id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
347,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20algebraic%20topology%20topics | This is a list of algebraic topology topics.
Homology (mathematics)
Simplex
Simplicial complex
Polytope
Triangulation
Barycentric subdivision
Simplicial approximation theorem
Abstract simplicial complex
Simplicial set
Simplicial category
Chain (algebraic topology)
Betti number
Euler characteristic
Genus
Riemann–Hurwi... | List of algebraic topology topics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 533 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"nan",
"Algebraic topology"
] |
347,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20medicine | Nuclear medicine (nuclear radiology, nucleology), is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear imaging is, in a sense, radiology done inside out, because it records radiation emitted from within the body rather than radiation that is trans... | Nuclear medicine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,364 | [
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Medicinal chemistry"
] |
14,661,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinate-nucleotide%E2%80%94dimethylbenzimidazole%20phosphoribosyltransferase | In enzymology, a nicotinate-nucleotide-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole nicotinate + alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotid... | Nicotinate-nucleotide—dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase | [
"Biology"
] | 819 | [
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification"
] |
14,662,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biositemap | A Biositemap is a way for a biomedical research institution of organisation to show how biological information is distributed throughout their Information Technology systems and networks. This information may be shared with other organisations and researchers.
The Biositemap enables web browsers, crawlers and robots t... | Biositemap | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 798 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"nan"
] |
14,668,195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%20point | In polymer chemistry, the gel point is an abrupt change in the viscosity of a solution containing polymerizable components. At the gel point, a solution undergoes gelation, as reflected in a loss in fluidity. After the monomer/polymer solution has passed the gel point, internal stress builds up in the gel phase, which ... | Gel point | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 310 | [
"Polymer physics",
"Polymer chemistry",
"nan"
] |
14,670,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator%20of%20G%20protein%20signaling | Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are protein structural domains or the proteins that contain these domains, that function to activate the GTPase activity of heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunits.
RGS proteins are multi-functional, GTPase-accelerating proteins that promote GTP hydrolysis by the α-subunit of hetero... | Regulator of G protein signaling | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 772 | [
"G proteins",
"Protein domains",
"Protein classification",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,670,825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%E2%80%93Houwink%20equation | The Mark–Houwink equation, also known as the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Kuhn–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Landau–Kuhn–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Mark-Chrystian equation gives a relation between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight :
From this equation the molecular weight of a polym... | Mark–Houwink equation | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 538 | [
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
13,525,027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20norm | In functional analysis, the dual norm is a measure of size for a continuous linear function defined on a normed vector space.
Definition
Let be a normed vector space with norm and let denote its continuous dual space. The dual norm of a continuous linear functional belonging to is the non-negative real number de... | Dual norm | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,432 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Linear algebra",
"Algebra",
"Mathematical optimization"
] |
13,527,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heine%27s%20identity | In mathematical analysis, Heine's identity, named after Heinrich Eduard Heine is a Fourier expansion of a reciprocal square root which Heine presented as
where is a Legendre function of the second kind, which has degree, m − , a half-integer, and argument, z, real and greater than one. This expression can be genera... | Heine's identity | [
"Mathematics"
] | 90 | [
"Special functions",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical identities",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Algebra"
] |
13,528,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl%20cyanide | Benzyl cyanide (abbreviated BnCN) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH2CN. This colorless oily aromatic liquid is an important precursor to numerous compounds in organic chemistry.
It is also an important pheromone in certain species.
Preparation
Benzyl cyanide can be produced via Kolbe nitrile synt... | Benzyl cyanide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 641 | [
"Highly-toxic chemical substances",
"Nitriles",
"Harmful chemical substances",
"Functional groups"
] |
13,529,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilworks | Fossilworks was a portal which provides query, download, and analysis tools to facilitate access to the Paleobiology Database, a large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world.
History
Fossilworks was created in 1998 by John Alroy and housed at Macquarie University. It includ... | Fossilworks | [
"Biology"
] | 86 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
13,530,734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAS2 | Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) also known as member of PAS protein 4 (MOP4) is a transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS2 gene. NPAS2 is paralogous to CLOCK, and both are key proteins involved in the maintenance of circadian rhythms in mammals. In the brain, NPAS2 functions as a genera... | NPAS2 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,918 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
13,530,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAR-related%20orphan%20receptor%20beta | RAR-related orphan receptor beta (ROR-beta), also known as NR1F2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group F, member 2) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RORB gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the NR1 subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. It is a DNA-binding protein tha... | RAR-related orphan receptor beta | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 267 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
13,530,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PER3 | The PER3 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 3 protein in humans. PER3 is a paralog to the PER1 and PER2 genes. It is a circadian gene associated with delayed sleep phase syndrome in humans.
History
The Per3 gene was independently cloned by two research groups (Kobe University School of Medicine and Har... | PER3 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,346 | [
"Behavior",
"Transcription factors",
"Gene expression",
"Signal transduction",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Sleep",
"Induced stem cells"
] |
13,530,834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev-ErbA%20alpha | Rev-Erb alpha (Rev-Erbɑ), also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1), is one of two Rev-Erb proteins in the nuclear receptor (NR) family of intracellular transcription factors. In humans, REV-ERBɑ is encoded by the NR1D1 gene, which is highly conserved across animal species.
Rev-Erbɑ plays an ... | Rev-ErbA alpha | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,975 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
13,535,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20spectrometry%20imaging | Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry to visualize the spatial distribution of molecules, as biomarkers, metabolites, peptides or proteins by their molecular masses. After collecting a mass spectrum at one spot, the sample is moved to reach another region, and so on, until the entire ... | Mass spectrometry imaging | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,625 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
13,535,930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteron | Iterons are directly repeated DNA sequences which play an important role in regulation of plasmid copy number in bacterial cells. It is one among the three negative regulatory elements found in plasmids which control its copy number. The others are antisense RNAs and ctRNAs. Iterons complex with cognate replication (Re... | Iteron | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 720 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Biochemistry",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology"
] |
3,084,295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20network%20coding | In computer networking, linear network coding is a program in which intermediate nodes transmit data from source nodes to sink nodes by means of linear combinations.
Linear network coding may be used to improve a network's throughput, efficiency, and scalability, as well as reducing attacks and eavesdropping. The nod... | Linear network coding | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,081 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Coding theory",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Wireless networking",
"Wireless sensor network",
"Computer science",
"Information theory"
] |
3,087,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20theories%20of%20gravitation | Scalar theories of gravitation are field theories of gravitation in which the gravitational field is described using a scalar field, which is required to satisfy some field equation.
Note: This article focuses on relativistic classical field theories of gravitation. The best known relativistic classical field theory ... | Scalar theories of gravitation | [
"Physics"
] | 1,336 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theories of gravity"
] |
3,087,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20order | In physics, topological order is a kind of order in the zero-temperature phase of matter (also known as quantum matter). Macroscopically, topological order is defined and described by robust ground state degeneracy and quantized non-abelian geometric phases of degenerate ground states. Microscopically, topological or... | Topological order | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,592 | [
"Quantum phases",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter"
] |
17,481,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine | Fluorine is a chemical element; it has symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at standard conditions as pale yellow diatomic gas. Fluorine is extremely reactive as it reacts with all other elements except for the light inert gases. It is highly toxic.
Among the elements, fluorine ranks 24t... | Fluorine | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 9,864 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Reactive nonmetals",
"Diatomic nonmetals",
"Nonmetals",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Fluorinating agents",
"Industrial gases",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
17,482,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations%20between%20heat%20capacities | In thermodynamics, the heat capacity at constant volume, , and the heat capacity at constant pressure, , are extensive properties that have the magnitude of energy divided by temperature.
Relations
The laws of thermodynamics imply the following relations between these two heat capacities (Gaskell 2003:23):
Here is ... | Relations between heat capacities | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 906 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
17,486,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20electric%20dipole%20moment | The neutron electric dipole moment (nEDM), denoted dn, is a measure for the distribution of positive and negative charge inside the neutron. A nonzero electric dipole moment can only exist if the centers of the negative and positive charge distribution inside the particle do not coincide. So far, no neutron EDM has bee... | Neutron electric dipole moment | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,326 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electromagnetism",
"Electric dipole moment",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Particle physics",
"Moment (physics)"
] |
16,234,982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20reconstruction | In computer vision and computer graphics, 3D reconstruction is the process of capturing the shape and appearance of real objects.
This process can be accomplished either by active or passive methods. If the model is allowed to change its shape in time, this is referred to as non-rigid or spatio-temporal reconstruction.... | 3D reconstruction | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,000 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Packaging machinery",
"Computer vision"
] |
16,239,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod%20%28synchrotron%29 | Nimrod (National Institute Machine Radiating on Downs, "the Mighty Hunter" Nimrod; name attributed to W. Galbraith) was a 7 GeV proton synchrotron operating in the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom between 1964 and 1978. Nimrod delivered its last particles at 17:00 hrs on 6 June 1978. Although rough... | Nimrod (synchrotron) | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 301 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Materials testing",
"Nuclear organizations",
"Synchrotron radiation facilities"
] |
16,244,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20Class | Polar Class (PC) refers to the ice class assigned to a ship by a classification society based on the Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships developed by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). Seven Polar Classes are defined in the rules, ranging from PC 1 for year-round operation in all p... | Polar Class | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,424 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Sea ice",
"Shipbuilding",
"Marine engineering"
] |
16,250,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicentral%20distance | Epicentral distance refers to the ground distance from the epicenter to a specified point. Generally, the smaller the epicentral distance of an earthquake of the same scale, the heavier the damage caused by the earthquake. On the contrary, with the increase of epicentral distance, the damage caused by the earthquake is... | Epicentral distance | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,630 | [
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Measurement",
"Size"
] |
4,213,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20water%20chlorination | Salt water chlorination is a process that uses dissolved salt (1000–4000 ppm or 1–4 g/L) for the chlorination of swimming pools and hot tubs. The chlorine generator (also known as salt cell, salt generator, salt chlorinator, or SWG) uses electrolysis in the presence of dissolved salt to produce chlorine gas or its diss... | Salt water chlorination | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,876 | [
"Water technology",
"Water treatment",
"Water pollution",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
4,214,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic%20safety | Intrinsic safety (IS) is a protection technique for safe operation of electrical equipment in hazardous areas by limiting the energy, electrical and thermal, available for ignition. In signal and control circuits that can operate with low currents and voltages, the intrinsic safety approach simplifies circuits and red... | Intrinsic safety | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,450 | [
"Explosion protection",
"Natural gas safety",
"Combustion engineering",
"Natural gas technology",
"Explosions"
] |
4,215,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20mirror | In physics, an atomic mirror is a device which reflects neutral atoms in a way similar to the way a conventional mirror reflects visible light. Atomic mirrors can be made of electric fields or magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves or just silicon wafer; in the last case, atoms are reflected by the attracting tails of ... | Atomic mirror | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 335 | [
"Atomic",
" molecular",
" and optical physics"
] |
4,216,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field%20scanning%20optical%20microscope | Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) or scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) is a microscopy technique for nanostructure investigation that breaks the far field resolution limit by exploiting the properties of evanescent waves. In SNOM, the excitation laser light is focused through an aperture with a ... | Near-field scanning optical microscope | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 2,466 | [
"Optical microscopy",
"Measuring instruments",
"Microscopes",
"Scanning probe microscopy",
"Microscopy",
"Nanotechnology",
"Cell imaging"
] |
4,217,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracluster%20medium | In astronomy, the intracluster medium (ICM) is the superheated plasma that permeates a galaxy cluster. The gas consists mainly of ionized hydrogen and helium and accounts for most of the baryonic material in galaxy clusters. The ICM is heated to temperatures on the order of 10 to 100 megakelvins, emitting strong X-ray ... | Intracluster medium | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,072 | [
"Space plasmas",
"Galaxy clusters",
"Outer space",
"Intergalactic media",
"Astrophysics",
"Extragalactic astronomy",
"Astronomical objects",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
4,218,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20relation | A spatial relation specifies how some object is located in space in relation to some reference object. When the reference object is much bigger than the object to locate, the latter is often represented by a point. The reference object is often represented by a bounding box.
In Anatomy it might be the case that a spat... | Spatial relation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 782 | [
"Spacetime",
"Space",
"Geometry"
] |
4,218,742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q10%20%28temperature%20coefficient%29 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Q10 (temperature coefficient)}}
The Q10 temperature coefficient is a measure of temperature sensitivity based on the chemical reactions.
The Q10 is calculated as:
where;
R is the rate
T is the temperature in Celsius degrees or kelvin.
Rewriting this equation, the assumption behind Q10 is that ... | Q10 (temperature coefficient) | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 529 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Metrics",
"Ecological metrics",
"Quantity",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
4,218,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachytene | The pachytene stage (/ˈpækɪtiːn/ PAK-i-teen; from Greek words meaning "thick threads".), also known as pachynema, is the third stage of prophase I during meiosis, the specialized cell division that reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid gametes. It follows the zygotene stage and is followed by the stage D... | Pachytene | [
"Biology"
] | 628 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Meiosis"
] |
11,977,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrochronology | Gyrochronology is a method for estimating the age of a low-mass (cool) main sequence star (spectral class F8 V or later) from its rotation period. The term is derived from the Greek words gyros, chronos and logos, roughly translated as rotation, age, and study respectively. It was coined in 2003 by Sydney Barnes to des... | Gyrochronology | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 691 | [
"Space science",
"Outer space",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Astrophysics"
] |
11,984,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Ballistics%20Identification%20System | The Integrated Ballistics Identification System, or IBIS, is the brand of the Automated firearms identification system manufactured by Forensic Technology WAI, Inc., of Montreal, Canada.
Use
IBIS has been adopted as the platform of the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) program, which is run by ... | Integrated Ballistics Identification System | [
"Physics"
] | 506 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Ballistics"
] |
7,344,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20sound | Zero sound is the name given by Lev Landau in 1957 to the unique quantum vibrations in quantum Fermi liquids. The zero sound can no longer be thought of as a simple wave of compression and rarefaction, but rather a fluctuation in space and time of the quasiparticles' momentum distribution function. As the shape of Ferm... | Zero sound | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 546 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter"
] |
7,344,637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20%28particle%20physics%29 | In the Grand Unified Theory of particle physics (GUT), the desert refers to a theorized gap in energy scales, between approximately the electroweak energy scale–conventionally defined as roughly the vacuum expectation value or VeV of the Higgs field (about 246 GeV)–and the GUT scale, in which no unknown interactions ap... | Desert (particle physics) | [
"Physics"
] | 1,317 | [
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Grand Unified Theory",
"Particle physics"
] |
7,349,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegany%20Ballistics%20Laboratory | Allegany Ballistics Laboratory (ABL) located in Rocket Center, West Virginia, is a diverse industrial complex employing some 1,000 people across . The facility is a member of the Federal Laboratory Consortium and is operated by Northrop Grumman (former Alliant Techsystems) under contract with the Naval Sea Systems Com... | Allegany Ballistics Laboratory | [
"Physics"
] | 705 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Ballistics"
] |
7,349,264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20n-category | In category theory, a weak n-category is a generalization of the notion of strict n-category where composition and identities are not strictly associative and unital, but only associative and unital up to coherent equivalence. This generalisation only becomes noticeable at dimensions two and above where weak 2-, 3- and... | Weak n-category | [
"Mathematics"
] | 472 | [
"Higher category theory",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory",
"Category theory stubs"
] |
5,615,284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretschneider%27s%20formula | In geometry, Bretschneider's formula is a mathematical expression for the area of a general quadrilateral.
It works on both convex and concave quadrilaterals, whether it is cyclic or not. The formula also works on crossed quadrilaterals provided that directed angles are used.
History
The German mathematician Carl Anto... | Bretschneider's formula | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 583 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Area"
] |
5,616,058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceteareth | The INCI names ceteareth-n (where n is a number) refer to polyoxyethylene ethers of a mixture of high molecular mass saturated fatty alcohols, mainly cetyl alcohol (m = 15) and stearyl alcohol (m = 17). The number n indicates the average number of ethylene oxide residues in the polyoxyethylene chain.
These compounds ... | Ceteareth | [
"Chemistry"
] | 332 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
5,617,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophic%20factors | Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a family of biomolecules – nearly all of which are peptides or small proteins – that support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons. Most NTFs exert their trophic effects on neurons by signaling through tyrosine kinases, usually a receptor tyrosin... | Neurotrophic factors | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,776 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurotrophic factors",
"Neurochemistry",
"Signal transduction"
] |
5,618,682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK/ERK%20pathway | The MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
The signal starts when a signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the cell surface and ends when the DNA in... | MAPK/ERK pathway | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,311 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"Signal transduction"
] |
5,620,279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrological%20transport%20model | An hydrological transport model is a mathematical model used to simulate the flow of rivers, streams, groundwater movement or drainage front displacement, and calculate water quality parameters. These models generally came into use in the 1960s and 1970s when demand for numerical forecasting of water quality and draina... | Hydrological transport model | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,231 | [
"Hydrology",
"Biological models",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Water pollution",
"Hydrology models",
"nan",
"Environmental soil science",
"Environmental modelling"
] |
5,622,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen%20solubility%20parameter | Hansen solubility parameters were developed by Charles M. Hansen in his Ph.D thesis in 1967 as a way of predicting if one material will dissolve in another and form a solution. They are based on the idea that like dissolves like where one molecule is defined as being 'like' another if it bonds to itself in a similar wa... | Hansen solubility parameter | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,305 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
11,000,160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA19-9 | Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), also known as sialyl-LewisA, is a tetrasaccharide which is usually attached to O-glycans on the surface of cells. It is known to play a role in cell-to-cell recognition processes. It is also a tumor marker used primarily in the management of pancreatic cancer.
Structure
CA19-9 is th... | CA19-9 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 605 | [
"Amino sugars",
"Carbohydrates",
"Biomarkers",
"Tumor markers",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
11,004,631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable%20nebula | Variable nebulae are reflection nebulae that change in brightness because of changes in their star.
See also
McNeil's Nebula
NGC 1555 (Hind's Variable Nebula)
NGC 2261 (Hubble's Variable Nebula)
NGC 6729 (R Coronae Australis Nebula)
References
External links
Astrobiscuit: Seeing The Speed Of Light fun and educatio... | Variable nebula | [
"Astronomy"
] | 87 | [
"Nebulae",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
11,007,302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo%20orbit | A halo orbit is a periodic, three-dimensional orbit associated with one of the L1, L2 or L3 Lagrange points in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics. Although a Lagrange point is just a point in empty space, its peculiar characteristic is that it can be orbited by a Lissajous orbit or by a halo orbit. These can b... | Halo orbit | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,007 | [
"Lagrangian mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
11,007,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRMT4%20pathway | Protein arginine N-methyltransferase-4 (PRMT4/CARM1) methylation of arginine residues within proteins plays a critical key role in transcriptional regulation (see the PRMT4 pathway on the left). PRMT4 binds to the classes of transcriptional activators known as p160 and CBP/p300. The modified forms of these proteins are... | PRMT4 pathway | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 238 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
2,238,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioactive%20glass | Bioactive glasses are a group of surface reactive glass-ceramic biomaterials and include the original bioactive glass, Bioglass. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of these glasses has led them to be used as implant devices in the human body to repair and replace diseased or damaged bones. Most bioactive glasses are ... | Bioactive glass | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 4,387 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass chemistry",
"Glass compositions",
"Materials",
"Matter",
"Medical technology"
] |
2,239,104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands%20of%20automation | Islands of automation was a popular term used largely during the 1980s to describe how rapidly developing automation systems were at first unable to communicate easily with each other. Industrial communication protocols, network technologies, and system integration helped to improve this situation. Just a few of the ... | Islands of automation | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 144 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Computer network stubs",
"Impact of automation",
"Automation",
"Computing stubs",
"System integration"
] |
2,239,113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20inelastic%20scattering | In particle physics, deep inelastic scattering is the name given to a process used to probe the insides of hadrons (particularly the baryons, such as protons and neutrons), using electrons, muons and neutrinos. It was first attempted in the 1960s and 1970s and provided the first convincing evidence of the reality of qu... | Deep inelastic scattering | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,082 | [
"Nuclear physics",
"Scattering",
"Experimental physics",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Experimental particle physics"
] |
2,240,299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiman%27s%20theorem | In additive combinatorics, a discipline within mathematics, Freiman's theorem is a central result which indicates the approximate structure of sets whose sumset is small. It roughly states that if is small, then can be contained in a small generalized arithmetic progression.
Statement
If is a finite subset of with... | Freiman's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,635 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Combinatorics",
"Theorems in number theory",
"Sumsets",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory"
] |
2,240,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionic%20field | In quantum field theory, a fermionic field is a quantum field whose quanta are fermions; that is, they obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermionic fields obey canonical anticommutation relations rather than the canonical commutation relations of bosonic fields.
The most prominent example of a fermionic field is the Dirac f... | Fermionic field | [
"Physics"
] | 1,380 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
2,240,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20antenna | A television antenna, also called a television aerial (in British English), is an antenna specifically designed for use with a television receiver (TV) to receive terrestrial over-the-air (OTA) broadcast television signals from a television station. Terrestrial television is broadcast on frequencies from about 47 to 2... | Television antenna | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,703 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Radio electronics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Radio technology",
"Waves"
] |
2,242,435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam%20crossing | A beam crossing in a particle collider occurs when two packets of particles, going in opposite directions, reach the same point in space. Most of the particles in each packet cross each other, but a few may collide, producing other particles that may be observed in a particle detector. In a linear collider there is o... | Beam crossing | [
"Physics"
] | 114 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Experimental physics",
"Particle physics",
"Experimental particle physics",
"Particle physics stubs",
"Accelerator physics"
] |
2,242,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston%20Seawall | The Galveston Seawall is a seawall in Galveston, Texas, that was built after the Galveston hurricane of 1900 for protection from future hurricanes. Construction began in September 1902, and the initial segment was completed on July 29, 1904. From 1904 to 1963, the seawall was extended from to over .
Description
Alt... | Galveston Seawall | [
"Engineering"
] | 677 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks"
] |
2,242,975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet%20packet%20decomposition | Originally known as optimal subband tree structuring (SB-TS), also called wavelet packet decomposition (WPD; sometimes known as just wavelet packets or subband tree), is a wavelet transform where the discrete-time (sampled) signal is passed through more filters than the discrete wavelet transform (DWT).
Introduction
... | Wavelet packet decomposition | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,004 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing"
] |
610,760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioacoustics | Bioacoustics is a cross-disciplinary science that combines biology and acoustics. Usually it refers to the investigation of sound production, dispersion and reception in animals (including humans). This involves neurophysiological and anatomical basis of sound production and detection, and relation of acoustic signals ... | Bioacoustics | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 1,811 | [
"Behavior",
"Ethology",
"Zoosemiotics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Ecological techniques",
"Soundscape ecology"
] |
610,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-unit%20system | In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to the other. Th... | Per-unit system | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,980 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Energy engineering",
"Power (physics)",
"Electric power",
"Power engineering",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
611,074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20mutation | A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome. Point mutations have a variety of effects on the downstream protein product—consequences that are moderately predictable based upon the specifics of the mutation. The... | Point mutation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,016 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Modification of genetic information",
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
612,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential%20well | A potential well is the region surrounding a local minimum of potential energy. Energy captured in a potential well is unable to convert to another type of energy (kinetic energy in the case of a gravitational potential well) because it is captured in the local minimum of a potential well. Therefore, a body may not pro... | Potential well | [
"Physics"
] | 994 | [
"Quantum mechanical potentials",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
612,341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploidisation | Haploidisation is the process of halving the chromosomal content of a cell, producing a haploid cell. Within the normal reproductive cycle, haploidisation is one of the major functional consequences of meiosis, the other being a process of chromosomal crossover that mingles the genetic content of the parental chromosom... | Haploidisation | [
"Biology"
] | 284 | [
"Genetics"
] |
612,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylation | In chemistry, acylation is a broad class of chemical reactions in which an acyl group () is added to a substrate. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent. The substrate to be acylated and the product include the following:
alcohols, esters
amines, amides
arenes or alkenes, ketones
A particu... | Acylation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 494 | [
"Organic reactions"
] |
612,995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synroc | Synroc, a portmanteau of "synthetic rock", is a means of safely storing radioactive waste. It was pioneered in 1978 by a team led by Professor Ted Ringwood at the Australian National University, with further research undertaken in collaboration with ANSTO at research laboratories in Lucas Heights.
Manufacture
Synroc i... | Synroc | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 799 | [
"Synthetic materials",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Hazardous waste",
"Radioactivity",
"Chemical synthesis",
"Radioactive waste"
] |
613,362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20storm | A solar storm is a disturbance on the Sun, which can emanate outward across the heliosphere, affecting the entire Solar System, including Earth and its magnetosphere, and is the cause of space weather in the short-term with long-term patterns comprising space climate.
Types
Solar storms include:
Solar flare, a larg... | Solar storm | [
"Physics"
] | 279 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Solar phenomena"
] |
8,849,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Quantum%20Chemistry | The International Journal of Quantum Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing original, primary research and review articles on all aspects of quantum chemistry, including an expanded scope focusing on aspects of materials science, biochemistry, biophysics, quantum physics, quantum information theory,... | International Journal of Quantum Chemistry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 150 | [
"Quantum chemistry stubs",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry stubs",
"Computational chemistry",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
8,849,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-ring%20resonator | A split-ring resonator (SRR) is an artificially produced structure common to metamaterials. Its purpose is to produce the desired magnetic susceptibility (magnetic response) in various types of metamaterials up to 200 terahertz.
Background
Split ring resonators (SRRs) consist of a pair of concentric metallic rings, e... | Split-ring resonator | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,858 | [
"Physical phenomena",
" absorption and radiative transfer (optics)",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Metamaterials",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"Radiation",
"Optical materials",
"Scattering",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
8,850,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Chloropropionic%20acid | 2-Chloropropionic acid (2-chloropropanoic acid) is the chemical compound with the formula CH3CHClCO2H. This colorless liquid is the simplest chiral chlorocarboxylic acid, and it is noteworthy for being readily available as a single enantiomer. The conjugate base of 2-chloropropionic acid (CH3CHClCO2−), as well as its s... | 2-Chloropropionic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 400 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Functional groups"
] |
8,850,372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterimmunoelectrophoresis | Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to evaluate the binding of an antibody to its antigen, it is similar to immunodiffusion, but with the addition of an applied electrical field across the diffusion medium, usually an agar or polyacrylamide gel. The effect is rapid migration of the antibody and... | Counterimmunoelectrophoresis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 174 | [
"Blood tests",
"Chemical pathology",
"Immunologic tests"
] |
8,851,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-temperature%20thermal%20desorption | For environmental remediation, Low-temperature thermal desorption (LTTD), also known as low-temperature thermal volatilization, thermal stripping, and soil roasting, is an ex-situ remedial technology that uses heat to physically separate petroleum hydrocarbons from excavated soils. Thermal desorbers are designed to hea... | Low-temperature thermal desorption | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,977 | [
"Petroleum engineering",
"Petroleum technology",
"nan"
] |
1,590,747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck%E2%80%93Condon%20principle | The Franck-Condon principle describes the intensities of vibronic transitions, or the absorption or emission of a photon. It states that when a molecule is undergoing an electronic transition, such as ionization, the nuclear configuration of the molecule experiences no significant change.
Overview
The Franck–Condon ... | Franck–Condon principle | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,172 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
"Spectroscopy",
" and optical physics"
] |
1,590,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%20hardening | Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation. This characteristic is what sets ductile materials apart from brittle materials. Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or inconsequential, depen... | Work hardening | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,913 | [
"Strengthening mechanisms of materials",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Materials science",
"Metallurgy"
] |
1,590,904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation%20hardening | Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels, stainless steels, and duplex stainless steel. In superalloys, i... | Precipitation hardening | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,088 | [
"Strengthening mechanisms of materials",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metal heat treatments",
"Materials science"
] |
1,591,064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathalyzer | A breathalyzer or breathalyser (a portmanteau of breath and analyzer/analyser), also called an alcohol meter, is a device for measuring breath alcohol content (BrAC). It is commonly utilized by law enforcement officers whenever they initiate traffic stops. The name is a genericized trademark of the Breathalyzer brand n... | Breathalyzer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 7,825 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
1,591,163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20wave | An atmospheric wave is a periodic disturbance in the fields of atmospheric variables (like surface pressure or geopotential height, temperature, or wind velocity) which may either propagate (traveling wave) or be stationary (standing wave). Atmospheric waves range in spatial and temporal scale from large-scale planetar... | Atmospheric wave | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 696 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Waves",
"Motion (physics)",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,591,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thapsigargin | Thapsigargin is a non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). Structurally, thapsigargin is classified as a guaianolide, and is extracted from a plant, Thapsia garganica. It is a tumor promoter in mammalian cells.
Thapsigargin raises cytosolic (intracellular) calcium concentrati... | Thapsigargin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 916 | [
"Chemical ecology",
"Plant toxins"
] |
1,592,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate%20decarboxylase | Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and carbon dioxide (). GAD uses pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor. The reaction proceeds as follows:
In mammals, GAD exists in two isoforms with molecular... | Glutamate decarboxylase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,272 | [
"Molecular neuroscience",
"Molecular biology"
] |
1,592,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20phosphorylase | Glycogen phosphorylase is one of the phosphorylase enzymes (). Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Glycogen phosphorylase is also studied as a model protein regulated by both reversible phospho... | Glycogen phosphorylase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,803 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
1,592,806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20beam | An ion beam is a beam of ions, a type of charged particle beam. Ion beams have many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation) and other industries. There are many ion beam sources, some derived from the mercury vapor thrusters developed by NASA in the 1960s. The most widely used ion beams are of... | Ion beam | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,262 | [
"Matter",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Thin film deposition",
"Plasma physics",
"Plasma technology and applications",
"Microtechnology",
"Coatings",
"Thin films",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Experimental physics",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Accelerator physics",
"Solid state... |
1,593,924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wess%E2%80%93Zumino%E2%80%93Witten%20model | In theoretical physics and mathematics, a Wess–Zumino–Witten (WZW) model, also called a Wess–Zumino–Novikov–Witten model, is a type of two-dimensional conformal field theory named after Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino, Sergei Novikov and Edward Witten. A WZW model is associated to a Lie group (or supergroup), and its symmetr... | Wess–Zumino–Witten model | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,418 | [
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Algebraic structures",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
13,537,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20biology | Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. An understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they determine the properties of the next level of organizatio... | Quantum biology | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 5,261 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Biophysics",
"nan",
"Quantum biology"
] |
13,540,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolate%20trochoidal%20mass%20spectrometer | A prolate trochoidal mass spectrometer is a chemical analysis instrument in which the ions of different mass-to-charge ratio are separated by means of mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields so that the ions follow a prolate trochoidal path. These devices are sometimes called cycloidal mass spectrometers, a... | Prolate trochoidal mass spectrometer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 153 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
9,517,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidized%20bed%20reactor | A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions. In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst) at high enough speeds to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as thoug... | Fluidized bed reactor | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,384 | [
"Chemical reactors",
"Fluidization",
"Chemical equipment",
"Chemical reaction engineering"
] |
9,519,121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratically%20constrained%20quadratic%20program | In mathematical optimization, a quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP) is an optimization problem in which both the objective function and the constraints are quadratic functions. It has the form
where P0, ..., Pm are n-by-n matrices and x ∈ Rn is the optimization variable.
If P0, ..., Pm are all positive... | Quadratically constrained quadratic program | [
"Mathematics"
] | 721 | [
"Mathematical optimization",
"Mathematical analysis"
] |
9,519,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waves%20and%20shallow%20water | When waves travel into areas of shallow water, they begin to be affected by the ocean bottom. The free orbital motion of the water is disrupted, and water particles in orbital motion no longer return to their original position. As the water becomes shallower, the swell becomes higher and steeper, ultimately assuming th... | Waves and shallow water | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 147 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Hydrology",
"Water waves",
"Waves",
"Water",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
9,519,906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve%20RF%20amplifier | A valve RF amplifier (UK and Aus.) or tube amplifier (U.S.) is a device for electrically amplifying the power of an electrical radio frequency signal.
Low to medium power valve amplifiers for frequencies below the microwaves were largely replaced by solid state amplifiers during the 1960s and 1970s, initially for rece... | Valve RF amplifier | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,372 | [
"Radio electronics"
] |
9,521,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLX%20gene%20family | Genes in the DLX family encode homeodomain transcription factors related to the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene. The family has been related to a number of developmental features such as jaws and limbs. The family seems to be well preserved across species. As DLX/Dll are involved in limb development in most of the ma... | DLX gene family | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 505 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
9,522,381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20diagram%20of%20traffic%20flow | The fundamental diagram of traffic flow is a diagram that gives a relation between road traffic flux (vehicles/hour) and the traffic density (vehicles/km). A macroscopic traffic model involving traffic flux, traffic density and velocity forms the basis of the fundamental diagram. It can be used to predict the capabilit... | Fundamental diagram of traffic flow | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,598 | [
"Transportation engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Industrial engineering"
] |
9,522,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian%20error | A Mendelian error in the genetic analysis of a species, describes an allele in an individual which could not have been received from either of its biological parents by Mendelian inheritance. Inheritance is defined by a set of related individuals who have the same or similar phenotypes for a locus of a particular gene... | Mendelian error | [
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 305 | [
"NP-complete problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Genetics",
"Computational problems"
] |
9,523,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%20blanketing | Tank blanketing, also called gas sealing or tank padding, is the process of applying a gas to the empty space in a storage container. The term storage container here refers to any container that is used to store products, regardless of its size. Though tank blanketing is used for a variety of reasons, it typically invo... | Tank blanketing | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,239 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Control engineering",
"Chemical processes",
"nan"
] |
171,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautochrone%20curve | A tautochrone curve or isochrone curve () is the curve for which the time taken by an object sliding without friction in uniform gravity to its lowest point is independent of its starting point on the curve. The curve is a cycloid, and the time is equal to π times the square root of the radius (of the circle which gen... | Tautochrone curve | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,858 | [
"Plane curves",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Planes (geometry)"
] |
171,879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachistochrone%20curve | In physics and mathematics, a brachistochrone curve (), or curve of fastest descent, is the one lying on the plane between a point A and a lower point B, where B is not directly below A, on which a bead slides frictionlessly under the influence of a uniform gravitational field to a given end point in the shortest time.... | Brachistochrone curve | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,083 | [
"Plane curves",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Planes (geometry)"
] |
171,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands%20program | In mathematics, the Langlands program is a set of conjectures about connections between number theory and geometry. It was proposed by . It seeks to relate Galois groups in algebraic number theory to automorphic forms and representation theory of algebraic groups over local fields and adeles. It was described by Edwar... | Langlands program | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,745 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Langlands program",
"Conjectures",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory"
] |
172,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faltings%27s%20theorem | Faltings's theorem is a result in arithmetic geometry, according to which a curve of genus greater than 1 over the field of rational numbers has only finitely many rational points. This was conjectured in 1922 by Louis Mordell, and known as the Mordell conjecture until its 1983 proof by Gerd Faltings. The conjecture w... | Faltings's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 832 | [
"Theorems in algebraic geometry",
"Theorems in number theory",
"Theorems in geometry",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Number theory"
] |
172,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated%20annealing | Simulated annealing (SA) is a probabilistic technique for approximating the global optimum of a given function. Specifically, it is a metaheuristic to approximate global optimization in a large search space for an optimization problem. For large numbers of local optima, SA can find the global optimum. It is often used ... | Simulated annealing | [
"Physics"
] | 4,350 | [
"Monte Carlo methods",
"Computational physics"
] |
172,291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20coefficient | In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient (commonly denoted as: , or ) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water. It is used in the drag equation in which a lower drag coefficient indicates the object will have less aerodynamic o... | Drag coefficient | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,302 | [
"Drag (physics)",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
172,317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20transfer%20matrix%20analysis | Ray transfer matrix analysis (also known as ABCD matrix analysis) is a mathematical form for performing ray tracing calculations in sufficiently simple problems which can be solved considering only paraxial rays. Each optical element (surface, interface, mirror, or beam travel) is described by a ray transfer matrix w... | Ray transfer matrix analysis | [
"Physics"
] | 2,075 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Accelerator physics",
"Experimental physics"
] |
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