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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
65,345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leat	A leat (; also lete or leet, or millstream) is the name, common in the south and west of England and in Wales, for an artificial watercourse or aqueduct dug into the ground, especially one supplying water to a watermill or its mill pond. Other common uses for leats include delivery of water for hydraulic mining and min...	Leat	[ "Physics", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	901	[ "Hydrology", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
65,424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics	Hydraulics () is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics, which concerns gases. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, ...	Hydraulics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	2,228	[ "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Hydraulic engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
65,465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20engineering	Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas. Exploration and production are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum eng...	Petroleum engineering	[ "Engineering" ]	1,729	[ "Petroleum engineering", "Energy engineering", "nan" ]
65,622	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical%20chemistry	Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry or medical biochemistry) is a division in medical laboratory sciences focusing on qualitative tests of important compounds, referred to as analytes or markers, in bodily fluids and tissues using analytical techniques and specialized instruments...	Clinical chemistry	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,584	[ "Biochemistry", "Chemical pathology", "Pathology" ]
65,623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine	Creatinine (; ) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate from muscle and protein metabolism. It is released at a constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass). Biological relevance Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of kidney function, because it is an easily measured byproduct...	Creatinine	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,326	[ "Guanidines", "Functional groups", "Cellular processes", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
65,888	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20induction	Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's l...	Electromagnetic induction	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,596	[ "Physical phenomena", "Equations of physics", "Electrodynamics", "Maxwell's equations", "Dynamical systems" ]
65,905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal%20gas	An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not subject to interparticle interactions. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas law, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics. The requirement of zero inte...	Ideal gas	[ "Physics" ]	3,244	[ "Thermodynamic systems", "Ideal gas", "Physical systems" ]
65,907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic%20collision	In physics, an elastic collision is an encounter (collision) between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies remains the same. In an ideal, perfectly elastic collision, there is no net loss of kinetic energy into other forms such as heat, noise, or potential energy. During the collision of smal...	Elastic collision	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,676	[ "Classical mechanics", "Scattering", "Mechanics", "Condensed matter physics", "Particle physics", "Nuclear physics", "Collision" ]
65,914	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics	Kinematics is a subfield of physics and mathematics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move. Kinematics, as a field of study, is often referred to as the "geometry of motion...	Kinematics	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	5,880	[ "Machines", "Kinematics", "Physical phenomena", "Classical mechanics", "Physical systems", "Motion (physics)", "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Mechanisms (engineering)" ]
66,111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saros%20%28astronomy%29	The saros () is a period of exactly 223 synodic months, approximately 6585.321 days (18.04 years), or 18 years plus 10, 11, or 12 days (depending on the number of leap years), and 8 hours, that can be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. One saros period after an eclipse, the Sun, Earth, and Moon return to app...	Saros (astronomy)	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	2,899	[ "Time in astronomy", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Units of time", "Astronomical events", "Quantity", "Spacetime", "Units of measurement", "Eclipses" ]
66,315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state%20chemistry	Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials. It therefore has a strong overlap with solid-state physics, mineralogy, crystallography, ceramics, metallurgy, thermodynamics, materials science and electronics with ...	Solid-state chemistry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,358	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Solid-state chemistry" ]
66,570	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton%27s%20law	Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. This empirical law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and published in 1802. Dalton's law is related to the idea...	Dalton's law	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	268	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Separation processes", "Engineering thermodynamics", "Distillation", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Gas laws", "Mechanical engineering", "Physical chemistry" ]
66,575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient	A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures such as hair, scales, feathers,...	Nutrient	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,583	[ "Pharmacology", "Properties of chemical elements", "Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements", "Ecology", "Chemical oceanography", "Biochemistry" ]
66,675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20curve	In astronomy, a light curve is a graph of the light intensity of a celestial object or region as a function of time, typically with the magnitude of light received on the y-axis and with time on the x-axis. The light is usually in a particular frequency interval or band. Light curves can be periodic, as in the case of...	Light curve	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	1,449	[ "Concepts in stellar astronomy", "Planetary science", "Concepts in astrophysics", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
66,723	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory%20system	The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it liv...	Respiratory system	[ "Biology" ]	12,343	[ "Organ systems", "Respiratory system" ]
66,819	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root%20mean%20square	In mathematics, the root mean square (abbrev. RMS, or rms) of a set of numbers is the square root of the set's mean square. Given a set , its RMS is denoted as either or . The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean (denoted ), a special case of the generalized mean. The RMS of a continuous function is denoted and c...	Root mean square	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,971	[ "Means", "Mathematical analysis", "Point (geometry)", "Geometric centers", "Symmetry" ]
67,042	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherization	Weatherization (American English) or weatherproofing (British English) is the practice of protecting a building and its interior from the elements, particularly from sunlight, precipitation, and wind, and of modifying a building to reduce energy consumption and optimize energy efficiency. Weatherization is distinct fr...	Weatherization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,274	[ "Thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
67,043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20insulation	Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially engineered methods or processes, as well as with suitable object s...	Thermal insulation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,951	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Thermodynamics" ]
67,046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20mass	In building design, thermal mass is a property of the matter of a building that requires a flow of heat in order for it to change temperature. Not all writers agree on what physical property of matter "thermal mass" describes. Most writers use it as a synonym for heat capacity, the ability of a body to store thermal ...	Thermal mass	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	877	[ "Transport phenomena", "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Size", "Thermodynamics", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter", "Dynamical systems" ]
67,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20configuration	In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is , meaning that the 1s, 2s, and 2p subshells are occupied by two, two, and...	Electron configuration	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	6,947	[ "Electron", "Quantum chemistry", "Molecular physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Atomic physics", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", "Electron states", " and optical physics" ]
67,405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Red%20Spot	The Great Red Spot is a persistent high-pressure region in the atmosphere of Jupiter, producing an anticyclonic storm that is the largest in the Solar System. It is the most recognizable feature on Jupiter, owing to its red-orange color whose origin is still unknown. Located 22 degrees south of Jupiter's equator, it pr...	Great Red Spot	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	3,165	[ "Dynamical systems", "Vortices", "Fluid dynamics" ]
67,488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well%20drilling	Well drilling is the process of drilling a hole in the ground for the extraction of a natural resource such as ground water, brine, natural gas, or petroleum, for the injection of a fluid from surface to a subsurface reservoir or for subsurface formations evaluation or monitoring. Drilling for the exploration of the na...	Well drilling	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,310	[ "Hydrology", "Water wells", "Environmental engineering" ]
67,514	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovium	Moscovium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working...	Moscovium	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,858	[ "Matter", "Chemical elements", "Synthetic materials", "Synthetic elements", "Atoms", "Radioactivity" ]
1,070,600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism%20%28architecture%29	was a post-war Japanese biomimetic architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth. It had its first international exposure during CIAM's 1959 meeting and its ideas were tentatively tested by students from Kenzo Tange's MIT studio. During the preparati...	Metabolism (architecture)	[ "Engineering" ]	6,720	[ "Architectural history", "Architecture" ]
1,071,088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Accuracy%20Radial%20Velocity%20Planet%20Searcher	The High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) is a high-precision echelle planet-finding spectrograph installed in 2002 on the ESO's 3.6m telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile. The first light was achieved in February 2003. HARPS has discovered over 130 exoplanets to date, with the first one in 2004, m...	High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	755	[ "Exoplanet search projects", "Telescope instruments", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Spectrographs", "Astronomical instruments", "Astronomy projects", "Spectroscopy" ]
1,072,213	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20lime	Agricultural lime, also called aglime, agricultural limestone, garden lime or liming, is a soil additive made from pulverized limestone or chalk. The primary active component is calcium carbonate. Additional chemicals vary depending on the mineral source and may include calcium oxide. Unlike the types of lime called qu...	Agricultural lime	[ "Physics" ]	1,428	[ "Materials", "Matter" ]
1,072,857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosignature	A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil) is any substance – such as an element, isotope, molecule, or phenomenon – that provides scientific evidence of past or present life on a planet. Measurable attributes of life include its physical or chemical structures, its use of free energy, and th...	Biosignature	[ "Chemistry", "Astronomy", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	5,521	[ "Bioindicators", "Origin of life", "Speculative evolution", "Environmental chemistry", "Astrobiology", "Petroleum", "Astrochemistry", "nan", "Biological hypotheses", "Petroleum geology", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
1,074,464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well%20test	In hydrology, a well test is conducted to evaluate the amount of water that can be pumped from a particular water well. More specifically, a well test will allow prediction of the maximum rate at which water can be pumped from a well, and the distance that the water level in the well will fall for a given pumping rate...	Well test	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,164	[ "Hydrology", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Water wells", "Civil engineering", "Aquifers", "Environmental engineering", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
2,296,085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietveld%20refinement	Rietveld refinement is a technique described by Hugo Rietveld for use in the characterisation of crystalline materials. The neutron and X-ray diffraction of powder samples results in a pattern characterised by reflections (peaks in intensity) at certain positions. The height, width and position of these reflections can...	Rietveld refinement	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	4,020	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Materials science", "Diffraction", "Crystallography", "Condensed matter physics", "Spectroscopy" ]
2,296,159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder%20diffraction	Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials. An instrument dedicated to performing such powder measurements is called a powder diffractometer. Powder diffraction stands in contrast to singl...	Powder diffraction	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	4,824	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Diffraction", "Materials", "Powders", "Crystallography", "Spectroscopy", "Matter" ]
2,296,175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive%20distillation	Reactive distillation is a process where the chemical reactor is also the still. Separation of the product from the reaction mixture does not need a separate distillation step which saves energy (for heating) and materials. This technique can be useful for equilibrium-limited reactions such as esterification and ester...	Reactive distillation	[ "Chemistry" ]	576	[ "Distillation", "Separation processes" ]
2,297,111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belpaire%20firebox	The Belpaire firebox is a type of firebox used on steam locomotives. It was invented by Alfred Belpaire of Belgium in 1864. Today it generally refers to the shape of the outer shell of the firebox which is approximately flat at the top and square in cross-section, indicated by the longitudinal ridges on the top sides. ...	Belpaire firebox	[ "Engineering" ]	924	[ "Combustion engineering", "Steam locomotive fireboxes" ]
2,297,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic%20acid	Polylactic acid, also known as poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA), is a plastic material. As a thermoplastic polyester (or polyhydroxyalkanoate) it has the backbone formula or . PLA is formally obtained by condensation of lactic acid with loss of water (hence its name). It can also be prepared by ring-opening pol...	Polylactic acid	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,134	[ "Physical phenomena", "Synthetic fibers", "Synthetic materials", "Optical phenomena", "Materials", "Transparent materials", "Matter" ]
2,299,119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarburization	Decarburization (or decarbonization) is the process of decreasing carbon content, which is the opposite of carburization. The term is typically used in metallurgy, describing the decrease of the content of carbon in metals (usually steel). Decarburization occurs when the metal is heated to temperatures of 700 °C or ab...	Decarburization	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	653	[ "Metallurgical processes", "Metallurgy", "Steelmaking", "Corrosion", "Materials degradation", "Electrochemistry", "Metal heat treatments" ]
2,299,504	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhart%E2%80%93Hart%20equation	The Steinhart–Hart equation is a model relating the varying electrical resistance of a semiconductor to its varying temperatures. The equation is where is the temperature (in kelvins), is the resistance at (in ohms), , , and are the Steinhart–Hart coefficients, which are characteristics specific to the bulk s...	Steinhart–Hart equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	665	[ "Electrical resistance and conductance", "Physical quantities", "Semiconductors", "Materials", "Electronic engineering", "Condensed matter physics", "Solid state engineering", "Matter" ]
5,735,440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial%20stress	In mechanics, virial stress is a measure of stress on an atomic scale for homogeneous systems. The name is derived : "Virial is then derived from Latin as well, stemming from the word (plural of ) meaning forces." The expression of the (local) virial stress can be derived as the functional derivative of the free ener...	Virial stress	[ "Physics" ]	612	[ "Classical mechanics", "Continuum mechanics" ]
5,735,510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic%20stress	In continuum mechanics, hydrostatic stress, also known as isotropic stress or volumetric stress, is a component of stress which contains uniaxial stresses, but not shear stresses. A specialized case of hydrostatic stress contains isotropic compressive stress, which changes only in volume, but not in shape. Pure hydrost...	Hydrostatic stress	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	676	[ "Continuum mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime", "Orientation (geometry)" ]
5,742,067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohydrogen	Biohydrogen is H2 that is produced biologically. Interest is high in this technology because H2 is a clean fuel and can be readily produced from certain kinds of biomass, including biological waste. Furthermore some photosynthetic microorganisms are capable to produce H2 directly from water splitting using light as e...	Biohydrogen	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,843	[ "Biotechnology products", "Chemical energy sources", "Biodegradable waste management", "Biodegradation", "Anaerobic digestion", "Fuels", "Environmental engineering", "Water technology" ]
11,172,013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed%20management	Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed aimed at the sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans, programs and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and human communities within the wa...	Watershed management	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,061	[ "Hydrology", "Environmental engineering" ]
11,172,217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20A/G	Protein A/G is a recombinant fusion protein that combines IgG binding domains of both protein A and protein G. Protein A/G contains four Fc binding domains from protein A and two from protein G, yielding a final mass of 50,460 daltons. The binding of protein A/G is less pH-dependent than protein A, but otherwise has th...	Protein A/G	[ "Chemistry" ]	354	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
11,172,587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPPS%20%28buffer%29	HEPPS (EPPS) is a buffering agent used in biology and biochemistry. The pKa of HEPPS is 8.00. It is ones of Good's buffers. Research on mice with Alzheimer's disease-like amyloid beta plaques has shown that HEPPS can cause the plaques to break up, reversing some of the symptoms in the mice. HEPPS was reported to diss...	HEPPS (buffer)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	128	[ "Buffer solutions", "Biotechnology stubs", "Functional groups", "Biochemistry stubs", "Sulfonic acids", "Biochemistry" ]
11,172,708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrology	Nanometrology is a subfield of metrology, concerned with the science of measurement at the nanoscale level. Nanometrology has a crucial role in order to produce nanomaterials and devices with a high degree of accuracy and reliability in nanomanufacturing. A challenge in this field is to develop or create new measureme...	Nanometrology	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,725	[ "Nanotechnology", "Materials science" ]
11,172,872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20stage	A linear stage or translation stage is a component of a precise motion system used to restrict an object to a single axis of motion. The term linear slide is often used interchangeably with "linear stage", though technically "linear slide" refers to a linear motion bearing, which is only a component of a linear stage. ...	Linear stage	[ "Engineering" ]	1,330	[ "Systems engineering" ]
11,174,253	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Antoine%20Charles%20Bresse	Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse (9 October 1822, in Vienne, Isère – 22 May 1883) was a French civil engineer who specialized in the design and use of hydraulic motors. Bresse graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1843 and received his formal education in engineering at the École des Ponts et Chaussées. He returned ...	Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse	[ "Engineering" ]	197	[ "Civil engineering", "Civil engineering stubs" ]
11,174,725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric%20concrete%20mixer	A volumetric concrete mixer (also known as volumetric mobile mixer) is a concrete mixer mounted on a truck or trailer that contains separate compartments for sand, stone, cement and water. On arrival at the job site, the machine mixes the materials to produce the exact amount of concrete needed. How It Works Volumet...	Volumetric concrete mixer	[ "Engineering" ]	501	[ "Engineering vehicles" ]
11,177,823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-link%20trunking	Multi-link trunking (MLT) is a link aggregation technology developed at Nortel in 1999. It allows grouping several physical Ethernet links into one logical Ethernet link to provide fault-tolerance and high-speed links between routers, switches, and servers. MLT allows the use of several links (from 2 up to 8) and comb...	Multi-link trunking	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,276	[ "Systems engineering", "Telecommunications engineering", "Reliability engineering", "Network topology", "Network architecture", "Computer networks engineering", "Topology", "Communication circuits" ]
11,178,099	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rata%20Die	Rata Die (R.D.) is a system for assigning numbers to calendar days (optionally with time of day), independent of any calendar, for the purposes of calendrical calculations. It was named (after the Latin ablative feminine singular for "from a fixed date") by Howard Jacobson. Rata Die is somewhat similar to Julian Dates...	Rata Die	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	652	[ "Calendars", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Applied mathematics", "Spacetime" ]
11,178,898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullator	In electronics, a nullator is a theoretical linear, time-invariant one-port defined as having zero current and voltage across its terminals. Nullators are strange in the sense that they simultaneously have properties of both a short (zero voltage) and an open circuit (zero current). They are neither current nor voltag...	Nullator	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	246	[ "Electrical components", "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Electronic design", "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Analog circuits", "Electronic engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Design", "Components", "Dynamical systems" ]
13,726,331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia%20wheel%20pendulum	An inertia wheel pendulum is a pendulum with an inertia wheel attached. It can be used as a pedagogical problem in control theory. This type of pendulum is often confused with the gyroscopic effect, which has completely different physical nature. See also Inverted pendulum Robotic unicycle Spinning top References...	Inertia wheel pendulum	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	98	[ "Control engineering", "Classical mechanics stubs", "Classical mechanics" ]
13,727,381	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solids%20with%20icosahedral%20symmetry	Solids with full icosahedral symmetry Platonic solids - regular polyhedra (all faces of the same type) Archimedean solids - polyhedra with more than one polygon face type. Catalan solids - duals of the Archimedean solids. Platonic solids Achiral Archimedean solids Achiral Catalan solids Kepler-Poinsot solids ...	Solids with icosahedral symmetry	[ "Physics" ]	128	[ "Symmetry", "Rotational symmetry" ]
13,731,710	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windbelt	The Windbelt is a wind power harvesting device invented by Shawn Frayne in 2004 for converting wind power to electricity. It consists of a flexible polymer ribbon stretched between supports transverse to the wind direction, with magnets glued to it. When the wind blows across it, the ribbon vibrates due to vortex shed...	Windbelt	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	559	[ "Physical systems", "Electrical generators", "Machines" ]
13,733,666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronozone	A chronozone or chron is a unit in chronostratigraphy, defined by events such as geomagnetic reversals (magnetozones), or based on the presence of specific fossils (biozone or biochronozone). According to the International Commission on Stratigraphy, the term "chronozone" refers to the rocks formed during a particula...	Chronozone	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Biology" ]	507	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Units of time", "Quantity", "Paleobiology", "Spacetime", "Units of measurement" ]
13,733,769	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy%20friction%20factor%20formulae	In fluid dynamics, the Darcy friction factor formulae are equations that allow the calculation of the Darcy friction factor, a dimensionless quantity used in the Darcy–Weisbach equation, for the description of friction losses in pipe flow as well as open-channel flow. The Darcy friction factor is also known as the Dar...	Darcy friction factor formulae	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,551	[ "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Building engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Civil engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Piping", "Fluid mechanics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
13,735,033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium%20atom%20scattering	Helium atom scattering (HAS) is a surface analysis technique used in materials science. It provides information about the surface structure and lattice dynamics of a material by measuring the diffracted atoms from a monochromatic helium beam incident on the sample. History The first recorded helium diffraction exper...	Helium atom scattering	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,964	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "nan" ]
13,737,048	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioretention	Bioretention is the process in which contaminants and sedimentation are removed from stormwater runoff. The main objective of the bioretention cell is to attenuate peak runoff as well as to remove stormwater runoff pollutants. Construction of a bioretention area Stormwater is firstly directed into the designed treatm...	Bioretention	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	1,034	[ "Hydrology", "Water treatment", "Stormwater management", "Chemical engineering", "Phytoremediation plants", "Landscape architecture", "Water pollution", "Biodegradation", "Ecological techniques", "Civil engineering", "Hydrology and urban planning", "Environmental engineering", "Bioremediatio...
4,305,411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin%20receptor%201B	Vasopressin V1b receptor (V1BR) also known as vasopressin 3 receptor (VPR3) or antidiuretic hormone receptor 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AVPR1B (arginine vasopressin receptor 1B) gene. V1BR acts as a receptor for vasopressin. AVPR1B belongs to the subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Its acti...	Vasopressin receptor 1B	[ "Chemistry" ]	989	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
4,311,169	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verifiable%20secret%20sharing	In cryptography, a secret sharing scheme is verifiable if auxiliary information is included that allows players to verify their shares as consistent. More formally, verifiable secret sharing ensures that even if the dealer is malicious there is a well-defined secret that the players can later reconstruct. (In standard ...	Verifiable secret sharing	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,952	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
9,701,718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice-S%C3%B8rensen%20coefficient	The Dice-Sørensen coefficient (see below for other names) is a statistic used to gauge the similarity of two samples. It was independently developed by the botanists Lee Raymond Dice and Thorvald Sørensen, who published in 1945 and 1948 respectively. Name The index is known by several other names, especially Sørensen–...	Dice-Sørensen coefficient	[ "Physics" ]	1,221	[ "Similarity measures", "Physical quantities", "Distance" ]
9,702,340	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20fingering	Salt fingering is a mixing process, example of double diffusive instability, that occurs when relatively warm, salty water overlies relatively colder, fresher water. It is driven by the fact that heated water diffuses more readily than salty water. A small parcel of warm, salty water sinking downwards into a colder, fr...	Salt fingering	[ "Physics" ]	372	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography" ]
9,702,754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20ratio	The motion ratio of a mechanism is the ratio of the displacement of the point of interest to that of another point. The most common example is in a vehicle's suspension, where it is used to describe the displacement and forces in the springs and shock absorbers. The force in the spring is (roughly) the vertical force ...	Motion ratio	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	334	[ "Quantity", "Metrics", "Engineering ratios" ]
9,703,026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20%28111In%29%20capromab%20pendetide	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indium (111In) capromab pendetide}} Indium (111In) capromab pendetide (trade name Prostascint) is used to image the extent of prostate cancer. Capromab is a mouse monoclonal antibody which recognizes a protein found on both prostate cancer cells and normal prostate tissue. It is linked to pendetide, a d...	Indium (111In) capromab pendetide	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	182	[ "Antibody-drug conjugates", "Chemicals in medicine", "Radiopharmaceuticals", "Medicinal radiochemistry" ]
9,703,555	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20%28111In%29%20satumomab%20pendetide	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indium (111In) satumomab pendetide}} Indium (111In) satumomab pendetide (trade name OncoScint CR103) is a mouse monoclonal antibody which is used for cancer diagnosis. The antibody, satumomab, is linked to pendetide, a derivative of DTPA. Pendetide acts as a chelating agent for the radionuclide indium-1...	Indium (111In) satumomab pendetide	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	137	[ "Antibody-drug conjugates", "Chemicals in medicine", "Radiopharmaceuticals", "Medicinal radiochemistry" ]
9,704,027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongoing%20reliability%20test	The ongoing reliability test (ORT) is a hardware test process usually used in manufacturing to ensure that quality of the products is still of the same specifications as the day it first went to production or general availability. The products currently in the manufacturing line are randomly picked every day with a pr...	Ongoing reliability test	[ "Engineering" ]	361	[ "Statistical process control", "Engineering statistics" ]
9,704,668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-to-decision%20path	A decision-to-decision path, or DD-path, is a path of execution (usually through a flow graph representing a program, such as a flow chart) between two decisions. More recent versions of the concept also include the decisions themselves in their own DD-paths. Definition In Huang's 1975 paper, a decision-to-decision pa...	Decision-to-decision path	[ "Engineering" ]	583	[ "Software engineering", "Software engineering stubs", "Software testing" ]
9,710,396	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Hilbert%20problem	In mathematics, Riemann–Hilbert problems, named after Bernhard Riemann and David Hilbert, are a class of problems that arise in the study of differential equations in the complex plane. Several existence theorems for Riemann–Hilbert problems have been produced by Mark Krein, Israel Gohberg and others. The Riemann prob...	Riemann–Hilbert problem	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,375	[ "Scattering theory", "Integrable systems", "Theoretical physics", "Scattering", "Mathematical problems" ]
9,710,517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment%20%28earthworks%29	An embankment is a raised wall, bank or mound made of earth or stones, that are used to hold back water or carry a roadway. A road, railway line, or canal is normally raised onto an embankment made of compacted soil (typically clay or rock-based) to avoid a change in level required by the terrain, the alternatives bei...	Embankment (earthworks)	[ "Engineering" ]	359	[ "Building engineering", "Civil engineering", "Architecture" ]
9,712,439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filled%20Julia%20set	The filled-in Julia set of a polynomial is a Julia set and its interior, non-escaping set. Formal definition The filled-in Julia set of a polynomial is defined as the set of all points of the dynamical plane that have bounded orbit with respect to where: is the set of complex numbers is the -fold composit...	Filled Julia set	[ "Mathematics" ]	508	[ "Limit sets", "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Complex dynamics", "Mathematical objects", "Fractals", "Topology", "Mathematical relations", "Dynamical systems" ]
9,712,648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%20metrization%20theorem	In topology, the Bing metrization theorem, named after R. H. Bing, characterizes when a topological space is metrizable. Formal statement The theorem states that a topological space is metrizable if and only if it is regular and T0 and has a basis. A family of sets is called when it is a union of countably many d...	Bing metrization theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	292	[ "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems", "Topology", "Theorems in topology" ]
9,713,058	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCAF	P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), also known as K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2B (KAT2B), is a human gene and transcriptional coactivator associated with p53. Structure Several domains of PCAF can act independently or in unison to enable its functions. PCAF has separate acetyltransferase and E3 ubiquitin ligase domains...	PCAF	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	582	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
3,166,203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity%20distance	Luminosity distance DL is defined in terms of the relationship between the absolute magnitude M and apparent magnitude m of an astronomical object. which gives: where DL is measured in parsecs. For nearby objects (say, in the Milky Way) the luminosity distance gives a good approximation to the natural notion of dista...	Luminosity distance	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	386	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Concepts in astronomy", "Quantity", "Observational astronomy", "Equations of astronomy", "Physical properties", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
3,166,565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrance%20pupil	In an optical system, the entrance pupil is the optical image of the physical aperture stop, as 'seen' through the optical elements in front of the stop. The corresponding image of the aperture stop as seen through the optical elements behind it is called the exit pupil. The entrance pupil defines the cone of rays tha...	Entrance pupil	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	686	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Optics", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
3,168,650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan%E2%80%93Meier%20estimator	The Kaplan–Meier estimator, also known as the product limit estimator, is a non-parametric statistic used to estimate the survival function from lifetime data. In medical research, it is often used to measure the fraction of patients living for a certain amount of time after treatment. In other fields, Kaplan–Meier es...	Kaplan–Meier estimator	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,206	[ "Applied mathematics", "Systems engineering", "Actuarial science", "Reliability engineering" ]
3,170,723	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%20stress%20tensor	The Maxwell stress tensor (named after James Clerk Maxwell) is a symmetric second-order tensor in three dimensions that is used in classical electromagnetism to represent the interaction between electromagnetic forces and mechanical momentum. In simple situations, such as a point charge moving freely in a homogeneous m...	Maxwell stress tensor	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,060	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Tensors", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Tensor physical quantities", "Fundamental interactions" ]
16,471,126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater%20energy%20balance	The groundwater energy balance is the energy balance of a groundwater body in terms of incoming hydraulic energy associated with groundwater inflow into the body, energy associated with the outflow, energy conversion into heat due to friction of flow, and the resulting change of energy status and groundwater level. Th...	Groundwater energy balance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	842	[ "Hydrology", "Hydrogeology", "Equations of physics", "Conservation laws", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Aquifers", "Environmental engineering", "Hydraulic engineering", "Symmetry", "Physics theorems" ]
16,473,495	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement-mortar%20lined%20ductile%20iron%20pipe	Cement-mortar lined ductile iron pipe is a ductile iron pipe with cement lining on the inside surface, and is commonly used for water distribution. Cement-mortar lined ductile iron pipe is governed by standards set forth by DIPRA (Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association), and was first used in 1922 in Charleston, South...	Cement-mortar lined ductile iron pipe	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	157	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Building engineering" ]
16,479,948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Ice	The West Ice (Norwegian: Vestisen, or Vesterisen, Danish: see below) is a patch of the Greenland Sea covered by pack ice during winter time. It is located north of Iceland, between East Greenland and Jan Mayen island. In Greenland and the Danish language, vestisen refers to the sea ice-covered waters off Greenland's we...	West Ice	[ "Physics" ]	699	[ "Physical phenomena", "Earth phenomena", "Sea ice" ]
16,481,963	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefschetz%20duality	In mathematics, Lefschetz duality is a version of Poincaré duality in geometric topology, applying to a manifold with boundary. Such a formulation was introduced by , at the same time introducing relative homology, for application to the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem. There are now numerous formulations of Lefschetz du...	Lefschetz duality	[ "Mathematics" ]	265	[ "Mathematical structures", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Category theory", "Duality theories", "Geometry", "Manifolds" ]
16,487,457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20dress	Modern dress is a term used in theatre and film to refer to productions of plays from the past in which the setting is updated to the present day (or at least to a more recent time period), but the text is left relatively unchanged. For example, Baz Luhrmann's film Romeo + Juliet uses a relatively unaltered text of Sha...	Modern dress	[ "Engineering" ]	146	[ "Costume design", "Design" ]
1,639,710	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullulanase	Pullulanase (, limit dextrinase, amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase, bacterial debranching enzyme, debranching enzyme, α-dextrin endo-1,6-α-glucosidase, R-enzyme, pullulan α-1,6-glucanohydrolase) is a specific kind of glucanase, an amylolytic exoenzyme, that degrades pullulan. It is produced as an extracellular, cell surfa...	Pullulanase	[ "Biology" ]	440	[ "Bacteria stubs", "Bacteria" ]
1,639,746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stink%20bomb	A stink bomb, sometimes called a stinkpot, is a device designed to create an unpleasant smell. They range in effectiveness from being used as simple pranks to military grade malodorants or riot control chemical agents. History A stink bomb that could be launched with arrows was invented by Leonardo da Vinci. The 1972...	Stink bomb	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,148	[ "Incapacitating agents", "Chemical accident", "Biochemistry", "Chemical weapons" ]
1,640,198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenite	Helenite, also known as Mount St. Helens obsidian, emerald obsidianite, and ruby obsidianite, is a glass made from the fused volcanic rock dust from Mount St. Helens and marketed as a gemstone. Helenite was first created accidentally after the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Workers from the Weyerhaeuser Timber C...	Helenite	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	460	[ "Glass", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Homogeneous chemical mixtures", "Materials", "Gemstones", "Amorphous solids", "Matter" ]
1,641,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature%20gradient%20gel%20electrophoresis	Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) are forms of electrophoresis which use either a temperature or chemical gradient to denature the sample as it moves across an acrylamide gel. TGGE and DGGE can be applied to nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, and (less c...	Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,886	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Genetics techniques", "Instrumental analysis", "Gene tests", "Biochemical separation processes", "Molecular biology techniques", "Biochemistry", "Electrophoresis" ]
1,641,247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective%20coating	An antireflective, antiglare or anti-reflection (AR) coating is a type of optical coating applied to the surface of lenses, other optical elements, and photovoltaic cells to reduce reflection. In typical imaging systems, this improves the efficiency since less light is lost due to reflection. In complex systems such as...	Anti-reflective coating	[ "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	4,110	[ "Thin-film optics", "Planes (geometry)", "Thin films" ]
1,641,702	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamella%20%28materials%29	A lamella (: lamellae) is a small plate or flake, from the Latin, and may also refer to collections of fine sheets of material held adjacent to one another in a gill-shaped structure, often with fluid in between though sometimes simply a set of "welded" plates. The term is used in biological contexts for thin membranes...	Lamella (materials)	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	666	[ "Materials science stubs", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "nan" ]
1,641,770	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe%20valve	A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable plug or disc element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body. Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of the body being separated by an interna...	Globe valve	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,384	[ "Building engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Physical systems", "Valves", "Hydraulics", "Mechanical engineering", "Piping" ]
1,642,813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence-lifetime%20imaging%20microscopy	Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy or FLIM is an imaging technique based on the differences in the exponential decay rate of the photon emission of a fluorophore from a sample. It can be used as an imaging technique in confocal microscopy, two-photon excitation microscopy, and multiphoton tomography. The fluores...	Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy	[ "Biology" ]	2,325	[ "Fluorescence techniques" ]
1,643,266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopic%20notation	Spectroscopic notation provides a way to specify atomic ionization states, atomic orbitals, and molecular orbitals. Ionization states Spectroscopists customarily refer to the spectrum arising from a given ionization state of a given element by the element's symbol followed by a Roman numeral. The numeral I is used for...	Spectroscopic notation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	945	[ "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Quantum mechanics", " molecular", "Atomic physics", "Atomic", "Spectroscopy", " and optical physics" ]
1,643,492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic%20latte	Cosmic latte is the average color of the galaxies of the universe as perceived from the Earth, found by a team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University (JHU). In 2002, Karl Glazebrook and Ivan Baldry determined that the average color of the universe was a greenish white, but they soon corrected their analysis in a ...	Cosmic latte	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	545	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Theoretical physics", "Physical cosmology", "Astrophysics" ]
1,643,511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative%20quantum%20number	In quantum field theory, multiplicative quantum numbers are conserved quantum numbers of a special kind. A given quantum number q is said to be additive if in a particle reaction the sum of the q-values of the interacting particles is the same before and after the reaction. Most conserved quantum numbers are additive i...	Multiplicative quantum number	[ "Physics" ]	342	[ "Quantum field theory", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum physics stubs", "Nuclear physics" ]
1,643,621	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20wort%20plants	This is an alphabetical listing of wort plants, meaning plants that employ the syllable wort in their English-language common names. According to the Oxford English Dictionary's Ask Oxford site, "A word with the suffix -wort is often very old. The Old English word was wyrt. The modern variation, root, comes from Old N...	List of wort plants	[ "Biology" ]	4,188	[ "Lists of plants", "Common names of organisms", "Plants", "Lists of biota", "Plant common names" ]
17,688,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urology%20robotics	Urology Robotics, or URobotics, is a new interdisciplinary field for the application of robots in urology and for the development of such systems and novel technologies in this clinical discipline. Urology is among the medical fields with the highest rate of technology advances, which for several years has included the...	Urology robotics	[ "Biology" ]	245	[ "Medical robotics", "Biotechnology stubs", "Medical technology stubs", "Medical technology" ]
17,690,698	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium%20diboride	Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) is a highly covalent refractory ceramic material with a hexagonal crystal structure. ZrB2 is an ultra-high temperature ceramic (UHTC) with a melting point of 3246 °C. This along with its relatively low density of ~6.09 g/cm3 (measured density may be higher due to hafnium impurities) and good ...	Zirconium diboride	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,136	[ "Refractory materials", "Materials", "Ceramic materials", "Ceramic engineering", "Matter" ]
9,015,477	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20sheet	Alpha sheet (also known as alpha pleated sheet or polar pleated sheet) is an atypical secondary structure in proteins, first proposed by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey in 1951. The hydrogen bonding pattern in an alpha sheet is similar to that of a beta sheet, but the orientation of the carbonyl and amino groups in the ...	Alpha sheet	[ "Biology" ]	1,491	[ "Protein structural motifs", "Protein classification" ]
9,015,776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20clutch	Electromagnetic clutches operate electrically but transmit torque mechanically. This is why they used to be referred to as electro-mechanical clutches. Over the years, EM became known as electromagnetic versus electro-mechanical, referring more about their actuation method versus physical operation. Since the clutches ...	Electromagnetic clutch	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,944	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Electromagnetic brakes and clutches", "Fundamental interactions", "Mechanical engineering" ]
9,017,148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherulite%20%28polymer%20physics%29	In polymer physics, spherulites (from Greek sphaira = ball and lithos = stone) are spherical semicrystalline regions inside non-branched linear polymers. Their formation is associated with crystallization of polymers from the melt and is controlled by several parameters such as the number of nucleation sites, structure...	Spherulite (polymer physics)	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,281	[ "Polymers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
9,017,838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20fixture	A virtual fixture is an overlay of augmented sensory information upon a user's perception of a real environment in order to improve human performance in both direct and remotely manipulated tasks. Developed in the early 1990s by Louis Rosenberg at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Virtual Fixtures was a pi...	Virtual fixture	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,519	[ "Robotics engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Robot control", "Dynamical systems" ]
9,018,986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20segregation%20%28astronomy%29	In astronomy, dynamical mass segregation is the process by which heavier members of a gravitationally bound system, such as a star cluster, tend to move toward the center, while lighter members tend to move farther away from the center. Equipartition of kinetic energy During a close encounter of two members of the cl...	Mass segregation (astronomy)	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	715	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Astrophysics" ]
9,019,008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echelle%20grating	An echelle grating (from French échelle, meaning "ladder") is a type of diffraction grating characterised by a relatively low groove density, but a groove shape which is optimized for use at high incidence angles and therefore in high diffraction orders. Higher diffraction orders allow for increased dispersion (spacin...	Echelle grating	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	743	[ "Crystallography", "Diffraction", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
9,019,987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20flask	A nuclear flask is a shipping container that is used to transport active nuclear materials between nuclear power station and spent fuel reprocessing facilities. Each shipping container is designed to maintain its integrity under normal transportation conditions and during hypothetical accident conditions. They must pr...	Nuclear flask	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	2,574	[ "Matter", "Materials", "Hazardous waste", "Environmental impact of nuclear power", "Radioactivity", "Hazardous materials", "Radioactive waste" ]
7,489,050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdered%20activated%20carbon%20treatment	Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT) is a wastewater technology in which powdered activated carbon is added to an anaerobic or aerobic treatment system. The carbon in the biological treatment process adsorbs recalcitrant compounds that are not readily biodegradable, thereby reducing the chemical oxygen demand of...	Powdered activated carbon treatment	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	591	[ "Water treatment", "Materials", "Powders", "Environmental engineering", "Waste treatment technology", "Matter" ]

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