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Applied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques. In contrast, basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions, principally in natural sciences but also in other empirical sciences, which are used as the scientific foundation for applied science. Basic science develops and establishes... | Basic research | Wikipedia | 448 | 30863191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20research | Physical sciences | Science basics | Basics and measurement |
Bamboo shoots or bamboo sprouts are the edible shoots (new bamboo culms that come out of the ground) of many bamboo species including Bambusa vulgaris and Phyllostachys edulis. They are used as vegetables in numerous Asian dishes and broths. They are sold in various processed shapes and are available in fresh, dried, a... | Bamboo shoot | Wikipedia | 136 | 30863347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20shoot | Biology and health sciences | Other vegetables | Plants |
Harvested species
Most young bamboo shoots are edible after being boiled to remove toxins, but only around a hundred or so species are harvested regularly for edible shoots. These are usually from species that are also cultivated for other uses. These include:
Acidosasa – native to South China and Vietnam
Acidosasa edu... | Bamboo shoot | Wikipedia | 502 | 30863347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20shoot | Biology and health sciences | Other vegetables | Plants |
Sasa – native to Korea, Japan, and eastern Russia (Sakhalin)
Sasa kurilensis – native to Korea, Japan, and eastern Russia (Sakhalin) | Bamboo shoot | Wikipedia | 37 | 30863347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20shoot | Biology and health sciences | Other vegetables | Plants |
Freshly collected bamboo shoots are a good source of thiamine, niacin, vitamin A, vitamin B6, and vitamin E. 17 different amino acids have been reported, 8 of them essential for humans. The amount of amino acids in canned and fermented shoots is lower than when freshly prepared.
Uses
Culinary
Raw bamboo is toxic to ... | Bamboo shoot | Wikipedia | 333 | 30863347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20shoot | Biology and health sciences | Other vegetables | Plants |
In Nepal, they are used in dishes that have been well known in the country for centuries. A popular dish is tama (fermented bamboo shoot), made with potato and beans. An old popular song in Nepali mentions tama as "my mother loves vegetable of recipe containing potato, beans, and tama". Some varieties of bamboo shoots ... | Bamboo shoot | Wikipedia | 482 | 30863347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20shoot | Biology and health sciences | Other vegetables | Plants |
In Jharkhand, India, the bamboo shoots are used as a vegetable. Young shoots and stored shoots are known as karil and shandhna respectively.
In the western part of Odisha, India, they are known as karadi and are used in traditional curries such as Ambila, pithou bhaja and pickle. In monsoon, it can be abundantly found... | Bamboo shoot | Wikipedia | 462 | 30863347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20shoot | Biology and health sciences | Other vegetables | Plants |
In the Philippines, bamboo shoots are primarily harvested from bolo bamboo (Gigantochloa levis), giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper), common bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), spiny bamboo (Bambusa blumeana), and two endemic species, bayog (Bambusa merrilliana) and laak (Bambusa philippinensis). Other economically important spe... | Bamboo shoot | Wikipedia | 432 | 30863347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20shoot | Biology and health sciences | Other vegetables | Plants |
In Myanmar, bamboo shoots are called hmyit (). They can be used in a soup called myahait hcaut tar la bot or talabaw, bamboo soup. The preparation of this dish generally follows three steps. First, the bamboo shoots are collected from a bamboo forest. Bamboo can be found in the whole of Myanmar but the bamboo shoots fr... | Bamboo shoot | Wikipedia | 462 | 30863347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20shoot | Biology and health sciences | Other vegetables | Plants |
The boa constrictor (scientific name also Boa constrictor), also known as the common boa, is a species of large, non-venomous, heavy-bodied snake that is frequently kept and bred in captivity. The boa constrictor is a member of the family Boidae. The species is native to tropical South America. A staple of private coll... | Boa constrictor | Wikipedia | 444 | 30863385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa%20constrictor | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Size and weight
The boa constrictor is a large snake, although it is only modestly sized in comparison to other large snakes, such as the reticulated python, Burmese python, or the occasionally sympatric green anaconda, and can reach lengths from depending on the locality and the availability of suitable prey. Clear s... | Boa constrictor | Wikipedia | 478 | 30863385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa%20constrictor | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Some individuals exhibit pigmentary disorders, such as albinism. Although these individuals are rare in the wild, they are common in captivity, where they are often selectively bred to make a variety of different color "morphs". Boa constrictors have an arrow-shaped head with very distinctive stripes on it: One runs do... | Boa constrictor | Wikipedia | 397 | 30863385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa%20constrictor | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Boa constrictors generally live on their own and do not interact with any other snakes unless they want to mate. They are nocturnal, but they may bask during the day when night-time temperatures are too low. As semi-arboreal snakes, young boa constrictors may climb into trees and shrubs to forage; however, they become ... | Boa constrictor | Wikipedia | 407 | 30863385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa%20constrictor | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Boa constrictors are ambush predators, so they often lie in wait for an appropriate prey to come along, then they attack a moment before the prey can escape. However, they have also been known to actively hunt, particularly in regions with a low concentration of suitable prey, and this behavior generally occurs at nigh... | Boa constrictor | Wikipedia | 229 | 30863385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa%20constrictor | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Boa constrictors are viviparous, giving birth to live young. They generally breed in the dry season—between April and August—and are polygynous; thus, males may mate with multiple females. Half of all females breed in a given year, and a larger percentage of males actively attempt to locate a mate. Due to their polygyn... | Boa constrictor | Wikipedia | 348 | 30863385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa%20constrictor | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
During the breeding season, the female boa constrictor emits pheromones from her cloaca to attract males, which may then wrestle to select one to breed with her. During breeding, the male curls his tail around the female's and the hemipenes (or male reproductive organs) are inserted. Copulation can last from a few minu... | Boa constrictor | Wikipedia | 452 | 30863385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa%20constrictor | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Economic significance
Boa constrictors are very popular within the exotic pet trade and have been both captured in the wild and bred in captivity. Today, most captive boa constrictors are captive-bred, but between 1977 and 1983, 113,000 live boa constrictors were imported into the United States. These huge numbers of w... | Boa constrictor | Wikipedia | 311 | 30863385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa%20constrictor | Biology and health sciences | Snakes | Animals |
Nypa fruticans, commonly known as the nipa palm (or simply nipa, from ) or mangrove palm, is a species of palm native to the coastlines and estuarine habitats of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the only palm considered adapted to the mangrove biome. The genus Nypa and the subfamily Nypoideae are monotypic taxa bec... | Nypa fruticans | Wikipedia | 507 | 30863534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa%20fruticans | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Assuming the habitat of extinct Nypa is similar to that of the extant species N. fruticans, the presence of Nypa fossils may indicate monsoonal or at least seasonal rainfall regimes, and likely tropical climates. The worldwide distribution of Nypa in the Eocene, especially in deposits from polar latitudes, is supportin... | Nypa fruticans | Wikipedia | 496 | 30863534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa%20fruticans | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
On the islands of Roti and Savu, nipa palm sap is fed to pigs during the dry season. This is said to impart a sweet flavour to the meat. The young leaves are dried, bleached and cut to wrap tobacco for smoking, this practice is also found in Sumatra.
In Cambodia, this palm is called cha:k; its leaves are used to cove... | Nypa fruticans | Wikipedia | 477 | 30863534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa%20fruticans | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
In Indonesia, especially in Java and Bali, the sap can be used to make a variant of Jaggery called gula nipah. In Sarawak, it is called gula apong.
In Thailand, leaf is used for dessert.
In Cambodia, its leaves are used for wrapping cakes (such as num katâm), and the flowers are sometimes used to make sugar, vinegar... | Nypa fruticans | Wikipedia | 276 | 30863534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa%20fruticans | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implem... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 503 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
The CYCLADES network, designed by Louis Pouzin in the early 1970s was the first to implement the end-to-end principle, and make the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data on a packet-switched network, rather than this being a service of the network itself. His team was the first to tackle the highly comple... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 439 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
Concept
The information exchanged between devices through a network or other media is governed by rules and conventions that can be set out in communication protocol specifications. The nature of communication, the actual data exchanged and any state-dependent behaviors, is defined by these specifications. In digital ... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 486 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
Text-based
A text-based protocol or plain text protocol represents its content in human-readable format, often in plain text encoded in a machine-readable encoding such as ASCII or UTF-8, or in structured text-based formats such as Intel hex format, XML or JSON.
The immediate human readability stands in contrast to n... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 448 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
Messages are sent and received on communicating systems to establish communication. Protocols should therefore specify rules governing the transmission. In general, much of the following should be addressed:
Data formats for data exchange
Digital message bitstrings are exchanged. The bitstrings are divided in fields an... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 489 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
Packets may be lost on the network or be delayed in transit. To cope with this, under some protocols, a sender may expect an acknowledgment of correct reception from the receiver within a certain amount of time. Thus, on timeouts, the sender may need to retransmit the information. In case of a permanently broken link, ... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 366 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
Protocol design
Systems engineering principles have been applied to create a set of common network protocol design principles. The design of complex protocols often involves decomposition into simpler, cooperating protocols. Such a set of cooperating protocols is sometimes called a protocol family or a protocol suite, ... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 456 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
Typically, application software is built upon a robust data transport layer. Underlying this transport layer is a datagram delivery and routing mechanism that is typically connectionless in the Internet. Packet relaying across networks happens over another layer that involves only network link technologies, which are o... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 473 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
The modules below the application layer are generally considered part of the operating system. Passing data between these modules is much less expensive than passing data between an application program and the transport layer. The boundary between the application layer and the transport layer is called the operating sy... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 386 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
The need for protocol standards
The need for protocol standards can be shown by looking at what happened to the Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) protocol invented by IBM. BSC is an early link-level protocol used to connect two separate nodes. It was originally not intended to be used in a multinode network, but ... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 474 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
Multiple standards bodies may be involved in the development of a protocol. If they are uncoordinated, then the result may be multiple, incompatible definitions of a protocol, or multiple, incompatible interpretations of messages; important invariants in one definition (e.g., that time-to-live values are monotone decre... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 478 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
In the OSI model, the layers and their functionality are (from highest to lowest layer):
The Application layer may provide the following services to the application processes: identification of the intended communication partners, establishment of the necessary authority to communicate, determination of availability a... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 485 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
In contrast to the TCP/IP layering scheme, which assumes a connectionless network, RM/OSI assumed a connection-oriented network. Connection-oriented networks are more suitable for wide area networks and connectionless networks are more suitable for local area networks. Connection-oriented communication requires some fo... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 453 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
The wire image can be deliberately engineered, encrypting parts that intermediaries should not be able to observe and providing signals for what they should be able to. If provided signals are decoupled from the protocol's operation, they may become untrustworthy. Benign network management and research are affected by ... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 465 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
Recommended methods of preventing ossification include encrypting protocol metadata, and ensuring that extension points are exercised and wire image variability is exhibited as fully as possible; remedying existing ossification requires coordination across protocol participants. QUIC is the first IETF transport protoco... | Communication protocol | Wikipedia | 361 | 28030850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Technology | Internet | null |
A species (: species) is a population of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. Other ways of defining ... | Species | Wikipedia | 445 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Species and higher taxa were seen from the time of Aristotle until the 18th century as categories that could be arranged in a hierarchy, the great chain of being. In the 19th century, biologists grasped that species could evolve given sufficient time. Charles Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species explained how sp... | Species | Wikipedia | 423 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
A typological species is a group of organisms in which individuals conform to certain fixed properties (a type, which may be defined by a chosen 'nominal species'), so that even pre-literate people often recognise the same taxon as do modern taxonomists. The clusters of variations or phenotypes within specimens (such a... | Species | Wikipedia | 468 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
The average nucleotide identity (ANI) method quantifies genetic distance between entire genomes, using regions of about 10,000 base pairs. With enough data from genomes of one genus, algorithms can be used to categorize species, as for Pseudomonas avellanae in 2013, and for all sequenced bacteria and archaea since 2020... | Species | Wikipedia | 248 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
A phylogenetic or cladistic species is "the smallest aggregation of populations (sexual) or lineages (asexual) diagnosable by a unique combination of character states in comparable individuals (semaphoronts)". The empirical basis – observed character states – provides the evidence to support hypotheses about evolutiona... | Species | Wikipedia | 374 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
An evolutionary species, suggested by George Gaylord Simpson in 1951, is "an entity composed of organisms which maintains its identity from other such entities through time and over space, and which has its own independent evolutionary fate and historical tendencies". This differs from the biological species concept in... | Species | Wikipedia | 494 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Viruses have enormous populations, are doubtfully living since they consist of little more than a string of DNA or RNA in a protein coat, and mutate rapidly. All of these factors make conventional species concepts largely inapplicable. A viral quasispecies is a group of genotypes related by similar mutations, competing... | Species | Wikipedia | 392 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Many authors have argued that a simple textbook definition, following Mayr's concept, works well for most multi-celled organisms, but breaks down in several situations:
When organisms reproduce asexually, as in single-celled organisms such as bacteria and other prokaryotes, and parthenogenetic or apomictic multi-celle... | Species | Wikipedia | 368 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
The botanist Brent Mishler argued that the species concept is not valid, notably because gene flux decreases gradually rather than in discrete steps, which hampers objective delimitation of species. Indeed, complex and unstable patterns of gene flux have been observed in cichlid teleosts of the East African Great Lakes... | Species | Wikipedia | 476 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
A ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can sexually interbreed with adjacent related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linked" po... | Species | Wikipedia | 367 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
A species is given a taxonomic name when a type specimen is described formally, in a publication that assigns it a unique scientific name. The description typically provides means for identifying the new species, which may not be based solely on morphology (see cryptic species), differentiating it from other previously... | Species | Wikipedia | 421 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
With the rise of online databases, codes have been devised to provide identifiers for species that are already defined, including:
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) employs a numeric 'taxid' or Taxonomy identifier, a "stable unique identifier", e.g., the taxid of Homo sapiens is 9606.
Kyoto Encyclo... | Species | Wikipedia | 495 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
The nomenclatural codes that guide the naming of species, including the ICZN for animals and the ICN for plants, do not make rules for defining the boundaries of the species. Research can change the boundaries, also known as circumscription, based on new evidence. Species may then need to be distinguished by the bounda... | Species | Wikipedia | 486 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Louis-Marie Bobay and Howard Ochman suggest, based on analysis of the genomes of many types of bacteria, that they can often be grouped "into communities that regularly swap genes", in much the same way that plants and animals can be grouped into reproductively isolated breeding populations. Bacteria may thus form spec... | Species | Wikipedia | 489 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
It has been argued, that since species are not comparable, simply counting them is not a valid measure of biodiversity; alternative measures of phylogenetic biodiversity have been proposed.
History
Classical forms
In his biology, Aristotle used the term γένος (génos) to mean a kind, such as a bird or fish, and εἶδος... | Species | Wikipedia | 406 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
In the 18th century, the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified organisms according to shared physical characteristics, and not simply based upon differences. Like many contemporary systematists, he established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to... | Species | Wikipedia | 361 | 21780446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species | Biology and health sciences | Biology | null |
Trombiculidae (), commonly referred to in North America as chiggers and in Britain as harvest mites, but also known as berry bugs, bush-mites, red bugs or scrub-itch mites, are a family of mites. Chiggers are often confused with jiggers – a type of flea. Several species of Trombiculidae in their larva stage bite their... | Trombiculidae | Wikipedia | 344 | 21784348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombiculidae | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | Animals |
Trombiculid mites go through a lifecycle of egg, larva, nymph, and adult. The larval mites feed on the skin cells of animals. The six-legged parasitic larvae feed on a large variety of creatures, including humans, rabbits, toads, box turtles, quail, and even some insects. After crawling onto their hosts, they inject di... | Trombiculidae | Wikipedia | 398 | 21784348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombiculidae | Biology and health sciences | Arachnids | Animals |
Alpha particles, also called alpha rays or alpha radiation, consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus. They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay but may also be produced in other ways. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Gr... | Alpha particle | Wikipedia | 440 | 21787470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20particle | Physical sciences | Nuclear physics | null |
The best-known source of alpha particles is alpha decay of heavier (mass number of at least 104) atoms. When an atom emits an alpha particle in alpha decay, the atom's mass number decreases by four due to the loss of the four nucleons in the alpha particle. The atomic number of the atom goes down by two, as a result of... | Alpha particle | Wikipedia | 456 | 21787470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20particle | Physical sciences | Nuclear physics | null |
Ternary fission
Especially energetic alpha particles deriving from a nuclear process are produced in the relatively rare (one in a few hundred) nuclear fission process of ternary fission. In this process, three charged particles are produced from the event instead of the normal two, with the smallest of the charged pa... | Alpha particle | Wikipedia | 457 | 21787470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20particle | Physical sciences | Nuclear physics | null |
With a typical kinetic energy of 5 MeV; the speed of emitted alpha particles is 15,000 km/s, which is 5% of the speed of light. This energy is a substantial amount of energy for a single particle, but their high mass means alpha particles have a lower speed than any other common type of radiation, e.g. β particles, neu... | Alpha particle | Wikipedia | 471 | 21787470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20particle | Physical sciences | Nuclear physics | null |
In 1896, Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium emits an invisible radiation that can leave marks on photographic plates, and this mystery radiation wasn't phosphorescence. Marie Curie showed that this phenomenon, which she called "radioactivity", was not unique to uranium and a consequence of individual atoms. Ernest... | Alpha particle | Wikipedia | 385 | 21787470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20particle | Physical sciences | Nuclear physics | null |
In 1906, Rutherford made some more precise measurements of the charge-to-mass ratio of alpha particles. Firstly, he found that the ratio was more or less the same whether the source was radium or actinium, showing that alpha particles are the same regardless of the source. Secondly, he found the charge-to-mass ratio of... | Alpha particle | Wikipedia | 490 | 21787470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20particle | Physical sciences | Nuclear physics | null |
Anti-alpha particle
While anti-matter equivalents for helium-3 have been known since 1970,
it took until 2010 for members of the international STAR collaboration using the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory to detect the antimatter partner of the helium-4 ... | Alpha particle | Wikipedia | 427 | 21787470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20particle | Physical sciences | Nuclear physics | null |
Radium-223 is an alpha emitter that is naturally attracted to the bone because it is a calcium mimetic. Radium-223 (as radium-223 dichloride) can be infused into a cancer patient's veins, after which it migrates to parts of the bone where there is rapid turnover of cells due to the presence of metastasized tumors. Once... | Alpha particle | Wikipedia | 494 | 21787470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20particle | Physical sciences | Nuclear physics | null |
A river mouth is where a river flows into a larger body of water, such as another river, a lake/reservoir, a bay/gulf, a sea, or an ocean. At the river mouth, sediments are often deposited due to the slowing of the current, reducing the carrying capacity of the water.
The water from a river can enter the receiving body... | River mouth | Wikipedia | 484 | 21789178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20mouth | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is the use of the radio frequency spectrum for purposes of non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation, radiosport, contesting, and emergency communications. The term "amateur" is used to specify "a duly authorized person inter... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 469 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
The origins of amateur radio can be traced to the late 19th century, but amateur radio as practised today began in the early 20th century. The First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America, produced in 1909, contains a list of amateur radio stations. This radio callbook lists wireless ... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 458 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Radiotelegraphy using Morse code, also known as "CW" from "continuous wave", is the wireless extension of landline (wired) telegraphy developed by Samuel Morse and dates to the earliest days of radio. Although computer-based (digital) modes and methods have largely replaced CW for commercial and military applications, ... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 457 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Automatic link establishment (ALE) has enabled continuous amateur radio networks to operate on the high frequency bands with global coverage. Other modes, such as FSK441 using software such as WSJT, are used for weak signal modes including meteor scatter and moonbounce communications.
Fast scan amateur television has ... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 455 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Many amateur radio operators participate in radio contests, during which an individual or team of operators typically seek to contact and exchange information with as many other amateur radio stations as possible in a given period of time. In addition to contests, a number of amateur radio operating award schemes exist... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 505 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Amateur radio licensing in the United States exemplifies the way in which some countries award different levels of amateur radio licenses based on technical knowledge: three sequential levels of licensing exams (Technician Class, General Class, and Amateur Extra Class) are currently offered, which allow operators who p... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 369 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
The ease with which an individual can acquire an amateur radio license varies from country to country. In some countries, examinations may be offered only once or twice a year in the national capital and can be inordinately bureaucratic (for example in India) or challenging because some amateurs must undergo difficult ... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 505 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
The reciprocal recognition of licenses frequently not only depends on the involved licensing authorities, but also on the nationality of the bearer. As an example, in the US, foreign licenses are recognized only if the bearer does not have US citizenship and holds no US license (which may differ in terms of operating p... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 505 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
1 – Gives the subdivision of the country or territory indicated in the first part (this one refers to the Western Cape).
NAT – The final part is unique to the holder of the license, identifying that station specifically.
Many countries do not follow the ITU convention for the numeral. In the United Kingdom the origin... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 510 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
In Canada, call signs start with VA, VE, VY, VO, and CY. Call signs starting with 'V' end with a number after to indicate the political region; prefix CY indicates geographic islands. Prefix VA1 or VE1 is Nova Scotia, VA2VE2 is Quebec, VA3VE3 is Ontario, VA4VE4 is Manitoba, VA5VE5 is Saskatchewan, VA6VE6 is Alberta, VA... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 458 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Privileges
In most administrations, unlike other RF spectrum users, radio amateurs may build or modify transmitting equipment for their own use within the amateur spectrum without the need to obtain government certification of the equipment. Licensed amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands (rather than being... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 469 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
The point at which power output is measured may also affect transmissions. The United Kingdom measures at the point the antenna is connected to the signal feed cable, which means the radio system may transmit more than 400 W to overcome signal loss in the cable; conversely, Germany measures power at the output of the f... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 475 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Similarly, amateurs in the United States may apply to be registered with the Military Auxiliary Radio System (MARS). Once approved and trained, these amateurs also operate on US government military frequencies to provide contingency communications and morale message traffic support to the military services.
Modes of c... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 366 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Digimodes
D-STAR
Digital mobile radio
Fusion (Yaesu own mode)
GTOR
Discrete multi-tone modulation modes such as Multi Tone 63 (MT63)
Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying (MFSK) modes such as
FSK441, JT6M, JT65, JT9, FT8, FT4
JS8Call
WSPR
Olivia MFSK
Packet radio (AX.25)
Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)
Ph... | Amateur radio | Wikipedia | 236 | 23275402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio | Technology | Media and communication | null |
The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), also called painted dog and Cape hunting dog, is a wild canine native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is the largest wild canine in Africa, and the only extant member of the genus Lycaon, which is distinguished from Canis by dentition highly specialised for a hypercarnivorous diet and by... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 488 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The African wild dog was scientifically described in 1820 by Coenraad Jacob Temminck after examining a specimen from the coast of Mozambique, which he named Hyaena picta. It was later recognised as a canid by Joshua Brookes in 1827 and renamed Lycaon tricolor. The root word of Lycaon is the Greek λυκαίος (lykaios), mea... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 510 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The oldest African wild dog fossil dates back to 200,000 years ago and was found in HaYonim Cave, Israel. The evolution of the African wild dog is poorly understood owing to the scarcity of fossil finds. Some authors consider the extinct Canis subgenus Xenocyon as ancestral to both the genus Lycaon and the genus Cuon, ... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 468 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Although the species is genetically diverse, these subspecific designations are not universally accepted. East African and Southern African wild dog populations were once thought to be genetically distinct, based on a small number of samples. More recent studies with a larger number of samples showed that extensive int... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 429 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The fur of the African wild dog differs significantly from that of other canids, consisting entirely of stiff bristle-hairs with no underfur. Adults gradually lose their fur as it ages, with older individuals being almost naked. Colour variation is extreme, and may serve in visual identification, as African wild dogs c... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 286 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Distribution and habitat
The African wild dog occurs foremost in Southern and East Africa.
It is rare in North Africa and mostly absent in West Africa, with the only potentially viable population occurring in Senegal's Niokolo-Koba National Park. It is occasionally sighted in other parts of Senegal, Guinea and Mali. I... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 241 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The African wild dog have strong social bonds, stronger than those of sympatric lions and spotted hyenas; thus, solitary living and hunting are extremely rare in the species. It lives in permanent packs consisting of two to 27 adults and yearling pups. The typical pack size in the Kruger National Park and the Maasai Ma... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 440 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
African wild dog populations in East Africa appear to have no fixed breeding season, whereas those in Southern Africa usually breed during the April–July period. During estrus, the female is closely accompanied by a single male, which keeps other members of the same sex at bay. The estrus period can last as long as 20 ... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 441 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Male/female ratio
Packs of African wild dogs have a high ratio of males to females. This is a consequence of the males mostly staying with the pack whilst female offspring disperse and is supported by a changing sex-ratio in consecutive litters. Those born to maiden females contain a higher proportion of males, second... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 428 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The African wild dog is a specialised pack hunter of common medium-sized antelopes. It is a primarily diurnal predator and hunts by approaching prey silently, then chasing it in a pursuit clocking at up to for 10–60 minutes. The average chase covers some , during which the prey animal, if large, is repeatedly bitten o... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 93 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
African wild dogs adjust their hunting strategy to the particular prey species. They will rush at wildebeest to panic the herd and isolate a vulnerable individual, but pursue territorial antelope species (which defend themselves by running in wide circles) by cutting across the arc to foil their escape. Medium-sized pr... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 424 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Hunting success varies with prey type, vegetation cover and pack size, but African wild dogs tend to be very successful: often more than 60% of their chases end in a kill, sometimes up to 90%. An analysis of 1,119 chases by a pack of six Okavango wild dogs showed that most were short distance uncoordinated chases, and ... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 291 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Lions dominate African wild dogs and are a major source of mortality for both adults and pups. Population densities are usually low in areas where lions are more abundant. One pack reintroduced into Etosha National Park was wiped out by lions. A population crash in lions in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area during the 1... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 253 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
African wild dogs commonly lose their kills to larger predators. Spotted hyenas are important kleptoparasites and follow packs of African wild dogs to appropriate their kills. They typically inspect areas where wild dogs have rested and eat any food remains they find. When approaching wild dogs at a kill, solitary hyen... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 393 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Conservation
The non-governmental organization African Wild Dog Conservancy began working in 2003 to conserve the African wild dog in northeastern and coastal Kenya, a convergence zone of two biodiversity hotspots. This area largely consists of community lands inhabited by pastoralists. With the help of local people, ... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 330 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
San people
The African wild dog also plays a prominent role in the mythology of Southern Africa's San people. In one story, the wild dog is indirectly linked to the origin of death, as the hare is cursed by the moon to be forever hunted by African wild dogs after the hare rebuffs the moon's promise to allow all living... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 441 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Documentary
A Wild Dog's Tale (2013), a single painted dog (named Solo by researchers) befriends hyenas and jackals in Okavango, hunting together. Solo feeds and cares for jackal pups.
The Pale Pack, Savage Kingdom, Season 1 (2016), was the story of Botswana African wild dog pack leaders Teemana and Molao written and... | African wild dog | Wikipedia | 255 | 23275627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20wild%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group (a... | Ciliate | Wikipedia | 391 | 23278617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Nuclei
Unlike most other eukaryotes, ciliates have two different sorts of nuclei: a tiny, diploid micronucleus (the "generative nucleus", which carries the germline of the cell), and a large, ampliploid macronucleus (the "vegetative nucleus", which takes care of general cell regulation, expressing the phenotype of the ... | Ciliate | Wikipedia | 466 | 23278617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Mostly, body cilia are arranged in mono- and dikinetids, which respectively include one and two kinetosomes (basal bodies), each of which may support a cilium. These are arranged into rows called kineties, which run from the anterior to posterior of the cell. The body and oral kinetids make up the infraciliature, an or... | Ciliate | Wikipedia | 512 | 23278617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
Reproduction and sexual phenomena
Reproduction
Ciliates reproduce asexually, by various kinds of fission. During fission, the micronucleus undergoes mitosis and the macronucleus elongates and undergoes amitosis (except among the Karyorelictean ciliates, whose macronuclei do not divide). The cell then divides in two, ... | Ciliate | Wikipedia | 488 | 23278617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
In many ciliates, such as Paramecium, conjugating partners (gamonts) are similar or indistinguishable in size and shape. This is referred to as "isogamontic" conjugation. In some groups, partners are different in size and shape. This is referred to as "anisogamontic" conjugation. In sessile peritrichs, for instance, on... | Ciliate | Wikipedia | 486 | 23278617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
In addition, the micronuclear genes are interrupted by numerous "internal eliminated sequences" (IESs). During development of the macronucleus, IESs are deleted and the remaining gene segments, macronuclear destined sequences (MDSs), are spliced together to give the operational gene. Tetrahymena has about 6,000 IESs an... | Ciliate | Wikipedia | 417 | 23278617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate | Biology and health sciences | SAR supergroup | Plants |
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