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The p-block elements are unified by the fact that their valence (outermost) electrons are in the p orbital. The p orbital consists of six lobed shapes coming from a central point at evenly spaced angles. The p orbital can hold a maximum of six electrons, hence there are six columns in the p-block. Elements in column 13... | Block (periodic table) | Wikipedia | 397 | 33563967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20%28periodic%20table%29 | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
The d-block, with the d standing for "diffuse" and azimuthal quantum number 2, is in the middle of the periodic table and encompasses elements from groups 3 to 12; it starts in the 4th period. Periods from the fourth onwards have a space for ten d-block elements. Most or all of these elements are also known as transiti... | Block (periodic table) | Wikipedia | 490 | 33563967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20%28periodic%20table%29 | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
The f-block elements come in two series: lanthanum through ytterbium in period 6, and actinium through nobelium in period 7. All are metals. The f-orbital electrons are less active in the chemistry of the period 6 f-block elements, although they do make some contribution; these are rather similar to each other. They ar... | Block (periodic table) | Wikipedia | 497 | 33563967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20%28periodic%20table%29 | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
g-block
A g-block, with azimuthal quantum number 4, is predicted to begin in the vicinity of element 121. Though g-orbitals are not expected to start filling in the ground state until around element 124–126 (see extended periodic table), they are likely already low enough in energy to start participating chemically in ... | Block (periodic table) | Wikipedia | 153 | 33563967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20%28periodic%20table%29 | Physical sciences | Periodic table | Chemistry |
Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub is a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. The biome is generally characterized by dry summers and rainy winters, although in some areas rainfall may be uniform. Summers are typically hot in low-lying inland locations but can be cool near colder seas. Winters are ty... | Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub | Wikipedia | 424 | 33565234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20forests%2C%20woodlands%2C%20and%20scrub | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Phytogeographers consider the fynbos (South Africa) as a separate floral kingdom because 68% of the 8,600 vascular plant species crowded into its are endemic and highly distinctive at several taxonomic levels. This is equivalent to about 40% of the plant species of the United States and Canada combined, found within a... | Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub | Wikipedia | 124 | 33565234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20forests%2C%20woodlands%2C%20and%20scrub | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Major plant communities in this biome include:
Forest: Mediterranean forests are generally composed of broadleaf trees, such as the oak and mixed sclerophyll forests of California and the Mediterranean region, the Eucalyptus forests of Southwest Australia, and the Nothofagus forests of central Chile. Forests are ofte... | Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub | Wikipedia | 426 | 33565234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20forests%2C%20woodlands%2C%20and%20scrub | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Fire, both natural and human-caused, has played a large role in shaping the ecology of Mediterranean ecoregions. The hot, dry summers make much of the region prone to fires, and lightning-caused fires occur with some frequency. Many of the plants are pyrophytes, or fire-loving, adapted or even depending on fire for rep... | Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub | Wikipedia | 480 | 33565234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20forests%2C%20woodlands%2C%20and%20scrub | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Mediterranean ecoregions are some of the most endangered and vulnerable on the planet. Many have suffered tremendous degradation and habitat loss through logging, overgrazing, conversion to agriculture, urbanization, fire suppression, and introduction of exotic and invasive species. The ecoregions around the Mediterran... | Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub | Wikipedia | 92 | 33565234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20forests%2C%20woodlands%2C%20and%20scrub | Physical sciences | Biomes: General | Earth science |
Inoculation is the act of implanting a pathogen or other microbe or virus into a person or other organism. It is a method of artificially inducing immunity against various infectious diseases. The term "inoculation" is also used more generally to refer to intentionally depositing microbes into any growth medium, as int... | Inoculation | Wikipedia | 437 | 46438704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculation | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
Inoculation also has a specific meaning for procedures done in vitro (in glass, i.e. not in a living body). These include the transfer of microorganisms into and from laboratory apparatus such as test tubes and petri dishes in research and diagnostic laboratories, and also in commercial applications such as brewing, ba... | Inoculation | Wikipedia | 493 | 46438704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculation | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
The first clear and credible reference to smallpox inoculation in China comes from Wan Quan's (1499–1582) Douzhen Xinfa (痘疹心法) of 1549, which states that some women unexpectedly menstruate during the procedure, yet his text did not give details on techniques of inoculation. Inoculation was first vividly described by Yu... | Inoculation | Wikipedia | 94 | 46438704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculation | Biology and health sciences | Concepts | Health |
The planet Mars has two permanent polar ice caps of water ice and some dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide, CO2). Above kilometer-thick layers of water ice permafrost, slabs of dry ice are deposited during a pole's winter, lying in continuous darkness, causing 25–30% of the atmosphere being deposited annually at either of t... | Martian polar ice caps | Wikipedia | 460 | 28203358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20polar%20ice%20caps | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
In 2018, Italian scientists reported that measurements of radar reflections may show a subglacial lake on Mars, below the surface of the southern polar layered deposits (not under the visible permanent ice cap), and about across; If confirmed, this would be the first known stable body of water on the planet. However,... | Martian polar ice caps | Wikipedia | 366 | 28203358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20polar%20ice%20caps | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Deuterium enrichment
Deuterium is a heavier isotope of hydrogen compared to the element's most common isotope, protium. This makes any celestial body's deuterium statistically much less prone to being carried into space by stellar wind compared to its protium. Evidence that Mars once had enough water to create a globa... | Martian polar ice caps | Wikipedia | 441 | 28203358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20polar%20ice%20caps | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The ice cap in the north is of a lower altitude (base at −5000 m, top at −2000 m) than the one in the south (base at 1000 m, top at 3500 m). It is also warmer, so all the frozen carbon dioxide disappears each summer. The part of the cap that survives the summer is called the north residual cap and is made of water ice.... | Martian polar ice caps | Wikipedia | 458 | 28203358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20polar%20ice%20caps | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Research reported in 2009 shows that the ice rich layers of the ice cap match models for Martian climate swings. NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's radar instrument can measure the contrast in electrical properties between layers. The pattern of reflectivity reveals the pattern of material variations within the layer... | Martian polar ice caps | Wikipedia | 472 | 28203358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20polar%20ice%20caps | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
In a paper published in Nature in 2023, researches found an abrupt brightness increase in the northern ice cap layers that
happened at roughly 0.4 million years ago. This change may have caused changes in wind direction that are seen in regions explored by the Zhuroug rover.
South polar cap
The south polar permanent... | Martian polar ice caps | Wikipedia | 478 | 28203358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20polar%20ice%20caps | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Research published in April 2011, described a large deposit of frozen carbon dioxide near the south pole. Most of this deposit probably enters Mars' atmosphere when the planet's tilt increases. When this occurs, the atmosphere thickens, winds get stronger, and larger areas on the surface can support liquid water.
Ana... | Martian polar ice caps | Wikipedia | 488 | 28203358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20polar%20ice%20caps | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Later research with the powerful HiRISE showed that the pits are in a 1–10 meter thick layer of dry ice that is sitting on a much larger water ice cap. Pits have been observed to begin with small areas along faint fractures. The circular pits have steep walls that work to focus sunlight, thereby increasing erosion. For... | Martian polar ice caps | Wikipedia | 476 | 28203358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20polar%20ice%20caps | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Some of the layers in the south pole also show polygonal fracturing in the form of rectangles. It is thought that the fractures were caused by the expansion and contraction of water ice below the surface.
Gallery | Martian polar ice caps | Wikipedia | 43 | 28203358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20polar%20ice%20caps | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
In Western countries extended breastfeeding usually means breastfeeding after the age of 12 to 24 months, depending on the culture.
Breast milk is known to contain lactoferrin, which protects the infant from infection caused by a wide range of pathogens. The amount of lactoferrin in breast milk increases significant... | Extended breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 370 | 28208195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Health benefits
Longitudinal research shows breastfed toddlers aged over 12 months have fewer illnesses and lower mortality rates. Breast milk is known to contain lactoferrin (Lf), which protects the infant from infection caused by a wide range of pathogens. The amount of Lf in breast milk is lactation-stage related.... | Extended breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 509 | 28208195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
In most Western countries, extended breastfeeding is not a cultural norm and a person may face judgement and shaming. The American Academy of Family Physicians states, "There is no evidence that extended breastfeeding is harmful to parent or child." The Academy of American Pediatrics makes a similar claim saying they f... | Extended breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 459 | 28208195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
There have been several cases in the United States where children have been taken away from their mother's care because the courts or government agencies found the mother's extended breastfeeding to be inappropriate.
In 1992, a New York mother lost custody of her child for a year. She was still breastfeeding the child ... | Extended breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 380 | 28208195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
In the Philippines, the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Milk Code require that breastfeeding be encouraged for babies up to the age of 2 years old or beyond. Under the same code, it is illegal to advertise infant formula or breastmilk substitutes intended for children 24 months old and below. However, a 2008 ... | Extended breastfeeding | Wikipedia | 338 | 28208195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20breastfeeding | Biology and health sciences | Health and fitness: General | Health |
Batomorphi is a clade of cartilaginous fishes, commonly known as rays, this taxon is also known as the superorder Batoidea, but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies it as the division Batomorphi. They and their close relatives, the sharks, compose the subclass Elasmobranchii. Rays are the largest group of ... | Batomorphi | Wikipedia | 396 | 26354203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batomorphi | Biology and health sciences | Batoidea | null |
Reproduction
Batoids reproduce in a number of ways. As is characteristic of elasmobranchs, batoids undergo internal fertilization. Internal fertilization is advantageous to batoids as it conserves sperm, does not expose eggs to consumption by predators, and ensures that all the energy involved in reproduction is retain... | Batomorphi | Wikipedia | 507 | 26354203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batomorphi | Biology and health sciences | Batoidea | null |
Classification
Molecular evidence refutes the hypothesis that skates and rays are derived sharks. The monophyly of the skates, the stingrays, and the electric rays has long been generally accepted. Along with Rhinopristiformes, these comprise the four traditionally accepted major batoid lineages, as in Nelson's 2006 Fi... | Batomorphi | Wikipedia | 494 | 26354203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batomorphi | Biology and health sciences | Batoidea | null |
Order Torpediniformes
Family Platyrhinidae D. S. Jordan, 1923 (thornbacks or fanrays)
Family Narkidae Fowler, 1934 (sleeper rays)
Family Narcinidae, Gill, 1862 (electric rays)
Family Hypnidae Gill, 1862 (coffin rays)
Family Torpedinidae Henle 1834 (torpedo electric rays or torpedo rays)
Order Rhinopristiformes
Family T... | Batomorphi | Wikipedia | 511 | 26354203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batomorphi | Biology and health sciences | Batoidea | null |
Family Urolophidae J. P. Müller & Henle 1841 (round stingrays or stingarees)
Family Aetobatidae Agassiz, 1858 (pelagic eagle rays)
Family Myliobatidae Bonaparte, 1835 (eagle rays)
Family Rhinopteridae D. S, Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (cownose rays)
Family Mobulidae Gill, 1893 (mantas or devil rays) | Batomorphi | Wikipedia | 88 | 26354203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batomorphi | Biology and health sciences | Batoidea | null |
Conservation
According to a 2021 study in Nature, the number of oceanic sharks and rays has declined globally by 71% over the preceding 50 years, jeopardising "the health of entire ocean ecosystems as well as food security for some of the world's poorest countries". Overfishing has increased the global extinction risk... | Batomorphi | Wikipedia | 179 | 26354203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batomorphi | Biology and health sciences | Batoidea | null |
Kotlin () is a cross-platform, statically typed, general-purpose high-level programming language with type inference. Kotlin is designed to interoperate fully with Java, and the JVM version of Kotlin's standard library depends on the Java Class Library,
but type inference allows its syntax to be more concise. Kotlin ma... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 423 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Development
In July 2011, JetBrains unveiled Project Kotlin, a new language for the JVM, which had been under development for a year. JetBrains lead Dmitry Jemerov said that most languages did not have the features they were looking for, with the exception of Scala. However, he cited the slow compilation time of Scala... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 506 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Design
Development lead Andrey Breslav has said that Kotlin is designed to be an industrial-strength object-oriented language, and a "better language" than Java, but still be fully interoperable with Java code, allowing companies to make a gradual migration from Java to Kotlin.
Borrowing from Scala, semicolons are opt... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 472 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Procedural programming style
Kotlin relaxes Java's restriction of allowing static methods and variables to exist only within a class body. Static objects and functions can be defined at the top level of the package without needing a redundant class level. For compatibility with Java, Kotlin provides a JvmName annotatio... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 496 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Scope functions
Kotlin has five scope functions, which allow the changing of scope within the context of an object. The scope functions are , , , , and .
Unpack arguments with spread operator
Similar to Python, the spread operator asterisk (*) unpacks an array's contents as individual arguments to a function, e.g.:
f... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 494 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
// Explicit use of override keyword required to override a function in derived class
override fun animate() { println("Giga Click!") }
}
Abstract classes are open by default
Abstract classes define abstract or "pure virtual" placeholder functions that will be defined in a derived class. Abstract classes are open... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 478 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
However, in cases where more than one constructor is needed for a class, a more general constructor can be defined using secondary constructor syntax, which closely resembles the constructor syntax used in most object-oriented languages like C++, C#, and Java.
// Example of class using secondary constructor syntax
// ... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 502 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Kotlin as a scripting language
Kotlin can also be used as a scripting language. A script is a Kotlin source file using the filename extension, with executable source code at the top-level scope:
// list_folders.kts
import java.io.File
val folders = File(args[0]).listFiles { file -> file.isDirectory() }
folders?.forEa... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 506 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
"Hello world" example
(Taken from and explained at https://kotlinlang.org/docs/kotlin-tour-hello-world.html.)
fun main() {
println("Hello, world!")
// Hello, world!
}
Tools
Android Studio (based on IntelliJ IDEA) has official support for Kotlin, starting from Android Studio 3.
Integration with common Java b... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 491 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
In 2020, JetBrains found in a survey of developers who use Kotlin that 56% were using Kotlin for mobile apps, while 47% were using it for a web back-end. Just over a third of all Kotlin developers said that they were migrating to Kotlin from another language. Most Kotlin users were targeting Android (or otherwise on th... | Kotlin (programming language) | Wikipedia | 323 | 41819039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
The oceanic zone is typically defined as the area of the ocean lying beyond the continental shelf (e.g. the neritic zone), but operationally is often referred to as beginning where the water depths drop to below , seaward from the coast into the open ocean with its pelagic zone.
It is the region of open sea beyond the... | Oceanic zone | Wikipedia | 438 | 24951890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic%20zone | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
There are creatures, however, which thrive around hydrothermal vents, or geysers located on the ocean floor that expel superheated water that is rich in minerals. These organisms feed off of chemosynthetic bacteria, which use the superheated water and chemicals from the hydrothermal vents to create energy in place of p... | Oceanic zone | Wikipedia | 243 | 24951890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic%20zone | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
In radio astronomy, a fast radio burst (FRB) is a transient radio pulse of length ranging from a fraction of a millisecond, for an ultra-fast radio burst, to 3 seconds, caused by some high-energy astrophysical process not yet understood. Astronomers estimate the average FRB releases as much energy in a millisecond as t... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 378 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
The discovery in 2012 of the first repeating source, FRB 121102, and its localization and characterization in 2017, has improved the understanding of the source class. FRB 121102 is identified with a galaxy at a distance of approximately three billion light-years and is embedded in an extreme environment. The first hos... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 489 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
The first fast radio burst to be described, the Lorimer Burst FRB 010724, was found in 2007 in archived data recorded by the Parkes Observatory on 24 July 2001. Since then, many FRBs have been found in previously recorded data. On 19 January 2015, astronomers at Australia's national science agency (CSIRO) reported that... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 512 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Origin hypotheses
Because of the isolated nature of the observed phenomenon, the nature of the source remains speculative. , there is no generally accepted single explanation, although a magnetar has been identified as a possible source. The sources are thought to be a few hundred kilometers or less in size, as the bu... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 334 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Especially energetic supernovae could be the source of these bursts. Blitzars were proposed in 2013 as an explanation.
In 2014 it was suggested that following dark matter-induced collapse of pulsars, the resulting expulsion of the pulsar magnetospheres could be the source of fast radio bursts. In 2015 it was suggested ... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 503 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
2007 (Lorimer Burst)
The first FRB detected, the Lorimer Burst FRB 010724, was discovered in 2007 when Duncan Lorimer of West Virginia University assigned his student David Narkevic to look through archival data taken in 2001 by the Parkes radio dish in Australia.
Analysis of the survey data found a 30-jansky dispersed... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 458 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
In November 2015, astronomer Paul Scholz at McGill University in Canada, found ten non-periodically repeated fast radio pulses in archival data gathered in May and June 2015 by the Arecibo radio telescope. The ten bursts have dispersion measures and sky positions consistent with the original burst FRB 121102, detected ... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 355 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
On 26 August 2017, astronomers using data from the Green Bank Telescope detected 15 additional repeating FRBs coming from FRB 121102 at 5 to 8 GHz. The researchers also noted that FRB 121102 is presently in a "heightened activity state, and follow-on observations are encouraged, particularly at higher radio frequencies... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 510 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
2013
In 2013, four bursts were identified that supported the likelihood of extragalactic sources.
2014
In 2014, FRB 140514 was caught 'live' and was found to be 21% (±7%) circularly polarised.
2015
FRB 150418
On 18 April 2015, FRB 150418 was detected by the Parkes observatory and within hours, several telescopes i... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 445 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
The unusual CHIME (Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment) radio telescope, operational from September 2018, can be used to detect "hundreds" of fast radio bursts as a secondary objective to its cosmological observations. FRB 180725A was reported by CHIME as the first detection of a FRB under 700 MHz – as low a... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 305 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
FRB 180916, more formally FRB 180916.J0158+65, is a repeating FRB discovered by CHIME, that later studies found to have originated from a medium-sized spiral galaxy (SDSS J015800.28+654253.0) about 500 million light-years away – the closest FRB discovered to date. It is also the first FRB observed to have a regular per... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 479 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
June 2019
On 28 June 2019, Russian astronomers reported the discovery of nine FRB events (FRB 121029, FRB 131030, FRB 140212, FRB 141216, FRB 151125.1, FRB 151125.2, FRB 160206, FRB 161202, FRB 180321), which include FRB 151125, the third repeating one ever detected, from the direction of the M 31 (Andromeda Galaxy) a... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 463 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
FRB 191228
On 31 December 2019, Australian astronomers, using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), reported the detection of FRB 191228 in the Piscis Austrinus constellation (RA = 22:57(2), DEC = -29:46(40)).
2020
FRB 200120E
In February & March 2022, astronomers reported that a globular cluste... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 485 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
FRB 201124
On 31 March 2021, the CHIME/FRB Collaboration reported the detection of FRB 20201124A and related multiple bursts within the week of 23 March 2021 — designated as 20210323A, 20210326A, 20210327A, 20210327B, 20210327C, and 20210328A — and later, likely 20210401A and 20210402A. Further related observations we... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 490 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
FRB 211211
On 15 December 2021, astronomers at the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory reported further observations of the "bright CHIME FRB 20211122A (event #202020046 T0: 2021-12-11T16:58:05.183768)".
2022
FRB 220414
On 14 April 2022, astronomers at Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder Array (a radio interferometer located in... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 313 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
FRB 220912
On 15 October 2022, astronomers at CHIME/FRB reported the detection of nine bursts in three days of FRB 20220912A. Since later bursts observed between 15 October 2022 and 29 October 2022 by the CHIME/FRB collaboration, astronomers, afterwards, at the Allen Telescope Array (ATA), on 1 November 2022, reported... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 435 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
FRB 221128
On 1 December 2022, astronomers reported the discovery of FRB 20221128A, using the UTMOST-NS radio telescope located in New South Wales, Australia. According to the astronomers, "The most likely position [of FRB 20221128A] is RA = 07:30(10), DEC = -41:32(1), J2000 which corresponds to Galactic coordinates: ... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 365 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Discovery of a new repeating FRB 20240114A by the CHIME/FRB Collaboration (at position RA (J2000): 321.9162 +- 0.0087 deg, Dec (J2000): 4.3501 +- 0.0124 degrees) was reported on 26 January 2024. The three bursts from the FRB were detected at "2024-01-14 21:50:39, 2024-01-21 21:30:40, and 2024-01-24 21:20:11 UTC", and a... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 490 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
On 2 April 2024, astronomers report over 100 detections of FRB 20240114A using five small European radio telescopes. On 18 April 2024, a coincident gamma-ray emission was observed possibly associated with FRB 20240114A. On 23 April 2024, five repeat bursts from FRB 20240114A were reported to have been detected by the ... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 290 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
FRB 240216
Announcement of five bursts from FRB 20240216A, a new repeating fast radio burst source, detected by Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) at position (J2000) of RA: 10:12:19.9 DEC: +14:02:26, was reported on 22 February 2024. FAST, on February 24, 2024, reported no detection, with several explanations, of FRB ... | Fast radio burst | Wikipedia | 110 | 40408388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20radio%20burst | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | Astronomy |
Hyaenodonta ("hyena teeth") is an extinct order of hypercarnivorous placental mammals of clade Pan-Carnivora from mirorder Ferae. Hyaenodonts were important mammalian predators that arose during the early Paleocene in Europe and persisted well into the late Miocene.
Characteristics
Hyaenodonts are characterized by l... | Hyaenodonta | Wikipedia | 314 | 47959320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenodonta | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Hyaenodonts were ancestrally plantigrade, but the later, larger forms were generally digitigrade or semidigitigrade. Because of their size range, it is probable that different species hunted in different ways, which allowed them to fill many different predatory niches, with small or medium-sized forms filling roles sim... | Hyaenodonta | Wikipedia | 400 | 47959320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenodonta | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
They were important hypercarnivores in Eurasia, Africa, and North America during the Oligocene, but declined towards the end of the epoch, with almost the entire order becoming extinct by the close of the Oligocene. Several representatives of this order, including hyainailourids Megistotherium, Simbakubwa, Hyainailouro... | Hyaenodonta | Wikipedia | 462 | 47959320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenodonta | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Tally marks, also called hash marks, are a form of numeral used for counting. They can be thought of as a unary numeral system.
They are most useful in counting or tallying ongoing results, such as the score in a game or sport, as no intermediate results need to be erased or discarded. However, because of the length ... | Tally marks | Wikipedia | 479 | 47962742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally%20marks | Mathematics | Basics | null |
Roman numerals, the Brahmi and Chinese numerals for one through three (一 二 三), and rod numerals were derived from tally marks, as possibly was the ogham script.
Base 1 arithmetic notation system is a unary positional system similar to tally marks. It is rarely used as a practical base for counting due to its difficult... | Tally marks | Wikipedia | 267 | 47962742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally%20marks | Mathematics | Basics | null |
Spongia officinalis, better known as a variety of bath sponge, is a commercially used sea sponge. Individuals grow in large lobes with small openings and are formed by a mesh of primary and secondary fibers. It is light grey to black in color. It is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea up to 100 meters deep on rocky ... | Spongia officinalis | Wikipedia | 508 | 31012716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongia%20officinalis | Biology and health sciences | Porifera | Animals |
Reproduction
Spongia officinalis can reproduce asexually via budding or fragmentation.
Sexual reproduction is also common in S. officinalis. Individuals can be dioecious, either male or female, or sequential hermaphrodites, meaning they can alternate between male and female. Successive hermaphroditism can take place ... | Spongia officinalis | Wikipedia | 501 | 31012716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongia%20officinalis | Biology and health sciences | Porifera | Animals |
Sponge fishing in the Mediterranean has been in practice since ancient times. Aristotle even wrote of it around 350 BC. Traditionally, sponge fishing was practiced by Greeks who dove underwater to collect specimens. The practice remained this way until the late 19th century. There was a small increase in sponge fishing... | Spongia officinalis | Wikipedia | 457 | 31012716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongia%20officinalis | Biology and health sciences | Porifera | Animals |
In the mathematical fields of graph theory and combinatorics, a matching polynomial (sometimes called an acyclic polynomial) is a generating function of the numbers of matchings of various sizes in a graph. It is one of several graph polynomials studied in algebraic graph theory.
Definition
Several different types of ... | Matching polynomial | Wikipedia | 497 | 24956783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20polynomial | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
Computational complexity
On arbitrary graphs, or even planar graphs, computing the matching polynomial is #P-complete . However, it can be computed more efficiently when additional structure about the graph is known. In particular,
computing the matching polynomial on n-vertex graphs of treewidth k is fixed-parameter t... | Matching polynomial | Wikipedia | 119 | 24956783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20polynomial | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
A light-year, alternatively spelled light year (ly or lyr), is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equal to exactly , which is approximately 5.88 trillion mi. As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year... | Light-year | Wikipedia | 411 | 23473595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year | Physical sciences | Length and distance | null |
Before 1984, the tropical year (not the Julian year) and a measured (not defined) speed of light were included in the IAU (1964) System of Astronomical Constants, used from 1968 to 1983. The product of Simon Newcomb's J1900.0 mean tropical year of ephemeris seconds and a speed of light of produced a light-year of (r... | Light-year | Wikipedia | 511 | 23473595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year | Physical sciences | Length and distance | null |
The speed of light was not yet precisely known in 1838; the estimate of its value changed in 1849 (Fizeau) and 1862 (Foucault). It was not yet considered to be a fundamental constant of nature, and the propagation of light through the aether or space was still enigmatic.
The light-year unit appeared in 1851 in a Germa... | Light-year | Wikipedia | 475 | 23473595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year | Physical sciences | Length and distance | null |
In set theory, the intersection of two sets and denoted by is the set containing all elements of that also belong to or equivalently, all elements of that also belong to
Notation and terminology
Intersection is written using the symbol "" between the terms; that is, in infix notation. For example:
The interse... | Intersection (set theory) | Wikipedia | 482 | 23476429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection%20%28set%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Inside a universe one may define the complement of to be the set of all elements of not in Furthermore, the intersection of and may be written as the complement of the union of their complements, derived easily from De Morgan's laws:
Arbitrary intersections
The most general notion is the intersection of an arb... | Intersection (set theory) | Wikipedia | 466 | 23476429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection%20%28set%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Also, in type theory is of a prescribed type so the intersection is understood to be of type (the type of sets whose elements are in ), and we can define to be the universal set of (the set whose elements are exactly all terms of type ). | Intersection (set theory) | Wikipedia | 53 | 23476429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection%20%28set%20theory%29 | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by sentiments of fear and anxiety in social situations, causing considerable distress and impairing ability to function in at least some aspects of daily life. These fears can be triggered by perceived or actual scrutiny fr... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 458 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
History
Literary descriptions of shyness can be traced back to the days of Hippocrates around 400 B.C. Hippocrates described someone who "through bashfulness, suspicion, and timorousness, will not be seen abroad; loves darkness as life and cannot endure the light or to sit in lightsome places; his hat still in his eyes... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 426 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Cognitive aspects
In cognitive models of social anxiety disorder, those with social phobias experience dread over how they will present to others. They may feel overly self-conscious, pay high self-attention after the activity, or have high performance standards for themselves. According to the social psychology theory... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 439 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
According to psychologist B. F. Skinner, phobias are controlled by escape and avoidance behaviors. Major avoidance behaviors could include an almost pathological or compulsive lying behavior to preserve self-image and avoid judgment in front of others. Minor avoidance behaviors are exposed when a person avoids eye cont... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 482 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Comorbidity
SAD shows a high degree of co-occurrence with other psychiatric disorders. In fact, a population-based study found that 66% of those with SAD had one or more additional mental health disorders. SAD often occurs alongside low self-esteem and most commonly clinical depression, perhaps due to a lack of persona... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 428 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Genetics
It has been shown that there is a two to a threefold greater risk of having social phobia if a first-degree relative also has the disorder. This could be due to genetics and/or due to children acquiring social fears and avoidance through processes of observational learning or parental psychosocial education. S... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 334 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Social experiences
A previous negative social experience can be a trigger to social phobia, perhaps particularly for individuals high in "interpersonal sensitivity". For around half of those diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, a specific traumatic or humiliating social event appears to be associated with the onset ... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 387 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Problems in developing social skills, or 'social fluency', may be a cause of some social anxiety disorder, through either inability or lack of confidence to interact socially and gain positive reactions and acceptance from others. The studies have been mixed, however, with some studies not finding significant problems ... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 373 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
The World Council of Anxiety does not recommend benzodiazepines for the long-term treatment of anxiety due to a range of problems associated with long-term use including tolerance, psychomotor impairment, cognitive and memory impairments, physical dependence and a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome upon discontinuation... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 356 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
A secondary factor is self-concealment which involves concealing the expression of one's anxiety or its underlying beliefs. One line of work has focused more specifically on the key role of self-presentational concerns. The resulting anxiety states are seen as interfering with social performance and the ability to conc... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 501 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Some evidence points to the possibility that social anxiety disorder involves reduced serotonin receptor binding. A recent study reports increased serotonin transporter binding in psychotropic medication-naive patients with generalized social anxiety disorder. Although there is little evidence of abnormality in seroton... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 484 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
DSM-5 Diagnosis
DSM-5 defines Social Anxiety Disorder as a marked, or intense, fear or anxiety of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others. | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 39 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria with Diagnostic Features:
Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Examples include social interactions (e.g., having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed (e.g., eating or drinking), and ... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 503 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The fear, anxiety, and avoidance must interfere significantly with the individual's normal routine, occupational or academic functioning, or social activities or relatio... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 269 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
If the fear is restricted to speaking or performing in public it is performance only social anxiety disorder.
Differential diagnosis
The DSM-IV criteria stated that an individual cannot receive a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder if their symptoms are better accounted for by one of the autism spectrum disorders suc... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 491 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
There is some evidence that expressive therapies (e.g. painting, drawing or musical therapy) can be effective for treating social anxiety disorder in certain contexts. A 2019 study, for example, found that art therapy produced an "increase in subjective quality of life (both with large effects) and an improvement in ac... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 393 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
In a 1995 double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the SSRI paroxetine was shown to result in clinically meaningful improvement in 55% of patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, compared with 23.9% of those taking placebo. An October 2004 study yielded similar results. Patients were treated with either fluoxe... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 420 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Other drugs
Other prescription drugs are also used, if other methods are not effective. Before the introduction of SSRIs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) such as phenelzine were frequently used in the treatment of social anxiety. Evidence continues to indicate that MAOIs are effective in the treatment and manageme... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 492 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Certain anticonvulsant drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin are effective in social anxiety disorder and may be a possible treatment alternative to benzodiazepines. However there is concern regarding their off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for their efficacy and their proven side effects.
... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 487 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
The National Comorbidity Survey of over 8,000 American correspondents in 1994 revealed 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates of 7.9 percent and 13.3 percent, respectively; this makes it the third most prevalent psychiatric disorder after depression and alcohol use disorder, and the most common of the anxiety disorders... | Social anxiety disorder | Wikipedia | 468 | 23476797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20anxiety%20disorder | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
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