id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,617,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws%20of%20motion | In physics, a number of noted theories of the motion of objects have developed. Among the best known are:
Classical mechanics
Newton's laws of motion
Euler's laws of motion
Cauchy's equations of motion
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
General relativity
Special relativity
Quantum mechanics
Motion (physics) | Laws of motion | [
"Physics"
] | 64 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Motion (physics)",
"Space",
"Mechanics",
"Spacetime"
] |
1,617,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgman%27s%20thermodynamic%20equations | In thermodynamics, Bridgman's thermodynamic equations are a basic set of thermodynamic equations, derived using a method of generating multiple thermodynamic identities involving a number of thermodynamic quantities. The equations are named after the American physicist Percy Williams Bridgman. (See also the exact diffe... | Bridgman's thermodynamic equations | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 554 | [
"Thermodynamic equations",
"Equations of physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
1,618,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic%20basin | In hydrology, an oceanic basin (or ocean basin) is anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater. Geologically, most of the ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level.
Most commonly the ocean is divided into basins following the continents distribution: the North and South Atlantic (together appro... | Oceanic basin | [
"Physics"
] | 2,250 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
1,618,989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaleron | A sphaleron ( "slippery") is a static (time-independent) solution to the electroweak field equations of the Standard Model of particle physics, and is involved in certain hypothetical processes that violate baryon and lepton numbers. Such processes cannot be represented by perturbative methods such as Feynman diagrams,... | Sphaleron | [
"Physics"
] | 1,195 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Electroweak theory"
] |
1,619,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20of%20the%20Amazons | The Game of the Amazons (in Spanish, El Juego de las Amazonas; often called Amazons for short) is a two-player abstract strategy game invented in 1988 by Walter Zamkauskas of Argentina. The game is played by moving pieces and blocking the opponents from squares, and the last player able to move is the winner. It is a m... | Game of the Amazons | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,040 | [
"PSPACE-complete problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Computational problems"
] |
1,619,127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot%20peening | Shot peening is a cold working process used to produce a compressive residual stress layer and modify the mechanical properties of metals and composites. It entails striking a surface with shot (round metallic, glass, or ceramic particles) with force sufficient to create plastic deformation.
In machining, shot peening... | Shot peening | [
"Materials_science"
] | 2,659 | [
"Strengthening mechanisms of materials",
"Shot peening"
] |
1,619,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-analog | In mathematics, a q-analog of a theorem, identity or expression is a generalization involving a new parameter q that returns the original theorem, identity or expression in the limit as . Typically, mathematicians are interested in q-analogs that arise naturally, rather than in arbitrarily contriving q-analogs of know... | Q-analog | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,431 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Q-analogs",
"Combinatorics"
] |
1,619,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20control%20%28data%29 | In data communications, flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver. Flow control should be distinguished from congestion control, which is used for controlling the flow of data when congestion has actually occurred. ... | Flow control (data) | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,623 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
1,619,553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%20777 | Gliese 777, often abbreviated as Gl 777 or GJ 777, is a binary star approximately 52 light-years away in the constellation of Cygnus. The system is also a binary star system made up of two stars and possibly a third. As of 2005, two extrasolar planets are known to orbit the primary star.
Stellar components
The prim... | Gliese 777 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 633 | [
"Cygnus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
1,619,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20jet | Mountain jets are a type of jet stream created by surface winds channeled through mountain passes, sometimes causing high wind speeds and drastic temperature changes.
Central America jets
The North Pacific east of about 120°W is strongly influenced by winds blowing through gaps in the Central American cordillera. Ai... | Mountain jet | [
"Chemistry"
] | 720 | [
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
60,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocene | Ferrocene is an organometallic compound with the formula . The molecule is a complex consisting of two cyclopentadienyl rings sandwiching a central iron atom. It is an orange solid with a camphor-like odor that sublimes above room temperature, and is soluble in most organic solvents. It is remarkable for its stability:... | Ferrocene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,617 | [
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Cyclopentadienyl complexes",
"Sandwich compounds"
] |
60,744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic%20zirconia | Cubic zirconia (abbreviated CZ) is the cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). The synthesized material is hard and usually colorless, but may be made in a variety of different colors. It should not be confused with zircon, which is a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4). It is sometimes erroneously called cubic zir... | Cubic zirconia | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,533 | [
"Refractory materials",
"Synthetic materials",
"Materials",
"Crystallography",
"Crystals",
"Gemstones",
"Synthetic minerals",
"Matter"
] |
60,879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescence | Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical and electrical phenomenon, in which a material emits light in response to the passage of an electric current or to a strong electric field. This is distinct from black body light emission resulting from heat (incandescence), chemical reactions (chemiluminescence), reactions in a l... | Electroluminescence | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,366 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Luminescence",
"Molecular physics",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
60,933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric%20effect | The triboelectric effect (also known as triboelectricity, triboelectric charging, triboelectrification, or tribocharging) describes electric charge transfer between two objects when they contact or slide against each other. It can occur with different materials, such as the sole of a shoe on a carpet, or between two pi... | Triboelectric effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,522 | [
"Tribology",
"Physical phenomena",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
61,220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintronics | Spintronics (a portmanteau meaning spin transport electronics), also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices. The field of spintronics concerns spin-charge coupling in metal... | Spintronics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,534 | [
"Quantum electronics",
"Theoretical computer science",
"Applied mathematics",
"Spintronics",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Matter"
] |
61,255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20artificial%20chromosome | A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. F-plasmids play a crucial role because they contain partition genes that promote the even distribution of plasmids after bacterial cell div... | Bacterial artificial chromosome | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 734 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genomics techniques",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular biology"
] |
61,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20power%20unit | An auxiliary power unit (APU), is a device on a vehicle that provides energy for functions other than propulsion. They are commonly found on large aircraft and naval ships as well as some large land vehicles. Aircraft APUs generally produce 115 V AC voltage at 400 Hz (rather than 50/60 Hz in mains supply), to run the e... | Auxiliary power unit | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 2,230 | [
"Physical systems",
"Electrical generators",
"Machines"
] |
61,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic%20speed | Supersonic speed is the speed of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1). For objects traveling in dry air of a temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) at sea level, this speed is approximately . Speeds greater than five times the speed of sound (Mach 5) are often referred to as hypersonic. Flights during which only so... | Supersonic speed | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,359 | [
"Temporal quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Temporal rates",
"Aerodynamics",
"Airspeed",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
61,275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodoluminescence | Cathodoluminescence is an optical and electromagnetic phenomenon in which electrons impacting on a luminescent material such as a phosphor, cause the emission of photons which may have wavelengths in the visible spectrum. A familiar example is the generation of light by an electron beam scanning the phosphor-coated inn... | Cathodoluminescence | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,799 | [
"Electron",
"Luminescence",
"Molecular physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Electron beam",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
61,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokenization%20%28data%20security%29 | Tokenization, when applied to data security, is the process of substituting a sensitive data element with a non-sensitive equivalent, referred to as a token, that has no intrinsic or exploitable meaning or value. The token is a reference (i.e. identifier) that maps back to the sensitive data through a tokenization syst... | Tokenization (data security) | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 4,192 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
61,476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius%20of%20convergence | In mathematics, the radius of convergence of a power series is the radius of the largest disk at the center of the series in which the series converges. It is either a non-negative real number or . When it is positive, the power series converges absolutely and uniformly on compact sets inside the open disk of radius ... | Radius of convergence | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,958 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Functions and mappings",
"Convergence (mathematics)",
"Mathematical structures",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
61,580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20resistivity%20and%20conductivity | Electrical resistivity (also called volume resistivity or specific electrical resistance) is a fundamental specific property of a material that measures its electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows electric current. Resistivity is comm... | Electrical resistivity and conductivity | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 6,199 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Materials science",
"nan",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical properties",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
61,866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Born | Max Born (; 11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German-British theoretical physicist who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. Born was awarded the 1954... | Max Born | [
"Physics"
] | 7,279 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum physicists",
"Theoretical physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
61,891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, genus (: genera) has a few different, but closely related, meanings. Intuitively, the genus is the number of "holes" of a surface. A sphere has genus 0, while a torus has genus 1.
Topology
Orientable surfaces
The genus of a connected, orientable surface is an integer representing the maximum number o... | Genus (mathematics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,125 | [
"Graph theory",
"Algebraic topology",
"Geometric topology",
"Graph invariants",
"Topology",
"Mathematical relations",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Spacetime",
"Topological graph theory"
] |
61,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonator | A detonator is a device used to make an explosive or explosive device explode. Detonators come in a variety of types, depending on how they are initiated (chemically, mechanically, or electrically) and details of their inner working, which often involve several stages. Types of detonators include non-electric and elec... | Detonator | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,887 | [
"Explosives",
"Explosions"
] |
61,983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin | Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term tannin is widely applied to any large polyphenolic compound containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups (such a... | Tannin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,380 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic polymers"
] |
62,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs.%20Miniver%27s%20problem | Mrs. Miniver's problem is a geometry problem about the area of circles. It asks how to place two circles and of given radii in such a way that the lens formed by intersecting their two interiors has equal area to the symmetric difference of and (the area contained in one but not both circles). It was named for an a... | Mrs. Miniver's problem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 567 | [
"Circles",
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Mathematical problems",
"Pi",
"Area"
] |
62,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oganesson | Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the... | Oganesson | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 5,049 | [
"Matter",
"Noble gases",
"Chemical elements",
"Synthetic materials",
"Nonmetals",
"Synthetic elements",
"Atoms",
"Radioactivity"
] |
62,247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur%20form | In computer science, BackusNaur form (BNF; ; Backus normal form) is a notation used to describe the syntax of programming languages or other formal languages. It was developed by John Backus and Peter Naur. BNF can be described as a metasyntax notation for context-free grammars. Backus–Naur form is applied wherever exa... | Backus–Naur form | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,789 | [
"Formal languages",
"Mathematical logic"
] |
4,262,587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20diagrams | Thermodynamic diagrams are diagrams used to represent the thermodynamic states of a material (typically fluid) and the consequences of manipulating this material. For instance, a temperature–entropy diagram (T–s diagram) may be used to demonstrate the behavior of a fluid as it is changed by a compressor.
Overview
Es... | Thermodynamic diagrams | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,472 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
4,262,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfectly%20matched%20layer | A perfectly matched layer (PML) is an artificial absorbing layer for wave equations, commonly used to truncate computational regions in numerical methods to simulate problems with open boundaries, especially in the FDTD and FE methods. The key property of a PML that distinguishes it from an ordinary absorbing material... | Perfectly matched layer | [
"Physics"
] | 1,447 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Computational electromagnetics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics"
] |
13,632,049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray%20burst%20emission%20mechanisms | Gamma-ray burst emission mechanisms are theories that explain how the energy from a gamma-ray burst progenitor (regardless of the actual nature of the progenitor) is turned into radiation. These mechanisms are a major topic of research as of 2007. Neither the light curves nor the early-time spectra of GRBs show resembl... | Gamma-ray burst emission mechanisms | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,200 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical events",
"Gamma-ray bursts"
] |
13,633,477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20integration%20of%20a%20beam | Direct integration is a structural analysis method for measuring internal shear, internal moment, rotation, and deflection of a beam.
For a beam with an applied weight , taking downward to be positive, the internal shear force is given by taking the negative integral of the weight:
The internal moment is the integ... | Direct integration of a beam | [
"Engineering"
] | 611 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Structural analysis",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
13,635,394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-1 | Indo-1 is a popular dye that is used as a ratiometric calcium indicator similar to Fura-2. In contrast to Fura-2, Indo-1 has a dual emissions peak and a single excitation. The main emission peak in calcium-free solution is 475 nm while in the presence of calcium the emission is shifted to 400 nm. It is widely used in ... | Indo-1 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 295 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Microscopy",
"Biochemistry",
"Chelating agents",
"Cell imaging",
"Process chemicals"
] |
13,636,007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm-mediated%20gene%20transfer | Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) is a transgenic technique that transfers genes based on the ability of sperm cells to spontaneously bind to and internalize exogenous DNA and transport it into an oocyte during fertilization to produce genetically modified animals.1 Exogenous DNA refers to DNA that originates outside... | Sperm-mediated gene transfer | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,488 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology"
] |
13,636,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%20coordinates | Lemaître coordinates are a particular set of coordinates for the Schwarzschild metric—a spherically symmetric solution to the Einstein field equations in vacuum—introduced by Georges Lemaître in 1932. Changing from Schwarzschild to Lemaître coordinates removes the coordinate singularity at the Schwarzschild radius.
Me... | Lemaître coordinates | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 921 | [
"Exact solutions in general relativity",
"Tensors",
"Vector spaces",
"Mathematical objects",
"Theory of relativity",
"General relativity",
"Equations",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Metric tensors",
"Coordinate systems",
"Spacetime",
"Coordinate charts in general relativity"
] |
17,588,004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20outfall | A marine outfall (or ocean outfall) is a pipeline or tunnel that discharges municipal or industrial wastewater, stormwater, combined sewer overflows (CSOs), cooling water, or brine effluents from water desalination plants to the sea. Usually they discharge under the sea's surface (submarine outfall). In the case of mun... | Marine outfall | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,390 | [
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Water treatment",
"Oceanography",
"Chemical engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering",
"Waste treatment technology",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
17,590,286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiaki%20Arata | was a Japanese physicist. Arata was one of the pioneering researchers into nuclear fusion in Japan and a former professor at Osaka University. He was reported to be a strong nationalist, speaking only Japanese in public. He received the Order of Culture in 2006.
Arata started researching and publishing in the field o... | Yoshiaki Arata | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 238 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Cold fusion",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
17,590,530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential%20dynamical%20system | Sequential dynamical systems (SDSs) are a class of graph dynamical systems. They are discrete dynamical systems which generalize many aspects of for example classical cellular automata, and they provide a framework for studying asynchronous processes over graphs. The analysis of SDSs uses techniques from combinatorics,... | Sequential dynamical system | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 799 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mechanics",
"Abstract algebra",
"Algebra",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
17,597,147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-height%20analyzer | A pulse-height analyzer (PHA) is an instrument that accepts electronic pulses of varying heights from particle and event detectors, digitizes the pulse heights, and saves the number of pulses of each height in registers or channels, thus recording a pulse-height spectrum or pulse-height distribution used for later puls... | Pulse-height analyzer | [
"Physics"
] | 127 | [
"Experimental particle physics",
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Particle physics",
"Experimental physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Particle physics stubs"
] |
3,125,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instantaneous%20phase%20and%20frequency | Instantaneous phase and frequency are important concepts in signal processing that occur in the context of the representation and analysis of time-varying functions. The instantaneous phase (also known as local phase or simply phase) of a complex-valued function s(t), is the real-valued function:
where arg is the comp... | Instantaneous phase and frequency | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 750 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Time–frequency analysis",
"Frequency-domain analysis",
"Electrical engineering",
"Audio engineering"
] |
3,127,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral%20medicine | Behavioral medicine is concerned with the integration of knowledge in the biological, behavioral, psychological, and social sciences relevant to health and illness. These sciences include epidemiology, anthropology, sociology, psychology, physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, neuroanatomy, endocrinology, and immunology.... | Behavioral medicine | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,930 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
3,127,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicinchoninic%20acid%20assay | The bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay), also known as the Smith assay, after its inventor, Paul K. Smith at the Pierce Chemical Company, now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, is a biochemical assay for determining the total concentration of protein in a solution (0.5 μg/mL to 1.5 mg/mL), similar to Lowry protein assa... | Bicinchoninic acid assay | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,611 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical tests"
] |
3,129,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacking%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, stacking refers to superposition of molecules or atomic sheets owing to attractive interactions between these molecules or sheets.
Metal dichalcogenide compounds
Metal dichalcogenides have the formula ME2, where M = a transition metal and E = S, Se, Te. In terms of their electronic structures, these co... | Stacking (chemistry) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 837 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Nanotechnology",
"Chemical bonding",
"Supramolecular chemistry"
] |
11,084,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational-wave%20observatory | A gravitational-wave detector (used in a gravitational-wave observatory) is any device designed to measure tiny distortions of spacetime called gravitational waves. Since the 1960s, various kinds of gravitational-wave detectors have been built and constantly improved. The present-day generation of laser interferometers... | Gravitational-wave observatory | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,539 | [
"Astronomical observatories",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomy organizations",
"Measuring instruments",
"Gravitational instruments",
"Gravitational-wave astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
11,085,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-energy%20perturbation | Free-energy perturbation (FEP) is a method based on statistical mechanics that is used in computational chemistry for computing free-energy differences from molecular dynamics or Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations.
The FEP method was introduced by Robert W. Zwanzig in 1954. According to the free-energy perturbation me... | Free-energy perturbation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 665 | [
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Computational chemistry"
] |
11,087,760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetic%20material | Biomimetic materials are materials developed using inspiration from nature. This may be useful in the design of composite materials. Natural structures have inspired and innovated human creations. Notable examples of these natural structures include: honeycomb structure of the beehive, strength of spider silks, bird fl... | Biomimetic material | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,006 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Biological engineering",
"Neuroscience",
"Biomedical engineering",
"Materials",
"Matter",
"Medical technology"
] |
11,091,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79 | Selenium-79 is a radioisotope of selenium present in spent nuclear fuel and the wastes resulting from reprocessing this fuel. It is one of only seven long-lived fission products. Its fission yield is low (about 0.04%), as it is near the lower end of the mass range for fission products. Its half-life has been variously ... | Selenium-79 | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 680 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Isotopes of selenium",
"Radioactive waste",
"Isotopes",
"Fission products",
"Nuclear fallout",
"Hazardous waste",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Radioactivity"
] |
11,092,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named%20data%20networking | Named Data Networking (NDN) (related to content-centric networking (CCN), content-based networking, data-oriented networking or information-centric networking (ICN)) is a proposed Future Internet architecture that seeks to address problems in contemporary internet architectures like IP. NDN has its roots in an earlier ... | Named data networking | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,955 | [
"Computer networking",
"Computer science",
"Computer engineering"
] |
11,092,492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation%20property | In the mathematical field of model theory, the amalgamation property is a property of collections of structures that guarantees, under certain conditions, that two structures in the collection can be regarded as substructures of a larger one.
This property plays a crucial role in Fraïssé's theorem, which characterises... | Amalgamation property | [
"Mathematics"
] | 922 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Model theory"
] |
11,092,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20saw | A cold saw is a circular saw designed to cut metal which uses a toothed blade to transfer the heat generated by cutting to the chips created by the saw blade, allowing both the blade and material being cut to remain cool. This is in contrast to an abrasive saw, which abrades the metal and generates a great deal of hea... | Cold saw | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 1,176 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Cutting machines"
] |
11,093,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascofuranone | Ascofuranone is an antibiotic produced by various ascomycete fungi including Acremonium sclerotigenum that inhibits the Trypanosoma brucei alternative oxidase and is a lead compound in efforts to produce other drugs targeting this enzyme for the treatment of sleeping sickness. The compound is effective both in vitro ce... | Ascofuranone | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 505 | [
"Biotechnology products",
"Ketones",
"Functional groups",
"Antibiotics",
"Biocides"
] |
11,094,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzootic | Enzootic describes the situation where a disease or pathogen is continuously present in at least one species of non-human animal in a particular region. It is the non-human equivalent of endemic.
In epizoology, an infection is said to be "enzootic" in a population when the infection is maintained in the population wit... | Enzootic | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 91 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science",
"Biodiversity",
"Pathology"
] |
11,095,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integro-differential%20equation | In mathematics, an integro-differential equation is an equation that involves both integrals and derivatives of a function.
General first order linear equations
The general first-order, linear (only with respect to the term involving derivative) integro-differential equation is of the form
As is typical with differe... | Integro-differential equation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 523 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations"
] |
14,752,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla%20Structures | Tekla Structures is a building information modeling software able to model structures that incorporate different kinds of building materials, including steel, concrete, timber and glass. Tekla allows structural drafters and engineers to design a building structure and its components using 3D modeling, generate 2D drawi... | Tekla Structures | [
"Engineering"
] | 870 | [
"Construction",
"Building information modeling",
"Building engineering",
"Construction software"
] |
14,753,789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APBB1 | Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APBB1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Fe65 protein family. It is an adaptor protein localized in the nucleus. It interacts with the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protei... | APBB1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 228 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,754,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR1 | Discoidin domain receptor family, member 1, also known as DDR1 or CD167a (cluster of differentiation 167a), is a human gene.
Function
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play a key role in the communication of cells with their microenvironment. These molecules are involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiat... | DDR1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 303 | [
"Tyrosine kinase receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,754,054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PITX2 | Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 also known as pituitary homeobox 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PITX2 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the RIEG/PITX homeobox family, which is in the bicoid class of homeodomain proteins. This protein acts as a transcription factor and regu... | PITX2 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,361 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,754,384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTAG1B | Cancer/testis antigen 1 also known as LAGE2 or LAGE2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTAG1B gene. It is most often referenced by its alias NY-ESO-1.
Cancer/Testis Antigen 1B is a protein belonging to the family of Cancer Testis Antigens (CTA) that are expressed in a variety of malignant tumours at the m... | CTAG1B | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,015 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,754,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil%20cytosolic%20factor%204 | Neutrophil cytosol factor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCF4 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a cytosolic regulatory component of the superoxide-producing phagocyte NADPH-oxidase, a multicomponent enzyme system important for host defense. This protein is preferentially expressed i... | Neutrophil cytosolic factor 4 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 365 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,754,630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox%20protein%20Nkx-2.5 | Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX2-5 gene.
Function
Homeobox-containing genes play critical roles in regulating tissue-specific gene expression essential for tissue differentiation, as well as determining the temporal and spatial patterns of development (Shiojima et al., 1995... | Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,050 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,755,368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMEL%20%28gene%29 | Melanocyte protein PMEL also known as premelanosome protein (PMEL), silver locus protein homolog (SILV) or Glycoprotein 100 (gp100), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMEL gene. Its gene product may be referred to as PMEL, silver, ME20, gp100 or Pmel17.
Structure and function
PMEL is a 100 kDa, 661 amino ... | PMEL (gene) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 687 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Protein stubs"
] |
14,756,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%20protein | P protein, also known as melanocyte-specific transporter protein or pink-eyed dilution protein homolog, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2) gene. The P protein is believed to be an integral membrane protein involved in small molecule transport, specifically of tyrosine—a prec... | P protein | [
"Chemistry"
] | 748 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,756,976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20acetylenic%20carbon | Linear acetylenic carbon (LAC), also known as carbyne or a Linear Carbon Chain (LCC), is an allotrope of carbon that has the chemical structure as a repeat unit, with alternating single and triple bonds. It would thus be the ultimate member of the polyyne family.
This polymeric carbyne is of considerable interest to ... | Linear acetylenic carbon | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,866 | [
"Alkynes",
"Allotropes of carbon",
"Allotropes",
"Materials science",
"Organic compounds",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
14,757,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream%20restoration | Stream restoration or river restoration, also sometimes referred to as river reclamation, is work conducted to improve the environmental health of a river or stream, in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood management and/or landscape development.
Stream restoration approaches can be divided into two broad catego... | Stream restoration | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,882 | [
"Hydrology",
"Ecological restoration",
"Chemical engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering",
"Riparian zone",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
8,920,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melde%27s%20experiment | Melde's experiment is a scientific experiment carried out in 1859 by the German physicist Franz Melde on the standing waves produced in a tense cable originally set oscillating by a tuning fork, later improved with connection to an electric vibrator. This experiment, "a lecture-room standby", attempted to demonstrate t... | Melde's experiment | [
"Physics"
] | 489 | [
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
8,920,717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roasting%20%28metallurgy%29 | Roasting is a process of heating a sulfide ore to a high temperature in the presence of air. It is a step in the processing of certain ores. More specifically, roasting is often a metallurgical process involving gas–solid reactions at elevated temperatures with the goal of purifying the metal component(s). Often befo... | Roasting (metallurgy) | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,064 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"nan",
"Materials science"
] |
8,921,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSSP%20%28algorithm%29 | The DSSP algorithm is the standard method for assigning secondary structure to the amino acids of a protein, given the atomic-resolution coordinates of the protein. The abbreviation is only mentioned once in the 1983 paper describing this algorithm, where it is the name of the Pascal program that implements the algorit... | DSSP (algorithm) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 598 | [
"Protein structure",
"Structural biology"
] |
8,921,317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifson%E2%80%93Roig%20model | In polymer science, the Lifson–Roig model
is a helix-coil transition model applied to the alpha helix-random coil transition of polypeptides; it is a refinement of the Zimm–Bragg model that recognizes that a polypeptide alpha helix is only stabilized by a hydrogen bond only once three consecutive residues have adopted... | Lifson–Roig model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 729 | [
"Polymer physics",
"Structural biology",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Protein structure"
] |
8,921,481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity%20%28statistical%20mechanics%29 | In statistical mechanics, multiplicity (also called statistical weight) refers to the number of microstates corresponding to a particular macrostate of a thermodynamic system. Commonly denoted , it is related to the configuration entropy of an isolated system via Boltzmann's entropy formula
where is the entropy and ... | Multiplicity (statistical mechanics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 432 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
8,923,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendency | Ascendency or ascendancy is a quantitative attribute of an ecosystem, defined as a function of the ecosystem's trophic network. Ascendency is derived using mathematical tools from information theory. It is intended to capture in a single index the ability of an ecosystem to prevail against disturbance by virtue of it... | Ascendency | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 517 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Applied mathematics",
"Entropy and information",
"Computer science",
"Entropy",
"Information theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
8,924,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewar%E2%80%93Chatt%E2%80%93Duncanson%20model | The Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model is a model in organometallic chemistry that explains the chemical bonding in transition metal alkene complexes. The model is named after Michael J. S. Dewar, Joseph Chatt and L. A. Duncanson.
The alkene donates electron density into a π-acid metal d-orbital from a π-symmetry bonding orb... | Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 471 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
8,924,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racah%20W-coefficient | Racah's W-coefficients were introduced by Giulio Racah in 1942. These coefficients have a purely mathematical definition. In physics they are used in calculations involving the quantum mechanical description of angular momentum, for example in atomic theory.
The coefficients appear when there are three sources of ang... | Racah W-coefficient | [
"Physics"
] | 586 | [
"Symmetry",
"Rotational symmetry"
] |
8,925,452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-j%20symbol | Wigner's 6-j symbols were introduced by Eugene Paul Wigner in 1940 and published in 1965. They are defined as a sum over products of four Wigner 3-j symbols,
The summation is over all six allowed by the selection rules of the 3-j symbols.
They are closely related to the Racah W-coefficients, which are used for reco... | 6-j symbol | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,113 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Theoretical physics",
"Monoidal categories",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Category theory",
"Symmetry",
"Rotational symmetry"
] |
8,927,344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-j%20symbol | In physics, Wigner's 9-j symbols were introduced by Eugene Paul Wigner in 1937. They are related to recoupling coefficients in quantum mechanics involving four angular momenta:
Recoupling of four angular momentum vectors
Coupling of two angular momenta and is the construction of simultaneous eigenfunctions of and ,... | 9-j symbol | [
"Physics"
] | 638 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Symmetry",
"Rotational symmetry"
] |
9,611,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide%20mitigation | Landslide mitigation refers to several human-made activities on slopes with the goal of lessening the effect of landslides. Landslides can be triggered by many, sometimes concomitant causes. In addition to shallow erosion or reduction of shear strength caused by seasonal rainfall, landslides may be triggered by anthrop... | Landslide mitigation | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 7,171 | [
"Environmental soil science",
" prevention and mitigation",
"Landslide analysis"
] |
9,612,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame%20rectification | Flame rectification is a phenomenon in which a flame can act as an electrical rectifier. The effect is commonly described as being caused by the greater mobility of electrons relative to that of positive ions within the flame, and the asymmetric nature of the electrodes used to detect the phenomenon.
This effect is us... | Flame rectification | [
"Physics"
] | 214 | [
"Plasma technology and applications",
"Plasma physics"
] |
9,612,488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiurewicz%20point | In mathematics, a Misiurewicz point is a parameter value in the Mandelbrot set (the parameter space of complex quadratic maps) and also in real quadratic maps of the interval for which the critical point is strictly pre-periodic (i.e., it becomes periodic after finitely many iterations but is not periodic itself). By a... | Misiurewicz point | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,639 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
9,614,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin%20receptor | The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, is a protein which functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin. In humans, the oxytocin receptor is encoded by the OXTR gene which has been localized to human chromosome 3p25.
Function and location
The OXTR protein belongs to the G-protein coupled rec... | Oxytocin receptor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,355 | [
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
9,615,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitazoxanide | Nitazoxanide, sold under the brand name Alinia among others, is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and broad-spectrum antiviral medication that is used in medicine for the treatment of various helminthic, protozoal, and viral infections. It is indicated for the treatment of infection by Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia ... | Nitazoxanide | [
"Biology"
] | 2,621 | [
"Antiviral drugs",
"Biocides",
"Antiparasitic agents"
] |
9,616,023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20to%20HDL | C to HDL tools convert C language or C-like computer code into a hardware description language (HDL) such as VHDL or Verilog. The converted code can then be synthesized and translated into a hardware device such as a field-programmable gate array. Compared to software, equivalent designs in hardware consume less powe... | C to HDL | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 925 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Hardware acceleration",
"Hardware description languages",
"Computer systems"
] |
13,255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen | Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest element and, at standard conditions, is a gas of diatomic molecules with the formula , sometimes called dihydrogen, hydrogen gas, molecular hydrogen, or simply hydrogen. It is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and highly combustible. ... | Hydrogen | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 8,160 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Diatomic nonmetals",
"Nonmetals",
"Signal transduction",
"Reducing agents",
"Gaseous signaling molecules",
"Reactive nonmetals",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
13,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium | Helium (from ) is a chemical element; it has symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas and the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements, and it does not have a melting point at standard pressures. It is t... | Helium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 10,905 | [
"Quantum phases",
"Noble gases",
"Chemical elements",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Nonmetals",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
13,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone | A hormone (from the Greek participle , "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior. Hormones are required for the correct development of animals, plants and fungi. Due to ... | Hormone | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,080 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"Physiology",
"Signal transduction"
] |
13,435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology | Hydrology () is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science,... | Hydrology | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,812 | [
"Hydrology",
"Chemical engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"nan",
"Environmental engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
13,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium | Holmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ho and atomic number 67. It is a rare-earth element and the eleventh member of the lanthanide series. It is a relatively soft, silvery, fairly corrosion-resistant and malleable metal. Like many other lanthanides, holmium is too reactive to be found in native form, as pure ho... | Holmium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,269 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Ferromagnetic materials",
"Reducing agents",
"Materials",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
13,466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium | Hafnium is a chemical element; it has symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1922, by Dirk Coster a... | Hafnium | [
"Physics"
] | 4,339 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
13,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin | Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb or Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transportation of oxygen in red blood cells. Almost all vertebrates contain hemoglobin, with the sole exception of the fish family Channichthyidae. Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to... | Hemoglobin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 11,313 | [
"Equilibrium chemistry"
] |
13,564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphism | In algebra, a homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between two algebraic structures of the same type (such as two groups, two rings, or two vector spaces). The word homomorphism comes from the Ancient Greek language: () meaning "same" and () meaning "form" or "shape". However, the word was apparently introduced... | Homomorphism | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,871 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Morphisms"
] |
13,606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life | Half-life (symbol ) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable atoms survive. The term is also used more generally to characterize any type of ... | Half-life | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,897 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Nuclear physics",
"Temporal exponentials",
"Spacetime",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Radioactivity"
] |
13,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20bond | In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is primarily an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac). Such an interacting ... | Hydrogen bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,430 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Materials science",
"Intermolecular forces",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Nanotechnology",
"Chemical bonding",
"Supramolecular chemistry"
] |
13,654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20engine | A heat engine is a system that converts heat to usable energy, particularly mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. While originally conceived in the context of mechanical energy, the concept of the heat engine has been applied to various other kinds of energy, particularly electrical, since at... | Heat engine | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 3,733 | [
"Machines",
"Engines",
"Physical systems",
"Engine technology",
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
13,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20basis%20theorem | In mathematics Hilbert's basis theorem asserts that every ideal of a polynomial ring over a field has a finite generating set (a finite basis in Hilbert's terminology).
In modern algebra, rings whose ideals have this property are called Noetherian rings. Every field, and the ring of integers are Noetherian rings. So, ... | Hilbert's basis theorem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,348 | [
"Symmetry",
"Group actions",
"Theorems in algebra",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Theorems about polynomials",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Commutative algebra",
"Invariant theory"
] |
13,734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic%20compound | A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles.
Examples of heterocyclic compou... | Heterocyclic compound | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,407 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Heterocyclic compounds"
] |
14,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber%20process | The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H2) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
This reaction is thermodynamically favorable at room temperature... | Haber process | [
"Chemistry"
] | 7,081 | [
"Catalysis",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Name reactions",
"Chemical processes",
"Industrial gases",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
14,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone | In biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaeal phyla. They act as spools around which DNA winds to create structural units called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes in turn are wrapped into 30-nanometer fibers that form tightly... | Histone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 6,713 | [
"Proteins",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower | Hydropower (from Ancient Greek -, "water"), also known as water power or water energy, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by converting the gravitational potential or kinetic energy of a water source to produce power. Hydropower is a method of susta... | Hydropower | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 5,709 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
14,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobe | In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the chemical property of a molecule (called a hydrophobe) that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water. In contrast, hydrophiles are attracted to water.
Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar and, thus, prefer other neutral molecules and nonpolar solvents. Because water molecules ... | Hydrophobe | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,382 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Intermolecular forces",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
14,286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic%20principle | The holographic principle is a property of string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region – such as a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon. First proposed by Gerard 't... | Holographic principle | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,876 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Black holes",
"Physical quantities",
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Density",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
14,307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%20effect | The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current. It was discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879.
The Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio o... | Hall effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,247 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Hall effect",
"Phases of matter",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
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