id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11,345,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognostic%20equation | Prognostic equation - in the context of physical (and especially geophysical) simulation, a prognostic equation predicts the value of variables for some time in the future on the basis of the values at the current or previous times.
For instance, the well-known Navier-Stokes equations that describe the time evolution... | Prognostic equation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 165 | [
"Atmospheric dynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
11,350,161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-rating%20certification | Human-rating certification, also known as man-rating or crew-rating, is the certification of a spacecraft or launch vehicle as capable of safely transporting humans. There is no one particular standard for human-rating a spacecraft or launch vehicle, and the various entities that launch or plan to launch such spacecraf... | Human-rating certification | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 694 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport safety",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
11,351,776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer%27s%20dilemma | The volunteer's dilemma is a game that models a situation in which each player can either make a small sacrifice that benefits everybody, or instead wait in hope of benefiting from someone else's sacrifice.
One example is a scenario in which the electricity supply has failed for an entire neighborhood. All inhabitants... | Volunteer's dilemma | [
"Mathematics"
] | 893 | [
"Game theory",
"Non-cooperative games"
] |
1,110,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump%20truck | A dump truck, known also as a dumping truck, dump trailer, dumper trailer, dump lorry or dumper lorry or a dumper for short, is used for transporting materials (such as dirt, gravel, or demolition waste) for construction as well as coal. A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear... | Dump truck | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,188 | [
"Engineering vehicles",
"Dump trucks"
] |
1,110,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastoquinone | Plastoquinone (PQ) is a terpenoid-quinone (meroterpenoid) molecule involved in the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The most common form of plastoquinone, known as PQ-A or PQ-9, is a 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone molecule with a side chain of nine isoprenyl units. There are o... | Plastoquinone | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,367 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Light reactions",
"Photosynthesis",
"Biochemical reactions"
] |
1,110,600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaloacetic%20acid | Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H. Oxaloacetic acid, in the form of its conjugate base oxaloacetate, is a metabolic intermediate in many processes that occur in animals. It takes part in gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, t... | Oxaloacetic acid | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,744 | [
"Natural products",
"Biochemistry",
"Organic compounds",
"Citric acid cycle compounds",
"Metabolic intermediates",
"Biomolecules",
"Molecular biology",
"Structural biology",
"Metabolism"
] |
1,110,611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20contraction | Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle cells. In physiology, muscle contraction does not necessarily mean muscle shortening because muscle tension can be produced without changes in muscle length, such as when holding something heavy in the same position. The termination of muscl... | Muscle contraction | [
"Biology"
] | 7,739 | [
"Organ systems",
"Musculoskeletal system"
] |
1,110,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper-clad%20steel | Copper-clad steel (CCS), also known as copper-covered steel or the trademarked name Copperweld is a bi-metallic product, mainly used in the wire industry that combines the high mechanical strength of steel with the conductivity and corrosion resistance of copper.
It is mainly used for grounding purposes, line tracing ... | Copper-clad steel | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 678 | [
"Electrical systems",
"Building engineering",
"Metallurgy",
"Composite materials",
"Bimetal",
"Physical systems",
"Materials",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical wiring",
"Matter"
] |
1,112,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20of%20combustion | The heating value (or energy value or calorific value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it.
The calorific value is the total energy released as heat when a substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under st... | Heat of combustion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,887 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Thermochemistry",
"Chemical energy sources",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Quantity",
"Combustion",
"Thermodynamics",
"Fuels",
"Nuclear physics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
13,901,387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphogluconate%20dehydrogenase%20%28decarboxylating%29 | In enzymology, a phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are D-ribulose 5-phosphate, CO2... | Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 975 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Pentose phosphate pathway"
] |
13,901,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone%2017b-dehydrogenase%20%28NADP%2B%29 | Testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) (, 17-ketoreductase, NADP-dependent testosterone-17beta-oxidoreductase, testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP)) is an enzyme with systematic name 17beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
testosterone + NADP+ andro... | Testosterone 17b-dehydrogenase (NADP+) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 149 | [
"Steroid hormone biosynthesis",
"Biosynthesis"
] |
13,903,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser%20%28heat%20transfer%29 | In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a heat exchanger used to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid state through cooling. In doing so, the latent heat is released by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment. Condensers are used for efficient heat rejection in many industrial syst... | Condenser (heat transfer) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,669 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Chemical equipment",
"Heat exchangers",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
13,907,939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Push | Z-Push (presumably Z is for Zarafa) is a FOSS implementation of the Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync protocol which is used to synchronize email, personal contacts and other items between a central server and a mobile device.
Z-Push enables any PHP and non-PHP based groupware package to become fully sync-able with any A... | Z-Push | [
"Engineering"
] | 718 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Synchronization"
] |
4,400,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg%20molecule | A Rydberg molecule is an electronically excited chemical species. Electronically excited molecular states are generally quite different in character from electronically excited atomic states. However, particularly for highly electronically excited molecular systems, the ionic core interaction with an excited electron c... | Rydberg molecule | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 853 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Spectroscopy",
" and optical physics"
] |
4,402,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haag%E2%80%93%C5%81opusza%C5%84ski%E2%80%93Sohnius%20theorem | In theoretical physics, the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem states that if both commutating and anticommutating generators are considered, then the only way to nontrivially mix spacetime and internal symmetries is through supersymmetry. The anticommutating generators must be spin-1/2 spinors which can additionally adm... | Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,320 | [
"Theorems in quantum mechanics",
"Quantum field theory",
"No-go theorems",
"Equations of physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theorems in mathematical physics",
"Supersymmetry",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
4,402,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20uranyl%20carbonate | Ammonium uranyl carbonate (UO2CO3·2(NH4)2CO3) is known in the uranium processing industry as AUC and is also called uranyl ammonium carbonate. This compound is important as a component in the conversion process of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) to uranium dioxide (UO2). The ammonium uranyl carbonate is combined with steam ... | Ammonium uranyl carbonate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 363 | [
"Salts",
"Materials",
"Nuclear materials",
"Ammonium compounds",
"Matter"
] |
4,402,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic%20business%20jet | A supersonic business jet (SSBJ) is a business jet travelling above the speed of sound: a supersonic aircraft. Some manufacturers are designing or have been designing SSBJs, but none are currently available. Usually intended to transport about ten passengers, proposed SSBJs would be about the same size as subsonic busi... | Supersonic business jet | [
"Physics"
] | 503 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Supersonic transports"
] |
4,403,052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating%20empty%20weight | Empty weight (EW) is the sum of the ‘as built’ manufacturer's empty weight (MEW), plus any standard items (SI) plus any operator items (OI), EW = MEW + SI + OI. The EW is calculated for each aircraft series and each unique configuration of an aircraft and is confirmed by periodically weighing it.
The "Operating empty w... | Operating empty weight | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 281 | [
"Aircraft weight measurements",
"Mass",
"Matter",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
4,403,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20and%20Health%20in%20Construction%20Convention%2C%201988 | Safety and Health in Construction Convention, 1988 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1988, with the preamble stating:
Ratifications
As of April 2024, the convention had been ratified by 34 states.
External links
Text
Ratifications.
Health treaties
International Labour Orga... | Safety and Health in Construction Convention, 1988 | [
"Engineering"
] | 203 | [
"Construction",
"Construction law"
] |
4,403,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep%E2%80%93goat%20hybrid | A sheep–goat hybrid (called a geep in popular media or sometimes a shoat) is a hybrid between a sheep and a goat.
While sheep and goats are similar and can be mated, they belong to different genera in the subfamily Caprinae of the family Bovidae. Sheep belong to the genus Ovis and have 54 chromosomes, while goats bel... | Sheep–goat hybrid | [
"Biology"
] | 1,776 | [
"Intergeneric hybrids",
"Hybrid organisms"
] |
4,404,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slumping | Slumping is a technique in which items are made in a kiln by means of shaping glass over molds at high temperatures.
The slumping of a pyrometric cone is often used to measure temperature in a kiln.
Technique
Slumping glass is a highly technical operation that is subject to many variations, both controlled and uncont... | Slumping | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 533 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass production"
] |
9,887,669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnison%20Tunnel | The Gunnison Tunnel is an irrigation tunnel constructed between 1905 and 1909 by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in Montrose County, Colorado. The tunnel diverts water from the Gunnison River to the arid Uncompahgre Valley around Montrose, Colorado.
History
At the time of its completion, it was the longest irrigation... | Gunnison Tunnel | [
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 494 | [
"Hydrology",
"Civil engineering",
"Interbasin transfer",
"Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks"
] |
9,889,395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-Link%20Switching | Data-Link Switching (DLSw) is a tunneling protocol designed to tunnel unroutable, non-IP based protocols such as IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and NBF over an IP network.
DLSw was initially documented in IETF RFC 1434 in 1993. In 1995 it was further documented in the IETF RFC 1795. DLSw version 2 was presente... | Data-Link Switching | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 281 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Tunneling protocols",
"Computer network stubs"
] |
9,891,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20pest | Zinc pest (from German Zinkpest "zinc plague"), also known as zinc rot, mazak rot and zamak rot, is a destructive, intercrystalline corrosion process of zinc alloys containing lead impurities. While impurities of the alloy are the primary cause of the problem, environmental conditions such as high humidity (greater tha... | Zinc pest | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 544 | [
"Materials degradation",
"Electrochemistry",
"Metallurgy",
"Corrosion"
] |
9,894,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20Software%20Reuse | The International Conference on Software Reuse (ICSR), is the primary scientific conference on software reuse, domain analysis, and domain engineering.
ICSR includes software reuse researchers, practitioners, and managers. The conference provides an archival source for important reuse papers. The conference is also m... | International Conference on Software Reuse | [
"Engineering"
] | 242 | [
"Software engineering",
"Software engineering conferences",
"Software engineering stubs"
] |
9,894,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machlett%20Laboratories | Machlett Laboratories was a Northeastern United States-based company that manufactured X-ray and high-power vacuum tubes. Machlett was a large producer of the tubes and developed accessories to be used with them as well.
For its contributions to World War II efforts, the US government gave it an "E" award in 1945. Th... | Machlett Laboratories | [
"Physics"
] | 1,505 | [
"Vacuum tubes",
"Vacuum",
"Matter"
] |
9,894,956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphachrysovirus | Alphachrysovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses. It is one of two genera in the family Chrysoviridae. They infect fungi, in particular Penicillium. Their name is derived from the Greek word chrysos which means yellow-green. There are 20 species in this genus.
Structure
Viruses in the genus Alphachrysovirus ... | Alphachrysovirus | [
"Biology"
] | 464 | [
"Viruses",
"Riboviria"
] |
9,895,073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor%20II%20H | Transcription factor II H (TFIIH) is an important protein complex, having roles in transcription of various protein-coding genes and DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways. TFIIH first came to light in 1989 when general transcription factor-δ or basic transcription factor 2 was characterized as an indispensable ... | Transcription factor II H | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 993 | [
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Gene expression",
"Signal transduction",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Induced stem cells",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Transcription factors"
] |
9,895,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20D/Cdk4 | The Cyclin D/Cdk4 complex is a multi-protein structure consisting of the proteins Cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase 4, or Cdk4, a serine-threonine kinase. This complex is one of many cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes that are the "hearts of the cell-cycle control system" and govern the cell cycle and its pro... | Cyclin D/Cdk4 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,553 | [
"Gene expression",
"Signal transduction",
"Cellular processes",
"Induced stem cells",
"Cell cycle",
"Transcription factors"
] |
17,900,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overall%20equipment%20effectiveness | Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is a measure of how well a manufacturing operation is utilized (facilities, time and material) compared to its full potential, during the periods when it is scheduled to run. It identifies the percentage of manufacturing time that is truly productive. An OEE of 100% means that only... | Overall equipment effectiveness | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,270 | [
"Lean manufacturing"
] |
17,904,252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20kinetic%20temperature | Mean kinetic temperature (MKT) is a simplified way of expressing the overall effect of temperature fluctuations during storage or transit of perishable goods. The MKT is used to predict the overall effect of temperature fluctuations on perishable goods. It has more recently been applied to the pharmaceutical industry.... | Mean kinetic temperature | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 168 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Pharmacology",
"Physical quantities",
"Life sciences industry",
"Pharmaceutical industry",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Thermodynamics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
17,904,953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20dependence | In mathematics, a collection of real numbers is rationally independent if none of them can be written as a linear combination of the other numbers in the collection with rational coefficients. A collection of numbers which is not rationally independent is called rationally dependent. For instance we have the following... | Rational dependence | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 265 | [
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
17,905,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20flow%20on%20the%20torus | In mathematics, especially in the area of mathematical analysis known as dynamical systems theory, a linear flow on the torus is a flow on the n-dimensional torus
,
which is represented by the following differential equations with respect to the standard angular coordinates
.
The solution of these equations can expli... | Linear flow on the torus | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 751 | [
"General topology",
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Ergodic theory",
"Topological spaces",
"Topology",
"Mechanics",
"Algebraic structures",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,240,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda%20lattice | The Toda lattice, introduced by , is a simple model for a one-dimensional crystal in solid state physics. It is famous because it is one of the earliest examples of a non-linear completely integrable system.
It is given by a chain of particles with nearest neighbor interaction, described by the Hamiltonian
and the eq... | Toda lattice | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 508 | [
"Integrable systems",
"Theoretical physics",
"Lattice models",
"Computational physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
3,240,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumicera | Lumicera is a transparent ceramic developed by Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Murata Manufacturing first developed transparent polycrystalline ceramics in February 2001. This polycrystalline ceramic is a type of dielectric resonator material commonly used in microwaves and millimeter waves. While offering superior ele... | Lumicera | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 350 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Optical phenomena",
"Materials",
"Optical materials",
"Ceramic materials",
"Transparent materials",
"Ceramic engineering",
"Matter"
] |
3,241,970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheyev%E2%80%93Smirnov%E2%80%93Wolfenstein%20effect | The Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect (often referred to as the matter effect) is a particle physics process which modifies neutrino oscillations in matter of varying density. The MSW effect is broadly analogous to the differential retardation of sound waves in density-variable media, however it also involves the pro... | Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect | [
"Physics"
] | 1,748 | [
"Astroparticle physics",
"Particle physics",
"Astrophysics"
] |
3,242,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal%20implant | A retinal implant is a visual prosthesis for restoration of sight to patients blinded by retinal degeneration. The system is meant to partially restore useful vision to those who have lost their photoreceptors due to retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Retinal i... | Retinal implant | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,176 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Biomedical engineering",
"Artificial organs",
"Medical devices",
"Medical technology"
] |
3,244,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermaker | A watermaker is a device used to obtain potable water by reverse osmosis of seawater. In boating and yachting circles, desalinators are often referred to as "watermakers".
The devices can be expensive to acquire and maintain, but are quite valuable because they reduce the need for large water tanks for a long passage.... | Watermaker | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,039 | [
"Hydrology",
"Separation processes",
"Water treatment",
"Water pollution",
"Membrane technology",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water technology",
"Water supply"
] |
3,245,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced%20convection | Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport, in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). Alongside natural convection, thermal radiation, and thermal conduction it is one of the methods of heat transfer and allows significant amounts of heat energy to be... | Forced convection | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 420 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Thermodynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
198,951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG%20site | The CpG sites or CG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction. CpG sites occur with high frequency in genomic regions called CpG islands.
Cytosines in CpG dinucleotides can be methylated to form 5-methylcytosine... | CpG site | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,592 | [
"Molecular genetics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
199,081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period%207%20element | A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical b... | Period 7 element | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,404 | [
"Periodic table",
"Periods (periodic table)"
] |
199,121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg%20constant | In spectroscopy, the Rydberg constant, symbol for
heavy atoms or for hydrogen, named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom. The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydberg formula for the hydrogen spectral ser... | Rydberg constant | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,055 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Emission spectroscopy",
"Units of energy",
"Physical constants",
"Spectroscopy",
"Units of measurement"
] |
199,304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s%20circuital%20law | In classical electromagnetism, Ampère's circuital law (not to be confused with Ampère's force law) relates the circulation of a magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop.
James Clerk Maxwell derived it using hydrodynamics in his 1861 published paper "On Physical Lines of For... | Ampère's circuital law | [
"Physics"
] | 3,113 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Equations of physics",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Maxwell's equations"
] |
199,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film%20transistor | A thin-film transistor (TFT) is a special type of field-effect transistor (FET) where the transistor is made by thin film deposition. TFTs are grown on a supporting (but non-conducting) substrate, such as glass. This differs from the conventional bulk metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), where th... | Thin-film transistor | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,999 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Thin films",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
199,940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive%20compact%20halo%20object | A MAssive Compact Halo Object (MACHO) is a kind of astronomical body that might explain the apparent presence of dark matter in galactic halos. A MACHO is a body that emits little or no radiation and drifts through interstellar space unassociated with any planetary system (and may or may not be composed of normal baryo... | Massive compact halo object | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,161 | [
"Dark matter",
"Unsolved problems in astronomy",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Matter"
] |
199,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-minds%20interpretation | The many-minds interpretation of quantum mechanics extends the many-worlds interpretation by proposing that the distinction between worlds should be made at the level of the mind of an individual observer. The concept was first introduced in 1970 by H. Dieter Zeh as a variant of the Hugh Everett interpretation in conne... | Many-minds interpretation | [
"Physics"
] | 2,806 | [
"Interpretations of quantum mechanics",
"Quantum mind",
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
200,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory | A trajectory or flight path is the path that an object with mass in motion follows through space as a function of time. In classical mechanics, a trajectory is defined by Hamiltonian mechanics via canonical coordinates; hence, a complete trajectory is defined by position and momentum, simultaneously.
The mass might be... | Trajectory | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,732 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mechanics",
"Ballistics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
200,192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatid | A chromatid (Greek khrōmat- 'color' + -id) is one half of a duplicated chromosome. Before replication, one chromosome is composed of one DNA molecule. In replication, the DNA molecule is copied, and the two molecules are known as chromatids. During the later stages of cell division these chromatids separate longitudina... | Chromatid | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 472 | [
"Cell biology",
"Senescence",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Telomeres",
"Mitosis"
] |
200,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic%20acid%20fermentation | Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution. It is an anaerobic fermentation reaction that occurs in some ba... | Lactic acid fermentation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,075 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Cellular respiration",
"Biochemistry",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"Metabolic pathways",
"Metabolism",
"Fermentation"
] |
200,612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20aerodynamics | Automotive aerodynamics is the study of the aerodynamics of road vehicles. Its main goals are reducing drag and wind noise, minimizing noise emission, and preventing undesired lift forces and other causes of aerodynamic instability at high speeds. Air is also considered a fluid in this case. For some classes of raci... | Automotive aerodynamics | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,790 | [
"Aerodynamics",
"Automotive engineering",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
201,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetostriction | Magnetostriction is a property of magnetic materials that causes them to change their shape or dimensions during the process of magnetization. The variation of materials' magnetization due to the applied magnetic field changes the magnetostrictive strain until reaching its saturation value, λ. The effect was first iden... | Magnetostriction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,927 | [
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science"
] |
201,080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedemann%20effect | The twisting of a ferromagnetic rod through which an electric current is flowing when the rod is placed in a longitudinal magnetic field. It was discovered by the German physicist Gustav Wiedemann in 1858
. The Wiedemann effect is one of the manifestations of magnetostriction in a field formed by the combination of a... | Wiedemann effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 320 | [
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science"
] |
201,268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20polymerase | In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template.
Using the enzyme helicase, RNAP locally opens the double-stranded DNA so that one strand of... | RNA polymerase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,369 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
201,479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngas | Syngas, or synthesis gas, is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, in various ratios. The gas often contains some carbon dioxide and methane. It is principally used for producing ammonia or methanol. Syngas is combustible and can be used as a fuel. Historically, it has been used as a replacement for gasoline, w... | Syngas | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 998 | [
"Products of chemical industry",
"Water treatment",
"Petroleum technology",
"Industrial gases",
"Synthetic fuel technologies",
"Environmental engineering",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Waste treatment technology",
"Petrochemicals"
] |
18,961,138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20rank%20decomposition | In multilinear algebra, the tensor rank decomposition or rank-R decomposition is the decomposition of a tensor as a sum of R rank-1 tensors, where R is minimal. Computing this decomposition is an open problem.
Canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD) is a variant of the tensor rank decomposition, in which the tensor is... | Tensor rank decomposition | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,188 | [
"Tensors"
] |
18,963,166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbody%20%28cell%20biology%29 | The midbody is a transient structure found in mammalian cells and is present near the end of cytokinesis just prior to the complete separation of the dividing cells. The structure was first described by Walther Flemming in 1891.
Structure
The midbody structure contains bundles of microtubules derived from the mitoti... | Midbody (cell biology) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 305 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Cell biology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
18,963,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity | Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's rate-dependent resistance to a change in shape or to movement of its neighboring portions relative to one another. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of thickness; for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is defined scientifically as a force mu... | Viscosity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 8,913 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Piping",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Viscosity",
"Physical properties",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
18,963,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion | An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electron... | Ion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,422 | [
"Matter",
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Charge carriers",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry",
"Ions"
] |
18,964,485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-retarded%20osmosis | Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a technique to separate a solvent (for example, fresh water) from a solution that is more concentrated (e.g. sea water) and also pressurized. A semipermeable membrane allows the solvent to pass to the concentrated solution side by osmosis. The technique can be used to generate power f... | Pressure-retarded osmosis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 821 | [
"Membrane technology",
"Separation processes"
] |
18,964,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreporter | Bioreporters are intact, living microbial cells that have been genetically engineered to produce a measurable signal in response to a specific chemical or physical agent in their environment. Bioreporters contain two essential genetic elements, a promoter gene and a reporter gene. The promoter gene is turned on (transc... | Bioreporter | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,053 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"nan",
"Molecular biology"
] |
18,966,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmocollin | Desmocollins are a subfamily of desmosomal cadherins, the transmembrane constituents of desmosomes. They are co-expressed with desmogleins to link adjacent cells by extracellular adhesion. There are seven desmosomal cadherins in humans, three desmocollins and four desmogleins. Desmosomal cadherins allow desmosomes to ... | Desmocollin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 765 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
18,967,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismoelectrical%20method | The seismoelectrical method (which is different from the electroseismic physical principle) is based on the generation of electromagnetic fields in soils and rocks by seismic waves. This technique is still under development and in the future it may have applications like detecting and characterizing fluids in the under... | Seismoelectrical method | [
"Physics"
] | 1,038 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Geophysics"
] |
18,967,255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20economics | Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics. Often, these applied methods are beyond simple geometry, and may include differential and integral calculus, difference and differential equations, matrix algebra, mathematical programming, or oth... | Mathematical economics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 9,011 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical economics"
] |
18,968,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntervalZero | IntervalZero, Inc. develops hard real-time software and its symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) enabled RTX and RTX64 software transform the Microsoft Windows general-purpose operating system (GPOS) into a real-time operating system (RTOS).
IntervalZero and its engineering group regularly release new software (cf its hist... | IntervalZero | [
"Technology"
] | 641 | [
"Real-time computing",
"Real-time operating systems"
] |
2,357,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20summation | In mathematics, Borel summation is a summation method for divergent series, introduced by . It is particularly useful for summing divergent asymptotic series, and in some sense gives the best possible sum for such series. There are several variations of this method that are also called Borel summation, and a generaliz... | Borel summation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,323 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Mathematical structures",
"Series (mathematics)",
"Calculus",
"Summability methods"
] |
2,360,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-radical%20reaction | A free-radical reaction is any chemical reaction involving free radicals. This reaction type is abundant in organic reactions. Two pioneering studies into free radical reactions have been the discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical by Moses Gomberg (1900) and the lead-mirror experiment described by Friedrich Paneth in... | Free-radical reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 739 | [
"Free radical reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
2,360,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise%20risk%20management | Enterprise risk management (ERM) in business includes the methods and processes used by organizations to manage risks and seize opportunities related to the achievement of their objectives. ERM provides a framework for risk management, which typically involves identifying particular events or circumstances relevant to... | Enterprise risk management | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,106 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Actuarial science"
] |
5,842,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2X%20purinoreceptor | The P2X receptors, also ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family, is a protein family that consists of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). They belong to a larger family of receptors known as the ENaC/P2X superfamily. ENaC... | P2X purinoreceptor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,209 | [
"Ionotropic receptors",
"Signal transduction",
"Protein classification",
"Membrane proteins",
"Molecular neuroscience",
"Molecular biology",
"Protein families",
"Neurochemistry",
"Ion channels"
] |
5,844,089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20instrumented%20system | In functional safety a safety instrumented system (SIS) is an engineered set of hardware and software controls which provides a protection layer that shuts down a chemical, nuclear, electrical, or mechanical system, or part of it, if a hazardous condition is detected.
Requirement specification
An SIS performs a safet... | Safety instrumented system | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 950 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Systems engineering",
"Safety engineering",
"Process safety"
] |
12,282,720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape-memory%20coupling | Shape-memory coupling is a system for connecting pipes using shape-memory alloys. In its typical form the technique uses an internally ribbed sleeve of alloy such as Tinel(see Nitinol) that is slightly smaller in diameter than the pipes it is to connect. The sleeve is cooled in liquid nitrogen then, in this low-tempera... | Shape-memory coupling | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 226 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Smart materials",
"Materials science",
"Metallurgy"
] |
12,282,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golay%20cell | The Golay cell is a type of opto-acoustic detector mainly used for infrared spectroscopy. It consists of a gas-filled enclosure with an infrared absorbing material and a flexible diaphragm or membrane. When infrared radiation is absorbed, it heats the gas, causing it to expand. The resulting increase in pressure deform... | Golay cell | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 174 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Infrared spectroscopy",
"Molecular physics stubs",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
12,285,389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethoxanate | Dimethoxanate (trade names Cothera, Cotrane, Atuss, Perlatoss, Tossizid) is a cough suppressant of the phenothiazine class.
Side effects
Dimethoxanate may have analgesic, local anesthetic, and central nervous system depressant effects, but it may also produce nausea and vomiting.
Pharmacology
It binds to the sigma-1 ... | Dimethoxanate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 264 | [
"Drug safety",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Ethers",
"Abandoned drugs",
"Withdrawn drugs"
] |
12,285,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloperastine | Cloperastine (INN) or cloperastin, in the forms of cloperastine hydrochloride (JAN) (brand names Hustazol, Nitossil, Seki) and cloperastine fendizoate, is an antitussive and antihistamine that is marketed as a cough suppressant in Japan, Hong Kong, and in some European countries. It was first introduced in 1972 in Japa... | Cloperastine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 536 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
12,285,519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normethadone | Normethadone (INN, BAN; brand names Ticarda, Cophylac, Dacartil, Eucopon, Mepidon, Noramidone, Normedon, and others), also known as desmethylmethadone or phenyldimazone, is a synthetic opioid analgesic and antitussive agent.
Normethadone is listed under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 and is a Schedule I ... | Normethadone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 270 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups"
] |
12,285,825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory%20centrifuge | A laboratory centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment, driven by a motor, which spins liquid samples at high speed.
There are various types of centrifuges, depending on the size and the sample capacity.
Like all other centrifuges, laboratory centrifuges work by the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal ... | Laboratory centrifuge | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,257 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"Centrifugation",
"Centrifuges",
"nan"
] |
12,286,766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5H12O5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C5H12O5}}
The molecular formula C5H12O5 (molar mass: 152.14 g/mol, exact mass: 152.0685 u) may refer to:
Arabitol or arabinitol
Ribitol, or adonitol
Xylitol | C5H12O5 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 72 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
12,287,117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble%20masonry | Rubble masonry or rubble stone is rough, uneven building stone not laid in regular courses. It may fill the core of a wall which is faced with unit masonry such as brick or ashlar. Some medieval cathedral walls have outer shells of ashlar with an inner backfill of mortarless rubble and dirt.
Square rubble masonry
Squ... | Rubble masonry | [
"Engineering"
] | 406 | [
"Architecture stubs",
"Stonemasonry",
"Construction",
"Architecture"
] |
12,291,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20density%20imaging | Current density imaging (CDI) is an extension of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), developed at the University of Toronto. It employs two techniques for spatially mapping electric current pathways through tissue:
LF-CDI, low-frequency CDI, the original implementation developed at the University of Toronto. In this t... | Current density imaging | [
"Chemistry"
] | 201 | [
"Magnetic resonance imaging",
"Nuclear chemistry stubs",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance stubs"
] |
7,635,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krylov%E2%80%93Bogolyubov%20theorem | In mathematics, the Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem (also known as the existence of invariant measures theorem) may refer to either of the two related fundamental theorems within the theory of dynamical systems. The theorems guarantee the existence of invariant measures for certain "nice" maps defined on "nice" spaces and we... | Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 457 | [
"Theorems in dynamical systems",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in measure theory",
"Random dynamical systems",
"Ergodic theory",
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
7,635,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble%20raft | A bubble raft is an array of bubbles. It demonstrates materials' microstructural and atomic length-scale behavior by modelling the {111} plane of a close-packed crystal. A material's observable and measurable mechanical properties strongly depend on its atomic and microstructural configuration and characteristics. This... | Bubble raft | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 752 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
7,640,211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map%20algebra | Map algebra is an algebra for manipulating geographic data, primarily fields. Developed by Dr. Dana Tomlin and others in the late 1970s, it is a set of primitive operations in a geographic information system (GIS) which allows one or more raster layers ("maps") of similar dimensions to produce a new raster layer (map)... | Map algebra | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 2,094 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Spatial analysis",
"Information systems",
"Space",
"Spacetime",
"Geographic information systems",
"Algebra"
] |
7,642,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic%20atmosphere | Ionic Atmosphere is a concept employed in Debye–Hückel theory which explains the electrolytic conductivity behaviour of solutions. It can be generally defined as the area at which a charged entity is capable of attracting an entity of the opposite charge.
Asymmetry, or relaxation effect
If an electrical potential is ... | Ionic atmosphere | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 371 | [
"Physical chemistry",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"nan"
] |
7,645,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20speaker | Plasma speakers or ionophones are a form of loudspeaker which varies air pressure via an electrical plasma instead of a solid diaphragm. The plasma arc heats the surrounding air causing it to expand. Varying the electrical signal that drives the plasma and connected to the output of an audio amplifier, the plasma size... | Plasma speaker | [
"Physics"
] | 1,035 | [
"Plasma technology and applications",
"Plasma physics"
] |
16,720,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanolamine | In organic chemistry, alkanolamines (amino alcohols) are organic compounds that contain both hydroxyl () and amino (, , and ) functional groups on an alkane backbone. Most alkanolamines are colorless.
1-Aminoalcohols
1-Aminoalcohols are better known as hemiaminals. Methanolamine is the simplest member.
2-Aminoalcohol... | Alkanolamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 389 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
16,725,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEGAN | MEGAN ("MEtaGenome ANalyzer") is a computer program that allows optimized analysis of large metagenomic datasets.
Metagenomics is the analysis of the genomic sequences from a usually uncultured environmental sample. A large term goal of most metagenomics is to inventory and measure the extent and the role of microbial... | MEGAN | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 491 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
16,728,325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizofiltration | Rhizofiltration is a form of phytoremediation that involves filtering contaminated groundwater, surface water and wastewater through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients.
Overview
Rhizofiltration is a type of phytoremediation, which refers to the approach of using hydroponically cultivated pl... | Rhizofiltration | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,400 | [
"Water treatment",
"Phytoremediation plants",
"Water pollution",
"Biodegradation",
"Environmental engineering",
"Ecological techniques",
"Bioremediation",
"Water technology",
"Environmental soil science"
] |
16,728,971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2015115 | HD 15115 is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It is readily visible in binoculars or a small telescope, but is considered too dim to be seen with the naked eye at an apparent visual magnitude of 6.76. The distance to this object is 160 light years based on parallax, and it is slowly drifting furth... | HD 15115 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 435 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
16,729,798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20112 | Project 112 was a biological and chemical weapon experimentation project conducted by the United States Department of Defense from 1962 to 1973.
The project started under John F. Kennedy's administration, and was authorized by his Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, as part of a total review of the US military. The ... | Project 112 | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 4,681 | [
"Bioethics",
"Herbicides",
"Defoliants",
"Military projects",
"Chemical weapons",
"Military projects of the United States",
"nan",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Biocides"
] |
666,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20operation | In quantum mechanics, a quantum operation (also known as quantum dynamical map or quantum process) is a mathematical formalism used to describe a broad class of transformations that a quantum mechanical system can undergo. This was first discussed as a general stochastic transformation for a density matrix by George Su... | Quantum operation | [
"Physics"
] | 2,481 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
667,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonks%E2%80%93Girardeau%20gas | In physics, a Tonks–Girardeau gas is a Bose gas in which the repulsive interactions between bosonic particles confined to one dimension dominate the system's physics. It is named after physicists Lewi Tonks, who developed a classical model in 1936, and Marvin D. Girardeau who generalized it to the quantum regime. It is... | Tonks–Girardeau gas | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 937 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter",
"Materials science"
] |
667,564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20single%20flux%20quantum | In electronics, rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) is a digital electronic device that uses superconducting devices, namely Josephson junctions, to process digital signals. In RSFQ logic, information is stored in the form of magnetic flux quanta and transferred in the form of Single Flux Quantum (SFQ) voltage pulses. RSF... | Rapid single flux quantum | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,278 | [
"Josephson effect",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantum electronics",
"Digital electronics",
"Superconductivity",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nanotechnology",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
668,130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemical%20equation | In thermochemistry, a thermochemical equation is a balanced chemical equation that represents the energy changes from a system to its surroundings. One such equation involves the enthalpy change, which is denoted with In variable form, a thermochemical equation would appear similar to the following:
, , and are the ... | Thermochemical equation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,305 | [
"Thermochemistry"
] |
668,449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material%20derivative | In continuum mechanics, the material derivative describes the time rate of change of some physical quantity (like heat or momentum) of a material element that is subjected to a space-and-time-dependent macroscopic velocity field. The material derivative can serve as a link between Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions o... | Material derivative | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,351 | [
"Calculus",
"Chemical engineering",
"Piping",
"Multivariable calculus",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
669,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary%20wave | A capillary wave is a wave traveling along the phase boundary of a fluid, whose dynamics and phase velocity are dominated by the effects of surface tension.
Capillary waves are common in nature, and are often referred to as ripples. The wavelength of capillary waves on water is typically less than a few centimeters, ... | Capillary wave | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,205 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Water waves",
"Chemical engineering",
"Waves",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
670,279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle%20detection | In computer science, cycle detection or cycle finding is the algorithmic problem of finding a cycle in a sequence of iterated function values.
For any function that maps a finite set to itself, and any initial value in , the sequence of iterated function values
must eventually use the same value twice: there must ... | Cycle detection | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,350 | [
"Combinatorial algorithms",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Fixed points (mathematics)",
"Computational mathematics",
"Combinatorics",
"Topology",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
13,910,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20steam%20technology | Advanced steam technology (sometimes known as modern steam) reflects an approach to the technical development of the steam engine intended for a wider variety of applications than has recently been the case. Particular attention has been given to endemic problems that led to the demise of steam power in small- to mediu... | Advanced steam technology | [
"Physics"
] | 3,075 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Steam power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
13,920,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20summation | The Wolf summation is a method for computing the electrostatic interactions of systems (e.g. crystals). This method is generally more computationally efficient than the Ewald summation. It was proposed by Dieter Wolf.
References
See also
Wolf method on SklogWiki
Potential theory
Computational physics | Wolf summation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 61 | [
" and optical physics stubs",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Potential theory",
"Computational physics",
"Mathematical relations",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Computational physics stubs",
" and optical physics"
] |
13,924,093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20epidemiology | Environmental epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology concerned with determining how environmental exposures impact human health. This field seeks to understand how various external risk factors may predispose to or protect against disease, illness, injury, developmental abnormalities, or death. These factors may be n... | Environmental epidemiology | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,648 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
13,924,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20epidemiology | Molecular epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology and medical science that focuses on the contribution of potential genetic and environmental risk factors, identified at the molecular level, to the etiology, distribution and prevention of disease within families and across populations. This field has emerged from the ... | Molecular epidemiology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 858 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Molecular genetics",
"Environmental social science",
"Molecular biology"
] |
4,404,564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20image%20charges | The method of image charges (also known as the method of images and method of mirror charges) is a basic problem-solving tool in electrostatics. The name originates from the replacement of certain elements in the original layout with fictitious charges, which replicates the boundary conditions of the problem (see Diric... | Method of image charges | [
"Physics"
] | 1,631 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Fundamental interactions"
] |
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