id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4,248,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20aeroacoustics | Computational aeroacoustics is a branch of aeroacoustics that aims to analyze the generation of noise by turbulent flows through numerical methods.
History
The origin of computational aeroacoustics can only very likely be dated back to the middle of the 1980s, with a publication of Hardin and Lamkin who claimed, that ... | Computational aeroacoustics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,332 | [
"Computational fields of study",
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Computational physics",
"Aerodynamics",
"Mechanics",
"Computing and society",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
14,721,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupon%20collector%27s%20problem | In probability theory, the coupon collector's problem refers to mathematical analysis of "collect all coupons and win" contests. It asks the following question: if each box of a given product (e.g., breakfast cereals) contains a coupon, and there are n different types of coupons, what is the probability that more than ... | Coupon collector's problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 826 | [
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Probability problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
14,722,571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20sequencer | An analog sequencer is a music sequencer constructed from analog (analogue) electronics, invented in the first half of the 20th century.
Raymond Scott designed and constructed some of the first electro-mechanical music sequencers in the 1940s. The first electronic sequencer was invented by Raymond Scott, using thyratr... | Analog sequencer | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,009 | [
"Music sequencers",
"Automation"
] |
14,723,619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%20inhibitor%201C | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2), also known as CDKN1C, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CDKN1C imprinted gene.
Function
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C is a tight-binding inhibitor of several G1 cyclin/Cdk complexes and a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Mutations of CD... | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C | [
"Biology"
] | 740 | [
"Cell cycle",
"Cellular processes"
] |
14,723,907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated%20potassium%20channel%20subunit%20alpha-1 | Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 also known as large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCa1.1), or BK channel alpha subunit, is a voltage gated potassium channel encoded by the KCNMA1 gene and characterized by their large conductance of potassium ions (K+)... | Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 827 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Ion channels"
] |
14,724,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental%20growth%20factor | Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGF gene.
Placental growth factor (PGF) is a member of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) sub-family - a key molecule in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, in particular during embryogenesis. The main source of PGF during pregnancy... | Placental growth factor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 901 | [
"Growth factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
17,565,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthasarathy%27s%20theorem | In mathematics – and in particular the study of games on the unit square – Parthasarathy's theorem is a generalization of Von Neumann's minimax theorem. It states that a particular class of games has a mixed value, provided that at least one of the players has a strategy that is restricted to absolutely continuous dis... | Parthasarathy's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 303 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in measure theory",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics",
"Game theory",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
17,568,082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-structure%20interaction | Ground–structure interaction (SSI) consists of the interaction between soil (ground) and a structure built upon it. It is primarily an exchange of mutual stress, whereby the movement of the ground-structure system is influenced by both the type of ground and the type of structure. This is especially applicable to areas... | Soil-structure interaction | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,925 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Structural analysis",
"Soil mechanics",
"Foundations (buildings and structures)",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Earthquake engineering",
"Earthquake and seismic risk mit... |
17,571,895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobiological%20engineering | Aerobiological engineering is the science of designing buildings and systems to control airborne pathogens and allergens in indoor environments. The most-common environments include commercial buildings, residences and hospitals. This field of study is important because controlled indoor climates generally tend to favo... | Aerobiological engineering | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,141 | [
"Biological engineering"
] |
17,571,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacopoeia%20of%20the%20People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China | The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (PPRC) or the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP), compiled by the Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, is an official compendium of drugs, covering Traditional Chinese and western medicines, which includes information on the s... | Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China | [
"Chemistry"
] | 526 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
17,573,081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal%20matrix | In linear algebra, the modal matrix is used in the diagonalization process involving eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Specifically the modal matrix for the matrix is the n × n matrix formed with the eigenvectors of as columns in . It is utilized in the similarity transformation
where is an n × n diagonal matrix ... | Modal matrix | [
"Mathematics"
] | 576 | [
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
3,113,292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level%20waste | High-level waste (HLW) is a type of nuclear waste created by the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. It exists in two main forms:
First and second cycle raffinate and other waste streams created by nuclear reprocessing.
Waste formed by vitrification of liquid high-level waste.
Liquid high-level waste is typically h... | High-level waste | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 829 | [
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Radioactive waste",
"Hazardous waste",
"Radioactivity"
] |
3,113,450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle%20clock | A candle clock is a thin candle with consistently spaced marking that, when burned, indicates the passage of periods of time. While no longer used today, candle clocks provided an effective way to tell time indoors, at night, or on a cloudy day.
History
It is unknown where and when candle clocks were first used. The ... | Candle clock | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 476 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Clocks",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
3,113,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93hydrogen%20bond | In chemistry, the carbon–hydrogen bond ( bond) is a chemical bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be found in many organic compounds. This bond is a covalent, single bond, meaning that carbon shares its outer valence electrons with up to four hydrogens. This completes both of their outer shells, making them... | Carbon–hydrogen bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 559 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
3,113,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate%20heat%20exchanger | A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. This has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids are spread out over the plates. This facilitates the transfer of h... | Plate heat exchanger | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,280 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"Heat exchangers"
] |
3,113,840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction%20%28mechanics%29 | Traction, traction force or tractive force is a force used to generate motion between a body and a tangential surface, through the use of either dry friction or shear force.
It has important applications in vehicles, as in tractive effort.
Traction can also refer to the maximum tractive force between a body and a sur... | Traction (mechanics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 842 | [
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Vehicle technology",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
3,114,625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C4-Benzoquinone | 1,4-Benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2. In a pure state, it forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde. This six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of 1,... | 1,4-Benzoquinone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,377 | [
"Redox",
"Oxidizing agents"
] |
3,115,142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20for%20Responsible%20Genetics | The Council for Responsible Genetics (CRG) was a nonprofit NGO with a focus on biotechnology.
History
The Council for Responsible Genetics was founded in 1983 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
An early voice concerned about the social and ethical implications of modern genetic technologies, CRG organized a 1985 Congress... | Council for Responsible Genetics | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 842 | [
"Biotechnology organizations"
] |
3,115,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverberg%27s%20theorem | In discrete geometry, Tverberg's theorem, first stated by Helge Tverberg in 1966, is the result that sufficiently many points in Euclidean space can be partitioned into subsets with intersecting convex hulls. Specifically, for any positive integers d, r and any set of
points in d-dimensional Euclidean space there exis... | Tverberg's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 890 | [
"Geometric transversal theory",
"Theorems in convex geometry",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics",
"Basic concepts in set theory",
"Families of sets",
"Theorems in geometry",
"Theorems in discrete geometry"
] |
3,115,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urca%20process | In astroparticle physics, an Urca process is a reaction which emits a neutrino and which is assumed to take part in cooling processes in neutron stars and white dwarfs. The process was first discussed by George Gamow and Mário Schenberg while they were visiting a casino named Cassino da Urca in Urca, Rio de Janeiro. ... | Urca process | [
"Physics"
] | 513 | [
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Astrophysics"
] |
3,116,066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colure | Colure, in astronomy, is either of the two principal meridians of the celestial sphere. The term is now rarely used and may be considered obsolete.
Equinoctial colure
The equinoctial colure is the meridian or great circle of the celestial sphere which passes through the celestial poles and the two equinoxes: the first... | Colure | [
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 281 | [
"Time in astronomy",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astronomical coordinate systems",
"Solstices",
"Coordinate systems"
] |
3,116,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan%20formula | In mathematics, Cartan formula can mean:
one in differential geometry: , where , and are Lie derivative, exterior derivative, and interior product, respectively, acting on differential forms. See interior product for the detail. It is also called the Cartan homotopy formula or Cartan magic formula. This formula is n... | Cartan formula | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 130 | [
"Theorems in differential geometry",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical structures",
"Tensors",
"Algebraic topology",
"Theorems in topology",
"Differential forms",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Category theory",
"Theorems in geometry",
"Mathematical identities",
"Mathematica... |
3,117,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20textbooks%20in%20thermodynamics%20and%20statistical%20mechanics | A list of notable textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, arranged by category and date.
Only or mainly thermodynamics
Both thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
2e Kittel, Charles; and Kroemer, Herbert (1980) New York: W.H. Freeman
2e (1988) Chichester: Wiley , .
(1990) New York: Dover
St... | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | [
"Physics"
] | 535 | [
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
3,117,887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann%20number | In mathematical physics, a Grassmann number, named after Hermann Grassmann (also called an anticommuting number or supernumber), is an element of the exterior algebra of a complex vector space. The special case of a 1-dimensional algebra is known as a dual number. Grassmann numbers saw an early use in physics to expres... | Grassmann number | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,846 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Mathematical structures",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers",
"Algebraic structures",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Hypercomplex numbers",
"Supersymmetry",
"Symmetry"
] |
3,118,707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetted%20area | In fluid dynamics, the wetted area is the surface area that interacts with the working fluid or gas.
In maritime use, the wetted area is the area of the watercraft's hull which is immersed in water. This has a direct relationship on the overall hydrodynamic drag of the ship or submarine.
In aeronautics, the wetted a... | Wetted area | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 188 | [
"Naval architecture",
"Aerodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Marine engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
12,044,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20decoding | In coding theory, list decoding is an alternative to unique decoding of error-correcting codes for large error rates. The notion was proposed by Elias in the 1950s. The main idea behind list decoding is that the decoding algorithm instead of outputting a single possible message outputs a list of possibilities one of wh... | List decoding | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,196 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Coding theory",
"Reliability engineering",
"Error detection and correction"
] |
12,045,078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excision%20repair%20cross-complementing | Excision repair cross-complementing (ERCC) is a set of proteins which are involved in DNA repair.
In humans, ERCC proteins are transcribed from the following genes:
ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, ERCC6, and ERCC8.
Members 1 though 5 are associated with Xeroderma Pigmentosum.
Members 6 and 8 are associated with ... | Excision repair cross-complementing | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 97 | [
"DNA repair",
"Protein stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes"
] |
12,045,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flory%20convention | In polymer science, the Flory convention is a convention for labelling rotational isomers of polymers. It is named after Nobel Prize-winning Paul Flory.
The convention states that for a given bond, when the dihedral angle formed between the previous and subsequent bonds projected on the plane normal to the bond is 0 ... | Flory convention | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 96 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Biophysics"
] |
12,045,475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-box | T-box refers to a group of transcription factors involved in embryonic limb and heart development. Every T-box protein has a relatively large DNA-binding domain, generally comprising about a third of the entire protein that is both necessary and sufficient for sequence-specific DNA binding. All members of the T-box gen... | T-box | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 707 | [
"Protein stubs",
"Gene expression",
"Signal transduction",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Induced stem cells",
"Transcription factors"
] |
12,046,704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylglycerol | Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid found in pulmonary surfactant and in the plasma membrane where it directly activates lipid-gated ion channels.
The general structure of phosphatidylglycerol consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate backbone ester-bonded to either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids on carbons... | Phosphatidylglycerol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 663 | [
"Phospholipids",
"Molecular biology",
"Membrane biology",
"Signal transduction"
] |
12,052,294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20differential | In automotive engineering the electronic differential is a form of differential, which provides the required torque for each driving wheel and allows different wheel speeds. It is used in place of the mechanical differential in multi-drive systems. When cornering, the inner and outer wheels rotate at different speeds, ... | Electronic differential | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 556 | [
"Vehicle technology",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical power control",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline"
] |
12,054,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layered%20double%20hydroxides | Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are a class of ionic solids characterized by a layered structure with the generic layer sequence [AcB Z AcB]n, where c represents layers of metal cations, A and B are layers of hydroxide () anions, and Z are layers of other anions and neutral molecules (such as water). Lateral offsets b... | Layered double hydroxides | [
"Physics"
] | 2,108 | [
"Materials",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Hydroxides",
"Matter"
] |
12,055,125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombieri%20norm | In mathematics, the Bombieri norm, named after Enrico Bombieri, is a norm on homogeneous polynomials with coefficient in or (there is also a version for non homogeneous univariate polynomials). This norm has many remarkable properties, the most important being listed in this article.
Bombieri scalar product for homo... | Bombieri norm | [
"Mathematics"
] | 467 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Analytic number theory",
"Several complex variables",
"Polynomials",
"Mathematical objects",
"Number theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Norms (mathematics)",
"Algebra"
] |
176,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees%20of%20freedom | In many scientific fields, the degrees of freedom of a system is the number of parameters of the system that may vary independently. For example, a point in the plane has two degrees of freedom for translation: its two coordinates; a non-infinitesimal object on the plane might have additional degrees of freedoms relate... | Degrees of freedom | [
"Physics"
] | 234 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Dimension",
"Physical quantities",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
176,695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20feedback | Audio feedback (also known as acoustic feedback, simply as feedback) is a positive feedback situation that may occur when an acoustic path exists between an audio output (for example, a loudspeaker) and its audio input (for example, a microphone or guitar pickup). In this example, a signal received by the microphone is... | Audio feedback | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,638 | [
"Audio electronics",
"Audio engineering"
] |
177,089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20energy | Atomic energy or energy of atoms is energy carried by atoms. The term originated in 1903 when Ernest Rutherford began to speak of the possibility of atomic energy. H. G. Wells popularized the phrase "splitting the atom", before discovery of the atomic nucleus.
Atomic energy includes:
Nuclear binding energy, the e... | Atomic energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 190 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Forms of energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Nuclear energy",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactivity"
] |
177,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20line | A spectral line is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum. It may result from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules. These "fingerprints" can be compared to the... | Spectral line | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,429 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Waves",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
178,220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP%20synthase | ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is:
ADP + Pi + 2H+out ATP + H2O + 2H+in
ATP synthase l... | ATP synthase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,332 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Cellular respiration",
"Metabolism",
"Photosynthesis"
] |
178,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary%20transfer%20orbit | In space mission design, a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or geosynchronous transfer orbit is a highly elliptical type of geocentric orbit, usually with a perigee as low as low Earth orbit (LEO) and an apogee as high as geostationary orbit (GEO). Satellites that are destined for geosynchronous orbit (GSO) or GEO ar... | Geostationary transfer orbit | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,909 | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
9,575,341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Art%20of%20the%20Metaobject%20Protocol | The Art of the Metaobject Protocol (AMOP) is a 1991 book by Gregor Kiczales, Jim des Rivieres, and Daniel G. Bobrow (all three working for Xerox PARC) on the subject of metaobject protocol.
Overview
The book contains an explanation of what a metaobject protocol is, why it is desirable, and the de facto standard for th... | The Art of the Metaobject Protocol | [
"Technology"
] | 398 | [
"Works about computing",
"Computer books"
] |
9,578,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed%20flight | In high-speed flight, the assumptions of incompressibility of the air used in low-speed aerodynamics no longer apply. In subsonic aerodynamics, the theory of lift is based upon the forces generated on a body and a moving gas (air) in which it is immersed. At airspeeds below about , air can be considered incompressible... | High-speed flight | [
"Physics"
] | 482 | [
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Airspeed",
"Physical quantities"
] |
9,579,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic%20amino%20acid | An aromatic amino acid is an amino acid that includes an aromatic ring.
Among the 20 standard amino acids, histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, are classified as aromatic.
Properties and function
Optical properties
Aromatic amino acids, excepting histidine, absorb ultraviolet light above and beyond 250 n... | Aromatic amino acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 951 | [
"Amino acids",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification"
] |
9,579,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20systems%20engineering | Biological systems engineering or biosystems engineering is a broad-based engineering discipline with particular emphasis on non-medical biology. It can be thought of as a subset of the broader notion of biological engineering or bio-technology though not in the respects that pertain to biomedical engineering as biosys... | Biological systems engineering | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 762 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Biological engineering",
"nan",
"Systems biology"
] |
9,579,379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base%20%28geometry%29 | In geometry, a base is a side of a polygon or a face of a polyhedron, particularly one oriented perpendicular to the direction in which height is measured, or on what is considered to be the "bottom" of the figure. This term is commonly applied in plane geometry to triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, and in solid ge... | Base (geometry) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 527 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Extensive quantities",
"Volume",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Area"
] |
9,581,197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93lepton%20complementarity | The quark–lepton complementarity (QLC) is a possible fundamental symmetry between quarks and leptons. First proposed in 1990 by Foot and Lew, it assumes that leptons as well as quarks come in three "colors". Such theory may reproduce the Standard Model at low energies, and hence quark–lepton symmetry may be realized in... | Quark–lepton complementarity | [
"Physics"
] | 478 | [
"Standard Model",
"Particle physics"
] |
9,585,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn%20anomaly | A Kohn anomaly or the Kohn effect is an anomaly in the dispersion relation of a phonon branch in a metal. The anomaly is named for Walter Kohn, who first proposed it in 1959.
Description
In condensed matter physics, a Kohn anomaly (also called the Kohn effect) is an anomaly in the dispersion relation of a phonon bran... | Kohn anomaly | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 636 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter",
"Materials science"
] |
1,043,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity | In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors. For example, when glutamate receptors such as the NMDA receptor or AMPA receptor encounter excessive lev... | Excitotoxicity | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,357 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Toxins",
"Neurochemistry",
"Toxicology"
] |
1,043,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93maneuverability%20theory | Energy–maneuverability theory is a model of aircraft performance. It was developed by Col. John Boyd, a fighter pilot, and Thomas P. Christie, a mathematician with the United States Air Force, and is useful in describing an aircraft's performance as the total of kinetic and potential energies or aircraft specific energ... | Energy–maneuverability theory | [
"Engineering"
] | 373 | [
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
1,044,194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral%20Equations%20and%20Operator%20Theory | Integral Equations and Operator Theory is a journal dedicated to operator theory and its applications to engineering and other mathematical sciences. As some approaches to the study of integral equations (theoretically and numerically) constitute a subfield of operator theory, the journal also deals with the theory of ... | Integral Equations and Operator Theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 164 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis journals"
] |
1,046,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20equivalence%20checking | Formal equivalence checking process is a part of electronic design automation (EDA), commonly used during the development of digital integrated circuits, to formally prove that two representations of a circuit design exhibit exactly the same behavior.
Equivalence checking and levels of abstraction
In general, there ... | Formal equivalence checking | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,461 | [
"Software engineering",
"Formal methods"
] |
1,046,155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection-valued%20measure | In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a projection-valued measure (or spectral measure) is a function defined on certain subsets of a fixed set and whose values are self-adjoint projections on a fixed Hilbert space. A projection-valued measure (PVM) is formally similar to a real-valued measure, except t... | Projection-valued measure | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,625 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Measures (measure theory)",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Linear algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
1,046,687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-loudness%20contour | An equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure level, over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones. The unit of measurement for loudness levels is the phon and is arrived at by reference to equal-loudness contours. By definition, two sin... | Equal-loudness contour | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,604 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Audio engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
2,260,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20roughness | Surface roughness can be regarded as the quality of a surface of not being smooth and it is hence linked to human (haptic) perception of the surface texture. From a mathematical perspective it is related to the spatial variability structure of surfaces, and inherently it is a multiscale property. It has different inter... | Surface roughness | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,048 | [
"Tribology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
2,260,942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20strength | In engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a pape... | Shear strength | [
"Engineering"
] | 560 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Shear strength",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
2,262,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaerobe | Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from the presence of nanomolar concentrations of oxygen (e.g. Bacteroides fragilis). Like other anaerobes, these organisms do not require oxygen for growth. This growth benefit requires the ex... | Nanaerobe | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 120 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Cellular respiration",
"Metabolism"
] |
2,262,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheometer | A rheometer is a laboratory device used to measure the way in which a viscous fluid (a liquid, suspension or slurry) flows in response to applied forces. It is used for those fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity and therefore require more parameters to be set and measured than is the case for ... | Rheometer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,091 | [
"Tribology",
"Chemical engineering",
"Materials science",
"Measuring instruments",
"Surface science",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
2,262,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20package%20metrics | Various software package metrics are used in modular programming. They have been mentioned by Robert Cecil Martin in his 2002 book Agile software development: principles, patterns, and practices.
The term software package here refers to a group of related classes in object-oriented programming.
Number of classes an... | Software package metrics | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 558 | [
"Software engineering",
"Quantity",
"Metrics",
"Software metrics"
] |
2,262,935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissert%20indole%20synthesis | The Reissert indole synthesis is a series of chemical reactions designed to synthesize indole or substituted-indoles (4 and 5) from ortho-nitrotoluene 1 and diethyl oxalate 2.
Potassium ethoxide has been shown to give better results than sodium ethoxide.
Reaction mechanism
The first step of the synthesis is the conde... | Reissert indole synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 235 | [
"Name reactions",
"Ring forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
2,263,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20acid | Telluric acid, or more accurately orthotelluric acid, is a chemical compound with the formula , often written as . It is a white crystalline solid made up of octahedral molecules which persist in aqueous solution. In the solid state, there are two forms, rhombohedral and monoclinic, and both contain octahedral molecu... | Telluric acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 619 | [
"Acids",
"Hydroxides",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Oxidizing acids",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
2,263,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Water%20Management%20Institute | The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is a non-profit international water management research organisation under the CGIAR with its headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and offices across Africa and Asia. Research at the Institute focuses on improving how water and land resources are managed, with the aim ... | International Water Management Institute | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,447 | [
"Hydrology",
"Water supply",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
2,263,904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20footprint | A carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas footprint) is a calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount of greenhouse gases that an activity, product, company or country adds to the atmosphere. Carbon footprints are usually reported in tonnes of emissions (CO2-equivalent) per unit of comparis... | Carbon footprint | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,190 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Greenhouse gas emissions"
] |
2,263,974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouveault%E2%80%93Blanc%20reduction | The Bouveault–Blanc reduction is a chemical reaction in which an ester is reduced to primary alcohols using absolute ethanol and sodium metal. It was first reported by Louis Bouveault and Gustave Louis Blanc in 1903. Bouveault and Blanc demonstrated the reduction of ethyl oleate and n-butyl oleate to oleyl alcohol. M... | Bouveault–Blanc reduction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 499 | [
"Name reactions",
"Free radical reactions",
"Organic redox reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
2,264,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20configurations%20of%20the%20elements%20%28data%20page%29 | This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. For phosphorus (element 15) as an example, the concise form is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. H... | Electron configurations of the elements (data page) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,791 | [
"Chemical element data pages",
"Atoms",
"Matter",
"Chemical data pages"
] |
2,265,023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20emission%20gun | A field emission gun (FEG) is a type of electron gun in which a sharply pointed Müller-type emitter is held at several kilovolts negative potential relative to a nearby electrode, so that there is sufficient potential gradient at the emitter surface to cause field electron emission. Emitters are either of cold-cathode ... | Field emission gun | [
"Physics"
] | 270 | [
"Vacuum tubes",
"Vacuum",
"Matter"
] |
2,265,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20wind | Ion wind, ionic wind, corona wind or electric wind is the airflow of charged particles induced by electrostatic forces linked to corona discharge arising at the tips of some sharp conductors (such as points or blades) subjected to high voltage relative to ground. Ion wind is an electrohydrodynamic phenomenon. Ion wind ... | Ion wind | [
"Physics"
] | 749 | [
"Plasma phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Plasma physics"
] |
13,606,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20balance | In fluid mechanics, a shell balance can be used to determine the velocity profile of a moving fluid, i.e,. how fluid velocity changes with position across a flow cross section.
A "shell" is a differential element of the flow. By looking at the momentum and forces on one small portion, it is possible to integrate over ... | Shell balance | [
"Engineering"
] | 624 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Fluid mechanics"
] |
13,609,180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantzsch%20pyrrole%20synthesis | The Hantzsch Pyrrole Synthesis, named for Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch, is the chemical reaction of β-ketoesters (1) with ammonia (or primary amines) and α-haloketones (2) to give substituted pyrroles (3).
Pyrroles are found in a variety of natural products with biological activity, so the synthesis of substituted pyrroles... | Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 664 | [
"Name reactions",
"nan",
"Chemical synthesis"
] |
13,609,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-squares%20spectral%20analysis | Least-squares spectral analysis (LSSA) is a method of estimating a frequency spectrum based on a least-squares fit of sinusoids to data samples, similar to Fourier analysis. Fourier analysis, the most used spectral method in science, generally boosts long-periodic noise in the long and gapped records; LSSA mitigates su... | Least-squares spectral analysis | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,950 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Computer engineering",
"Theoretical computer science",
"Linear algebra",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical logic",
"Computational science",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Approximations",
"Algebra",
"Scalar physical ... |
11,060,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20beam%20ion%20trap | Electron beam ion trap (EBIT) is an electromagnetic bottle that produces and confines highly charged ions. An EBIT uses an electron beam focused with a powerful magnetic field to ionize atoms to high charge states by successive electron impact.
It was invented by M. Levine and R. Marrs at LLNL and LBNL.
Operation
The... | Electron beam ion trap | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 429 | [
"Electron",
"Physical phenomena",
"Electromagnetism",
"Molecular physics",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Electron beam",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Particle traps",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
11,063,933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule%20184 | Rule 184 is a one-dimensional binary cellular automaton rule, notable for solving the majority problem as well as for its ability to simultaneously describe several, seemingly quite different, particle systems:
Rule 184 can be used as a simple model for traffic flow in a single lane of a highway, and forms the basis ... | Rule 184 | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,854 | [
"Statistical mechanics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Lattice models",
"Computational physics"
] |
11,064,788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prismatic%20uniform%20polyhedron | In geometry, a prismatic uniform polyhedron is a uniform polyhedron with dihedral symmetry. They exist in two infinite families, the uniform prisms and the uniform antiprisms. All have their vertices in parallel planes and are therefore prismatoids.
Vertex configuration and symmetry groups
Because they are isogonal ... | Prismatic uniform polyhedron | [
"Physics"
] | 508 | [
"Uniform polytopes",
"Uniform polyhedra",
"Symmetry"
] |
11,070,790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20entropy%20spectral%20estimation | Maximum entropy spectral estimation is a method of spectral density estimation. The goal is to improve the spectral quality based on the principle of maximum entropy. The method is based on choosing the spectrum which corresponds to the most random or the most unpredictable time series whose autocorrelation function ag... | Maximum entropy spectral estimation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 611 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Physical quantities",
"Statistical signal processing",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Quantity",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer science",
"Entropy",
"Information theory",
"Enginee... |
8,903,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifurtimox | Nifurtimox, sold under the brand name Lampit, is a medication used to treat Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. For sleeping sickness it is used together with eflornithine in nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment. In Chagas disease it is a second-line option to benznidazole. It is given by mouth.
Common side... | Nifurtimox | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 968 | [
"Antiprotozoal agents",
"Functional groups",
"Sulfones",
"Hydrazones",
"Biocides"
] |
8,906,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir%20total%20synthesis | Oseltamivir total synthesis concerns the total synthesis of the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the trade name Tamiflu. Its commercial production starts from the biomolecule shikimic acid harvested from Chinese star anise and from recombinant E. coli. Control of stereochemistry is im... | Oseltamivir total synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,945 | [
"Total synthesis",
"Glycobiology",
"Neuraminidase inhibitors",
"Chemical synthesis"
] |
7,401,066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiPER | The High Power laser Energy Research facility (HiPER), is a proposed experimental laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) device undergoing preliminary design for possible construction in the European Union. , the effort appears to be inactive.
HiPER was designed to study the "fast ignition" approach to generat... | HiPER | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,214 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Nuclear organizations"
] |
7,401,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioastronautics | Bioastronautics is a specialty area of biological and astronautical research which encompasses numerous aspects of biological, behavioral, and medical concern governing humans and other living organisms in outer space; and includes the design of space vehicle payloads, space habitats, and life-support systems. In shor... | Bioastronautics | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 988 | [
"Biological engineering"
] |
7,407,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIM/TOM%20complex | The TIM/TOM complex is a protein complex in cellular biochemistry which translocates proteins produced from nuclear DNA through the mitochondrial membrane for use in oxidative phosphorylation. In enzymology, the complex is described as an mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase (), or more systematically ATP phosphoh... | TIM/TOM complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 524 | [
"Mitochondria",
"Metabolism"
] |
5,667,589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocomposite | Nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions of less than 100 nanometers (nm) or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material.
In the broadest sense this definition can include porous media, colloids, gels ... | Nanocomposite | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,336 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanomaterials",
"Solid-state chemistry"
] |
5,667,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise%20statistic | In mathematics the signal-to-noise statistic distance between two vectors a and b with mean values and and standard deviation and respectively is:
In the case of Gaussian-distributed data and unbiased class distributions, this statistic can be related to classification accuracy given an ideal linear discrimination... | Signal-to-noise statistic | [
"Physics"
] | 129 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Statistical distance",
"Distance"
] |
5,668,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JERRV | A JERRV (Joint EOD Rapid Response Vehicle) is any vehicle that United States Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) units use in war zones such as Iraq.
EOD application
These vehicles are used to safely transport EOD operators, supplies, and equipment, including remotely controlled robots (TALON and PackBot), bomb suits, a... | JERRV | [
"Chemistry"
] | 955 | [
"Explosion protection",
"Bomb disposal"
] |
5,670,370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20speed | Specific speed Ns, is used to characterize turbomachinery speed. Common commercial and industrial practices use dimensioned versions which are of equal utility. Specific speed is most commonly used in pump applications to define the suction specific speed —a quasi non-dimensional number that categorizes pump impellers ... | Specific speed | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,688 | [
"Pumps",
"Turbomachinery",
"Chemical engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
5,670,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20of%20systems%20engineering | System of systems engineering (SoSE) is a set of developing processes, tools, and methods for designing, re-designing and deploying solutions to system-of-systems challenges.
Overview
System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) methodology is heavily used in U.S. Department of Defense applications, but is increasingly being... | System of systems engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 978 | [
"Systems engineering"
] |
5,670,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory%20automation | Laboratory automation is a multi-disciplinary strategy to research, develop, optimize and capitalize on technologies in the laboratory that enable new and improved processes. Laboratory automation professionals are academic, commercial and government researchers, scientists and engineers who conduct research and devel... | Laboratory automation | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,001 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Robotics engineering",
"Automation",
"Robotics",
"nan",
"Laboratory automation"
] |
5,671,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20School%20of%20Glass | The National School of Glass in Orrefors (Swedish: Riksglasskolan) is an educational center focused on glass arts, design and entrepreneurship in the field of glass. It was located next to the Orrefors glassworks in the Orrefors with the same name, at the center of what is known as the Kingdom of Crystal in Småland in ... | National School of Glass | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 278 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glassmaking schools"
] |
5,672,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboexpander | A turboexpander, also referred to as a turbo-expander or an expansion turbine, is a centrifugal or axial-flow turbine, through which a high-pressure gas is expanded to produce work that is often used to drive a compressor or generator.
Because work is extracted from the expanding high-pressure gas, the expansion is ap... | Turboexpander | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,820 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Turbomachinery",
"Turbines",
"Industrial gases",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
1,612,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold%20Baer | Reinhold Baer (22 July 1902 – 22 October 1979) was a German mathematician, known for his work in algebra. He introduced injective modules in 1940. He is the eponym of Baer rings, Baer groups, and Baer subplanes.
Biography
Baer studied mechanical engineering for a year at Leibniz University Hannover. He then went to s... | Reinhold Baer | [
"Mathematics"
] | 810 | [
"Algebra",
"Algebraists"
] |
1,612,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal%20testing | Modal testing is the form of vibration testing of an object whereby the natural (modal) frequencies, modal masses, modal damping ratios and mode shapes of the object under test are determined.
A modal test consists of an acquisition phase and an analysis phase. The complete process is often referred to as a Modal Ana... | Modal testing | [
"Physics"
] | 745 | [
"Wave mechanics",
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
1,612,722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20genetics%20articles | Genetics (from Ancient Greek , “genite” and that from , “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.
Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to genetics include:
#
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
References
See... | Index of genetics articles | [
"Biology"
] | 98 | [
"nan",
"Biotechnology"
] |
1,614,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennington%20clamp | A Pennington clamp, also known as a Duval clamp, is a surgical clamp with a triangular eyelet. Used for grasping tissue, particularly during intestinal and rectal operations. Also used in some OB/GYN procedures, particularly caesarian section. Under the name 'Duval clamp' they are occasionally used much like a Foerster... | Pennington clamp | [
"Biology"
] | 351 | [
"Medical devices",
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
1,614,121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropic%20fluid | In fluid dynamics, a barotropic fluid is a fluid whose density is a function of pressure only. The barotropic fluid is a useful model of fluid behavior in a wide variety of scientific fields, from meteorology to astrophysics.
The density of most liquids is nearly constant (isopycnic), so it can be stated that their de... | Barotropic fluid | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 574 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,614,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers | Metropolitan-Vickers, Metrovick, or Metrovicks, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as British Westinghouse. Highly diversified, it was particularly well known for its industrial electrical equipment such as generators, steam turbines, switchgear, transform... | Metropolitan-Vickers | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,387 | [
"Turbines",
"Turbomachinery"
] |
1,614,609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization%20in%20astronomy | Polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a useful tool for detecting various astronomical phenomenon. For example, energy can become polarized by passing through interstellar dust or by magnetic fields. Microwave energy from the primordial universe can be used to study the physics of that environment.
Stars
The po... | Polarization in astronomy | [
"Physics"
] | 723 | [
"Polarization (waves)",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Astrophysics"
] |
1,615,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20level%20splitting | In quantum physics, energy level splitting or a split in an energy level of a quantum system occurs when a perturbation changes the system. The perturbation changes the corresponding Hamiltonian and the outcome is change in eigenvalues; several distinct energy levels emerge in place of the former degenerate (multi-stat... | Energy level splitting | [
"Physics"
] | 478 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
16,334,130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-die%20termination | On-die termination (ODT) is the technology where the termination resistor for impedance matching in transmission lines is located inside a semiconductor chip instead of on a printed circuit board (PCB).
Overview of electronic signal termination
In lower frequency (slow edge rate) applications, interconnection lines c... | On-die termination | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,497 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
16,337,341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection%20well | An injection well is a device that places fluid deep underground into porous rock formations, such as sandstone or limestone, or into or below the shallow soil layer. The fluid may be water, wastewater, brine (salt water), or water mixed with industrial chemical waste.
Definition
The U.S. Environmental Protection Age... | Injection well | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,981 | [
"Hydrology",
"Petroleum technology",
"Petroleum engineering",
"Water pollution",
"Water wells",
"Natural gas technology",
"Oil wells",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
16,342,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%20sausage | In the mathematical field of probability, the Wiener sausage is a neighborhood of the trace of a Brownian motion up to a time t, given by taking all points within a fixed distance of Brownian motion. It can be visualized as a sausage of fixed radius whose centerline is Brownian motion. The Wiener sausage was named aft... | Wiener sausage | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 397 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
620,712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Ramanujan%20constant | In mathematics and the field of number theory, the Landau–Ramanujan constant is the positive real number b that occurs in a theorem proved by Edmund Landau in 1908, stating that for large , the number of positive integers below that are the sum of two square numbers behaves asymptotically as
This constant b was redis... | Landau–Ramanujan constant | [
"Mathematics"
] | 308 | [
"Analytic number theory",
"Mathematical objects",
"nan",
"Mathematical constants",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
620,991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plummer%20model | The Plummer model or Plummer sphere is a density law that was first used by H. C. Plummer to fit observations of globular clusters. It is now often used as toy model in N-body simulations of stellar systems.
Description of the model
The Plummer 3-dimensional density profile is given by
where is the total mass of t... | Plummer model | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 471 | [
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Astrophysics",
"Equations of astronomy"
] |
621,090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophore | A photophore is a glandular organ that appears as luminous spots on marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye, equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters, and reflectors; unlike an eye, however, it is optimized to produce light, not absorb it.
Mechanism
... | Photophore | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 251 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Luminescence",
"Bioluminescence"
] |
621,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretability | In mathematical logic, interpretability is a relation between formal theories that expresses the possibility of interpreting or translating one into the other.
Informal definition
Assume T and S are formal theories. Slightly simplified, T is said to be interpretable in S if and only if the language of T can be transla... | Interpretability | [
"Mathematics"
] | 256 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Proof theory"
] |
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