text stringlengths 14 4.79k | source stringlengths 13 304 | tokens float64 75 1.06k ⌀ | char_length float64 106 4.79k ⌀ | article_title stringlengths 16 300 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
It regulated IAEA inspections in Brazil and Argentina, while recognizing the SCCC and stating the need to avoid duplication of work between ABACC and the IAEA. The accord came into force in 1994 and it has been in force since then. Aside from cooperation on the nuclear energy front, Brazil and Argentina were also takin... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > The path to mutual inspections | 155 | 718 | null |
Section: Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > Recent developments. On 22 February 2008, Brazil and Argentina announced the intention to build a binational nuclear fuel factory. A bilateral working group was then established to discuss this project, but no further developments have taken place. In 2011, ABACC turned 20 ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Nuclear cooperation with Argentina > Recent developments | 296 | 1,478 | null |
Section: Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Opposition to the NPT. While Brazil participated actively in the international negotiations that led to the establishment of the NPT, it abstained from voting on the resolution that formally created the treaty. Brazilian government believed the NPT would inhibi... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Opposition to the NPT | 332 | 1,745 | null |
Nonetheless, Geisel asked Robinson to keep this agreement secret, as a way to avoid domestic criticisms coming from the military hardliners and the Brazilian public, which supported "national nuclear independence." The U.S. presidential election in November 1976 saw Ford's defeat by challenger Jimmy Carter, the latter ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Opposition to the NPT | 345 | 1,741 | null |
The document affirms that "all nuclear activity within the national territory shall only be admitted for peaceful purposes and subject to the approval of the National Congress." The international community did not view this language as a reassurance, as the wording could be construed as an endorsement of PNEs. Elected ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Opposition to the NPT | 259 | 1,351 | null |
Section: Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Critical adhesion to the international nuclear regime. Brazil and Argentina's joint collaborations became integrated with larger multilateral parties via the 1991 Quadripartite Agreement with IAEA and ABACC. The agreement entered into force in 1994, the same ye... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Critical adhesion to the international nuclear regime | 348 | 1,699 | null |
State Department. On that occasion, then-U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright lauded Brazil and its representative, Minister Lampreia, for its decision to accede to the NPT. As Lampreia would state, one of the Brazil's motivations for NPT accession was the belief that it would boost Brazil's international credibi... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Critical adhesion to the international nuclear regime | 254 | 1,273 | null |
Brazil has been part of the New Agenda Coalition (NAC), a group comprising seven states concerned with the lack of progress in nuclear disarmament, since the coalition's inception in 1998. Considering itself as "the most active country regarding the nuclear disarmament cause," Brazil affirmed in its 2008 National Defen... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Critical adhesion to the international nuclear regime | 201 | 1,049 | null |
Section: Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Safeguards. The nuclear safeguards in place in Brazil are under the oversight of ABACC and the IAEA, per the provisions of the 1991 Quadripartite Agreement. There are 25 facilities in Brazil under the ABACC and IAEA safeguards. As a verification measure of Braz... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > Safeguards | 331 | 1,707 | null |
Section: Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > A Brazilian bomb. While Brazil was conducting its nuclear activities outside of the nuclear non-proliferation regime, many in the international community doubted its stated peaceful intention. In addition to Brazil's refusal to sign the NPT, the fact that the c... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > A Brazilian bomb | 296 | 1,631 | null |
During that same period, international papers denounced covert nuclear activities in Brazil, which reignited external questioning of its nuclear aspirations. Eric Ehrmann and Christopher Barton discussed Brazil's nuclear cooperation with Iraq in 1992, and noted the views of CIA Director Robert Gates to wit that Brazil ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > A Brazilian bomb | 318 | 1,720 | null |
The two parties finally reached a compromise for Brazil to reduce the size of the panels covering the machinery. Nonetheless, Brazil's reluctance to these verification measures and constant refusal to sign the Additional Protocol have been interpreted by some as an attempt to hide undeclared activities. There were also... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > A Brazilian bomb | 340 | 1,761 | null |
According to Alencar, nuclear weapons were useful as a means of dissuasion, particularly in the case of a vast country with valuable natural resources such as Brazil. Additionally, Alencar linked the possession of a nuclear bomb to higher international relevance, stating that a poor country like Pakistan had its voice ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > A Brazilian bomb | 304 | 1,551 | null |
Commenting on Rühle's article, the Argentine scholars Federico Merke and Florencia Montal said that Brazil might develop the capacity to manufacture a bomb but that it didn't seem to have the intention to do so. The most recent White Book of National Defense (Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional), issued in 2012 and publish... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Brazil and the nuclear non-proliferation regime > A Brazilian bomb | 245 | 1,212 | null |
Section: Main controversies > American criticism of the Brazil – West Germany nuclear deal and the Carter crusade. As a response to India's nuclear test conducted 18 May 1974, the United States adopted more restrictive policies regulating the transfer of nuclear fuel and related technologies to different countries, inc... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > American criticism of the Brazil – West Germany nuclear deal and the Carter crusade | 337 | 1,696 | null |
Mrs. Carter was accompanied by Robert Pastor, U.S. National Security Advisor for Latin America, and Joseph Nye, Assistant Secretary of State for nuclear affairs. Although Mrs. Carter and Geisel talked about non-proliferation and the Treaty of Tlateloco, no substantive agreements on nuclear policy were created during th... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > American criticism of the Brazil – West Germany nuclear deal and the Carter crusade | 204 | 1,074 | null |
Section: Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > Minas Gerais. The Ore Treatment Unit (Unidade de Tratamento de Minério – UTM) in the rural area of Caldas, Minas Gerais (MG), was active from 1982 to 1995. During that period, 1,200 tons of yellowcake were pro... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > Minas Gerais | 340 | 1,654 | null |
Section: Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > Bahia. The sole active mine in Brazil, the Uranium Concentrate Unit (Unidade de Concentrado de Urânio – URA), is located in Bahia, possessing an estimated 100,000 tons of uranium reserves. This amount could su... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > Bahia | 321 | 1,637 | null |
A few months later, a technical mission led by Dhesca Brasil, a network of human rights organizations, observed that the fountain continued to be in use and the residents had not been informed about the risks of consuming its water. In May 2011, after learning that 13 trucks loaded with radioactive material were about ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > Bahia | 269 | 1,341 | null |
Section: Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > Ceará. Another uranium mining complex, known as Itataia, is underway in Santa Quitéria, Ceará. Itataia is supposed to be the largest uranium reserve in Brazil, containing 79,319 tons of the mineral. In the fir... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > Ceará | 201 | 1,015 | null |
Section: Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > São Paulo. Currently, there are approximately 1,150 tons of radioactive residues – primarily uranium and thorium – stored among 80 tons of heavy mineral sand in Interlagos, a busy neighborhood in the city of S... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > São Paulo | 302 | 1,500 | null |
When Usin was built, the population of the surrounding area was less dense. And the human presence in the area is expected to increase; the Santuário Theotokos Mãe de Deus, a large church with a capacity of 20,000 worshippers that will rise to 100,000 upon the completion of its construction, has been built only 300 met... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Problems related to mining, storage and transportation of radioactive material > São Paulo | 272 | 1,371 | null |
Section: Main controversies > Radiological accidents and incidents. In 1986, roughly 20,000 to 25,000 liters of radioactive water accidentally leaked from the Angra 1 nuclear power plant, becoming a front-page story on the popular Brazilian daily Folha de S. Paulo on 9 October. In September 1987, a radioactive accident... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Radiological accidents and incidents | 347 | 1,656 | null |
On 28 May 2001, another leak of radioactive water occurred at Angra 1, this time 22,000 liters and attributed to human error. Authorities considered it a minor accident and stated that the workers and the residents of the area did not face contamination risks. In October 2001, uranium hexafluoride gas leaked at the Res... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Radiological accidents and incidents | 333 | 1,557 | null |
The inspectors produced a technical report which listed various irregularities, such as constant overflows of contaminated water and inadequate excavation measures, which could lead to landslides and lack of hydro-geological studies to prevent the contaminated water from reaching the groundwater. Despite the critiques ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Radiological accidents and incidents | 333 | 1,614 | null |
Section: Main controversies > Oversight, control and nuclear security. While CNEN is responsible for promoting and fostering nuclear industry in Brazil, it also supervises and regulates the country's nuclear sector—a duality of responsibilities that can undermine the independence of the supervision system. It has also ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Oversight, control and nuclear security | 190 | 1,076 | null |
Section: Main controversies > Transparency. From the outset, Brazil's nuclear program has been shrouded in secrecy. Nuclear issues are still considered a matter of national security and sovereignty, despite Brazil's democratic makeup and transition away from military dictatorship. There is little transparency regarding... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Transparency | 204 | 1,191 | null |
Section: Main controversies > Costs of nuclear activities. While it is difficult to determine the total cost of the country's nuclear program across its history, the construction of Angra 1 and Angra 2 cost US$12.5 billion. In 2008, the costs for the construction of Angra 3 were estimated in R$7.2 billion (US$3.4 billi... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > Costs of nuclear activities | 246 | 1,083 | null |
Section: Main controversies > 2010 Joint Tehran Declaration (Brazil, Iran and Turkey). The nuclear program of Iran has been the topic of heated international argument since 2003. As a major player in the global non-proliferation regime, the United States has been one of the main actors in this debate. During the Lula a... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > 2010 Joint Tehran Declaration (Brazil, Iran and Turkey) | 345 | 1,713 | null |
One reason cited was that the agreed-upon quantity of 1,200 kilograms was considered too low because it did not take into account Iran's accumulation of a larger amount of low-enriched uranium in the time since the IAEA first proposed the agreement, in late 2009. Additionally, the Tehran Declaration did not address Ira... | Wikipedia - Nuclear activities in Brazil - Main controversies > 2010 Joint Tehran Declaration (Brazil, Iran and Turkey) | 256 | 1,267 | null |
Section: History. The Canadian Mining and Energy Corporation was formed in 1988 by the merger and privatization of two Crown corporations: the federally owned Eldorado Nuclear Limited (known previously as Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited) and Saskatchewan-based Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation (SMDC). Th... | Wikipedia - Cameco - History | 325 | 1,507 | null |
In 2011, Cameco signed an agreement with Talvivaara Mining Company whereby Cameco would pay US$60 million to construct a uranium extraction circuit at the Talvivaara nickel-zinc mine in Sotkamo, Finland. Talvivaara would then pay back the initial construction costs in the form of uranium concentrate; once the initial c... | Wikipedia - Cameco - History | 233 | 1,085 | null |
Section: Operations. Cameco operates uranium mines in North America and Kazakhstan, including McArthur River-Key Lake, the world's largest uranium producer, and Cigar Lake, the world's highest grade uranium mine, both in Saskatchewan. Other operations in Saskatchewan include a mine and mill at Rabbit Lake, currently in... | Wikipedia - Cameco - Operations | 284 | 1,408 | null |
Section: Tax Dispute. The Canadian Revenue Agency (CRA) claimed Cameco's tax scheme started in 1999. Cameco created a marketing subsidiary in Zug, Switzerland, and drafted a 17-year agreement to supply uranium to the Swiss subsidiary at a rate of $10 a pound. The corporate tax rate in Switzerland is estimated to be at ... | Wikipedia - Cameco - Tax Dispute | 323 | 1,549 | null |
Section: Description. Located in Ottawa, Ontario, the CNA comprises over 100 member companies and organizations from across Canada as well as internationally. These companies include operators of nuclear power plants, nuclear reactor designers, engineering firms, suppliers, academic institutions, labour unions, as well... | Wikipedia - Canadian Nuclear Association - Description | 200 | 1,119 | null |
Article: Candu Energy. Candu Energy Inc. is a Canadian wholly owned subsidiary of Montreal-based AtkinsRéalis (formerly SNC-Lavalin Inc.), specializing in the design and supply of nuclear reactors, as well as nuclear reactor products and services. Candu Energy Inc. was created in 2011 when parent company SNC-Lavalin pu... | Wikipedia - Candu Energy - Summary | 262 | 1,225 | null |
Article: CANFLEX. CANFLEX; the name is derived from its function: CANDU FLEXible fuelling, is an advanced fuel bundle design developed by Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (AECL), along with the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) for use in CANDU design nuclear reactors. The designers claim that it will deliver... | Wikipedia - CANFLEX - Summary | 281 | 1,394 | null |
Article: Chalk River Laboratories. Chalk River Laboratories (French: Laboratoires de Chalk River; also known as CRL, Chalk River Labs and formerly Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, CRNL) is a Canadian nuclear research facility in Deep River, about 180 km (110 mi) north-west of Ottawa. CRL is a site of significant resea... | Wikipedia - Chalk River Laboratories - Summary | 229 | 1,142 | null |
Section: History. In 1952, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) was created by the government to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. AECL also took over the operation of Chalk River from the NRC. Since the 1950s, AECL has operated various nuclear research reactors to produce nuclear material for medical and s... | Wikipedia - Chalk River Laboratories - History | 256 | 1,219 | null |
Section: History > 1952 NRX incident. Chalk River was also the site of two nuclear accidents in the 1950s. The first incident occurred on December 12, 1952, when there was a power excursion and partial loss of coolant in the NRX reactor, which resulted in significant damage to the core. The control rods could not be lo... | Wikipedia - Chalk River Laboratories - History > 1952 NRX incident | 264 | 1,184 | null |
Section: History > 1958 NRU incident. The second accident, in 1958, involved a fuel rupture and fire in the National Research Universal reactor (NRU) reactor building. Some fuel rods were overheated. With a robotic crane, one of the rods with metallic uranium was pulled out of the reactor vessel. When the arm of the cr... | Wikipedia - Chalk River Laboratories - History > 1958 NRU incident | 246 | 1,313 | null |
Section: History > 2007 shutdown. On November 18, 2007, the NRU, which made medical radioisotopes, was shut down for routine maintenance. This shutdown was extended when AECL, in consultation with the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), decided to connect seismically-qualified emergency power supplies (EPS) to t... | Wikipedia - Chalk River Laboratories - History > 2007 shutdown | 334 | 1,608 | null |
Section: History > 2008 radioactive leakage. On December 5, 2008, heavy water containing tritium leaked from the NRU. In its formal report to the CNSC, filed on December 9, 2008 (when the volume of leakage was determined to meet the requirement for such a report) AECL mentioned that 47 litres (10 imp gal; 12 US gal) of... | Wikipedia - Chalk River Laboratories - History > 2008 radioactive leakage | 270 | 1,237 | null |
Section: History > 2009 NRU reactor shutdown. In mid-May 2009, the heavy water leak at the base of the NRU reactor vessel, first detected in 2008 (see above), returned at a greater rate and prompted another temporary shutdown until August 2010. The lengthy shutdown was necessary to first completely defuel the entire re... | Wikipedia - Chalk River Laboratories - History > 2009 NRU reactor shutdown | 151 | 735 | null |
Section: History > Modernization and decommissioning. The site remains in active use as of 2024. In 2016, 1.2 billion CAD was allotted over ten years to decommission 120 old buildings and build new ones. The new buildings were completed starting in 2020, as the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Research Facilities. In May ... | Wikipedia - Chalk River Laboratories - History > Modernization and decommissioning | 165 | 794 | null |
Section: Major facilities. ZEEP – Zero Energy Experimental Pile Reactor (1945–1973). NRX – NRX Reactor (1947–1992). NRU – National Research Universal 135 MW (thermal) Reactor (1957–2018). CNBC – Canadian Neutron Beam Centre (ended operation along with NRU in 2018). PTR – Pool Test 10 kW Reactor (1957–1990). ZED-2 – Zer... | Wikipedia - Chalk River Laboratories - Major facilities | 233 | 888 | null |
Section: Background. McClure Crescent is a residential street in Malvern (near the intersection of (Neilson Road and Sheppard Avenue) where the contaminated soil was discovered. In the 1940s, Radium Luminous Industries was a company that operated a plant on the same site. The plant extracted radium from scrap metal to ... | Wikipedia - McClure radioactive site - Background | 289 | 1,488 | null |
Section: Description. MNR began operating in April 1959, as the first university-based research reactor in the Commonwealth of Nations, and has been the highest-flux research reactor in Canada since the closing of the National Research Universal (NRU) reactor at Chalk River Laboratories in 2018. The reactor consists of... | Wikipedia - McMaster Nuclear Reactor - Description | 341 | 1,739 | null |
Article: Montreal Laboratory. The Montreal Laboratory was a program established by the National Research Council of Canada during World War II to undertake nuclear research in collaboration with the United Kingdom, and to absorb some of the scientists and work of the Tube Alloys nuclear project in Britain. It became pa... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Summary | 332 | 1,754 | null |
R. Jackson from Britain. The Canadian contingent included George Volkoff, Bernice Weldon Sargent and George Laurence, and promising young Canadian scientists such as J. Carson Mark, Phil Wallace and Leo Yaffe. Although Canada was a major source of uranium ore and heavy water, these were controlled by the Americans. Ang... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Summary | 195 | 1,010 | null |
Section: Early nuclear research in Canada. Canada has a long history of involvement with nuclear research, dating back to the pioneering work of Ernest Rutherford at McGill University in 1899. In 1940, George Laurence of the National Research Council (NRC) began experiments in Ottawa to measure neutron capture and nucl... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Early nuclear research in Canada | 346 | 1,755 | null |
Section: French connection. Laurence had chosen to use carbon instead of heavy water because it was cheaper and more readily available. A team of scientists in France that included Hans von Halban, Lew Kowarski, and Francis Perrin had been conducting similar experiments since 1939. By 1940, they had decided to use heav... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - French connection | 323 | 1,498 | null |
Cominco's president, Selwyn G. Blaylock, was cautious. There might be no post-war demand for heavy water, and the patent on the process was held by Albert Edgar Knowles, so a profit-sharing agreement would be required. In response, Taylor offered $20,000 for plant modifications. There the matter rested until 6 December... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - French connection | 331 | 1,579 | null |
Section: Establishment. The next step was to broach the matter with the Canadians. The Lord President, Sir John Anderson, as the minister responsible for Tube Alloys, wrote to the British High Commissioner to Canada, Malcolm MacDonald, who had been involved in Tube Alloys negotiations with Canada regarding Eldorado's u... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Establishment | 335 | 1,735 | null |
The Canadians decided that the new laboratory should be located in Montreal, where housing accommodation was easier to find than in wartime Ottawa. They hoped to have everything ready by 1 January 1943, but negotiations for laboratory space fell through. A search then commenced for an alternative location. Bertrand Gol... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Establishment | 348 | 1,652 | null |
This soon became so crowded that bathrooms were used for offices, with the bath tubs used to store papers and books. They were relieved to move to the more spacious accommodation at the Université de Montréal in March. The laboratory grew to over 300 staff, about half of whom were Canadians recruited by Laurence. Placz... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Establishment | 309 | 1,559 | null |
Section: Research. The Montreal Laboratory investigated multiple avenues of reactor development. One was a homogeneous reactor, in which a uranium compound was dissolved in heavy water to form a slurry, or a "mayonnaise" as the Montreal team called it. This offered various advantages for cooling, control and the abilit... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Research | 334 | 1,717 | null |
The British government seriously considered going it alone on developing nuclear weapons, despite the cost and the expected length of the project. In August 1943, Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King hosted the Quebec Conference, at which Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt came together, and agreed to resume... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Research | 342 | 1,843 | null |
The Americans saw him as a security risk, and objected to the French atomic patents claimed by the Paris Group (in association with ICI). In April 1944 a Combined Policy Committee meeting at Washington agreed that Canada would build a heavy water reactor. Scientists who were not British subjects would leave, and Cockcr... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Research | 338 | 1,622 | null |
All the French scientists had left by January 1946. On 24 August 1944, the decision was taken to build a small reactor to test the group's calculations relating to such matters as lattice dimensions, sheathing materials, and control rods, before proceeding with the full-scale NRX reactor. With Halban gone, Kowarski joi... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Research | 340 | 1,652 | null |
Huffman from the SAM Laboratories were assigned to it. They were succeeded by George Weil in November 1945. Benbow was succeeded by Major P. Firmin in December 1945, who in turn was replaced by Colonel A. W. Nielson in February 1946. The Chalk River Laboratories opened in 1944, and the Montreal Laboratory was closed in... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Research | 346 | 1,639 | null |
Section: Atomic spies. On 5 September 1945, Igor Gouzenko, a cypher clerk at the Soviet Union's embassy in Ottawa, and his family defected to Canada. He brought with him copies of cables detailing Soviet intelligence (GRU) espionage activities in Canada. Agents included Alan Nunn May, who secretly supplied tiny samples... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Atomic spies | 214 | 987 | null |
Section: Cooperation ends. The Montreal Laboratory had been a fruitful and successful international venture, although the Canadians had on occasion been resentful of British actions that were perceived as high-handed and insensitive. One such action came in November 1945 when the British government suddenly announced t... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Cooperation ends | 318 | 1,760 | null |
The Americans soon made it clear that cooperation was restricted to basic scientific research. At the Combined Policy Committee meeting in February 1946, without prior consultation with Canada, the British announced their intention to build a graphite-moderated nuclear reactor in the United Kingdom. An outraged Howe to... | Wikipedia - Montreal Laboratory - Cooperation ends | 177 | 994 | null |
Article: National Research Universal reactor. The National Research Universal (NRU) reactor was a 135 MW nuclear research reactor built in the Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario, one of Canada’s national science facilities. It was a multipurpose science facility that served three main roles. It generated radionuclides u... | Wikipedia - National Research Universal reactor - Summary | 173 | 842 | null |
Section: History. The NRU reactor design was started in 1949. It is fundamentally a Canadian design, significantly advanced from NRX. It was built as the successor to the NRX reactor at the Atomic Energy Project of the National Research Council of Canada at Chalk River Laboratories. The NRX reactor was the world's most... | Wikipedia - National Research Universal reactor - History | 347 | 1,690 | null |
A corporal named Bjarnie Hannibal Paulson who was at the clean up developed unusual skin cancers and received a disability pension. NRU's calandria, the vessel which contains its nuclear reactions, is made of aluminum, and was replaced in 1971 because of corrosion. The calandria has not been replaced since, although a ... | Wikipedia - National Research Universal reactor - History | 339 | 1,620 | null |
Section: History > 2007 shutdown. On November 18, 2007, the NRU reactor was shut down for routine maintenance. This shutdown was voluntarily extended when AECL decided to install seismically qualified emergency power systems (EPS) to two of the reactor's cooling pumps (in addition to the AC and DC backup power systems ... | Wikipedia - National Research Universal reactor - History > 2007 shutdown | 302 | 1,488 | null |
Section: History > 2009 Shutdown. In mid-May 2009 a heavy water leak at the base of the reactor vessel was detected, prompting a temporary shutdown of the reactor. The leak was estimated to be 5 kg (<5 litres) per hour, a result of corrosion. This was the second heavy water leak since late 2008. The reactor was defuell... | Wikipedia - National Research Universal reactor - History > 2009 Shutdown | 209 | 1,024 | null |
Section: Production of isotopes. With the construction of the earlier NRX reactor, it was possible for the first time to commercially manufacture isotopes that were not commonly found in nature. In the core of an operating reactor there are billions of free neutrons. By inserting a piece of target material into the cor... | Wikipedia - National Research Universal reactor - Production of isotopes | 328 | 1,506 | null |
There it decays into technetium-99m, which is separated and used for testing. NRU produced xenon-133, iodine-131 and iodine-125, which are used in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Carbon-14 produced in NRU was sold to chemistry, bioscience and environmental labs where it is used as a tracer. Iridiu... | Wikipedia - National Research Universal reactor - Production of isotopes | 243 | 1,095 | null |
Section: Neutron beam research. The NRU reactor is home to Canada's national facility for neutron scattering: the NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre. Neutron scattering is a technique where a beam of neutrons shines through a sample of material, and depending on how the neutrons scatter from the atoms inside, scientists ... | Wikipedia - National Research Universal reactor - Neutron beam research | 320 | 1,671 | null |
Section: History > Nuclear technology. The Nuclear industry (as distinct from the uranium industry) in Canada dates back to 1942 when a joint British-Canadian laboratory was set up in Montreal, Quebec, under the administration of the National Research Council of Canada, to develop a design for a heavy-water nuclear rea... | Wikipedia - Nuclear industry in Canada - History > Nuclear technology | 327 | 1,647 | null |
In 1952, the Canadian Government formed AECL, a Crown corporation with the mandate to develop peaceful uses of nuclear energy. A partnership was formed between AECL, Ontario Hydro and Canadian General Electric to build Canada's first nuclear power plant, called NPD for Nuclear Power Demonstration. The 20 MWe Nuclear Po... | Wikipedia - Nuclear industry in Canada - History > Nuclear technology | 309 | 1,545 | null |
Section: Power generation. The province of Ontario dominates Canada's nuclear power industry, containing most of the country's nuclear power generating capacity. Ontario has 16 operating reactors providing about 50% of the province's electricity, plus two reactors undergoing refurbishment. New Brunswick also has one re... | Wikipedia - Nuclear industry in Canada - Power generation | 273 | 1,457 | null |
Section: Medical radioisotopes. About 85% of the world's medical and industrial cobalt-60 is produced in Canada. The medical-use cobalt-60 is produced in the NRU research reactor at AECL's Chalk River Laboratories, while industrial-use cobalt-60 is produced in selected CANDU power reactors (in these units some adjuster... | Wikipedia - Nuclear industry in Canada - Medical radioisotopes | 338 | 1,551 | null |
Section: Uranium production. Canada is the world's largest producer of uranium with about one third of world production coming from Saskatchewan mines. There are two major players in the uranium mining sector. Cameco operates the McArthur River mine, which started production at the end of 1999. Its ore is milled at Key... | Wikipedia - Nuclear industry in Canada - Uranium production | 314 | 1,465 | null |
All of Canada's uranium production now comes from the high-grade unconformity-type uranium deposits of the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan, such as Rabbit Lake, McClean Lake, McArthur River, and Cigar Lake. The uranium industry invested at least CDN $3.5 billion during the 20th century, with capital investment... | Wikipedia - Nuclear industry in Canada - Uranium production | 173 | 776 | null |
Section: Nuclear waste management. Radioactive waste in Canada can be grouped into three broad categories: nuclear fuel waste, low-level radioactive waste, and uranium mill tailings. The most recent inventory of these wastes is provided in the LLRWMO 2004 report. At the end of 2003, the total amount of nuclear fuel was... | Wikipedia - Nuclear industry in Canada - Nuclear waste management | 311 | 1,652 | null |
Article: Nuclear Power Demonstration. Nuclear Power Demonstration (or NPD) was the first Canadian nuclear power reactor, and the prototype for the CANDU reactor design. Built by Canadian General Electric (now GE Canada), in partnership with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) and the Hydro Electric Power Commission ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear Power Demonstration - Summary | 179 | 888 | null |
Section: Description. The NPD station was located on the west bank of the Ottawa River about 140 miles (230 km) upstream from the City of Ottawa. It was situated close by the AECL research establishment at Chalk River and the HEPC hydro generating station at Des Joachims, Ontario. It had a maximum continuous output of ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear Power Demonstration - Description | 264 | 1,203 | null |
Section: History. In December 1961, the major construction phase was concluded and system testing was in full swing. Criticality was first attained on April 11, 1962, and first steam of nuclear origin was produced on May 8. The first electrical power was fed to the system on June 4, and on June 28 first full-power gene... | Wikipedia - Nuclear Power Demonstration - History | 323 | 1,578 | null |
Article: Sylvia Fedoruk Canadian Centre for Nuclear Innovation. The Sylvia Fedoruk Canadian Centre for Nuclear Innovation (Fedoruk Centre) is an institute located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada that was established by the University of Saskatchewan in 2011 as the Canadian Centre for Nuclear Innovation (CCNI). The F... | Wikipedia - Sylvia Fedoruk Canadian Centre for Nuclear Innovation - Summary | 329 | 1,797 | null |
The centre received an initial $30 million (CDN) in funding to advance research, innovation and training in four areas: Advance nuclear medicine and knowledge, Develop better materials for widespread applications (energy, health, environment, manufacturing, etc.), Improve safety and other engineering of nuclear energy ... | Wikipedia - Sylvia Fedoruk Canadian Centre for Nuclear Innovation - Summary | 259 | 1,360 | null |
Article: China Experimental Fast Reactor. The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) is China's first fast nuclear reactor, and is located outside Beijing at the China Institute of Atomic Energy. It aims to provide China with fast-reactor design, construction, and operational experience, and will be a key facility for ... | Wikipedia - China Experimental Fast Reactor - Summary | 330 | 1,564 | null |
Article: China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor. The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (Chinese: 中国聚变工程实验堆; pinyin: Zhōngguó Jùbiàn Gōngchéng Shíyànduī), or CFETR, is a proposed tokamak fusion reactor, which uses a magnetic field in order to confine plasma and generate energy. As of 2015, tokamak devices are leading... | Wikipedia - China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor - Summary | 328 | 1,423 | null |
Section: Design. As of 2019, design for the CFETR was ongoing in its engineering design phase, which was expected to be completed between 2020 and 2021. The first stage, between 2010 and 2015, is referred to as the concept design stage. It was necessary to demonstrate the economic viability of the construction of a sma... | Wikipedia - China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor - Design | 201 | 1,046 | null |
Section: Challenges > Location, resource and infrastructure. The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor is planned in Hefei, Anhui province. Some critical issues are still yet to be resolved, this includes 19 key system problems such as vertical instability control with internal coils, impurity control, alpha particle t... | Wikipedia - China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor - Challenges > Location, resource and infrastructure | 347 | 1,854 | null |
Section: Challenges > Economic viability. Prior to the introduction of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, fusion was touted as the future of clean and net zero carbon energy. However, the introduction, greater widespread application, and utilisation of renewable energy has drastically altered the en... | Wikipedia - China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor - Challenges > Economic viability | 340 | 1,645 | null |
For instance, the LCOE of solar energy appears to be $40-$46/ MWh, onshore wind is estimated at $29-$56/ MWh, and offshore wind is approximately $92/ MWh. As such, these cost-effective options appear to be the more economically viable ones. However, this is not to suggest that fusion power may lack complete economic vi... | Wikipedia - China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor - Challenges > Economic viability | 158 | 761 | null |
Section: Challenges > Safety. As of 2021, the following safety goals have been proposed in the international community: Protecting communities and the environment from radiological hazards. and ensuring safety protocols of a fusion reactor are as competitive and comprehensive as those of fission reactor. These 2 goals ... | Wikipedia - China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor - Challenges > Safety | 339 | 1,921 | null |
Hence appropriate safety measures need to be carefully considered. Moreover, tritium is a limited radioactive isotope. As such, the radioactive nature of tritium may prove hazardous in instances of hypothetical accidental release upon dual confinement system failure. Thus, under such circumstances, areas surrounding th... | Wikipedia - China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor - Challenges > Safety | 184 | 1,057 | null |
Section: Challenges > Waste products. Neutron radiation damage in solid vessel walls is expected to be greater than that of fission reactors due to higher neutron energies. Moreover, this damage in tandem with large volumes of helium and hydrogen produced within the vessel is likely to result in infrastructural fatigue... | Wikipedia - China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor - Challenges > Waste products | 347 | 1,882 | null |
Section: Future. On December 4, 2020, the HL-2M was heated to approximately 150 million degrees Celsius, ten times hotter than the Sun's core. The successful construction and operation of the HL-2M at SWIP has likely provided an impetus to transition the CFETR into construction phase from its present engineering design... | Wikipedia - China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor - Future | 207 | 992 | null |
Article: CNP-300. The CNP-300 is a pressurized water nuclear reactor developed by the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). It is China's first domestic commercial nuclear reactor design, with development beginning in the 1970s based on a nuclear submarine reactor design. The reactor has a thermal capacity of 999 ... | Wikipedia - CNP-300 - Summary | 169 | 798 | null |
Article: CNP-600. The CNP-600 is a pressurized water nuclear reactor developed by the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The CNP-600 is a generation II reactor based both on China's first commercial domestic nuclear reactor design, the CNP-300 and the M310 reactor design used in Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant. Th... | Wikipedia - CNP-600 - Summary | 210 | 944 | null |
Article: Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. The Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment is a China-based multinational particle physics project studying neutrinos, in particular neutrino oscillations. The multinational collaboration includes researchers from China, Chile, the United States, Taiwan (Republic of China), ... | Wikipedia - Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment - Summary | 296 | 1,373 | null |
Section: Neutrino oscillations. The experiment studies neutrino oscillations and is designed to measure the mixing angle θ13 using antineutrinos produced by the reactors of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant and the Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant. Scientists are also interested in whether neutrinos violate Charge-Parity con... | Wikipedia - Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment - Neutrino oscillations | 270 | 940 | null |
Experiments may also be able to probe CP violation among neutrinos. The collaboration produced an updated analysis of their results in 2014, which used the energy spectrum to improve the bounds on the mixing angle: sin 2 ( 2 θ 13 ) = 0.090 − 0.009 + 0.008 {\displaystyle \sin ^{2}(2\ \theta _{13})=0.090_{-0.009}^{+0.0... | Wikipedia - Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment - Neutrino oscillations | 203 | 658 | null |
At the Moriond 2015 physics conference a new best fit for mixing angle and mass difference was presented: sin 2 ( 2 θ 13 ) = 0.084 ± 0.005 , | Δ m e e 2 | = 2.44 − 0.11 + 0.10 × 10 − 3 e V 2 {\displaystyle \sin ^{2}(2\ \theta _{13})=0.084\pm 0.005,\qquad |\Delta m_{ee}^{2}|=2.44_{-0.11}^{+0.10}\times 10^{-3}{\rm {eV}... | Wikipedia - Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment - Neutrino oscillations | 346 | 748 | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.