well-ordered by its "natural" or "magnitude" order in which precedes if and only if is either or the sum of and some nonnegative intege... | Well-ordering principle | [
"Mathematics"
] | 981 | [
"Mathematical principles",
"Order theory",
"Wellfoundedness",
"Mathematical induction"
] |
168,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic%20cell%20nuclear%20transfer | In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell. The technique consists of taking a denucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell. It is used in both therapeutic a... | Somatic cell nuclear transfer | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 5,010 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Bioethics",
"Stem cell research",
"Cloning",
"Cell culture techniques",
"Genetic engineering",
"Translational medicine",
"Tissue engineering",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Induced stem cells"
] |
168,944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression | Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.
In general, deliberately induced im... | Immunosuppression | [
"Biology"
] | 845 | [
"Organ systems",
"Immunology",
"Immune system"
] |
168,986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen | Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. It is the main storage form of glucose in the human body.
Glycogen functions as one of three regularly used forms of energy reserves, creatine phosphate being for very short-term, glycogen be... | Glycogen | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,462 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Glycobiology",
"Carbohydrates",
"Polysaccharides"
] |
169,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20cathode | A cold cathode is a cathode that is not electrically heated by a filament. A cathode may be considered "cold" if it emits more electrons than can be supplied by thermionic emission alone. It is used in gas-discharge lamps, such as neon lamps, discharge tubes, and some types of vacuum tube. The other type of cathode is ... | Cold cathode | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,852 | [
"Vacuum tubes",
"Electrodes",
"Vacuum",
"Electrochemistry",
"Matter"
] |
169,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopump | A cryopump or a "cryogenic pump" is a vacuum pump that traps gases and vapours by condensing them on a cold surface, but are only effective on some gases. The effectiveness depends on the freezing and boiling points of the gas relative to the cryopump's temperature. They are sometimes used to block particular contamina... | Cryopump | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,300 | [
"Matter",
"Vacuum pumps",
"Vacuum systems",
"Phases of matter",
"Vacuum",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases"
] |
169,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%20confinement | In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), color confinement, often simply called confinement, is the phenomenon that color-charged particles (such as quarks and gluons) cannot be isolated, and therefore cannot be directly observed in normal conditions below the Hagedorn temperature of approximately 2 terakelvin (corresponding t... | Color confinement | [
"Physics"
] | 1,149 | [
"Astrophysics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quark matter",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
169,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHSH%20inequality | In physics, the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) inequality can be used in the proof of Bell's theorem, which states that certain consequences of entanglement in quantum mechanics cannot be reproduced by local hidden-variable theories. Experimental verification of the inequality being violated is seen as confirmation ... | CHSH inequality | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,840 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Quantum game theory",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Binary relations",
"Game theory",
"Quantum measurement",
"Mathematical relations",
"Inequalities (mathematics)",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
3,050,716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh%20generation | Mesh generation is the practice of creating a mesh, a subdivision of a continuous geometric space into discrete geometric and topological cells.
Often these cells form a simplicial complex.
Usually the cells partition the geometric input domain.
Mesh cells are used as discrete local approximations of the larger domain.... | Mesh generation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,806 | [
"Triangulation (geometry)",
"Mesh generation",
"Design engineering",
"Computer-aided design",
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Tessellation",
"Computational mathematics",
"Planar graphs",
"Computational physics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Numerical analysis",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Approxima... |
3,050,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%20plant | A pilot plant is a pre-commercial production system that employs new production technology and/or produces small volumes of new technology-based products, mainly for the purpose of learning about the new technology. The knowledge obtained is then used for design of full-scale production systems and commercial products,... | Pilot plant | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,840 | [
"Industrial engineering"
] |
3,051,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-thermite | Nano-thermite or super-thermite is a metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) characterized by a particle size of its main constituents, a metal fuel and oxidizer, under 100 nanometers. This allows for high and customizable reaction rates. Nano-thermites contain an oxidizer and a reducing agent, which are intimately m... | Nano-thermite | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,370 | [
"Pyrotechnic compositions",
"Explosives",
"Explosions"
] |
3,053,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20growth | A crystal is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Crystal growth is a major stage of a crystallization process, and consists of the addition of new atoms, ions, or polymer strings into the characteristic arra... | Crystal growth | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,594 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Crystals",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
3,054,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitization | Sensitization is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administration of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response. Sensitization often is characterized by an enhancement of response to a whole class of stimuli in addition to the one that is repeated. For example, repetition of a ... | Sensitization | [
"Biology"
] | 1,069 | [
"Behavior",
"Behaviorism"
] |
16,138,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA-100 | The PFA-100 (Platelet Function Assay or Platelet Function Analyser) is a platelet function analyser that aspirates blood in vitro from a blood specimen into disposable test cartridges through a microscopic aperture cut into a biologically active membrane at the end of a capillary. The membrane of the cartridges are coa... | PFA-100 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 372 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry"
] |
16,143,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal%20prime%20ideal | In mathematics, especially in commutative algebra, certain prime ideals called minimal prime ideals play an important role in understanding rings and modules. The notion of height and Krull's principal ideal theorem use minimal prime ideals.
Definition
A prime ideal P is said to be a minimal prime ideal over an idea... | Minimal prime ideal | [
"Mathematics"
] | 996 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Commutative algebra"
] |
16,150,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Mamyrin | Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin (; 25 May 1919 5 March 2007) was a Soviet and Russian physicist, best known for his invention of the electrostatic ion mirror mass spectrometer known as the reflectron.
Biography
Mamyrin was born in 1919 in Lipetsk, Soviet Russia during Russian Civil War. Both of his parents were medical ... | Boris Mamyrin | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 283 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
17,383,329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemozoin | Haemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of blood by some blood-feeding parasites. These hematophagous organisms such as malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.), Rhodnius and Schistosoma digest haemoglobin and release high quantities of free heme, which is the non-protein component of haemoglobin. Heme is ... | Hemozoin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,047 | [
"Natural products",
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules",
"Structural biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
17,384,910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer%20%28special%20relativity%29 | In special relativity, an observer is a frame of reference from which a set of objects or events are being measured. Usually this is an inertial reference frame or "inertial observer". Less often an observer may be an arbitrary non-inertial reference frame such as a Rindler frame which may be called an "accelerating ob... | Observer (special relativity) | [
"Physics"
] | 1,189 | [
"Special relativity",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
17,385,860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldit | Foldit is an online puzzle video game about protein folding. It is part of an experimental research project developed by the University of Washington, Center for Game Science, in collaboration with the UW Department of Biochemistry. The objective of Foldit is to fold the structures of selected proteins as perfectly as ... | Foldit | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,759 | [
"Structural biology",
"Computational biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Protein structure",
"Molecular biology"
] |
17,387,312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation-anion%20radius%20ratio | In condensed matter physics and inorganic chemistry, the cation-anion radius ratio can be used to predict the crystal structure of an ionic compound based on the relative size of its atoms. It is defined as the ratio of the ionic radius of the positively charged cation to the ionic radius of the negatively charged anio... | Cation-anion radius ratio | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 468 | [
"Materials science",
"Ratios",
"Atomic radius",
"Crystallography",
"Arithmetic",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
17,388,125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide%20dispersion-strengthened%20alloy | Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys (ODS) are alloys that consist of a metal matrix with small oxide particles dispersed within it. They have high heat resistance, strength, and ductility. Alloys of nickel are the most common but includes iron aluminum alloys.
Applications include high temperature turbine blades and... | Oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,335 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Alloys",
"Chemical mixtures",
"nan"
] |
2,212,479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%E2%80%93Jarlskog%20mass%20relation | In grand unified theories of the SU(5) or SO(10) type, there is a mass relation predicted between the electron and the down quark, the muon and the strange quark and the tau lepton and the bottom quark called the Georgi–Jarlskog mass relations. The relations were formulated by Howard Georgi and Cecilia Jarlskog.
At GU... | Georgi–Jarlskog mass relation | [
"Physics"
] | 105 | [
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Particle physics",
"Grand Unified Theory",
"Particle physics stubs",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model"
] |
2,212,557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20defects%20in%20diamond | Imperfections in the crystal lattice of diamond are common. Such defects may be the result of lattice irregularities or extrinsic substitutional or interstitial impurities, introduced during or after the diamond growth. The defects affect the material properties of diamond and determine to which type a diamond is assig... | Crystallographic defects in diamond | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,211 | [
"Crystallographic defects",
"Crystallography",
"Materials degradation",
"Materials science"
] |
2,212,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umklapp%20scattering | In crystalline materials, Umklapp scattering (also U-process or Umklapp process) is a scattering process that results in a wave vector (usually written k) which falls outside the first Brillouin zone. If a material is periodic, it has a Brillouin zone, and any point outside the first Brillouin zone can also be expresse... | Umklapp scattering | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 657 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"Scattering",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
2,212,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detailed%20balance | The principle of detailed balance can be used in kinetic systems which are decomposed into elementary processes (collisions, or steps, or elementary reactions). It states that at equilibrium, each elementary process is in equilibrium with its reverse process.
History
The principle of detailed balance was explicitly i... | Detailed balance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,096 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,213,942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20localization | In condensed matter physics, Anderson localization (also known as strong localization) is the absence of diffusion of waves in a disordered medium. This phenomenon is named after the American physicist P. W. Anderson, who was the first to suggest that electron localization is possible in a lattice potential, provided t... | Anderson localization | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,470 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Mesoscopic physics",
"Matter"
] |
2,213,992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thouless%20energy | The Thouless energy is a characteristic energy scale of diffusive disordered conductors. It was first introduced by the Scottish-American physicist David J. Thouless when studying Anderson localization,
as a measure of the sensitivity of energy levels to a change in the boundary conditions of the system. Though being a... | Thouless energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 127 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"Mesoscopic physics",
"Matter"
] |
2,214,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector%20mass%20spectrometer | A sector instrument is a general term for a class of mass spectrometer that uses a static electric (E) or magnetic (B) sector or some combination of the two (separately in space) as a mass analyzer. Popular combinations of these sectors have been the EB, BE (of so-called reverse geometry), three-sector BEB and four-sec... | Sector mass spectrometer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,081 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Measuring instruments",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
2,214,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann%20reaction | The Ullmann reaction or Ullmann coupling, named after Fritz Ullmann, couples two aryl or alkyl groups with the help of copper. The reaction was first reported by Ullmann and his student Bielecki in 1901. It has been later shown that palladium and nickel can also be effectively used.
Aryl-Aryl bond formation is a funda... | Ullmann reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,243 | [
"Coupling reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
2,216,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20reaction%20analysis | Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) is a nuclear method of nuclear spectroscopy in materials science to obtain concentration vs. depth distributions for certain target chemical elements in a solid thin film.
Mechanism of NRA
If irradiated with select projectile nuclei at kinetic energies Ekin, target solid thin-film chemi... | Nuclear reaction analysis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 808 | [
"Ion beam methods",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
1,010,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-13 | Carbon-13 (13C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons. As one of the environmental isotopes, it makes up about 1.1% of all natural carbon on Earth.
Detection by mass spectrometry
A mass spectrum of an organic compound will usually contain a small peak of one m... | Carbon-13 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,080 | [
"Environmental isotopes",
"Isotopes of carbon",
"Isotopes",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Medical isotopes"
] |
1,010,167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin | Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.
Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948. Another protein, hephaestin, is noted for its homology to ceruloplasmin, ... | Ceruloplasmin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,351 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
1,010,189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal | Retinal (also known as retinaldehyde) is a polyene chromophore. Retinal, bound to proteins called opsins, is the chemical basis of visual phototransduction, the light-detection stage of visual perception (vision).
Some microorganisms use retinal to convert light into metabolic energy. One study suggests that approxima... | Retinal | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,222 | [
"Vitamin A",
"Photosynthetic pigments",
"Photosynthesis",
"Signal transduction",
"Biomolecules",
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry"
] |
1,010,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleomycin | Bleomycin is a medication primarily used to treat cancer. This includes Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer among others. Typically used with other cancer medications, it can be given intravenously, by injection into a muscle or under the skin. It may also ... | Bleomycin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,197 | [
"Glycopeptide antibiotics",
"Glycopeptides"
] |
1,010,454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldevelopment | Maldevelopment is the state of an organism or an organisation that did not develop in the "normal" way (used in medicine, e.g. "brain maldevelopment of a fetus"). It was introduced as a human and social development term in France in the 1990s by Samir Amin to challenge the concept of "underdevelopment." The word maldév... | Maldevelopment | [
"Biology"
] | 295 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Human development"
] |
1,010,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunction%20and%20existence%20properties | In mathematical logic, the disjunction and existence properties are the "hallmarks" of constructive theories such as Heyting arithmetic and constructive set theories (Rathjen 2005).
Definitions
The disjunction property is satisfied by a theory if, whenever a sentence A ∨ B is a theorem, then either A is a theorem, o... | Disjunction and existence properties | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,473 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Constructivism (mathematics)",
"Proof theory"
] |
1,010,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem%20oil | Neem oil, also known as margosa oil, is a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the neem (Azadirachta indica), a tree which is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and has been introduced to many other areas in the tropics. It is the most important of the commercially available products of neem, and its c... | Neem oil | [
"Chemistry"
] | 529 | [
"Plant toxin insecticides",
"Chemical ecology"
] |
1,010,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligenschein | (; ) is an optical phenomenon in which a bright spot appears around the shadow of the viewer's head in the presence of dew. In photogrammetry and remote sensing, it is more commonly known as the hotspot. It is also occasionally known as Cellini's halo after the Italian artist and writer Benvenuto Cellini (15001571), wh... | Heiligenschein | [
"Physics"
] | 379 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Atmospheric optical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena"
] |
1,011,242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20investing | Value investing is an investment paradigm that involves buying securities that appear underpriced by some form of fundamental analysis. Modern value investing derives from the investment philosophy taught by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd at Columbia Business School starting in 1928 and subsequently developed in their... | Value investing | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,986 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical finance"
] |
1,011,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbaki%E2%80%93Witt%20theorem | In mathematics, the Bourbaki–Witt theorem in order theory, named after Nicolas Bourbaki and Ernst Witt, is a basic fixed-point theorem for partially ordered sets. It states that if X is a non-empty chain complete poset, and
such that
for all
then f has a fixed point. Such a function f is called inflationary or pr... | Bourbaki–Witt theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 528 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Order theory",
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Mathematical logic",
"Fixed-point theorems",
"Theorems in topology",
"Mathematical problems",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics"
] |
1,011,379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel%20security | Multilevel security or multiple levels of security (MLS) is the application of a computer system to process information with incompatible classifications (i.e., at different security levels), permit access by users with different security clearances and needs-to-know, and prevent users from obtaining access to informat... | Multilevel security | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,668 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer security models"
] |
1,011,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20channel | Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel found in virtually all organisms. They form potassium-selective pores that span cell membranes. Potassium channels are found in most cell types and control a wide variety of cell functions.
Function
Potassium channels function to conduct potassium... | Potassium channel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,314 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Ion channels"
] |
1,013,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecQ%20helicase | RecQ helicase is a family of helicase enzymes initially found in Escherichia coli that has been shown to be important in genome maintenance. They function through catalyzing the reaction ATP + H2O → ADP + P and thus driving the unwinding of paired DNA and translocating in the 3' to 5' direction. These enzymes can also... | RecQ helicase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,746 | [
"DNA repair",
"Aging-related enzymes",
"Senescence",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Metabolism"
] |
1,013,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilbronn%20triangle%20problem | In discrete geometry and discrepancy theory, the Heilbronn triangle problem is a problem of placing points in the plane, avoiding triangles of small area. It is named after Hans Heilbronn, who conjectured that, no matter how points are placed in a given area, the smallest triangle area will be at most inversely proport... | Heilbronn triangle problem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,634 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Geometry problems",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Physical quantities",
"Discrete geometry",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Combinatorics",
"Discrepancy theory",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Mathematical problems",
"Area",
"Triangle problems"
] |
1,014,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiporter | An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is an integral membrane protein that uses secondary active transport to move two or more molecules in opposite directions across a phospholipid membrane. It is a type of cotransporter, which means that uses the energetically favorable movement of one molecule... | Antiporter | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 7,406 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Chemical engineering",
"Physical phenomena"
] |
11,917,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning%20Hall%20probe%20microscope | Scanning Hall probe microscope (SHPM) is a variety of a scanning probe microscope which incorporates accurate sample approach and positioning of the scanning tunnelling microscope with a semiconductor Hall sensor. Developed in 1996 by Oral, Bending and Henini, SHPM allows mapping the magnetic induction associated with ... | Scanning Hall probe microscope | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 549 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Scanning probe microscopy",
"Microscopy"
] |
11,917,751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownout%20%28electricity%29 | A brownout is a drop in the magnitude of voltage in an electrical power system.
Unintentional brownouts can be caused by excessive electricity demand, severe weather events, or a malfunction or error affecting electrical grid control or monitoring systems. Intentional brownouts are used for load reduction in an emerg... | Brownout (electricity) | [
"Physics"
] | 740 | [
"Voltage",
"Voltage stability",
"Physical quantities"
] |
11,918,162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20engineering%20law | Environmental engineering law is a profession that requires an expertise in both environmental engineering and law. This field includes professionals with both a legal and environmental engineering education. This dual educational requirement is typically satisfied through an ABET accredited degree in environmental eng... | Environmental engineering law | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 328 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
4,175,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20pressure | In physics, magnetic pressure is an energy density associated with a magnetic field. In SI units, the energy density of a magnetic field with strength can be expressed as
where is the vacuum permeability.
Any magnetic field has an associated magnetic pressure contained by the boundary conditions on the field. It i... | Magnetic pressure | [
"Physics"
] | 691 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions"
] |
4,175,450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockley%20diode%20equation | The Shockley diode equation, or the diode law, named after transistor co-inventor William Shockley of Bell Labs, models the exponential current–voltage (I–V) relationship of semiconductor diodes in moderate constant current forward bias or reverse bias:
where
is the diode current,
is the reverse-bias saturation... | Shockley diode equation | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,566 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Equations of physics"
] |
4,175,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20in%20the%20Renaissance | During the Renaissance, great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy and engineering. The collection of ancient scientific texts began in earnest at the start of the 15th century and continued up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and the invention of prin... | Science in the Renaissance | [
"Technology"
] | 3,143 | [
"History of science",
"History of science and technology"
] |
4,177,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20management%20%28electronics%29 | All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure. The amount of heat output is equal to the power input, if there are no other energy interactions. There are several techniques for cooling including various styles of heat ... | Thermal management (electronics) | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,615 | [
"Electronic design",
"Electronic engineering",
"Design"
] |
4,179,425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Netherlands%20Meteorological%20Institute | The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (, ; KNMI) is the Dutch national weather forecasting service, which has its headquarters in De Bilt, in the province of Utrecht, central Netherlands.
The primary tasks of KNMI are weather forecasting, monitoring of climate changes and monitoring seismic activity. KNMI is... | Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,022 | [
"Atmospheric dispersion modeling",
"Environmental modelling",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
4,180,667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff%20limit | The Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (or TOV limit) is an upper bound to the mass of cold, non-rotating neutron stars, analogous to the Chandrasekhar limit for white dwarf stars. Stars more massive than the TOV limit collapse into a black hole. The original calculation in 1939, which neglected complications such as nuc... | Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,513 | [
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Density",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
8,771,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna%20Nasser%20%28academic%29 | Hanna Nasir (; born 14 Jan 1935), alternately transliterated Hanna Nasser, is a Palestinian academic and political figure.
Early life and education
Nasser was born in Jaffa in 1935. His cousin was Kamal Nasser who was assassinated by the Israelis in Beirut in 1973.
Nasser holds a PhD in Nuclear Physics from Purdue Un... | Hanna Nasser (academic) | [
"Physics"
] | 456 | [
"Nuclear physicists",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
8,774,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications%20engineering | Telecommunications engineering is a subfield of electronics engineering which seeks to design and devise systems of communication at a distance. The work ranges from basic circuit design to strategic mass developments. A telecommunication engineer is responsible for designing and overseeing the installation of telecomm... | Telecommunications engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,996 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
8,777,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20Industrial%20Forum | The Atomic Industrial Forum (AIF) was an industrial policy organization for the commercial development of nuclear power and energy.
History
1950s
The Atomic Industrial Forum history dates to Autumn 1952, when it was being first organized:
In response, some 30 industrialists, engineers, and educators met in January 1... | Atomic Industrial Forum | [
"Engineering"
] | 592 | [
"Nuclear organizations",
"Energy organizations"
] |
8,778,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic%20sulfide%20corrosion | Biogenic sulfide corrosion is a bacterially mediated process of forming hydrogen sulfide gas and the subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid that attacks concrete and steel within wastewater environments. The hydrogen sulfide gas is biochemically oxidized in the presence of moisture to form sulfuric acid. The effect of ... | Biogenic sulfide corrosion | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,293 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Metallurgy",
"Prokaryotes",
"Corrosion",
"Water pollution",
"Sewerage",
"Electrochemistry",
"Bacteria",
"Environmental engineering",
"Concrete",
"Materials degradation",
"Microorganisms"
] |
9,448,193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean%20network | A Boolean network consists of a discrete set of Boolean variables each of which has a Boolean function (possibly different for each variable) assigned to it which takes inputs from a subset of those variables and output that determines the state of the variable it is assigned to. This set of functions in effect determ... | Boolean network | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,586 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Spin models",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Bioinformatics",
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
9,453,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroman%20effect | The Vroman effect, named after Leo Vroman, describes the process of competitive protein adsorption to a surface by blood serum proteins. The highest mobility proteins generally arrive first and are later replaced by less mobile proteins that have a higher affinity for the surface. The order of protein adsorption also ... | Vroman effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 810 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"Surface science"
] |
9,458,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20silencing | RNA silencing or RNA interference refers to a family of gene silencing effects by which gene expression is negatively regulated by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs. RNA silencing may also be defined as sequence-specific regulation of gene expression triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNA silencing mechanisms ar... | RNA silencing | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,483 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
14,609,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrov%20space | In geometry, Alexandrov spaces with curvature ≥ k form a generalization of Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvature ≥ k, where k is some real number. By definition, these spaces are locally compact complete length spaces where the lower curvature bound is defined via comparison of geodesic triangles in the space t... | Alexandrov space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 279 | [
"Metric spaces",
"Riemannian manifolds",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Geometry",
"Geometry stubs"
] |
14,609,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20shock%20tables | In aerodynamics, the normal shock tables are a series of tabulated data listing the various properties before and after the occurrence of a normal shock wave. With a given upstream Mach number, the post-shock Mach number can be calculated along with the pressure, density, temperature, and stagnation pressure ratios. ... | Normal shock tables | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 409 | [
"Aerospace engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
14,610,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransporter%20family | In molecular biology, an autotransporter domain is a structural domain found in some bacterial outer membrane proteins. The domain is always located at the C-terminal end of the protein and forms a beta-barrel structure. The barrel is oriented in the membrane such that the N-terminal portion of the protein, termed the ... | Autotransporter family | [
"Biology"
] | 476 | [
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
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