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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
7,500,675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmar%20ratio	Calmar ratio (or Drawdown ratio) is a performance measurement used to evaluate Commodity Trading Advisors and hedge funds. It was created by Terry W. Young and first published in 1991 in the trade journal Futures. Young owned California Managed Accounts, a firm in Santa Ynez, California, which managed client funds and...	Calmar ratio	[ "Mathematics" ]	257	[ "Financial ratios", "Quantity", "Metrics" ]
7,501,487	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20robot	A personal robot is one whose human interface and design make it useful for individuals. This is by contrast to industrial robots which are generally configured and operated by robotics specialists. A personal robot is one that enables an individual to automate the repetitive or menial part of home or work life making ...	Personal robot	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	913	[ "Machines", "Robots", "Physical systems", "Social robots", "Computing and society" ]
7,502,814	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20telephone	Field telephones are telephones used for military communications. They can draw power from their own battery, from a telephone exchange (via a central battery known as CB), or from an external power source. Some need no battery, being sound-powered telephones. Field telephones replaced flag signals and the telegraph a...	Field telephone	[ "Engineering" ]	1,404	[ "Military communications", "Telecommunications engineering" ]
7,506,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocausality	Retrocausality, or backwards causation, is a concept of cause and effect in which an effect precedes its cause in time and so a later event affects an earlier one. In quantum physics, the distinction between cause and effect is not made at the most fundamental level and so time-symmetric systems can be viewed as causal...	Retrocausality	[ "Physics" ]	1,862	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
7,508,653	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chvorinov%27s%20rule	Chvorinov's rule is a physical relationship that relates the solidification time for a simple casting to the volume and surface area of the casting. It was first expressed by Czech engineer Nicolas Chvorinov in 1940. Description According to the rule, a casting with a larger surface area and smaller volume will cool ...	Chvorinov's rule	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	400	[ "Metallurgy", "Materials science", "nan" ]
7,510,462	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindstr%C3%B6m%27s%20theorem	In mathematical logic, Lindström's theorem (named after Swedish logician Per Lindström, who published it in 1969) states that first-order logic is the strongest logic (satisfying certain conditions, e.g. closure under classical negation) having both the (countable) compactness property and the (downward) Löwenheim–Skol...	Lindström's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	331	[ "Foundations of mathematics", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical logic stubs", "Mathematical theorems", "Theorems in the foundations of mathematics" ]
13,752,085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward%27s%20rules	Woodward's rules, named after Robert Burns Woodward and also known as Woodward–Fieser rules (for Louis Fieser) are several sets of empirically derived rules which attempt to predict the wavelength of the absorption maximum (λmax) in an ultraviolet–visible spectrum of a given compound. Inputs used in the calculation ar...	Woodward's rules	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	343	[ "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Absorption spectroscopy", "Physical organic chemistry" ]
13,752,761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%20shock%20tube	The Sod shock tube problem, named after Gary A. Sod, is a common test for the accuracy of computational fluid codes, like Riemann solvers, and was heavily investigated by Sod in 1978. The test consists of a one-dimensional Riemann problem with the following parameters, for left and right states of an ideal gas. , wh...	Sod shock tube	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	417	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Chemical engineering", "Computational physics", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
13,753,918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroaluminate	Tetrachloroaluminate [AlCl4]− is an anion formed from aluminium and chlorine. The anion has a tetrahedral shape and is isoelectronic with silicon tetrachloride. Some tetrachloroaluminates are soluble in organic solvents, creating an ionic non-aqueous solution, making them suitable as component of electrolytes for batte...	Tetrachloroaluminate	[ "Chemistry" ]	289	[ "Coordination chemistry", "Non-coordinating anions" ]
13,754,920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle%20adjustment	In photogrammetry and computer stereo vision, bundle adjustment is simultaneous refining of the 3D coordinates describing the scene geometry, the parameters of the relative motion, and the optical characteristics of the camera(s) employed to acquire the images, given a set of images depicting a number of 3D points from...	Bundle adjustment	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,107	[ "Applied mathematics", "Geometry in computer vision", "Surveying", "Civil engineering", "Geometry", "Geodesy" ]
13,757,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprate%20superconductor	Cuprate superconductors are a family of high-temperature superconducting materials made of layers of copper oxides (CuO2) alternating with layers of other metal oxides, which act as charge reservoirs. At ambient pressure, cuprate superconductors are the highest temperature superconductors known. However, the mechanism ...	Cuprate superconductor	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,369	[ "Superconductors", "Superconductivity", "Oxides", "Salts" ]
13,757,191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation%20potential	Sedimentation potential occurs when dispersed particles move under the influence of either gravity or centrifugation or electricity in a medium. This motion disrupts the equilibrium symmetry of the particle's double layer. While the particle moves, the ions in the electric double layer lag behind due to the liquid flow...	Sedimentation potential	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,687	[ "Electrochemical potentials", "Colloidal chemistry", "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics", "Soft matter", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Colloids", "Surface science", "Electrochemistry", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter", "Dynamical systems" ]
13,757,374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20ironing	Cold ironing, or shore connection, shore-to-ship power (SSP) or alternative maritime power (AMP), is the process of providing shoreside electrical power to a ship at berth while its main and auxiliary engines are turned off. Cold ironing permits emergency equipment, refrigeration, cooling, heating, lighting and other e...	Cold ironing	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,553	[ "Physical systems", "Electronic engineering", "Power electronics", "Electrical systems" ]
13,758,067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-free%20technique	Air-free techniques refer to a range of manipulations in the chemistry laboratory for the handling of compounds that are air-sensitive. These techniques prevent the compounds from reacting with components of air, usually water and oxygen; less commonly carbon dioxide and nitrogen. A common theme among these techniques ...	Air-free technique	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,072	[ "Vacuum systems", "Air-free techniques", "nan" ]
1,645,042	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence%20%28chemistry%29	In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Valence is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms. Double bo...	Valence (chemistry)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	3,108	[ "Dimensionless numbers of chemistry", "Chemical bonding", "Condensed matter physics", "nan" ]
1,645,046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrant	A hydrant is an outlet from a fluid main often consisting of an upright pipe with a valve attached, from which fluid (e.g. water or fuel) can be tapped. Depending on the fluid involved, the term may refer to: Fire hydrant for firefighting water supply Flushing hydrant for cleaning water mains Hydrant network syste...	Hydrant	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	125	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
1,646,818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius%20gauge	A radius gauge, also known as a fillet gauge, is a tool used to measure the radius of an object. Radius gauges require a bright light behind the object to be measured. The gauge is placed against the edge to be checked and any light leakage between the blade and edge indicates a mismatch that requires correction. A ...	Radius gauge	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	185	[ "Quantity", "Dimensional instruments", "Physical quantities", "Size" ]
1,646,838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid%20energy%20storage	Grid energy storage, also known as large-scale energy storage, are technologies connected to the electrical power grid that store energy for later use. These systems help balance supply and demand by storing excess electricity from variable renewables such as solar and inflexible sources like nuclear power, releasing i...	Grid energy storage	[ "Engineering" ]	4,173	[ "Power engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Energy engineering" ]
1,647,676	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond%20energy	In chemistry, bond energy (BE) is one measure of the strength of a chemical bond. It is sometimes called the mean bond, bond enthalpy, average bond enthalpy, or bond strength. IUPAC defines bond energy as the average value of the gas-phase bond-dissociation energy (usually at a temperature of 298.15 K) for all bonds o...	Bond energy	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,069	[ "Chemical bond properties" ]
1,648,316	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20addition%20reaction	In organic chemistry, the Michael reaction or Michael 1,4 addition is a reaction between a Michael donor (an enolate or other nucleophile) and a Michael acceptor (usually an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl) to produce a Michael adduct by creating a carbon-carbon bond at the acceptor's β-carbon. It belongs to the larger class ...	Michael addition reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,355	[ "Name reactions", "Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
1,648,479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactomannan	Galactomannans are polysaccharides consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups, more specifically, a (1-4)-linked beta-D-mannopyranose backbone with branchpoints from their 6-positions linked to alpha-D-galactose, (i.e. 1-6-linked alpha-D-galactopyranose). In order of increasing number of mannose-to-ga...	Galactomannan	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	526	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Immunologic tests", "Organic compounds", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "Polysaccharides" ]
1,648,525	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20localization%20sequence	A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. Typically, this signal consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines or arginines exposed on the protein surface. Different nuclear localized pro...	Nuclear localization sequence	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,718	[ "Molecular genetics", "Cell biology", "Molecular biology" ]
1,648,765	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20matrix	In probability theory and mathematical physics, a random matrix is a matrix-valued random variable—that is, a matrix in which some or all of its entries are sampled randomly from a probability distribution. Random matrix theory (RMT) is the study of properties of random matrices, often as they become large. RMT provide...	Random matrix	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,911	[ "Random matrices", "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Matrices (mathematics)", "Statistical mechanics", "Mathematical physics" ]
1,648,915	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20plant	A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that manufactures (or otherwise processes) chemicals, usually on a large scale. The general objective of a chemical plant is to create new material wealth via the chemical or biological transformation and or separation of materials. Chemical plants use specialized equipme...	Chemical plant	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	3,857	[ "Chemical process engineering", "Chemical engineering", "nan", "Chemical plants" ]
5,751,973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasch%27s%20axiom	In geometry, Pasch's axiom is a statement in plane geometry, used implicitly by Euclid, which cannot be derived from the postulates as Euclid gave them. Its essential role was discovered by Moritz Pasch in 1882. Statement The axiom states that, The fact that segments AC and BC are not both intersected by the line i...	Pasch's axiom	[ "Mathematics" ]	592	[ "Planes (geometry)", "Euclidean plane geometry", "Foundations of geometry", "Mathematical axioms" ]
5,752,817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg%20astronomical%20clock	The Strasbourg astronomical clock is located in the Cathédrale Notre-Dame of Strasbourg, Alsace, France. It is the third clock on that spot and dates from the time of the first French possession of the city (1681–1870). The first clock had been built in the 14th century and the second in the 16th century when Strasbour...	Strasbourg astronomical clock	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,501	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Clocks", "Measuring instruments" ]
5,752,845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium%20bromide	Radium bromide is the bromide salt of radium, with the formula RaBr2. It is produced during the process of separating radium from uranium ore. This inorganic compound was discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898, and the discovery sparked a huge interest in radiochemistry and radiotherapy. Since elemental radium ox...	Radium bromide	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,236	[ "Explosive chemicals", "Bromides", "Salts" ]
5,753,978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohnesorge%20number	The Ohnesorge number (Oh) is a dimensionless number that relates the viscous forces to inertial and surface tension forces. The number was defined by Wolfgang von Ohnesorge in his 1936 doctoral thesis. It is defined as: Where μ is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid ρ is the density of the liquid σ is the surfac...	Ohnesorge number	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	270	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics stubs", "Fluid dynamics" ]
5,754,502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefabricated%20building	A prefabricated building, informally a prefab, is a building that is manufactured and constructed using prefabrication. It consists of factory-made components or units that are transported and assembled on-site to form the complete building. Various materials were combined to create a part of the installation process. ...	Prefabricated building	[ "Engineering" ]	3,023	[ "Buildings and structures by type", "Building", "Building engineering", "Construction", "Civil engineering", "Buildings and structures", "Prefabricated buildings", "Architecture" ]
5,755,338	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20polynomial	In mathematics, in the realm of abstract algebra, a radical polynomial is a multivariate polynomial over a field that can be expressed as a polynomial in the sum of squares of the variables. That is, if is a polynomial ring, the ring of radical polynomials is the subring generated by the polynomial Radical polyn...	Radical polynomial	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	163	[ "Symmetry", "Group actions", "Polynomials", "Invariant theory", "Abstract algebra", "Algebra" ]
5,758,407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproporphyrinogen%20III%20oxidase	Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase, mitochondrial (abbreviated as CPOX) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPOX gene. A genetic defect in the enzyme results in a reduced production of heme in animals. The medical condition associated with this enzyme defect is called hereditary coproporphyria. CPOX, the sixth e...	Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase	[ "Biology" ]	747	[ "Protein families", "Protein classification" ]
5,758,621	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphobilinogen	Porphobilinogen (PBG) is an organic compound that occurs in living organisms as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of porphyrins, which include critical substances like hemoglobin and chlorophyll. The structure of the molecule can be described as molecule of pyrrole with sidechains substituted for hydrogen atoms at p...	Porphobilinogen	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	286	[ "Carboxylic acids", "Functional groups", "Cellular processes", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
5,758,805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroporphyrinogen	Uroporphyrinogens are cyclic tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups ("P" groups) and four acetic acid groups ("A" groups). There are four forms, which vary based upon the arrangements of the "P" and "A" groups (in clockwise order): In the "I" variety (i.e. uroporphyrinogen I), the order repeats four times: AP-...	Uroporphyrinogen	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	237	[ "Natural products", "Biotechnology stubs", "Organic compounds", "Biochemistry stubs", "Structural biology", "Biomolecules", "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
11,198,470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual%20Review%20of%20Astronomy%20and%20Astrophysics	The Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics is an annual peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Annual Reviews. The co-editors are Ewine van Dishoeck and Robert C. Kennicutt. The journal reviews scientific literature pertaining to local and distant celestial entities throughout the observable universe, as we...	Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	686	[ "Astrophysics journals", "Astronomy journals", "Works about astronomy", "Astrophysics" ]
11,200,529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing%20engineering	Manufacturing engineering or production engineering is a branch of professional engineering that shares many common concepts and ideas with other fields of engineering such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, and industrial engineering. Manufacturing engineering requires the ability to plan the practices of manufactu...	Manufacturing engineering	[ "Engineering" ]	4,734	[ "Industrial engineering", "Manufacturing", "Mechanical engineering" ]
4,320,083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius%20theorem	The Clausius theorem, also known as the Clausius inequality, states that for a thermodynamic system (e.g. heat engine or heat pump) exchanging heat with external thermal reservoirs and undergoing a thermodynamic cycle, the following inequality holds. where is the total entropy change in the external thermal reservoir...	Clausius theorem	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,300	[ "Equations of physics", "Eponymous theorems of physics", "Thermodynamics", "Laws of thermodynamics", "Physics theorems" ]
4,322,402	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally%20Harmonized%20System%20of%20Classification%20and%20Labelling%20of%20Chemicals	The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed-upon standard managed by the United Nations that was set up to replace the assortment of hazardous material classification and labelling schemes previously used around the world. Core elements of the GHS inclu...	Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	4,781	[ "Chemical accident", "Safety engineering", "Hazard analysis", "nan", "Globally Harmonized System", "Chemical safety" ]
4,323,521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-integral	The J-integral represents a way to calculate the strain energy release rate, or work (energy) per unit fracture surface area, in a material. The theoretical concept of J-integral was developed in 1967 by G. P. Cherepanov and independently in 1968 by James R. Rice, who showed that an energetic contour path integral (cal...	J-integral	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,924	[ "Structural engineering", "Solid mechanics", "Fracture mechanics", "Materials science", "Materials testing", "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Materials degradation" ]
16,506,844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committed%20dose%20equivalent	Committed dose equivalent and Committed effective dose equivalent are dose quantities used in the United States system of radiological protection for irradiation due to an internal source. Committed dose equivalent (CDE) CDE is defined by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission in Title 10, Section 20.1003, of...	Committed dose equivalent	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	1,527	[ "Radiation health effects", "Equivalent quantities", "Units of measurement", "Quantity", "Equivalent units", "Nuclear physics", "Radiation effects", "Radioactivity" ]
16,507,851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative%20dose	Cumulative dose is the total dose resulting from repeated exposures of ionizing radiation to an occupationally exposed worker to the same portion of the body, or to the whole body, over a period of time. In medicine, the total amount of a drug or radiation given to a patient over time; for example, the total dose of r...	Cumulative dose	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	161	[ "Radiation health effects", "Nuclear chemistry stubs", "Nuclear and atomic physics stubs", "Nuclear physics", "Radiation effects", "Radioactivity" ]
16,508,375	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel%20temperature%20coefficient%20of%20reactivity	Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity is the change in reactivity of the nuclear fuel per degree change in the fuel temperature. The coefficient quantifies the amount of neutrons that the nuclear fuel (such as uranium-238) absorbs from the fission process as the fuel temperature increases. It is a measure of the s...	Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity	[ "Physics" ]	202	[ "Nuclear technology", "Nuclear physics" ]
16,509,260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20effective%20dose%20equivalent	The Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is a radiation dosimetry quantity defined by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to monitor and control human exposure to ionizing radiation. It is defined differently in the NRC regulations and NRC glossary. According to the regulations, it is the sum of effective dose equiv...	Total effective dose equivalent	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	258	[ "Radiation health effects", "Nuclear chemistry stubs", "Nuclear and atomic physics stubs", "Nuclear physics", "Radiation effects", "Radioactivity" ]
16,509,322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-dose%20equivalent	The Deep-dose equivalent (DDE) is a measure of external radiation exposure defined by US regulations. It is reported alongside eye and shallow dose equivalents on typical US dosimetry reports. It represents the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm (1000 mg/cm2) due to external whole-body exposure to ionizing radi...	Deep-dose equivalent	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	266	[ "Radiation health effects", "Equivalent quantities", "Units of measurement", "Quantity", "Equivalent units", "Nuclear chemistry stubs", "Nuclear and atomic physics stubs", "Nuclear physics", "Radiation effects", "Radioactivity" ]
16,509,656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20plant%20efficiency	The efficiency of a plant is the percentage of the total energy content of a power plant's fuel that is converted into electricity. The remaining energy is usually lost to the environment as heat unless it is used for district heating. Rating efficiency is complicated by the fact that there are two different ways to m...	Power plant efficiency	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	818	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Physical quantities", "Engineering thermodynamics", "Quantity", "Energy economics", "Thermodynamics", "Mechanical engineering", "Environmental social science" ]
16,510,408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20entombment	Nuclear entombment (also referred to as "safe enclosure") is a method of nuclear decommissioning in which radioactive contaminants are encased in a structurally long-lived material, such as concrete. This prevents radioactive material and other contaminated substances from being exposed to human activity and the enviro...	Nuclear entombment	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	2,801	[ "Nuclear technology", "Environmental impact of nuclear power", "Hazardous waste", "Radioactivity", "Nuclear physics", "Radioactive waste" ]
16,513,502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20conductivity%20measurement	There are a number of possible ways to measure thermal conductivity, each of them suitable for a limited range of materials, depending on the thermal properties and the medium temperature. Three classes of methods exist to measure the thermal conductivity of a sample: steady-state, time-domain, and frequency-domain met...	Thermal conductivity measurement	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,467	[ "Materials testing", "Materials science" ]
16,515,095	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF86	The EF86 is a high transconductance sharp cutoff pentode vacuum tube with Noval (B9A) base for audio-frequency applications. It was introduced by the Mullard company in 1953 and was produced by Philips, Mullard, Telefunken, Valvo, and GEC among others. It is very similar electrically to the octal base EF37A and the R...	EF86	[ "Physics" ]	741	[ "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
16,523,806	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%20%28Unix%29	od is a command on various operating systems for displaying ("dumping") data in various human-readable output formats. The name is an acronym for "octal dump" since it defaults to printing in the octal data format. Overview The od program can display output in a variety of formats, including octal, hexadecimal, decim...	Od (Unix)	[ "Technology" ]	729	[ "IBM i Qshell commands", "Computing commands" ]
16,524,351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein%20interaction%20screening	Protein–protein interaction screening refers to the identification of Protein–protein interaction with high-throughput screening methods such as computer- and/or robot-assisted plate reading, flow cytometry analyzing. The interactions between proteins are central to virtually every process in a living cell. Informatio...	Protein–protein interaction screening	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	639	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Neurochemistry", "Biochemistry", "Signal transduction" ]
17,716,161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthenic%20oil	Crude oil is extracted from the bedrock before being processed in several stages, removing natural contaminants and undesirable hydrocarbons. This separation process produces mineral oil, which can in turn be denoted as paraffinic, naphthenic or aromatic. The differences between these different types of oils are not cl...	Naphthenic oil	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,189	[ "Oils", "Carbohydrates" ]
14,862,734	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-4%20beta-2%20nicotinic%20receptor	The alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α4β2 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor implicated in learning, consisting of α4 and β2 subunits. It is located in the brain, where activation yields post- and presynaptic excitation, mainly by increased Na+ and K+ permeability. Stimulation ...	Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor	[ "Chemistry" ]	862	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels" ]
14,862,757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-7%20nicotinic%20receptor	The alpha-7 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α7 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor implicated in long-term memory, consisting entirely of α7 subunits. As with other nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, functional α7 receptors are pentameric [i.e., (α7)5 stoichiometry]. It is located in the bra...	Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,210	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels" ]
14,863,422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRISPHAT	TRISPHAT (full name tris(tetrachlorocatecholato)phosphate(1−)) is an inorganic anion with the formula often prepared as the tributylammonium () or tetrabutylammonium ( salt. The anion features phosphorus(V) bonded to three tetrachlorocatecholate () ligands. This anion can be resolved into the axially chiral enantiome...	TRISPHAT	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	288	[ "Matter", "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Anions", "Salts", "Phosphates", "Nuclear physics", "Ions" ]
14,873,529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTX2	Protein deltex-2 also known as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DTX2 gene. DTX2 functions as a ubiquitin E3 ligase in conjunction with the E2 enzyme UBCH5A. References Further reading External links Transcription factors	DTX2	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	73	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,873,775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATF5	Activating transcription factor 5, also known as ATF5, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF5 gene. Function First described by Nishizawa and Nagata, ATF5 has been classified as a member of the activating transcription factor (ATF)/cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB) family. ATF5 transcripts ...	ATF5	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	208	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,873,851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic%20Data%20Grid%20Facility	The Nordic Data Grid Facility, or NDGF, is a common e-Science infrastructure provided by the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Iceland) for scientific computing and data storage. It is the first and so far only internationally distributed WLCG Tier1 center, providing computing and storage services ...	Nordic Data Grid Facility	[ "Engineering" ]	713	[ "Distributed computing projects", "Information technology projects" ]
14,873,917	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSB	Protein fosB, also known as FosB and G0/G1 switch regulatory protein 3 (G0S3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (FOSB) gene. The FOS gene family consists of four members: FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, and FOSL2. These genes encode leucine zipper proteins that can dimer...	FOSB	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,161	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,873,938	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSL2	Fos-related antigen 2 (FRA2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOSL2 gene. Function The Fos gene family consists of 4 members: c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, and FOSL2. These genes encode leucine zipper proteins that can dimerize with proteins of the JUN family, thereby forming the transcription factor complex AP-1....	FOSL2	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	126	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,874,007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPT8	Septin-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEPT8 gene. Function SEPT8 is a member of the highly conserved septin family. Septins are 40- to 60-kD GTPases that assemble as filamentous scaffolds. They are involved in the organization of submembranous structures, in neuronal polarity, and in vesicle traffic...	SEPT8	[ "Chemistry" ]	107	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Protein stubs" ]
14,874,037	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXOC7	Exocyst complex component 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EXOC7 gene. It was formerly known as Exo70. It forms one subunit of the exocyst complex. First discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this and other exocyst proteins have been observed in several other eukaryotes, including humans. In S. cerevi...	EXOC7	[ "Biology" ]	257	[ "Protein families", "Protein classification" ]
14,874,270	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIVEP1	Zinc finger protein 40 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIVEP1 gene. Members of the ZAS family, such as ZAS1 (HIVEP1), are large proteins that contain a ZAS domain, a modular protein structure consisting of a pair of C2H2 zinc fingers with an acidic-rich region and a serine/threonine-rich sequence. These ...	HIVEP1	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	175	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,874,292	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLX%20%28gene%29	Homeobox Protein HB24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLX gene. Role in development Hlx belongs to the class of homeobox transcription factors, initially cloned from a B-lymphocyte cell line. Targeted knockout of the gene has demonstrated its vital role in liver and gut organogenesis. Its expression is...	HLX (gene)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	414	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,874,339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGHA2	Ig alpha-2 chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHA2 gene. References Further reading Proteins	IGHA2	[ "Chemistry" ]	30	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Protein stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Molecular biology", "Proteins" ]
14,874,442	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPHA6	Ephrin type-A receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPHA6 gene. EphA6 may serve an important role in breast carcinogenesis and may pose as a novel prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for breast cancer, particularly in patients with steroid receptor negative expression and HER‑2 overexpressi...	EPHA6	[ "Chemistry" ]	82	[ "Tyrosine kinase receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,874,586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEOX2	Homeobox protein MOX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEOX2 gene. Function This gene encodes a member of a subfamily of non-clustered, diverged, antennapedia-like homeobox-containing genes. The encoded protein may play a role in the regulation of vertebrate limb myogenesis. Mutations in the related mo...	MEOX2	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	185	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,874,715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFIA	Nuclear factor 1 A-type is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFIA gene. Function Nuclear factor I (NFI) proteins constitute a family of dimeric DNA-binding proteins with similar, and possibly identical, DNA-binding specificity. They function as cellular transcription factors and as replication factors for a...	NFIA	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	107	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,874,725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFIX	Nuclear factor 1 X-type is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFIX gene. NFI-X3, a splice variant of NFIX, regulates Glial fibrillary acidic protein and YKL-40 in astrocytes. Interactions Nfix has been shown to interact with SKI protein and it is also known to interact with AP-1. NFI-X3 has been shown to inte...	NFIX	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	348	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,875,325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60S%20ribosomal%20protein%20L21	60S ribosomal protein L21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL21 gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene enc...	60S ribosomal protein L21	[ "Chemistry" ]	163	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Protein stubs" ]
9,729,735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonesetting	Stonesetting is the art of securely setting or attaching gemstones into jewelry. Cuts There are two general types of gemstone cutting: cabochon and facet. Cabochons are smooth, often domed, with flat backs. Agates and turquoise are usually cut this way, but precious stones such as rubies, emeralds and sapphires may a...	Stonesetting	[ "Physics" ]	1,670	[ "Materials", "Gemstones", "Matter" ]
9,731,029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling%20rose	In the United Kingdom and Australia, a ceiling rose is a decorative element affixed to the ceiling from which a chandelier or light fitting is often suspended. They are typically round in shape and display a variety of ornamental designs. In modern British wiring setups, light fittings usually use loop-in ceiling rose...	Ceiling rose	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	223	[ "Electrical systems", "Building engineering", "Physical systems", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical wiring" ]
9,733,137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promela	PROMELA (Process or Protocol Meta Language) is a verification modeling language introduced by Gerard J. Holzmann. The language allows for the dynamic creation of concurrent processes to model, for example, distributed systems. In PROMELA models, communication via message channels can be defined to be synchronous (i.e.,...	Promela	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,335	[ "Software engineering", "Specification languages", "Model checkers", "Mathematical software" ]
9,733,327	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell%20channel	The Blackwell channel is a deterministic broadcast channel model used in coding theory and information theory. It was first proposed by mathematician David Blackwell. In this model, a transmitter transmits one of three symbols to two receivers. For two of the symbols, both receivers receive exactly what was sent; the t...	Blackwell channel	[ "Mathematics" ]	387	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Coding theory" ]
9,734,068	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20halides	There are three sets of Indium halides, the trihalides, the monohalides, and several intermediate halides. In the monohalides the oxidation state of indium is +1 and their proper names are indium(I) fluoride, indium(I) chloride, indium(I) bromide and indium(I) iodide. The intermediate halides contain indium with oxida...	Indium halides	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,163	[ "Mixed valence compounds", "Inorganic compounds", "Metal halides", "Salts" ]
9,736,518	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myogenic%20regulatory%20factors	Myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors that regulate myogenesis: MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4. These proteins contain a conserved basic DNA binding domain that binds the E box DNA motif. They dimerize with other HLH containing proteins through an HLH-HLH interaction...	Myogenic regulatory factors	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	307	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
9,738,540	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20comparative%20methods	Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in ...	Phylogenetic comparative methods	[ "Biology" ]	2,195	[ "Bioinformatics", "Phylogenetics", "Taxonomy (biology)" ]
3,181,579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichostatin%20A	Trichostatin A (TSA) is an organic compound that serves as an antifungal antibiotic and selectively inhibits the class I and II mammalian histone deacetylase (HDAC) families of enzymes, but not class III HDACs (i.e., sirtuins). However, there are recent reports of the interactions of this molecule with Sirt 6 protein. ...	Trichostatin A	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	489	[ "Biotechnology products", "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Antibiotics", "Biocides", "Hydroxamic acids" ]
3,182,367	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest%20usable%20high%20frequency	The lowest usable high frequency (LUF), in radio transmission, is a frequency in the HF band at which the received field intensity is sufficient to provide the required signal-to-noise ratio for a specified time period, e.g., 0100 to 0200 UTC, on 90% of the undisturbed days of the month. Any frequency lower than this i...	Lowest usable high frequency	[ "Physics" ]	145	[ "Physical phenomena", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Radio frequency propagation", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Waves" ]
3,183,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blytt%E2%80%93Sernander%20system	The Blytt–Sernander classification, or sequence, is a series of North European climatic periods or phases based on the study of Danish peat bogs by Axel Blytt (1876) and Rutger Sernander (1908). The classification was incorporated into a sequence of pollen zones later defined by Lennart von Post, one of the founders of...	Blytt–Sernander system	[ "Physics", "Biology" ]	866	[ "Evolution of the biosphere", "Chronology", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Spacetime", "Paleoecology" ]
3,183,152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun-type%20fission%20weapon	Gun-type fission weapons are fission-based nuclear weapons whose design assembles their fissile material into a supercritical mass by the use of the "gun" method: shooting one piece of sub-critical material into another. Although this is sometimes pictured as two sub-critical hemispheres driven together to make a super...	Gun-type fission weapon	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,712	[ "Nuclear fission", "Nuclear physics" ]
3,183,229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20plating	Ion plating (IP) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process that is sometimes called ion assisted deposition (IAD) or ion vapor deposition (IVD) and is a modified version of vacuum deposition. Ion plating uses concurrent or periodic bombardment of the substrate, and deposits film by atomic-sized energetic particles c...	Ion plating	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	687	[ "Thin film deposition", "Coatings", "Thin films", "Chemical processes", "nan", "Chemical process engineering", "Planes (geometry)", "Solid state engineering" ]
13,763,527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lommel%20function	The Lommel differential equation, named after Eugen von Lommel, is an inhomogeneous form of the Bessel differential equation: Solutions are given by the Lommel functions sμ,ν(z) and Sμ,ν(z), introduced by , where Jν(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind and Yν(z) a Bessel function of the second kind. The s f...	Lommel function	[ "Mathematics" ]	172	[ "Special functions", "Combinatorics" ]
13,764,124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20machine	In electrical engineering, electric machine is a general term for machines using electromagnetic forces, such as electric motors, electric generators, and others. They are electromechanical energy converters: an electric motor converts electricity to mechanical power while an electric generator converts mechanical pow...	Electric machine	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,934	[ "Machines", "Engines", "Electric motors", "Physical systems", "Electromechanical engineering", "Mechanical engineering by discipline", "Mechanical engineering", "Electrical engineering" ]
13,769,301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20gas%20automaton	Lattice gas automata (LGCA), or lattice gas cellular automata, are a type of cellular automaton used to simulate fluid flows, pioneered by Hardy–Pomeau–de Pazzis and Frisch–Hasslacher–Pomeau. They were the precursor to the lattice Boltzmann methods. From lattice gas automata, it is possible to derive the macroscopic Na...	Lattice gas automaton	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,539	[ "Computational fluid dynamics", "Recreational mathematics", "Cellular automata", "Computational physics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
13,769,943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydicyclopentadiene	Polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) is a polymer material which is formed through ring-opening metathesis polymerization(ROMP) of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD). PDCPD exhibits high crosslinking, which grants its properties, such as high impact resistance, good chemical corrosion resistance, and high heat deflection temperature. P...	Polydicyclopentadiene	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,157	[ "Polymers", "Polymer chemistry" ]
13,771,489	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropipe	A micropipe, also called a micropore, microtube, capillary defect or pinhole defect, is a crystallographic defect in a single crystal substrate. Minimizing the presence of micropipes is important in semiconductor manufacturing, as their presence on a wafer can result in the failure of integrated circuits made from that...	Micropipe	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	436	[ "Materials science stubs", "Microtechnology", "Crystallographic defects", "Materials science", "Crystallography stubs", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Crystallography", "Materials degradation" ]
13,772,012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices%20of%20chemical%20elements	This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. Data on elements' abundance in Earth's crust is added for comparison. , the most expensive non-synthetic element by both mass and volume is rhodium. It is followed by caesium, iridium and palladiu...	Prices of chemical elements	[ "Chemistry" ]	347	[ "Properties of chemical elements", "nan" ]
2,306,420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Hydride%20elimination	β-Hydride elimination is a reaction in which a metal-alkyl centre is converted into the corresponding metal-hydride-alkene. β-Hydride elimination can also occur for many alkoxide complexes as well. The main requirements are that the alkyl group possess a C-H bond β to the metal and that the metal be coordinatively unsa...	Β-Hydride elimination	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,086	[ "Organometallic chemistry" ]
2,307,854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations%20in%204-dimensional%20Euclidean%20space	In mathematics, the group of rotations about a fixed point in four-dimensional Euclidean space is denoted SO(4). The name comes from the fact that it is the special orthogonal group of order 4. In this article rotation means rotational displacement. For the sake of uniqueness, rotation angles are assumed to be in the ...	Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space	[ "Physics" ]	4,181	[ "Physical phenomena", "Motion (physics)", "Classical mechanics", "Rotation" ]
2,309,594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipped%20SO%2810%29	Flipped SO(10) is a grand unified theory which is to standard SO(10) as flipped SU(5) is to SU(5). Details In conventional SO(10) models, the fermions lie in three spinorial 16 representations, one for each generation, which decomposes under [SU(5) × U(1)χ]/Z5 as This can either be the Georgi–Glashow SU(5) or flipped...	Flipped SO(10)	[ "Physics" ]	671	[ "Unsolved problems in physics", "Particle physics", "Grand Unified Theory", "Particle physics stubs", "Physics beyond the Standard Model" ]
2,310,753	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20basis%20function	In mathematics a radial basis function (RBF) is a real-valued function whose value depends only on the distance between the input and some fixed point, either the origin, so that , or some other fixed point , called a center, so that . Any function that satisfies the property is a radial function. The distance is us...	Radial basis function	[ "Mathematics" ]	862	[ "Mathematical relations", "Computational mathematics", "Approximations", "Numerical analysis" ]
12,179,236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplanone%20B	Periplanone B is a pheromone produced by the female American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. It is a sexual attractant to male cockroaches, especially at short ranges. History The activity of this pheromone was first described in 1952, but it was not until 25 years later that Persoons et al. reported the gross str...	Periplanone B	[ "Chemistry" ]	144	[ "Insect pheromones", "Chemical ecology", "Ketones", "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Spiro compounds" ]
12,181,958	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikonal%20approximation	In theoretical physics, the eikonal approximation (Greek εἰκών for likeness, icon or image) is an approximative method useful in wave scattering equations, which occur in optics, seismology, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, and partial wave expansion. Informal description The main advantage that the eikonal...	Eikonal approximation	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	337	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Theoretical physics" ]
12,182,350	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remez%20inequality	In mathematics, the Remez inequality, discovered by the Soviet mathematician Evgeny Yakovlevich Remez , gives a bound on the sup norms of certain polynomials, the bound being attained by the Chebyshev polynomials. The inequality Let σ be an arbitrary fixed positive number. Define the class of polynomials πn(σ) to be t...	Remez inequality	[ "Mathematics" ]	512	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysis", "Binary relations", "Mathematical relations", "Inequalities (mathematics)", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems" ]
12,182,912	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAVA%20spray	PAVA spray is an incapacitant spray similar to pepper spray. It is dispensed from a handheld canister, in a liquid stream. It contains a 0.3% solution of pelargonic acid vanillylamide (PAVA), also called nonivamide, a synthetic capsaicinoid (analogue of capsaicin), in a solvent of aqueous ethanol. The propellant is nit...	PAVA spray	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	592	[ "Incapacitating agents", "Chemical accident", "Chemical weapons", "Lachrymatory agents", "Biochemistry" ]
9,031,857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD/CAM%20dentistry	CAD/CAM dentistry is a field of dentistry and prosthodontics using CAD/CAM (computer-aided-design and computer-aided-manufacturing) to improve the design and creation of dental restorations, especially dental prostheses, including crowns, crown lays, veneers, inlays and onlays, fixed dental prostheses (bridges), dental...	CAD/CAM dentistry	[ "Engineering" ]	4,532	[ "Computer-aided design", "Design engineering" ]
9,032,663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway%20resistance	In respiratory physiology, airway resistance is the resistance of the respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and exhalation. Airway resistance can be measured using plethysmography. Definition Analogously to Ohm's law: Where: So: Where: = Airway Resistance = Pressure Difference driving airflow = Atmosphe...	Airway resistance	[ "Mathematics" ]	976	[ "Applied mathematics", "Mathematics in medicine" ]
9,033,403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium%20%2899mTc%29%20fanolesomab	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Technetium (99mTc) fanolesomab}} Technetium (99mTc) fanolesomab (trade name NeutroSpec, manufactured by Palatin Technologies) is a mouse monoclonal antibody formerly used to aid in the diagnosis of appendicitis. It is labeled with a radioisotope, technetium-99m (99mTc). History and use NeutroSpec was a...	Technetium (99mTc) fanolesomab	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	422	[ "Medicinal radiochemistry", "Antibody-drug conjugates", "Drug safety", "Radiopharmaceuticals", "Chemicals in medicine", "Withdrawn drugs" ]
9,034,035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided%20diagnosis	Computer-aided detection (CADe), also called computer-aided diagnosis (CADx), are systems that assist doctors in the interpretation of medical images. Imaging techniques in X-ray, MRI, endoscopy, and ultrasound diagnostics yield a great deal of information that the radiologist or other medical professional has to analy...	Computer-aided diagnosis	[ "Biology" ]	5,392	[ "Health informatics", "Medical technology" ]
9,034,184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20altimeter	Altitude can be determined based on the measurement of atmospheric pressure. The greater the altitude, the lower the pressure. When a barometer is supplied with a nonlinear calibration so as to indicate altitude, the instrument is a type of altimeter called a pressure altimeter or barometric altimeter. A pressure altim...	Pressure altimeter	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,288	[ "Physical quantities", "Meteorological quantities", "Atmospheric pressure", "Measuring instruments", "Aircraft instruments", "Altimeters" ]
9,035,542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extragalactic%20cosmic%20ray	Extragalactic cosmic rays are very-high-energy particles that flow into the Solar System from beyond the Milky Way galaxy. While at low energies, the majority of cosmic rays originate within the Galaxy (such as from supernova remnants), at high energies the cosmic ray spectrum is dominated by these extragalactic cosmic...	Extragalactic cosmic ray	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	2,419	[ "Physical phenomena", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Astroparticle physics", "Astrophysics", "Radiation", "Particle physics", "Cosmic rays" ]

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