id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3,226,702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon%20capture | Muon capture is the capture of a negative muon by a proton, usually resulting in production of a neutron and a neutrino, and sometimes a gamma photon.
Muon capture by heavy nuclei often leads to emission of particles; most often neutrons, but charged particles can be emitted as well.
Ordinary muon capture (OMC) invol... | Muon capture | [
"Physics"
] | 275 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
1,676,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollaston%20prism | A Wollaston prism is an optical device, invented by William Hyde Wollaston, that manipulates polarized light. It separates light into two separate linearly polarized outgoing beams with orthogonal polarization. The two beams will be polarized according to the optical axis of the two right angle prisms.
The Wollaston ... | Wollaston prism | [
"Physics"
] | 209 | [
"Polarization (waves)",
"Astrophysics"
] |
1,676,668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20wave | A bow wave is the wave that forms at the bow of a ship when it moves through the water. As the bow wave spreads out, it defines the outer limits of a ship's wake. A large bow wave slows the ship down, is a risk to smaller boats, and in a harbor can damage shore facilities and moored ships. Therefore, ship hulls are gen... | Bow wave | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 366 | [
"Naval architecture",
"Physical phenomena",
"Water waves",
"Chemical engineering",
"Waves",
"Marine engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,677,957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexural%20rigidity | Flexural rigidity is defined as the force couple required to bend a fixed non-rigid structure by one unit of curvature, or as the resistance offered by a structure while undergoing bending.
Flexural rigidity of a beam
Although the moment and displacement generally result from external loads and may vary along the l... | Flexural rigidity | [
"Physics"
] | 620 | [
"Solid mechanics",
"Mechanics"
] |
1,678,541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20backscatter%20diffraction | Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique used to study the crystallographic structure of materials. EBSD is carried out in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD detector comprising at least a phosphorescent screen, a compact lens and a low-light camera. In... | Electron backscatter diffraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 7,407 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Scattering",
"Diffraction",
"Crystallography",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
1,678,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfunction | In mathematics, hyperfunctions are generalizations of functions, as a 'jump' from one holomorphic function to another at a boundary, and can be thought of informally as distributions of infinite order. Hyperfunctions were introduced by Mikio Sato in 1958 in Japanese, (1959, 1960 in English), building upon earlier work ... | Hyperfunction | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,243 | [
"Topology",
"Sheaf theory",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory"
] |
1,678,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20method | In numerical analysis, a numerical method is a mathematical tool designed to solve numerical problems. The implementation of a numerical method with an appropriate convergence check in a programming language is called a numerical algorithm.
Mathematical definition
Let be a well-posed problem, i.e. is a real or compl... | Numerical method | [
"Mathematics"
] | 297 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Computational mathematics",
"Approximations",
"Numerical analysis"
] |
1,678,795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary%20element%20method | The boundary element method (BEM) is a numerical computational method of solving linear partial differential equations which have been formulated as integral equations (i.e. in boundary integral form), including fluid mechanics, acoustics, electromagnetics (where the technique is known as method of moments or abbreviat... | Boundary element method | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,776 | [
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Computational electromagnetics",
"Computational physics"
] |
1,678,822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual%20control%20theory | Perceptual control theory (PCT) is a model of behavior based on the properties of negative feedback control loops. A control loop maintains a sensed variable at or near a reference value by means of the effects of its outputs upon that variable, as mediated by physical properties of the environment. In engineering cont... | Perceptual control theory | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 7,754 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Robotics engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,679,173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castner%20process | The Castner process is a process for manufacturing sodium metal by electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide at approximately 330 °C. Below that temperature, the melt would solidify; above that temperature, the molten sodium would start to dissolve in the melt.
History
The Castner process for production of sodium metal ... | Castner process | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 449 | [
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"Chemical processes",
"Electrochemistry",
"nan",
"Electrolysis",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Electrochemistry stubs"
] |
1,679,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulated%20category | In mathematics, a triangulated category is a category with the additional structure of a "translation functor" and a class of "exact triangles". Prominent examples are the derived category of an abelian category, as well as the stable homotopy category. The exact triangles generalize the short exact sequences in an abe... | Triangulated category | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,398 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory",
"Homological algebra"
] |
1,679,935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20power%20quality | Electric power quality is the degree to which the voltage, frequency, and waveform of a power supply system conform to established specifications. Good power quality can be defined as a steady supply voltage that stays within the prescribed range, steady AC frequency close to the rated value, and smooth voltage curve ... | Electric power quality | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,536 | [
"Power engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Energy engineering"
] |
1,680,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, a molecule experiences strain when its chemical structure undergoes some stress which raises its internal energy in comparison to a strain-free reference compound. The internal energy of a molecule consists of all the energy stored within it. A strained molecule has an additional amount of internal ener... | Strain (chemistry) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,763 | [
"Spacetime",
"Stereochemistry",
"Space",
"nan"
] |
1,680,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waals%20strain | Van der Waals strain is strain resulting from Van der Waals repulsion when two substituents in a molecule approach each other with a distance less than the sum of their Van der Waals radii.
Van der Waals strain is also called Van der Waals repulsion and is related to steric hindrance. One of the most common forms of t... | Van der Waals strain | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 241 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Space",
"Stereochemistry stubs",
"nan",
"Spacetime"
] |
1,681,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle%20graph%20%28algebra%29 | In group theory, a subfield of abstract algebra, a cycle graph of a group is an undirected graph that illustrates the various cycles of that group, given a set of generators for the group. Cycle graphs are particularly useful in visualizing the structure of small finite groups.
A cycle is the set of powers of a given ... | Cycle graph (algebra) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,965 | [
"Group theory",
"Abstract algebra",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
17,851,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suniva | Suniva is an American owned, U.S. based manufacturer of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. Headquartered in metropolitan Atlanta, with a cell manufacturing facility in Georgia, Suniva has sold its PV products globally.
Suniva's distribution network for solar panels covered over 53 distributors and whol... | Suniva | [
"Engineering"
] | 529 | [
"Photovoltaics manufacturers",
"Engineering companies"
] |
17,854,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacent%20channel%20power%20ratio | Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) is ratio between the total power of adjacent channel (intermodulation signal) to the main channel's power (useful signal).
Ratio
The ratio between the total power adjacent channel (intermodulation signal) to the main channel's power (useful signal). There are two ways of measuring A... | Adjacent channel power ratio | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 196 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing",
"Electronic engineering",
"Power electronics"
] |
16,667,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic%20voltmeter | Electrostatic voltmeter can refer to an electrostatic charge meter, known also as surface DC voltmeter, or to a voltmeter to measure large electrical potentials, traditionally called electrostatic voltmeter.
Charge meter
A surface DC voltmeter is an instrument that measures voltage with no electric charge transfer.
... | Electrostatic voltmeter | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 659 | [
"Voltmeters",
"Physical quantities",
"Measuring instruments",
"Voltage",
"Electrical meters"
] |
16,672,559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20exchanger | A pressure exchanger transfers pressure energy from a high pressure fluid stream to a low pressure fluid stream. Many industrial processes operate at elevated pressures and have high pressure waste streams. One way of providing a high pressure fluid to such a process is to transfer the waste pressure to a low pressure ... | Pressure exchanger | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,499 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Separation processes",
"Chemical engineering",
"Membrane technology",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
11,305,573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20vapor%20infiltration | Chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) is a ceramic engineering process whereby matrix material is infiltrated into fibrous preforms by the use of reactive gases at elevated temperature to form fiber-reinforced composites. The earliest use of CVI was the infiltration of fibrous alumina with chromium carbide. CVI can be ap... | Chemical vapor infiltration | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,086 | [
"Chemical vapor deposition",
"Ceramic engineering",
"Ceramic materials"
] |
11,307,608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus%20%28video%20game%29 | Nautilus is a video game for Atari 8-bit computers created by Mike Potter and published by Synapse Software in 1982. The players control a submarine, the Nautilus, or a destroyer, the Colossus, attempting to either destroy or rebuild an underwater city. The game the first to feature a "split screen" display to allow bo... | Nautilus (video game) | [
"Physics"
] | 665 | [
"Asymmetrical multiplayer video games",
"Symmetry",
"Asymmetry"
] |
11,308,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex%20%28geometry%29 | In geometry, a vertex (: vertices or vertexes) is a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet or intersect. As a consequence of this definition, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the corners of polygons and polyhedra are vertices.
Definition
Of an angle
The vertex of an angle is the point... | Vertex (geometry) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 848 | [
"Point (geometry)"
] |
11,309,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-brush%20dynamo | A third-brush dynamo was a type of dynamo, an electrical generator, formerly used for battery charging on motor vehicles. It was superseded, first by a two-brush dynamo equipped with an external voltage regulator, and later by an alternator.
Construction
As the name implies, the machine had three brushes in contact w... | Third-brush dynamo | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 247 | [
"Electrical generators",
"Machines",
"Automotive electrics",
"Physical systems",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
11,310,655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsaglia%20polar%20method | The Marsaglia polar method is a pseudo-random number sampling method for generating a pair of independent standard normal random variables.
Standard normal random variables are frequently used in computer science, computational statistics, and in particular, in applications of the Monte Carlo method.
The polar method... | Marsaglia polar method | [
"Physics"
] | 1,480 | [
"Monte Carlo methods",
"Computational physics"
] |
11,310,861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann%20azlactone%20peptide%20synthesis | The Bergmann azlactone peptide synthesis is a classic organic synthesis process for the preparation of dipeptides.
In the presence of a base, peptides are formed by aminolysis of N-carboxyanhydrides of amino acids with amino acid esters ().
This reaction can be looked at in further detail by Bailey.
The resulting p... | Bergmann azlactone peptide synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 252 | [
"Name reactions",
"nan"
] |
11,310,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann%20degradation | The Bergmann degradation is a series of chemical reactions designed to remove a single amino acid from the carboxylic acid (C-terminal) end of a peptide. First demonstrated by Max Bergmann in 1934, it is a rarely used method for sequencing peptides. The later developed Edman degradation is an improvement upon the Bergm... | Bergmann degradation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,167 | [
"Organic redox reactions",
"Organic reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Degradation reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions"
] |
658,183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20process%20control | Industrial process control (IPC) or simply process control is a system used in modern manufacturing which uses the principles of control theory and physical industrial control systems to monitor, control and optimize continuous industrial production processes using control algorithms. This ensures that the industrial m... | Industrial process control | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,870 | [
"Process engineering",
"Statistical process control",
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Chemical engineering",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline",
"Engineering statistics",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
658,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitch%27s%20theorem | In computational complexity theory, Savitch's theorem, proved by Walter Savitch in 1970, gives a relationship between deterministic and non-deterministic space complexity. It states that for any function ,
In other words, if a nondeterministic Turing machine can solve a problem using space, a deterministic Turing... | Savitch's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 973 | [
"Theorems in computational complexity theory",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics"
] |
658,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20hierarchy | In computational complexity theory, the polynomial hierarchy (sometimes called the polynomial-time hierarchy) is a hierarchy of complexity classes that generalize the classes NP and co-NP. Each class in the hierarchy is contained within PSPACE. The hierarchy can be defined using oracle machines or alternating Turing ma... | Polynomial hierarchy | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,465 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical logic hierarchies"
] |
658,686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistral%20and%20dextral | Sinistral and dextral, in some scientific fields, are the two types of chirality ("handedness") or relative direction. The terms are derived from the Latin words for "left" (sinister) and "right" (dexter). Other disciplines use different terms (such as dextro- and laevo-rotary in chemistry, or clockwise and anticlockwi... | Sinistral and dextral | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 669 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Origin of life",
"Biochemistry",
"Stereochemistry",
"Chirality",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Asymmetry",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Spacetime",
"Orientation (geometry)",
"Symmetry"
] |
658,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20optics | Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons, interact with atoms and molecules. It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons. Photons have been used to test many of the counter-intuitive pred... | Quantum optics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,864 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
"Quantum optics",
"Quantum mechanics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
659,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20James%20Leggett | Sir Anthony James Leggett (born 26 March 1938) is a British–American theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). Leggett is widely recognised as a world leader in the theory of low-temperature physics, and his pioneering work on superfluidity was recognised by the... | Anthony James Leggett | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,072 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Phases of matter",
"Superfluidity",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Matter",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
659,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20number | The mass number (symbol A, from the German word: Atomgewicht, "atomic weight"), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It is approximately equal to the atomic (also known as isotopic) mass of the atom expressed in... | Mass number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,258 | [
"Nuclear chemistry",
"Quantity",
"Chemical quantities",
"nan",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
659,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information-theoretic%20death | Information-theoretic death is a term of art used in cryonics to define death in a way that is permanent and independent of any future medical advances, no matter how distant or improbable that may be. Because detailed reading or restoration of information-storing brain structures is beyond current technology, the term... | Information-theoretic death | [
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 88 | [
"Genetic engineering",
"Transhumanism",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
659,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravimetric%20analysis | Gravimetric analysis describes a set of methods used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte (the ion being analyzed) based on its mass. The principle of this type of analysis is that once an ion's mass has been determined as a unique compound, that known measurement can then be used to... | Gravimetric analysis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,767 | [
"nan"
] |
659,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20titration | An acid–base titration is a method of quantitative analysis for determining the concentration of Brønsted-Lowry acid or base (titrate) by neutralizing it using a solution of known concentration (titrant). A pH indicator is used to monitor the progress of the acid–base reaction and a titration curve can be constructed.
... | Acid–base titration | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,517 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Titration"
] |
660,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning%20laser%20ophthalmoscopy | Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) is a method of examination of the eye. It uses the technique of confocal laser scanning microscopy for diagnostic imaging of the retina or cornea of the human eye.
As a method used to image the retina with a high degree of spatial sensitivity, it is helpful in the diagnosis of glauc... | Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy | [
"Biology"
] | 2,051 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
660,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel%20watt | The decibel watt (dBW or dBW) is a unit for the measurement of the strength of a signal expressed in decibels relative to one watt. It is used because of its capability to express both very large and very small values of power in a short range of number; e.g., 1 milliwatt = −30 dBW, 1 watt = 0 dBW, 10 watts = 10 dBW, 1... | Decibel watt | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 263 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Power (physics)",
"Logarithmic scales of measurement",
"Units of power",
"Units of measurement"
] |
660,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviceability%20failure | In engineering, a serviceability failure occurs when a structure does not collapse, but rather fails to meet the required specifications. For example, severe wind may cause an excess of vibration at a pedestrian bridge making it impossible to cross it safely or comfortably. Similar excessive vibrations can be caused by... | Serviceability failure | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 112 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Reliability engineering",
"Technological failures",
"Engineering failures",
"Civil engineering"
] |
660,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualization%20%28graphics%29 | Visualization (or visualisation (see spelling differences)), also known as Graphics Visualization, is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of huma... | Visualization (graphics) | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,536 | [
"Computational science",
"Applied mathematics",
"Data engineering",
"Data modeling"
] |
661,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%20effect | The Kerr effect, also called the quadratic electro-optic (QEO) effect, is a change in the refractive index of a material in response to an applied electric field. The Kerr effect is distinct from the Pockels effect in that the induced index change for the Kerr effect is directly proportional to the square of the electr... | Kerr effect | [
"Physics"
] | 1,856 | [
"Polarization (waves)",
"Astrophysics"
] |
661,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocken%20spectre | A Brocken spectre (British English; American spelling: Brocken specter; ), also called Brocken bow, mountain spectre, or spectre of the Brocken is the magnified (and apparently enormous) shadow of an observer cast in mid air upon any type of cloud opposite a strong light source. The figure's head can be surrounded by a... | Brocken spectre | [
"Physics"
] | 1,969 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Optical illusions",
"Optical phenomena",
"Atmospheric optical phenomena"
] |
661,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravais%20lattice | In geometry and crystallography, a Bravais lattice, named after , is an infinite array of discrete points generated by a set of discrete translation operations described in three dimensional space by
where the ni are any integers, and ai are primitive translation vectors, or primitive vectors, which lie in differen... | Bravais lattice | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,624 | [
"Tessellation",
"Lattice points",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Materials science",
"Number theory",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Symmetry"
] |
13,860,656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensional%20viscosity | Extensional viscosity (also known as elongational viscosity) is a viscosity coefficient when the applied stress is extensional stress. It is often used for characterizing polymer solutions.
Extensional viscosity can be measured using rheometers that apply extensional stress. Acoustic rheometer is one example of such d... | Extensional viscosity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 183 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Piping",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Viscosity",
"Physical properties",
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
13,871,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greying%20of%20hair | Greying of hair, also known as greying, canities, or achromotrichia, is the progressive loss of pigmentation in the hair, eventually turning the hair grey or white which typically occurs naturally as people age.
Terminology
Greying of hair is the partial or complete process of a hair becoming grey or white. It is al... | Greying of hair | [
"Biology"
] | 1,693 | [
"Senescence",
"External signs of ageing"
] |
14,958,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetics | Optogenetics is a biological technique to control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light. This is achieved by expression of light-sensitive ion channels, pumps or enzymes specifically in the target cells. On the level of individual cells, light-activated enzymes and transcription factors allow precise c... | Optogenetics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 7,650 | [
"Neuroscience",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
"Dynamical systems",
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
14,961,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwasawa%20manifold | In mathematics, in the field of differential geometry, an Iwasawa manifold is a compact quotient of a 3-dimensional complex Heisenberg group by a cocompact, discrete subgroup. An
Iwasawa manifold is a nilmanifold, of real dimension 6.
Iwasawa manifolds give examples where the first two terms E1 and E2 of the Frölic... | Iwasawa manifold | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 128 | [
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Group actions",
"Homogeneous spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Algebraic structures",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
14,966,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coh-Metrix | Coh-Metrix is a computational tool that produces indices of the linguistic and discourse representations of a text. Developed by
Arthur C. Graesser and Danielle S. McNamara, Coh-Metrix analyzes texts on many different features.
Measurements
Coh-Metrix can be used in many different ways to investigate the cohesion of t... | Coh-Metrix | [
"Technology"
] | 293 | [
"Natural language and computing",
"Computational linguistics"
] |
2,341,503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometric%20light | Barometric light is a name for the light that is emitted by a mercury-filled barometer tube when the tube is shaken. The discovery of this phenomenon in 1675 revealed the possibility of electric lighting.
The phenomenon and its explanation
The earliest barometers were simply glass tubes that were closed at one end an... | Barometric light | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 504 | [
"Meteorological instrumentation and equipment",
"Luminescence",
"Molecular physics",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
2,342,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetical%20set | In mathematical logic, an arithmetical set (or arithmetic set) is a set of natural numbers that can be defined by a formula of first-order Peano arithmetic. The arithmetical sets are classified by the arithmetical hierarchy.
The definition can be extended to an arbitrary countable set A (e.g. the set of n-tuples of i... | Arithmetical set | [
"Mathematics"
] | 844 | [
"Computability theory",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical logic hierarchies"
] |
2,342,852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aza-Diels%E2%80%93Alder%20reaction | The Aza-Diels–Alder reaction is a modification of the Diels–Alder reaction wherein a nitrogen replaces sp2 carbon. The nitrogen atom can be part of the diene or the dienophile.
Mechanism
The aza Diels-Alder (IDA) reaction may occur either by a concerted or stepwise process. The lowest-energy transition state for the c... | Aza-Diels–Alder reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 844 | [
"Name reactions"
] |
2,343,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite%20%28metal%29 | A dendrite in metallurgy is a characteristic tree-like structure of crystals growing as molten metal solidifies, the shape produced by faster growth along energetically favourable crystallographic directions. This dendritic growth has large consequences in regard to material properties.
Formation
Dendrites form in un... | Dendrite (metal) | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,116 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
2,343,811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature%20measurement | Temperature measurement (also known as thermometry) describes the process of measuring a current temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends.
History
Attempts at standardized temperature measurement prior to the 17t... | Temperature measurement | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,293 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,344,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Susana%20Field%20Laboratory | The Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL), formerly known as Rocketdyne, is a complex of industrial research and development facilities located on a portion of Southern California in an unincorporated area of Ventura County in the Simi Hills between Simi Valley and Los Angeles. The site is located approximately northw... | Santa Susana Field Laboratory | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 7,372 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Radioactively contaminated areas",
"Nuclear organizations",
"Radioactive contamination",
"Civilian nuclear power accidents",
"Rocketry",
"Soil contamination",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
9,842,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerwein%20arylation | The Meerwein arylation is an organic reaction involving the addition of an aryl diazonium salt (ArN2X) to an electron-poor alkene usually supported by a metal salt. The reaction product is an alkylated arene compound. The reaction is named after Hans Meerwein, one of its inventors who first published it in 1939.
An el... | Meerwein arylation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 519 | [
"Name reactions",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Coupling reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
9,847,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP-binding%20protein%20regulators | GTP-binding protein regulators regulate G proteins in several different ways. Small GTPases act as molecular switches in signaling pathways, which act to regulate functions of other proteins. They are active or 'ON' when it is bound to GTP and inactive or 'OFF' when bound to GDP. Activation and deactivation of small ... | GTP-binding protein regulators | [
"Chemistry"
] | 369 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
9,847,653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20atmospheric%20electrical%20circuit | A global atmospheric electrical circuit is the continuous movement of atmospheric charge carriers, such as ions, between an upper conductive layer (often an ionosphere) and surface. The global circuit concept is closely related to atmospheric electricity, but not all atmospheres necessarily have a global electric circu... | Global atmospheric electrical circuit | [
"Physics"
] | 1,551 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Atmospheric electricity"
] |
9,850,794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC3IEDM | JC3IEDM, or Joint Consultation, Command and Control Information Exchange Data Model is a model that, when implemented, aims to enable the interoperability of systems and projects required to share Command and Control (C2) information. JC3IEDM is an evolution of the C2IEDM standard that includes joint operational concep... | JC3IEDM | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,207 | [
"Data modeling",
"Data engineering"
] |
9,853,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20element | In structural engineering, structural elements are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure into simple elements (each bearing a structural load). Within a structure, an element cannot be broken down (decomposed) into parts of different kinds (e.g., beam or column).
Structural building components are s... | Structural element | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 264 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Machines",
"Building engineering",
"Structural analysis",
"Architecture",
"Physical systems",
"Construction",
"Architectural elements",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Hardware (mechanical)",
"Components"
] |
9,134,092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodynamics | Geodynamics is a subfield of geophysics dealing with dynamics of the Earth. It applies physics, chemistry and mathematics to the understanding of how mantle convection leads to plate tectonics and geologic phenomena such as seafloor spreading, mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, faulting. It also attempts to pro... | Geodynamics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,874 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Geodesy",
"Geophysics"
] |
9,136,981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiogram%20%28message%29 | A radiogram is a formal written message transmitted by radio. Also known as a radio telegram or radio telegraphic message, radiograms use a standardized message format, form and radiotelephone and/or radiotelegraph transmission procedures. These procedures typically provide a means of transmitting the content of the me... | Radiogram (message) | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,599 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Radio communications"
] |
4,382,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephson%20vortex | In superconductivity, a Josephson vortex (after Brian Josephson from Cambridge University) is a quantum vortex of supercurrents in a Josephson junction (see Josephson effect). The supercurrents circulate around the vortex center which is situated inside the Josephson barrier, unlike Abrikosov vortices in type-II superc... | Josephson vortex | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 571 | [
"Josephson effect",
"Vortices",
"Superconductivity",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
4,383,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercurrent | A supercurrent is a superconducting current, that is, electric current which flows without dissipation in a superconductor. Under certain conditions, an electric current can also flow without dissipation in microscopically small non-superconducting metals. However, currents in such perfect conductors are not called sup... | Supercurrent | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 86 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electromagnetism stubs",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
4,385,154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific%20recombinase%20technology | Site-specific recombinase technologies are genome engineering tools that depend on recombinase enzymes to replace targeted sections of DNA.
History
In the late 1980s gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) enabled the transmission of mutations into the mouse germ line, and emerged as a novel option to st... | Site-specific recombinase technology | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,728 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology"
] |
4,385,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage%20droop | Voltage droop is the intentional loss in output voltage from a device as it drives a load. Adding droop in a voltage regulation circuit increases the headroom for load transients.
All electrical systems have some amount of resistance between the regulator output and the load. At high currents, even a small resistance ... | Voltage droop | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 365 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Voltage",
"Electrical engineering",
"Voltage stability",
"Electrical parameters"
] |
4,387,116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom%20optics | Atom optics (or atomic optics) "refers to techniques to manipulate the trajectories and exploit the wave properties of neutral atoms". Typical experiments employ beams of cold, slowly moving neutral atoms, as a special case of a particle beam. Like an optical beam, the atomic beam may exhibit diffraction and interfer... | Atom optics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 402 | [
" and optical physics stubs",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
" and optical physics"
] |
4,387,406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equations%20for%20a%20falling%20body | A set of equations describing the trajectories of objects subject to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth-bound conditions. Assuming constant acceleration g due to Earth's gravity, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where F is the force exerted on a mass m by the Earth's gravitatio... | Equations for a falling body | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,395 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations"
] |
4,387,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%E2%80%93activity%20relationship | The structure–activity relationship (SAR) is the relationship between the chemical structure of a molecule and its biological activity. This idea was first presented by Alexander Crum Brown and Thomas Richard Fraser at least as early as 1868.
The analysis of SAR enables the determination of the chemical group responsi... | Structure–activity relationship | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 372 | [
"Biochemistry",
"nan",
"Medicinal chemistry"
] |
386,214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper%20group | A wallpaper group (or plane symmetry group or plane crystallographic group) is a mathematical classification of a two-dimensional repetitive pattern, based on the symmetries in the pattern. Such patterns occur frequently in architecture and decorative art, especially in textiles, tiles, and wallpaper.
The simplest wal... | Wallpaper group | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 8,100 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Euclidean symmetries",
"Mathematical objects",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Mathematical relations",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Symmetry"
] |
386,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive%20solid%20geometry | Constructive solid geometry (CSG; formerly called computational binary solid geometry) is a technique used in solid modeling. Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to create a complex surface or object by using Boolean operators to combine simpler objects, potentially generating visually complex objects by combi... | Constructive solid geometry | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,130 | [
"Computer-aided design",
"Design engineering",
"Euclidean solid geometry",
"Space",
"Spacetime"
] |
387,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline%20circulation | Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo- referring to temperature and referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of... | Thermohaline circulation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,281 | [
"Chemical oceanography",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
5,821,113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulay%20stress | The Pulay stress or Pulay forces (named for Peter Pulay) is an error that occurs in the stress tensor (or Jacobian matrix) obtained from self-consistent field calculations (Hartree–Fock or density functional theory) due to the incompleteness of the basis set.
A plane-wave density functional calculation on a crystal wi... | Pulay stress | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 431 | [
"Density functional theory",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
5,821,204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excluded%20volume | The concept of excluded volume was introduced by Werner Kuhn in 1934 and applied to polymer molecules shortly thereafter by Paul Flory. Excluded volume gives rise to depletion forces.
In liquid state theory
In liquid state theory, the 'excluded volume' of a molecule is the volume that is inaccessible to other molecu... | Excluded volume | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 444 | [
"Polymer physics",
"Polymer stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
5,824,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-healing%20material | Self-healing materials are artificial or synthetically created substances that have the built-in ability to automatically repair damages to themselves without any external diagnosis of the problem or human intervention. Generally, materials will degrade over time due to fatigue, environmental conditions, or damage incu... | Self-healing material | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 9,068 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Catalysis",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"Smart materials",
"nan",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Matter",
"Medical technology"
] |
5,824,791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffle%20furnace | A muffle furnace or muffle oven (sometimes retort furnace in historical usage) is a furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion, including gases and flying ash. After the development of high-temperature heating elements and widespread electrification in develop... | Muffle furnace | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 559 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Industrial furnaces",
"nan"
] |
5,825,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins%20algebra | In abstract algebra, a Robbins algebra is an algebra containing a single binary operation, usually denoted by , and a single unary operation usually denoted by satisfying the following axioms:
For all elements a, b, and c:
Associativity:
Commutativity:
Robbins equation:
For many years, it was conjectured, but ... | Robbins algebra | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 475 | [
"Boolean algebra",
"Computer-assisted proofs",
"Mathematical logic",
"Software engineering",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Formal methods"
] |
7,601,607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman%20Unit | The Friedman Unit, or simply Friedman, is a tongue-in-cheek neologism. One Friedman Unit is equal to six months, specifically the "next six months", a period repeatedly declared by New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman to be the most critical of the then-ongoing Iraq War even though such pronouncements extended back... | Friedman Unit | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 833 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Units of time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Units of measurement"
] |
7,601,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet%20window | A lancet window is a tall, narrow window with a sharp lancet pointed arch at its top. It acquired the "lancet" name from its resemblance to a lance. Instances of this architectural element are typical of Gothic church edifices of the earliest period. Lancet windows may occur singly, or paired under a single moulding, o... | Lancet window | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 229 | [
"Building engineering",
"Architectural elements",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
7,603,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Centre%20for%20Energy%20Information | The Canadian Centre for Energy Information (CCEI) is a Canadian federal government website and portal that was announced on May 23, 2019.
The Canadian Energy Information Portal was launched by Statistics Canada, in partnership with Natural Resources Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, and the Canada Energy ... | Canadian Centre for Energy Information | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 450 | [
"Petroleum",
"Energy organizations",
"Petroleum politics"
] |
7,604,268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AecXML | aecXML (architecture, engineering and construction extensible markup language) is a specific XML markup language which uses Industry Foundation Classes to create a vendor-neutral means to access data generated by building information modeling, BIM. It is being developed for use in the architecture, engineering, constr... | AecXML | [
"Engineering"
] | 219 | [
"Building engineering",
"Building information modeling"
] |
7,604,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylidyne%20radical | Methylidyne, or (unsubstituted) carbyne, is an organic compound whose molecule consists of a single hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom. It is the parent compound of the carbynes, which can be seen as obtained from it by substitution of other functional groups for the hydrogen.
The carbon atom is left with either on... | Methylidyne radical | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 815 | [
"Free radicals",
"Senescence",
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Biomolecules"
] |
7,604,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale%20number | In mechanical engineering, the Beale number is a parameter that characterizes the performance of Stirling engines. It is often used to estimate the power output of a Stirling engine design. For engines operating with a high temperature differential, typical values for the Beale number are in the range 0.11−0.15; wher... | Beale number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 235 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics",
"Engines",
"Piston engines",
"Thermodynamics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Mechanical engineering stubs",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
7,604,906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle%20convection | Mantle convection is the very slow creep of Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents carry heat from the interior to the planet's surface. Mantle convection causes tectonic plates to move around the Earth's surface.
The Earth's lithosphere rides atop the asthenosphere, and the two form the components of th... | Mantle convection | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,827 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Thermodynamics",
"Convection"
] |
7,606,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efimov%20state | The Efimov effect is an effect in the quantum mechanics of few-body systems predicted by the Russian theoretical physicist V. N. Efimov in 1970. Efimov's effect is where three identical bosons interact, with the prediction of an infinite series of excited three-body energy levels when a two-body state is exactly at the... | Efimov state | [
"Physics"
] | 879 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
7,606,557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement%20board | A cement board is a combination of cement and reinforcing fibers formed into sheets, of varying thickness that are typically used as a tile backing board. Cement board can be nailed or screwed to wood or steel studs to create a substrate for vertical tile and attached horizontally to plywood for tile floors, kitchen co... | Cement board | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,120 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
7,609,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate%E2%80%93aspartate%20shuttle | The malate–aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. These electrons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondr... | Malate–aspartate shuttle | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,050 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Cellular respiration",
"Metabolism",
"Biochemical reactions"
] |
7,609,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%20determination | Orbit determination is the estimation of orbits of objects such as moons, planets, and spacecraft. One major application is to allow tracking newly observed asteroids and verify that they have not been previously discovered. The basic methods were discovered in the 17th century and have been continuously refined.
Obse... | Orbit determination | [
"Astronomy",
"Engineering"
] | 2,166 | [
"Astrodynamics",
"Astrometry",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
7,611,764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%20algebra | In mathematics, the Hall algebra is an associative algebra with a basis corresponding to isomorphism classes of finite abelian p-groups. It was first discussed by but forgotten until it was rediscovered by , both of whom published no more than brief summaries of their work. The Hall polynomials are the structure const... | Hall algebra | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 408 | [
"Symmetry",
"Mathematical structures",
"Group actions",
"Algebras",
"Symmetric functions",
"Invariant theory",
"Algebraic structures",
"Algebra"
] |
16,674,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radenska | Radenska is a Slovenia-based worldwide known brand of mineral water, trademark of Radenska d.o.o. company. It is one of the oldest Slovenian brands.
Brand history
Development of the mineral water company started at Radenci in 1869, when Karl Henn, owner of the land, filled the first bottles of mineral water. By the e... | Radenska | [
"Chemistry"
] | 198 | [
"Mineral water"
] |
16,677,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-analyzed%20ion-kinetic-energy%20spectrometry | Mass-analyzed ion kinetic-energy spectrometry (MIKES) is a mass spectrometry technique by which mass spectra are obtained from a sector instrument that incorporates at least one magnetic sector plus one electric sector in reverse geometry (the beam first enters the magnetic sector). The accelerating voltage V, and the ... | Mass-analyzed ion-kinetic-energy spectrometry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 851 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectroscopy",
"Matter"
] |
196,141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrician | An electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of buildings, transmission lines, stationary machines, and related equipment. Electricians may be employed in the installation of new electrical components or the maintenance and repair of existing electrical infrastructure. Electricians may also speci... | Electrician | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,744 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Electrical systems",
"Building engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Power (physics)",
"Electric power",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical wiring"
] |
197,129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocrystalline%20silicon | Nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si), sometimes also known as microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si), is a form of porous silicon. It is an allotropic form of silicon with paracrystalline structure—is similar to amorphous silicon (a-Si), in that it has an amorphous phase. Where they differ, however, is that nc-Si has small grains... | Nanocrystalline silicon | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 643 | [
"Allotropes",
"Thin-film cells",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Group IV semiconductors",
"Allotropes of silicon",
"Nanotechnology",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Nanomaterials",
"Thin films"
] |
197,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive%20decay | Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha, beta, an... | Radioactive decay | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 8,959 | [
"Point (geometry)",
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Point processes",
"Exponentials",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactivity",
"Poisson point processes"
] |
197,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20reprocessing | Nuclear reprocessing is the chemical separation of fission products and actinides from spent nuclear fuel. Originally, reprocessing was used solely to extract plutonium for producing nuclear weapons. With commercialization of nuclear power, the reprocessed plutonium was recycled back into MOX nuclear fuel for thermal r... | Nuclear reprocessing | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 8,729 | [
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Radioactive waste",
"Hazardous waste",
"Radioactivity"
] |
198,204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragonal%20crystal%20system | In crystallography, the tetragonal crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems. Tetragonal crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along one of its lattice vectors, so that the cube becomes a rectangular prism with a square base (a by a) and height (c, which is different from a).
Bravais lattices
... | Tetragonal crystal system | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 231 | [
"Crystallography",
"Crystal systems"
] |
198,319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian%20mechanics | In physics, Hamiltonian mechanics is a reformulation of Lagrangian mechanics that emerged in 1833. Introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Hamiltonian mechanics replaces (generalized) velocities used in Lagrangian mechanics with (generalized) momenta. Both theories provide interpretations of classical mechanics and ... | Hamiltonian mechanics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,167 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Hamiltonian mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"Mathematical physics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
198,579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Proliferation%20Trust | The Non-Proliferation Trust (NPT) is a U.S. nonprofit organization that, at the beginning of the 21st century, advocated storing 10,000 tons of U.S. nuclear waste in Russia for a fee of $15 billion paid to the Russian government and $250 million paid to a fund for Russian orphans. The group was headed by Admiral Daniel... | Non-Proliferation Trust | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 137 | [
"Energy economics",
"Environmental social science stubs",
"Nuclear chemistry stubs",
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
"Hazardous waste",
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Environmental social science",
"Radioactive waste"
] |
198,608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20dynamics | Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules. The atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a fixed period of time, giving a view of the dynamic "evolution" of the system. In the most common version, the trajectories of atoms and molecules are... | Molecular dynamics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 8,579 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Computational physics",
"Molecular dynamics",
"Molecular modelling",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry"
] |
17,863,612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoelace%20formula | The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. It is called the shoelace formula because of the constant cross-multiplying for the coordin... | Shoelace formula | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,246 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Surveying",
"Civil engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Area"
] |
17,870,536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20type%20system |
In the branches of mathematical logic known as proof theory and type theory, a pure type system (PTS), previously known as a generalized type system (GTS), is a form of typed lambda calculus that allows an arbitrary number of sorts and dependencies between any of these. The framework can be seen as a generalisation o... | Pure type system | [
"Mathematics"
] | 630 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Proof theory",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical objects",
"Type theory"
] |
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