id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14,610,533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20membrane%20protein%20W%20family | Outer membrane protein W (OmpW) family is a family of evolutionarily related proteins from the bacterial outer membrane.
This family includes outer membrane protein W (OmpW) proteins from a variety of bacterial species. This protein may form the receptor for S4 colicins in Escherichia coli.
References
Protein domain... | Outer membrane protein W family | [
"Biology"
] | 72 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
14,611,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging%20informatics | Imaging informatics, also known as radiology informatics or medical imaging informatics, is a subspecialty of biomedical informatics that aims to improve the efficiency, accuracy, usability and reliability of medical imaging services within the healthcare enterprise. It is devoted to the study of how information about ... | Imaging informatics | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 5,393 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering"
] |
14,612,089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertec | DESERTEC is a non-profit foundation that focuses on the production of renewable energy in desert regions. The project aims to create a global renewable energy plan based on the concept of harnessing sustainable powers, from sites where renewable sources of energy are more abundant, and transferring it through high-volt... | Desertec | [
"Engineering"
] | 6,439 | [
"Macro-engineering"
] |
14,612,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution%20law | Distribution law or the Nernst's distribution law gives a generalisation which governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law was first given by Nernst who studied the distribution of several solutes between different appropriate pairs of solvents.
C1/C2 = Kd
Where Kd is called the dis... | Distribution law | [
"Chemistry"
] | 310 | [
"Equilibrium chemistry"
] |
7,273,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20ray%20logging | Gamma ray logging is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole or drill hole. It is a wireline logging method used in mining, mineral exploration, water-well drilling, for formation evaluation in oil and gas well drilling and for other related purposes... | Gamma ray logging | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,078 | [
"Petroleum engineering",
"Petroleum technology",
"Well logging"
] |
7,273,549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous%20potential%20logging | Spontaneous potential log, commonly called the self potential log or SP log, is a passive measurement taken by oil industry well loggers to characterise rock formation properties. The log works by measuring small electric potentials (measured in millivolts) between depths with in the borehole and a grounded electrode ... | Spontaneous potential logging | [
"Engineering"
] | 821 | [
"Petroleum engineering",
"Well logging"
] |
7,280,692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-M | The Beta-M is a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) that was used in Soviet-era lighthouses and beacons.
Design
The Beta-M contains a core made up of strontium-90, which has a half-life of 28.79 years. The service life of these generators is initially 10 years, and can be extended for another 5 to 10 years. T... | Beta-M | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 372 | [
"Physical systems",
"Electrical generators",
"Machines"
] |
17,404,454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20fit | Engineering fits are generally used as part of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing when a part or assembly is designed. In engineering terms, the "fit" is the clearance between two mating parts, and the size of this clearance determines whether the parts can, at one end of the spectrum, move or rotate independently ... | Engineering fit | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,622 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
17,411,030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20drainage%20board | An internal drainage board (IDB) is a type of operating authority which is established in areas of special drainage need in England and Wales with permissive powers to undertake work to secure clean water drainage and water level management within drainage districts. The area of an IDB is not determined by county or me... | Internal drainage board | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,958 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
339,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length%20contraction | Length contraction is the phenomenon that a moving object's length is measured to be shorter than its proper length, which is the length as measured in the object's own rest frame. It is also known as Lorentz contraction or Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction (after Hendrik Lorentz and George Francis FitzGerald) and is usua... | Length contraction | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,197 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Distance",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Special relativity",
"Length",
"Theory of relativity",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
339,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20hole%20thermodynamics | In physics, black hole thermodynamics is the area of study that seeks to reconcile the laws of thermodynamics with the existence of black hole event horizons. As the study of the statistical mechanics of black-body radiation led to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics, the effort to understand the statis... | Black hole thermodynamics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,464 | [
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Density",
"Thermodynamics",
"Branches of thermodynamics",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
339,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprime | In mathematics, a semiprime is a natural number that is the product of exactly two prime numbers. The two primes in the product may equal each other, so the semiprimes include the squares of prime numbers.
Because there are infinitely many prime numbers, there are also infinitely many semiprimes. Semiprimes are also ca... | Semiprime | [
"Mathematics"
] | 651 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Integer sequences",
"Mathematical structures",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Prime numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
340,094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimated%20time%20of%20arrival | The estimated time of arrival (ETA) is the time when a ship, vehicle, aircraft, cargo, person, or emergency service is expected to arrive at a certain place.
Overview
One of the more common uses of the phrase is in public transportation where the movements of trains, buses, airplanes and the like can be used to genera... | Estimated time of arrival | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 379 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
340,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein%20polynomial | In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, a Bernstein polynomial is a polynomial expressed as a linear combination of Bernstein basis polynomials. The idea is named after mathematician Sergei Natanovich Bernstein.
Polynomials in Bernstein form were first used by Bernstein in a constructive proof for the Weierst... | Bernstein polynomial | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,865 | [
"Polynomials",
"Computational mathematics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Numerical analysis",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Approximations",
"Algebra"
] |
340,198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointwise%20convergence | In mathematics, pointwise convergence is one of various senses in which a sequence of functions can converge to a particular function. It is weaker than uniform convergence, to which it is often compared.
Definition
Suppose that is a set and is a topological space, such as the real or complex numbers or a metric sp... | Pointwise convergence | [
"Mathematics"
] | 940 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Convergence (mathematics)",
"Mathematical objects",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Topology",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
340,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundproofing | Soundproofing is any means of impeding sound propagation. There are several methods employed including increasing the distance between the source and receiver, decoupling, using noise barriers to reflect or absorb the energy of the sound waves, using damping structures such as sound baffles for absorption, or using act... | Soundproofing | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,705 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
340,284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20ionization | Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with solid or gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions. EI was one of the first ionization techniques developed for mass spectrometry. However, thi... | Electron ionization | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,051 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Ion source",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
340,291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stick%20shaker | A stick shaker is a mechanical device designed to rapidly and noisily vibrate the control yoke (the "stick") of an aircraft, warning the flight crew that an imminent aerodynamic stall has been detected. It is typically present on the majority of large civil jet aircraft, as well as most large military planes.
The stic... | Stick shaker | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,483 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical vibrations"
] |
340,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20mosaic%20model | The fluid mosaic model explains various characteristics regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded. The phospholipid bilayer gives... | Fluid mosaic model | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,788 | [
"Membrane biology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
340,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20group | In mathematics and theoretical physics, the term quantum group denotes one of a few different kinds of noncommutative algebras with additional structure. These include Drinfeld–Jimbo type quantum groups (which are quasitriangular Hopf algebras), compact matrix quantum groups (which are structures on unital separable C*... | Quantum group | [
"Physics"
] | 4,476 | [
"Mathematical quantization",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
340,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20energy | The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the energy of the system as a state function, measured as the quantity of energy necessary to bring the system from its standard internal state to its present internal state of interest, accounting for the gains and losses of energy due to changes in its internal state, ... | Internal energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,022 | [
"State functions",
"Physical phenomena",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Energy (physics)",
"Thermodynamics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical properties"
] |
340,782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pykrete | Pykrete (, ) is a frozen ice composite, originally made of approximately 14% sawdust or some other form of wood pulp (such as paper) and 86% ice by weight (6 to 1 by weight).
During World War II, Geoffrey Pyke proposed it as a candidate material for a supersized aircraft carrier for the British Royal Navy. Pykrete f... | Pykrete | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,043 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Composite materials",
"Materials",
"Concrete",
"Matter"
] |
341,038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter%20gene | In molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a gene that researchers attach to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest in bacteria, cell culture, animals or plants. Such genes are called reporters because the characteristics they confer on organisms expressing them are easily identified an... | Reporter gene | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,172 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Genetic engineering",
"Chemical tests",
"Biochemistry detection methods",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
341,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20enthalpy%20of%20reaction | The standard enthalpy of reaction (denoted ) for a chemical reaction is the difference between total product and total reactant molar enthalpies, calculated for substances in their standard states. The value can be approximately interpreted in terms of the total of the chemical bond energies for bonds broken and bonds ... | Standard enthalpy of reaction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,244 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Thermochemistry",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Enthalpy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
341,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20function | In the thermodynamics of equilibrium, a state function, function of state, or point function for a thermodynamic system is a mathematical function relating several state variables or state quantities (that describe equilibrium states of a system) that depend only on the current equilibrium thermodynamic state of the sy... | State function | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,333 | [
"State functions",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
602,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Janssen | Pierre Jules César Janssen (22 February 1824 – 23 December 1907), usually known as Jules Janssen, was a French astronomer who, along with English scientist Joseph Norman Lockyer, is credited with discovering the gaseous nature of the solar chromosphere, but there is no justification for the conclusion that he deserves ... | Pierre Janssen | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,303 | [
"Physical chemists",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Analytical chemists",
"Spectroscopists",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
602,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20safety | In computer science, type safety and type soundness are the extent to which a programming language discourages or prevents type errors. Type safety is sometimes alternatively considered to be a property of facilities of a computer language; that is, some facilities are type-safe and their usage will not result in type ... | Type safety | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 4,026 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical objects",
"Type theory",
"Software engineering",
"Programming language topics"
] |
16,153,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded%20genetic%20code | An expanded genetic code is an artificially modified genetic code in which one or more specific codons have been re-allocated to encode an amino acid that is not among the 22 common naturally-encoded proteinogenic amino acids.
The key prerequisites to expand the genetic code are:
the non-standard amino acid to encode... | Expanded genetic code | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 6,813 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Biological engineering",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology",
"Nucleic acids"
] |
16,159,670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter%27s%20loxodromic%20sequence%20of%20tangent%20circles | In geometry, Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles is an infinite sequence of circles arranged so that any four consecutive circles in the sequence are pairwise mutually tangent. This means that each circle in the sequence is tangent to the three circles that precede it and also to the three circles that fol... | Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles | [
"Mathematics"
] | 263 | [
"Geometry problems",
"Eponyms in geometry",
"Packing problems",
"Golden ratio",
"Circle packing",
"Geometry",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
16,161,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20number%20of%20codons | Effective number of codons (abbreviated as ENC or Nc) is a measure to study the state of codon usage biases in genes and genomes. The way that ENC is computed has obvious similarities to the computation of effective population size in population genetics. Although it is easy to compute ENC values, it has been shown tha... | Effective number of codons | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 119 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
16,161,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achmatowicz%20reaction | The Achmatowicz reaction, also known as the Achmatowicz rearrangement, is an organic synthesis in which a furan is converted to a dihydropyran. In the original publication by the Polish chemist Osman Achmatowicz Jr. (b. 20 December 1931 in Vilnius) in 1971 furfuryl alcohol is reacted with bromine in methanol to 2,5-d... | Achmatowicz reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 218 | [
"Name reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
13,459,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20description | Cognitive description is a term used in psychology to describe the cognitive workings of the human mind.
A cognitive description specifies what information is utilized during a cognitive action, how this information is processed and transformed, what data structures are used, and what behaviour is generated.
Cognitiv... | Cognitive description | [
"Biology"
] | 446 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Cognitive psychology"
] |
13,459,707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminocoumarin | Aminocoumarin is a class of antibiotics that act by an inhibition of the DNA gyrase enzyme involved in the cell division in bacteria. They are derived from Streptomyces species, whose best-known representative – Streptomyces coelicolor – was completely sequenced in 2002.
The aminocoumarin antibiotics include:
Novob... | Aminocoumarin | [
"Biology"
] | 484 | [
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
13,460,646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimaprit | Dimaprit is a histamine analog working as a selective H2 histamine receptor agonist.
References
Biogenic amines
Amidines
Thioethers | Dimaprit | [
"Chemistry"
] | 35 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Amidines",
"Biogenic amines",
"Functional groups",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
13,461,936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoshenko%E2%80%93Ehrenfest%20beam%20theory | The Timoshenko–Ehrenfest beam theory was developed by Stephen Timoshenko and Paul Ehrenfest early in the 20th century. The model takes into account shear deformation and rotational bending effects, making it suitable for describing the behaviour of thick beams, sandwich composite beams, or beams subject to high-frequen... | Timoshenko–Ehrenfest beam theory | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,125 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Structural analysis",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
13,463,844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Richardson's theorem establishes the undecidability of the equality of real numbers defined by expressions involving integers, , and exponential and sine functions. It was proved in 1968 by the mathematician and computer scientist Daniel Richardson of the University of Bath.
Specifically, the class of... | Richardson's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 656 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical objects",
"Computational problems",
"Mathematical relations",
"Undecidable problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics... |
13,464,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Taubes | Gary Taubes (born April 30, 1956) is an American journalist, writer, and low-carbohydrate / high-fat (LCHF) diet advocate. His central claim is that carbohydrates, especially sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, overstimulate the secretion of insulin, causing the body to store fat in fat cells and the liver, and that it... | Gary Taubes | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,789 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Cold fusion",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
13,464,520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husky%20VMMD | The Husky VMMD (Vehicle-Mounted Mine Detection) is a configurable counter-IED MRAP (Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected) vehicle, developed by South African-based DCD Protected Mobility and American C-IED company Critical Solutions International. Designed for use in route clearance and de-mining operations, the Husky is eq... | Husky VMMD | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,127 | [
"Explosion protection",
"Military engineering",
"Military engineering vehicles",
"Bomb disposal",
"Engineering vehicles"
] |
13,467,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX%20MIMO | WiMAX MIMO refers to the use of Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO) technology on WiMAX, which is the technology brand name for the implementation of the standard IEEE 802.16.
Background
WiMAX
WiMAX is the technology brand name for the implementation of the standard IEEE 802.16, which specifies the ... | WiMAX MIMO | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,986 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"WiMAX",
"Wireless networking",
"Network access"
] |
3,057,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward-wave%20oscillator | A backward wave oscillator (BWO), also called carcinotron or backward wave tube, is a vacuum tube that is used to generate microwaves up to the terahertz range. Belonging to the traveling-wave tube family, it is an oscillator with a wide electronic tuning range.
An electron gun generates an electron beam that interact... | Backward-wave oscillator | [
"Physics"
] | 3,173 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Terahertz technology",
"Vacuum tubes",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Vacuum",
"Matter"
] |
3,057,557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble%20pile | In astronomy, a rubble pile is a celestial body that consists of numerous pieces of debris that have coalesced under the influence of gravity. Rubble piles have low density because there are large cavities between the various chunks that make them up.
The asteroids Bennu and Ryugu have a measured bulk density which su... | Rubble pile | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 885 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Bodies of the Solar System",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomical objects",
"Solar System"
] |
3,059,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence%20bond%20programs | Valence bond (VB) computer programs for modern valence bond calculations:-
CRUNCH, by Gordon A. Gallup and his group.
GAMESS (UK), includes calculation of VB wave functions by the TURTLE code, due to J.H. van Lenthe.
GAMESS (US), has links to interface VB2000, and XMVB.
MOLPRO and MOLCAS include code by David L. C... | Valence bond programs | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 374 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Computational chemistry software",
"Chemistry software",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry stubs",
"Computational chemistry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
" and optical physics"
] |
3,061,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous%20broadening | Homogeneous broadening is a type of emission spectrum broadening in which all atoms radiating from a specific level under consideration radiate with equal opportunity. If an optical emitter (e.g. an atom) shows homogeneous broadening, its spectral linewidth is its natural linewidth, with a Lorentzian profile.
Broadeni... | Homogeneous broadening | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 707 | [
"Atomic",
" molecular",
" and optical physics"
] |
1,571,836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoth | Azoth is a universal remedy or potent solvent sought after in the realm of alchemy, akin to alkahest—a distinct alchemical substance. The quest for Azoth was the crux of numerous alchemical endeavors, symbolized by the Caduceus. Initially coined to denote an esoteric formula pursued by alchemists, akin to the Philosoph... | Azoth | [
"Chemistry"
] | 556 | [
"Alchemical substances"
] |
1,571,859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazoic%20acid | Hydrazoic acid, also known as hydrogen azide, azic acid or azoimide, is a compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless, volatile, and explosive liquid at room temperature and pressure. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, and is therefore a pnictogen hydride. It was first isolated in 1890 by Theodor Cur... | Hydrazoic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,014 | [
"Explosive chemicals",
"Azides",
"Acids",
"Explosive gases"
] |
1,572,074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer%20drill | A hammer drill, also known as a percussion drill or impact drill, is a power tool used chiefly for drilling in hard materials. It is a type of rotary drill with an impact mechanism that generates a hammering motion. The percussive mechanism provides a rapid succession of short hammer thrusts to pulverize the material t... | Hammer drill | [
"Physics"
] | 963 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Power tools",
"Physical quantities"
] |
1,572,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Golshani | Mehdi Golshani (Persian: مهدی گلشنی, born 1939 in Isfahan, Iran) is a contemporary Iranian theoretical physicist, academic, scholar, philosopher and distinguished professor at Sharif University of Technology.
He is also member of Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame, senior fellow of Academy of Sciences of Iran an... | Mehdi Golshani | [
"Physics"
] | 1,933 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum physicists",
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
1,572,814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-tert-butyl%20ether | Di-tert-butyl ether is a tertiary ether, primarily of theoretical interest as the simplest member of the class of di-tertiary ethers.
See also
Ether
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Dimethyl ether
Diethyl ether
Diisopropyl ether
References
Dialkyl ethers
Ether solvents
Tert-butyl compounds
Symmetrical ethers | Di-tert-butyl ether | [
"Chemistry"
] | 74 | [] |
1,573,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachate | A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts soluble or suspended solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed.
Leachate is a widely used term in the environmental sciences where it has the specific meaning of a liquid that has dissolved or entrained en... | Leachate | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,454 | [
"Separation processes by phases",
"Biodegradable waste management",
"Biodegradation",
"Anaerobic digestion",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water technology",
"Environmental soil science",
"Liquid-solid separation"
] |
1,575,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20modulus | In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:
where
= shear stress
is the force which acts
is the area on which the force acts
= shear strain.... | Shear modulus | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 999 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Physical phenomena",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Quantity",
"Shear strength",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics",
"nan",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Phys... |
10,950,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal%20function%20system | An orthonormal function system (ONS) is an orthonormal basis in a vector space of functions.
References
Linear algebra
Functional analysis | Orthonormal function system | [
"Mathematics"
] | 34 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Linear algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
10,952,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material-handling%20equipment | Material handling equipment (MHE) is mechanical equipment used for the movement, storage, control, and protection of materials, goods and products throughout the process of manufacturing, distribution, consumption, and disposal. The different types of equipment can be classified into four major categories: transport eq... | Material-handling equipment | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,464 | [
"Materials",
"Material handling",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
2,217,599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular%20symmetry | In geometry, circular symmetry is a type of continuous symmetry for a planar object that can be rotated by any arbitrary angle and map onto itself.
Rotational circular symmetry is isomorphic with the circle group in the complex plane, or the special orthogonal group SO(2), and unitary group U(1). Reflective circular ... | Circular symmetry | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 499 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
2,218,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20restriction%20theorem | The crystallographic restriction theorem in its basic form was based on the observation that the rotational symmetries of a crystal are usually limited to 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, and 6-fold. However, quasicrystals can occur with other diffraction pattern symmetries, such as 5-fold; these were not discovered until 1982 ... | Crystallographic restriction theorem | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,920 | [
"Theorems in algebra",
"Materials science",
"Group theory",
"Crystallography",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Mathematical problems",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Algebra"
] |
2,218,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymersome | In biotechnology, polymersomes are a class of artificial vesicles, tiny hollow spheres that enclose a solution. Polymersomes are made using amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers to form the vesicle membrane, and have radii ranging from 50 nm to 5 μm or more. Most reported polymersomes contain an aqueous solution in th... | Polymersome | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 861 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Natural products",
"Biochemistry",
"Pharmacokinetics",
"Organic compounds",
"Immunology",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Biomolecules",
"Structural biology",
"Polymers",
"Molecular biology"
] |
2,218,753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatom | An adatom is an atom that lies on a crystal surface, and can be thought of as the opposite of a surface vacancy. This term is used in surface chemistry and epitaxy, when describing single atoms lying on surfaces and surface roughness. The word is a portmanteau of "adsorbed atom". A single atom, a cluster of atoms, or... | Adatom | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,199 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"Surface science"
] |
2,219,538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20signaling | Calcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction. Ca2+ is important for cellular signalling, for once it enters the cytosol of the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins. Ca2+ can act in si... | Calcium signaling | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,964 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"Calcium signaling",
"Signal transduction"
] |
2,219,841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20catalytic%20reduction | Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) means converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as with the aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen (), and water (). A reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia (), aqueous ammonia (), or a urea () solution, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is reacted onto a catalys... | Selective catalytic reduction | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,523 | [
"Catalysis",
"Pollution control technologies",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Environmental engineering",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
2,219,887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20refraction | In optics, negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly observed positive refractive properties. Negative refraction can be obtained by using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for electric... | Negative refraction | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 915 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Metamaterials",
"Materials science"
] |
2,220,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating-wave%20approximation | The rotating-wave approximation is an approximation used in atom optics and magnetic resonance. In this approximation, terms in a Hamiltonian that oscillate rapidly are neglected. This is a valid approximation when the applied electromagnetic radiation is near resonance with an atomic transition, and the intensity is l... | Rotating-wave approximation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 852 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
"Chemical physics",
" and optical physics"
] |
2,220,957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20optics | Electron optics is a mathematical framework for the calculation of electron trajectories in the presence of electromagnetic fields. The term optics is used because magnetic and electrostatic lenses act upon a charged particle beam similarly to optical lenses upon a light beam.
Electron optics calculations are crucial ... | Electron optics | [
"Physics"
] | 1,415 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Experimental physics",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Accelerator physics"
] |
2,221,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroceramics | Electroceramics are a class of ceramic materials used primarily for their electrical properties.
While ceramics have traditionally been admired and used for their mechanical, thermal and chemical stability, their unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties have become of increasing importance in many key techno... | Electroceramics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 690 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Ceramic materials",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Ceramic engineering",
"Matter"
] |
2,221,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20solution | A solid solution, a term popularly used for metals, is a homogeneous mixture of two compounds in solid state and having a single crystal structure. Many examples can be found in metallurgy, geology, and solid-state chemistry. The word "solution" is used to describe the intimate mixing of components at the atomic level ... | Solid solution | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,870 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
2,221,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Saovabha%20Memorial%20Institute | The Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute (QSMI) (; ) in Bangkok, Thailand, is an institute that specialises in the husbandry of venomous snakes, the extraction and research of snake venom, and vaccines, especially rabies vaccine. It houses the snake farm, a popular tourist attraction.
The origins of the institute can be ... | Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 623 | [
"Toxicology organizations",
"Toxicology"
] |
2,221,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma%20Goldberg | Irma Goldberg (born 1871) was a Russian-born chemist. She was one of the first female organic chemists to have and sustain a successful career, her work even being quoted in her own name in standard textbooks.
Life
Education
Born in Moscow to a Russian-Jewish family, she later traveled to Geneva in the 1890s to study... | Irma Goldberg | [
"Chemistry"
] | 525 | [
"Organic chemists"
] |
2,221,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Coalition%20for%20Clean%20Coal%20Electricity | The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE, formerly ABEC or Americans for Balanced Energy Choices) is a U.S. non-profit advocacy group representing major American coal producers, utility companies and railroads. The organization seeks to influence public opinion and legislation in favor of coal-generated... | American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,077 | [
"Energy organizations"
] |
2,221,642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay%20sensitivity | Assay sensitivity is a property of a clinical trial defined as the ability of a trial to distinguish an effective treatment from a less effective or ineffective intervention. Without assay sensitivity, a trial is not internally valid and is not capable of comparing the efficacy of two interventions.
Importance
Lack ... | Assay sensitivity | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 963 | [
"Life sciences industry",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Drug discovery"
] |
8,790,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20regulator | A pressure regulator is a valve that controls the pressure of a fluid to a desired value, using negative feedback from the controlled pressure. Regulators are used for gases and liquids, and can be an integral device with a pressure setting, a restrictor and a sensor all in the one body, or consist of a separate pressu... | Pressure regulator | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,412 | [
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
8,791,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forming%20gas | Forming gas is a mixture of hydrogen (mole fraction varies) and nitrogen. It is sometimes called a "dissociated ammonia atmosphere" due to the reaction which generates it:
2 NH3 → 3 H2 + N2
It can also be manufactured by thermal cracking of ammonia, in an ammonia cracker or forming gas generator.
Forming gas is use... | Forming gas | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 331 | [
"Matter",
"Welding",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Phases of matter",
"Industrial gases",
"Metal heat treatments",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases"
] |
11,932,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolymer | A geopolymer is a vague pseudo-chemical term used to describe inorganic, typically bulk ceramic-like material that forms covalently bonded, non-crystalline (amorphous) networks, often intermingled with other phases. Many geopolymers may also be classified as alkali-activated cements or acid-activated binders. They are ... | Geopolymer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,215 | [
"Ceramic engineering",
"Geopolymers",
"Resins",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Building engineering",
"Inorganic polymers",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Ceramic materials",
"nan",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Polymers",
"Amorphous solids",
"Matter",
... |
11,933,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corepressor | In genetics and molecular biology, a corepressor is a molecule that represses the expression of genes. In prokaryotes, corepressors are small molecules whereas in eukaryotes, corepressors are proteins. A corepressor does not directly bind to DNA, but instead indirectly regulates gene expression by binding to repressors... | Corepressor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,394 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
5,587,151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium%20dioxide | Germanium dioxide, also called germanium(IV) oxide, germania, and salt of germanium, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula GeO2. It is the main commercial source of germanium. It also forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium in contact with atmospheric oxygen.
Structure
The two predominant polymorp... | Germanium dioxide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,090 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Glass chemistry",
"Glass compositions",
"Oxides",
"Salts",
"Optical phenomena",
"Materials",
"Optical materials",
"Ceramic materials",
"Transparent materials",
"Ceramic engineering",
"Matter"
] |
5,589,335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetration%20depth | Penetration depth is a measure of how deep light or any electromagnetic radiation can penetrate into a material. It is defined as the depth at which the intensity of the radiation inside the material falls to 1/e (about 37%) of its original value at (or more properly, just beneath) the surface.
When electromagnetic ra... | Penetration depth | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 876 | [
"Physical phenomena",
" absorption and radiative transfer (optics)",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Scattering",
"Radiation",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
14,617,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugh%27s%20closing%20lemma | In mathematics, Pugh's closing lemma is a result that links periodic orbit solutions of differential equations to chaotic behaviour. It can be formally stated as follows:
Let be a diffeomorphism of a compact smooth manifold . Given a nonwandering point of , there exists a diffeomorphism arbitrarily close to ... | Pugh's closing lemma | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 184 | [
"Limit sets",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Topology",
"Mechanics",
"Lemmas in mathematical analysis",
"Lemmas",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
14,619,769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20legs | Shear legs, also known as sheers, shears, or sheer legs, are a form of two-legged lifting device. Shear legs may be permanent, formed of a solid A-frame and supports, as commonly seen on land and the floating sheerleg, or temporary, as aboard a vessel lacking a fixed crane or derrick.
When fixed, they are often used ... | Shear legs | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 576 | [
"Machines",
"Transport systems",
"Lifting equipment",
"Physical systems",
"Vertical transport devices",
"Cranes (machines)",
"Engineering vehicles"
] |
14,621,035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarities%20between%20Wiener%20and%20LMS | The Least mean squares filter solution converges to the Wiener filter solution, assuming that the unknown system is LTI and the noise is stationary. Both filters can be used to identify the impulse response of an unknown system, knowing only the original input signal and the output of the unknown system. By relaxing th... | Similarities between Wiener and LMS | [
"Engineering"
] | 416 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Filter theory"
] |
14,621,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann%20mechanism | In chemical kinetics, the Lindemann mechanism (also called the Lindemann–Christiansen mechanism or the Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism) is a schematic reaction mechanism for unimolecular reactions. Frederick Lindemann and J.A. Christiansen proposed the concept almost simultaneously in 1921, and Cyril Hinshelwood develo... | Lindemann mechanism | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,288 | [
"Reaction mechanisms",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Physical organic chemistry"
] |
14,623,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20chain%20length | In polymer chemistry, the kinetic chain length () of a polymer is the average number of units called monomers added to a growing chain during chain-growth polymerization. During this process, a polymer chain is formed when monomers are bonded together to form long chains known as polymers. Kinetic chain length is defin... | Kinetic chain length | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,131 | [
"Chemical kinetics",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
9,461,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20problem | A Riemann problem, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a specific initial value problem composed of a conservation equation together with piecewise constant initial data which has a single discontinuity in the domain of interest. The Riemann problem is very useful for the understanding of equations like Euler conservatio... | Riemann problem | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 540 | [
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Conservation laws",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Computational physics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Conservation equations",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
9,461,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20solver | A Riemann solver is a numerical method used to solve a Riemann problem. They are heavily used in computational fluid dynamics and computational magnetohydrodynamics.
Definition
Generally speaking, Riemann solvers are specific methods for computing the numerical flux across a discontinuity in the Riemann problem. They... | Riemann solver | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 715 | [
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Conservation laws",
"Mathematical objects",
"Computational mathematics",
"Equations",
"Computational physics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Numerical analysis",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Conservation equations",
"Approximations",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
9,462,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmy%20plate | A Wilhelmy plate is a thin plate that is used to measure equilibrium surface or interfacial tension at an air–liquid or liquid–liquid interface. In this method, the plate is oriented perpendicular to the interface, and the force exerted on it is measured. Based on the work of Ludwig Wilhelmy, this method finds wide use... | Wilhelmy plate | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 635 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
9,463,516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbr%C3%BCck%20scattering | Delbrück scattering, the deflection of high-energy photons in the Coulomb field of nuclei as a consequence of vacuum polarization, was observed in 1975. The related process of the scattering of light by light, also a consequence of vacuum polarization, was not observed until 1998. In both cases, it is a process describ... | Delbrück scattering | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,095 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"Scattering",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
13,471,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20forces | In analytical mechanics (particularly Lagrangian mechanics), generalized forces are conjugate to generalized coordinates. They are obtained from the applied forces , acting on a system that has its configuration defined in terms of generalized coordinates. In the formulation of virtual work, each generalized force is... | Generalized forces | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 401 | [
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Lagrangian mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
13,473,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending%20stiffness | The bending stiffness () is the resistance of a member against bending deflection/deformation. It is a function of the Young's modulus , the second moment of area of the beam cross-section about the axis of interest, length of the beam and beam boundary condition. Bending stiffness of a beam can analytically be derive... | Bending stiffness | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 208 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Structural analysis",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
13,473,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20bus | A quantum bus is a device which can be used to store or transfer information between independent qubits in a quantum computer, or combine two qubits into a superposition. It is the quantum analog of a classical bus.
There are several physical systems that can be used to realize a quantum bus, including trapped ions, p... | Quantum bus | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 325 | [
"Quantum electronics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
13,474,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20Error%20Rate | Block Error Rate (BLER) is a ratio of the number of erroneous blocks to the total number of blocks ansmitted on a digital circuit.
It is used in measuring the error rate when extracting data frames from a Compact Disc (CD). The BLER measurement is often used as a quality control measure with regards to how well audio ... | Block Error Rate | [
"Engineering"
] | 211 | [
"Audio engineering",
"Audio software"
] |
13,474,685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-effect%20vehicle | A ground-effect vehicle (GEV), also called a wing-in-ground-effect (WIGE or WIG), ground-effect craft/machine (GEM), wingship, flarecraft, surface effect vehicle or ekranoplan (), is a vehicle that is able to move over the surface by gaining support from the reactions of the air against the surface of the earth or wate... | Ground-effect vehicle | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,633 | [
"Aircraft configurations",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
1,014,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile%20organic%20compound | Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds that have a high vapor pressure at room temperature. They are common and exist in a variety of settings and products, not limited to house mold, upholstered furniture, arts and crafts supplies, dry cleaned clothing, and cleaning supplies. VOCs are responsible for ... | Volatile organic compound | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 5,649 | [
"Visibility",
"Physical quantities",
"Building engineering",
"Smog",
"Chemical hazards",
"Organic compounds",
"Building biology"
] |
1,014,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20projective%20space | In mathematics, real projective space, denoted or is the topological space of lines passing through the origin 0 in the real space It is a compact, smooth manifold of dimension , and is a special case of a Grassmannian space.
Basic properties
Construction
As with all projective spaces, is formed by taking the qu... | Real projective space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,530 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Algebraic topology"
] |
1,014,906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclomatic%20complexity | Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to indicate the complexity of a program. It is a quantitative measure of the number of linearly independent paths through a program's source code. It was developed by Thomas J. McCabe, Sr. in 1976.
Cyclomatic complexity is computed using the control-flow graph of the pro... | Cyclomatic complexity | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,060 | [
"Software engineering",
"Quantity",
"Metrics",
"Software metrics"
] |
1,015,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative%20disease | Degenerative disease is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time.
In neurodegenerative diseases, cells of the central nervous system stop working or die via neurodegeneration. An example of this is Alzheimer's dise... | Degenerative disease | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 611 | [
"Senescence",
"Ageing processes",
"Metabolism",
"Cellular processes"
] |
1,015,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollback%20%28data%20management%29 | In database technologies, a rollback is an operation which returns the database to some previous state. Rollbacks are important for database integrity, because they mean that the database can be restored to a clean copy even after erroneous operations are performed. They are crucial for recovering from database server ... | Rollback (data management) | [
"Physics"
] | 475 | [
"Spacetime",
"Reversible computing",
"Physical quantities",
"Time"
] |
1,016,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate | Thiocyanates are salts containing the thiocyanate anion (also known as rhodanide or rhodanate). is the conjugate base of thiocyanic acid. Common salts include the colourless salts potassium thiocyanate and sodium thiocyanate. Mercury(II) thiocyanate was formerly used in pyrotechnics.
Thiocyanate is analogous to t... | Thiocyanate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,154 | [
"Matter",
"Anions",
"Functional groups",
"Thiocyanates",
"Sulfur ions",
"Ions"
] |
1,016,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved%20spacetime | In physics, curved spacetime is the mathematical model in which, with Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity naturally arises, as opposed to being described as a fundamental force in Newton's static Euclidean reference frame. Objects move along geodesics—curved paths determined by the local geometry of spacet... | Curved spacetime | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,902 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Time in physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Vector spaces",
"Quantity",
"Theoretical physics",
"Space (mathematics)",
"nan",
"Theory of relativity",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
1,017,492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20tone | A wolf tone, or simply a "wolf", is an undesirable phenomenon that occurs in some bowed-string instruments, most famously in the cello. It happens when the pitch of the played note is close to a particularly strong natural resonant frequency of the body of the musical instrument. A wolf tone is hard for the player to c... | Wolf tone | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 652 | [
"Resonance",
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Scattering"
] |
1,018,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative%20cooling%20%28atomic%20physics%29 | Evaporative cooling is an atomic physics technique to achieve high phase space densities which optical cooling techniques alone typically can not reach.
Atoms trapped in optical or magnetic traps can be evaporatively cooled via two primary mechanisms, usually specific to the type of trap in question: in magnetic traps... | Evaporative cooling (atomic physics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,562 | [
"Dynamical systems",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
"Thermodynamics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
1,018,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson%20criterion | The Lawson criterion is a figure of merit used in nuclear fusion research. It compares the rate of energy being generated by fusion reactions within the fusion fuel to the rate of energy losses to the environment. When the rate of production is higher than the rate of loss, the system will produce net energy. If enough... | Lawson criterion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,342 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Fusion power",
"Plasma physics"
] |
17,419,853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9zy%20formula | The Chézy Formula is a semi-empirical resistance equation which estimates mean flow velocity in open channel conduits. The relationship was conceptualized and developed in 1768 by French physicist and engineer Antoine de Chézy (1718–1798) while designing Paris's water canal system. Chézy discovered a similarity paramet... | Chézy formula | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,134 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Mathematical objects",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Equations",
"Scientific laws",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
4,182,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20transmission%20rate | Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) is the measurement of the amount of oxygen gas that passes through a substance over a given period. It is mostly carried out on non-porous materials, where the mode of transport is diffusion, but there are a growing number of applications where the transmission rate also depends on flow t... | Oxygen transmission rate | [
"Physics"
] | 479 | [
"Temporal quantities",
"Temporal rates",
"Physical quantities"
] |
4,184,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetaev%20instability%20theorem | The Chetaev instability theorem for dynamical systems states that if there exists, for the system with an equilibrium point at the origin, a continuously differentiable function V(x) such that
the origin is a boundary point of the set ;
there exists a neighborhood of the origin such that for all
then the origin ... | Chetaev instability theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 179 | [
"Theorems in dynamical systems",
"Stability theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
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