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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
1,561,792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss%20law	In magnetism, the Curie–Weiss law describes the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet in the paramagnetic region above the Curie temperature: where is a material-specific Curie constant, is the absolute temperature, and is the Curie temperature, both measured in kelvin. The law predicts a singularity in the su...	Curie–Weiss law	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,778	[ "Magnetic ordering", "Condensed matter physics", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science" ]
1,561,945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heesch%27s%20problem	In geometry, the Heesch number of a shape is the maximum number of layers of copies of the same shape that can surround it with no overlaps and no gaps. Heesch's problem is the problem of determining the set of numbers that can be Heesch numbers. Both are named for geometer Heinrich Heesch, who found a tile with Heesch...	Heesch's problem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	791	[ "Geometry problems", "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Tessellation", "Euclidean plane geometry", "Unsolved problems in geometry", "Planes (geometry)", "Mathematical problems", "Symmetry" ]
1,561,997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contorsion%20tensor	The contorsion tensor in differential geometry is the difference between a connection with and without torsion in it. It commonly appears in the study of spin connections. Thus, for example, a vielbein together with a spin connection, when subject to the condition of vanishing torsion, gives a description of Einstein ...	Contorsion tensor	[ "Engineering" ]	1,160	[ "Tensors" ]
1,562,127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekel%20function	The Shekel function or also Shekel's foxholes is a multidimensional, multimodal, continuous, deterministic function commonly used as a test function for testing optimization techniques. The mathematical form of a function in dimensions with maxima is: or, similarly, Global minima Numerically certified global mini...	Shekel function	[ "Mathematics" ]	126	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical analysis stubs", "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Applied mathematics stubs", "Mathematical relations" ]
1,562,440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl%20chloride	Acetyl chloride () is an acyl chloride derived from acetic acid (). It belongs to the class of organic compounds called acid halides. It is a colorless, corrosive, volatile liquid. Its formula is commonly abbreviated to AcCl. Synthesis On an industrial scale, the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen chloride pro...	Acetyl chloride	[ "Chemistry" ]	609	[ "Organic compounds", "Reagents for organic chemistry", "Acetylating agents", "Organic compounds with 2 carbon atoms" ]
1,562,509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage%20regulator%20module	A voltage regulator module (VRM), sometimes called processor power module (PPM), is a buck converter that provides the microprocessor and chipset the appropriate supply voltage, converting , or to lower voltages required by the devices, allowing devices with different supply voltages be mounted on the same motherboar...	Voltage regulator module	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	828	[ "Physical quantities", "Digital electronics", "Voltage regulation", "Electronic engineering", "Voltage" ]
1,563,701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag%20hunt	In game theory, the stag hunt, sometimes referred to as the assurance game, trust dilemma or common interest game, describes a conflict between safety and social cooperation. The stag hunt problem originated with philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Discourse on Inequality. In the most common account of this dilemm...	Stag hunt	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,552	[ "Game theory", "Non-cooperative games", "Evolutionary game theory" ]
1,564,226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau%20principle	In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the Aufbau principle (, from ), also called the Aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons first fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s subshell is filled before the 2s subshell is o...	Aufbau principle	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,977	[ "Electron", "Foundational quantum physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Chemical bonding", "Electron states" ]
1,564,394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20shielding	In electrical engineering, electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing or redirecting the electromagnetic field (EMF) in a space with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. It is typically applied to enclosures, for isolating electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wir...	Electromagnetic shielding	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,061	[ "Electromagnetic compatibility", "Physical phenomena", "Radio electronics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiation", "Electrical engineering" ]
1,564,401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20drug%20resistance	Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories. Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and spe...	Multiple drug resistance	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,799	[ "Pharmacology", "Prokaryotes", "Drug resistance", "Bacteria", "Microorganisms" ]
1,565,482	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex%20ring%20state	The vortex ring state (VRS) is a dangerous aerodynamic condition that may arise in helicopter flight, when a vortex ring system engulfs the rotor, causing severe loss of lift. Often the term settling with power is used as a synonym, e.g., in Australia, the UK, and the US, but not in Canada, which uses the latter term f...	Vortex ring state	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,463	[ "Dynamical systems", "Vortices", "Fluid dynamics" ]
1,565,926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation%20theory	Estimation theory is a branch of statistics that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured empirical data that has a random component. The parameters describe an underlying physical setting in such a way that their value affects the distribution of the measured data. An estimator attempts to app...	Estimation theory	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,522	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing" ]
13,430,116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20SQL%20Server%20Master%20Data%20Services	Microsoft SQL Server Master Data Services (MDS) is a Master Data Management (MDM) product from Microsoft that ships as a part of the Microsoft SQL Server relational database management system. Master data management (MDM) allows an organization to discover and define non-transactional lists of data, and compile maint...	Microsoft SQL Server Master Data Services	[ "Technology" ]	1,313	[ "Data management", "Data" ]
13,431,536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material%20point%20method	The material point method (MPM) is a numerical technique used to simulate the behavior of solids, liquids, gases, and any other continuum material. Especially, it is a robust spatial discretization method for simulating multi-phase (solid-fluid-gas) interactions. In the MPM, a continuum body is described by a number of...	Material point method	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,397	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Applied mathematics", "Computational mathematics", "Computational physics", "Mathematical relations", "Numerical analysis", "Approximations", "Fluid dynamics" ]
8,752,642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20structure	Understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus is one of the central challenges in nuclear physics. Models The cluster model The cluster model describes the nucleus as a molecule-like collection of proton-neutron groups (e.g., alpha particles) with one or more valence neutrons occupying molecular orbitals. The li...	Nuclear structure	[ "Physics" ]	5,378	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Nuclear physics" ]
8,753,939	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GF%20method	The GF method, sometimes referred to as FG method, is a classical mechanical method introduced by Edgar Bright Wilson to obtain certain internal coordinates for a vibrating semi-rigid molecule, the so-called normal coordinates Qk. Normal coordinates decouple the classical vibrational motions of the molecule and thus gi...	GF method	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,367	[ "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Quantum chemistry", "Instrumental analysis", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", "Spectroscopy", " and optical physics" ]
8,757,878	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20Products%20Agency%20%28Sweden%29	The Medical Products Agency (MPA; ) is the government agency in Sweden responsible for regulation and surveillance of the development, manufacturing and sale of medicinal drugs, medical devices and cosmetics. Its task is also to ensure that both patients and healthcare professionals have access to safe and effective m...	Medical Products Agency (Sweden)	[ "Chemistry" ]	434	[ "National agencies for drug regulation", "Drug safety" ]
8,758,154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberine	Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, occurring naturally as a secondary metabolite in some plants including species of Berberis, from which its name is derived. Due to their yellow pigmentation, raw Berberis materials were once commonly used to dye wool...	Berberine	[ "Biology" ]	845	[ "Genetics techniques", "DNA-binding substances" ]
8,758,178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlyBase	FlyBase is an online bioinformatics database and the primary repository of genetic and molecular data for the insect family Drosophilidae. For the most extensively studied species and model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, a wide range of data are presented in different formats. Information in FlyBase originates fro...	FlyBase	[ "Biology" ]	2,008	[ "Model organism databases", "Model organisms" ]
11,894,762	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyad	In mathematics, polyad is a concept of category theory introduced by Jean Bénabou in generalising monads. A polyad in a bicategory D is a bicategory morphism Φ from a locally punctual bicategory C to D, . (A bicategory C is called locally punctual if all hom-categories C(X,Y) consist of one object and one morphism only...	Polyad	[ "Mathematics" ]	113	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Category theory stubs", "Mathematical objects", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Mathematical relations", "Category theory" ]
11,895,109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroMegas%20detector	The MicroMegas detector (Micro-Mesh Gaseous Structure) is a gaseous particle detector and an advancement of the wire chamber. Invented in 1996 by Georges Charpak and Ioannis Giomataris, Micromegas detectors are mainly used in experimental physics, in particular in particle physics, nuclear physics and astrophysics for...	MicroMegas detector	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,067	[ "Particle detectors", "Measuring instruments" ]
11,895,648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QMAP	QMAP was a balloon experiment to measure the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). It flew twice in 1996, and was used with an interlocking scan of the skies to produce CMB maps at angular scales between 0.7° and 9°. The gondola was later used for ground-based observations in the MAT/TOCO experiment. S...	QMAP	[ "Physics" ]	103	[ "Experimental physics", "Physics experiments" ]
11,896,846	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPML	TRPML (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily) comprises a group of three evolutionarily related proteins that belongs to the large family of transient receptor potential ion channels. The three proteins TRPML1, TRPML2 and TRPML3 are encoded by the mucolipin-1 (MCOLN1), mucolipin-2 (MCOLN2) a...	TRPML	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	267	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels", "Protein classification", "Membrane proteins" ]
11,896,851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPP	TRPP (transient receptor potential polycystic) is a family of transient receptor potential ion channels which when mutated can cause polycystic kidney disease. Subcategories TRPP subunits can be divided into two subcategories depending on structural similarity. Polycystic Kidney Disease 1 (PKD1)-Like Group The first ...	TRPP	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	516	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels", "Protein classification", "Membrane proteins" ]
11,896,859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPA%20%28ion%20channel%29	TRPA is a family of transient receptor potential ion channels. The TRPA family is made up of 7 subfamilies: TRPA1, TRPA- or TRPA1-like, TRPA5, painless, pyrexia, waterwitch, and HsTRPA. TRPA1 is the only subfamily widely expressed across animals, while the other subfamilies (collectively referred to as the basal clade...	TRPA (ion channel)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	426	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels", "Protein classification", "Membrane proteins" ]
11,897,205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystin%201	Polycystin 1 (PC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PKD1 gene. Mutations of PKD1 are associated with most cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, a severe hereditary disorder of the kidneys characterised by the development of renal cysts and severe kidney dysfunction. Protein structure and ...	Polycystin 1	[ "Chemistry" ]	480	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels" ]
11,897,423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM6	TRPM6 is a transient receptor potential ion channel associated with hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia. See also TRPM Ruthenium red References Further reading External links Ion channels	TRPM6	[ "Chemistry" ]	43	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels" ]
11,897,510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC6	Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6 or Transient receptor potential canonical 6, also known as TRPC6, is a protein encoded in the human by the TRPC6 gene. TRPC6 is a transient receptor potential channel of the classical TRPC subfamily. TRPC6 channels are nonselective cation channels that...	TRPC6	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,361	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels", "Protein classification", "Membrane proteins" ]
11,898,194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring%20precession	In general relativity, Lense–Thirring precession or the Lense–Thirring effect (; named after Josef Lense and Hans Thirring) is a relativistic correction to the precession of a gyroscope near a large rotating mass such as the Earth. It is a gravitomagnetic frame-dragging effect. It is a prediction of general relativity...	Lense–Thirring precession	[ "Physics" ]	2,079	[ "Physical quantities", "General relativity", "Precession", "Theory of relativity", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
11,902,016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20Cell%20Research%20Enhancement%20Act	Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act was the name of two similar bills that both passed through the United States House of Representatives and Senate, but were both vetoed by President George W. Bush and were not enacted into law. Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005 The Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005...	Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	574	[ "Translational medicine", "Tissue engineering", "Stem cell research" ]
11,904,061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic%20reaction	A metamorphic reaction is a chemical reaction that takes place during the geological process of metamorphism wherein one assemblage of minerals is transformed into a second assemblage which is stable under the new temperature/pressure conditions resulting in the final stable state of the observed metamorphic rock. Exa...	Metamorphic reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	158	[ "Reaction mechanisms", "Chemical kinetics", "Geochemical processes", "Physical organic chemistry" ]
11,904,093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsbottom%20carbon%20residue	Ramsbottom carbon residue (RCR) is well known in the petroleum industry as a method to calculate the carbon residue of a fuel. The carbon residue value is considered by some to give an approximate indication of the combustibility and deposit forming tendencies of the fuel. The carbon residue of a fuel The Ramsbottom t...	Ramsbottom carbon residue	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	307	[ "Petroleum", "Petroleum engineering", "Petroleum technology", "Petroleum stubs" ]
335,094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing%20atmosphere	A reducing atmosphere is an atmosphere in which oxidation is prevented by absence of oxygen and other oxidizing gases or vapours, and which may contain actively reductant gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen sulfide that would be readily oxidized to remove any free oxygen. Although Early Earth ...	Reducing atmosphere	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Astronomy", "Engineering" ]	1,067	[ "Redox", "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "Reducing agents", "Electrochemistry", "nan", "Planetary science", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
335,109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive%20strength	In mechanics, compressive strength (or compression strength) is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size (compression). It is opposed to tensile strength which withstands loads tending to elongate, resisting tension (being pulled apart). In the study of strength of materials, co...	Compressive strength	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,312	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "nan" ]
335,612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Overhauser%20effect	The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) is the transfer of nuclear spin polarization from one population of spin-active nuclei (e.g. 1H, 13C, 15N etc.) to another via cross-relaxation. A phenomenological definition of the NOE in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is the change in the integrated intensity (positi...	Nuclear Overhauser effect	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,326	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", "nan", "Nuclear physics", "Spectroscopy", "Chemical physics" ]
336,138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphidromic%20point	An amphidromic point, also called a tidal node, is a geographical location where there is little or no difference in sea height between high tide and low tide; it has zero tidal amplitude for one harmonic constituent of the tide. The tidal range (the peak-to-peak amplitude, or the height difference between high tide an...	Amphidromic point	[ "Physics" ]	2,269	[ "Wave mechanics", "Waves", "Physical phenomena", "Classical mechanics" ]
336,254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Sitter%20universe	A de Sitter universe is a cosmological solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, named after Willem de Sitter. It models the universe as spatially flat and neglects ordinary matter, so the dynamics of the universe are dominated by the cosmological constant, thought to correspond to dark energy in ...	De Sitter universe	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	793	[ "Exact solutions in general relativity", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Astrophysics", "Equations", "Physical cosmology", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
336,271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation	An approximation is anything that is intentionally similar but not exactly equal to something else. Etymology and usage The word approximation is derived from Latin approximatus, from proximus meaning very near and the prefix ad- (ad- before p becomes ap- by assimilation) meaning to. Words like approximate, approximat...	Approximation	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,444	[ "Computational mathematics", "Arithmetic", "Mathematical relations", "Comparison (mathematical)", "Numerical analysis", "Approximations" ]
336,940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girsanov%20theorem	In probability theory, Girsanov's theorem or the Cameron-Martin-Girsanov theorem explains how stochastic processes change under changes in measure. The theorem is especially important in the theory of financial mathematics as it explains how to convert from the physical measure, which describes the probability that an...	Girsanov theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	966	[ "Applied mathematics", "nan", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems", "Mathematical finance" ]
337,083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20swarm%20optimization	In computational science, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality. It solves a problem by having a population of candidate solutions, here dubbed particles, and moving these parti...	Particle swarm optimization	[ "Engineering" ]	3,504	[ "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Multi-agent systems" ]
337,196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroanatomy	Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems. Their neuroanatomy is therefore better understood. In...	Neuroanatomy	[ "Biology" ]	5,496	[ "Organ systems", "Nervous system" ]
337,279	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ionization%20of%20water	The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, autoprotolysis of water, autodissociation of water, or simply dissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, H2O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hy...	Self-ionization of water	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,675	[ "Ionization", "Acid–base chemistry", "Physical phenomena", "Equilibrium chemistry", "nan" ]
337,301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Ignition%20Facility	The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a laser-based inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research device, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, United States. NIF's mission is to achieve fusion ignition with high energy gain. It achieved the first instance of scientific breakeven co...	National Ignition Facility	[ "Engineering" ]	9,717	[ "Nuclear research institutes", "Nuclear organizations", "nan" ]
337,353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20data%20sheet	A safety data sheet (SDS), material safety data sheet (MSDS), or product safety data sheet (PSDS) is a document that lists information relating to occupational safety and health for the use of various substances and products. SDSs are a widely used type of fact sheet used to catalogue information on chemical species i...	Safety data sheet	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	2,622	[ "Systems engineering", "Chemical accident", "Regulation of chemicals in the European Union", "Toxicology", "Safety engineering", "Regulation of chemicals", "Materials", "nan", "Chemical safety", "Matter" ]
337,457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul%20Bott	Raoul Bott (September 24, 1923 – December 20, 2005) was a Hungarian-American mathematician known for numerous foundational contributions to geometry in its broad sense. He is best known for his Bott periodicity theorem, the Morse–Bott functions which he used in this context, and the Borel–Bott–Weil theorem. Early life...	Raoul Bott	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,387	[ "Topologists", "Topology", "Geometers", "Geometry" ]
337,713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite%20data%20type	In computer science, a composite data type or compound data type is a data type that consists of programming language scalar data types and other composite types that may be heterogeneous and hierarchical in nature. It is sometimes called a structure or by a language-specific keyword used to define one such as struct. ...	Composite data type	[ "Mathematics" ]	106	[ "Type theory", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects" ]
337,862	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20%28information%29	A table is an arrangement of information or data, typically in rows and columns, or possibly in a more complex structure. Tables are widely used in communication, research, and data analysis. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs, and many other p...	Table (information)	[ "Engineering" ]	1,294	[ "Data modeling", "Data engineering" ]
338,046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral%20angle	A dihedral angle is the angle between two intersecting planes or half-planes. It is a plane angle formed on a third plane, perpendicular to the line of intersection between the two planes or the common edge between the two half-planes. In higher dimensions, a dihedral angle represents the angle between two hyperplanes....	Dihedral angle	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,850	[ "Geometric measurement", "Scalar physical quantities", "Planes (geometry)", "Physical quantities", "Euclidean solid geometry", "Protein structure", "Stereochemistry", "Mathematical objects", "Infinity", "Space", "Structural biology", "nan", "Spacetime", "Wikipedia categories named after ph...
338,129	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau%27s%20problem	In mathematics, Plateau's problem is to show the existence of a minimal surface with a given boundary, a problem raised by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1760. However, it is named after Joseph Plateau who experimented with soap films. The problem is considered part of the calculus of variations. The existence and regulari...	Plateau's problem	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	703	[ "Foams", "Mathematical problems", "Minimal surfaces" ]
338,192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-ion%20effect	In chemistry, the common-ion effect refers to the decrease in solubility of an ionic precipitate by the addition to the solution of a soluble compound with an ion in common with the precipitate. This behaviour is a consequence of Le Chatelier's principle for the equilibrium reaction of the ionic association/dissociatio...	Common-ion effect	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,214	[ "Homogeneous chemical mixtures", "Solutions", "Equilibrium chemistry" ]
1,005,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20soldering	Wave soldering is a bulk soldering process used in printed circuit board manufacturing. The circuit board is passed over a pan of molten solder in which a pump produces an upwelling of solder that looks like a standing wave. As the circuit board makes contact with this wave, the components become soldered to the board....	Wave soldering	[ "Engineering" ]	1,401	[ "Electrical engineering", "Electronic engineering", "Printed circuit board manufacturing" ]
1,005,852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artronix	Artronix Incorporated began in 1970 and has roots in a project in a computer science class at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis. The class designed, built and tested a 12-bit minicomputer, which later evolved to become the PC12 minicomputer. The new company entered the bio-medical computing market w...	Artronix	[ "Technology" ]	483	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
1,006,293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorobotics	Biorobotics is an interdisciplinary science that combines the fields of biomedical engineering, cybernetics, and robotics to develop new technologies that integrate biology with mechanical systems to develop more efficient communication, alter genetic information, and create machines that imitate biological systems. C...	Biorobotics	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,974	[ "Biotechnology", "nan", "Robotics", "Automation" ]
1,006,651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20carbon	Amorphous carbon is free, reactive carbon that has no crystalline structure. Amorphous carbon materials may be stabilized by terminating dangling-π bonds with hydrogen. As with other amorphous solids, some short-range order can be observed. Amorphous carbon is often abbreviated to aC for general amorphous carbon, aC:H ...	Amorphous carbon	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,071	[ "Amorphous solids", "Allotropes of carbon", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Allotropes" ]
1,007,110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%20proof	In mathematics, an analytic proof is a proof of a theorem in analysis that only makes use of methods from analysis, and that does not predominantly make use of algebraic or geometrical methods. The term was first used by Bernard Bolzano, who first provided a non-analytic proof of his intermediate value theorem and the...	Analytic proof	[ "Mathematics" ]	628	[ "Mathematical logic", "Methods of proof", "Proof theory" ]
1,007,853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCB%20%28heavy%20equipment%20manufacturer%29	J.C. Bamford Excavators Limited (JCB) is a British multinational manufacturer of equipment for construction, agriculture, waste handling, and demolition. It was founded in 1945 and is based in Rocester, Staffordshire, England. The word "JCB" is also often used colloquially as a generic description for mechanical digg...	JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)	[ "Engineering" ]	2,164	[ "Mining equipment", "Mining equipment companies" ]
1,007,903	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20singular%20value%20decomposition	In linear algebra, the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) is the name of two different techniques based on the singular value decomposition (SVD). The two versions differ because one version decomposes two matrices (somewhat like the higher-order or tensor SVD) and the other version uses a set of constrain...	Generalized singular value decomposition	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,213	[ "Linear algebra", "Algebra" ]
1,008,028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudo	sudo () is a program for Unix-like computer operating systems that enables users to run programs with the security privileges of another user, by default the superuser. It originally stood for "superuser do", as that was all it did, and this remains its most common usage; however, the official Sudo project page lists i...	Sudo	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,275	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Information systems", "Computer security software", "System administration" ]
3,043,886	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20kinetics	Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme's kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabol...	Enzyme kinetics	[ "Chemistry" ]	8,002	[ "Catalysis", "Chemical kinetics", "Enzyme kinetics" ]
3,044,148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20inertia	Thermal inertia is a term commonly used to describe the observed delays in a body's temperature response during heat transfers. The phenomenon exists because of a body's ability to both store and transport heat relative to its environment. Since the configuration of system components and mix of transport mechanisms ...	Thermal inertia	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	884	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Thermodynamic properties", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Thermodynamics", "Physical properties" ]
3,046,323	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%20algorithm	In statistical mechanics, the Gibbs algorithm, introduced by J. Willard Gibbs in 1902, is a criterion for choosing a probability distribution for the statistical ensemble of microstates of a thermodynamic system by minimizing the average log probability subject to the probability distribution satisfying a set of cons...	Gibbs algorithm	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	234	[ "Statistical mechanics stubs", "Physical quantities", "Particle statistics", "Entropy and information", "Entropy", "Statistical mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
3,046,584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraton%20%28polymer%29	Kraton is the trade name given to a number of high-performance elastomers manufactured by Kraton Polymers, and used as synthetic replacements for rubber. Kraton polymers offer many of the properties of natural rubber, such as flexibility, high traction, and sealing abilities, but with increased resistance to heat, weat...	Kraton (polymer)	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,198	[ "Polymers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
3,048,699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moist%20desquamation	Moist desquamation is a description of the clinical pattern seen as a consequence of radiation exposure where the skin thins and then begins to weep because of loss of integrity of the epithelial barrier and decreased oncotic pressure. Moist desquamation is a rare complication for most forms of radiology, however it is...	Moist desquamation	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	533	[ "Radiation effects", "Radiation health effects", "Radioactivity" ]
3,049,420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E1cB-elimination%20reaction	The E1cB elimination reaction is a type of elimination reaction which occurs under basic conditions, where the hydrogen to be removed is relatively acidic, while the leaving group (such as -OH or -OR) is a relatively poor one. Usually a moderate to strong base is present. E1cB is a two-step process, the first step of...	E1cB-elimination reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,495	[ "Reaction mechanisms", "Chemical kinetics", "Physical organic chemistry" ]
3,050,160	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20universe	In cosmology, a static universe (also referred to as stationary, infinite, static infinite or static eternal) is a cosmological model in which the universe is both spatially and temporally infinite, and space is neither expanding nor contracting. Such a universe does not have so-called spatial curvature; that is to say...	Static universe	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	1,029	[ "Exact solutions in general relativity", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Astrophysics", "Equations", "Physical cosmology", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
3,050,547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul%20Sarpeshkar	Rahul Sarpeshkar is the Thomas E. Kurtz Professor and a professor of engineering, professor of physics, professor of microbiology & immunology, and professor of molecular and systems biology at Dartmouth. Sarpeshkar, whose interdisciplinary work is in bioengineering, electrical engineering, quantum physics, and biophys...	Rahul Sarpeshkar	[ "Biology" ]	1,410	[ "Synthetic biology", "Synthetic biologists" ]
10,927,720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPrivacy%20Directive	Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive 2002/58/EC on Privacy and Electronic Communications, otherwise known as ePrivacy Directive (ePD), is an EU directive on data protection and privacy in the digital age. It presents a continuation of earlier efforts, most directly the Data Protection Directive. It deals wit...	EPrivacy Directive	[ "Engineering" ]	1,516	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Information privacy" ]
10,928,189	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBARS	Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) are formed as a byproduct of lipid peroxidation (i.e. as degradation products of fats) which can be detected by the TBARS assay using thiobarbituric acid as a reagent. TBARS can be upregulated, for example, by heart attack or by certain kinds of stroke. Because reactive...	TBARS	[ "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	563	[ "Toxicology", "Free radicals", "Senescence", "Biomolecules", "Toxins" ]
10,930,478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO%20enzymes	SUMO enzymatic cascade catalyzes the dynamic posttranslational modification process of sumoylation (i.e. transfer of SUMO protein to other proteins). The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier, SUMO-1, is a ubiquitin-like family member that is conjugated to its substrates through three discrete enzymatic steps (see the figur...	SUMO enzymes	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	208	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Gene expression", "Biochemical reactions", "Post-translational modification", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Proteins", "Metabolism" ]
10,932,739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler%20spectroscopy	Doppler spectroscopy (also known as the radial-velocity method, or colloquially, the wobble method) is an indirect method for finding extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs from radial-velocity measurements via observation of Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the planet's parent star. As of November 2022, about 19.5% of k...	Doppler spectroscopy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,959	[ "Astronomical spectroscopy", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Astrophysics" ]
10,935,861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbeam	Also known as the Inside-Out web, Worldbeam is the brainchild of David Gelernter and Ajay Royan proposed in 2007; it envisions a single logical repository for all information on the internet, a concept not unlike what is now referred to as the "cloud". See also Information explosion References "The Next Fifty Years...	Worldbeam	[ "Technology" ]	103	[ "Computing stubs", "Information Age", "World Wide Web stubs", "Computing and society" ]
7,257,439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman%20current%20meter	The Ekman current meter is a mechanical flowmeter invented by Vagn Walfrid Ekman, a Swedish oceanographer, in 1903. It comprises a propeller with a mechanism to record the number of revolutions, a compass and a recorder with which to record the direction, and a vane that orients the instrument so the propeller faces th...	Ekman current meter	[ "Physics" ]	435	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography" ]
14,581,057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20flux	In physics and engineering, heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density, heat-flow density or heat-flow rate intensity, is a flow of energy per unit area per unit time. Its SI units are watts per square metre (W/m2). It has both a direction and a magnitude, and so it is a vector quantity....	Heat flux	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	794	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Quantity", "Thermodynamics", "Physical quantities" ]
14,582,412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone%E2%80%93Dale%20relation	The Gladstone–Dale relation is a mathematical relation used for optical analysis of liquids, the determination of composition from optical measurements. It can also be used to calculate the density of a liquid for use in fluid dynamics (e.g., flow visualization). The relation has also been used to calculate refractive ...	Gladstone–Dale relation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,245	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Optics", "Chemical engineering", "Piping", " molecular", "Atomic", "Fluid dynamics", " and optical physics" ]
14,583,981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine	Dimethylamphetamine (Metrotonin), also known as dimetamfetamine (INN), dimephenopan and N,N-dimethylamphetamine, is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. Dimethylamphetamine has weaker stimulant effects than amphetamine or methamphetamine and is considerably less addictive and less ne...	Dimethylamphetamine	[ "Chemistry" ]	253	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Prodrugs" ]
14,586,564	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20control%20monitoring	In the application of integrated circuits, process control monitoring (PCM) is the procedure followed to obtain detailed information about the process used. PCM is associated with designing and fabricating special structures that can monitor technology specific parameters such as Vth in CMOS and Vbe in bipolars. These...	Process control monitoring	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	91	[ "Computer engineering", "Integrated circuits" ]
14,590,163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin%20light%20chain	A myosin light chain is a light chain (small polypeptide subunit) of myosin. Myosin light chains were discovered by Chinese biochemist Cao Tianqin (Tien-chin Tsao) when he was a graduate student at the University of Cambridge in England. Structure and function Myosin light chain classes Structurally, myosin light ch...	Myosin light chain	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,170	[ "Molecular machines", "Motor proteins" ]
14,591,538	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction%20filtration	Vacuum filtration is a fast filtration technique used to separate solids from liquids. Principle By flowing through the aspirator, water will suck out the air contained in the vacuum flask and the Büchner flask. There is therefore a difference in pressure between the exterior and the interior of the flasks : the cont...	Suction filtration	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	641	[ "Chemical equipment", "Filters", "Filtration", "nan" ]
14,593,084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested%20set%20collection	A nested set collection or nested set family is a collection of sets that consists of chains of subsets forming a hierarchical structure, like Russian dolls. It is used as reference concept in scientific hierarchy definitions, and many technical approaches, like the tree in computational data structures or nested set...	Nested set collection	[ "Mathematics" ]	787	[ "Mathematical logic", "Set theory" ]
14,593,201	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20root%20of%20unity	In mathematics, a principal n-th root of unity (where n is a positive integer) of a ring is an element satisfying the equations In an integral domain, every primitive n-th root of unity is also a principal -th root of unity. In any ring, if n is a power of 2, then any n/2-th root of −1 is a principal n-th root of ...	Principal root of unity	[ "Mathematics" ]	165	[ "Polynomials", "Mathematical objects", "Algebraic numbers", "Complex numbers", "Numbers", "Algebra" ]
14,593,776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Longchamps%20point	In geometry, the de Longchamps point of a triangle is a triangle center named after French mathematician Gaston Albert Gohierre de Longchamps. It is the reflection of the orthocenter of the triangle about the circumcenter. Definition Let the given triangle have vertices , , and , opposite the respective sides , , and ...	De Longchamps point	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	604	[ "Point (geometry)", "Triangle centers", "Points defined for a triangle", "Geometric centers", "Symmetry" ]
2,206,783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20fluorescent%20antibody	A direct fluorescent antibody (DFA or dFA), also known as "direct immunofluorescence", is an antibody that has been tagged in a direct fluorescent antibody test. Its name derives from the fact that it directly tests the presence of an antigen with the tagged antibody, unlike western blotting, which uses an indirect met...	Direct fluorescent antibody	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	451	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Immunologic tests", "nan", "Biochemistry", "Reagents for biochemistry" ]
2,206,793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunomagnetic%20separation	Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. It can also be used as a method of quantifying the pathogenicity of food, blood or feces. DNA analysis have supported the combined use of both this technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). ...	Immunomagnetic separation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	909	[ "Biochemistry", "nan", "Molecular biology" ]
2,207,789	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20power%20density	In physics and engineering, surface power density is power per unit area. Applications The intensity of electromagnetic radiation can be expressed in W/m2. An example of such a quantity is the solar constant. Wind turbines are often compared using a specific power measuring watts per square meter of turbine disk are...	Surface power density	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	925	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Area-specific quantities", "Quantity", "Physical properties" ]
2,207,861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20density	Power density, defined as the amount of power (the time rate of energy transfer) per unit volume, is a critical parameter used across a spectrum of scientific and engineering disciplines. This metric, typically denoted in watts per cubic meter (W/m3), serves as a fundamental measure for evaluating the efficacy and capa...	Power density	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	495	[ "Force", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Power (physics)", "Energy (physics)", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
2,207,911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%20probe%20force%20microscope	Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), also known as surface potential microscopy, is a noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM). By raster scanning in the x,y plane the work function of the sample can be locally mapped for correlation with sample features. When there is little or no magnification, this appro...	Kelvin probe force microscope	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,845	[ "Phases of matter", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Surface science", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Scanning probe microscopy", "Microscopy", "Nanotechnology", "Matter" ]
2,208,744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-engineering	In engineering, macro-engineering (alternatively known as mega engineering) is the implementation of large-scale design projects. It can be seen as a branch of civil engineering or structural engineering applied on a large landmass. In particular, macro-engineering is the process of marshaling and managing of resources...	Macro-engineering	[ "Engineering" ]	626	[ "Macro-engineering" ]
2,208,748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20black	Super black is a surface treatment developed at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the United Kingdom. It absorbs approximately 99.6% of visible light at normal incidence, while conventional black paint absorbs about 97.5%. At other angles of incidence, super black is even more effective: at an angle of 45°, it ...	Super black	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	287	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "Materials", "Optical materials", "nan", "Matter" ]
2,209,432	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inelastic%20mean%20free%20path	The inelastic mean free path (IMFP) is an index of how far an electron on average travels through a solid before losing energy. If a monochromatic, primary beam of electrons is incident on a solid surface, the majority of incident electrons lose their energy because they interact strongly with matter, leading to plasm...	Inelastic mean free path	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,411	[ "Atomic", " molecular", " and optical physics" ]
2,209,688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20coefficients	In atomic, molecular, and optical physics, the Einstein coefficients are quantities describing the probability of absorption or emission of a photon by an atom or molecule. The Einstein A coefficients are related to the rate of spontaneous emission of light, and the Einstein B coefficients are related to the absorption...	Einstein coefficients	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,060	[ "Emission spectroscopy", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
2,210,759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20strain%20theory	In continuum mechanics, the finite strain theory—also called large strain theory, or large deformation theory—deals with deformations in which strains and/or rotations are large enough to invalidate assumptions inherent in infinitesimal strain theory. In this case, the undeformed and deformed configurations of the con...	Finite strain theory	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,919	[ "Solid mechanics", "Physical phenomena", "Tensors", "Elasticity (physics)", "Continuum mechanics", "Deformation (mechanics)", "Classical mechanics", "Mechanics", "Physical properties" ]
2,211,120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium%20oxide	Beryllium oxide (BeO), also known as beryllia, is an inorganic compound with the formula BeO. This colourless solid is an electrical insulator with a higher thermal conductivity than any other non-metal except diamond, and exceeds that of most metals. As an amorphous solid, beryllium oxide is white. Its high melting po...	Beryllium oxide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,110	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Semiconductor materials", "Oxides", "Salts", "Nuclear technology", "II-VI semiconductors", "Ceramic materials", "Nuclear physics", "Ceramic engineering" ]
9,427,669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution%20assay	The term dilution assay is generally used to designate a special type of bioassay in which one or more preparations (e.g. a drug) are administered to experimental units at different dose levels inducing a measurable biological response. The dose levels are prepared by dilution in a diluent that is inert in respect of...	Dilution assay	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,061	[ "Life sciences industry", "Medicinal chemistry", "Drug discovery" ]
9,427,744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogonal	Isogonal, a mathematical term meaning "having similar angles", may refer to: Isogonal figure or polygon, polyhedron, polytope or tiling Isogonal trajectory, in curve theory Isogonal conjugate, in triangle geometry See also Isogonic line, in the study of Earth's magnetic field, a line of constant magnetic declination ...	Isogonal	[ "Mathematics" ]	77	[ "Geometry" ]
9,428,917	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snub%20%28geometry%29	In geometry, a snub is an operation applied to a polyhedron. The term originates from Kepler's names of two Archimedean solids, for the snub cube () and snub dodecahedron (). In general, snubs have chiral symmetry with two forms: with clockwise or counterclockwise orientation. By Kepler's names, a snub can be seen as...	Snub (geometry)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,857	[ "Tessellation", "Snub tilings", "Geometry", "Symmetry" ]
9,430,536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIESST	In chemistry and physics, LIESST (Light-Induced Excited Spin-State Trapping) is a method of changing the electronic spin state of a compound by means of irradiation with light. Many transition metal complexes with electronic configuration d4-d7 are capable of spin crossover (and d8 when molecular symmetry is lower tha...	LIESST	[ "Chemistry" ]	221	[ "Coordination chemistry", "nan" ]
9,430,598	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoazodyes	Glycoazodyes (or GADs) are a family of "naturalised" synthetic dyes, so called because they are the conjugation of common commercial azo dyes with sugar through a "linker". This principle is summarised in the scheme below. Generations, Structure, and Synthesis First-generation The first-generation of Glycoazodyes wa...	Glycoazodyes	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,347	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Organic compounds", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "nan", "Chemical synthesis", "Glycobiology" ]
9,431,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprophase%20band	The preprophase band is a microtubule array found in plant cells that are about to undergo cell division and enter the preprophase stage of the plant cell cycle. Besides the phragmosome, it is the first microscopically visible sign that a plant cell is about to enter mitosis. The preprophase band was first observed and...	Preprophase band	[ "Biology" ]	509	[ "Cell cycle", "Cellular processes", "Mitosis" ]
9,431,918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine	Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a class of phospholipids found in biological membranes. They are synthesized by the addition of cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine to diglycerides, releasing cytidine monophosphate. S-Adenosyl methionine can subsequently methylate the amine of phosphatidylethanolamines to yield phosphati...	Phosphatidylethanolamine	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,770	[ "Phospholipids", "Molecular biology", "Membrane biology", "Signal transduction" ]
9,431,966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFm%20phases	An AFm phase is an "alumina, ferric oxide, monosubstituted" phase, or aluminate ferrite monosubstituted, or , mono, in cement chemist notation (CCN). AFm phases are important hydration products in the hydration of Portland cements and hydraulic cements. They are crystalline hydrates with generic, simplified, formula ...	AFm phases	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,721	[ "Structural engineering", "Sulfates", "Hydrates", "Salts", "Concrete" ]

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