id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,581,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20design | Protein design is the rational design of new protein molecules to design novel activity, behavior, or purpose, and to advance basic understanding of protein function. Proteins can be designed from scratch (de novo design) or by making calculated variants of a known protein structure and its sequence (termed protein red... | Protein design | [
"Chemistry"
] | 6,287 | [
"Protein structure",
"Structural biology"
] |
1,582,429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnaviridae | Birnaviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Salmonid fish, birds and insects serve as natural hosts. There are currently 11 species in this family, divided among seven genera. Diseases associated with this family include infectious pancreatic necrosis in salmonid fish, which causes significant losses to th... | Birnaviridae | [
"Biology"
] | 687 | [
"Protein families",
"Viruses",
"Riboviria",
"Protein classification"
] |
1,583,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous%20metaplasia | Squamous metaplasia is a benign non-cancerous change (metaplasia) of surfacing lining cells (epithelium) to a squamous morphology.
Location
Common sites for squamous metaplasia include the bladder and cervix. Smokers often exhibit squamous metaplasia in the linings of their airways. These changes don't signify a spec... | Squamous metaplasia | [
"Chemistry"
] | 297 | [
"Histopathology",
"Microscopy"
] |
1,584,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCK%20CEN | SCK CEN (the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre), until 2020 shortened as SCK•CEN, is the Belgian nuclear research centre located in Mol, Belgium. SCK CEN is a global leader in the field of nuclear research, services, and education.
History
SCK CEN was founded in 1952 and originally named Studiecentrum voor de Toepassin... | SCK CEN | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,882 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Nuclear organizations",
"Radiation protection organizations"
] |
1,584,291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guastavino%20tile | The Guastavino tile arch system is a version of Catalan vault introduced to the United States in 1885 by Spanish architect and builder Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908). It was patented in the United States by Guastavino in 1892.
Description
Guastavino vaulting is a technique for constructing robust, self-supporting arche... | Guastavino tile | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,044 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Masonry",
"Building engineering",
"Structural system",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
1,584,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20cycle%20machine | An air cycle machine (ACM) is the refrigeration unit of the environmental control system (ECS) used in pressurized gas turbine-powered aircraft. Normally an aircraft has two or three of these ACM. Each ACM and its components are often referred as an air conditioning pack. The air cycle cooling process uses air instead... | Air cycle machine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,049 | [
"Gas compressors",
"Turbomachinery"
] |
1,584,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochromism | Thermochromism is the property of substances to change color due to a change in temperature. A mood ring is an example of this property used in a consumer product although thermochromism also has more practical uses, such as baby bottles, which change to a different color when cool enough to drink, or kettles which ch... | Thermochromism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,239 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Chromism",
"Materials science",
"Thermodynamics",
"Smart materials",
"Spectroscopy",
"Thermochromism"
] |
1,585,155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass%20factorization%20theorem | In mathematics, and particularly in the field of complex analysis, the Weierstrass factorization theorem asserts that every entire function can be represented as a (possibly infinite) product involving its zeroes. The theorem may be viewed as an extension of the fundamental theorem of algebra, which asserts that every... | Weierstrass factorization theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,146 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in complex analysis"
] |
1,585,226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20symmetrizer | In mathematics, a Young symmetrizer is an element of the group algebra of the symmetric group whose natural action on tensor products of a complex vector space has as image an irreducible representation of the group of invertible linear transformations . All irreducible representations of are thus obtained. It is... | Young symmetrizer | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 746 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Permutations",
"Algebra",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Symmetric functions",
"Mathematical relations",
"Symmetry"
] |
1,585,348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RL%20circuit | A resistor–inductor circuit (RL circuit), or RL filter or RL network, is an electric circuit composed of resistors and inductors driven by a voltage or current source. A first-order RL circuit is composed of one resistor and one inductor, either in series driven by a voltage source or in parallel driven by a current so... | RL circuit | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,053 | [
"Analog circuits",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
1,585,648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic%20engineering | Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within cells to increase the cell's production of a certain substance. These processes are chemical networks that use a series of biochemical reactions and enzymes that allow cells to convert raw materials into molecules necessary for ... | Metabolic engineering | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,836 | [
"Biological engineering"
] |
8,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%20equation | The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy.
The equation was formulated in 1961 by Frank Drake, not for purposes of quantifying the number of civilizations, but as a way to stimulate scientific dialogue at t... | Drake equation | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 6,582 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Origin of life",
"Equations of physics",
"History of astronomy",
"Speculative evolution",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Astrobiology",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Fermi paradox",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
9,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine%20equation | In mathematics, a Diophantine equation is an equation, typically a polynomial equation in two or more unknowns with integer coefficients, for which only integer solutions are of interest. A linear Diophantine equation equates to a constant the sum of two or more monomials, each of degree one. An exponential Diophantin... | Diophantine equation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,038 | [
"Diophantine equations",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Number theory"
] |
9,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly%20%28sheep%29 | Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female Finn-Dorset sheep and the first mammal that was cloned from an adult somatic cell. She was cloned by associates of the Roslin Institute in Scotland, using the process of nuclear transfer from a cell taken from a mammary gland. Her cloning proved that a cloned organi... | Dolly (sheep) | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,041 | [
"Cloning",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
9,225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20paper | Electronic paper or intelligent paper, is a display device that reflects ambient light, mimicking the appearance of ordinary ink on paper – unlike conventional flat-panel displays which need additional energy to emit their own light. This may make them more comfortable to read, and provide a wider viewing angle than mo... | Electronic paper | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,913 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Display technology"
] |
9,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma%20machine | The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military. The Enigma machine was considered so secure that it was used ... | Enigma machine | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 12,736 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Rotor machines"
] |
9,257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme | Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occ... | Enzyme | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 7,692 | [
"Catalysis",
"Natural products",
"Biochemistry",
"Organic compounds",
"Cellular processes",
"Biomolecules",
"Molecular biology",
"Structural biology",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Metabolism",
"Process chemicals"
] |
9,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence%20class | In mathematics, when the elements of some set have a notion of equivalence (formalized as an equivalence relation), then one may naturally split the set into equivalence classes. These equivalence classes are constructed so that elements and belong to the same equivalence class if, and only if, they are equivalent.... | Equivalence class | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,735 | [
"Set theory",
"Mathematical logic",
"Binary relations",
"Mathematical relations",
"Algebra"
] |
9,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether | In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group—a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms, each part of an organyl group (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula , where R and R′ represent the organyl groups. Ethers can again be classified into two varieties:... | Ether | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,697 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
9,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology | Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral ac... | Endocrinology | [
"Biology"
] | 3,413 | [
"Organ systems",
"Endocrine system"
] |
9,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20engineering | Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, and systems that use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after the commercialization of the electric te... | Electrical engineering | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 6,637 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical and computer engineering",
"nan",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
9,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism | In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combinatio... | Electromagnetism | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,282 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Force",
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical quantities",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Particle physics",
"Electrodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
9,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity%20generation | Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy. For utilities in the electric power industry, it is the stage prior to its delivery (transmission, distribution, etc.) to end users or its storage, using for example, the pumped-storage method.
Consumable electricity is ... | Electricity generation | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,677 | [
"Energy engineering",
"Construction",
"Power engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Infrastructure"
] |
9,541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%20of%20experiments | The design of experiments, also known as experiment design or experimental design, is the design of any task that aims to describe and explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation. The term is generally associated with experiments in which the design introduces co... | Design of experiments | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 4,271 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Statistical process control",
"Applied mathematics",
"Industrial engineering",
"Engineering statistics",
"Mathematics in medicine"
] |
9,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20formula | Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the fundamental relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function. Euler's formula states that, for any real number , one has
where is the base of the natural logarithm, is ... | Euler's formula | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,139 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in complex analysis",
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
9,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionarily%20stable%20strategy | An evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is a strategy (or set of strategies) that is impermeable when adopted by a population in adaptation to a specific environment, that is to say it cannot be displaced by an alternative strategy (or set of strategies) which may be novel or initially rare. Introduced by John Maynard ... | Evolutionarily stable strategy | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,274 | [
"Game theory",
"Game theory equilibrium concepts",
"Evolutionary game theory"
] |
9,630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology | Ecology () is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms and their environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. Ecology overlaps with the closely related sciences of biogeography, evolutionary biology, genetics, ethology, and na... | Ecology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 13,719 | [
"Ecology terminology",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Ecology",
"Chemical oceanography",
"Biogeochemistry"
] |
9,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem | An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system formed by organisms in interaction with their environment. The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
Ecosystems are controlled by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, parent material which ... | Ecosystem | [
"Biology"
] | 5,994 | [
"Symbiosis",
"Ecosystems"
] |
9,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine | An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy.
Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power generation), heat energy (e.g. geothermal), chemical energy, electric potential a... | Engine | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 5,424 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Engine technology",
"Engines"
] |
9,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Environment%20Agency | The European Environment Agency (EEA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) which provides independent information on the environment.
Definition
The European Environment Agency (EEA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) which provides independent information on the environment.
Its goal is to help those invol... | European Environment Agency | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,623 | [
"Atmospheric dispersion modeling",
"Environmental modelling",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
9,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy | Energy () is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The unit of... | Energy | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 7,696 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Energy (physics)",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
9,653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected%20value | In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average. Informally, the expected value is the mean of the possible values a random variable can take, weighted by... | Expected value | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,361 | [
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
9,656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20light | An electric light, lamp, or light bulb is an electrical component that produces light. It is the most common form of artificial lighting. Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass, or plastic which secures the lamp in the socket of a light fixture, which is often called a "lamp" as well. The electrical co... | Electric light | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,251 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical components",
"Components"
] |
9,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20psychology | Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in psychology that examines cognition and behavior from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify human psychological adaptations with regards to the ancestral problems they evolved to solve. In this framework, psychological traits and mechanisms are eithe... | Evolutionary psychology | [
"Biology"
] | 16,133 | [
"Evolutionary biology"
] |
9,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20microscope | An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination. They use electron optics that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope to control the electron beam, for instance focusing them to produce magnified images or electron diffraction patterns. As the w... | Electron microscope | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 4,391 | [
"Electron",
"Biochemistry methods",
"Electron microscopy",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Pathology",
"Measuring instruments",
"Microscopes",
"Experimental physics",
"Microscopy",
"Accelerator physics",
"Protein imaging"
] |
9,735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20field | An electromagnetic field (also EM field) is a physical field, mathematical functions of position and time, representing the influences on and due to electric charges. The field at any point in space and time can be regarded as a combination of an electric field and a magnetic field.
Because of the interrelationship be... | Electromagnetic field | [
"Physics"
] | 2,445 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions"
] |
9,804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20charge | Electric charge (symbol q, sometimes Q) is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be positive or negative. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with no net charge is referred to as electric... | Electric charge | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,614 | [
"Electromagnetic quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Electric charge",
"Equations of physics",
"Conservation laws",
"Spintronics",
"Quantity",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
9,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction%20event | An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth. Such an event is identified by a sharp fall in the diversity and abundance of multicellular organisms. It occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the background ex... | Extinction event | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 8,873 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Physical phenomena",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Evolution of the biosphere",
"Weather",
"Extinction events",
"Hypothetical impact events",
"Natural disasters",
"Biological hypotheses"
] |
9,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation%20of%20state | In physics and chemistry, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy. Most modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy. Equatio... | Equation of state | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,273 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Equations of physics",
"Thermodynamic models",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Civil engineering",
"Thermodynamics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Equations of state",
"Fluid mechanics"
] |
9,931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier | An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase the magnitude of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). It is a two-port electronic circuit that uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude (magnitude of the voltage or current) of a signal ap... | Amplifier | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 7,969 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Electronic amplifiers",
"Amplifiers",
"Electronic circuits"
] |
9,944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episome | An episome is a special type of plasmid, which remains as a part of the eukaryotic genome without integration. Episomes manage this by replicating together with the rest of the genome and subsequently associating with metaphase chromosomes during mitosis. Episomes do not degrade, unlike standard plasmids, and can be de... | Episome | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 381 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
9,994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris%20time | The term ephemeris time (often abbreviated ET) can in principle refer to time in association with any ephemeris (itinerary of the trajectory of an astronomical object). In practice it has been used more specifically to refer to:
a former standard astronomical time scale adopted in 1952 by the IAU, and superseded duri... | Ephemeris time | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 5,127 | [
"Time in astronomy",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Astronomical coordinate systems",
"Spacetime",
"Time scales"
] |
10,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode | An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air). Electrodes are essential parts of batteries that can consist of a variety of materials (chemicals) depending on the type of battery.
Michael Faraday coined the term... | Electrode | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,605 | [
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrodes"
] |
10,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie%20Canal | The Erie Canal is a historic canal in upstate New York that runs east–west between the Hudson River and Lake Erie. Completed in 1825, the canal was the first navigable waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, vastly reducing the costs of transporting people and goods across the Appalachians. The Erie ... | Erie Canal | [
"Engineering"
] | 9,401 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks"
] |
10,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20formula | In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of sulfur monoxide, or SO, is simply SO, as is the empirical formula of disulfur dioxide, S2O2. Thus, sulfur monoxide and disulfur ... | Empirical formula | [
"Chemistry"
] | 632 | [
"Chemical formulas",
"Chemical structures",
"nan"
] |
10,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak%20interaction | In particle physics, the electroweak interaction or electroweak force is the unified description of two of the fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism (electromagnetic interaction) and the weak interaction. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low energies, the theory models them as ... | Electroweak interaction | [
"Physics"
] | 1,943 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Electroweak theory"
] |
10,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic radiation, organized by frequency or wavelength. The spectrum is divided into separate bands, with different names for the electromagnetic waves within each band. From low to high frequency these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ult... | Electromagnetic spectrum | [
"Physics"
] | 4,876 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Motion (physics)"
] |
10,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic%20process | In thermodynamics, an exothermic process () is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen). The ... | Exothermic process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 989 | [
"Chemical thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamic processes",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
10,274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy | Enthalpy () is the sum of a thermodynamic system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. It is a state function in thermodynamics used in many measurements in chemical, biological, and physical systems at a constant external pressure, which is conveniently provided by the large ambient atmosphere.... | Enthalpy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,449 | [
"State functions",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Energy (physics)",
"Enthalpy",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical properties"
] |
10,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion | An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable) owing to liquid-liquid phase separation. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used interchangeably, emulsion... | Emulsion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,956 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Soft matter",
"Drug delivery devices",
"Colloids",
"Surface science",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
10,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation | Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase. A high concentration of the evaporating substance in the surrounding gas significantly slows down evaporation, such as when humidity affects rate of evaporation of water. When the molecules of the liquid colli... | Evaporation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,020 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Earth phenomena",
"Gases",
"Thin film deposition",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Coatings",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Critical phenomena",
"Thin films",
"Meteorological phenomena",
"nan",
"Statis... |
10,340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis | Ecdysis is the moulting of the cuticle in many invertebrates of the clade Ecdysozoa. Since the cuticle of these animals typically forms a largely inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. The remnants of the old, empty exoskeleton are called exuviae.
After moulting, an arthr... | Ecdysis | [
"Biology"
] | 1,623 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Ethology",
"Behavior"
] |
10,356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermic%20process | An endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings. In terms of thermodynamics, it is a thermodynamic process with an increase in the enthalpy (or internal energy ) of the system. In an endothermic process, the heat that a system absorbs is thermal energy transfer into the... | Endothermic process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 961 | [
"Chemical thermodynamics",
"Thermochemistry",
"Thermodynamic processes",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
1,023,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgers%27%20equation | Burgers' equation or Bateman–Burgers equation is a fundamental partial differential equation and convection–diffusion equation occurring in various areas of applied mathematics, such as fluid mechanics, nonlinear acoustics, gas dynamics, and traffic flow. The equation was first introduced by Harry Bateman in 1915 and l... | Burgers' equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,372 | [
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Conservation laws",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Conservation equations",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
1,023,468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabazite | Chabazite () is a tectosilicate mineral of the zeolite group, closely related to gmelinite, with the chemical formula . Recognized varieties include Chabazite-Ca, Chabazite-K, Chabazite-Na, and Chabazite-Sr, depending on the prominence of the indicated cation.
Chabazite crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system wit... | Chabazite | [
"Chemistry"
] | 362 | [
"Hydrate minerals",
"Hydrates"
] |
1,023,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma | Glioblastoma, previously known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive and most common type of cancer that originates in the brain, and has a very poor prognosis for survival. Initial signs and symptoms of glioblastoma are nonspecific. They may include headaches, personality changes, nausea, and sympto... | Glioblastoma | [
"Biology"
] | 5,572 | [
"Senescence",
"Aging-associated diseases"
] |
1,023,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric%20flask | A volumetric flask (measuring flask or graduated flask) is a piece of laboratory apparatus, a type of laboratory flask, calibrated to contain a precise volume at a certain temperature. Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions. These flasks are usually pear-shaped, with a fl... | Volumetric flask | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 562 | [
"Volumetric instruments",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
1,023,906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoalexin | Phytoalexins are antimicrobial substances, some of which are antioxidative as well. They are defined not by their having any particular chemical structure or character, but by the fact that they are defensively synthesized de novo by plants that produce the compounds rapidly at sites of pathogen infection. In general p... | Phytoalexin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,422 | [
"Phytoalexins",
"Chemical ecology"
] |
1,024,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgeometer | A pyrgeometer is a device that measures near-surface infra-red (IR) radiation, approximately from 4.5 μm to 100 μm on the electromagnetic spectrum (thereby excluding solar radiation).
It measures the resistance/voltage changes in a material that is sensitive to the net energy transfer by radiation that occurs between ... | Pyrgeometer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 714 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic radiation meters",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Measuring instruments",
"Radiometry"
] |
1,024,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%E2%80%93Proudman%20theorem | In fluid mechanics, the Taylor–Proudman theorem (after Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and Joseph Proudman) states that when a solid body is moved slowly within a fluid that is steadily rotated with a high angular velocity , the fluid velocity will be uniform along any line parallel to the axis of rotation. must be large comp... | Taylor–Proudman theorem | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 501 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"Piping",
"Physics theorems",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,024,667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble%20%28fluid%20mechanics%29 | In continuum mechanics, an ensemble is an imaginary collection of notionally identical experiments.
Each member of the ensemble will have nominally identical boundary conditions and fluid properties. If the flow is turbulent, the details of the fluid motion will differ from member to member because the experimental se... | Ensemble (fluid mechanics) | [
"Physics"
] | 245 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Continuum mechanics"
] |
1,024,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6 | Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2D6 gene. CYP2D6 is primarily expressed in the liver. It is also highly expressed in areas of the central nervous system, including the substantia nigra.
CYP2D6, a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the mo... | CYP2D6 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,921 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacogenomics"
] |
1,026,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20equation | The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium; it was devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872.
The classic example of such a system is a fluid with temperature gradients in space causing heat to flow from hotter regio... | Boltzmann equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,191 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Thermodynamic equations",
"Equations of physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
1,026,606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet%20crude%20oil | Sweet crude oil is a type of petroleum. The New York Mercantile Exchange designates petroleum with less than 0.5% sulfur as sweet.
Petroleum containing higher levels of sulfur is called sour crude oil.
Sweet crude oil contains small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. High-quality, low-sulfur crude oil is... | Sweet crude oil | [
"Chemistry"
] | 400 | [
"Petroleum",
"Chemical mixtures"
] |
10,976,170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF-4 | Elongation factor 4 (EF-4) is an elongation factor that is thought to back-translocate on the ribosome during the translation of RNA to proteins. It is found near-universally in bacteria and in eukaryotic endosymbiotic organelles including the mitochondria and the plastid. Responsible for proofreading during protein sy... | EF-4 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,384 | [
"Protein biosynthesis",
"Gene expression",
"Biosynthesis"
] |
10,977,211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprenorphine | Diprenorphine (brand name Revivon; former developmental code name M5050), also known as diprenorfin, is a non-selective, high-affinity, weak partial agonist of the μ- (MOR), κ- (KOR), and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) (with equal affinity) which is used in veterinary medicine as an opioid antagonist. It is used to reverse th... | Diprenorphine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 697 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
10,978,393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIAP | X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), also known as inhibitor of apoptosis protein 3 (IAP3) and baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 4 (BIRC4), is a protein that stops apoptotic cell death. In humans, this protein (XIAP) is produced by a gene named XIAP gene located on the X chromosome.
XIAP is a membe... | XIAP | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,276 | [
"Senescence",
"Programmed cell death",
"Apoptosis",
"Signal transduction"
] |
11,958,485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britton%E2%80%93Robinson%20buffer | The Britton–Robinson buffer (BRB or PEM) is a "universal" pH buffer used for the pH range from 2 to 12. It has been used historically as an alternative to the McIlvaine buffer, which has a smaller pH range of effectiveness (from 2 to 8).
Universal buffers consist of mixtures of acids of diminishing strength (increasi... | Britton–Robinson buffer | [
"Chemistry"
] | 307 | [
"Acid–base chemistry",
"Buffer solutions",
"Chemical tests",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"nan",
"Analytical chemistry stubs"
] |
11,963,550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra%20low%20expansion%20glass | Ultra low expansion glass (ULE) is a registered trademark of Corning Incorporated. ULE has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and contains as components silica and less than 10% titanium dioxide. Such high resistance to thermal expansion makes it very resistant to high temperature thermal shock. ULE has been ... | Ultra low expansion glass | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 687 | [
"Glass chemistry",
"Glass compositions",
"Low thermal expansion materials",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
16,204,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20field%20NMR | Electric field NMR (EFNMR) spectroscopy is the NMR spectroscopy where additional information on a sample being probed is obtained from the effect of a strong, externally applied, electric field on the NMR signal.
See also
NMR spectroscopy
Stark effect
References
Nuclear magnetic resonance | Electric field NMR | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 59 | [
"Nuclear chemistry stubs",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance stubs",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
16,210,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20spreader | A heat spreader transfers energy as heat from a hotter source to a colder heat sink or heat exchanger. There are two thermodynamic types, passive and active. The most common sort of passive heat spreader is a plate or block of material having high thermal conductivity, such as copper, aluminum, or diamond. An active he... | Heat spreader | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 729 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
16,211,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stebbins%E2%80%93Whitford%20effect | The Stebbins–Whitford effect refers to the excess reddening of the spectra of elliptical galaxies as shown by measurements published by Joel Stebbins and Albert Whitford In 1948. The spectra were shifted much more to the red than the Hubble redshift could account for. Furthermore, this excess reddening increased with t... | Stebbins–Whitford effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 172 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomical spectroscopy",
"Extragalactic astronomy",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
16,215,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium%28IV%29%20chloride | Chromium(IV) chloride () is an unstable chromium compound. It is generated by combining chromium(III) chloride and chlorine gas at elevated temperatures, but reverts to those substances at room temperature.
References
Chromium–halogen compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Chromium(IV) compounds | Chromium(IV) chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 71 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts",
"Metal halides"
] |
7,319,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28energy%20dispersal%29 | In thermodynamics, the interpretation of entropy as a measure of energy dispersal has been exercised against the background of the traditional view, introduced by Ludwig Boltzmann, of entropy as a quantitative measure of disorder. The energy dispersal approach avoids the ambiguous term 'disorder'. An early advocate of ... | Entropy (energy dispersal) | [
"Physics"
] | 2,529 | [
"Statistical mechanics",
"Entropy",
"Physical quantities",
"Thermodynamic entropy"
] |
7,320,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFQ%20beam%20cooler | A radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) beam cooler is a device for particle beam cooling, especially suited for ion beams. It lowers the temperature of a particle beam by reducing its energy dispersion and emittance, effectively increasing its brightness (brilliance). The prevalent mechanism for cooling in this case is buf... | RFQ beam cooler | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 829 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Measuring instruments",
"Experimental physics",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Accelerator physics",
"Matter"
] |
7,320,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve%20analysis | A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used in geology, civil engineering, and chemical engineering to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing... | Sieve analysis | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,830 | [
"Particle technology",
"Chemical engineering",
"nan",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
13,507,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20Design%20Week | Dutch Design Week (also known as DDW) is an event about Dutch design, hosted in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The event takes place around the last week of October and is a nine-day event with exhibitions, studio visits, workshops, seminars, and parties across the city.
The event hosts companies including Philips, Philips D... | Dutch Design Week | [
"Engineering"
] | 373 | [
"Industrial design",
"Design engineering",
"Design"
] |
13,507,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda%20Piscium | Lambda Piscium, Latinized from λ Piscium, is a solitary, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49, it is visible to the naked eye, forming the southeast corner of the "Circlet" asterism in Pisces. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 30.59 mas as seen fr... | Lambda Piscium | [
"Astronomy"
] | 348 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
13,513,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20Piscium | Omega Piscium (Omega Psc, ω Piscium, ω Psc) is a star approximately 106 light years away from Earth, in the constellation Pisces. It has a spectral type of F4IV, meaning it is a subgiant/dwarf star, and it has a temperature of 6,600 kelvins. It may or may not be a close binary star system. Variations in its spectrum we... | Omega Piscium | [
"Astronomy"
] | 578 | [
"Pisces (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
13,514,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylose%20metabolism | D-Xylose is a five-carbon aldose (pentose, monosaccharide) that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms.
There are at least four different pathways for the catabolism of D-xylose: An oxido-reductase pathway is present in eukaryotic microorganisms. Prokaryotes typically use an i... | Xylose metabolism | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,407 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Monosaccharides",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
13,515,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxosome | The relaxosome is the complex of proteins that facilitates plasmid transfer during bacterial conjugation. The proteins are encoded by the tra operon on a fertility plasmid in the region near the origin of transfer, oriT. The most important of these proteins is relaxase, which is responsible for beginning the conjugat... | Relaxosome | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 265 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,653,232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibronectin%20type%20II%20domain | Fibronectin type II domain is a collagen-binding protein domain. Fibronectin is a multi-domain glycoprotein, found in a soluble form in plasma, and in an insoluble form in loose connective tissue and basement membranes, that binds cell surfaces and various compounds including collagen, fibrin, heparin, DNA, and actin.... | Fibronectin type II domain | [
"Biology"
] | 561 | [
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
14,654,371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20kinase%20domain | The protein kinase domain is a structurally conserved protein domain containing the catalytic function of protein kinases. Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that move a phosphate group onto proteins, in a process called phosphorylation. This functions as an on/off switch for many cellular processes, including met... | Protein kinase domain | [
"Biology"
] | 2,781 | [
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
14,655,528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20Check%20Architecture | In computing, Machine Check Architecture (MCA) is an Intel and AMD mechanism in which the CPU reports hardware errors to the operating system.
Intel's P6 and Pentium 4 family processors, AMD's K7 and K8 family processors, as well as the Itanium architecture implement a machine check architecture that provides a mechan... | Machine Check Architecture | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 203 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Computer architecture",
"Computer hardware stubs",
"Computing stubs",
"Computers"
] |
14,655,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type%20ATPase | The P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. P-type ATPases are α-helical bundle primary transporters named based upon their ability to catalyze auto- (or self-) phosphorylation (hence P) of a key co... | P-type ATPase | [
"Biology"
] | 6,533 | [
"Physiology"
] |
14,655,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex-base%20system | In arithmetic, a complex-base system is a positional numeral system whose radix is an imaginary (proposed by Donald Knuth in 1955) or complex number (proposed by S. Khmelnik in 1964 and Walter F. Penney in 1965).
In general
Let be an integral domain , and the (Archimedean) absolute value on it.
A number in a posit... | Complex-base system | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,079 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Ring theory",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical relations",
"Complex numbers",
"Numbers"
] |
14,657,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrochemistry | Spectrochemistry is the application of spectroscopy in several fields of chemistry. It includes analysis of spectra in chemical terms, and use of spectra to derive the structure of chemical compounds, and also to qualitatively and quantitively analyze their presence in the sample. It is a method of chemical analysis th... | Spectrochemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,014 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
14,660,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometallurgy | Geometallurgy relates to the practice of combining geology or geostatistics with metallurgy, or, more specifically, extractive metallurgy, to create a spatially or geologically based predictive model for mineral processing plants. It is used in the hard rock mining industry for risk management and mitigation during ... | Geometallurgy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 889 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
14,661,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomechanics | Nanomechanics is a branch of nanoscience studying fundamental mechanical (elastic, thermal and kinetic) properties of physical systems at the nanometer scale. Nanomechanics has emerged on the crossroads of biophysics, classical mechanics, solid-state physics, statistical mechanics, materials science, and quantum chemis... | Nanomechanics | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,162 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
9,501,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20effusivity | In thermodynamics, a material's thermal effusivity, also known as thermal responsivity, is a measure of its ability to exchange energy with its surroundings. It is an intensive quantity defined as the square root of the product of the material's thermal conductivity () and its volumetric heat capacity () or as the rati... | Thermal effusivity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,590 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Materials science",
"Materials testing",
"Thermodynamics",
"Heat conduction",
"Physical properties"
] |
9,501,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle%20temperature | The Boyle temperature, named after Robert Boyle, is formally defined as the temperature for which the second virial coefficient, , becomes zero.
It is at this temperature that the attractive forces and the repulsive forces acting on the gas particles balance out
This is the virial equation of state and describes a rea... | Boyle temperature | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 203 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Thermodynamics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
9,502,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux-corrected%20transport | Flux-corrected transport (FCT) is a conservative shock-capturing scheme for solving Euler equations and other hyperbolic equations which occur in gas dynamics, aerodynamics, and magnetohydrodynamics. It is especially useful for solving problems involving shock or contact discontinuities. An FCT algorithm consists of tw... | Flux-corrected transport | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 192 | [
"Computational physics stubs",
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Computational physics",
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
9,503,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20EM%20for%20Motif%20Elicitation | Multiple Expectation maximizations for Motif Elicitation (MEME) is a tool for discovering motifs in a group of related DNA or protein sequences.
A motif is a sequence pattern that occurs repeatedly in a group of related protein or DNA sequences and is often associated with some biological function. MEME represents mot... | Multiple EM for Motif Elicitation | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 533 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering"
] |
9,504,117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge%20density%20wave | A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current. The electrons in such a CDW, like those in a superconductor, can flow through a linear chain c... | Charge density wave | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,503 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
606,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Cartan%20theory | In theoretical physics, the Einstein–Cartan theory, also known as the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory, is a classical theory of gravitation, one of several alternatives to general relativity. The theory was first proposed by Élie Cartan in 1922.
Overview
Einstein–Cartan theory differs from general relativity in ... | Einstein–Cartan theory | [
"Physics"
] | 2,332 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theories of gravity"
] |
606,970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal%20Supersymmetric%20Standard%20Model | The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is an extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry. MSSM is the minimal supersymmetrical model as it considers only "the [minimum] number of new particle states and new interactions consistent with "Reality". Supersymmetry pairs bosons with fermions, so ev... | Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model | [
"Physics"
] | 4,992 | [
"Supersymmetric quantum field theory",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Particle physics",
"Supersymmetry",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Symmetry"
] |
607,286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20program | In mathematics, Hilbert's program, formulated by German mathematician David Hilbert in the early 1920s, was a proposed solution to the foundational crisis of mathematics, when early attempts to clarify the foundations of mathematics were found to suffer from paradoxes and inconsistencies. As a solution, Hilbert propose... | Hilbert's program | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,553 | [
"Hilbert's problems",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical problems",
"Proof theory"
] |
607,495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point%20depression | Freezing-point depression is a drop in the maximum temperature at which a substance freezes, caused when a smaller amount of another, non-volatile substance is added. Examples include adding salt into water (used in ice cream makers and for de-icing roads), alcohol in water, ethylene or propylene glycol in water (used ... | Freezing-point depression | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,092 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Chemical quantities",
"Phases of matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Amount of substance",
"nan",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"... |
607,530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%20mechanism | In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs.
A chemical mechanism is a theoretical conjecture that tries to describe in detail what takes place at each stage of an overall chemical reaction. The detailed steps of a reaction are not o... | Reaction mechanism | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,869 | [
"Reaction mechanisms",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Combustion",
"Physical organic chemistry",
"nan",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
607,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated%20complex | In chemistry, an activated complex represents a collection of intermediate structures in a chemical reaction when bonds are breaking and forming. The activated complex is an arrangement of atoms in an arbitrary region near the saddle point of a potential energy surface. The region represents not one defined state, but ... | Activated complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 705 | [
"Reaction mechanisms",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Physical organic chemistry"
] |
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