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Section: Regulations. The regulations for the HAF 604 certification are the “Supervision and Management Regulations for Imported Civilian Nuclear Equipment” and determine safety requirements for these safety relevant components. Furthermore, it governs the administration for the certification applications from non-Chin... | Wikipedia - HAF 604 - Regulations | 185 | 1,069 | null |
Article: HAF601. The HAF601 is a regulation in the People's Republic of China dealing with the manufacture of safety class equipment for the Chinese nuclear power market. All domestic Chinese firms manufacturing mechanical equipment of Safety Class 1, 2, or 3, or electrical equipment of safety Class 1E, must obtain HAF... | Wikipedia - HAF601 - Summary | 232 | 1,125 | null |
Section: Technology. The HTR-PM is a high-temperature gas-cooled (HTGR) pebble-bed reactor. While the German AVR and THTR-300, operating from 1969 to 1988, were the first pebble-bed reactors and operated at similar temperatures, the HTR-PM is the first such design using modular construction and the second small modular... | Wikipedia - HTR-PM - Technology | 320 | 1,348 | null |
Section: History. The demonstration project for the High-Temperature gas-cooled Reactor Pebble-bed Module (HTR-PM) was launched in 2001. Work on the first demonstration power plant, composed of two reactors driving a single steam turbine, began in December 2012 in Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Plant in Shandong province. Th... | Wikipedia - HTR-PM - History | 336 | 1,713 | null |
Article: Hualong One. The Hualong One (Chinese: 华龙一号; pinyin: Huálóng yī hào; lit. 'China Dragon №1') is a Chinese Generation III pressurized water nuclear reactor jointly developed by the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) and the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The CGN version, and its derived export ... | Wikipedia - Hualong One - Summary | 150 | 610 | null |
Section: Design > Merger of ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 into Hualong One. Since 2012, CNNC has been progressively merging its ACP-1000 nuclear power station design with the CGN ACPR-1000 design, while allowing some differences, under direction of the Chinese nuclear regulator. Both are three-loop designs originally based on... | Wikipedia - Hualong One - Design > Merger of ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 into Hualong One | 316 | 1,491 | null |
After the merger, both companies retain their own supply chain and their versions of the Hualong One will differ slightly (units built by CGN will retain some features from the ACPR1000) but the design is considered to be standardised. CNNC version emphasizes more passive safety due to influence from Westinghouse AP100... | Wikipedia - Hualong One - Design > Merger of ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 into Hualong One | 312 | 1,528 | null |
Section: Construction. The first units to be constructed will be Fuqing 5 and 6 (Fujian Province), followed by Fangchenggang 3 and 4 (Guangxi), Zhangzhou 1 and 2 (Fujian), Taipingling 1 and 2 (Guangdong), and San'Ao 1 and 2 (Zhejiang). Fuqing 5 began commercial operation on 30 January 2021. CGN's first Hualong One reac... | Wikipedia - Hualong One - Construction | 232 | 968 | null |
Section: International marketing. In December 2015, CGN and CNNC agreed to create Hualong International Nuclear Power Technology Co as a joint venture to promote the Hualong One in overseas markets, which was officially launched in March 2016. On 19 January 2017, the United Kingdom Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) s... | Wikipedia - Hualong One - International marketing | 171 | 844 | null |
Section: History. The National Nuclear Safety Administration (1984–1989) was established in October 1984. It was a subordinate agency of the State Science and Technology Commission which had independent regulatory of nuclear safety in mainland China. In 1990, the State Science and Technology Commission became the Natio... | Wikipedia - National Nuclear Safety Administration - History | 161 | 985 | null |
Section: History. "Project 728" was launched in 1970 to develop nuclear power in China to mitigate an energy crisis caused by industrial fossil fuel demand exceeding domestic supply. Its initial goal was to build a 25 MWe power plant based on the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in... | Wikipedia - TMSR-LF1 - History | 307 | 1,469 | null |
and is led by Xu Hongjie (徐洪杰), who previously headed the construction of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, through the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), which now has MSR research and design facilities in the Jiading District. The initial project completed there was the TMSR-SF0, an electricall... | Wikipedia - TMSR-LF1 - History | 342 | 1,553 | null |
Section: Specifications. The TMSR-LF1 is a Generation IV reactor constructed with the following specifications: Thermal power: 2MW Fuel salt: FLiBe (>99.95% Li-7) with fluorides of zirconium, uranium (HALEU: 19.75% U-235), and thorium inlet temperature: 630 °C outlet temperature: 650 °C volume: 1.68 m3 flow rate: ~50 k... | Wikipedia - TMSR-LF1 - Specifications | 216 | 800 | null |
Section: Future plans. A pilot plant based on the LF1, as well as a fuel salt research facility, is planned for the same site.[location note] New reactor specifications include: core graphite 3 m tall x 2.2 m wide, 700 °C operating temperature, 60 MW thermal output, and an experimental supercritical carbon dioxide-base... | Wikipedia - TMSR-LF1 - Future plans | 238 | 1,081 | null |
Section: History. The first plasma in COMPASS was produced in 1989 in a C-shaped vacuum vessel, i.e., in a simpler vessel with a circular cross-section. Pioneering experiments followed, including for example the ITER-relevant tests of magnetic field correction with saddle coils for Resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP)... | Wikipedia - COMPASS tokamak - History | 347 | 1,584 | null |
Article: Nuclear power in Denmark. Denmark imports but does not produce nuclear energy, which is in accordance with a 1985 law passed by the Danish parliament, prohibiting power production from nuclear energy. In 2014 and 2015, imported nuclear power accounted for 3-4% of electricity consumption in Denmark. Beginning i... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Denmark - Summary | 240 | 1,277 | null |
Section: History > Post-war research. Denmark invested in nuclear research relatively late compared to other European nations due to American and British reluctance to allow Denmark's most prominent scientist, Niels Bohr, to divulge the knowledge he gained during the Manhattan project. Bohr was acutely aware of this fa... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Denmark - History > Post-war research | 232 | 1,141 | null |
Section: History > Risø National Laboratory. In its first three decades, the Risø National Laboratory's activities were centred around research on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Between 1957 and 1960, three research nuclear reactors opened at Risø, which had been imported from or based on designs from the United S... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Denmark - History > Risø National Laboratory | 331 | 1,624 | null |
By the turn of the 21st century, Risø was particularly noted for its research related to wind energy, solid-oxide fuel cells, and climate change. Beginning in 2003, the three nuclear research reactors at the former Risø National Laboratory were decommissioned along with the adjacent hot cell facility, fuel fabrication ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Denmark - History > Risø National Laboratory | 205 | 1,014 | null |
Section: History > Anti-nuclear sentiment and nuclear ban. The 1973 oil crisis brought the development of nuclear power in Denmark back into public focus. Concerned about the safety of nuclear power plants, their economics and the wider threat to world peace posed by nuclear technology, the OOA was founded in January 1... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Denmark - History > Anti-nuclear sentiment and nuclear ban | 329 | 1,665 | null |
In 1979, the OOA collected more than 300,000 signatures in an open letter to the Prime Minister, Anker Jørgensen. The Barsebäck plant, the Chernobyl disaster, and the Three Mile Island accident lead to increasing anti-nuclear sentiments in Denmark, spurring energy debates in the Folketing. In August 1978, a march arran... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Denmark - History > Anti-nuclear sentiment and nuclear ban | 248 | 1,225 | null |
Section: History > 21st-century revival. In 2015, two Danish companies related to nuclear energy were established: Seaborg Technologies and Copenhagen Atomics. Both are private companies that work on the development of molten-salt reactors, where the fissile material is mixed into molten salt, having a significantly lo... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Denmark - History > 21st-century revival | 245 | 1,267 | null |
Section: Unreported nuclear experiments. In March 2001 and July 2002, the IAEA was investigating on the environmental samples which was taken from the ETRR-1's hot cells that revealed traces of actinides and fission products, which was explained by Egypt in July 2003, that the presence of the particles was attributed b... | Wikipedia - ETRR-1 - Unreported nuclear experiments | 279 | 1,427 | null |
Egypt justified its reporting failures, as the government and the IAEA had “differing interpretations” of Egypt's safeguards obligations and emphasizing that the country's “nuclear activities are strictly for peaceful purposes” Accordingly, Egypt maintained full cooperation during the 2004–2005 investigation, and had t... | Wikipedia - ETRR-1 - Unreported nuclear experiments | 169 | 865 | null |
Section: Accidents. In April 2010, one of the cooling pumps of the ETRR-1's reactor broke, according to Mohamed Al-Qolali, the Director of the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, the accident was immediately fixed without any radioactive water leakage, as this incident happened due to operating the reactor without receiv... | Wikipedia - ETRR-1 - Accidents | 256 | 1,277 | null |
The government and officials denied any radiation leaks, and attributed the accident to a leakage of water from a pump that has nothing to do with the normal fuel cycle. Finally, The Atomic Energy Authority admitted of a leak of radioactive water from ETRR-1, with a zero risk to the reactor and the neighboring area, as... | Wikipedia - ETRR-1 - Accidents | 341 | 1,612 | null |
Section: History. Since 1990, Egypt started to search for a new research reactor to replace the aging ETRR-1 and the Israeli press claimed that Egypt was cooperating with Pakistan, Iraq and Argentina to build a plutonium-producing reactor for nuclear weapons. Finally, Egypt announced international tender and among the ... | Wikipedia - ETRR-2 - History | 176 | 865 | null |
Section: Overview. ETRR-2 is a Material Testing Reactor (MTR), multi-purpose open pool type 22 MW reactor with an initial fuel load of 19.75% enriched uranium U235 imported from Russia and the last shipment was delivered by Argentina in 1997. Since that, Egypt has fabricated the fuel rods for the ETRR-2 from the Fuel M... | Wikipedia - ETRR-2 - Overview | 186 | 878 | null |
Section: Unreported nuclear experiments. In 2004–2005, an investigation by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) discovered that between 1999 and 2003, Egypt conducted about 4 unreported experiments using a total of 0.24 g of natural uranium compounds irradiated at the ETRR-2 to test the production of fission produ... | Wikipedia - ETRR-2 - Unreported nuclear experiments | 268 | 1,353 | null |
Egypt justified its reporting failures as the government and the IAEA had “differing interpretations” of Egypt's safeguards obligations, emphasizing that the country's “nuclear activities are strictly for peaceful purposes.” Accordingly, Egypt showed full cooperation during the 2004–2005 investigation and had taken cor... | Wikipedia - ETRR-2 - Unreported nuclear experiments | 174 | 896 | null |
Section: History. The Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) contracted with the Argentine company INVAP to construct the Fuel Manufacturing Pilot Plant (FMPP) at the Nuclear Research Center in Inshas with the construction works began in 1995, with pre-operational tests in 1997, and a final complete production in Decem... | Wikipedia - Fuel Manufacturing Pilot Plant - History | 150 | 803 | null |
Section: Overview. The HPP consists of three laboratories, the first laboratory consists of three hot cells (modules 1-3) with the first module, is shielded alpha particle cell dedicated for mechanical shearing of research reactor fuel, it was unfinished due to the inability to secure the necessary export licence for t... | Wikipedia - Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant - Overview | 262 | 1,371 | null |
Section: Undeclared nuclear materials and activities. In early 2001, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) detected particles of actinides and fission products near the HPP facility, which shed light on the existence of the HPP. In November 2004 and January 2005, Egypt declared that, in 1987, it had carried out... | Wikipedia - Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant - Undeclared nuclear materials and activities | 287 | 1,404 | null |
Section: Examples. Materials testing reactors include: BR2, the Belgian Reactor 2, moderated with a paraboloid beryllium matrix, in operation at SCK CEN since 1962. The Materials Testing Reactor (MTR), an early reactor that operated in Idaho from 1952-1970. Dounreay Materials Testing Reactor, a Dido class reactor in th... | Wikipedia - Materials testing reactor - Examples | 199 | 902 | null |
Section: History. The Egyptian nuclear power program was started in 1954 as the first research reactor ETRR-1 was acquired from the Soviet Union in 1958 and was opened by Gamal Abdel Nasser at Inchass, Nile Delta. The disposal of its spent fuel was controlled by the Soviets. In 1964, a 150 MWe nuclear power station was... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Egypt - History | 340 | 1,624 | null |
As of 2012, after years of stop-start efforts, Egypt's nuclear energy ambitions were once again in flux. El Dabaa had been targeted by protesters who were claiming that their land was wrongly taken by the government to make way for the nuclear plant. As of 2012, as a result of those protests, the site was shut down. Th... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Egypt - History | 221 | 1,014 | null |
Section: Undeclared nuclear activity. In late 2004 and early 2005, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) started to investigate undisclosed experiments, which was published in open sources by former and current staff of the AEA, that indicated nuclear material, activities and facilities connected to uranium ext... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Egypt - Undeclared nuclear activity | 307 | 1,553 | null |
nuclear watchdog was investigating the discovery of traces of highly enriched uranium (HEU) at a nuclear research facility. The detection was made by the environmental swipe samples taken in 2007 and 2008 at the Nuclear Research Center, which was tested positive for both low enriched uranium (LEU) and highly enriched u... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Egypt - Undeclared nuclear activity | 178 | 940 | null |
Section: Undeclared nuclear activity > Uranium conversion experiments. During December, 2004 and January, 2005 inspections the IAEA found that Egypt failed to declare in the initial report in 1982, a 67 kg of imported uranium tetrafluoride (UF4), 3 kg of imported and domestically produced uranium metal, 9.5 kg of impor... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Egypt - Undeclared nuclear activity > Uranium conversion experiments | 310 | 1,581 | null |
Section: Undeclared nuclear activity > Uranium and thorium irradiation experiments. In December 2004 investigation, Egypt acknowledged that between 1990 and 2003, about 12 unreported experiments to the IAEA performed using a total of 1.15 g of natural uranium compounds and 9 thorium samples had been irradiated and cond... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Egypt - Undeclared nuclear activity > Uranium and thorium irradiation experiments | 211 | 1,072 | null |
Section: Undeclared nuclear activity > Activities related to reprocessing. In March 2001 and July 2002, the IAEA was investigating on the environmental samples which was taken from the ETRR-1's hot cells that revealed traces of actinides and fission products, which was explained by Egypt in July 2003, that the presence... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Egypt - Undeclared nuclear activity > Activities related to reprocessing | 341 | 1,679 | null |
The Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant designed for conducting bench scale radiochemistry experiments involving the separation of plutonium and uranium from irradiated fuel elements of the ETRR-1 research reactor. In November 2004 and January 2005, Egypt acknowledged that, in 1987, it had carried out acceptance tests in the H... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Egypt - Undeclared nuclear activity > Activities related to reprocessing | 264 | 1,263 | null |
Section: History. Radioisotopes Production Facility (RPF) was initially highlighted during the 2004/2005 investigation by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), as Egypt declared the new facility which was under construction to the agency. Egypt should have reported the decision to construct the new facility no... | Wikipedia - Radioisotope Production Facility - History | 186 | 903 | null |
Section: Overview. Radioisotopes Production Facility (RPF) is located at the Nuclear Research Center in Inshas, near ETRR-2 research reactor and Fuel Manufacturing Pilot Plant (FMPP) as the three facilities share the same auxiliary services with high degree of integration between ETRR-2 and RPF to ensure safe transfer ... | Wikipedia - Radioisotope Production Facility - Overview | 219 | 985 | null |
Section: Overview > Layout. RPF divided into free, supervised and controlled areas. The free area where no radioactive material is handled, contain offices, dressing rooms and common services. The supervised area with minimum radioactivity level, contain quality control laboratories and cell-front operation areas. The ... | Wikipedia - Radioisotope Production Facility - Overview > Layout | 223 | 1,030 | null |
Section: Products. Radioisotopes Production Facility is capable of producing the following: Chromium-51, through the irradiation of potassium chromate targets (0.5 Ci per week), used as injectable medical product. Iodine 125, through the irradiation of xenon gas (5 Ci per week), used for nuclear medicine. Iodine-131, t... | Wikipedia - Radioisotope Production Facility - Products | 256 | 1,046 | null |
Section: Synopsis. This film explores the question of preparing the site so that it is not disturbed for 100,000 years, even though no structure in human history has stayed standing for such a long period. Every day, the world over, large amounts of high-level radioactive waste created by nuclear power plants are place... | Wikipedia - Into Eternity (film) - Synopsis | 255 | 1,279 | null |
Section: Reception. The film received overall positive reviews from Swedish film critics, with an average score of 3.6 of 5 according to Kritiker.se. Praise was given for the suggestive presentation of the daunting task of communicating the dangers of nuclear waste far into the future, as well as the great dangers of h... | Wikipedia - Into Eternity (film) - Reception | 185 | 907 | null |
Article: Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (Finnish: Säteilyturvakeskus, Swedish: Strålsäkerhetscentralen), often abbreviated as STUK, is a government agency tasked with nuclear safety and radiation monitoring in Finland. The agency is a division of the Ministry of Socia... | Wikipedia - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority - Summary | 185 | 940 | null |
Section: Director generals. The director general of Nuclear Safety Authority was Jukka Laaksonen during 1997–2012, Tero Varjoranta in 2013, and is now Petteri Tiippana. Tero Varjoranta was named as the deputy director general United Nations nuclear inspectorate the IAEA in 2013. The director general of Nuclear Safety A... | Wikipedia - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority - Director generals | 166 | 778 | null |
Article: ASTRID (reactor). ASTRID (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration) was a proposal for a 600 MW sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor (Generation IV), proposed by the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). It was to be built on the Marcoule Nuclear Site in France. It was the successor ... | Wikipedia - ASTRID (reactor) - Summary | 337 | 1,609 | null |
Article: Cadarache. Cadarache (French pronunciation: [kadaʁaʃ]) in Southern France is the largest technological research and development centre for energy in Europe. It includes CEA research activities and ITER. CEA Cadarache is one of the research centres of the French Commission of Atomic and Alternative Energies (CE... | Wikipedia - Cadarache - Summary | 311 | 1,380 | null |
Section: Facilities. The Cadarache center is the largest energy research site in Europe, hosting 19 Basic Nuclear Installations (BNI) and a secret BNI, including reactors, waste stockpiling and recycling facilities, bio-technology facilities and solar platforms. It employs over 5,000 people, and approximately 700 stude... | Wikipedia - Cadarache - Facilities | 188 | 907 | null |
Section: Notable incidents. A number of accidents, of varying severity, have occurred at Cadarache since its inception. Several incidents are listed below. 31 March 1994: A sodium explosion took place while the Rapsodie experimental reactor was being dismantled. The explosion was classified as a Class 2 incident by the... | Wikipedia - Cadarache - Notable incidents | 301 | 1,503 | null |
Section: History. The site was first fortified during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, when the redoubt of Châtillon was built by the inhabitants of the town. The works allowed the French to slow the Prussian advance on the capital and was the scene of violent combat. After the war the site was selected for further for... | Wikipedia - Fort de Châtillon - History | 334 | 1,617 | null |
Section: Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses (CEN-FAR). In 1957 the Fort de Châtillon changed its name to the Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses. Only the entry and some buildings of the old fort were saved. The rest was demolished between 1957 and 1970. From 1974 the site housed a tokamak fu... | Wikipedia - Fort de Châtillon - Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses (CEN-FAR) | 280 | 1,235 | null |
Article: Cigéo. Cigéo (an acronym for Centre Industriel de Stockage Géologique, or Industrial Centre for Geological Disposal) is a French project to construct a deep geological repository for radioactive waste. It is designed to store approximately 83000 m3 of high-level waste (HLW) and intermediate-level waste (ILW) p... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Summary | 341 | 1,592 | null |
Section: Storage of long-lived radioactive waste > Objectives of storage. The activities of nuclear facilities generate fission products with very high levels of radioactivity and lifetimes in the tens of millennia. Additionally, there are actinides that are less radioactive but have lifetimes in the millions of years,... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Storage of long-lived radioactive waste > Objectives of storage | 328 | 1,505 | null |
The radiation from a large proportion of these wastes will be reduced by a factor of 1,000 in roughly a thousand years. The dangers of irradiation are poorly quantified for low doses, but according to the international authorities on radioprotection (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiatio... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Storage of long-lived radioactive waste > Objectives of storage | 340 | 1,716 | null |
Section: Storage of long-lived radioactive waste > Study of Callovo-Oxfordian Clay. The region proposed by Andra for the location of Cigéo is in the East of France, at the boundary of the departments of Meuse and Haute-Marne. Safety performance of a geological disposal site is dependent, among other factors, on the cha... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Storage of long-lived radioactive waste > Study of Callovo-Oxfordian Clay | 325 | 1,481 | null |
During operation of the facility, Andra is aiming at a maximum acceptable dose of 0.25 mSv/year for the public and 5 mSv/year for monitored workers, which is a quarter of the current regulatory limit. For long term, the objective is that the committed dose must remain lower than 0.25 mSv/year for the most affected refe... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Storage of long-lived radioactive waste > Study of Callovo-Oxfordian Clay | 310 | 1,412 | null |
Section: Description of the project > General description. The planned facility is composed of surface facilities, notably for receipt and preparation of waste packages or support services for excavation and construction works. It is envisaged that the wastes will be placed in underground stores situated at a depth of ... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Description of the project > General description | 334 | 1,681 | null |
Section: Description of the project > Wastes destined for Cigéo. Cigéo was conceived for the disposal of high-level waste, and long-lived intermediate-level (LL-ILW) waste which could not be disposed of in surface or near-surface disposal facilities for reasons of nuclear safety or radiation protection. For high-level ... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Description of the project > Wastes destined for Cigéo | 323 | 1,492 | null |
So, the adjournment of the complete recycling of all spent fuels would have a strong impact on the nature of waste to be stocked, but only towards the end of the century. If it were ultimately decided to dispose of untreated spent fuel in Cigéo, the design would have to be adapted accordingly and the footprint would be... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Description of the project > Wastes destined for Cigéo | 333 | 1,536 | null |
Section: Description of the project > Reversibility of emplacement. In order to allow future generations the possibility of revisiting the choice for disposal, the law on the radioactive waste program states that disposal shall be reversible, as a means of precaution. The conditions of reversibility are not fixed a pri... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Description of the project > Reversibility of emplacement | 327 | 1,701 | null |
Reversibility must be taken into account in the design of the facility: which must facilitate the safe recovery of waste packages, despite the depth, for as long as the facility is not fully closed. To make this recovery possible "in complete safety": containers and storage facilities must be so constructed as to be du... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Description of the project > Reversibility of emplacement | 294 | 1,469 | null |
Section: Description of the project > Safety expectations of the Nuclear Safety Authority. In France, any entity planning to establish or operate a nuclear installation must file a "Safety Options Case." ASN published a safety guide for final geological disposal of radioactive waste in 2008 and issued several opinions ... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Description of the project > Safety expectations of the Nuclear Safety Authority | 327 | 1,692 | null |
Section: Description of the project > The problem of discounting and the stability of financing. In accordance with the 2006 law on radioactive wastes, producers are legally obliged to evaluate the long-term costs posed by their wastes and to set aside funds to meet those costs. These expenses are not accounted for in ... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - Description of the project > The problem of discounting and the stability of financing | 346 | 1,695 | null |
Section: History > Developments from 1992 to 2005. In 1992, a call for applications to host underground laboratories received 30 applications from 11 departments: Allier, Gard, Indre, Maine-et-Loire, Marne, Haute-Marne, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Var, Vendée, and Vienne. By late 1993, four departments were selected: Ga... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - History > Developments from 1992 to 2005 | 233 | 1,073 | null |
Section: History > Law of 28 June 2006. The 2006 law outlined the authorization process for Cigéo, requiring: Public DebateLaunched on 15 May 2013 by the National Commission for Public Debate, it included 15 public meetings from 15 May to 15 October 2013, featuring expert interventions and a participatory website for p... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - History > Law of 28 June 2006 | 350 | 1,799 | null |
Section: History > Debates and Controversies > Boycott of the Debates. On 15 May 2013, approximately 40 organizations, including Bure Zone Libre, Friends of the Earth, and the Sortir du nucléaire Network, called for a boycott, alleging predetermined outcomes. On 23 May and 18 June, opponents disrupted the debates, lead... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - History > Debates and Controversies > Boycott of the Debates | 234 | 1,145 | null |
Section: History > Debates and Controversies > 2016 Law and Protests. In June 2015, the Conseil constitutionnel struck down an article on reversibility in the Macron law. This was incorporated into the Cigéo framework law adopted in July 2016. On 27 October 2023, the Constitutional Council upheld the reversibility prov... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - History > Debates and Controversies > 2016 Law and Protests | 170 | 752 | null |
Section: History > Debates and Controversies > Intensification of Protests and Judicial Response. From 2016, the Lejuc wood in Mandres-en-Barrois, a potential site for Cigéo, became a focal point of protest. Activists occupied the site, challenging a municipal council’s secret ballot authorizing its transfer to Andra. ... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - History > Debates and Controversies > Intensification of Protests and Judicial Response | 239 | 1,239 | null |
Section: History > Prior Opinions and Authorizations and Preparatory Works. The public inquiry dossier for Cigéo was filed on 3 August 2020. On 13 January 2021, the Environmental Authority recommended a detailed program of additional risk management and monitoring studies, while the National Commission for Public Debat... | Wikipedia - Cigéo - History > Prior Opinions and Authorizations and Preparatory Works | 337 | 1,623 | null |
Section: History. In 1973 France, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Sweden formed the joint stock company EURODIF. Sweden withdrew from the project in 1974. In 1975 Sweden's 10 per cent share in EURODIF was transferred to Iran as a result of an arrangement between France and Iran. The French government subsidiary company Cogem... | Wikipedia - Eurodif - History | 327 | 1,419 | null |
France decided to abandon the gas diffusion process used by the Eurodif Georges Besse I factory for a modern centrifuge process. The project announced by Areva NC to make the change was the subject of a public discussion in the Rhône-Alpes region from September 1 to October 22, 2004. The advantage of the new process is... | Wikipedia - Eurodif - History | 155 | 690 | null |
Article: Jules Horowitz Reactor. The Jules Horowitz Reactor (Réacteur Jules Horowitz, RJH) is a materials testing reactor (MTR) cooled and moderated with water. It is under construction at Cadarache in southern France, based on the recommendations of the European Roadmap for Research Infrastructures Report, which was p... | Wikipedia - Jules Horowitz Reactor - Summary | 338 | 1,639 | null |
Section: Design. The Jules Horowitz Reactor is a materials testing reactor, with a power output of approximately 100 megawatts. It has roughly twice the neutron flux of the OSIRIS design. It has a planned service lifespan of around 50 years, and is designed to be adaptable for a variety of research uses by nuclear util... | Wikipedia - Jules Horowitz Reactor - Design | 245 | 1,199 | null |
Section: History > Project background and funding. During the early exploration of atomic energy, a number of reactors were designed for the materials testing role. These were generally small designs with limited energy output that incorporated several design features to provide a good neutron economy so that excess ne... | Wikipedia - Jules Horowitz Reactor - History > Project background and funding | 318 | 1,761 | null |
The entire fleet was expected to leave service by 2020. The reactor is being built under the framework of an international consortium of research institutes, including France's CEA, the Czech Republic's NRI, Spain's CIEMAT, Finland's VTT, Belgium's SCK•CEN, the United Kingdom's NNL and the European Commission, along wi... | Wikipedia - Jules Horowitz Reactor - History > Project background and funding | 216 | 885 | null |
Section: History > Design and construction. The design of the reactor was carried out between 2002 and 2005. At the time it called for the reactor to complete construction in mid-2013 and reach initial criticality in early 2014. The total cost of construction was estimated to be around €500 million. Site preparation be... | Wikipedia - Jules Horowitz Reactor - History > Design and construction | 345 | 1,671 | null |
Article: La Hague site. The La Hague site is a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at La Hague on the Cotentin Peninsula in northern France, with the Manche storage centre bordering on it. Operated by Orano, formerly AREVA, and prior to that COGEMA (Compagnie générale des matières atomiques), La Hague has nearly half of th... | Wikipedia - La Hague site - Summary | 225 | 955 | null |
Section: Operations. Spent nuclear fuel roughly consists of three categories. The largest fraction by far is uranium that was present in the fuel from the start and was not affected by the nuclear reactions. Most of this uranium consists of uranium-238, which has a low radioactivity. Around 3-4% of the material consist... | Wikipedia - La Hague site - Operations | 345 | 1,720 | null |
The uranium fraction is very low in radioactivity and can be stored in specialized warehouses. Long-term storage of radioactive waste requires the stabilization of the waste into a form that will neither react nor degrade for extended periods. Decades of research efforts have shown that a viable way to do this is throu... | Wikipedia - La Hague site - Operations | 177 | 895 | null |
Section: History. The La Hague site was built after the Marcoule site originally for producing plutonium for military purposes. In 1969 the French military, having had a sufficient supply of plutonium for weapons, had no further use of the reprocessing centre. The factory directed its efforts toward civil operations, a... | Wikipedia - La Hague site - History | 218 | 1,077 | null |
Section: Controversy surrounding radioactive releases. Greenpeace has been campaigning since 1997 for the shutdown of the site, which they claim dumps "one million litres of liquid radioactive waste per day" into the ocean; "the equivalent of 50 nuclear waste barrels", claiming the radiation affects local beaches, alth... | Wikipedia - La Hague site - Controversy surrounding radioactive releases | 263 | 1,354 | null |
Article: Manche storage centre. The Centre de stockage de la Manche (CSM)(Manche storage centre) is the oldest French radioactive waste storage centre. It is located in the commune of La Hague, bordering on the La Hague site. The CSM was created in 1969 and then received nuclear waste until it reached saturation in 199... | Wikipedia - Manche storage centre - Summary | 174 | 773 | null |
Section: History. In 1967, the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) created Infratome, a private company which was a subsidiary of the fr:Mines de potasse d'Alsace. After considering the Biville dunes, owned by the army, the decision was made to build the CSM to the east of the La Hague reprocessing plant, in a wetland area ... | Wikipedia - Manche storage centre - History | 335 | 1,506 | null |
For several years, plutonium, radium, thorium, and waste containing tritium from all of the French nuclear power plants had been stored in 6 vaults in a structure called TB2. The leaks would be due to an overflow at the surface of the deep drainage network on the grounds of heavy rainfalls and malfunctions of the lifti... | Wikipedia - Manche storage centre - History | 235 | 1,100 | null |
Section: Remarks. In 1996, two official reports showed that the site safety studies were positive. The government's evaluation commission also considers that the site cannot be restored to its initial state even after 300 years (in French site non banalisable), and that it is necessary to keep its memory. According to ... | Wikipedia - Manche storage centre - Remarks | 277 | 1,235 | null |
Article: Marcoule Nuclear Site. Marcoule Nuclear Site (French: Site nucléaire de Marcoule) is a nuclear facility in the Chusclan and Codolet communes, near Bagnols-sur-Cèze in the Gard department of France, which is in the tourist, wine and agricultural Côtes-du-Rhône region. The plant is around 25 km north west of Avi... | Wikipedia - Marcoule Nuclear Site - Summary | 350 | 1,518 | null |
Article: Phénix. Phénix (French for phoenix) was a small-scale (gross 264/net 233 MWe) prototype fast breeder reactor, located at the Marcoule nuclear site, near Orange, France. It was a pool-type liquid-metal fast breeder reactor cooled with liquid sodium. It generated 590 MW of thermal power, and had a breeding ratio... | Wikipedia - Phénix - Summary | 216 | 955 | null |
Section: History. Construction of Phénix began in November 1968. The first connection to the French national electricity grid was in December 1973. Plans for a French fast reactor date as far back as 1958's Rapsodie, and followed up in 1964 for a larger design with a power output of 1 GWe. Construction of the Rapsodie ... | Wikipedia - Phénix - History | 330 | 1,633 | null |
It was fueled with 931 kg of highly enriched plutonium, around 77% Pu-239. The fuel load is capable of running for about 90 days maximum, but in practice it normally ran for two month periods. Due to its design, refueling required the reactor to be shut down. As a result, it had a low capacity factor (CF), on the order... | Wikipedia - Phénix - History | 251 | 1,132 | null |
Article: Superphénix. Superphénix (French pronunciation: [sypɛʁfeniks]; English: Superphoenix, SPX) was a nuclear power station prototype on the Rhône river at Creys-Malville in France, close to the border with Switzerland. Superphénix was a 1,242 MWe fast breeder reactor with the twin goals of reprocessing nuclear fue... | Wikipedia - Superphénix - Summary | 307 | 1,403 | null |
Section: Design > Background. France had considered the problem of plutonium production just after the end of World War II. At the time, the conventional solution to this problem was to use a graphite moderated air or water cooled reactor fueled with natural uranium, such as the UNGG. Such designs have little economic ... | Wikipedia - Superphénix - Design > Background | 331 | 1,723 | null |
Section: Design > Earlier work and Phénix. Plans for a French fast reactor date as far back as 1958's Rapsodie, and followed up in 1964 for a larger design with a power output of 1 GWe. Construction of the Rapsodie facility started in 1962 and went critical on 28 January 1967. It did not have power producing systems, b... | Wikipedia - Superphénix - Design > Earlier work and Phénix | 348 | 1,682 | null |
The fuel load is capable of running for about 90 days maximum, but in practice it normally ran for two month periods. Due to its design, refueling required the reactor to be shut down. As a result, it had a low capacity factor (CF), on the order of 65%. As a prototype plant, a high CF was not a design goal, although an... | Wikipedia - Superphénix - Design > Earlier work and Phénix | 178 | 831 | null |
Section: Design > Superphénix. In 1971 and 1972, France, Germany and Italy signed agreements for the joint construction of full-scale breeders, one in France and one in Germany. The 1973 oil crisis made the issue of fuel security of significant importance. As part of the Messmer Plan, France began to plan for a future ... | Wikipedia - Superphénix - Design > Superphénix | 282 | 1,372 | null |
Section: Construction. Design work began in 1968, the same year as construction began for the smaller-scale LMFBR Phénix, following the abandonment of the graphite-gas designs. The fast breeder design was chosen in the face of fears of disruption to the supply of other fuels; the "plutonium economy" seemed viable if oi... | Wikipedia - Superphénix - Construction | 152 | 655 | null |
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