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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
20,426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonic%20cycle	The Metonic cycle or enneadecaeteris (from , from ἐννεακαίδεκα, "nineteen") is a period of almost exactly 19 years after which the lunar phases recur at the same time of the year. The recurrence is not perfect, and by precise observation the Metonic cycle defined as 235 synodic months is just 2 hours, 4 minutes and 58 ...	Metonic cycle	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	1,433	[ "Time in astronomy", "Calendars", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Spacetime" ]
20,437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20transfer	Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location (usually meaning stream, phase, fraction, or component) to another. Mass transfer occurs in many processes, such as absorption, evaporation, drying, precipitation, membrane filtration, and distillation. Mass transfer is used by different scientific discipline...	Mass transfer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	851	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Chemical engineering", "Mechanical engineering" ]
20,648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting	Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat or pressure, which increases the substance's temperature to the melting point. At the melting point, t...	Melting	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,185	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Phases of matter", "Critical phenomena", "Materials science", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Statistical mechanics", "Matter", "Dynamical systems" ]
20,728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formulation%20of%20quantum%20mechanics	The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are those mathematical formalisms that permit a rigorous description of quantum mechanics. This mathematical formalism uses mainly a part of functional analysis, especially Hilbert spaces, which are a kind of linear space. Such are distinguished from mathematical forma...	Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	6,210	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
20,821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey%20experiment	The Miller–Urey experiment, or Miller experiment, was an experiment in chemical synthesis carried out in 1952 that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present in the atmosphere of the early, prebiotic Earth. It is seen as one of the first successful experiments demonstrating the synthesis of organic comp...	Miller–Urey experiment	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	5,085	[ "Biological hypotheses", "Origin of life", "nan" ]
20,941	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic%20pathway	In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. The reactants, products, and intermediates of an enzymatic reaction are known as metabolites, which are modified by a sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes. In most cases of a metabolic pathway, the pro...	Metabolic pathway	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,293	[ "Metabolic pathways", "Metabolism" ]
13,850,157	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoetin%20beta	Epoetin beta (INN), sold under the brand name Neorecormon among others, is a synthetic, recombinant form of erythropoietin, a protein that promotes the production of red blood cells. It is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) that is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic kidney failure and cancer ...	Epoetin beta	[ "Chemistry" ]	261	[ "Growth factors", "Signal transduction" ]
13,852,021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asulam	Asulam is a herbicide invented by May & Baker Ltd, internally called M&B9057, that is used in horticulture and agriculture to kill bracken and docks. It is also used as an antiviral agent. It is currently marketed, by United Phosphorus Ltd - UPL, as "Asulox" which contains 400 g/L of asulam sodium salt. Asulam was de...	Asulam	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	231	[ "Herbicides", "Organic compounds", "Biocides", "Organic compound stubs", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
13,854,154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt/Co%20scale	The Platinum-Cobalt Scale (Pt/Co scale or Apha-Hazen Scale ) is a color scale that was introduced in 1892 by chemist Allen Hazen (1869–1930). The index was developed as a way to evaluate pollution levels in waste water. It has since expanded to a common method of comparison of the intensity of yellow-tinted samples. It...	Pt/Co scale	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	195	[ "Hydrology", "Chemical engineering", "Water pollution", "Hydrology stubs", "Civil engineering", "nan", "Environmental engineering", "Dimensionless numbers of chemistry" ]
382,683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing%20gear	Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft that is used for taxiing, takeoff or landing. For aircraft, it is generally needed for all three of these. It was also formerly called alighting gear by some manufacturers, such as the Glenn L. Martin Company. For aircraft, Stinton makes the terminology di...	Landing gear	[ "Engineering" ]	9,415	[ "Systems engineering", "Aircraft systems" ]
382,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifert%E2%80%93Van%20Kampen%20theorem	In mathematics, the Seifert–Van Kampen theorem of algebraic topology (named after Herbert Seifert and Egbert van Kampen), sometimes just called Van Kampen's theorem, expresses the structure of the fundamental group of a topological space in terms of the fundamental groups of two open, path-connected subspaces that co...	Seifert–Van Kampen theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,614	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects", "Theorems in topology", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Higher category theory", "Category theory", "Mathematical relations", "Theorems in algebraic topology" ]
383,675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate%20metabolism	Carbohydrate metabolism is the whole of the biochemical processes responsible for the metabolic formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms. Carbohydrates are central to many essential metabolic pathways. Plants synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water through photosynt...	Carbohydrate metabolism	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,695	[ "Carbohydrate metabolism", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "Metabolism" ]
383,833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implosion%20%28mechanical%20process%29	Implosion is the collapse of an object into itself from a pressure differential or gravitational force. The opposite of explosion (which expands the volume), implosion reduces the volume occupied and concentrates matter and energy. Implosion involves a difference between internal (lower) and external (higher) pressure,...	Implosion (mechanical process)	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	691	[ "Mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Implosion" ]
384,701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain	A fountain, from the Latin "fons" (genitive "fontis"), meaning source or spring, is a decorative reservoir used for discharging water. It is also a structure that jets water into the air for a decorative or dramatic effect. Fountains were originally purely functional, connected to springs or aqueducts and used to prov...	Fountain	[ "Technology", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	10,640	[ "Hydrology", "Building engineering", "Landscape architecture", "Architectural elements", "Water", "Components", "Architecture" ]
384,743	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropane	Cyclopropane is the cycloalkane with the molecular formula (CH2)3, consisting of three methylene groups (CH2) linked to each other to form a triangular ring. The small size of the ring creates substantial ring strain in the structure. Cyclopropane itself is mainly of theoretical interest but many of its derivatives - c...	Cyclopropane	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,255	[ "Statistical mechanics", "Gases", "Phases of matter", "Matter" ]
384,948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl%20violet	Methyl violet is a family of organic compounds that are mainly used as dyes. Depending on the number of attached methyl groups, the color of the dye can be altered. Its main use is as a purple dye for textiles and to give deep violet colors in paint and ink. It is also used as a hydration indicator for silica gel. Meth...	Methyl violet	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,039	[ "Chlorides", "Titration", "Inorganic compounds", "PH indicators", "Chromism", "Chemical tests", "Salts", "Equilibrium chemistry" ]
385,162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution%E2%80%93permutation%20network	In cryptography, an SP-network, or substitution–permutation network (SPN), is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES (Rijndael), 3-Way, Kalyna, Kuznyechik, PRESENT, SAFER, SHARK, and Square. Such a network takes a block of the plaintext and the key as inputs, and applie...	Substitution–permutation network	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,119	[ "Functions and mappings", "Permutations", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Mathematical relations" ]
385,334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20particles	This is a list of known and hypothesized microscopic particles in particle physics, condensed matter physics and cosmology. Standard Model elementary particles Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure; that is, it is unknown whether they are composed of other particles. They are the f...	List of particles	[ "Physics" ]	3,149	[ "Unsolved problems in physics", "Subatomic particles", "Particle physics", "Physical objects", "Nuclear physics", "Particles", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
385,510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsler%20manifold	In mathematics, particularly differential geometry, a Finsler manifold is a differentiable manifold where a (possibly asymmetric) Minkowski norm is provided on each tangent space , that enables one to define the length of any smooth curve as Finsler manifolds are more general than Riemannian manifolds since the tan...	Finsler manifold	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,436	[ "Riemannian manifolds", "Space (mathematics)", "Metric spaces" ]
385,621	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20diagnostics	Plasma diagnostics are a pool of methods, instruments, and experimental techniques used to measure properties of a plasma, such as plasma components' density, distribution function over energy (temperature), their spatial profiles and dynamics, which enable to derive plasma parameters. Invasive probe methods Ball-pen...	Plasma diagnostics	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,926	[ "Plasma diagnostics", "Measuring instruments", "Plasma physics" ]
385,661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20scattering%20problem	In mathematics and physics, the inverse scattering problem is the problem of determining characteristics of an object, based on data of how it scatters incoming radiation or particles. It is the inverse problem to the direct scattering problem, which is to determine how radiation or particles are scattered based on the...	Inverse scattering problem	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	207	[ "Scattering theory", " absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Applied mathematics", "Scattering stubs", "Scattering", "Inverse problems" ]
385,748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20high%20frequency	Super high frequency (SHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies (RF) in the range between 3 and 30 gigahertz (GHz). This band of frequencies is also known as the centimetre band or centimetre wave as the wavelengths range from one to ten centimetres. These frequencies fall within the microwave band, so radio w...	Super high frequency	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,290	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Radio spectrum", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Wireless" ]
5,810,488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CW%20Leonis	CW Leonis or IRC +10216 is a variable carbon star that is embedded in a thick dust envelope. It was first discovered in 1969 by a group of astronomers led by Eric Becklin, based upon infrared observations made with the 62-inch Caltech Infrared Telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. Its energy is emitted mostly at infra...	CW Leonis	[ "Astronomy" ]	820	[ "Leo (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
5,810,868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoetin%20alfa	Epoetin alfa, sold under the brand name Epogen among others, is a human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology. Epoetin alfa is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. It stimulates erythropoiesis (increasing red blood cell levels) and is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chr...	Epoetin alfa	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,765	[ "Growth factors", "Recombinant proteins", "Biotechnology products", "Signal transduction" ]
5,810,957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autacoid	Autacoids or autocoids are biological factors (molecules) which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near their site of biosynthesis. The word autacoid comes from the Greek words "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief; i.e., drug). The effects of autacoids are primarily local, though large quantities can...	Autacoid	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	386	[ "Natural products", "Biotechnology stubs", "Organic compounds", "Biochemistry stubs", "Structural biology", "Biomolecules", "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
5,811,014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothurin	The holothurins are a group of toxins originally isolated from the sea cucumber Actinopyga agassizii. They are contained within clusters of sticky threads called Cuvierian tubules which are expelled from the sea cucumber as a mode of self-defence. The holothurins belong to the class of compounds known as saponins and a...	Holothurin	[ "Chemistry" ]	506	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Natural products", "Saponins" ]
5,811,067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalaemin	Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964. Like all tachykinins, physalaemin is a sialagogue (increases salivation) and a potent vasodilator with hypotensive effects. Structure Physalaemin (PHY) is known to take ...	Physalaemin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	497	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
5,811,728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volterra%20series	The Volterra series is a model for non-linear behavior similar to the Taylor series. It differs from the Taylor series in its ability to capture "memory" effects. The Taylor series can be used for approximating the response of a nonlinear system to a given input if the output of the system depends strictly on the inpu...	Volterra series	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,027	[ "Sequences and series", "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Functional analysis", "Series (mathematics)", "Calculus", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations" ]
5,811,775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20capacitance%20tomography	Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a method for determination of the dielectric permittivity distribution in the interior of an object from external capacitance measurements. It is a close relative of electrical impedance tomography and is proposed as a method for industrial process monitoring. Although capac...	Electrical capacitance tomography	[ "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	380	[ "Applied mathematics", "Nondestructive testing", "Materials testing", "Inverse problems", "Electrical engineering" ]
5,811,855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesz%20mean	In mathematics, the Riesz mean is a certain mean of the terms in a series. They were introduced by Marcel Riesz in 1911 as an improvement over the Cesàro mean. The Riesz mean should not be confused with the Bochner–Riesz mean or the Strong–Riesz mean. Definition Given a series , the Riesz mean of the series is defined...	Riesz mean	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	344	[ "Means", "Sequences and series", "Mathematical analysis", "Point (geometry)", "Mathematical structures", "Geometric centers", "Summability methods", "Symmetry" ]
5,813,192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK-activating%20kinase	CDK-activating kinase (CAK) activates the cyclin-CDK complex by phosphorylating threonine residue 160 in the CDK activation loop. CAK itself is a member of the Cdk family and functions as a positive regulator of Cdk1, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6. Catalytic activity Cdk activation requires two steps. First, cyclin must bind...	CDK-activating kinase	[ "Biology" ]	1,703	[ "Cell cycle", "Cellular processes" ]
5,814,292	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiopoietin	Angiopoietin is part of a family of vascular growth factors that play a role in embryonic and postnatal angiogenesis. Angiopoietin signaling most directly corresponds with angiogenesis, the process by which new arteries and veins form from preexisting blood vessels. Angiogenesis proceeds through sprouting, endothelial ...	Angiopoietin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,967	[ "Angiogenesis", "Growth factors", "Signal transduction" ]
3,216,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitively%20coupled%20plasma	A capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) is one of the most common types of industrial plasma sources. It essentially consists of two metal electrodes separated by a small distance, placed in a reactor. The gas pressure in the reactor can be lower than atmosphere or it can be atmospheric. Description A typical CCP system i...	Capacitively coupled plasma	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	496	[ "Electronic engineering", "Plasma types", "Electronics manufacturing", "Plasma physics" ]
3,218,417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfone	Polysulfones are a family of high performance thermoplastics. These polymers are known for their toughness and stability at high temperatures. Technically used polysulfones contain an aryl-SO2-aryl subunit. Due to the high cost of raw materials and processing, polysulfones are used in specialty applications and often a...	Polysulfone	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,221	[ "Unsolved problems in physics", "Functional groups", "Sulfones", "Polymer chemistry", "Polymers", "Amorphous solids", "Plastics" ]
3,219,248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgranular%20fracture	Transgranular fracture is a type of fracture that occurs through the crystal grains of a material. In contrast to intergranular fractures, which occur when a fracture follows the grain boundaries, this type of fracture traverses the material's microstructure directly through individual grains. This type of fracture typ...	Transgranular fracture	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,017	[ "Structural engineering", "Fracture mechanics", "Materials science", "Materials degradation", "Materials", "Particle technology", "Granularity of materials", "Matter" ]
3,219,289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergranular%20fracture	In fracture mechanics, intergranular fracture, intergranular cracking or intergranular embrittlement occurs when a crack propagates along the grain boundaries of a material, usually when these grain boundaries are weakened. The more commonly seen transgranular fracture occurs when the crack grows through the material g...	Intergranular fracture	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,271	[ "Structural engineering", "Fracture mechanics", "Materials science", "Materials degradation", "Materials", "Particle technology", "Granularity of materials", "Matter" ]
3,219,865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium%20titanate	Barium titanate (BTO) is an inorganic compound with chemical formula BaTiO3. It is the barium salt of metatitanic acid. Barium titanate appears white as a powder and is transparent when prepared as large crystals. It is a ferroelectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric ceramic material that exhibits the photorefractive...	Barium titanate	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,389	[ "Physical phenomena", "Ferroelectric materials", "Materials", "Electrical phenomena", "Ceramic materials", "Ceramic engineering", "Piezoelectric materials", "Hysteresis", "Matter" ]
3,220,879	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20aromaticity	Metal aromaticity or metalloaromaticity is the concept of aromaticity, found in many organic compounds, extended to metals and metal-containing compounds. The first experimental evidence for the existence of aromaticity in metals was found in aluminium cluster compounds of the type where M stands for lithium, sodium o...	Metal aromaticity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	627	[ "Cluster chemistry", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Chemical bonding", "Organometallic chemistry" ]
3,221,283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base%20excess	In physiology, base excess and base deficit refer to an excess or deficit, respectively, in the amount of base present in the blood. The value is usually reported as a concentration in units of mEq/L (mmol/L), with positive numbers indicating an excess of base and negative a deficit. A typical reference range for base ...	Base excess	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,036	[ "Biochemistry", "Chemical pathology" ]
16,644,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20RNAs	Ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs in different forms within organisms and serves many different roles. Listed here are the types of RNA, grouped by role. Abbreviations for the different types of RNA are listed and explained. By role RNA abbreviations See also List of cis-regulatory RNA elements RNA: Types of RNA No...	List of RNAs	[ "Chemistry" ]	91	[ "Molecular-biology-related lists", "Molecular biology" ]
16,646,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash%20Express	The Dash Express was an Internet-enabled personal navigation device manufactured by Dash Navigation Dash Express transmitted information using a GPRS connection back to Dash Navigation in order to enhance traffic routing as well as use Wi-Fi for the purpose of updating GPS. At the time of its availability, the Dash Ex...	Dash Express	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	160	[ "Global Positioning System", "Wireless locating", "Aircraft instruments", "Aerospace engineering" ]
16,646,920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenig%27s%20manometric%20flame%20apparatus	Koenig's manometric flame apparatus was a laboratory instrument invented in 1862 by the German physicist Rudolph Koenig, and used to visualize sound waves. It was the nearest equivalent of the modern oscilloscope in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Description The manometric flame apparatus consist...	Koenig's manometric flame apparatus	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	481	[ "Measuring instruments" ]
16,647,678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmented%20spindle	A segmented spindle, also known by the trademark Kataka, is a specialized mechanical linear actuator conceived by the Danish mechanical engineer Jens Joerren Soerensen during the mid-1990s. The actuator forms a telescoping tubular column, or spindle, from linked segments resembling curved parallelograms. The telescop...	Segmented spindle	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	230	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Hardware (mechanical)", "Construction" ]
16,649,410	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushforward%20%28homology%29	In algebraic topology, the pushforward of a continuous function : between two topological spaces is a homomorphism between the homology groups for . Homology is a functor which converts a topological space into a sequence of homology groups . (Often, the collection of all such groups is referred to using the nota...	Pushforward (homology)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	393	[ "Spacetime", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry" ]
16,652,317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20motion	Linear motion, also called rectilinear motion, is one-dimensional motion along a straight line, and can therefore be described mathematically using only one spatial dimension. The linear motion can be of two types: uniform linear motion, with constant velocity (zero acceleration); and non-uniform linear motion, with va...	Linear motion	[ "Physics" ]	1,311	[ "Physical phenomena", "Classical mechanics", "Motion (physics)", "Mechanics", "Linear motion" ]
16,653,044	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Lifshitz%20model	In solid-state physics, the Landau–Lifshitz equation (LLE), named for Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, is a partial differential equation describing time evolution of magnetism in solids, depending on 1 time variable and 1, 2, or 3 space variables. Landau–Lifshitz equation The LLE describes an anisotropic magnet. The...	Landau–Lifshitz model	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	420	[ "Magnetic ordering", "Condensed matter physics", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science" ]
2,334,098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particular%20values%20of%20the%20Riemann%20zeta%20function	In mathematics, the Riemann zeta function is a function in complex analysis, which is also important in number theory. It is often denoted and is named after the mathematician Bernhard Riemann. When the argument is a real number greater than one, the zeta function satisfies the equation It can therefore provide the ...	Particular values of the Riemann zeta function	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,533	[ "Irrational numbers", "Mathematical objects", "nan", "Mathematical constants", "Numbers" ]
2,334,148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formwork	Formwork is molds into which concrete or similar materials are either precast or cast-in-place. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering molds. In specialty applications formwork may be permanently incorporated into the final structure, adding insulation or helping reinforce the f...	Formwork	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	3,434	[ "Structural engineering", "Building engineering", "Architecture", "Construction", "Materials", "Civil engineering", "Concrete", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
2,336,108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20twenty-third%20problem	Hilbert's twenty-third problem is the last of Hilbert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by David Hilbert. In contrast with Hilbert's other 22 problems, his 23rd is not so much a specific "problem" as an encouragement towards further development of the calculus of variations. His statement of the p...	Hilbert's twenty-third problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	404	[ "Hilbert's problems", "Mathematical problems" ]
2,336,109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame%20fields%20in%20general%20relativity	A frame field in general relativity (also called a tetrad or vierbein) is a set of four pointwise-orthonormal vector fields, one timelike and three spacelike, defined on a Lorentzian manifold that is physically interpreted as a model of spacetime. The timelike unit vector field is often denoted by and the three spacel...	Frame fields in general relativity	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,702	[ "Frames of reference", "Classical mechanics", "Theory of relativity", "General relativity", "Coordinate systems" ]
2,336,224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20eighteenth%20problem	Hilbert's eighteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by mathematician David Hilbert. It asks three separate questions about lattices and sphere packing in Euclidean space. Symmetry groups in dimensions The first part of the problem asks whether there are only f...	Hilbert's eighteenth problem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	325	[ "Geometry problems", "Tessellation", "Euclidean plane geometry", "Hilbert's problems", "Geometry", "Planes (geometry)", "Mathematical problems", "Symmetry" ]
2,336,592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20envelope	In aerodynamics, the flight envelope, service envelope, or performance envelope of an aircraft or spacecraft refers to the capabilities of a design in terms of airspeed and load factor or atmospheric density, often simplified to altitude. The term is somewhat loosely applied, and can also refer to other measurements ...	Flight envelope	[ "Engineering" ]	1,698	[ "Aerospace engineering" ]
2,339,273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20available%20technology	The best available technology or best available techniques (BAT) is the technology approved by legislators or regulators for meeting output standards for a particular process, such as pollution abatement. Similar terms are best practicable means or best practicable environmental option. BAT is a moving target on practi...	Best available technology	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,688	[ "Industrial engineering", "Pollution control technologies", "Water pollution", "Environmental engineering", "Industrial ecology" ]
17,833,137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20lensing%20formalism	In general relativity, a point mass deflects a light ray with impact parameter by an angle approximately equal to where G is the gravitational constant, M the mass of the deflecting object and c the speed of light. A naive application of Newtonian gravity can yield exactly half this value, where the light ray is ass...	Gravitational lensing formalism	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	2,353	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Astrophysics" ]
17,841,907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusian%20equilibrium	A population is in Malthusian equilibrium when all of its production is used only for subsistence. Malthusian equilibrium is a locally stable and a dynamic equilibrium. See also Thomas Malthus — See this article for further exposition. An Essay on the Principle of Population Malthusian growth model Malthusian trap Pop...	Malthusian equilibrium	[ "Mathematics" ]	69	[ "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical modeling" ]
17,842,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Campbell%20%28biologist%29	Keith Henry Stockman Campbell (23 May 1954 – 5 October 2012) was a British biologist who was a member of the team at Roslin Institute that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly, from fully differentiated adult mammary cells. He was Professor of Animal Development at the University of Nottingh...	Keith Campbell (biologist)	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	963	[ "Cloning", "Genetic engineering" ]
14,942,693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAP6	RAP6 is the abbreviation for Rab5-activating protein 6, a novel endosomal protein with a role in endocytosis. RAP6 was discovered by Alejandro Barbieri and his group of researchers (Christine Hunker, Adriana Galvis, Ivan Kruk, Hugo Giambini, Lina Torres and Maria Luisa Veisaga) working at Florida International Universi...	RAP6	[ "Biology" ]	222	[ "Cellular processes" ]
14,943,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20ideal%20ring	In mathematics, especially in the field of ring theory, a (right) free ideal ring, or fir, is a ring in which all right ideals are free modules with unique rank. A ring such that all right ideals with at most n generators are free and have unique rank is called an n-fir. A semifir is a ring in which all finitely gener...	Free ideal ring	[ "Mathematics" ]	436	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Ring theory" ]
14,948,065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%E2%80%93flavor%20locking	Color–flavor locking (CFL) is a phenomenon that is expected to occur in ultra-high-density strange matter, a form of quark matter. The quarks form Cooper pairs, whose color properties are correlated with their flavor properties in a one-to-one correspondence between three color pairs and three flavor pairs. According t...	Color–flavor locking	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	337	[ "Quark matter", "Phases of matter", "Astrophysics", "Nuclear physics", "Matter" ]
14,948,458	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2060038	International Standard IEC 60038, IEC standard voltages, defines a set of standard voltages for use in low voltage and high voltage AC and DC electricity supply systems. Low voltage Where two voltages are given below separated by "/", the first is the root-mean-square voltage between a phase and the neutral connecto...	IEC 60038	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	459	[ "Electrical systems", "Building engineering", "Computer standards", "IEC standards", "Physical systems", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical wiring" ]
14,949,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20lubricant	Dry lubricants or solid lubricants are materials that, despite being in the solid phase, are able to reduce friction between two surfaces sliding against each other without the need for a liquid oil medium. The two main dry lubricants are graphite and molybdenum disulfide. They offer lubrication at temperatures higher...	Dry lubricant	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,355	[ "Tribology", "Mechanical engineering", "Surface science", "Materials science" ]
9,821,563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93organic%20framework	Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous polymers consisting of metal clusters (also known as Secondary Building Units - SBUs) coordinated to organic ligands to form one-, two- or three-dimensional structures. The organic ligands included are sometimes referred to as "struts" or "linkers", one example bein...	Metal–organic framework	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	18,311	[ "Porous polymers", "Metal-organic frameworks" ]
9,825,116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction%20from%20slits	Diffraction processes affecting waves are amenable to quantitative description and analysis. Such treatments are applied to a wave passing through one or more slits whose width is specified as a proportion of the wavelength. Numerical approximations may be used, including the Fresnel and Fraunhofer approximations. Gen...	Diffraction from slits	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	2,148	[ "Physical phenomena", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Equations of physics", "Mathematical objects", "Classical mechanics", "Equations", "Waves", "Wave mechanics", "Diffraction", "Crystallography", "Spectroscopy" ]
9,827,398	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peierls%20stress	Peierls stress (or Peierls-Nabarro stress, also known as the lattice friction stress) is the force (first described by Rudolf Peierls and modified by Frank Nabarro) needed to move a dislocation within a plane of atoms in the unit cell. The magnitude varies periodically as the dislocation moves within the plane. Peierl...	Peierls stress	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	277	[ "Materials science stubs", "Crystallographic defects", "Materials science", "Crystallography stubs", "Crystallography", "Materials degradation" ]
9,830,701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tallest%20statues	This list of tallest statues includes completed statues that are at least tall. The height values in this list are measured to the highest part of the human (or animal) figure, but exclude the height of any pedestal (plinth), or other base platform as well as any mast, spire, or other structure that extends higher tha...	List of tallest statues	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	290	[ "Quantity", "Colossal statues", "Physical quantities", "Size" ]
9,833,509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CX3C%20motif%20chemokine%20receptor%201	CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), also known as the fractalkine receptor or G-protein coupled receptor 13 (GPR13), is a transmembrane protein of the G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPCR1) family and the only known member of the CX3C chemokine receptor subfamily. As the name suggests, this receptor binds the infl...	CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,268	[ "Receptors", "Cytokines", "Signal transduction" ]
4,373,936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20deflection%20temperature	The heat deflection temperature or heat distortion temperature (HDT, HDTUL, or DTUL) is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load. This property of a given plastic material is applied in many aspects of product design, engineering and manufacture of products using thermoplasti...	Heat deflection temperature	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	508	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Threshold temperatures", "Materials science", "Polymer chemistry" ]
4,376,459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20ice	A spin ice is a magnetic substance that does not have a single minimal-energy state. It has magnetic moments (i.e. "spin") as elementary degrees of freedom which are subject to frustrated interactions. By their nature, these interactions prevent the moments from exhibiting a periodic pattern in their orientation down t...	Spin ice	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,184	[ "Phases of matter", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science", "Magnetic ordering", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter" ]
4,376,926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20Josephson%20junction	In superconductivity, a long Josephson junction (LJJ) is a Josephson junction which has one or more dimensions longer than the Josephson penetration depth . This definition is not strict. In terms of underlying model a short Josephson junction is characterized by the Josephson phase , which is only a function of time,...	Long Josephson junction	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	395	[ "Josephson effect", "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
4,379,833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromate%20conversion%20coating	Chromate conversion coating or alodine coating is a type of conversion coating used to passivate steel, aluminium, zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, titanium, magnesium, and tin alloys. The coating serves as a corrosion inhibitor, as a primer to improve the adherence of paints and adhesives, as a decorative finish, or t...	Chromate conversion coating	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,783	[ "Corrosion prevention", "Coatings", "Corrosion" ]
4,380,384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulindac	Sulindac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the arylalkanoic acid class that is marketed as Clinoril. Imbaral (not to be confused with mebaral) is another name for this drug. Its name is derived from sul(finyl)+ ind(ene)+ ac(etic acid) It was patented in 1969 and approved for medical use in 1976. Med...	Sulindac	[ "Chemistry" ]	973	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Carboxylic acids", "Functional groups", "Prodrugs" ]
4,380,587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20explosion	A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction. The driving reaction may be nuclear fission or nuclear fusion or a multi-stage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion-based weapons have used a fission device to initiate f...	Nuclear explosion	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,963	[ "Nuclear accidents and incidents", "Nuclear chemistry", "nan", "Nuclear physics", "Radioactivity" ]
9,118,440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvoretzky%27s%20theorem	In mathematics, Dvoretzky's theorem is an important structural theorem about normed vector spaces proved by Aryeh Dvoretzky in the early 1960s, answering a question of Alexander Grothendieck. In essence, it says that every sufficiently high-dimensional normed vector space will have low-dimensional subspaces that are ap...	Dvoretzky's theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	736	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Theorems in functional analysis" ]
9,121,625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20offset	Band offset describes the relative alignment of the energy bands at a semiconductor heterojunction. Introduction At semiconductor heterojunctions, energy bands of two different materials come together, leading to an interaction. Both band structures are positioned discontinuously from each other, causing them to align...	Band offset	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,676	[ "Electron", "Electronic band structures", "Condensed matter physics" ]
9,122,349	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20%28111In%29%20altumomab%20pentetate	Indium (111In) altumomab pentetate (INN) (USP, indium In 111 altumomab pentetate; trade name Hybri-ceaker) is a mouse monoclonal antibody linked to pentetate which acts as a chelating agent for the radioisotope indium-111. The drug is used for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer but has not been approved for use. Refer...	Indium (111In) altumomab pentetate	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	117	[ "Antibody-drug conjugates", "Chemicals in medicine", "Radiopharmaceuticals", "Medicinal radiochemistry" ]
9,122,581	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Laplace%20equation	In physics, the Young–Laplace equation () is an algebraic equation that describes the capillary pressure difference sustained across the interface between two static fluids, such as water and air, due to the phenomenon of surface tension or wall tension, although use of the latter is only applicable if assuming that th...	Young–Laplace equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,423	[ "Equations of fluid dynamics", "Equations of physics", "Physiology", "Applied mathematics", "Chemical engineering", "Piping", "Mathematics in medicine", "Fluid dynamics" ]
9,123,511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics%20Letters	Electronics Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published biweekly by the Institution of Engineering and Technology. It specializes in the rapid publication of short communications on all areas of electronic engineering, including optical, communication, and biomedical engineering, as well as electronic circu...	Electronics Letters	[ "Engineering" ]	315	[ "Institution of Engineering and Technology", "Institution of Engineering and Technology academic journals", "Electronic engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical and electronic engineering journals" ]
9,124,553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20assignment%20problem	In applied mathematics, the maximum generalized assignment problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization. This problem is a generalization of the assignment problem in which both tasks and agents have a size. Moreover, the size of each task might vary from one agent to the other. This problem in its most general...	Generalized assignment problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	658	[ "NP-complete problems", "Mathematical problems", "Computational problems" ]
5,816,930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts%20Manufacturer%20Approval	Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA) is an approval granted by the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to a manufacturer of aircraft parts. Approval It is generally illegal in the United States to install replacement or modification parts on a certificated aircraft without an airworthiness release such as...	Parts Manufacturer Approval	[ "Engineering" ]	1,933	[ "Aerospace engineering" ]
5,817,455	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%20mimicry	Ant mimicry or myrmecomorphy is mimicry of ants by other organisms; it has evolved over 70 times. Ants are abundant all over the world, and potential predators that rely on vision to identify their prey, such as birds and wasps, normally avoid them, because they are either unpalatable or aggressive. Some arthropods mim...	Ant mimicry	[ "Biology" ]	2,216	[ "Mimicry", "Biological defense mechanisms" ]
5,817,831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastarch%20material	Plastarch Material (PSM) is a biodegradable, thermoplastic resin. It is composed of starch combined with several other biodegradable materials. The starch is modified in order to obtain heat-resistant properties, making PSM one of few bioplastics capable of withstanding high temperatures. PSM began to be commercially ...	Plastarch material	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	457	[ "Physical phenomena", "Materials science", "Optical phenomena", "Materials", "Transparent materials", "Polymer chemistry", "Matter" ]
7,592,567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20entropy	In thermodynamics, entropy is a numerical quantity that shows that many physical processes can go in only one direction in time. For example, cream and coffee can be mixed together, but cannot be "unmixed"; a piece of wood can be burned, but cannot be "unburned". The word 'entropy' has entered popular usage to refer to...	Introduction to entropy	[ "Physics" ]	5,407	[ "Statistical mechanics", "Entropy", "Physical quantities", "Thermodynamic entropy" ]
7,593,055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20sine%20theorem	In optics, the optical sine theorem states that the products of the index, height, and sine of the slope angle of a ray in object space and its corresponding ray in image space are equal. That is: External links http://physics.tamuk.edu/~suson/html/4323/aberatn.html#Optical%20Sine Sine theorem Physics theorems	Optical sine theorem	[ "Physics" ]	85	[ "Equations of physics", "Physics theorems" ]
1,101,579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20Monte%20Carlo%20method	In chemistry, dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) is a Monte Carlo method for modeling the dynamic behaviors of molecules by comparing the rates of individual steps with random numbers. It is essentially the same as Kinetic Monte Carlo. Unlike the Metropolis Monte Carlo method, which has been employed to study systems at equilib...	Dynamic Monte Carlo method	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	428	[ "Theoretical chemistry stubs", "Monte Carlo methods", "Computational physics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Computational chemistry", "Computational chemistry stubs", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
1,101,984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20systems%20methodology	Soft systems methodology (SSM) is an organised way of thinking applicable to problematic social situations and in the management of change by using action. It was developed in England by academics at the Lancaster Systems Department on the basis of a ten-year action research programme. Overview The Soft Systems Meth...	Soft systems methodology	[ "Engineering" ]	3,340	[ "Systems engineering", "Enterprise modelling" ]
1,102,240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx%20generator	A Marx generator is an electrical circuit first described by Erwin Otto Marx in 1924. Its purpose is to generate a high-voltage pulse from a low-voltage DC supply. Marx generators are used in high-energy physics experiments, as well as to simulate the effects of lightning on power-line gear and aviation equipment. A ba...	Marx generator	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,447	[ "Physical quantities", "Electronic test equipment", "Measuring instruments", "Power (physics)", "Electronic engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Pulsed power", "Electrical circuits" ]
1,102,395	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech%20H.%20Zurek	Wojciech Hubert Zurek (; born 1951) is a Polish and American theoretical physicist and a leading authority on quantum theory, especially decoherence and non-equilibrium dynamics of symmetry breaking and resulting defect generation (known as the Kibble–Zurek mechanism). Education He attended the I Liceum Ogólnokształcą...	Wojciech H. Zurek	[ "Physics" ]	1,168	[ "Quantum physicists", "Quantum mechanics" ]
1,103,376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planimeter	A planimeter, also known as a platometer, is a measuring instrument used to determine the area of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape. Construction There are several kinds of planimeters, but all operate in a similar way. The precise way in which they are constructed varies, with the main types of mechanical planimete...	Planimeter	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,312	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Dimensional instruments", "Applied mathematics", "Quantity", "Measuring instruments", "Size", "Mathematical tools", "History of computing", "nan", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Area" ]
1,103,407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAMA/NaI	The DAMA/NaI experiment investigated the presence of dark matter particles in the galactic halo by exploiting the model-independent annual modulation signature. Based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun and the solar system's speed with respect to the center of the galaxy (which on short time scales can be considered c...	DAMA/NaI	[ "Physics" ]	951	[ "Dark matter", "Experiments for dark matter search", "Unsolved problems in physics" ]
1,103,898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD-Transpeptidase	{{DISPLAYTITLE:DD-Transpeptidase}} DD-Transpeptidase (, DD-peptidase, DD-transpeptidase, DD-carboxypeptidase, D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase, D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving-peptidase, D-alanine carboxypeptidase, D-alanyl carboxypeptidase, and serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase.) is a bacterial enzyme that catal...	DD-Transpeptidase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,339	[ "Microbial metabolism", "Prokaryotes", "Bacteria", "Microorganisms", "Metabolism" ]
1,104,369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20semiconductor	Organic semiconductors are solids whose building blocks are pi-bonded molecules or polymers made up by carbon and hydrogen atoms and – at times – heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. They exist in the form of molecular crystals or amorphous thin films. In general, they are electrical insulators, but become ...	Organic semiconductor	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,912	[ "Molecular physics", "Semiconductor materials", "Molecular electronics", "Nanotechnology", "Semiconductor material types", "Conductive polymers", "Organic semiconductors" ]
1,104,704	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance%20and%20contravariance%20%28computer%20science%29	Many programming language type systems support subtyping. For instance, if the type is a subtype of , then an expression of type should be substitutable wherever an expression of type is used. Variance is how subtyping between more complex types relates to subtyping between their components. For example, how should...	Covariance and contravariance (computer science)	[ "Mathematics" ]	7,760	[ "Polymorphism (computer science)", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical objects", "Type theory" ]
1,104,705	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin%20cycle	The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose. The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and...	Calvin cycle	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,257	[ "Carbohydrate metabolism", "Photosynthesis", "Biochemical reactions", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
1,105,247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm%20clock	An alarm clock or alarm is a clock that is designed to alert an individual or group of people at a specified time. The primary function of these clocks is to awaken people from their night's sleep or short naps; they can sometimes be used for other reminders as well. Most alarm clocks make sounds; some make light or vi...	Alarm clock	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,260	[ "Behavior", "Alarms", "Counting instruments", "Measuring instruments", "Numeral systems", "Warning systems", "Sleep" ]
3,221,992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banked%20turn	A banked turn (or banking turn) is a turn or change of direction in which the vehicle banks or inclines, usually towards the inside of the turn. For a road or railroad this is usually due to the roadbed having a transverse down-slope towards the inside of the curve. The bank angle is the angle at which the vehicle is...	Banked turn	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,019	[ "Industrial engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Transportation engineering", "Mechanics", "Civil engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
3,222,200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonuclear%20molecule	In chemistry, homonuclear molecules, or elemental molecules, or homonuclear species, are molecules composed of only one element. Homonuclear molecules may consist of various numbers of atoms. The size of the molecule an element can form depends on the element's properties, and some elements form molecules of more than ...	Homonuclear molecule	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	354	[ "Molecules", "Homonuclear molecules", "Matter" ]
3,222,625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauling%27s%20rules	Pauling's rules are five rules published by Linus Pauling in 1929 for predicting and rationalizing the crystal structures of ionic compounds. First rule: the radius ratio rule For typical ionic solids, the cations are smaller than the anions, and each cation is surrounded by coordinated anions which form a polyhedron...	Pauling's rules	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,296	[ "Molecular geometry", "Molecules", "Coordination chemistry", "Stereochemistry", "Atomic radius", "Crystallography", "Crystals", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
3,223,264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydristor	Hydristor is a joining of the words 'hydraulic' and 'transistor'. The device invented by Tom Kasmer in 1996 and is based on the dual pressure balanced hydraulic vane pump invented by Harry F. Vickers in 1925. Vane pump details The Vickers design included an elliptic chamber which confined the radial motion of the vane...	Hydristor	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,964	[ "Pumps", "Turbomachinery", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Mechanical engineering", "Mechanisms (engineering)" ]
3,223,727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipple%20%28plumbing%29	In plumbing and piping, a nipple is a fitting, consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a male pipe thread at each end, for connecting two other fittings. The length of the nipple is usually specified by the overall length with thread. It may have a hexagonal section in the center for a wrench to gra...	Nipple (plumbing)	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	479	[ "Building engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Plumbing", "Construction", "Mechanical engineering", "Piping" ]
3,223,960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allais%20paradox	The Allais paradox is a choice problem designed by to show an inconsistency of actual observed choices with the predictions of expected utility theory. The Allais paradox demonstrates that individuals rarely make rational decisions consistently when required to do so immediately. The independence axiom of expected uti...	Allais paradox	[ "Biology" ]	2,639	[ "Behavior", "Behavioral economics", "Human behavior", "Behaviorism", "Behavioral finance" ]

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