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Summary
While the human medical use of antibiotics is the main source of antibiotic resistant infections in humans, it is known that humans can acquire antibiotic resistance genes from a variety of animal sources, including farm animals, pets and wildlife. Three potential mechanisms by which agricultural antibiotic us... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 249 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Direct contact with animals
In terms of direct infection with resistant bacteria from an animals source, studies have shown that direct contact with livestock can lead to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The risk appears greatest in those handling or managing livestock, for example in a study where resista... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 396 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Foodborne antibiotic resistance
Another way humans can be exposed to antibiotic-resistant bacteria is by pathogens on food. In particular, If resistant bacteria are ingested by humans via food and then colonise the gut, they can cause infections which are unpleasant enough in themselves, but can be even harder to trea... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 358 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
The use of antibiotics in livestock also has the potential to introduce antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans via environmental exposure or inhalation of airborne bacteria. Antibiotics given to livestock in sub-therapeutic concentrations to stimulate growth when there is no diagnosis of disease – a practice still per... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 458 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
However, the World Organisation for Animal Health has acknowledged the need to protect antibiotics but argued against a total ban on antibiotic use in animal production. A total ban on antibiotics might drastically reduce protein supply in some parts of the world, and when use of antibiotics is reduced or eliminated in... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 483 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
The use of medicines to treat disease in food-producing animals is regulated in nearly all countries, although some countries prescription-control their antibiotics, meaning only qualified veterinary surgeons can prescribe and in some cases dispense them. Historically, the restrictions have existed to prevent contamina... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 420 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Canada
Because of concerns about antibiotics residues getting into the milk or meat of cattle, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) enforces standards which protect consumers by ensuring that foods produced will not contain antibiotics at a level which will cause harm to consumers. In Canada the veterinary drug r... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 394 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
In 1999, the European Union (EU) implemented an antibiotic resistance monitoring program and a plan to phase out antibiotic use for the purposes of growth promotion by 2006. The European Union banned the use of antibiotics as growth agents starting on 1 January 2006 with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. In Germany, 1,734 ... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 501 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
New Zealand
In 1999 the New Zealand government issued a statement that they would not then ban the use of antibiotics in livestock production. In 2007 ABC Online reported on antibiotic use in chicken production in New Zealand.
In 2017, New Zealand published a new action plan to address the ongoing concern of antimicrob... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 379 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
While sales data give an overview of levels of use, products are often licensed for use in many species and therefore it is not possible to determine levels of use in different species without more specific usage data from each sector. In 2011, British Poultry Council members, representing 90% of the UK poultry meat in... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 470 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Factors such as levels of infectious disease domestically or internationally, weather and vaccine availability can all affect antibiotic use. For example, the Scottish salmon farming sector worked with Government and researchers to introduce a vaccine for the disease Furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida) in 1994, which ... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 460 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
In 2015, the FDA approved a new Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD), an updated guideline giving instructions to pharmaceutical companies, veterinarians and producers about how to administer necessary drugs through the animal's feed and water. Around the same time, the FDA published a report of antibiotics sold or distribu... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 425 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Some grocery stores have policies about antibiotic use in the animal whose produce they sell. In response to consumer concerns about the use of antibiotics in poultry, Perdue removed all human antibiotics from its feed in 2007 and launched the Harvestland brand, under which it sold products that met the requirements fo... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 420 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
It is difficult to set up a comprehensive surveillance system for measuring rates of change in antibiotic resistance. The US Government Accountability Office published a report in 2011 stating that government and commercial agencies had not been collecting sufficient data to make a decision about best practices. There ... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 441 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
In another study it was found that using probiotics, competitive exclusion, enzymes, immunomodulators and organic acids prevents the spread of bacteria and can all be used in place of antibiotics. Another research team was able to use bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages in the control of bacterial i... | Antibiotic use in livestock | Wikipedia | 153 | 40364158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic%20use%20in%20livestock | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a signal. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequencies or fr... | Filter (signal processing) | Wikipedia | 490 | 23434533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Technology | Components | null |
The difference between these filter families is that they all use a different polynomial function to approximate to the ideal filter response. This results in each having a different transfer function.
Another older, less-used methodology is the image parameter method. Filters designed by this methodology are archai... | Filter (signal processing) | Wikipedia | 506 | 23434533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Technology | Components | null |
Multilevel and multiphase digital modulation systems require filters that have flat phase delay—are linear phase in the passband—to preserve pulse integrity in the time domain,
giving less intersymbol interference than other kinds of filters.
On the other hand, analog audio systems using analog transmission can tolera... | Filter (signal processing) | Wikipedia | 212 | 23434533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Technology | Components | null |
Electronic filters were originally entirely passive consisting of resistance, inductance and capacitance. Active technology makes design easier and opens up new possibilities in filter specifications.
Digital filters operate on signals represented in digital form. The essence of a digital filter is that it directly im... | Filter (signal processing) | Wikipedia | 479 | 23434533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Technology | Components | null |
In the late 1930s, engineers realized that small mechanical systems made of rigid materials such as quartz would acoustically resonate at radio frequencies, i.e. from audible frequencies (sound) up to several hundred megahertz. Some early resonators were made of steel, but quartz quickly became favored. The biggest adv... | Filter (signal processing) | Wikipedia | 472 | 23434533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Technology | Components | null |
Another method of filtering, at microwave frequencies from 800 MHz to about 5 GHz, is to use a synthetic single crystal yttrium iron garnet sphere made of a chemical combination of yttrium and iron (YIGF, or yttrium iron garnet filter). The garnet sits on a strip of metal driven by a transistor, and a small loop anten... | Filter (signal processing) | Wikipedia | 510 | 23434533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Technology | Components | null |
An alternative to transfer functions is to give the behavior of the filter as a convolution of the time-domain input with the filter's impulse response. The convolution theorem, which holds for Laplace transforms, guarantees equivalence with transfer functions.
Classification
Certain filters may be specified by fami... | Filter (signal processing) | Wikipedia | 428 | 23434533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Technology | Components | null |
Any family can be used to implement a particular bandform of which frequencies are transmitted, and which, outside the passband, are more or less attenuated. The transfer function completely specifies the behavior of a linear filter, but not the particular technology used to implement it. In other words, there are a ... | Filter (signal processing) | Wikipedia | 340 | 23434533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Technology | Components | null |
High-velocity clouds (HVCs) are large accumulations of gas with an unusually rapid motion relative to their surroundings. They can be found throughout the galactic halo of the Milky Way. Their bulk motions in the local standard of rest have velocities which are measured in excess of 70–90 km s−1. These clouds of gas ca... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 451 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
They were soon located, in 1963, via their neutral hydrogen radio emission. They were traveling toward the galactic disk at a very high velocity relative to other entities in the galactic disk. The first two clouds that were located were named Complex A and Complex C. Due to their anomalous velocities, these objects we... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 420 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Multi-phase structure
HVCs are typically the coldest and densest components of the galactic halo. However, the halo itself also has a multi-phase structure: cold and dense neutral hydrogen at temperatures less than 104 K, warm and warm-hot gas at temperatures between 104 K and 106 K, and hot ionized gas at temperature... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 442 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Indirect-distance constraint
The indirect-distance-constraint methods are usually dependent on theoretical models, and assumptions must be made in order for them to work. One indirect method involves Hα observations, where an assumption is made that the emission lines come from ionizing radiation from the galaxy, reac... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 430 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Size
Observed angular sizes for HVCs range from 103 degrees2 down to the resolution limit of the observations. Typically, high resolution observations eventually show that larger HVCs are often composed of many smaller complexes. When detecting HVCs solely via HI emission, all of the HVCs in the Milky Way cover about 3... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 454 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Oort's hypothesis
Jan Oort developed a model to explain HVCs as gas left over from the early formation of the galaxy. He theorized that if this gas were at the edge of the galaxy's gravitational influence, over billions of years it could be dragged back toward the Galactic disk and fall back in as HVCs. Oort's model ex... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 438 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Dark matter
Another model, proposed by David Eichler, now at Ben Gurion University, and later by Leo Blitz of the University of California at Berkeley, assumes the clouds are very massive, located between galaxies, and created when baryonic material pools near concentrations of dark matter. The gravitational attraction... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 389 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
The current model for the universe, ɅCDM, indicates that galaxies tend to cluster and achieve a web-like structure over time. Under such models, the large majority of baryons entering a galactic halo do so along these cosmic filaments. 70% of the mass inflow at the virial radius is consistent with coming in along cosmi... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 494 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
In the Northern Hemisphere, we find several large HVCs, though nothing on the order of the Magellanic system (discussed below). Complexes A and C were the first HVCs discovered and were first observed in 1963. Both of these clouds have been found to be deficient in heavy elements, showing a concentration that is 10–30%... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 398 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
In the Southern Hemisphere, the most prominent HVCs are all associated with the Magellanic system which has two major components, the Magellanic Stream and the Leading Arm. They are both made of gas that was stripped from the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC). Half of the gas was decelerated and now lags ... | High-velocity cloud | Wikipedia | 473 | 39065406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-velocity%20cloud | Physical sciences | Basics_2 | Astronomy |
Marine weather forecasting is the process by which mariners and meteorological organizations attempt to forecast future weather conditions over the Earth's oceans. Mariners have had rules of thumb regarding the navigation around tropical cyclones for many years, dividing a storm into halves and sailing through the nor... | Marine weather forecasting | Wikipedia | 456 | 39067260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20weather%20forecasting | Physical sciences | Meteorology: General | Earth science |
The first attempt as a marine weather program within the United States was initiated in New Orleans, Louisiana by the United States Army Signal Corps. A January 23, 1873 memo directed the New Orleans Signal Observer to transcribe meteorological data from the ship logs of those arriving in port. Marine forecasting res... | Marine weather forecasting | Wikipedia | 408 | 39067260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20weather%20forecasting | Physical sciences | Meteorology: General | Earth science |
Development of warm ocean currents
The trade winds blow westward in the tropics, and the westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes. This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the north Atlantic Ocean. The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorward. Because of conse... | Marine weather forecasting | Wikipedia | 424 | 39067260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20weather%20forecasting | Physical sciences | Meteorology: General | Earth science |
This dispersive arrivals of swells, long periods first with a reduction in the peak wave period over time, can be used to tell the distance at which swells were generated. Whereas the sea state in the storm has a frequency spectrum with more or less always the same shape (i.e. a well defined peak with dominant frequen... | Marine weather forecasting | Wikipedia | 462 | 39067260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20weather%20forecasting | Physical sciences | Meteorology: General | Earth science |
The 1-2-3 rule (mariners' 1-2-3 rule or danger area) is a guideline commonly taught to mariners for severe storm (specifically hurricane and tropical storm) tracking and prediction. It refers to the rounded long-term National Hurricane Center forecast errors of 100-200-300 nautical miles at 24-48-72 hours, respectively... | Marine weather forecasting | Wikipedia | 473 | 39067260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20weather%20forecasting | Physical sciences | Meteorology: General | Earth science |
Within this third generation of models, the spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography. It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid), wave shoaling, refraction, energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation. Since surface... | Marine weather forecasting | Wikipedia | 451 | 39067260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20weather%20forecasting | Physical sciences | Meteorology: General | Earth science |
Weather buoys
Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and ocean data within the world's oceans, as well as aid during emergency response to chemical spills, legal proceedings, and engineering design. Moored buoys have been in use since 1951, while drifting buoys have been used since 1972. Moored buoys are... | Marine weather forecasting | Wikipedia | 466 | 39067260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20weather%20forecasting | Physical sciences | Meteorology: General | Earth science |
Utility
Commercial and recreational use of waterways can be limited significantly by wind direction and speed, wave periodicity and heights, tides, and precipitation. These factors can each influence the safety of marine transit. Consequently, a variety of codes have been established to efficiently transmit detailed ma... | Marine weather forecasting | Wikipedia | 447 | 39067260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20weather%20forecasting | Physical sciences | Meteorology: General | Earth science |
Within the United States National Weather Service, the Ocean Prediction Center (OPC), established in 1995, is one of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s (NCEP's) original six service centers. Until January 12, 2003, the name of the organization was the Marine Prediction Center. The OPC issues forecas... | Marine weather forecasting | Wikipedia | 286 | 39067260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20weather%20forecasting | Physical sciences | Meteorology: General | Earth science |
The Held–Karp algorithm, also called the Bellman–Held–Karp algorithm, is a dynamic programming algorithm proposed in 1962 independently by Bellman and by Held and Karp to solve the traveling salesman problem (TSP), in which the input is a distance matrix between a set of cities, and the goal is to find a minimum-length... | Held–Karp algorithm | Wikipedia | 469 | 45036001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Held%E2%80%93Karp%20algorithm | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
This stage of the algorithm finishes when is known for every integer , giving the shortest distance from city to city that passes through every other city. The much shorter second stage adds these distances to the edge lengths to give possible shortest cycles, and then finds the shortest.
The shortest path itself... | Held–Karp algorithm | Wikipedia | 455 | 45036001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Held%E2%80%93Karp%20algorithm | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
function algorithm TSP (G, n) is
for k := 2 to n do
g({k}, k) := d(1, k)
end for
for s := 2 to n−1 do
for all S ⊆ {2, ..., n}, |S| = s do
for all k ∈ S do
g(S, k) := minm≠k,m∈S [g(S\{k}, m) + d(m, k)]
end for
end for
end for
... | Held–Karp algorithm | Wikipedia | 389 | 45036001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Held%E2%80%93Karp%20algorithm | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Approximate algorithms for solving the TSP
As the application of precise algorithm to solve problem is very limited, we often use approximate algorithm or heuristic algorithm. The result of the algorithm can be assessed by C / C* ≤ ε . C is the total travelling distance generated from approximate algorithm; C* is the o... | Held–Karp algorithm | Wikipedia | 158 | 45036001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Held%E2%80%93Karp%20algorithm | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
A videocassette recorder (VCR) or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other AV sources and can play back the recording after rewinding. The use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly ref... | Videocassette recorder | Wikipedia | 504 | 23442715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette%20recorder | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was its first VTR intended for home use. It was the first fully transistorized VCR.
The development of the videocassette followed the replacement by cassette of other open reel systems in consumer items: the Stereo-Pak four-track audio cartridge in 1962, ... | Videocassette recorder | Wikipedia | 500 | 23442715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette%20recorder | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
Mass-market success
The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR.
VHS vs. Betamax
Two major standards, Sony's Betamax (als... | Videocassette recorder | Wikipedia | 262 | 23442715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette%20recorder | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
Shortcomings
Video cassette recorders are sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity. If the machine (or tape) is moved from a hot to a colder environment, there could be condensation of moisture on the internal parts, such as the rotating video head drum. Some later models were equipped with a dew warning which... | Videocassette recorder | Wikipedia | 385 | 23442715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette%20recorder | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
The declining market, combined with a US FCC mandate effective March 1, 2007, that all new TV tuners in the US include ATSC and QAM support, encouraged major electronics manufacturers to end production of standalone units, with VCR/DVD combo decks being made since then; most of them then can only record from external b... | Videocassette recorder | Wikipedia | 428 | 23442715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette%20recorder | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
Variants
Most camcorders produced in the 20th century also feature an integrated VCR. Generally, they include neither a timer nor a TV tuner. Most of these use smaller format videocassettes, such as 8 mm, VHS-C, or MiniDV, although some early models supported full-size VHS and Betamax. In the 21st century, digital rec... | Videocassette recorder | Wikipedia | 115 | 23442715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette%20recorder | Technology | Media and communication: Basics | null |
Twitch is an American video live-streaming service popular in video games, including broadcasts of esports competitions. It also offers music broadcasts, creative content, and "in real life" streams. Twitch is operated by Twitch Interactive, a subsidiary of Amazon. It was introduced in June 2011 as a spin-off of the ge... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 398 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Founding and initial growth (2007–2013)
When Justin.tv was launched in 2007 by Justin Kan and Emmett Shear, two recent Yale graduates, the site was divided into several content categories. The gaming category grew especially fast, and became the most popular content on the site. In June 2011, the company decided to spi... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 489 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On February 10, 2014, Twitch's parent company (Justin.tv, Inc.) was renamed Twitch Interactive, reflecting the increased prominence of the service over Justin.tv as the company's main business. That same month, a stream known as Twitch Plays Pokémon, a crowdsourced attempt to play Pokémon Red using a system translating... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 443 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On August 25, 2014, Amazon acquired Twitch Interactive for in an all-cash deal. Sources reported that the rumoured Google deal had fallen through and allowed Amazon to make the bid, with Forbes reporting that Google had backed out of the deal due to potential antitrust concerns surrounding it and its existing ownershi... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 399 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On August 16, 2016, Twitch acquired Curse LLC, an operator of online video gaming communities and gaming-oriented VoIP software. In December 2016, GoodGame Agency was divested by Amazon to their respective members due to conflict of interest concerns. On September 30, 2016, Twitch announced Twitch Prime, a service whic... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 466 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Twitch's new headquarters at 350 Bush Street opened in August 2019. To comply with historic preservation requirements, the developer kept the front facade of the San Francisco Curb Exchange, but tore down everything behind the facade, and built a reconstruction of the old trading hall through which visitors must walk ... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 411 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On October 6, 2021, an anonymous hacker reportedly leaked "the entirety" of Twitch, including its source code of the Twitch client and APIs, and details of the payouts made to almost 2.4 million streamers since August 2019. The user posted a 128GB torrent link to 4chan and said that the leak, which includes source code... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 358 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On September 21, 2022, Twitch announced it would be reducing the subscription revenue earned by large streamers. Though most streamers get a 50% of revenue from subscriptions, some larger streamers have premium subscription terms, which give them 70% of subscription revenue. The new change, set to take effect on June 1... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 435 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On June 6, 2023, Twitch announced restrictions on third-party sponsor placements in streams, including restricting the size of sponsor logos, and prohibiting "burned-in" audio, video, or display advertising. The changes were met with criticism from major streamers such as Asmongold (who threatened to leave the service)... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 479 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In January 2024, Twitch announced another mass layoff, affecting 500 employees or 35% of total staff, after previous layoffs in early 2023. The announcement came amid ongoing struggles and ensuing layoffs across the tech and digital media sectors.
In October 2024, Twitch's longtime head of music Cindy Charles died.
C... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 387 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In March 2017, Twitch added an "IRL" category, which is designed for content within Twitch guidelines that does not fall within any of the other established categories on the site (such as lifelogs). GeekWire reported that "while gameplay still makes up the vast majority of the content broadcast via Twitch, the 'Just C... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 501 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Twitch and Blizzard Entertainment signed a two-year deal in June 2017 to make Twitch be the exclusive streaming broadcaster of select Blizzard esports championship events, with viewers under Twitch Prime earning special rewards in various Blizzard games. Twitch also reached a deal in 2018 to be the streaming partner of... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 472 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On September 5, 2019, the Premier Hockey Federation announced a three-year broadcast rights deal with Twitch, covering all games and league events. The deal also contained an agreement with the Premier Hockey Federation Players' Association for revenue sharing with players, and marked the first time that the NWHL had e... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 435 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On January 6, 2021, Twitch announced that they had removed the PogChamp emote, the third most-used emote on the platform in 2018, typically used to express excitement, joy or shock. The decision was made in response to comments from the streamer Ryan "Gootecks" Gutierrez, the face of the emote, supporting civil unrest ... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 399 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
there have been eight streamers to have reached over 100,000 concurrent subscribers. These streamers are Ninja, Shroud, Ranboo, Ludwig, Casimiro, Ironmouse, Gaules and Ibai. In April 2021, Business Insider reported that "over the past 31 days, Ahgren has streamed non-stop in an attempt to break the record of 269,154 su... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 372 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In August 2021, DrLupo left Twitch for an exclusivity deal with YouTube; TimTheTatman followed in September 2021, as did Ludwig Ahgren in November 2021. Nathan Grayson, for The Washington Post, commented that when streamers moved to Mixer in 2019, Twitch quickly locked down multiple streamers in exclusivity deals; howe... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 507 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
it had 3 million broadcasters monthly and 15 million daily active users, with 1.4 million average concurrent users. Statista, a company specializing in market and consumer data, reported that "as of May 2020, users in their teens and twenties accounted for more than three-quarters of Twitch's active app user accounts i... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 237 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Twitch allows anyone to watch a live broadcast and does not require viewers to log in. Users also have the option to follow and subscribe (also known as subbing) to streamers. Following is a free option, similar to other platforms such as Instagram and Twitter, where the user will see their followed streamers on the fr... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 501 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In April 2017, Twitch launched its "Affiliate Program" that allows smaller channels to generate revenue as well, also announcing that it would allow channels access to multi-priced subscription tiers. The participants of this program get some but not all of the benefits of the Twitch Partners. Streamers can make profit... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 283 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In January 2024, Twitch made some changes to the program. The platform announced that it would be introducing a new tier to its revenue share program that would grant a 60/40 revenue split and has lower requirements. In addition, the program would also become open to affiliates, expanding access to smaller creators. Th... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 426 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Copyrighted content
On August 6, 2014, Twitch announced that all on-demand videos on Twitch became subject to acoustic fingerprinting using software provided by content protection company Audible Magic; if copyrighted music (particularly, songs played by users from outside of the game they are playing) is detected, the... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 414 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
To address these issues and also build upon the growth of music-based content on Twitch, Twitch introduced an extension known as "Soundtrack" in September 2020, which plays rights-cleared music with curated genre-based playlists. It is contained within a separate audio track that is not recorded with VODs, and had agre... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 489 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Twitch took temporary action in May 2019 after channels related to the video game Artifact began to be used for inappropriate content. Artifact, a major game by Valve, had lost most of its audience in just months from its release, and by late May 2019, several popular livestreamers commented that the total viewership f... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 455 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In December 2023, shortly after instating a new policy that allowed specific instances of adult content, Twitch reversed its decision to allow depictions of "fictionalized nudity" following backlash from users and streamers. Twitch CEO Dan Clancy acknowledged that the new policy was a step too far, and that distinguish... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 369 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Twitch announced a new policy towards harassment and hateful content in December 2020 that would take effect on January 22, 2021, aimed to better protect marginalized users of the service. While the new policy is more strict, Twitch said that this also includes a larger sliding scale of remedies or punishments to bette... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 330 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
A popular feature of Twitch is the ability to "raid" another channel, where multiple users, coordinated from a different Twitch channel or another social media service, all join a target channel to provide support and encouragement. This is typically used to help boost the popularity of the target channel, particularly... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 414 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In November 2024, Twitch banned "Zionist" as a slur. Twitch specified that the rule was conditional. "You’re allowed to discuss the political movement of that name, but not “attack or demean another individual or group of people on the basis of their background or religious belief.” Twitch said. This move was condemned... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 502 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In India, Twitch was reportedly blocked by Reliance-owned telecommunication company Jio as well as internet service providers JioFiber and Hathway in September 2020 as some users were illegally streaming Indian Premier League cricket matches on the platform.
Slovakia's government reportedly blocked Twitch in June 2021... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 376 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Twitch's mobile apps for Android, Fire OS, and iOS
The free and open-source OBS Studio app for Windows, macOS and Linux
Twitch Studio app for Windows and macOS
Native integration on PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, NVIDIA Shield TV Pro, and NVIDIA Shield tablets
Prior versions of Twitch's ap... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 474 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
On March 30, 2022, Twitch announced that it would officially end support for the Twitch Desktop App on April 30, 2022, opting users of the desktop app to use a web browser to interact with Twitch on desktop platforms.
Creator Dashboard
The Creator Dashboard on Twitch is a tool that helps streamers manage and optimize... | Twitch (service) | Wikipedia | 467 | 33548254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch%20%28service%29 | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Agricultural geography is a sub-discipline of human geography concerned with the spatial relationships found between agriculture and humans. That is, the study of the phenomena and effects that lead to the formation of the earth's top surface, in different regions.
History
Humans have been interacting with their surr... | Agricultural geography | Wikipedia | 439 | 41800775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20geography | Technology | Academic disciplines | null |
Loaches are ray-finned fish of the suborder Cobitoidei. They are freshwater, benthic (bottom-dwelling) fish found in rivers and creeks throughout Eurasia and northern Africa. Loaches are among the most diverse groups of fish; the 1249 known species of Cobitoidei comprise about 107 genera divided among 9 families.
Etym... | Loach | Wikipedia | 407 | 30994374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loach | Biology and health sciences | Cypriniformes | Animals |
Classification
Cobitoidei is a suborder within the order Cypriniformes, one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates. The order is commonly known as "minnows, carps, loaches, and relatives," and has included the suckers (Catostomidae) and algae eaters (Gyrinocheilidae), these are now regarded as separate suborders, t... | Loach | Wikipedia | 353 | 30994374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loach | Biology and health sciences | Cypriniformes | Animals |
History of classification
At the turn of the 20th century only two families of loaches had been described, and of these only Cobitidae was widely recognized by taxonomists. In the early 1900s, the American ichthyologist Fowler and the Indian ichthyologist Hora recognized what would come to be known as Balitoridae and ... | Loach | Wikipedia | 484 | 30994374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loach | Biology and health sciences | Cypriniformes | Animals |
Loaches are popular in the aquarium trade. Loaches are fed sinking discs designed for them in the aquarium. Some of the most well-known examples are the clown loach (Chromobotia macracanthus), the kuhli loach (Pangio kuhlii), and the dwarf chain loach (Ambastaia sidthimunki). Botiid and gastromyzontid loaches also occa... | Loach | Wikipedia | 147 | 30994374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loach | Biology and health sciences | Cypriniformes | Animals |
The hectare (; SI symbol: ha) is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides (1 hm2), that is, 10,000 square metres (10,000 m2), and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is about and one hectare contains about .
In 1795, when the... | Hectare | Wikipedia | 458 | 24919513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare | Physical sciences | Area | null |
In many countries, metrification redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units. The following legacy units of area have been redefined as being equal to one hectare:
Jerib () in Iran
Djerib () in Turkey
Gongqing () in China
Manzana in Argentina
Bunder in the Netherlands (until 1937)
In Mexico, land ... | Hectare | Wikipedia | 512 | 24919513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare | Physical sciences | Area | null |
The are ( or ) is a unit of area, equal to 100 square metres (), used for measuring land area. It was defined by older forms of the metric system, but is now outside the modern International System of Units (SI). It is still commonly used in speech to measure real estate, in particular in Indonesia, India, and in vario... | Hectare | Wikipedia | 358 | 24919513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare | Physical sciences | Area | null |
The wild yak (Bos mutus) is a large, wild bovine native to the Himalayas. It is the ancestor of the domestic yak (Bos grunniens).
Taxonomy
The ancestor of the wild and domestic yak is thought to have diverged from Bos primigenius at a point between one and five million years ago. The wild yak is now normally treated ... | Wild yak | Wikipedia | 444 | 37615379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20yak | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Distribution and habitat
Wild yaks once ranged up to southern Siberia to the east of Lake Baikal, with fossil remains of them being recovered from Denisova Cave, but became extinct in Russia around the 17th century. Today, wild yaks are found primarily in northern Tibet and western Qinghai, with some populations extend... | Wild yak | Wikipedia | 507 | 37615379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20yak | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Conservation
The wild yak is currently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. It was previously classified as Endangered, but was downlisted in 1996 based on the estimated rate of population decline and current population sizes. The latest assessment in 2008 suggested a total population of no more than 10,000 matur... | Wild yak | Wikipedia | 268 | 37615379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20yak | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Julida is an order of millipedes. Members are mostly small and cylindrical, typically ranging from in length. Eyes may be present or absent, and in mature males of many species, the first pair of legs is modified into hook-like structures. Additionally, both pairs of legs on the 7th body segment of males are modified ... | Julida | Wikipedia | 319 | 36194985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julida | Biology and health sciences | Myriapoda | Animals |
Tityus serrulatus, the Brazilian yellow scorpion, is a species of scorpion of the family Buthidae. It is native to Brazil, and its venom is extremely toxic. It is the most dangerous scorpion in South America and is responsible for the most fatal cases.
Description
Adult specimens typically measure between 5–7 cm (2–... | Tityus serrulatus | Wikipedia | 491 | 29589389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tityus%20serrulatus | Biology and health sciences | Scorpions | Animals |
Potency
In Brazil, scorpions are credited with causing the highest incidence of human envenomations of all venomous animals. They cause more than all other venomous animals, including snakes and spiders, combined. With mortality rates ranging from 1.0 to 2.0% among children and elderly persons, T. serrulatus is respo... | Tityus serrulatus | Wikipedia | 499 | 29589389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tityus%20serrulatus | Biology and health sciences | Scorpions | Animals |
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Dürer graph is an undirected graph with 12 vertices and 18 edges. It is named after Albrecht Dürer, whose 1514 engraving Melencolia I includes a depiction of Dürer's solid, a convex polyhedron having the Dürer graph as its skeleton. Dürer's solid is one of only four well-c... | Dürer graph | Wikipedia | 472 | 23453065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%20graph | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Tropical horticulture is a branch of horticulture that studies and cultivates plants in the tropics, i.e., the equatorial regions of the world. The field is sometimes known by the portmanteau "TropHort".
Overview
Tropical horticulture includes plants such as perennial woody plants (arboriculture), ornamentals (floric... | Tropical horticulture | Wikipedia | 462 | 23454306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20horticulture | Technology | Horticulture | null |
A block of the periodic table is a set of elements unified by the atomic orbitals their valence electrons or vacancies lie in. The term seems to have been first used by Charles Janet. Each block is named after its characteristic orbital: s-block, p-block, d-block, f-block and g-block.
The block names (s, p, d, and f) ... | Block (periodic table) | Wikipedia | 416 | 33563967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20%28periodic%20table%29 | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
The s-block, with the s standing for "sharp" and azimuthal quantum number 0, is on the left side of the conventional periodic table and is composed of elements from the first two columns plus one element in the rightmost column, the nonmetals hydrogen and helium and the alkali metals (in group 1) and alkaline earth met... | Block (periodic table) | Wikipedia | 448 | 33563967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20%28periodic%20table%29 | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
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