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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
4,405,107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20disassembly	Active Disassembly (AD) is a developing technology which is associated with the term active disassembly using smart materials (ADSM). Outline Smart materials such as shape memory alloys (SMA) are now offering the possibility of allowing complex items to be disassembled easily and in a potentially cost-effective manne...	Active disassembly	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,589	[ "Smart materials", "Design", "Materials science", "Design for X" ]
4,405,547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darzens%20reaction	The Darzens reaction (also known as the Darzens condensation or glycidic ester condensation) is the chemical reaction of a ketone or aldehyde with an α-haloester in the presence of a base to form an α,β-epoxy ester, also called a "glycidic ester". This reaction was discovered by the organic chemist Auguste Georges Dar...	Darzens reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	798	[ "Name reactions", "Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions", "Ring forming reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
4,406,265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%28II%29%20nitrate	Mercury(II) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is the mercury(II) salt of nitric acid . It contains mercury(II) cations and nitrate anions , and water of crystallization in the case of a hydrous salt. Mercury(II) nitrate forms hydrates . Anhydrous and hydrous salts are colorless or white ...	Mercury(II) nitrate	[ "Chemistry" ]	470	[ "Nitrates", "Redox", "Oxidizing agents", "Salts" ]
4,408,311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECTFE	ECTFE (ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) is an alternating copolymer of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene. It is a semi-crystalline fluoropolymer (a partly fluorinated polymer), with chemical corrosion resistance properties. Physical and chemical properties ECTFE (ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) is a polymer kno...	ECTFE	[ "Physics" ]	1,185	[ "Amorphous solids", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Plastics" ]
4,408,405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKM	FKM is a family of fluorocarbon-based fluoroelastomer materials defined by ASTM International standard D1418, and ISO standard 1629. It is commonly called fluorine rubber or fluoro-rubber. FKM is an abbreviation of Fluorine Kautschuk Material. All FKMs contain vinylidene fluoride as the common monomer, to which differ...	FKM	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,751	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Synthetic materials", "Materials science", "Elastomers", "nan" ]
4,410,019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-mould%20decoration	In-mould decoration, a special type of plastic molding, is used for decorating plastic surfaces with color and/or with an abrasion resistant coat. Principle A carrier film is placed inside the opened mould. It carries the dried paint layers which are to be transferred to the plastic part, with the paint facing the gat...	In-mould decoration	[ "Physics" ]	317	[ "Amorphous solids", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Plastics" ]
4,410,085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate%20eXperimental%20Vehicle	The Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV) is a European Space Agency (ESA) experimental suborbital re-entry vehicle. It was developed to serve as a prototype lifting body orbital return vehicle to validate the ESA's work in the field of reusable orbital return vehicles. The European Space Agency has a program called...	Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle	[ "Engineering" ]	3,419	[ "Atmospheric entry", "Aerospace engineering" ]
4,410,993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archicad	Archicad is an architectural building information modeling (BIM) computer-aided design (CAD) software for Mac and Windows developed by the Hungarian company Graphisoft. Archicad offers computer aided solutions for common aspects of aesthetics and engineering during the design process of the built environment: buildings...	Archicad	[ "Engineering" ]	1,652	[ "Building engineering", "Building information modeling" ]
4,411,204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20stoichiometry	Ecological stoichiometry (more broadly referred to as biological stoichiometry) considers how the balance of energy and elements influences living systems. Similar to chemical stoichiometry, ecological stoichiometry is founded on constraints of mass balance as they apply to organisms and their interactions in ecosystem...	Ecological stoichiometry	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,201	[ "Stoichiometry", "Chemical reaction engineering", "Ecology", "nan" ]
4,411,416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO%20protein	In molecular biology, SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) proteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function. This process is called SUMOylation (pronounced soo-muh-lā-shun and sometimes written sumoylation). SUMOylation is a post-...	SUMO protein	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,287	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Gene expression", "Biochemical reactions", "Post-translational modification", "Molecular biology", "Proteins" ]
15,007,619	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotford%20Upgrader	The Shell Scotford Upgrader is an oilsand upgrader, a facility which processes crude bitumen from oil sands into a wide range of synthetic crude oils. The upgrader is owned by Athabasca Oil Sands Project (AOSP), a joint venture of Shell Canada Energy (60%), Marathon Oil Sands L.P. (20%) and Chevron Canada Limited (20%)...	Scotford Upgrader	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,104	[ "Petroleum engineering", "Petroleum technology" ]
15,008,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20Languages%20of%20Programs	Pattern Languages of Programs is a group of annual conferences sponsored by The Hillside Group. The purpose of these conferences is to develop and refine the art of software design patterns. Most of the effort focuses on developing a textual presentation of a pattern such that it becomes easy to understand and apply. T...	Pattern Languages of Programs	[ "Engineering" ]	735	[ "Software engineering", "Software engineering conferences" ]
15,019,690	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskakov%20operator	In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Baskakov operators are generalizations of Bernstein polynomials, Szász–Mirakyan operators, and Lupas operators. They are defined by where ( can be ), , and is a sequence of functions defined on that have the following properties for all : . Alternatively, has a ...	Baskakov operator	[ "Mathematics" ]	129	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysis stubs", "Approximation theory", "Mathematical relations", "Approximations" ]
1,692,055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20difluoride	Oxygen difluoride is a chemical compound with the formula . As predicted by VSEPR theory, the molecule adopts a bent molecular geometry. It is a strong oxidizer and has attracted attention in rocketry for this reason. With a boiling point of −144.75 °C, OF2 is the most volatile (isolable) triatomic compound. The compou...	Oxygen difluoride	[ "Chemistry" ]	630	[ "Oxygen fluorides", "Rocket oxidizers", "Oxidizing agents" ]
1,692,706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation%20of%20Animals	The Generation of Animals (or On the Generation of Animals; Greek: Περὶ ζῴων γενέσεως (Peri Zoion Geneseos); Latin: De Generatione Animalium) is one of the biological works of the Corpus Aristotelicum, the collection of texts traditionally attributed to Aristotle (384–322 BC). The work provides an account of animal rep...	Generation of Animals	[ "Biology" ]	2,789	[ "Genetics" ]
1,693,196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons%E2%80%93Smith%20reaction	The Simmons–Smith reaction is an organic cheletropic reaction involving an organozinc carbenoid that reacts with an alkene (or alkyne) to form a cyclopropane. It is named after Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr. and Ronald D. Smith. It uses a methylene free radical intermediate that is delivered to both carbons of the alkene s...	Simmons–Smith reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,426	[ "Name reactions", "Ring forming reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
1,693,865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose%20cone%20design	Given the problem of the aerodynamic design of the nose cone section of any vehicle or body meant to travel through a compressible fluid medium (such as a rocket or aircraft, missile, shell or bullet), an important problem is the determination of the nose cone geometrical shape for optimum performance. For many applica...	Nose cone design	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,296	[ "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Rocketry", "Fluid dynamics" ]
1,695,214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20ninth%20problem	Hilbert's ninth problem, from the list of 23 Hilbert's problems (1900), asked to find the most general reciprocity law for the norm residues of k-th order in a general algebraic number field, where k is a power of a prime. Progress made The problem was partially solved by Emil Artin by establishing the Artin recipro...	Hilbert's ninth problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	224	[ "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Unsolved problems in number theory", "Hilbert's problems", "Algebraic number theory", "Mathematical problems", "Number theory" ]
1,695,231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20fourteenth%20problem	In mathematics, Hilbert's fourteenth problem, that is, number 14 of Hilbert's problems proposed in 1900, asks whether certain algebras are finitely generated. The setting is as follows: Assume that k is a field and let K be a subfield of the field of rational functions in n variables, k(x1, ..., xn ) over k. Conside...	Hilbert's fourteenth problem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	949	[ "Symmetry", "Group actions", "Hilbert's problems", "Mathematical problems", "Invariant theory" ]
1,695,344	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20conversion	Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion. Gene conversion can be either allelic, meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or ectopic, meaning that one paralogous DNA sequence converts an...	Gene conversion	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,153	[ "Evolutionary processes", "Molecular evolution", "Modification of genetic information", "Molecular genetics", "Molecular biology" ]
17,911,568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine%20analogue	Purine analogues are antimetabolites that mimic the structure of metabolic purines. Examples Nucleobase analogues Thiopurines such as thioguanine are used to treat acute leukemias and remissions in acute granulocytic leukemias. Azathioprine is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. A prodrug, it is widely use...	Purine analogue	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	276	[ "Antimetabolites", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
17,911,569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine%20analogue	Pyrimidine analogues are antimetabolites which mimic the structure of metabolic pyrimidines. Examples Nucleobase analogues Fluorouracil (5FU), which inhibits thymidylate synthase Floxuridine (FUDR) 6-azauracil (6-AU) Nucleoside analogues Cytarabine (Cytosine arabinoside) Gemcitabine Nucleotide analogues Medical uses...	Pyrimidine analogue	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	132	[ "Antimetabolites", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Cellular processes", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
17,914,618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806%E2%88%9220%20cluster	1806−20 (originally named the SGR 1806−20 cluster) is a heavily obscured star cluster on the far side of the Milky Way, approximately 28,000 light-years distant. Some sources claim as far as 50,000. It contains the soft gamma repeater SGR 1806−20 and the luminous blue variable hypergiant LBV 1806−20, a candidate for t...	1806−20 cluster	[ "Astronomy" ]	277	[ "Sagittarius (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
17,915,719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Academy%20of%20Environmental%20Engineers%20and%20Scientists	The American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists (AAEES) is a society of professional engineers and scientists who have demonstrated special expertise in environmental engineering or science beyond that normally required for professional practice. The principal purpose of the Academy is serving the public...	American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	929	[ "American environmental scientists", "Environmental scientists", "Environmental engineers", "Environmental engineering" ]
17,919,602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical%20and%20recursive%20queries%20in%20SQL	A hierarchical query is a type of SQL query that handles hierarchical model data. They are special cases of more general recursive fixpoint queries, which compute transitive closures. In standard SQL:1999 hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive common table expressions (CTEs). Unlike Oracle's earlier ...	Hierarchical and recursive queries in SQL	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,708	[ "Mathematical logic", "Recursion" ]
17,920,440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave%20boson	The slave boson method is a technique for dealing with models of strongly correlated systems, providing a method to second-quantize valence fluctuations within a restrictive manifold of states. In the 1960s the physicist John Hubbard introduced an operator, now named the "Hubbard operator" to describe the creation ...	Slave boson	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	516	[ "Materials science stubs", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Condensed matter stubs", "Matter" ]
17,921,343	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthionine%20sulfoximine	Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is a sulfoximine derivative which reduces levels of glutathione and is being investigated as an adjunct with chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. The compound inhibits gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the enzyme required in the first step of glutathione synthesis. Buthionine sulfoxi...	Buthionine sulfoximine	[ "Chemistry" ]	120	[ "Sulfoximines", "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Organic compound stubs", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
17,922,833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OU%20Andromedae	OU Andromedae (also HR 9024) is a rotationally variable star in the constellation Andromeda. Varying between magnitudes 5.87 and 5.94, it has been classified as an FK Comae Berenices variable, but the classification is still uncertain. It has a spectral classification of G1IIIe, meaning that it is a giant star that sho...	OU Andromedae	[ "Astronomy" ]	403	[ "Andromeda (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
18,973,446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry	Geometry (; ) is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. Until the 19th century,...	Geometry	[ "Mathematics" ]	6,194	[ "Geometry" ]
18,974,919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoyttrium%20chemistry	Organoyttrium chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon-yttrium bonds. These compounds are almost invariably formal Y3+ derivatives, are generally diamagnetic and colorless, a consequence of the closed-shell configuration of the trication. Organoyttrium compounds are mainly of academic interest. Organoytr...	Organoyttrium chemistry	[ "Chemistry" ]	89	[ "Organic compounds", "Organometallic compounds", "Organometallic chemistry", "Inorganic compounds" ]
79,610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace%20manufacturer	An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, or spacecraft. Aerospace is a high technology industry. The aircraft industry is the industry supporting aviation by building aircr...	Aerospace manufacturer	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,440	[ "Spacetime", "Space", "Aerospace", "Aerospace engineering" ]
80,322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%20Landau	Lev Davidovich Landau (; 22 January 1908 – 1 April 1968) was a Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. He was considered as one of the last scientists who were universally well-versed and made seminal contributions to all branches of physics. He is credited with laying ...	Lev Landau	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	3,416	[ "Periodic table", "People involved with the periodic table", "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Theoretical physics", "Phases of matter", "Superfluidity", "Fluid dynamicists", "Condensed matter physics", "Exotic matter", "Theoretical physicists", "Matter", "Fluid dynamics" ]
1,114,239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic%20trisulfide	Arsenic trisulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is a dark yellow solid that is insoluble in water. It also occurs as the mineral orpiment (Latin: auripigmentum), which has been used as a pigment called King's yellow. It is produced in the analysis of arsenic compounds. It is a group V/VI, intrinsic p...	Arsenic trisulfide	[ "Physics" ]	1,237	[ "Materials", "Optical materials", "Matter" ]
1,114,402	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azo%20compound	Azo compounds are organic compounds bearing the functional group diazenyl (, in which R and R′ can be either aryl or alkyl groups). IUPAC defines azo compounds as: "Derivatives of diazene (diimide), , wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g. azobenzene or diphenyldiazene.", where Ph stands ...	Azo compound	[ "Chemistry" ]	856	[ "Functional groups" ]
1,115,052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullback%E2%80%93Leibler%20divergence	In mathematical statistics, the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence (also called relative entropy and I-divergence), denoted , is a type of statistical distance: a measure of how much a model probability distribution is different from a true probability distribution . Mathematically, it is defined as A simple interpret...	Kullback–Leibler divergence	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	7,191	[ "Mathematical structures", "Physical quantities", "Entropy and information", "Entropy", "Category theory", "Thermodynamics", "Information geometry", "Dynamical systems" ]
1,115,085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20circuit	A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux. The flux is usually generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets and confined to the path by magnetic cores consisting of ferromagnetic materials like iron, although there may be air gaps or other materials in the path. M...	Magnetic circuit	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,965	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science", "Fundamental interactions", "Condensed matter physics" ]
1,115,299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20testing%20of%20explosives	The safety testing of explosives involves the determination of various properties of the different energetic materials that are used in commercial, mining, and military applications. It is highly desirable to measure the conditions under which explosives can be set off for several reasons, including: safety in handling...	Safety testing of explosives	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,130	[ "Explosives engineering", "Explosives", "Explosions" ]
1,115,424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20eugenics	New eugenics, also known as liberal eugenics (a term coined by bioethicist Nicholas Agar), advocates enhancing human characteristics and capacities through the use of reproductive technology and human genetic engineering. Those who advocate new eugenics generally think selecting or altering embryos should be left to th...	New eugenics	[ "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	745	[ "Bioethics", "Genetic engineering", "Transhumanism", "Ethics of science and technology" ]
1,116,216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%20ray	A delta ray is a secondary electron with enough energy to escape a significant distance away from the primary radiation beam and produce further ionization. The term is sometimes used to describe any recoil particle caused by secondary ionization. The term was coined by J. J. Thomson. Characteristics A delta ray is c...	Delta ray	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	374	[ "Transport phenomena", "Electron", "Physical phenomena", "Molecular physics", "Waves", "Radiation", "Nuclear physics", "Radioactivity" ]
1,117,315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov%20time	In mathematics, the Lyapunov time is the characteristic timescale on which a dynamical system is chaotic. It is named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov. It is defined as the inverse of a system's largest Lyapunov exponent. Use The Lyapunov time mirrors the limits of the predictability of the system. ...	Lyapunov time	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	225	[ "Mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
1,117,979	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR%20theory	Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory ( , ) is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. It is also named the Gillespie-Nyholm theory after its two main developers, Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm. The ...	VSEPR theory	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,824	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Molecular geometry", "Molecules", "Stereochemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Space", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", "Spacetime", "Matter", " and optical physics" ]
12,293,814	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girt	In architecture or structural engineering, a girt, also known as a sheeting rail, is a horizontal structural member in a framed wall. Girts provide lateral support to the wall panel, primarily to resist wind loads. A comparable element in roof construction is a purlin. Stability in steel building construction The gir...	Girt	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	372	[ "Structural engineering", "Timber framing", "Building engineering", "Structural system", "Construction", "Architecture stubs", "Architecture" ]
12,295,288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampson%E2%80%93Linde%20cycle	The Hampson–Linde cycle is a process for the liquefaction of gases, especially for air separation. William Hampson and Carl von Linde independently filed for patents of the cycle in 1895: Hampson on 23 May 1895 and Linde on 5 June 1895. The Hampson–Linde cycle introduced regenerative cooling, a positive-feedback cooli...	Hampson–Linde cycle	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	541	[ "Chemical process engineering", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Cryogenics", "Industrial gases" ]
12,302,694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomechanical%20generator	The Harwell TMG Stirling engine, an abbreviation for "Thermo-Mechanical Generator", was invented in 1967 by E. H. Cooke-Yarborough at the Harwell Labs of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. It was intended to be a remote electrical power source with low cost and very long life, albeit by sacrificing some effic...	Thermomechanical generator	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	936	[ "Piston engines", "Engines", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Mechanical engineering" ]
12,305,030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20impurity%20model	The Anderson impurity model, named after Philip Warren Anderson, is a Hamiltonian that is used to describe magnetic impurities embedded in metals. It is often applied to the description of Kondo effect-type problems, such as heavy fermion systems and Kondo insulators. In its simplest form, the model contains a term de...	Anderson impurity model	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	498	[ "Phases of matter", "Quantum mechanics", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter", "Quantum lattice models" ]
9,896,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic%20DNA%20replication	Prokaryotic DNA Replication is the process by which a prokaryote duplicates its DNA into another copy that is passed on to daughter cells. Although it is often studied in the model organism E. coli, other bacteria show many similarities. Replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication...	Prokaryotic DNA replication	[ "Biology" ]	1,887	[ "Genetics techniques", "DNA replication", "Molecular genetics" ]
9,896,453	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20DNA%20replication	Eukaryotic DNA replication is a conserved mechanism that restricts DNA replication to once per cell cycle. Eukaryotic DNA replication of chromosomal DNA is central for the duplication of a cell and is necessary for the maintenance of the eukaryotic genome. DNA replication is the action of DNA polymerases synthesizing ...	Eukaryotic DNA replication	[ "Biology" ]	11,973	[ "Genetics techniques", "DNA replication", "Molecular genetics" ]
9,902,787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20theorem%20for%20finitely%20generated%20modules%20over%20a%20principal%20ideal%20domain	In mathematics, in the field of abstract algebra, the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain is a generalization of the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups and roughly states that finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain (PID) can be uniquely ...	Structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,210	[ "Theorems in algebra", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Module theory", "Theorems in abstract algebra" ]
9,903,342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine	Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. The name "noradrenaline" (from Latin ad, "near", and ren, "kidney") is more commonly used in the United Kingdom ...	Norepinephrine	[ "Chemistry" ]	6,321	[ "Neurochemistry", "Neurotransmitters" ]
9,903,607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like%20growth%20factor%202%20receptor	Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R), also called the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF2R gene. IGF2R is a multifunctional protein receptor that binds insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) at the cell surface and mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)-t...	Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor	[ "Chemistry" ]	693	[ "Receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
9,904,516	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%20can%20wall	A tin can wall is a wall constructed from tin cans, which are not a common building source. The cans can be laid in concrete, stacked vertically on top of each other, and crushed or cut and flattened to be used as shingles. They can also be used for furniture. Tin cans can form the actual fill-in structure (or walls...	Tin can wall	[ "Engineering" ]	2,057	[ "Building engineering", "Civil engineering", "Architecture" ]
9,906,981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCRL	Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1, also known as Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome protein, is an enzyme encoded by the OCRL gene located on the X chromosome in humans. This gene encodes an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase. The responsible gene locus is at Xq26.1. This phosphatase enzyme is in part respon...	OCRL	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	214	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
3,245,940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20gallium%20nitride	Indium gallium nitride (InGaN, ) is a semiconductor material made of a mix of gallium nitride (GaN) and indium nitride (InN). It is a ternary group III/group V direct bandgap semiconductor. Its bandgap can be tuned by varying the amount of indium in the alloy. InxGa1−xN has a direct bandgap span from the infrared (0.69...	Indium gallium nitride	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,294	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Semiconductor materials", "III-V semiconductors", "Light-emitting diode materials", "III-V compounds" ]
3,246,329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing%20range	Hearing range describes the frequency range that can be heard by humans or other animals, though it can also refer to the range of levels. The human range is commonly given as 20 to 20,000 Hz, although there is considerable variation between individuals, especially at high frequencies, and a gradual loss of sensitivity...	Hearing range	[ "Physics", "Biology" ]	2,880	[ "Zoology", "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics" ]
3,246,750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masson%27s%20trichrome%20stain	Masson's trichrome is a three-colour staining procedure used in histology. The recipes emerged from Claude L. Pierre Masson's (1880–1959) original formulation have different specific applications, but all are suited for distinguishing cells from surrounding connective tissue. Most recipes produce red keratin and muscl...	Masson's trichrome stain	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	578	[ "Staining", "Microbiology techniques", "Cell imaging", "Microscopy" ]
3,247,517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deubiquitinating%20enzyme	Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), also known as deubiquitinating peptidases, deubiquitinating isopeptidases, deubiquitinases, ubiquitin proteases, ubiquitin hydrolases, or ubiquitin isopeptidases, are a large group of proteases that cleave ubiquitin from proteins. Ubiquitin is attached to proteins in order to regulate t...	Deubiquitinating enzyme	[ "Biology" ]	4,337	[ "Protein domains", "Protein classification" ]
3,249,396	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azorubine	Azorubine is an azo dye consisting of two naphthalene subunits. It is a red solid. It is mainly used in foods that are heat-treated after fermentation. It has E number E122. Uses In the US, this color was listed in 1939 as Ext. D&C Red No. 10 for use in externally applied drugs and cosmetics. It was delisted in 1963 b...	Azorubine	[ "Chemistry" ]	326	[ "Organic sodium salts", "Salts" ]
3,250,305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocuronium%20bromide	Rocuronium bromide (brand names Zemuron, Esmeron) is an aminosteroid non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker or muscle relaxant used in modern anaesthesia to facilitate tracheal intubation by providing skeletal muscle relaxation, most commonly required for surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is used for standard endot...	Rocuronium bromide	[ "Chemistry" ]	755	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Chemical substances for emergency medicine" ]
3,250,638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20osmolality	Plasma osmolality measures the body's electrolyte–water balance. There are several methods for arriving at this quantity through measurement or calculation. Osmolality and osmolarity are measures that are technically different, but functionally the same for normal use. Whereas osmolality (with an "l") is defined as th...	Plasma osmolality	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,614	[ "Blood tests", "Chemical pathology" ]
3,251,151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilt%20maple	Quilt or quilted maple refers to a type of figure in maple wood. It is seen on the tangential plane (flat-sawn) and looks like a wavy "quilted" pattern, often similar to ripples on water. The highest quality quilted figure is found in the Western Big Leaf species of maple. It is a distortion of the grain pattern itself...	Quilt maple	[ "Physics" ]	108	[ "Materials stubs", "Materials", "Matter" ]
2,362,255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert%20number	The Eckert number (Ec) is a dimensionless number used in continuum mechanics. It expresses the relationship between a flow's kinetic energy and the boundary layer enthalpy difference, and is used to characterize heat transfer dissipation. It is named after Ernst R. G. Eckert. It is defined as where u is the local f...	Eckert number	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	122	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Physical quantities", "Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics", "Continuum mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Fluid dynamics stubs", "Fluid dynamics" ]
2,362,507	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead%20dating	Uranium–lead dating, abbreviated U–Pb dating, is one of the oldest and most refined of the radiometric dating schemes. It can be used to date rocks that formed and crystallised from about 1 million years to over 4.5 billion years ago with routine precisions in the 0.1–1 percent range. The method is usually applied to ...	Uranium–lead dating	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,260	[ "Radiometric dating", "Radioactivity" ]
2,363,171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal%20pump	Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor. They are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery. The fluid enters the pump impell...	Centrifugal pump	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	2,919	[ "Pumps", "Hydrology", "Turbomachinery", "Gas compressors", "Turbines", "Energy engineering", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Power engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
2,363,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra%20of%20physical%20space	In physics, the algebra of physical space (APS) is the use of the Clifford or geometric algebra Cl3,0(R) of the three-dimensional Euclidean space as a model for (3+1)-dimensional spacetime, representing a point in spacetime via a paravector (3-dimensional vector plus a 1-dimensional scalar). The Clifford algebra Cl3,0...	Algebra of physical space	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,018	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Special relativity", "Fundamental interactions", "Theory of relativity", "Mathematical physics" ]
2,364,473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natta%20projection	In chemistry, the Natta projection (named for Italian chemist Giulio Natta) is a way to depict molecules with complete stereochemistry in two dimensions in a skeletal formula. In a hydrocarbon molecule with all carbon atoms making up the backbone in a tetrahedral molecular geometry, the zigzag backbone is in the paper ...	Natta projection	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	161	[ "Stereochemistry", "Space", "Stereochemistry stubs", "nan", "Spacetime" ]
5,852,751	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%20connection	In algebraic geometry and synthetic differential geometry, a Grothendieck connection is a way of viewing connections in terms of descent data from infinitesimal neighbourhoods of the diagonal. Introduction and motivation The Grothendieck connection is a generalization of the Gauss–Manin connection constructed in a man...	Grothendieck connection	[ "Mathematics" ]	513	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry" ]
5,853,880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromocresol%20purple	Bromocresol purple (BCP) or 5′,5″-dibromo-o-cresolsulfophthalein, is a dye of the triphenylmethane family (triarylmethane dyes) and a pH indicator. It is colored yellow below pH 5.2, and violet above pH 6.8. In its cyclic sulfonate ester form, it has a pKa value of 6.3, and is usually prepared as a 0.04% aqueous soluti...	Bromocresol purple	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	412	[ "Titration", "PH indicators", "Chromism", "Chemical tests", "Equilibrium chemistry" ]
5,854,024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxy%20sugar	Deoxy sugars are sugars that have had a hydroxyl group replaced with a hydrogen atom. Examples include: Deoxyribose, or 2-deoxy-D-ribose, a constituent of DNA Fucose, or 6-deoxy-L-galactose, main component of fucoidan of brown algae, and present in N-linked glycans Fuculose, or 6-deoxy-L-tagatose, one of the import...	Deoxy sugar	[ "Chemistry" ]	327	[ "Deoxy sugars", "Carbohydrates" ]
5,854,119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo%20carmine	Indigo carmine, or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an organic salt derived from indigo by aromatic sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. Like indigo, it produces a blue color, and is used in food and other consumables, cosmetics, and as a medical contrast agent and staining agent; it also...	Indigo carmine	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	548	[ "Titration", "PH indicators", "Chromism", "Chemical tests", "Salts", "Redox indicators", "Organic sodium salts", "Electrochemistry", "Equilibrium chemistry" ]
5,854,506	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillosis	Aspergillosis is a fungal infection of usually the lungs, caused by the genus Aspergillus, a common mould that is breathed in frequently from the air, but does not usually affect most people. It generally occurs in people with lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis or tuberculosis, or those who are immunocomprom...	Aspergillosis	[ "Biology" ]	2,620	[ "Fungi", "Fungal diseases" ]
5,855,043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METEOR	METEOR (Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering) is a metric for the evaluation of machine translation output. The metric is based on the harmonic mean of unigram precision and recall, with recall weighted higher than precision. It also has several features that are not found in other metrics, such ...	METEOR	[ "Technology" ]	983	[ "Natural language processing", "Natural language and computing" ]
16,731,070	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2097048	HD 97048 or CU Chamaeleontis is a Herbig Ae/Be star away in the constellation Chamaeleon. It is a variable star embedded in a dust cloud containing a stellar nursery, and is itself surrounded by a dust disk. HD 97048 is a young star still contracting towards the main sequence. Its brightness varies between magnitud...	HD 97048	[ "Astronomy" ]	405	[ "Chamaeleon", "Constellations" ]
16,731,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred-year%20wave	A hundred-year wave is a statistically projected water wave, the height of which, on average, is met or exceeded once in a hundred years for a given location. The likelihood of this wave height being attained at least once in the hundred-year period is 63%. As a projection of the most extreme wave which can be expected...	Hundred-year wave	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	170	[ "Physical phenomena", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Water waves", "Waves", "Physical oceanography", "Fluid dynamics" ]
16,731,978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20skeletal%20changes%20due%20to%20bipedalism	The evolution of human bipedalism, which began in primates approximately four million years ago, or as early as seven million years ago with Sahelanthropus, or approximately twelve million years ago with Danuvius guggenmosi, has led to morphological alterations to the human skeleton including changes to the arrangement...	Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism	[ "Physics" ]	2,315	[ "Biomechanics", "Mechanics" ]
16,733,372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro-comb	An astro-comb is a type of frequency comb used in observational astronomy to increase the accuracy of wavelength calibration in spectrographs. The increased accuracy reduces systematic errors and enhances detection of small variations in stellar radial velocities caused by smaller orbiting exoplanets (e.g. Earth-mass p...	Astro-comb	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	411	[ "Spectroscopy stubs", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Astronomy stubs", "Astrophysics", "Astrophysics stubs", "Astronomical spectroscopy", "Molecular physics stubs", "Spectroscopy", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
16,739,998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-machine	A Q-machine is a device that is used in experimental plasma physics. The name Q-machine stems from the original intention of creating a quiescent plasma that is free from the fluctuations that are present in plasmas created in electric discharges. The Q-machine was first described in a publication by Rynn and D'Ang...	Q-machine	[ "Physics" ]	493	[ "Plasma technology and applications", "Plasma physics" ]
16,740,988	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempcrete	Hempcrete or hemplime is biocomposite material, a mixture of hemp hurds (shives) and lime, sand, or pozzolans, which is used as a material for construction and insulation. It is marketed under names like Hempcrete, Canobiote, Canosmose, Isochanvre, and IsoHemp. Hempcrete is easier to work with than traditional lime mix...	Hempcrete	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,896	[ "Transport phenomena", "Sustainable building", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Structural engineering", "Masonry", "Building engineering", "Composite materials", "Architecture", "Construction", "Materials", "Thermodynamics", "Concrete", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
16,743,556	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology%20for%20Biomedical%20Investigations	The Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) is an open-access, integrated ontology for the description of biological and clinical investigations. OBI provides a model for the design of an investigation, the protocols and instrumentation used, the materials used, the data generated and the type of analysis perform...	Ontology for Biomedical Investigations	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	724	[ "Bioinformatics", "Systems engineering", "Biological engineering", "Knowledge engineering" ]
16,743,975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20bioreactor	Membrane bioreactors are combinations of membrane processes like microfiltration or ultrafiltration with a biological wastewater treatment process, the activated sludge process. These technologies are now widely used for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. The two basic membrane bioreactor configurations are...	Membrane bioreactor	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	5,737	[ "Bioreactors", "Biological engineering", "Separation processes", "Water treatment", "Chemical reactors", "Chemical engineering", "Biochemical engineering", "Water pollution", "Sewerage", "Microbiology equipment", "Membrane technology", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Wat...
7,648,694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise%20systems%20engineering	Enterprise systems engineering (ESE) is the discipline that applies systems engineering to the design of an enterprise. As a discipline, it includes a body of knowledge, principles, and processes tailored to the design of enterprise systems. An enterprise is a complex, socio-technical system that comprises interdepe...	Enterprise systems engineering	[ "Engineering" ]	1,769	[ "Systems engineering", "Enterprise modelling" ]
7,651,012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%20M.%20O.%20Smith	Apollo Milton Olin Smith (usually referred to as A.M.O. Smith) (born July 2, 1911 – May 1, 1997) was an important figure in the aerodynamics field at Douglas Aircraft from 1938 to 1975 and an early pioneer in the area of computational fluid dynamics. Early life A.M.O. Smith was born in Columbia, Missouri. He graduate...	Apollo M. O. Smith	[ "Chemistry" ]	812	[ "Fluid dynamicists", "Fluid dynamics" ]
7,651,674	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20foam	Ceramic foam is a tough foam made from ceramics. Manufacturing techniques include impregnating open-cell polymer foams internally with ceramic slurry and then firing in a kiln, leaving only ceramic material. The foams may consist of several ceramic materials such as aluminium oxide, a common high-temperature ceramic, a...	Ceramic foam	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,522	[ "Ceramic engineering", "Foams", "Ceramic materials" ]
7,652,313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf%20angle%20distribution	The leaf angle distribution (or LAD) of a plant canopy refers to the mathematical description of the angular orientation of the leaves in the vegetation. Specifically, if each leaf is conceptually represented by a small flat plate, its orientation can be described with the zenith and the azimuth angles of the surface n...	Leaf angle distribution	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	855	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Plants", "Plant morphology", "Waves", "Radiation" ]
15,028,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MED30	Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 30 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED30 gene. It represents subunit Med30 of the Mediator complex and is metazoan-specific, having no homologues in yeasts. Interactions MED30 has been shown to interact with MED22. References Further reading ...	MED30	[ "Biology" ]	70	[ "Protein domains", "Protein classification" ]
15,029,253	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BATF%20%28gene%29	Basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like, also known as BATF, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein that belongs to the AP-1/ATF superfamily of transcription factors. The leucine zipper of this prote...	BATF (gene)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	178	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
15,029,327	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MXD4	Max-interacting transcriptional repressor MAD4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MXD4 gene. Function This gene is a member of the MAD gene family . The MAD genes encode basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper proteins that heterodimerize with MAX protein, forming a transcriptional repression complex. The M...	MXD4	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	131	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
15,030,334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNGB1	Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 1, also known as CNGB1, is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein. See also Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel References Further reading External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview Ion channels	CNGB1	[ "Chemistry" ]	68	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels" ]
15,030,445	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGR3	Early growth response protein 3 is a protein in humans, encoded by the EGR3 gene. The gene encodes a transcriptional regulator that belongs to the EGR family of C2H2-type zinc-finger proteins. It is an immediate-early growth response gene which is induced by mitogenic stimulation. The protein encoded by this gene par...	EGR3	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	100	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
13,925,681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramble%E2%80%93Hilbert%20lemma	In mathematics, particularly numerical analysis, the Bramble–Hilbert lemma, named after James H. Bramble and Stephen Hilbert, bounds the error of an approximation of a function by a polynomial of order at most in terms of derivatives of of order . Both the error of the approximation and the derivatives of are measu...	Bramble–Hilbert lemma	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,045	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Approximation theory", "Mathematical relations", "Lemmas in mathematical analysis", "Lemmas", "Approximations" ]
13,933,421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic%20conductivity%20%28solid%20state%29	Ionic conductivity (denoted by ) is a measure of a substance's tendency towards ionic conduction. Ionic conduction is the movement of ions. The phenomenon is observed in solids and solutions. Ionic conduction is one mechanism of current. In crystalline solids In most solids, ions rigidly occupy fixed positions, stron...	Ionic conductivity (solid state)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	383	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Physical properties", "Electrochemistry", "Electrochemistry stubs" ]
13,933,711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20voltage%20scaling	In computer architecture, dynamic voltage scaling is a power management technique in which the voltage used in a component is increased or decreased, depending upon circumstances. Dynamic voltage scaling to increase voltage is known as overvolting; dynamic voltage scaling to decrease voltage is known as undervolting. U...	Dynamic voltage scaling	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,732	[ "Physical quantities", "Electrical systems", "Quantity", "Physical systems", "Voltage", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
13,934,390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%20line%20%28electronics%29	In graphical analysis of nonlinear electronic circuits, a load line is a line drawn on the current–voltage characteristic graph for a nonlinear device like a diode or transistor. It represents the constraint put on the voltage and current in the nonlinear device by the external circuit. The load line, usually a straigh...	Load line (electronics)	[ "Engineering" ]	1,080	[ "Electrical engineering" ]
393,519	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage%20divider	In electronics, a voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is a passive linear circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input voltage (Vin). Voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among the components of the divider. A simple example of a voltage div...	Voltage divider	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,832	[ "Physical quantities", "Electrical systems", "Analog circuits", "Quantity", "Physical systems", "Electronic engineering", "Voltage", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
393,810	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson%20number	The Richardson number (Ri) is named after Lewis Fry Richardson (1881–1953). It is the dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of the buoyancy term to the flow shear term: where is gravity, is density, is a representative flow speed, and is depth. The Richardson number, or one of several variants, is of pra...	Richardson number	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	935	[ "Chemical engineering", "Atmospheric dispersion modeling", "Environmental engineering", "Piping", "Environmental modelling", "Fluid dynamics" ]
393,813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boussinesq%20approximation%20%28buoyancy%29	In fluid dynamics, the Boussinesq approximation (, named for Joseph Valentin Boussinesq) is used in the field of buoyancy-driven flow (also known as natural convection). It ignores density differences except where they appear in terms multiplied by , the acceleration due to gravity. The essence of the Boussinesq approx...	Boussinesq approximation (buoyancy)	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	939	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
394,464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur%20world%20hypothesis	The iron–sulfur world hypothesis is a set of proposals for the origin of life and the early evolution of life advanced in a series of articles between 1988 and 1992 by Günter Wächtershäuser, a Munich patent lawyer with a degree in chemistry, who had been encouraged and supported by philosopher Karl R. Popper to publish...	Iron–sulfur world hypothesis	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,689	[ "Origin of life", "Biochemistry", "Cellular processes", "Biological hypotheses", "Metabolism" ]
394,520	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher%20Werkbund	The Deutscher Werkbund (; ) is a German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists established in 1907. The Werkbund became an important element in the development of modern architecture and industrial design, particularly in the later creation of the Bauhaus school of design. Its initial purpose ...	Deutscher Werkbund	[ "Engineering" ]	1,659	[ "Industrial design", "Design engineering", "Design" ]
394,765	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast%20artificial%20chromosome	Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is then ligated into a bacterial plasmid. By inserting large fragments of DNA, from 100–1000 kb, the inserted sequences can be cloned and physically mapped using a process call...	Yeast artificial chromosome	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,250	[ "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
395,167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froude%20number	In continuum mechanics, the Froude number (, after William Froude, ) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the flow inertia to the external force field (the latter in many applications simply due to gravity). The Froude number is based on the speed–length ratio which he defined as: where is the local flow...	Froude number	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,471	[ "Naval architecture", "Chemical engineering", "Marine engineering", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
395,248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabla%20symbol	∇ The nabla symbol The nabla is a triangular symbol resembling an inverted Greek delta: or ∇. The name comes, by reason of the symbol's shape, from the Hellenistic Greek word for a Phoenician harp, and was suggested by the encyclopedist William Robertson Smith in an 1870 letter to Peter Guthrie Tait. The nabla symb...	Nabla symbol	[ "Mathematics" ]	995	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Symbols", "Differential operators", "Mathematical symbols" ]

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