id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17,872,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergodic%20Ramsey%20theory | Ergodic Ramsey theory is a branch of mathematics where problems motivated by additive combinatorics are proven using ergodic theory.
History
Ergodic Ramsey theory arose shortly after Endre Szemerédi's proof that a set of positive upper density contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions, when Hillel Furstenberg ... | Ergodic Ramsey theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 280 | [
"Dynamical systems",
"Ergodic theory",
"Ramsey theory",
"Combinatorics"
] |
12,251,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Cyanoguanidine | 2-Cyanoguanidine is a nitrile derived from guanidine. It is a dimer of cyanamide, from which it can be prepared. 2-Cyanoguanidine is a colourless solid that is soluble in water, acetone, and alcohol, but not nonpolar organic solvents.
Production and use
2-Cyanoguanidine is produced by treating cyanamide with base. It ... | 2-Cyanoguanidine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 480 | [
"Guanidines",
"Cyanamides",
"Functional groups"
] |
12,251,941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4H9NO3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C4H9NO3}}
The molecular formula C4H9NO3 may refer to:
Allothreonine
γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid
Butyl nitrate
Homoserine
Threonine
Molecular formulas | C4H9NO3 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 58 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
12,259,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-correction%20method | Pressure-correction method is a class of methods used in computational fluid dynamics for numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations normally for incompressible flows.
Common properties
The equations solved in this approach arise from the implicit time integration of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations.
... | Pressure-correction method | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 715 | [
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Computational physics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
12,260,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron-Light%20for%20Experimental%20Science%20and%20Applications%20in%20the%20Middle%20East | The Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME) is an independent laboratory located in Allan in the Balqa governorate of Jordan, created under the auspices of UNESCO on 30 May 2002.
Aimed at promoting peace between Middle Eastern countries, Jordan was chosen as the locatio... | Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East | [
"Materials_science"
] | 3,536 | [
"Materials testing",
"Synchrotron radiation facilities"
] |
12,261,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage%20research | Drainage research is the study of agricultural drainage systems and their effects to arrive at optimal system design.
Overview
Agricultural land drainage has agricultural, environmental, hydrological, engineering, economical, social and socio-political aspects (Figure 1). All these aspects can be subject of drainag... | Drainage research | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 602 | [
"Hydrology",
"Environmental soil science",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
11,314,351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20polymerase%20chain%20reaction | Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids strands including DNA, cDNA, or RNA. The key difference between dPCR and qPCR lies in th... | Digital polymerase chain reaction | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,877 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Polymerase chain reaction",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
11,316,209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle%20dynamo | A bottle dynamo or sidewall dynamo is a small electrical generator for bicycles employed to power a bicycle's lights. The traditional bottle dynamo (pictured) is not actually a dynamo at all (which creates DC power), but a low-power magneto that generates AC. Newer models can include a rectifier to create DC output to ... | Bottle dynamo | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 653 | [
"Physical systems",
"Electrical generators",
"Machines"
] |
11,318,393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeton%20sativus | Halogeton sativus is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is native to Spain, Morocco and Algeria. Rich in salt, in the past it was cultivated to produce soda ash for glass-makers.
References
Amaranthaceae
Halophytes | Halogeton sativus | [
"Chemistry"
] | 59 | [
"Halophytes",
"Salts"
] |
11,319,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20magnet | Field magnet refers to a magnet used to produce a magnetic field in a device. It may be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. When the field magnet is an electromagnet, it is referred to as a field coil.
Although the term usually refers to magnets used in motors and generators, it may refer to magnets used in any of... | Field magnet | [
"Physics"
] | 144 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions"
] |
11,320,637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension%20function | In mathematics, the notion of an (exact) dimension function (also known as a gauge function) is a tool in the study of fractals and other subsets of metric spaces. Dimension functions are a generalisation of the simple "diameter to the dimension" power law used in the construction of s-dimensional Hausdorff measure.
M... | Dimension function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 698 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
11,320,943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensively%20drug-resistant%20tuberculosis | Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis caused by bacteria that are resistant to some of the most effective anti-TB drugs. XDR-TB strains have arisen after the mismanagement of individuals with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB).
Almost one in four people in the world is infected with T... | Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis | [
"Biology"
] | 3,315 | [
"Bacteria",
"Antibiotic-resistant bacteria"
] |
11,321,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidrug-resistant%20tuberculosis | Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first-line anti-TB medications (drugs): isoniazid and rifampicin. Some forms of TB are also resistant to second-line medications, and are called ex... | Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis | [
"Biology"
] | 7,215 | [
"Bacteria",
"Antibiotic-resistant bacteria"
] |
11,321,984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensch%27s%20rule | Rensch's rule is a biological rule on allometrics, concerning the relationship between the extent of sexual size dimorphism and which sex is larger. Across species within a lineage, size dimorphism increases with increasing body size when the male is the larger sex, and decreases with increasing average body size when ... | Rensch's rule | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 296 | [
"Sexual dimorphism",
"Sex",
"Organism size",
"Biological rules",
"nan",
"Asymmetry",
"Animal size",
"Symmetry"
] |
11,322,015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPython | IPython (Interactive Python) is a command shell for interactive computing in multiple programming languages, originally developed for the Python programming language, that offers introspection, rich media, shell syntax, tab completion, and history. IPython provides the following features:
Interactive shells (terminal... | IPython | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,105 | [
"Free mathematics software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
11,324,348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourcault%20process | The Fourcault process is a method of manufacturing plate glass. First developed in Belgium by (1862–1919) during the early 1900s, the process was used globally. Fourcault is an example of a "vertical draw" process, in that the glass is drawn against gravity in an upward direction. Gravity forces influence parts of th... | Fourcault process | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,264 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass production"
] |
11,324,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor-hom%20adjunction | In mathematics, the tensor-hom adjunction is that the tensor product and hom-functor form an adjoint pair:
This is made more precise below. The order of terms in the phrase "tensor-hom adjunction" reflects their relationship: tensor is the left adjoint, while hom is the right adjoint.
General statement
Say R and S... | Tensor-hom adjunction | [
"Mathematics"
] | 562 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Commutative algebra"
] |
14,972,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCN%20channel | Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within... | HCN channel | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,110 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"Ion channels"
] |
14,979,971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20lithography | Quantum lithography is a type of photolithography, which exploits non-classical properties of the photons, such as quantum entanglement, in order to achieve superior performance over ordinary classical lithography. Quantum lithography is closely related to the fields of quantum imaging, quantum metrology, and quantum s... | Quantum lithography | [
"Materials_science"
] | 372 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Microtechnology",
"Lithography (microfabrication)"
] |
14,983,028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20flow | In fluid dynamics, flow can be decomposed into primary flow plus secondary flow, a relatively weaker flow pattern superimposed on the stronger primary flow pattern. The primary flow is often chosen to be an exact solution to simplified or approximated governing equations, such as potential flow around a wing or geostro... | Secondary flow | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,702 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Chemical engineering",
"Meteorological phenomena",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
13,873,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta%20potential%20titration | Zeta potential titration is a titration of heterogeneous systems, for example colloids and emulsions. Solids in such systems have very high surface area. This type of titration is used to study the zeta potential of these surfaces under different conditions. Details of zeta potential definition and measuring technique... | Zeta potential titration | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 417 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Titration",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Soft matter",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Colloids",
"Surface science",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
13,878,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-to-metal%20seal | Glass-to-metal seals are a type of mechanical seal which joins glass and metal surfaces. They are very important elements in the construction of vacuum tubes, electric discharge tubes, incandescent light bulbs, glass-encapsulated semiconductor diodes, reed switches, glass windows in metal cases, and metal or ceramic pa... | Glass-to-metal seal | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,334 | [
"Seals (mechanical)",
"Glass chemistry",
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass compositions",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
13,883,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20burning | Lithium burning is a nucleosynthetic process in which lithium is depleted in a star. Lithium is generally present in brown dwarfs and not in older low-mass stars. Stars, which by definition must achieve the high temperature (2.5 × 106 K) necessary for fusing hydrogen, rapidly deplete their lithium.
Lithium-7
Burning o... | Lithium burning | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 665 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
13,884,766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20master%20plan | In the United States Department of Defense, the Integrated Master Plan (IMP) and the Integrated Master Schedule (IMS) are important program management tools that provide significant assistance in the planning and scheduling of work efforts in large and complex materiel acquisitions. The IMP is an event-driven plan tha... | Integrated master plan | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,832 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Urban planning",
"Schedule (project management)",
"Spacetime",
"Architecture"
] |
13,885,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computron%20tube | The Computron was an electron tube designed to perform the parallel addition and multiplication of digital numbers. It was conceived by Richard L. Snyder, Jr., Jan A. Rajchman, Paul Rudnick and the digital computer group at the laboratories of the Radio Corporation of America under the direction of Vladimir Zworykin. ... | Computron tube | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 789 | [
"Digital electronics",
"Vacuum tubes",
"Vacuum",
"Computer arithmetic",
"Electronic engineering",
"Arithmetic",
"Matter"
] |
3,227,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowd%E2%80%93Beckwith%20ring-expansion%20reaction | The Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction is an organic reaction in which a cyclic carbonyl (typically a β-keto ester) is expanded by up to 4 carbons in a free radical ring expansion reaction through an α-alkylhalo substituent. The radical initiator system is based on azobisisobutyronitrile and tributyltin hydride. The... | Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 666 | [
"Name reactions",
"Ring expansion reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
3,228,801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectric%20nuclear%20battery | An optoelectric nuclear battery (also radiophotovoltaic device, radioluminescent nuclear battery or radioisotope photovoltaic generator) is a type of nuclear battery in which nuclear energy is converted into light, which is then used to generate electrical energy. This is accomplished by letting the ionizing radiation ... | Optoelectric nuclear battery | [
"Physics"
] | 952 | [
"Nuclear technology",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
3,229,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorskii%20rearrangement | The Favorskii rearrangement is principally a rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones that leads to carboxylic acid derivatives. In the case of cyclic α-halo ketones, the Favorskii rearrangement constitutes a ring contraction. This rearrangement takes place in the presence of a base, sometimes hydroxide, to ... | Favorskii rearrangement | [
"Chemistry"
] | 716 | [
"Name reactions",
"Ring contraction reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
3,231,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-STARRS | The Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS1; obs. code: F51 and Pan-STARRS2 obs. code: F52) located at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, US, consists of astronomical cameras, telescopes and a computing facility that is surveying the sky for moving or variable objects on a continual basis, and als... | Pan-STARRS | [
"Astronomy"
] | 2,695 | [
"Astronomical surveys",
"Works about astronomy",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
3,231,627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian%20Grassmannian | In mathematics, the Lagrangian Grassmannian is the smooth manifold of Lagrangian subspaces of a real symplectic vector space V. Its dimension is n(n + 1) (where the dimension of V is 2n). It may be identified with the homogeneous space
,
where is the unitary group and the orthogonal group. Following Vladimir Arnold... | Lagrangian Grassmannian | [
"Physics"
] | 800 | [
"Mathematical quantization",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
3,231,876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic%20artificial%20muscles | Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are contractile or extensional devices operated by pressurized air filling a pneumatic bladder. In an approximation of human muscles, PAMs are usually grouped in pairs: one agonist and one antagonist.
PAMs were first developed (under the name of McKibben Artificial Muscles) in the 1... | Pneumatic artificial muscles | [
"Engineering"
] | 721 | [
"Robotics hardware",
"Robotics engineering"
] |
3,232,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20experiment | Pressure experiments are experiments performed at pressures lower or higher than atmospheric pressure, called low-pressure experiments and high-pressure experiments, respectively. Pressure experiment are necessary because substances behave differently at different pressures. For example, water boils at a lower temperat... | Pressure experiment | [
"Physics"
] | 228 | [
"Experimental physics",
"Physics experiments"
] |
3,232,803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20polymerase%20III | In eukaryote cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs.
The genes transcribed by RNA Pol III fall in the category of "housekeeping" genes whose expression is required in all cell types and most environmental conditions. ... | RNA polymerase III | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,463 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Proteins"
] |
3,233,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoinositide%20phospholipase%20C | Phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PLC, EC 3.1.4.11, triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase, phosphoinositidase C, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase, monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, PI-PLC, 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltri... | Phosphoinositide phospholipase C | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,186 | [
"Cell biology",
"Protein classification",
"Signal transduction",
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Biochemistry",
"Protein families",
"Neurochemistry",
"Calcium signaling"
] |
9,144,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milman%E2%80%93Pettis%20theorem | In mathematics, the Milman–Pettis theorem states that every uniformly convex Banach space is reflexive.
The theorem was proved independently by D. Milman (1938) and B. J. Pettis (1939). S. Kakutani gave a different proof in 1939, and John R. Ringrose published a shorter proof in 1959.
Mahlon M. Day (1941) gave exampl... | Milman–Pettis theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 266 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in functional analysis"
] |
9,148,277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20descriptions%20of%20the%20electromagnetic%20field | There are various mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field that are used in the study of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. In this article, several approaches are discussed, although the equations are in terms of electric and magnetic fields, potentials, and charges wit... | Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,158 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
9,861,379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometric%20titration | In analytical chemistry, potentiometric titration is a technique similar to direct titration of a redox reaction. It is a useful means of characterizing an acid. No indicator is used; instead the electric potential is measured across the analyte, typically an electrolyte solution. To do this, two electrodes are used, a... | Potentiometric titration | [
"Chemistry"
] | 779 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Titration"
] |
1,681,984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20sieve | A molecular sieve is a material with pores (voids or holes), having uniform size comparable to that of individual molecules, linking the interior of the solid to its exterior. These materials embody the molecular sieve effect, the preferential sieving of molecules larger than the pores. Many kinds of materials exhibit... | Molecular sieve | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,651 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"Chemical engineering",
"Vacuum",
"Filters",
"Desiccants",
"Materials",
"Industrial gases",
"Filtration",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Matter"
] |
1,682,105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator%20%28distance%20amplifying%20instrument%29 | In various contexts of science, technology, and manufacturing (such as machining, fabricating, and additive manufacturing), an indicator is any of various instruments used to accurately measure small distances and angles, and amplify them to make them more obvious. The name comes from the concept of indicating to the u... | Indicator (distance amplifying instrument) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,330 | [
"Quantity",
"Dimensional instruments",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
1,683,711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetic%20seal | A hermetic seal is any type of sealing that makes a given object airtight (preventing the passage of air, oxygen, or other gases). The term originally applied to airtight glass containers but, as technology advanced, it applied to a larger category of materials, including metals, rubber, and plastics. Hermetic seals ar... | Hermetic seal | [
"Physics"
] | 1,687 | [
"Seals (mechanical)",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
1,683,751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium%20tetrachloroferrate | 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate is a magnetic ionic liquid. It can be obtained from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and ferric chloride. It has quite low water solubility.
Due to the presence of the high spin FeCl4 anion, the liquid is paramagnetic and a magnetic susceptibility of 40.6 × 10−6 emu g... | 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 148 | [
"Salts",
"Organic compounds",
"Ferrates",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
1,684,561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20loci | The method of loci is a strategy for memory enhancement, which uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information. The method of loci is also known as the memory journey, memory palace, journey method, memory spaces, or mind palace technique. This method is a mnemonic dev... | Method of loci | [
"Physics"
] | 2,933 | [
"Spacetime",
"Space",
"Spatial cognition"
] |
1,684,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools%20Interoperability%20Framework | The Schools Interoperability Framework, Systems Interoperability Framework (UK), or SIF, is a data-sharing open specification for academic institutions from kindergarten through workforce. This specification is being used primarily in the United States, Canada, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand; however, it is increa... | Schools Interoperability Framework | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,298 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Interoperability"
] |
1,684,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen%E2%80%93Thurston%20classification | In mathematics, Thurston's classification theorem characterizes homeomorphisms of a compact orientable surface. William Thurston's theorem completes the work initiated by .
Given a homeomorphism f : S → S, there is a map g isotopic to f such that at least one of the following holds:
g is periodic, i.e. some power of... | Nielsen–Thurston classification | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,177 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Homeomorphisms",
"Theorems in topology",
"Geometric topology",
"Topology",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
1,685,554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson%27s%20catalyst | Wilkinson's catalyst (chloridotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I)) is a coordination complex of rhodium with the formula [RhCl(PPh3)], where 'Ph' denotes a phenyl group. It is a red-brown colored solid that is soluble in hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, and more so in tetrahydrofuran or chlorinated solvents such ... | Wilkinson's catalyst | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,241 | [
"Catalysis",
"Catalysts",
"Hydrogenation catalysts",
"Coordination complexes",
"Homogeneous catalysis",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Hydrogenation",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
2,344,516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB | Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a family of transcription factor protein complexes that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types and is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokine... | NF-κB | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 6,530 | [
"Gene expression",
"Aging-related proteins",
"Signal transduction",
"Senescence",
"Induced stem cells",
"Programmed cell death",
"Transcription factors"
] |
2,346,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Bruijn%20graph | In graph theory, an -dimensional De Bruijn graph of symbols is a directed graph representing overlaps between sequences of symbols. It has vertices, consisting of all possible sequences of the given symbols; the same symbol may appear multiple times in a sequence. For a set of symbols the set of vertices is:
If o... | De Bruijn graph | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 674 | [
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,347,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Mesopotamian%20units%20of%20measurement | Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement originated in the loosely organized city-states of Early Dynastic Sumer. Each city, kingdom and trade guild had its own standards until the formation of the Akkadian Empire when Sargon of Akkad issued a common standard. This standard was improved by Naram-Sin, but fell into d... | Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,363 | [
"Obsolete units of measurement",
"Quantity",
"Systems of units",
"Units of measurement"
] |
2,347,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus%20A | Cygnus A (3C 405) is a radio galaxy, one of the strongest radio sources in the sky. A concentrated radio source in Cygnus was discovered by Grote Reber in 1939. In 1946 Stanley Hey and his colleague James Phillips identified that the source scintillated rapidly, and must therefore be a compact object. In 1951, Cygnus A... | Cygnus A | [
"Astronomy"
] | 519 | [
"Cygnus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
2,347,765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiCell | WiCell Research Institute is a scientific research institute in Madison, Wisconsin that focuses on stem cell research. Independently governed and supported as a 501(c)(3) organization, WiCell operates as an affiliate of the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and works to advance stem cell research at the University o... | WiCell | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 748 | [
"Stem cell research",
"Stem cell researchers",
"Biotechnology",
"Translational medicine",
"Tissue engineering",
"nan"
] |
75,820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork%20%28material%29 | Cork is an impermeable buoyant material. It is the phellem layer of bark tissue which is harvested for commercial use primarily from Quercus suber (the cork oak), which is native to southwest Europe and northwest Africa. Cork is composed of suberin, a hydrophobic substance. Because of its impermeable, buoyant, elastic,... | Cork (material) | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 3,226 | [
"Plant morphology",
"Materials",
"Plants",
"Matter"
] |
75,873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nernst%20equation | In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) from the standard electrode potential, absolute temperature, the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction, and activities... | Nernst equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,580 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Equations",
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrochemical equations"
] |
76,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20wave | In physics, a transverse wave is a wave that oscillates perpendicularly to the direction of the wave's advance. In contrast, a longitudinal wave travels in the direction of its oscillations. All waves move energy from place to place without transporting the matter in the transmission medium if there is one. Electromagn... | Transverse wave | [
"Physics"
] | 1,654 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Astrophysics",
"Waves",
"Motion (physics)",
"Wave mechanics",
"Polarization (waves)"
] |
76,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20power%20transfer%20theorem | In electrical engineering, the maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from a power source with internal resistance, the resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals. Moritz von Jacobi published the maximum power (transfer) theor... | Maximum power transfer theorem | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,825 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Equations of physics",
"Circuit theorems",
"Physics theorems"
] |
77,473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flerovium | Flerovium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive, superheavy element, named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1999. The lab's name, in turn, h... | Flerovium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 7,744 | [
"Matter",
"Chemical elements",
"Synthetic materials",
"Synthetic elements",
"Atoms",
"Radioactivity"
] |
78,130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-flow%20min-cut%20theorem | In computer science and optimization theory, the max-flow min-cut theorem states that in a flow network, the maximum amount of flow passing from the source to the sink is equal to the total weight of the edges in a minimum cut, i.e., the smallest total weight of the edges which if removed would disconnect the source fr... | Max-flow min-cut theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,869 | [
"Theorems in graph theory",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics"
] |
78,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Geophysical%20Year | The International Geophysical Year (IGY; ), also referred to as the third International Polar Year, was an international scientific project that lasted from 1 July 1957 to 31 December 1958. It marked the end of a long period during the Cold War when scientific interchange between East and West had been seriously interr... | International Geophysical Year | [
"Physics"
] | 3,257 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Geophysics"
] |
78,214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture | Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural ecosystems. It includes a set of design principles derived using whole-systems thinking. It applies these principles in fields such as regenerative agriculture, town planning, rewilding, and com... | Permaculture | [
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 6,748 | [
"Environmental design",
"Systems ecology",
"Landscape architecture",
"Environmental social science concepts",
"Design",
"Environmental social science",
"Architecture"
] |
78,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobson%20unit | The Dobson unit (DU) is a unit of measurement of the amount of a trace gas in a vertical column through the Earth's atmosphere. It originated by, and continues to be primarily used in respect to, the study of atmospheric ozone, whose total column amount, usually termed "total ozone", and sometimes "column abundance", i... | Dobson unit | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 778 | [
"Quantity",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Ozone",
"nan",
"Units of measurement"
] |
78,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downwelling | Downwelling is the downward movement of a fluid parcel and its properties (e.g., salinity, temperature, pH) within a larger fluid. It is closely related to upwelling, the upward movement of fluid.
While downwelling is most commonly used to describe an oceanic process, it's also used to describe a variety of Earth ph... | Downwelling | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,759 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Hydrology",
"Oceanography",
"Meteorological phenomena"
] |
1,105,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degaussing | Degaussing, or deperming, is the process of decreasing or eliminating a remnant magnetic field. It is named after the gauss, a unit of magnetism, which in turn was named after Carl Friedrich Gauss. Due to magnetic hysteresis, it is generally not possible to reduce a magnetic field completely to zero, so degaussing typi... | Degaussing | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,433 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Hysteresis",
"Magnetic hysteresis"
] |
1,105,907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-gap%20transmitter | A spark-gap transmitter is an obsolete type of radio transmitter which generates radio waves by means of an electric spark. Spark-gap transmitters were the first type of radio transmitter, and were the main type used during the wireless telegraphy or "spark" era, the first three decades of radio, from 1887 to the end o... | Spark-gap transmitter | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 11,608 | [
"Plasma phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Radio electronics",
"Electric arcs"
] |
1,105,937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20wiring | Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets, and light fittings in a structure.
Wiring is subject to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sizes are specified according to the circuit operati... | Electrical wiring | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 4,661 | [
"Electrical systems",
"Building engineering",
"Physical systems",
"Building codes",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical wiring"
] |
1,106,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20no-threshold%20model | The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a dose-response model used in radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects such as radiation-induced cancer, genetic mutations and teratogenic effects on the human body due to exposure to ionizing radiation. The model assumes a linear relationship between dose and he... | Linear no-threshold model | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 3,527 | [
"Radiobiology",
"Radiation effects",
"Radiation health effects",
"Radioactivity"
] |
1,106,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20hormesis | Radiation hormesis is the hypothesis that low doses of ionizing radiation (within the region of and just above natural background levels) are beneficial, stimulating the activation of repair mechanisms that protect against disease, that are not activated in absence of ionizing radiation. The reserve repair mechanisms a... | Radiation hormesis | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 4,739 | [
"Radiobiology",
"Radiation effects",
"Radiation health effects",
"Radioactivity"
] |
1,107,334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch%20signaling%20pathway | The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most animals. Mammals possess four different notch receptors, referred to as NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, and NOTCH4. The notch receptor is a single-pass transmembrane receptor protein. It is a hetero-oligomer composed of a large extracellula... | Notch signaling pathway | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 7,004 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"Signal transduction"
] |
1,107,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20cycler | The thermal cycler (also known as a thermocycler, PCR machine or DNA amplifier) is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thermal cyclers may also be used in laboratories to facilitate other temperature-sensitive reactions, including restriction enz... | Thermal cycler | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 520 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Polymerase chain reaction",
"Molecular biology laboratory equipment",
"Molecular biology techniques"
] |
1,108,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmabright | Birmabright is a trade name of the former Birmetals Co. (Birmabright works in Clapgate Lane, Quinton, Birmingham, UK) for various types of lightweight sheet metal in an aluminium–magnesium alloy. The alloy was introduced by the Birmid Group in 1929 and was particularly noted for its corrosion resistance. Birmal Boats w... | Birmabright | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 582 | [
"Alloy stubs",
"Aerospace materials",
"Aluminium alloys",
"Alloys",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
1,108,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Light%20Source | The Canadian Light Source (CLS) () is Canada's national synchrotron light source facility, located on the grounds of the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The CLS has a third-generation 2.9 GeV storage ring, and the building occupies a footprint the size of a Canadian football field.
It op... | Canadian Light Source | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,521 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Materials testing",
"Nuclear organizations",
"Synchrotron radiation facilities"
] |
4,390,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solketal | Solketal is a protected form of glycerol with an isopropylidene acetal group joining two neighboring hydroxyl groups. Solketal contains a chiral center on the center carbon of the glycerol backbone, and so can be purchased as either the racemate or as one of the two enantiomers. Solketal has been used extensively in th... | Solketal | [
"Chemistry"
] | 278 | [
"Ketals",
"Functional groups"
] |
4,393,727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20relations | In physical optics, the Stokes relations, named after Sir George Gabriel Stokes, describe the relative phase of light reflected at a boundary between materials of different refractive indices. They also relate the transmission and reflection coefficients for the interaction. Their derivation relies on a time-reversal ... | Stokes relations | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 304 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
4,393,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting%20coherence%20length | In superconductivity, the superconducting coherence length, usually denoted as (Greek lowercase xi), is the characteristic exponent of the variations of the density of superconducting component.
The superconducting coherence length is one of two parameters in the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity. It is giv... | Superconducting coherence length | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 396 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
4,394,717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20plan | A body plan, (), or ground plan is a set of morphological features common to many members of a phylum of animals. The vertebrates share one body plan, while invertebrates have many.
This term, usually applied to animals, envisages a "blueprint" encompassing aspects such as symmetry, layers, segmentation, nerve, limb,... | Body plan | [
"Biology"
] | 1,090 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Taxonomy (biology)",
"Morphology (biology)"
] |
4,395,348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20life%20cycle | Viruses are only able to replicate themselves by commandeering the reproductive apparatus of cells and making them reproduce the virus's genetic structure and particles instead. How viruses do this depends mainly on the type of nucleic acid DNA or RNA they contain, which is either one or the other but never both. Virus... | Viral life cycle | [
"Biology"
] | 430 | [
"Viral life cycle"
] |
4,395,461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuuto | The or shootball is a baseball pitch. It is commonly thrown by right-handed Japanese pitchers such as Hiroki Kuroda, Noboru Akiyama, Kenjiro Kawasaki, Daisuke Matsuzaka, Yu Darvish and Masumi Kuwata. The most renowned shuuto pitcher in history was Masaji Hiramatsu, whose famous pitch was dubbed the razor shuuto becaus... | Shuuto | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,059 | [
"Aerospace engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
4,396,171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20rotation | Earth's rotation or Earth's spin is the rotation of planet Earth around its own axis, as well as changes in the orientation of the rotation axis in space. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion. As viewed from the northern polar star Polaris, Earth turns counterclockwise.
The North Pole, also known as the Geograph... | Earth's rotation | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 4,153 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Dynamics of the Solar System",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Solar System"
] |
4,396,962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lya%20enumeration%20theorem | The Pólya enumeration theorem, also known as the Redfield–Pólya theorem and Pólya counting, is a theorem in combinatorics that both follows from and ultimately generalizes Burnside's lemma on the number of orbits of a group action on a set. The theorem was first published by J. Howard Redfield in 1927. In 1937 it was i... | Pólya enumeration theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,015 | [
"Graph enumeration",
"Theorems in combinatorics",
"Graph theory",
"Enumerative combinatorics",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
5,826,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation%20rigid%20group | In mathematics, in the representation theory of groups, a group is said to be representation rigid if for every , it has only finitely many isomorphism classes of complex irreducible representations of dimension .
External links
The proalgebraic completion of rigid groups
Properties of groups
Representation theory o... | Representation rigid group | [
"Mathematics"
] | 61 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Algebraic structures",
"Properties of groups"
] |
5,827,181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse%20reflectance%20spectroscopy | Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, or diffuse reflection spectroscopy, is a subset of absorption spectroscopy. It is sometimes called remission spectroscopy. Remission is the reflection or back-scattering of light by a material, while transmission is the passage of light through a material. The word remission implies ... | Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,821 | [
" absorption and radiative transfer (optics)",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Scattering",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
5,827,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin%20receptor | There are at least four known endothelin receptors, ETA, ETB1, ETB2 and ETC, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors whose activation result in elevation of intracellular-free calcium, which constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, raising blood pressure, or relaxes the smooth muscles of the blood vesse... | Endothelin receptor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 482 | [
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
5,827,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20D%20receptor | The vitamin D receptor (VDR also known as the calcitriol receptor) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-(OH)2vitamin D3) binds to VDR, which then forms a heterodimer with the retinoid-X receptor. The VDR heterodimer then enters the nucleus ... | Vitamin D receptor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 820 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
5,828,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20gravitationally%20rounded%20objects%20of%20the%20Solar%20System | This is a list of most likely gravitationally rounded objects (GRO) of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded, ellipsoidal shape due to their own gravity (but are not necessarily in hydrostatic equilibrium). Apart from the Sun itself, these objects qualify as planets according to common geophysical def... | List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,902 | [
"Planetary-mass objects",
"Astronomical objects",
"Outer space",
"Solar System"
] |
5,828,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic%20communication | Strategic communication is the purposeful use of communication by an organization to reach a specific goal. Organizations like governments, corporations, NGOs and militaries seeking to communicate a concept, process, or data to satisfy their organizational or strategic goals will use strategic communication. The modern... | Strategic communication | [
"Technology"
] | 2,934 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Mass media technology"
] |
7,613,472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab%20on%20a%20Chip%20%28journal%29 | Lab on a Chip is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes original (primary) research and review articles on any aspect of miniaturisation at the micro and nano scale. Lab on a Chip is published twice monthly by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) and the editor-in-chief is Aaron Wheeler (University of Toron... | Lab on a Chip (journal) | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 304 | [
"Nanotechnology journals",
"Materials science journals",
"Microtechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
7,617,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner%20Museum%20of%20Glass | The Turner Museum of Glass is housed in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Sheffield, in England. It is in the Sir Robert Hadfield Building with the entrance from Portobello Street. It contains examples from ancient Egypt and Rome but mainly from major European and American glassw... | Turner Museum of Glass | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 208 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass museums and galleries"
] |
7,620,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20reaction | An elementary reaction is a chemical reaction in which one or more chemical species react directly to form products in a single reaction step and with a single transition state. In practice, a reaction is assumed to be elementary if no reaction intermediates have been detected or need to be postulated to describe the r... | Elementary reaction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 392 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"nan",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
16,693,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose-volume%20histogram | A dose-volume histogram (DVH) is a histogram relating radiation dose to tissue volume in radiation therapy planning. DVHs are most commonly used as a plan evaluation tool and to compare doses from different plans or to structures. DVHs were introduced by Michael Goitein (who introduced radiation therapy concepts such a... | Dose-volume histogram | [
"Physics"
] | 798 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Medical physics"
] |
16,697,638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%E2%80%93Ono%20equation | In mathematics, the Benjamin–Ono equation is a nonlinear partial integro-differential equation that
describes one-dimensional internal waves in deep water.
It was introduced by and .
The Benjamin–Ono equation is
where H is the Hilbert transform.
It possesses infinitely many conserved densities and symmetries; thus... | Benjamin–Ono equation | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 100 | [
"Integrable systems",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Applied mathematics stubs",
"Theoretical physics stubs"
] |
16,698,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance%20dose | In pharmacokinetics, a maintenance dose is the maintenance rate [mg/h] of drug administration equal to the rate of elimination at steady state. This is not to be confused with dose regimen, which is a type of drug therapy in which the dose [mg] of a drug is given at a regular dosing interval on a repetitive basis. Con... | Maintenance dose | [
"Chemistry"
] | 354 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacokinetics"
] |
16,699,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20lift | In transportation, heavy lift refers to the handling and installation of heavy items which are indivisible, and of weights generally accepted to be over 100 tons and of widths/heights of more than 100 meters. These oversized items are transported from one place to another (sometimes across country borders), then lifted... | Heavy lift | [
"Physics"
] | 748 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport"
] |
16,700,587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20technology | Particle technology is the science and technology of handling and processing particles and powders. It encompasses the production, handling, modification, and use of a wide variety of particulate materials, both wet and dry. Particle handling may include transportation and storage. Particle sizes range from nanometers ... | Particle technology | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,372 | [
"Particle technology",
"Chemical engineering",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
662,175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93germanium | SiGe ( or ), or silicon–germanium, is an alloy with any molar ratio of silicon and germanium, i.e. with a molecular formula of the form Si1−xGex. It is commonly used as a semiconductor material in integrated circuits (ICs) for heterojunction bipolar transistors or as a strain-inducing layer for CMOS transistors. IBM i... | Silicon–germanium | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,239 | [
"Silicon alloys",
"Alloys",
"Computer engineering",
"Integrated circuits"
] |
662,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry%20model | The foundry model is a microelectronics engineering and manufacturing business model consisting of a semiconductor fabrication plant, or foundry, and an integrated circuit design operation, each belonging to separate companies or subsidiaries. It was first conceived by Morris Chang, the founder of the Taiwan Semiconduc... | Foundry model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,547 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Microtechnology",
"Semiconductors",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
662,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20insurance | Earthquake insurance is a form of property insurance that pays the policyholder in the event of an earthquake that causes damage to the property. Most ordinary homeowners insurance policies do not cover earthquake damage.
Most earthquake insurance policies feature a high deductible, which makes this type of insurance... | Earthquake insurance | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,102 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Earthquake engineering",
"Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation",
"Civil engineering"
] |
662,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affymetrix | Affymetrix is now Applied Biosystems, a brand of DNA microarray products sold by Thermo Fisher Scientific that originated with an American biotechnology research and development and manufacturing company of the same name. The Santa Clara, California-based Affymetrix, Inc. now a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific was co-f... | Affymetrix | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 1,115 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Microtechnology",
"Microarrays",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular biology techniques"
] |
663,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-phase%20flow | In fluid mechanics, two-phase flow is a flow of gas and liquid — a particular example of multiphase flow. Two-phase flow can occur in various forms, such as flows transitioning from pure liquid to vapor as a result of external heating, separated flows, and dispersed two-phase flows where one phase is present in the fo... | Two-phase flow | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,044 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
663,426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20logic | In the mathematical study of logic and the physical analysis of quantum foundations, quantum logic is a set of rules for manipulation of propositions inspired by the structure of quantum theory. The formal system takes as its starting point an observation of Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann, that the structure ... | Quantum logic | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,802 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Applications of quantum mechanics"
] |
664,332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econophysics | Econophysics is a non-orthodox (in economics) interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics. Some of its application to the study of financial ... | Econophysics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,113 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mathematical finance"
] |
664,488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal%20lattice | The reciprocal lattice is a term associated with solids with translational symmetry, and plays a major role in many areas such as X-ray and electron diffraction as well as the energies of electrons in a solid. It emerges from the Fourier transform of the lattice associated with the arrangement of the atoms. The direct... | Reciprocal lattice | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,789 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Lattice points",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Number theory",
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Matter"
] |
665,728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape-memory%20alloy | In metallurgy, a shape-memory alloy (SMA) is an alloy that can be deformed when cold but returns to its pre-deformed ("remembered") shape when heated. It is also known in other names such as memory metal, memory alloy, smart metal, smart alloy, and muscle wire. The "memorized geometry" can be modified by fixating the ... | Shape-memory alloy | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 6,087 | [
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Alloys",
"Chemical mixtures",
"nan",
"Smart materials"
] |
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