id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9,432,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic | Mothers against decapentaplegic is a protein from the SMAD family that was discovered in Drosophila. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene in the mother repressed the gene decapentaplegic in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added as a humorous take-off on organizations opposin... | Mothers against decapentaplegic | [
"Chemistry"
] | 198 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
9,432,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-induced%20transcriptional%20silencing | RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) is a form of RNA interference by which short RNA molecules – such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) – trigger the downregulation of transcription of a particular gene or genomic region. This is usually accomplished by posttranslational modification of histone tails (e.g. meth... | RNA-induced transcriptional silencing | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 804 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
596,405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider | A collider is a type of particle accelerator that brings two opposing particle beams together such that the particles collide. Compared to other particle accelerators in which the moving particles collide with a stationary matter target, colliders can achieve higher collision energies. Colliders may either be ring acc... | Collider | [
"Physics"
] | 1,210 | [
"Accelerator physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Experimental physics"
] |
596,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzel%C3%A0%E2%80%93Ascoli%20theorem | The Arzelà–Ascoli theorem is a fundamental result of mathematical analysis giving necessary and sufficient conditions to decide whether every sequence of a given family of real-valued continuous functions defined on a closed and bounded interval has a uniformly convergent subsequence. The main condition is the equicon... | Arzelà–Ascoli theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,719 | [
"Compactness theorems",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theory of continuous functions",
"Theorems in real analysis",
"Theorems in topology",
"Theorems in functional analysis",
"Topology",
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
596,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20chromatography | Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture. In preparative chromat... | Gas chromatography | [
"Chemistry"
] | 6,004 | [
"Chromatography",
"Gas chromatography",
"nan"
] |
596,816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle-in-cell | In plasma physics, the particle-in-cell (PIC) method refers to a technique used to solve a certain class of partial differential equations. In this method, individual particles (or fluid elements) in a Lagrangian frame are tracked in continuous phase space, whereas moments of the distribution such as densities and cur... | Particle-in-cell | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,527 | [
"Computational electromagnetics",
"Mathematical modeling",
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computational physics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
598,302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology | Pathophysiology (or physiopathology) is a branch of study, at the intersection of pathology and physiology, concerning disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury. Pathology is the medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during... | Pathophysiology | [
"Biology"
] | 2,821 | [
"Pathology",
"Physiology"
] |
598,373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropolishing | Electropolishing, also known as electrochemical polishing, anodic polishing, or electrolytic polishing (especially in the metallography field), is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece, reducing the surface roughness by levelling micro-peaks and valleys, improving the surface finish... | Electropolishing | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 901 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
599,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdfast%20%28biology%29 | A holdfast is a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substrate.
Holdfasts vary in shape and form depending on both the species and the substrate type. The holdfasts of organisms that live in muddy sub... | Holdfast (biology) | [
"Biology"
] | 279 | [
"Plant morphology",
"Algae stubs",
"Algae",
"Plants"
] |
599,463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid | Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. For active tuberculosis, it is often used together with rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and either streptomycin or ethambutol. For latent tuberculosis, it is often used alone. It may also be used for atypical ... | Isoniazid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,630 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
17,376,281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drucker%E2%80%93Prager%20yield%20criterion | The Drucker–Prager yield criterion is a pressure-dependent model for determining whether a material has failed or undergone plastic yielding. The criterion was introduced to deal with the plastic deformation of soils. It and its many variants have been applied to rock, concrete, polymers, foams, and other pressure-de... | Drucker–Prager yield criterion | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,294 | [
"Solid mechanics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Soil mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)",
"Mechanics"
] |
17,382,620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical%20angle%20fluorescence%20microscopy | Supercritical angle fluorescence microscopy (SAF) is a technique to detect and characterize fluorescent species (proteins, biomolecules, pharmaceuticals, etc.) and their behaviour close or even adsorbed or linked at surfaces. The method is able to observe molecules in a distance of less than 100 to 0 nanometer from the... | Supercritical angle fluorescence microscopy | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 407 | [
"Analytical chemistry stubs",
"Fluorescence techniques",
"Microscopy"
] |
13,433,854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical%20centre%20of%20Switzerland | The geographical centre of Switzerland has the coordinates (Swiss Grid: 660158/183641). It is located at Älggi-Alp in the municipality of Sachseln, Obwalden. The point is the centre of mass determined in 1988 by Swisstopo.
As the point is difficult to access, a stone was set 500 m further south-east on Älggi Alp (164... | Geographical centre of Switzerland | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 352 | [
"Point (geometry)",
"Geometric centers",
"Geographical centres",
"Symmetry"
] |
13,434,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20coordination | Frequency Coordination is a technical and regulatory process that removes or mitigates radio-frequency interference between different radio systems that operate on the same frequency.
Normally frequency coordination is a function of an administration, such as a governmental spectrum regulator, as part of a formal regu... | Frequency coordination | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 365 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Radio technology"
] |
13,437,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated%20proton%20channel | Voltage-gated proton channels are ion channels that have the unique property of opening with depolarization, but in a strongly pH-sensitive manner. The result is that these channels open only when the electrochemical gradient is outward, such that their opening will only allow protons to leave cells. Their function thu... | Voltage-gated proton channel | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 538 | [
"Immunology",
"Neurochemistry",
"Ion channels"
] |
13,439,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20conductance%20fluctuations | Universal conductance fluctuations (UCF) in mesoscopic physics is a phenomenon encountered in electrical transport experiments in mesoscopic species. The measured electrical conductance will vary from sample to sample, mainly due to inhomogeneous scattering sites. Fluctuations originate from coherence effects for elect... | Universal conductance fluctuations | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 357 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"Mesoscopic physics",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
13,440,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too%20cheap%20to%20meter | Too cheap to meter refers to a commodity so inexpensive that it is cheaper and less bureaucratic to simply provide it for a flat fee or even free and make a profit from associated services. Originally applied to nuclear power, the phrase is also used for services that can be provided at such low cost that the additiona... | Too cheap to meter | [
"Physics"
] | 1,246 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Physical quantities",
"Nuclear power"
] |
13,440,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onium | An onium (plural: onia) is a bound state of a particle and its antiparticle. These states are usually named by adding the suffix -onium to the name of one of the constituent particles (replacing an -on suffix when present), with one exception for "muonium"; a muon–antimuon bound pair is called "true muonium" to avoid ... | Onium | [
"Physics"
] | 349 | [
"Particle physics"
] |
13,443,170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirikov%20criterion | The Chirikov criterion or Chirikov resonance-overlap criterion
was established by the Russian physicist Boris Chirikov.
Back in 1959, he published a seminal article,
where he introduced the very first physical criterion for the onset of chaotic motion in
deterministic Hamiltonian systems. He then applied such a criter... | Chirikov criterion | [
"Mathematics"
] | 375 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Chaotic maps",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
13,444,144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20facility | A Virtual Facility (VF) is a highly realistic digital representation of a data center, used to model all relevant aspects of a physical data center with a high degree of precision.
The term "virtual" in Virtual Facility refers to its use of virtual reality, rather than the abstraction of computer resources as seen in ... | Virtual facility | [
"Technology"
] | 350 | [
"Data management",
"Data"
] |
13,444,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6der%20Torn | South Tower (Swedish: "Söder Torn") is a high-rise building located on Fatburstrappan 18, next to Fatbursparken on Södermalm in Stockholm. The building has a height of about above the ground including the "crown" and consists of 25 floors. The Söder Torn complex contains three additional buildings, including one that ... | Söder Torn | [
"Engineering"
] | 557 | [
"Postmodern architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
5,574,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidase | A carboxypeptidase (EC number 3.4.16 - 3.4.18) is a protease enzyme that hydrolyzes (cleaves) a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a protein or peptide. This is in contrast to an aminopeptidases, which cleave peptide bonds at the N-terminus of proteins. Humans, animals, bacteria and plants contain... | Carboxypeptidase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,313 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Proteins",
"Metabolism"
] |
4,170,806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion%20fatigue | Corrosion fatigue is fatigue in a corrosive environment. It is the mechanical degradation of a material under the joint action of corrosion and cyclic loading. Nearly all engineering structures experience some form of alternating stress, and are exposed to harmful environments during their service life. The environment... | Corrosion fatigue | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,337 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Fracture mechanics",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Corrosion",
"Construction",
"Electrochemistry",
"Civil engineering",
"Materials degradation"
] |
4,171,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained%20optimization | In mathematical optimization, constrained optimization (in some contexts called constraint optimization) is the process of optimizing an objective function with respect to some variables in the presence of constraints on those variables. The objective function is either a cost function or energy function, which is to ... | Constrained optimization | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,644 | [
"Mathematical optimization",
"Mathematical analysis"
] |
8,759,421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethylenediamine | Hexamethylenediamine or hexane-1,6-diamine, is the organic compound with the formula H2N(CH2)6NH2. The molecule is a diamine, consisting of a hexamethylene hydrocarbon chain terminated with amine functional groups. The colorless solid (yellowish for some commercial samples) has a strong amine odor. About 1 billion kil... | Hexamethylenediamine | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 525 | [
"Monomers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
8,761,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility%20%28chemical%29 | Chemical compatibility is a rough measure of how stable a substance is when mixed with another substance. If two substances can mix together and not undergo a chemical reaction, they are considered compatible. Incompatible chemicals react with each other, and can cause corrosion, mechanical weakening, evolution of gas,... | Compatibility (chemical) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 336 | [
"Chemical safety",
"Chemical accident",
"nan"
] |
8,761,319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorokhod%27s%20embedding%20theorem | In mathematics and probability theory, Skorokhod's embedding theorem is either or both of two theorems that allow one to regard any suitable collection of random variables as a Wiener process (Brownian motion) evaluated at a collection of stopping times. Both results are named for the Ukrainian mathematician A. V. Skor... | Skorokhod's embedding theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 266 | [
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
8,761,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20engineering | Strain engineering refers to a general strategy employed in semiconductor manufacturing to enhance device performance. Performance benefits are achieved by modulating strain, as one example, in the transistor channel, which enhances electron mobility (or hole mobility) and thereby conductivity through the channel. Ano... | Strain engineering | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,511 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
8,762,886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophagocytosis | Hemophagocytosis is a dangerous form of phagocytosis in which histiocytes engulf red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and their precursors in bone marrow and other tissues.
It is part of the presentation of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome. It has also been seen at autop... | Hemophagocytosis | [
"Biology"
] | 93 | [
"Pathology"
] |
8,764,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman%20continuum%20photons | Lyman continuum photons (abbrev. LyC), shortened to Ly continuum photons or Lyc photons, are the photons emitted from stars or active galactic nuclei at photon energies above the Lyman limit. Hydrogen is ionized by absorbing LyC. Working from Victor Schumann's discovery of ultraviolet light, from 1906 to 1914, Theodore... | Lyman continuum photons | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 564 | [
"Emission spectroscopy",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
8,765,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20of%20electricity | The word electricity refers generally to the movement of electrons, or other charge carriers, through a conductor in the presence of a potential difference or an electric field. The speed of this flow has multiple meanings. In everyday electrical and electronic devices, the signals travel as electromagnetic waves typ... | Speed of electricity | [
"Physics"
] | 1,340 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions"
] |
8,765,524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen%20halide | A cyanogen halide is a molecule consisting of cyanide and a halogen. Cyanogen halides are chemically classified as pseudohalogens.
The cyanogen halides are a group of chemically reactive compounds which contain a cyano group (-CN) attached to a halogen element, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Cyanogen ... | Cyanogen halide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 811 | [
"Pseudohalogens",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Molecules",
"Triatomic molecules",
"Matter"
] |
8,769,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific-pathogen-free | Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) is a term used for laboratory animals that are guaranteed free of particular pathogens. Use of SPF animals ensures that specified diseases do not interfere with an experiment. For example, absence of respiratory pathogens such as influenza is desirable when investigating a drug's effect on ... | Specific-pathogen-free | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 646 | [
"Animal testing",
"Animal models",
"Model organisms"
] |
8,769,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryochemistry | Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below . It is derived from the Greek word cryos, meaning 'cold'. It overlaps with many other sciences, including chemistry, cryobiology, condensed matter physics, and even astrochemistry.
Cryochemistry has been a topic of interest since liquid nitrog... | Cryochemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Astronomy",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 805 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Thermochemistry",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Phases of matter",
"Cryobiology",
"Materials science",
"Astrochemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Biochemistry",
"Physical chemistry",
"Matter"... |
6,910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning | Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction; this reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate is known as parthenogenesis. In the field of biotechnology, cloning is ... | Cloning | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 9,477 | [
"Evolutionary processes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Behavior",
"Selection",
"Reproduction",
"Cloning",
"Genetic engineering",
"Cryobiology",
"Asexual reproduction",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
6,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose | Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteri... | Cellulose | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,450 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Polysaccharides"
] |
6,933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin | Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures. This prevents the strands from becoming tangled and also plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulati... | Chromatin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,411 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
6,956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20law | In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves over time. Exact conservation laws include conservation of mass-energy, conservation of linear momentum, conservation of angular momentum, and conservation of electric charge.... | Conservation law | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,307 | [
"Thermodynamic systems",
"Equations of physics",
"Conservation laws",
"Mathematical objects",
"Scientific laws",
"Equations",
"Physical systems",
"Thermodynamics",
"Geometry",
"Dynamical systems",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
7,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20engineering | Control engineering, also known as control systems engineering and, in some European countries, automation engineering, is an engineering discipline that deals with control systems, applying control theory to design equipment and systems with desired behaviors in control environments. The discipline of controls overlap... | Control engineering | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,329 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Automation",
"Control engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"nan",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
7,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20theory | Control theory is a field of control engineering and applied mathematics that deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any delay, ... | Control theory | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 6,082 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Control engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
7,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics | In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.
The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of to... | Cryogenics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,422 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Cryogenics",
"Industrial gases"
] |
7,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20cycle | The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequential series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the growth of the cell, duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm, chr... | Cell cycle | [
"Biology"
] | 8,161 | [
"Senescence",
"Cellular senescence",
"Cell cycle",
"Cellular processes"
] |
7,284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centromere | The centromere links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division. This constricted region of chromosome connects the sister chromatids, creating a short arm (p) and a long arm (q) on the chromatids. During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere via the kinetochore.
The physical role of the cent... | Centromere | [
"Biology"
] | 3,624 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"DNA replication",
"Molecular genetics"
] |
7,296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac%20glycoside | Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses include treatments for congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias; however, their relative t... | Cardiac glycoside | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,959 | [
"Chemical ecology",
"Plant toxins"
] |
7,304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination%20complex | A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents. Many metal-containing compounds, especially those that include ... | Coordination complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 6,743 | [
"Coordination chemistry",
"nan",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
7,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic%20microwave%20background | The cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR), or relic radiation, is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe. With a standard optical telescope, the background space between stars and galaxies is almost completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope detects a faint backgro... | Cosmic microwave background | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 9,697 | [
"Physical cosmological concepts",
"Astronomical radio sources",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Astronomical events",
"Observational astronomy",
"Astrophysics",
"Radio astronomy",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
7,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis | Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (e.g., glucose) ... | Chemotaxis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 6,263 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Transmembrane receptors",
"Physical phenomena",
"Chemical engineering",
"Signal transduction"
] |
7,466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal%20tar | Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal. It is a type of creosote. It has both medical and industrial uses. Medicinally it is a topical medication applied to skin to treat psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). It may be used in combination with ul... | Coal tar | [
"Physics"
] | 2,371 | [
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
7,480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20section%20%28physics%29 | In physics, the cross section is a measure of the probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles. For example, the Rutherford cross-section is a measure of probability that an alpha particle will be deflected by a given angle during an interaction with an atomic nucleus. Cross sect... | Cross section (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 4,140 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Measurement",
"Scattering",
"Particle physics",
" molecular",
"Nuclear physics",
" and optical physics",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Quantity",
"Size",
... |
7,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimetry | In chemistry and thermodynamics, calorimetry () is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorime... | Calorimetry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,605 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
7,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centripetal%20force | A centripetal force (from Latin centrum, "center" and petere, "to seek") is a force that makes a body follow a curved path. The direction of the centripetal force is always orthogonal to the motion of the body and towards the fixed point of the instantaneous center of curvature of the path. Isaac Newton described it as... | Centripetal force | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,460 | [
"Machines",
"Force",
"Kinematics",
"Physical quantities",
"Acceleration",
"Physical phenomena",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Physical systems",
"Motion (physics)",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
... |
7,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir%20effect | In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect (or Casimir force) is a physical force acting on the macroscopic boundaries of a confined space which arises from the quantum fluctuations of a field. The term Casimir pressure is sometimes used when it is described in units of force per unit area. It is named after the Dutch... | Casimir effect | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,604 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Physical phenomena",
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Levitation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
7,794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography | Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. The word crystallography is derived from the Ancient Greek word (; "clear ice, rock-crystal"), and (; "to write"). In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallo... | Crystallography | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,178 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
7,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20metric%20space | In mathematical analysis, a metric space is called complete (or a Cauchy space) if every Cauchy sequence of points in has a limit that is also in .
Intuitively, a space is complete if there are no "points missing" from it (inside or at the boundary). For instance, the set of rational numbers is not complete, because... | Complete metric space | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,131 | [
"Uniform spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
7,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20reaction | A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events.
Chain reactions are one way that systems which are not in thermodynamic equilibrium can release energy or incr... | Chain reaction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,864 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
8,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional%20analysis | In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric current) and units of measurement (such as metres and grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or compari... | Dimensional analysis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 10,504 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Dimensional analysis",
"Chemical engineering",
"Quantity",
"Measurement",
"Size",
"Environmental engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"nan",
"Conversion of units of measurement",
"Units of measurement"
] |
8,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetism | Diamagnetism is the property of materials that are repelled by a magnetic field; an applied magnetic field creates an induced magnetic field in them in the opposite direction, causing a repulsive force. In contrast, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials are attracted by a magnetic field. Diamagnetism is a quantum me... | Diamagnetism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,155 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science"
] |
8,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole | In physics, a dipole () is an electromagnetic phenomenon which occurs in two ways:
An electric dipole deals with the separation of the positive and negative electric charges found in any electromagnetic system. A simple example of this system is a pair of charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign separated by some ... | Dipole | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,506 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Potential theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Fundamental interactions"
] |
8,398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension | In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Thus, a line has a dimension of one (1D) because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on itfor example, the point at 5 on a number l... | Dimension | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,921 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Physical properties",
"Geometry",
"Theory of relativity",
"nan",
"Abstract algebra",
"Dimension",
"Algebra"
] |
8,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel | The decibel (symbol: dB) is a relative unit of measurement equal to one tenth of a bel (B). It expresses the ratio of two values of a power or root-power quantity on a logarithmic scale. Two signals whose levels differ by one decibel have a power ratio of 101/10 (approximately ) or root-power ratio of 101/20 (approxima... | Decibel | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 8,727 | [
"Audio electronics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Units of level",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Logarithmic scales of mea... |
8,429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density | Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is a substance's mass per unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:
where ρ is the density, m is the mass,... | Density | [
"Physics"
] | 2,961 | [
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Mass",
"Intensive quantities",
"Volume-specific quantities",
"Density",
"Mass density",
"Matter"
] |
8,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation%20%28biochemistry%29 | In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chlorofo... | Denaturation (biochemistry) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,092 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Biochemical reactions",
"Structural biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Protein structure",
"Nucleic acids"
] |
8,463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnium | Dubnium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Db and atomic number 105. It is highly radioactive: the most stable known isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of about 16 hours. This greatly limits extended research on the element.
Dubnium does not occur naturally on Earth and is produced artificially. The Sov... | Dubnium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,176 | [
"Matter",
"Chemical elements",
"Synthetic materials",
"Synthetic elements",
"Atoms",
"Radioactivity"
] |
8,524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium | Deuterium (hydrogen-2, symbol H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen; the other is protium, or hydrogen-1, H. The deuterium nucleus (deuteron) contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common H has no neutrons. Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth's oceans ... | Deuterium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 8,627 | [
"Isotopes of hydrogen",
"Environmental isotopes",
"Isotopes",
"Materials",
"Nuclear materials",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Matter",
"Medical isotopes"
] |
8,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction | Diffraction is the deviation of waves from straight-line propagation without any change in their energy due to an obstacle or through an aperture. The diffracting object or aperture effectively becomes a secondary source of the propagating wave. Diffraction is the same physical effect as interference, but interference ... | Diffraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 5,438 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
8,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20diffusion | Molecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size (mass) of the particles. Diffusion explains the net flux of molecules from a region ... | Molecular diffusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,030 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Diffusion",
"Underwater diving physics",
"Chemical engineering"
] |
8,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20matter | In astronomy, dark matter is an invisible and hypothetical form of matter that does not interact with light or other electromagnetic radiation. Dark matter is implied by gravitational effects which cannot be explained by general relativity unless more matter is present than can be observed. Such effects occur in the co... | Dark matter | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 9,000 | [
"Dark matter",
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astroparticle physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Dark concepts in astrophysics",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Particle physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Celestial mechanics",
... |
8,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20ligase | DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms (such as DNA ligase IV) may specifically repair double-strand breaks (i.e. a break... | DNA ligase | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,918 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genetic engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"DNA replication",
"Molecular genetics",
"nan"
] |
8,724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler%20effect | The Doppler effect (also Doppler shift) is the change in the frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. The Doppler effect is named after the physicist Christian Doppler, who described the phenomenon in 1842. A common example of Doppler shift is the change of pitch ... | Doppler effect | [
"Physics"
] | 3,201 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Astrophysics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Doppler effects"
] |
11,913,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative%20elementary%20volume | In the theory of composite materials, the representative elementary volume (REV) (also called the representative volume element (RVE) or the unit cell) is the smallest volume over which a measurement can be made that will yield a value representative of the whole. In the case of periodic materials, one simply chooses ... | Representative elementary volume | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,362 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Hydrology",
"Physical quantities",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics",
"Size",
"Extensive quantities",
"Volume",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Hydrogeology"
] |
14,596,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20117207 | HD 117207 is a star in the southern constellation Centaurus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.24, it is too dim to be visible to the naked eye but can be seen with a small telescope. Based upon parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of from the Sun. The star is drifting closer with a radial velocity ... | HD 117207 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 342 | [
"Centaurus",
"Constellations"
] |
14,596,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20cooling%20transformation | A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) phase diagram is often used when heat treating steel. These diagrams are used to represent which types of phase changes will occur in a material as it is cooled at different rates. These diagrams are often more useful than time-temperature-transformation diagrams because it is ... | Continuous cooling transformation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 208 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Mechanical engineering stubs",
"Metallurgy",
"Phases of matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Materials science",
"nan",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter"
] |
14,598,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeplitz%20operator | In operator theory, a Toeplitz operator is the compression of a multiplication operator on the circle to the Hardy space.
Details
Let be the unit circle in the complex plane, with the standard Lebesgue measure, and be the Hilbert space of complex-valued square-integrable functions. A bounded measurable complex-val... | Toeplitz operator | [
"Mathematics"
] | 312 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Linear operators",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
14,598,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual%20robotics | Perceptual robotics is an interdisciplinary science linking Robotics and Neuroscience. It investigates biologically motivated robot control strategies, concentrating on perceptual rather than cognitive processes and thereby sides with J. J. Gibson's view against the Poverty of the stimulus theory.
As a working definit... | Perceptual robotics | [
"Engineering"
] | 232 | [
"Robotics",
"Automation"
] |
14,598,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic%20pentachloride | Arsenic pentachloride is a chemical compound of arsenic and chlorine. This compound was first prepared in 1976 through the UV irradiation of arsenic trichloride, AsCl3, in liquid chlorine at −105 °C. AsCl5 decomposes at around −50 °C. The structure of the solid was finally determined in 2001. AsCl5 is similar to phos... | Arsenic pentachloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 297 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
14,601,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden%20hyperelastic%20model | The Ogden material model is a hyperelastic material model used to describe the non-linear stress–strain behaviour of complex materials such as rubbers, polymers, and biological tissue. The model was developed by Raymond Ogden in 1972. The Ogden model, like other hyperelastic material models, assumes that the material ... | Ogden hyperelastic model | [
"Physics"
] | 595 | [
"Solid mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Continuum mechanics"
] |
14,601,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoacceleration | In polymer chemistry, autoacceleration (gel effect) is a dangerous reaction behavior that can occur in free-radical polymerization systems. It is due to the localized increases in viscosity of the polymerizing system that slow termination reactions. The removal of reaction obstacles therefore causes a rapid increase in... | Autoacceleration | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 810 | [
"Reaction mechanisms",
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Physical organic chemistry",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
14,602,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoblast | A melanoblast is a precursor cell of a melanocyte. These cells migrate from the trunk neural crest cells (in terms of axial level from neck to posterior end) dorsolaterally between the ectoderm and dorsal surface of the somites.
See also
Biological pigment
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
Refere... | Melanoblast | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 83 | [
"Natural products",
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules",
"Structural biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Pigmentation",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,603,289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazia | FAZIA stands for the Four Pi A and Z Identification Array.
This is a project which aims at building a new 4pi particle detector for charged particles. It will operate in the domain of heavy-ion induced reactions around the Fermi energy. It groups together more than 10 institutions worldwide in Nuclear Physics. It is p... | Fazia | [
"Physics"
] | 306 | [
"Nuclear physics"
] |
14,603,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux%27s%20formula | In mathematical analysis, Darboux's formula is a formula introduced by for summing infinite series by using integrals or evaluating integrals using infinite series. It is a generalization to the complex plane of the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula, which is used for similar purposes and derived in a similar manner ... | Darboux's formula | [
"Mathematics"
] | 250 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Summability methods",
"Mathematical structures"
] |
14,604,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20membrane%20phospholipase%20A1 | Outer membrane phospholipase A1 (OMPLA) is an acyl hydrolase with a broad substrate specificity (EC:3.1.1.32.) from the bacterial outer membrane. It has been proposed that Ser164 is the active site of the protein (UniProt )
This integral membrane phospholipase was found in many Gram-negative bacteria and has a broad... | Outer membrane phospholipase A1 | [
"Biology"
] | 389 | [
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
14,605,198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20membrane%20efflux%20protein | The outer membrane efflux protein is a protein family member that forms trimeric (three-piece) channels allowing the export of a variety of substrates in gram-negative bacteria. Each efflux protein is composed of two repeats. The trimeric channel is composed of a 12-stranded beta-barrel that spans the outer membrane, ... | Outer membrane efflux protein | [
"Biology"
] | 149 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
14,605,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FadL%20outer%20membrane%20protein%20transport%20family | Outer membrane transport proteins (OMPP1/FadL/TodX) family includes several proteins that are involved in toluene catabolism and degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. This family also includes protein FadL involved in translocation of long-chain
fatty acids across the outer membrane. It is also a receptor for the
bact... | FadL outer membrane protein transport family | [
"Biology"
] | 85 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
9,441,061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GISAID | GISAID (), the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, previously the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data, is a global science initiative established in 2008 to provide access to genomic data of influenza viruses. The database was expanded to include the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 p... | GISAID | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,906 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering"
] |
9,442,947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleman%27s%20condition | In mathematics, particularly, in analysis, Carleman's condition gives a sufficient condition for the determinacy of the moment problem. That is, if a measure satisfies Carleman's condition, there is no other measure having the same moments as The condition was discovered by Torsten Carleman in 1922.
Hamburger mome... | Carleman's condition | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 326 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Moments (mathematics)",
"Physical quantities",
"Theorems in approximation theory",
"Moment (physics)"
] |
9,443,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmorino | Marmorino Veneziano is a type of plaster or stucco. It is based on calcium oxide and used for interior and exterior wall decorations. Marmorino plaster can be finished via multiple techniques for a variety of matte, satin, and glossy final effects. It was used as far back as Roman times, but was made popular once more ... | Marmorino | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,003 | [
"Building engineering",
"Coatings",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Plastering",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
52,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20optimization | Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise... | Mathematical optimization | [
"Mathematics"
] | 6,307 | [
"Mathematical optimization",
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Operations research"
] |
52,081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihydrogen | Antihydrogen () is the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. Whereas the common hydrogen atom is composed of an electron and proton, the antihydrogen atom is made up of a positron and antiproton. Scientists hope that studying antihydrogen may shed light on the question of why there is more matter than antimatter in the o... | Antihydrogen | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,854 | [
"Antimatter",
"Matter",
"Phases of matter",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases"
] |
52,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20folding | Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein, after synthesis by a ribosome as a linear chain of amino acids, changes from an unstable random coil into a more ordered three-dimensional structure. This structure permits the protein to become biologically functional.
The folding of many proteins begins eve... | Protein folding | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 7,285 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Protein structure",
"Structural biology",
"Biochemical reactions"
] |
52,206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanowire | A nanowire is a nanostructure in the form of a wire with the diameter of the order of a nanometre (10−9 m). More generally, nanowires can be defined as structures that have a thickness or diameter constrained to tens of nanometers or less and an unconstrained length. At these scales, quantum mechanical effects are impo... | Nanowire | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 5,768 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Nanoelectronics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Mesoscopic physics"
] |
52,247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier%20transform | In mathematics, the Fourier transform (FT) is an integral transform that takes a function as input and outputs another function that describes the extent to which various frequencies are present in the original function. The output of the transform is a complex-valued function of frequency. The term Fourier transform r... | Fourier transform | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 14,466 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
52,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermite | Thermite () is a pyrotechnic composition of metal powder and metal oxide. When ignited by heat or chemical reaction, thermite undergoes an exothermic reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. Most varieties are not explosive, but can create brief bursts of heat and high temperature in a small area. Its form of action is si... | Thermite | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 5,377 | [
"Pyrotechnic compositions",
"Welding",
"Inorganic reactions",
"Materials",
"Powders",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Matter"
] |
52,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthine | Xanthine ( or , from Ancient Greek for its yellowish-white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, an... | Xanthine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 835 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Xanthines"
] |
52,564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20differential%20equation | In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation which involves a multivariable function and one or more of its partial derivatives.
The function is often thought of as an "unknown" that solves the equation, similar to how is thought of as an unknown number solving, e.g., an algebraic equation lik... | Partial differential equation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,308 | [
"Calculus",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations",
"Multivariable calculus",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
52,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling | Boiling or ebullition is the rapid phase transition from liquid to gas or vapour; the reverse of boiling is condensation. Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, so that the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere. Boiling and evapo... | Boiling | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,208 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Matter",
"Phase transitions",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Phases of matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases"
] |
53,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann%20law | The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan's law, describes the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by matter in terms of that matter's temperature. It is named for Josef Stefan, who empirically derived the relationship, and Ludwig Boltzmann who derived the law theoretically.
For an ideal absorber/emitter ... | Stefan–Boltzmann law | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,358 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Thermodynamics",
"Laws of thermodynamics"
] |
53,268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution%20theorem | In mathematics, the convolution theorem states that under suitable conditions the Fourier transform of a convolution of two functions (or signals) is the product of their Fourier transforms. More generally, convolution in one domain (e.g., time domain) equals point-wise multiplication in the other domain (e.g., frequen... | Convolution theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,208 | [
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
53,299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven%20National%20Laboratory | Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Upton, New York, a hamlet of the Town of Brookhaven. It was formally established in 1947 at the site of Camp Upton, a former U.S. Army base on Long Island. Located approximately 60 miles east of New York City, it... | Brookhaven National Laboratory | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,952 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Theoretical physics",
"Nuclear organizations",
"Theoretical physics institutes"
] |
53,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAC%20National%20Accelerator%20Laboratory | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is a federally funded research and development center in Menlo Park, California, United States. Founded in 1962, the laboratory is now sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and administrated by Stanford Universi... | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory | [
"Physics"
] | 2,503 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physics institutes",
"Experimental physics",
"Particle physics",
"Experimental particle physics"
] |
53,452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20totient%20function | In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer that are relatively prime to . It is written using the Greek letter phi as or , and may also be called Euler's phi function. In other words, it is the number of integers in the range for which the greatest common divisor ... | Euler's totient function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,898 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Algebra",
"Multiplicative functions",
"Arithmetic",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Modular arithmetic",
"Number theory"
] |
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