id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
395,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic%20adaptation | Chromatic adaptation is the human visual system’s ability to adjust to changes in illumination in order to preserve the appearance of object colors. It is responsible for the stable appearance of object colors despite the wide variation of light which might be reflected from an object and observed by our eyes. A chroma... | Chromatic adaptation | [
"Physics"
] | 825 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Color appearance phenomena"
] |
395,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated%20carbon | Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and air, among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions. (Adsorption, not to b... | Activated carbon | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 6,680 | [
"Toxicology",
"Allotropes of carbon",
"Allotropes",
"Chemical equipment",
"Filters",
"Toxicology treatments",
"Filtration"
] |
395,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primase | DNA primase is an enzyme involved in the replication of DNA and is a type of RNA polymerase. Primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA (or DNA in some
living organisms) segment called a primer complementary to a ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) template. After this elongation, the RNA piece is removed by a 5' to 3' ex... | Primase | [
"Biology"
] | 2,216 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"DNA replication",
"Molecular genetics"
] |
395,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating%20raft%20system | Floating raft is a land-based building foundation that protects it against settlement and liquefaction of soft soil from seismic activity. It was a necessary innovation in the development of tall buildings in the wet soil of Chicago in the 19th century, when it was developed by John Wellborn Root who came up with the i... | Floating raft system | [
"Engineering"
] | 249 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Foundations (buildings and structures)"
] |
395,744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20GTPase | Small GTPases (), also known as small G-proteins, are a family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP). They are a type of G-protein found in the cytosol that are homologous to the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins, but unlike the alpha subunit of G proteins, a small GTPas... | Small GTPase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 550 | [
"G proteins",
"Signal transduction"
] |
395,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine | Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses communication, as well as regulating physiological functions in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. Discovered in 1910, histamine has been considered a local hormone (autocoid) because it's produ... | Histamine | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,511 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Biogenic amines",
"Immune system",
"Neurotransmitters",
"Organ systems",
"Neurochemistry"
] |
396,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20equations%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29 | In fluid dynamics, the Euler equations are a set of partial differential equations governing adiabatic and inviscid flow. They are named after Leonhard Euler. In particular, they correspond to the Navier–Stokes equations with zero viscosity and zero thermal conductivity.
The Euler equations can be applied to incompres... | Euler equations (fluid dynamics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 6,757 | [
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Functions of space and time",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Spacetime",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
396,286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginzburg%E2%80%93Landau%20theory | In physics, Ginzburg–Landau theory, often called Landau–Ginzburg theory, named after Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a mathematical physical theory used to describe superconductivity. In its initial form, it was postulated as a phenomenological model which could describe type-I superconductors without examining th... | Ginzburg–Landau theory | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,176 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
396,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20mechanics | Matrix mechanics is a formulation of quantum mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan in 1925. It was the first conceptually autonomous and logically consistent formulation of quantum mechanics. Its account of quantum jumps supplanted the Bohr model's electron orbits. It did so by interpreti... | Matrix mechanics | [
"Physics"
] | 8,589 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
396,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Henry%20Bragg | Sir William Henry Bragg (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was an English physicist, chemist, mathematician, and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son Lawrence Bragg – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics: "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays". The mineral Braggite... | William Henry Bragg | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,442 | [
"X-ray crystallography",
"Crystallography"
] |
396,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Williams%20Bridgman | Percy Williams Bridgman (April 21, 1882 – August 20, 1961) was an American physicist who received the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the physics of high pressures. He also wrote extensively on the scientific method and on other aspects of the philosophy of science. The Bridgman effect, the Bridgman–Stockb... | Percy Williams Bridgman | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,410 | [
"High pressure science",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamicists"
] |
396,531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Mills%20Purcell | Edward Mills Purcell (August 30, 1912 – March 7, 1997) was an American physicist who shared the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent discovery (published 1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become widely used to study the molecular structure o... | Edward Mills Purcell | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 841 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
21,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels%20Bohr | Niels Henrik David Bohr (7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research.
Bohr deve... | Niels Bohr | [
"Physics"
] | 9,360 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum physicists",
"Theoretical physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
21,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20physics | Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons.
Discoveries in nuclear physics ... | Nuclear physics | [
"Physics"
] | 4,057 | [
"Nuclear physics"
] |
21,488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology | Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale, surface area and quantum mechanical effects become important in describing properties of matter. This definition of nanotechnology includes all types of research ... | Nanotechnology | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,849 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Materials science"
] |
21,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide | Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in th... | Nucleotide | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,948 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
21,506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20analysis | Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics). It is the study of numerical methods that attempt to find approximate solutions of problems rather than the exact ... | Numerical analysis | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,552 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Computational mathematics",
"Computational science",
"Mathematical relations",
"Numerical analysis",
"Mathematical physics",
"Approximations"
] |
21,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine | Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines. Current problems for nanomedicine involve und... | Nanomedicine | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 4,748 | [
"Materials science",
"Biotechnology",
"Nanomedicine",
"nan",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
21,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20network%20%28machine%20learning%29 | In machine learning, a neural network (also artificial neural network or neural net, abbreviated ANN or NN) is a model inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks in animal brains.
An ANN consists of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in the bra... | Neural network (machine learning) | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 10,228 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Mathematical psychology",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computational mathematics",
"Computational statistics",
"Bioinspiration"
] |
21,544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fusion | Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei (for example, nuclei of hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium), combine to form one or more atomic nuclei and neutrons. The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy. This difference... | Nuclear fusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 10,765 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Nuclear chemistry",
"nan",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
21,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula | A nebula (; : nebulae, or nebulas) is a distinct luminescent part of interstellar medium, which can consist of ionized, neutral, or molecular hydrogen and also cosmic dust. Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula. In these regions, the formations of gas, dust, and ... | Nebula | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,510 | [
"Space plasmas",
"Interstellar media",
"Outer space",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Nebulae",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
21,723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20optics | Nonlinear optics (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the polarization density P responds non-linearly to the electric field E of the light. The non-linearity is typically observed only at very high light intensities (when the electric field of ... | Nonlinear optics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,528 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
21,957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20pore%20complex | The nuclear pore complex (NPC), is a large protein complex giving rise to the nuclear pore. Nuclear pores are found in the nuclear envelope that surrounds the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear envelope is studded by a great number of nuclear pores that give access to various molecules, to and from the nucle... | Nuclear pore complex | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,091 | [
"Membrane biology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
21,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon | In physics and chemistry, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines the atom's mass number (nucleon number).
Until the 1960s, nucleons were thought to be elementary particles, not made up of smaller parts. Now they... | Nucleon | [
"Physics"
] | 3,104 | [
"Matter",
"Nucleons",
"Hadrons",
"Nuclear physics",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
22,151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20reactor | A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction. They are used for commercial electricity, marine propulsion, weapons production and research. When a fissile nucleus, usually uranium-235 or plutonium-239, absorbs a neutron, it splits into lighter nuclei, releasing energy, gam... | Nuclear reactor | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 12,219 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Chemical equipment",
"Nuclear technology",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Pressure vessels"
] |
22,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power | Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants. Nuclear de... | Nuclear power | [
"Physics"
] | 13,652 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Nuclear power",
"Nuclear technology",
"Power (physics)",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
22,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen | Oxygen is a chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and a potent oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth's crust, an... | Oxygen | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 10,038 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Diatomic nonmetals",
"Chemical substances for emergency medicine",
"Nonmetals",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Reactive nonmetals",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
22,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics | Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and othe... | Optics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 12,362 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Radiation",
"Light",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
22,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallic%20chemistry | Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and selenium, ... | Organometallic chemistry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,728 | [
"Organometallic chemistry"
] |
22,657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20magnitude | Order of magnitude is a concept used to discuss the scale of numbers in relation to one another.
Two numbers are "within an order of magnitude" of each other if their ratio is between 1/10 and 10. In other words, the two numbers are within about a factor of 10 of each other.
For example, 1 and 1.02 are within an ord... | Order of magnitude | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,700 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Elementary mathematics",
"Logarithmic scales of measurement",
"Orders of magnitude",
"Units of measurement"
] |
22,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone | Ozone () (or trioxygen) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula . It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope , breaking down in the lower atmosphere to (dioxygen). Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ... | Ozone | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 15,308 | [
"Redox",
"Allotropes",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Ozone",
"Allotropes of oxygen",
"Industrial gases",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Greenhouse gases"
] |
22,739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscation%20%28software%29 | In software development, obfuscation is the practice of creating source or machine code that is intentionally difficult for humans or computers to understand. Similar to obfuscation in natural language, code obfuscation may involve using unnecessarily roundabout ways to write statements. Programmers often obfuscate cod... | Obfuscation (software) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,469 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Software obfuscation"
] |
22,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative%20phosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation (UK , US ) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria. Almo... | Oxidative phosphorylation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 8,870 | [
"Cellular respiration",
"Redox",
"Exercise biochemistry",
"Electrochemistry",
"Cellular processes",
"nan",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
22,804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational%20amplifier | An operational amplifier (often op amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input, a (usually) single-ended output, and an extremely high gain. Its name comes from its original use of performing mathematical operations in analog computers.
By using negative feedback, an op amp ci... | Operational amplifier | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 11,502 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Electronic amplifiers",
"Amplifiers",
"Integrated circuits"
] |
22,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostwald%20process | The Ostwald process is a chemical process used for making nitric acid (HNO3). The Ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. Historically and practically, the Ostwald process is closely associated with the Haber... | Ostwald process | [
"Chemistry"
] | 849 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
22,915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet | A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself. The Solar System has eight planets by the most restrictive definition of the term: the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and the giant planet... | Planet | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 14,428 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Outer space",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Observational astronomy",
"Planetary science",
"Astronomical objects",
"Solar System",
"Planets"
] |
22,934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability | Probability is the branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. This number is often expressed as a percentage (%), ranging fr... | Probability | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,263 | [
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Probability",
"Probability and statistics",
"Physical quantities"
] |
23,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial | In mathematics, a polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and exponentiation to nonnegative integer powers, and has a finite number of terms. An example of a polynomial of a ... | Polynomial | [
"Mathematics"
] | 6,731 | [
"Polynomials",
"Algebra"
] |
23,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer | A polymer () is a substance or material that consists of very large molecules, or macromolecules, that are constituted by many repeating subunits derived from one or more species of monomers. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday l... | Polymer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 9,115 | [
"Organic polymers",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Soft matter",
"Materials science",
"Organic compounds",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Polymer chemistry",
"nan",
"Polymers"
] |
23,053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20table | The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the elements, is an ordered arrangement of the chemical elements into rows ("periods") and columns ("groups"). It is an icon of chemistry and is widely used in physics and other sciences. It is a depiction of the periodic law, which states that when the elements a... | Periodic table | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 20,731 | [
"Periodic table",
"Chemical elements",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
4,412,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boojum%20%28superfluidity%29 | In the physics of superfluidity, a boojum is a geometric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of superfluid helium-3, whose motion can result in the decay of a supercurrent. A boojum can result from a monopole singularity in the bulk of the liquid being drawn to, and then "pinned" on a surface. Although superf... | Boojum (superfluidity) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 418 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Chemical engineering",
"Phases of matter",
"Superfluidity",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Piping",
"Matter",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
4,413,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20energy | Gravitational energy or gravitational potential energy is the potential energy a massive object has due to its position in a gravitational field. Mathematically, it is the minimum mechanical work that has to be done against the gravitational force to bring a mass from a chosen reference point (often an "infinite distan... | Gravitational energy | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 659 | [
"Tensors",
"Equations of physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Conservation laws",
"Tensor physical quantities",
"Forms of energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Tensors in general relativity",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
4,414,307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap%20extension%20polymerase%20chain%20reaction | The overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (or OE-PCR) is a variant of PCR. It is also referred to as Splicing by overlap extension / Splicing by overhang extension (SOE) PCR. It is used to assemble multiple smaller double stranded DNA fragments into a larger DNA sequence. OE-PCR is widely used to insert mutations... | Overlap extension polymerase chain reaction | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,154 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Biological engineering",
"Polymerase chain reaction",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
4,415,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20origami | DNA origami is the nanoscale folding of DNA to create arbitrary two- and three-dimensional shapes at the nanoscale. The specificity of the interactions between complementary base pairs make DNA a useful construction material, through design of its base sequences. DNA is a well-understood material that is suitable for c... | DNA origami | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,060 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Nanotechnology",
"DNA nanotechnology",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
4,417,855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory%20contours | Illusory contours or subjective contours are visual illusions that evoke the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge. Illusory brightness and depth ordering often accompany illusory contours. Friedrich Schumann is often credited with the discovery of illusory contours around the begin... | Illusory contours | [
"Physics"
] | 706 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Optical illusions"
] |
18,986,538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfest%20model | The Ehrenfest model (or dog–flea model) of diffusion was proposed by Tatiana and Paul Ehrenfest to explain the second law of thermodynamics. The model considers N particles in two containers. Particles independently change container at a rate λ. If X(t) = i is defined to be the number of particles in one container at t... | Ehrenfest model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 522 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Diffusion"
] |
12,308,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20stirring%2C%20ratchets%2C%20and%20pumping | A pump is an alternating current-driven device that generates a direct current (DC). In the simplest configuration a pump has two leads connected to two reservoirs. In such open geometry, the pump takes particles from one reservoir and emits them into the other. Accordingly, a current is produced even if the reservoirs... | Quantum stirring, ratchets, and pumping | [
"Physics"
] | 2,483 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
12,309,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20close%20pack | Random close packing (RCP) of spheres is an empirical parameter used to characterize the maximum volume fraction of solid objects obtained when they are packed randomly. For example, when a solid container is filled with grain, shaking the container will reduce the volume taken up by the objects, thus allowing more gra... | Random close pack | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 889 | [
"Particle technology",
"Materials",
"Granularity of materials",
"Matter"
] |
12,310,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20banding | Control banding is a qualitative or semi-quantitative risk assessment and management approach to promoting occupational health and safety. It is intended to minimize worker exposures to hazardous chemicals and other risk factors in the workplace and to help small businesses by providing an easy-to-understand, practical... | Control banding | [
"Engineering"
] | 966 | [
"Safety engineering",
"Hazard analysis"
] |
12,310,699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Nitroaniline | 4-Nitroaniline, p-nitroaniline or 1-amino-4-nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H6N2O2. A yellow solid, it is one of three isomers of nitroaniline. It is an intermediate in the production of dyes, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, gasoline, gum inhibitors, poultry medicines, and as a corrosion inhibitor... | 4-Nitroaniline | [
"Chemistry"
] | 681 | [
"Corrosion inhibitors",
"Process chemicals"
] |
12,311,837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergeron%20diagram | The Bergeron diagram method is a method to evaluate the effect of a reflection on an electrical signal. This graphic method—based on the real characteristic of the line—is valid for both linear and non-linear models and helps to calculate the delay of an electromagnetic signal on an electric transmission line.
Using t... | Bergeron diagram | [
"Engineering"
] | 236 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
12,312,576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%20Fredholm%20theorem | In mathematics, the analytic Fredholm theorem is a result concerning the existence of bounded inverses for a family of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space. It is the basis of two classical and important theorems, the Fredholm alternative and the Hilbert–Schmidt theorem. The result is named after the Swedish mat... | Analytic Fredholm theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 237 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in complex analysis",
"Theorems in functional analysis"
] |
12,312,944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azlon | Azlon is a synthetic textile fiber composed of protein material derived from natural sources such as soy, peanut, milk or corn. Currently it is used in clothing.
Regulation
Canada
Under the Textile Labeling and Advertising Regulations, Section 26(f), Azlon is defined as any fiber made from regenerated protein.
Unite... | Azlon | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 225 | [
"Synthetic fibers",
"Materials stubs",
"Synthetic materials",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
12,313,191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limits%20of%20integration | In calculus and mathematical analysis the limits of integration (or bounds of integration) of the integral
of a Riemann integrable function defined on a closed and bounded interval are the real numbers and , in which is called the lower limit and the upper limit. The region that is bounded can be seen as the area ... | Limits of integration | [
"Mathematics"
] | 249 | [
"Integral calculus",
"Calculus"
] |
12,313,670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20reactor | The Maria reactor is Poland's second nuclear research reactor, commissioned in December 1974, and the only one still in use. The first was the Ewa reactor (EWA), which was commissioned in June 1958 and dismantled by 2002. It is located at Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych - "NCBJ" (National Center for Nuclear Research) ... | Maria reactor | [
"Engineering"
] | 619 | [
"Nuclear research institutes",
"Nuclear organizations"
] |
12,315,477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor%20mold | Indoor mold (American English) or indoor mould (British English), also sometimes referred to as mildew, is a fungal growth that develops on wet materials in interior spaces. Mold is a natural part of the environment and plays an important part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dea... | Indoor mold | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,887 | [
"Fungi",
"Building engineering",
"Surface science",
"Fungi and humans",
"Building biology",
"Cleaning",
"Humans and other species"
] |
17,932,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20field | For a given temperature, the critical field refers to the maximum magnetic field strength below which a material remains superconducting. Superconductivity is characterized both by perfect conductivity (zero resistance) and by the complete expulsion of magnetic fields (the Meissner effect). Changes in either temperatur... | Critical field | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 824 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
9,912,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRS%20James%20Cook | RRS James Cook is a British Royal Research Ship operated by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). She was built in 2006 to replace the ageing with funds from Britain's NERC and the DTI's Large Scientific Facilities Fund. She was named after Captain James Cook, the British explorer, navigator and cartographe... | RRS James Cook | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 325 | [
"Oceanographic instrumentation",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
9,913,028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation%20radiation | Annihilation radiation is a term used in Gamma spectroscopy for the photon radiation produced when a particle and its antiparticle collide and annihilate. Most commonly, this refers to 511-keV photons produced by an electron interacting with a positron. These photons are frequently referred to as gamma rays, despite h... | Annihilation radiation | [
"Physics"
] | 344 | [
"Antimatter",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Gamma rays",
"Matter"
] |
9,917,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray%20diffraction | X-ray diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of X-ray beams due to interactions with the electrons around atoms. It occurs due to elastic scattering, when there is no change in the energy of the waves. The resulting map of the directions of the X-rays far from the sample is... | X-ray diffraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,760 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"X-rays",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Laboratory techniques in condensed matter physics",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Diffraction",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"X-ray crystallography",
"Spectroscopy"
... |
16,750,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20exciton%20generation | In solar cell research, carrier multiplication is the phenomenon wherein the absorption of a single photon leads to the excitation of multiple electrons from the valence band to conduction band. In the theory of a conventional solar cell, each photon is only able to excite one electron across the band gap of the semico... | Multiple exciton generation | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 850 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum electronics"
] |
16,759,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartree%20equation | In 1927, a year after the publication of the Schrödinger equation, Hartree formulated what are now known as the Hartree equations for atoms, using the concept of self-consistency that Lindsay had introduced in his study of many electron systems in the context of Bohr theory. Hartree assumed that the nucleus together w... | Hartree equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,196 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Electronic structure methods",
"Computational chemistry",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
15,031,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN17 | Claudin-17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLDN17 gene. It belongs to the group of claudins; claudins are cell-cell junction proteins that keep that maintains cell- and tissue-barrier function. It forms anion-selective paracellular channels and is localized mainly in kidney proximal tubules.
References
... | CLDN17 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 82 | [
"Proteins",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Molecular biology"
] |
15,031,853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHF%20%28gene%29 | ETS homologous factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EHF gene.
This gene encodes a protein that belongs to an ETS transcription factor subfamily characterized by epithelial-specific expression (ESEs). The encoded protein acts as a transcriptional repressor and may be associated with asthma susceptibility... | EHF (gene) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 411 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
15,034,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing%20footprint | A landing footprint, also called a landing ellipse, is the area of uncertainty of a spacecraft's landing zone on an astronomical body. After atmospheric entry, the landing point of a spacecraft will depend upon the degree of control (if any), entry angle, entry mass, atmospheric conditions, and drag. (Note that the Moo... | Landing footprint | [
"Engineering"
] | 476 | [
"Atmospheric entry",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
15,034,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars%20MetNet | Mars MetNet was a planned atmospheric science mission to Mars, initiated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) together with Russia and Spain. By September 2013, two flight-capable entry, descent and landing systems (EDLS) have been manufactured and tested. As of 2015 baseline funding exists until 2020. As of 2... | Mars MetNet | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,573 | [
"Meteorological instrumentation and equipment",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
15,037,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20test | A nucleic acid test (NAT) is a technique used to detect a particular nucleic acid sequence and thus usually to detect and identify a particular species or subspecies of organism, often a virus or bacterium that acts as a pathogen in blood, tissue, urine, etc. NATs differ from other tests in that they detect genetic mat... | Nucleic acid test | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,459 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
15,040,625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20valve | A hydrogen valve is a special type of valve that is used for hydrogen at very low temperatures or high pressures in hydrogen storage or for example hydrogen vehicles.
Types
High pressure ball valves up to 6000 psig (413 bar) at 250 degrees F (121 degrees C) and flow coefficients from 4.0 to 13.8.
Material
Valves use... | Hydrogen valve | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 115 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Cryogenics",
"Physical systems",
"Valves",
"Hydraulics",
"Piping"
] |
1,696,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching%20cubes | Marching cubes is a computer graphics algorithm, published in the 1987 SIGGRAPH proceedings by Lorensen and Cline, for extracting a polygonal mesh of an isosurface from a three-dimensional discrete scalar field (the elements of which are sometimes called voxels). The applications of this algorithm are mainly concerned ... | Marching cubes | [
"Physics"
] | 1,369 | [
"Tessellation",
"Mesh generation",
"Symmetry"
] |
1,697,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%20stability%20criterion | In control theory and stability theory, the Nyquist stability criterion or Strecker–Nyquist stability criterion, independently discovered by the German electrical engineer at Siemens in 1930 and the Swedish-American electrical engineer Harry Nyquist at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1932, is a graphical technique for ... | Nyquist stability criterion | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,884 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing",
"Stability theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,697,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation%20%28chemistry%29 | Intercalation is the reversible inclusion or insertion of a molecule (or ion) into layered materials with layered structures. Examples are found in graphite and transition metal dichalcogenides.
Examples
Graphite
One famous intercalation host is graphite, which intercalates potassium as a guest. Intercalation expand... | Intercalation (chemistry) | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 679 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"nan",
"Supramolecular chemistry"
] |
1,697,968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemic%20acid | Racemic acid is an old name for an optically inactive or racemic form of tartaric acid. It is an equal mixture of two mirror-image isomers (enantiomers), optically active in opposing directions. Racemic acid does not occur naturally in grape juice, although L-tartaric acid does.
Tartaric acid's sodium-ammonium salt is... | Racemic acid | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 451 | [
"Symmetry",
"Pharmacology",
"Racemic mixtures",
"Origin of life",
"Biochemistry",
"Stereochemistry",
"Chirality",
"Materials",
"Optical materials",
"Space",
"Chemical mixtures",
"nan",
"Asymmetry",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Spacetime",
"Matter"
] |
1,701,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%E2%80%93gel%20process | In materials science, the sol–gel process is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules. The method is used for the fabrication of metal oxides, especially the oxides of silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti). The process involves conversion of monomers in solution into a colloidal solution (sol) that acts as ... | Sol–gel process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,800 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Physical phenomena",
"Glass chemistry",
"Thin film deposition",
"Coatings",
"Thin films",
"Colloids",
"Optical phenomena",
"Materials",
"Transparent materials",
"Gels",
"Ceramic engineering",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Solid state engineering",
"Glass coating... |
7,663,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%20acid%20synthesis | Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids. For example, humans can synthesize 11 of the ... | Amino acid synthesis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,866 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"Cellular processes"
] |
7,663,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Maxwell%20model | The generalized Maxwell model also known as the Maxwell–Wiechert model (after James Clerk Maxwell and E Wiechert) is the most general form of the linear model for viscoelasticity. In this model, several Maxwell elements are assembled in parallel. It takes into account that the relaxation does not occur at a single time... | Generalized Maxwell model | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 256 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
7,664,801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M | 3M Company (originally the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) is an American multinational conglomerate operating in the fields of industry, worker safety, and consumer goods. Based in the Saint Paul, Minnesota, suburb of Maplewood, the company produces over 60,000 products, including adhesives, abrasives, lam... | 3M | [
"Materials_science"
] | 4,768 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanotechnology companies"
] |
7,664,887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosmid | Fosmids are similar to cosmids but are based on the bacterial F-plasmid. The cloning vector is limited, as a host (usually E. coli) can only contain one fosmid molecule. Fosmids can hold DNA inserts of up to 40 kb in size; often the source of the insert is random genomic DNA. A fosmid library is prepared by extracting ... | Fosmid | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 966 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Genomics techniques",
"Cloning",
"Genetic engineering",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"nan",
"Molecular biology"
] |
670,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-flow%20study | In power engineering, the power-flow study, or load-flow study, is a numerical analysis of the flow of electric power in an interconnected system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as Voltage... | Power-flow study | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,473 | [
"Power engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Energy engineering"
] |
670,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump-jet | A pump-jet, hydrojet, or water jet is a marine system that produces a jet of water for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller (axial-flow pump), a centrifugal pump, or a mixed flow pump which is a combination of both centrifugal and axial designs. The design also incorporates an intake to prov... | Pump-jet | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,367 | [
"Jet engines",
"Marine propulsion",
"Engines",
"Marine engineering"
] |
670,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20graph%20theorem | In graph theory, the perfect graph theorem of states that an undirected graph is perfect if and only if its complement graph is also perfect. This result had been conjectured by , and it is sometimes called the weak perfect graph theorem to distinguish it from the strong perfect graph theorem characterizing perfect gr... | Perfect graph theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,390 | [
"Articles containing proofs",
"Theorems in graph theory",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics"
] |
671,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleum | Linoleum is a floor covering made from materials such as solidified linseed oil (linoxyn), pine resin, ground cork dust, sawdust, and mineral fillers such as calcium carbonate, most commonly on a burlap or canvas backing. Pigments are often added to the materials to create the desired color finish. Commercially, the ma... | Linoleum | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,158 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Floors",
"Composite materials",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
671,711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%E2%80%93Smith%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Hilbert–Smith conjecture is concerned with the transformation groups of manifolds; and in particular with the limitations on topological groups G that can act effectively (faithfully) on a (topological) manifold M. Restricting to groups G which are locally compact and have a continuous, faithful gro... | Hilbert–Smith conjecture | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 315 | [
"Geometry problems",
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Group actions",
"Unsolved problems in geometry",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Conjectures",
"Topological groups",
"Mathematical problems",
"Symmetry"
] |
671,814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped%20product | Warped product of two Riemannian (or pseudo-Riemannian) manifolds and with respect to a function is the product space with the metric tensor .
Warped geometries are useful in that separation of variables can be used when solving partial differential equations over them.
Examples
Warped geometries acquire their ... | Warped product | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 224 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"General relativity",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity",
"String theory"
] |
671,821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall%E2%80%93Sundrum%20model | In physics, Randall–Sundrum models (also called 5-dimensional warped geometry theory) are models that describe the world in terms of a warped-geometry higher-dimensional universe, or more concretely as a 5-dimensional anti-de Sitter space where the elementary particles (except the graviton) are localized on a (3 + 1)-d... | Randall–Sundrum model | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,078 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Quantum gravity",
"Particle physics",
"String theory",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
671,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal%20symmetry | In mathematical physics, the conformal symmetry of spacetime is expressed by an extension of the Poincaré group, known as the conformal group; in layman's terms, it refers to the fact that stretching, compressing or otherwise distorting spacetime preserves the angles between lines or curves that exist within spacetime.... | Conformal symmetry | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 814 | [
"Scaling symmetries",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
671,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared%20fixed%20point | In physics, an infrared fixed point is a set of coupling constants, or other parameters, that evolve from arbitrary initial values at very high energies (short distance) to fixed, stable values, usually predictable, at low energies (large distance). This usually involves the use of the renormalization group, which spec... | Infrared fixed point | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,013 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Fixed points (mathematics)",
"Critical phenomena",
"Renormalization group",
"Topology",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
672,080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homentropic%20flow | In fluid mechanics, a homentropic flow has uniform and constant entropy. It distinguishes itself from an isentropic or particle isentropic flow, where the entropy level of each fluid particle does not change with time, but may vary from particle to particle. This means that a homentropic flow is necessarily isentropic... | Homentropic flow | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 129 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Thermodynamic entropy",
"Entropy",
"Piping",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
672,202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills%20theory | Yang–Mills theory is a quantum field theory for nuclear binding devised by Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills in 1953, as well as a generic term for the class of similar theories. The Yang–Mills theory is a gauge theory based on a special unitary group , or more generally any compact Lie group. A Yang–Mills theory seeks t... | Yang–Mills theory | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,030 | [
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
672,259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalin%E2%80%93Vilkovisky%20formalism | In theoretical physics, the Batalin–Vilkovisky (BV) formalism (named for Igor Batalin and Grigori Vilkovisky) was developed as a method for determining the ghost structure for Lagrangian gauge theories, such as gravity and supergravity, whose corresponding Hamiltonian formulation has constraints not related to a Lie al... | Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,914 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Algebras",
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Algebraic structures",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Supersymmetry",
"Symmetry"
] |
673,356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercharge | In theoretical physics, a supercharge is a generator of supersymmetry transformations. It is an example of the general notion of a charge in physics.
Supercharge, denoted by the symbol Q, is an operator which transforms bosons into fermions, and vice versa. Since the supercharge operator changes a particle with spin ... | Supercharge | [
"Physics"
] | 244 | [
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum physics stubs",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Supersymmetry",
"Symmetry"
] |
673,711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneshot | A verneshot (named after French author Jules Verne) is a hypothetical volcanic eruption event caused by the buildup of gas deep underneath a craton. Such an event may be forceful enough to launch an extreme amount of material from the crust and mantle into a sub-orbital trajectory, leading to significant further damage... | Verneshot | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 847 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Evolution of the biosphere",
"Weather",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Extinction events",
"Natural disasters",
"Tunguska event"
] |
2,368,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA-rho%20receptor | {{DISPLAYTITLE:GABAA-rho receptor}}
The GABAA-rho receptor (previously known as the GABAC receptor) is a subclass of GABAA receptors composed entirely of rho (ρ) subunits. GABAA receptors including those of the ρ-subclass are ligand-gated ion channels responsible for mediating the effects of gamma-amino butyric acid (... | GABAA-rho receptor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,166 | [
"Transmembrane receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
2,368,411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel%20exhaust%20fluid | Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF; also known as AUS 32 and sometimes marketed as AdBlue) is a liquid used to reduce the amount of air pollution created by a diesel engine. Specifically, DEF is an aqueous urea solution made with 32.5% urea and 67.5% deionized water. DEF is consumed in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) that... | Diesel exhaust fluid | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,986 | [
"Homogeneous chemical mixtures",
"Solutions",
"Pollution control technologies",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
2,368,803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20flow%20meter | A magnetic flow meter (mag meter, electromagnetic flow meter) is a transducer that measures fluid flow by the voltage induced across the liquid by its flow through a magnetic field. A magnetic field is applied to the metering tube, which results in a potential difference proportional to the flow velocity perpendicular ... | Magnetic flow meter | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 246 | [
"Measuring instruments",
"Flow meters",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
2,368,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic%20flow%20meter | An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to calculate volume flow. Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference in measured transit time between th... | Ultrasonic flow meter | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 812 | [
"Measuring instruments",
"Flow meters",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
2,369,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20handler | An air handler, or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to regulate and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower, furnace or A/C elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, an... | Air handler | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,905 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
2,369,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%20factorization%20theorem | In mathematics, and particularly in the field of complex analysis, the Hadamard factorization theorem asserts that every entire function with finite order can be represented as a product involving its zeroes and an exponential of a polynomial. It is named for Jacques Hadamard.
The theorem may be viewed as an extension... | Hadamard factorization theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,136 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in complex analysis"
] |
2,369,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Bochner's theorem (named for Salomon Bochner) characterizes the Fourier transform of a positive finite Borel measure on the real line. More generally in harmonic analysis, Bochner's theorem asserts that under Fourier transform a continuous positive-definite function on a locally compact abelian group co... | Bochner's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,005 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in statistics",
"Theorems in measure theory",
"Theorems in functional analysis",
"Theorems in harmonic analysis",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
2,369,853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Gale%E2%80%93Pearson%20experiment | The Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment (1925) is a modified version of the Michelson–Morley experiment and the Sagnac-Interferometer. It measured the Sagnac effect due to Earth's rotation, and thus tests the theories of special relativity and luminiferous ether along the rotating frame of Earth.
Experiment
The aim, as ... | Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment | [
"Physics"
] | 778 | [
"Experimental physics",
"Physics experiments"
] |
2,370,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like%20peptide-2 | Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD (see Proteinogenic amino acid) in humans. GLP-2 is created by specific post-translational proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon in a process that also liberates the related glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-2... | Glucagon-like peptide-2 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 334 | [
"Natural products",
"Organic compounds",
"Structural biology",
"Biomolecules",
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
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