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Section: Construction > Rocket attack. Against a background of ongoing protest and low-level sabotage, on the night of January 18, 1982 an RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade attack was launched against the unfinished plant. Five rockets were fired across the Rhône at the incomplete containment building. Two rockets hit and... | Wikipedia - Superphénix - Construction > Rocket attack | 152 | 781 | null |
Section: Operation. Designed electrical power output was 1.20 GW, though year to year its availability was from zero to 33%. As time passed, problems developed from another source: the liquid sodium cooling system suffered from corrosion and leaks. These problems were eventually fixed and in December 1996 the power rea... | Wikipedia - Superphénix - Operation | 244 | 1,193 | null |
Section: Closure. Superphénix had been a focus point of many groups opposed to nuclear power, including the green party Les Verts, since its planning and construction. A national network called Sortir du nucléaire was formed, bringing together hundreds of organisations: local committees, ecological associations, citize... | Wikipedia - Superphénix - Closure | 343 | 1,637 | null |
Article: Zoé (reactor). The Zoé reactor, or EL-1, was the first French atomic reactor. It was built in 1947 at the Fort de Châtillon in Fontenay-aux-Roses, a suburb of Paris. Design work for the heavy-water reactor was started in 1947 by Frédéric Joliot-Curie, who was at the time director of the French Commission for A... | Wikipedia - Zoé (reactor) - Summary | 350 | 1,541 | null |
Article: German nuclear program during World War II. Nazi Germany undertook several research programs relating to nuclear technology, including nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors, before and during World War II. These were variously called Uranverein (Uranium Society) or Uranprojekt (Uranium Project). The first effor... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Summary | 315 | 1,631 | null |
Schumann was one of the most powerful and influential physicists in Germany. Diebner, throughout the life of the nuclear weapon project, had more control over nuclear fission research than did Walther Bothe, Klaus Clusius, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, or Werner Heisenberg. Esau was appointed as Reichsmarschall Hermann Göri... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Summary | 302 | 1,529 | null |
Section: Discovery of nuclear fission. In December 1938, German chemist Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to the German science journal Naturwissenschaften ("Natural Sciences") reporting that they had detected and identified the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons. Their a... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Discovery of nuclear fission | 170 | 860 | null |
Section: First Uranverein and other early 1939 efforts. On 22 April 1939, after hearing a colloquium paper by his colleague Wilhelm Hanle at the University of Göttingen proposing the use of uranium fission in an Uranmaschine (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor), Georg Joos, along with Hanle, notified Wilhelm Dames,... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - First Uranverein and other early 1939 efforts | 283 | 1,208 | null |
This initial work at Göttingen lasted until the fall of 1939, when Joos and Hanle were drafted into other military research. Independently of this effort, Paul Harteck, director of the physical chemistry department at the University of Hamburg and an advisor to the Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office), and his t... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - First Uranverein and other early 1939 efforts | 349 | 1,659 | null |
Section: Second Uranverein. In August 1939, just before the German invasion of Poland precipitated the formal start of World War II, the Army Ordnance Office (HWA) moved to take over the work of the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council) of the Reich Education Ministry (REM), and ordered the RFR to halt all ... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Second Uranverein | 329 | 1,477 | null |
A second meeting was held soon thereafter, and included Klaus Clusius, Robert Döpel, Werner Heisenberg, and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Also at this time, the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, after World War II the Max Planck Institute for Physics), in Berlin-Dahlem, wa... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Second Uranverein | 312 | 1,491 | null |
Speer felt it was better that the whole thing should be dropped and the Führer also reacted that way." He said they presented the matter in this way for their own personal safety, as the probability of success was nearly zero, and that if many thousands of people working on an expensive and time-consuming project ended... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Second Uranverein | 303 | 1,505 | null |
It was in effect broken up between institutes where the different directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. The dominant personnel, facilities, and areas of research were: Walther Bothe – Director of the Institut für Physik (Institute for Physics) at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für medizinisc... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Second Uranverein | 303 | 1,424 | null |
Heavy water production and isotope production. 5 physical chemists, physicists, and chemists Werner Heisenberg – Director of the Department of Theoretical Physics at the University of Leipzig until summer 1942; thereafter acting director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics), ... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Second Uranverein | 279 | 1,406 | null |
After this the number diminished dramatically, and many of those not working with the main institutes stopped working on nuclear fission and devoted their efforts to more pressing war related work. On 4 June 1942, a conference regarding the project, initiated by Albert Speer as head of the "Reich Ministry for Armament ... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Second Uranverein | 325 | 1,572 | null |
Abraham Esau was appointed on 8 December 1942 as Hermann Göring's Bevollmächtigter (plenipotentiary) for nuclear physics research under the RFR; in December 1943, Esau was replaced by Walther Gerlach. In the final analysis, placing the RFR under Göring's administrative control had little effect on the German nuclear we... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Second Uranverein | 328 | 1,484 | null |
Section: Isotope separation. Paul Peter Ewald, a member of the Uranverein, had proposed an electromagnetic isotope separator, which was thought applicable to 235U production and enrichment. This was picked up by Manfred von Ardenne, who ran a private research establishment. In 1928, von Ardenne had come into his inheri... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Isotope separation | 328 | 1,527 | null |
Herbert Wagner (1900–1982) searched for alternative sources of energy for airplanes and became interested in nuclear energy in 1940. In August 1941, they finished a detailed internal survey of the history and potential of technical nuclear physics and its applications (Übersicht und Darstellung der historischen Entwick... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Isotope separation | 319 | 1,521 | null |
Section: Moderator production. The production of heavy water was already under way in Norway when the Germans invaded on 9 April 1940. The Norwegian production facilities for heavy water were quickly secured (though some heavy water had already been removed) and improved by the Germans. The Allies and Norwegians had sa... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Moderator production | 192 | 1,003 | null |
Section: Exploitation and denial strategies. Near the end of World War II, the principal Allied war powers each made plans for exploitation of German science. In light of the implications of nuclear weapons, German nuclear fission and related technologies were singled out for special attention. In addition to exploitat... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies | 244 | 1,350 | null |
Section: Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Operation Big. Unfortunately for the Soviets, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) had mostly been moved in 1943 and 1944 to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Fore... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Operation Big | 253 | 1,260 | null |
Section: Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Operation Epsilon, and Farm Hall. A major goal of the Operation Alsos effort in Germany was the location, capture, and interrogation of German nuclear scientists. This involved some significant effort as many of them had become scattered during the ch... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Operation Epsilon, and Farm Hall | 334 | 1,652 | null |
It is unclear whether the scientists were aware, or whether they suspected, that they were being monitored. Prior to the announcement of Hiroshima, the German scientists, though worried about the future, expressed confidence in their value to the Allies on the basis of their advanced knowledge of nuclear matters. The B... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Operation Epsilon, and Farm Hall | 265 | 1,369 | null |
Two scientists on the Manhattan Project, Edward Teller and Hans Bethe, concluded after reading the transcripts that Heisenberg had never done the calculation before. Heisenberg himself, in the transcript, said that, "quite honestly I have never worked it [the critical mass calculation for an atomic bomb] out as I never... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Operation Epsilon, and Farm Hall | 330 | 1,609 | null |
After the war, von Weizsäcker and Heisenberg and several others spread this version of the story to journalists and historians, like Robert Jungk, who reprinted and amplified it uncritically in the 1950s. Already by that time, the historical accuracy of the Lesart had been challenged forcefully by von Laue (who coined ... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Operation Epsilon, and Farm Hall | 284 | 1,331 | null |
Section: Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Oranienburg plant. With the interest of the Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office), Nikolaus Riehl, and his colleague Günter Wirths, set up an industrial-scale production of high-purity uranium oxide at the Auergesellschaft plant in Oranienburg. ... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Oranienburg plant | 345 | 1,616 | null |
Since the plant was to be in the future Soviet zone of occupation and the Red Army's troops would get there before the Western Allies, General Leslie Groves, commander of the Manhattan Project, recommended to General George Marshall that the plant be destroyed by aerial bombardment, in order to deny its uranium product... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > American and British > Oranienburg plant | 156 | 772 | null |
Section: Exploitation and denial strategies > French. From 1941 to 1947, Fritz Bopp was a staff scientist at the KWIP, and worked with the Uranverein. In 1944, he went with most of the KWIP staff when they were evacuated to Hechingen in Southern Germany due to air raids on Berlin, and became the Institute's Deputy Dire... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > French | 283 | 1,377 | null |
Section: Exploitation and denial strategies > Soviet. At the close of World War II, the Soviet Union had special search teams operating in Austria and Germany, especially in Berlin, to identify and obtain equipment, material, intellectual property, and personnel useful to the Soviet atomic bomb project. The exploitatio... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > Soviet | 340 | 1,474 | null |
Günter Wirths, while not a member of the Uranverein, worked for Riehl at the Auergesellschaft on reactor-grade uranium production and was also sent to the Soviet Union. Zimmer's path to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project was through a prisoner of war camp in Krasnogorsk, as was that of his colleagues Hans-Joachim B... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > Soviet | 347 | 1,467 | null |
Von Ardenne, who had worked on isotope separation for the Reichspostministerium (Reich Postal Ministry), was also sent to the Soviet Union to work on their atomic bomb project, along with Gustav Hertz, Nobel laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, Peter Adolf Thiessen, director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Exploitation and denial strategies > Soviet | 241 | 1,054 | null |
Section: Comparison to the Manhattan Project. The United States, British, and Canadian governments worked together to create the Manhattan Project that developed the uranium and plutonium atomic bombs. Its success has been attributed to meeting all four of the following conditions: A strong initial drive, by a small gr... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Comparison to the Manhattan Project | 303 | 1,613 | null |
In Germany, on the other hand, a great many young scientists and technicians who would have been of great use to such a project were conscripted into the German armed forces, while others had fled the country before the war due to antisemitism and political persecution. Whereas Enrico Fermi, a scientific Manhattan Proj... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Comparison to the Manhattan Project | 341 | 1,737 | null |
German historian Klaus Hentschel summarizes the organizational differences as: Compared with the British and American war research efforts united in the Manhattan Project, to this day the prime example of "big science," the Uranverein was only a loosely knit, decentralized network of researchers with quite different re... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Comparison to the Manhattan Project | 339 | 1,851 | null |
The first two of the above groups were unified in 1942 under the Reich's Research Council. On the whole, beneficial results, from the German standpoint, were obtained through that unification. But conflicting jurisdiction between the German Government and Service branches still existed. Up until the later stages of the... | Wikipedia - German nuclear program during World War II - Comparison to the Manhattan Project | 308 | 1,584 | null |
Section: Mission statement. The Directorate General-Joint Research Centre is the European Commission's science and knowledge service. Its mission is to support EU policies with independent evidence throughout the whole policy cycle. Its work has a direct impact on the lives of citizens by contributing with its research... | Wikipedia - Institute for Transuranium Elements - Mission statement | 326 | 1,852 | null |
They are performed in collaboration and/or in support to the EU Member States and relevant international organizations. Today the Directorate G is one of the leading nuclear research establishments for nuclear science and technology and a unique provider of nuclear data measurements. Typical research and policy support... | Wikipedia - Institute for Transuranium Elements - Mission statement | 177 | 1,107 | null |
Section: Activities > Measurement of radioactivity in the environment. The ITU is funded by the European Union, and theoretically has no "pro-" or "anti-nuclear" policy. The ITU is able to examine environmental samples in order to decide if dangerous levels of radioactive contamination are present. For instance hot par... | Wikipedia - Institute for Transuranium Elements - Activities > Measurement of radioactivity in the environment | 168 | 750 | null |
Section: Experimental design. Wendelstein 7-AS was a stellarator, a device which generates the magnetic fields necessary for the confinement of a hot hydrogen plasma via current-carrying coils outside the plasma. They are potential candidates for fusion reactors designed for continuous operation as the current exclusiv... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-AS - Experimental design | 218 | 1,134 | null |
Section: Project results. The following experimental results confirmed the predictions of a partially optimized Wendelstein 7-AS and led to the development and construction of the Wendelstein 7-X: The magnetic field was able to trap plasma particles (mostly hydrogen ions and electrons) with higher thermal energies than... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-AS - Project results | 313 | 1,543 | null |
Article: Wendelstein 7-X. The Wendelstein 7-X (abbreviated W7-X) reactor is an experimental stellarator built in Greifswald, Germany, by the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), and completed in October 2015. Its purpose is to advance stellarator technology: though this experimental reactor will not produce e... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-X - Summary | 271 | 1,359 | null |
Section: Design and main components. The Wendelstein 7-X device is based on a five-field-period Helias configuration. It is mainly a toroid, consisting of 50 non-planar and 20 planar superconducting magnetic coils, 3.5 m high, which induce a magnetic field that prevents the plasma from colliding with the reactor walls.... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-X - Design and main components | 317 | 1,324 | null |
The whole plant is built of five nearly identical modules, which were assembled in the experiment hall. The heating system includes high power gyrotrons for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), which will deliver up to 15 MW of heating to the plasma. For operational phase 2 (OP-2), after completion of the full ... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-X - Design and main components | 180 | 877 | null |
Section: History. The German funding arrangement for the project was negotiated in 1994, establishing the Greifswald Branch Institute of the IPP in the north-eastern corner of the recently integrated East Germany. Its new building was completed in 2000. Construction of the stellarator was originally expected to reach c... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-X - History | 320 | 1,560 | null |
For this initial test with about 1 mg of helium gas injected into the evacuated plasma vessel, microwave heating was applied for a short 1.3 MW pulse. More than 300 discharges with helium were done in December and January with gradually increasing temperatures finally reaching six million degrees Celsius, to clean the ... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-X - History | 310 | 1,623 | null |
Operational phase 1 continued (OP 1.2) in 2017 to test the (uncooled) divertor. In June 2018 a record ion temperature of about 40 million degrees, a density of 0.8 × 1020 particles/m3, and a confinement time of 0.2 second yielded a record fusion product of 6 × 1026 degree-seconds per cubic metre. During the last experi... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-X - History | 187 | 895 | null |
Section: Financing. Financial support for the project is about 80% from Germany and about 20% from the European Union. 90% of German funding comes from the federal government and 10% from the state government of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The total investment for the stellarator itself over 1997–2014 amounted to €370 mill... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-X - Financing | 176 | 875 | null |
Section: Collaborating institutes > European Union. FJFI at Czech Technical University in Prague (Czech Republic) Charles University (Czech Republic) Technische Universität Berlin (Germany) University of Greifswald (Germany) Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany) Institute of Int... | Wikipedia - Wendelstein 7-X - Collaborating institutes > European Union | 236 | 1,045 | null |
Article: National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos". The National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSRD; Greek: Εθνικό Κέντρο Έρευνας Φυσικών Επιστημών (Ε.Κ.Ε.Φ.Ε.) "Δημόκριτος") is a research center in Greece, employing over 1,000 researchers, engineers, technicians and administrative personnel. I... | Wikipedia - National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" - Summary | 219 | 849 | null |
Section: The Media Networks Laboratory. The Laboratory is a part of the “Digital Communications” research programme of the Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, NCSR “Demokritos”. It is located in the premises of NCSR in Athens, Greece and employs high-qualified research personnel, specialised in networking ... | Wikipedia - National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" - The Media Networks Laboratory | 171 | 985 | null |
Article: Nuclear power in Greece. Although Greece has established the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (Greek: Ελληνική Επιτροπή Ατομικής Ενέργειας, ΕΕΑΕ), a decision has been made not to implement a nuclear power program to generate electricity. There is one operational nuclear research reactor in the Demokritos Researc... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Greece - Summary | 159 | 705 | null |
Section: Career. He joined the Reactor Engineering Division of the BARC and played a key role in design and construction of the Dhruva reactor, a completely original but high-tech project. He was a part of the core team of architects of India's Peaceful Nuclear Tests in 1974 and 1998. Further he has led the indigenous ... | Wikipedia - Anil Kakodkar - Career | 238 | 1,162 | null |
Section: Other positions. Kakodkar is a member of many boards, commissions, and other organisations. Some of them are: Chairman, Board of Governors of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay – 2006–15. Chairman, Board of Directors of Maharashtra Knowledge Corporation Limited, Pune (current). Member, Atomic Energy Co... | Wikipedia - Anil Kakodkar - Other positions | 295 | 1,539 | null |
Section: Awards > Other awards. Highest civilian award of the Maharashtra state-Maharashtra Bhushan Award (2011–2012) Highest civilian award of the Goa state-Gomant Vibhushan Award (2010) Hari Om Ashram Prerit Vikram Sarabhai Award (1988) H. K. Firodia Award for Excellence in Science and Technology (1997) Rockwell Meda... | Wikipedia - Anil Kakodkar - Awards > Other awards | 228 | 941 | null |
Section: Work spectrum. The prime mandate of Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research is to identify and evaluate uranium resources required for the successful implementation of Atomic Energy programme of the country. AMD over the past five decades has been instrumental in locating Uranium resources in ... | Wikipedia - Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research - Work spectrum | 159 | 728 | null |
Article: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear research facility, headquartered in Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded by Homi Jehangir Bhabha as the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) in January 1954 as a multidisciplinary research p... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Summary | 332 | 1,756 | null |
Section: History. When Homi Jehangir Bhabha was working at the Indian Institute of Science, there was no institute in India which had the necessary facilities for original work in nuclear physics, cosmic rays, high energy physics, and other frontiers of knowledge in physics. This prompted him to send a proposal in Marc... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - History | 331 | 1,734 | null |
All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor designing and development, instrumentation, metallurgy, and material science, etc., were transferred with their respective programs from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) to AEET, with TIFR retaining its original focus for fundamental researc... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - History | 299 | 1,332 | null |
Apsara was India's first nuclear reactor built at BARC in 1956 to conduct basic research in nuclear physics. It is 1 MWTh light water cooled and moderated swimming pool type thermal reactor that went critical on August 4, 1956, and is suitable for production of isotopes, basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, n... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - History | 336 | 1,661 | null |
Along with DRDO and other agencies and laboratories BARC also played an essential and important role in nuclear weapons technology and research. The plutonium used in India's 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test came from CIRUS. In 1974 the head of this entire nuclear bomb project was the director of the BARC, Raja Ramanna... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - History | 325 | 1,642 | null |
Subsequently, India established computer simulation capability to predict the yields of nuclear explosives whose designs are related to the designs of explosives used in this test. The scientists and engineers of the BARC, the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMDER), and the Defence Research an... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - History | 326 | 1,581 | null |
Two reactors of this design were built in Tarapur, Maharashtra starting in the year 2000 and the first was commissioned on 12 September 2005. The IPHWR-540 design was later upgraded to a 700 MWe with the main objective to improve fuel efficiency and develop a standardized design to be installed at many locations across... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - History | 305 | 1,396 | null |
CERN (LHC), India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO), ITER, Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA), Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE), etc. In 2012 it was reported that new facilities and campuses of BARC were planned in Atchutapuram, ne... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - History | 158 | 700 | null |
Section: Description. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronic instrumentation, biology and medicine, supercomputing, high-energy ph... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Description | 165 | 1,017 | null |
Section: Areas of research > Thorium fuel cycle. India has a unique position in the world, in terms of availability of nuclear fuel resource. It has a limited resource of uranium but a large resource of thorium. The beach sands of Kerala and Orissa have rich reserves of monazite, which contains about 8–10% thorium. Stu... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Thorium fuel cycle | 328 | 1,592 | null |
Thoria blanket assemblies in FBTR. (Th-Pu)MOX fuel pins of BWR, PHWR and AHWR design in research reactors CIRUS and Dhruva. Post-irradiation examinations have been carried out on the irradiated PHWR thoria fuel bundles and (Th-Pu) MOX fuel pins. Thermo-physical and thermodynamic properties have been evaluated for the t... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Thorium fuel cycle | 265 | 1,026 | null |
Section: Areas of research > Reprocessing and nuclear waste management. After certain energy utilization, known as burn-up (a legacy of thermal power) is reached, nuclear fuel in a reactor is replaced by fresh fuel so that fission chain reactions can sustain and desired power output can be maintained. The spent fuel di... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Reprocessing and nuclear waste management | 327 | 1,522 | null |
High Level Liquid Waste (HLLW) generated during reprocessing of spent fuel contains most of the radioactivity generated in entire nuclear fuel cycle. The HLLW is immobilised into an inert Sodium Boro-Silicate glass matrix through a process, called vitrification. The vitrified waste is stored for an interim period in an... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Reprocessing and nuclear waste management | 331 | 1,416 | null |
Vitrification Cell (IHMM), WIP, Trombay Joule Heated Ceramic Melter, Tarapur Inside view of Cold Crucible Induction Melter R&D in the field of partitioning of Minor Actinides from HLLW are also aimed to separate out the long-lived radioactive waste constituents prior to immobilizing then in glass matrice. The long live... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Reprocessing and nuclear waste management | 191 | 864 | null |
Section: Areas of research > Reprocessing and nuclear waste management > Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility. The Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility (AFFF), a MOX fuel fabrication facility, is part of the Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB), and located at the Tarapur, Maharashtra. Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility has fabrica... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Reprocessing and nuclear waste management > Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility | 300 | 1,332 | null |
Section: Areas of research > Basic and applied physics. The interdisciplinary research includes investigation of matter under different physicochemical environments, including temperature, magnetic field and pressure. Reactors, ion and electron accelerators and lasers are being employed as tools to investigate crucial ... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Basic and applied physics | 241 | 1,166 | null |
BARC also has sustained programs of indigenous development of detectors, sensors, mass spectrometer, imaging technique and multilayer-mirrors. Recent achievements include: commissioning of the Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) at Ladakh, a time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at Dhruva, the beam-lin... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Basic and applied physics | 326 | 1,351 | null |
It is the highest (in altitude) and second largest Cerenkov telescope in the world. It was built by Electronics Corporation of India, Hyderabad, for the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and was assembled at the campus of Indian Astronomical Observatory at Hanle. The telescope is the second-largest gamma ray telescope in t... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Basic and applied physics | 340 | 1,721 | null |
Section: Areas of research > High-performance computing. BARC designed and developed a series of supercomputers for their internal usage. They were mainly used for molecular dynamical simulations, reactor physics, theoretical physics, computational chemistry, computational fluid dynamics, and finite element analysis. T... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > High-performance computing | 337 | 1,720 | null |
Section: Areas of research > Electronics instrumentation and computers. BARC's research and development programing electrical, electronics, instrumentation and computers is in the fields of Nuclear Science and Technology, and this has resulted in the development of various indigenous technologies. In the fields of nucl... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Electronics instrumentation and computers | 309 | 1,693 | null |
Section: Areas of research > Material Sciences and Engineering. Materials Science and Engineering plays an important role in all aspects including sustaining and providing support for Indian nuclear program and also developing advanced technologies. The minerals containing elements of interest to DAE e.g. Uranium, Rare... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Material Sciences and Engineering | 323 | 1,890 | null |
Studies aimed at understanding radiation damage in materials are undertaken using advanced characterization techniques to help in alloy development and material degradation assessment activities. Generation of thermo-physical and defect property database of nuclear materials e.g., Thoria-based Mixed oxide and metallic ... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Material Sciences and Engineering | 209 | 995 | null |
Section: Areas of research > Chemical Engineering and Sciences. The key features underlying the development effort are self-reliance, achieving products with very high purity specifications, working with separation processes characterized by low separation factors, aiming high recoveries, optimal utilization of scarce ... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Chemical Engineering and Sciences | 152 | 857 | null |
Membrane technologies have been deployed not only for nuclear waste treatment but for society at large in line with the Jal Jeevan Mission of Government of India to provide safe drinking water at the household level. Development and demonstration of fluidized bed technology for applications in nuclear fuel cycle; synth... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Chemical Engineering and Sciences | 346 | 1,730 | null |
Section: Areas of research > Environment, Radiology and Radiochemical Science. BARC also monitors Environmental impact and dose / risk assessment for radiological and chemical contaminants, Environmental surveillance and radiation protection for the entire nuclear fuel cycle facilities, Meteorological and hydro-geologi... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Environment, Radiology and Radiochemical Science | 342 | 1,899 | null |
Section: Areas of research > Health, Food and agriculture. Development of new elite crop varieties including oil seeds and pulses. Using radiation-induced mutagenesis, hybridization, and tissue culture techniques 49 crop varieties have been developed, released and Gazette-notified for commercial cultivation. Developmen... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Health, Food and agriculture | 315 | 1,671 | null |
Preclinical and translational research is aimed at development of new drugs and therapeutics for prevention and mitigation of radiation injury, de-corporation of heavy metals and treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancers. Studying macromolecular structures and protein-ligand interactions using biophysical techniq... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Areas of research > Health, Food and agriculture | 317 | 1,598 | null |
Section: India's three-stage nuclear power programme > Stage I – Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor. In the first stage of the programme, natural uranium fueled pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWR) produce electricity while generating plutonium-239 as by-product. PHWRs was a natural choice for implementing the first st... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - India's three-stage nuclear power programme > Stage I – Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor | 176 | 784 | null |
Section: India's three-stage nuclear power programme > Stage II – Fast Breeder Reactor. In the second stage, fast breeder reactors (FBRs) would use a mixed oxide (MOX) fuel made from plutonium-239, recovered by reprocessing spent fuel from the first stage, and natural uranium. In FBRs, plutonium-239 undergoes fission t... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - India's three-stage nuclear power programme > Stage II – Fast Breeder Reactor | 247 | 1,073 | null |
Section: India's three-stage nuclear power programme > Stage III – Thorium Based Reactors > Parallel approaches. As there is a long delay before direct thorium utilisation in the three-stage programme, the country is looking at reactor designs that allow more direct use of thorium in parallel with the sequential three-... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - India's three-stage nuclear power programme > Stage III – Thorium Based Reactors > Parallel approaches | 175 | 869 | null |
Section: Reactor design > Commercial reactors and power generation > Pressurized heavy-water reactors. BARC has developed various sizes of IPHWR class of pressurized heavy-water reactors powered by Natural Uranium for the first-stage Three-stage nuclear power programme which produce electricity and plutonium-239 to pow... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Reactor design > Commercial reactors and power generation > Pressurized heavy-water reactors | 151 | 686 | null |
Section: Reactor design > Commercial reactors and power generation > Indian molten salt breeder reactor. The Indian molten salt breeder reactor (IMSBR) is the platform to burn thorium as part of 3rd stage of Indian nuclear power programme. The fuel in IMSBR is in the form of a continuously circulating molten fluoride s... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Reactor design > Commercial reactors and power generation > Indian molten salt breeder reactor | 208 | 1,007 | null |
Section: Civilian research. The BARC also researches biotechnology at the Gamma Gardens and has developed numerous disease-resistant and high-yielding crop varieties, particularly groundnuts. It also conducts research in Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics for power generation. On 4 June 2005, intending to encourage rese... | Wikipedia - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Civilian research | 270 | 1,308 | null |
Article: Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology. The Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT) is a unit of the Department of Atomic Energy, with its headquarters in Navi Mumbai, India. The unit of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is focused on developing applications for radio isotope and radiation tech... | Wikipedia - Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology - Summary | 165 | 803 | null |
Article: CIRUS reactor. CIRUS (Canada India Reactor Utility Services) was a research reactor at the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) in Trombay near Mumbai, India. CIRUS was supplied by Canada in 1954, but used heavy water (deuterium oxide) supplied by the United States. It was the second nuclear reactor to be buil... | Wikipedia - CIRUS reactor - Summary | 312 | 1,315 | null |
Article: Dhruva reactor. The Dhruva reactor is India's largest nuclear research reactor. It was the first nuclear reactor in Asia proper. Located in the Mumbai suburb of Trombay at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), it is India's primary generator of weapons-grade plutonium-bearing spent fuel for its nuclear wea... | Wikipedia - Dhruva reactor - Summary | 292 | 1,329 | null |
Article: Electronics Corporation of India Limited. Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL; Hindi: ईलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स कॉर्पोरेशन ऑफ ईन्डिया लिमिटेड (ईसीआईएल)) is a Miniratna Category-I public sector enterprise under the Department of Atomic Energy, established on 11 April 1967 by A. S. Rao at Hyderabad, under the Pr... | Wikipedia - Electronics Corporation of India Limited - Summary | 310 | 1,554 | null |
Section: Products. The present product range of ECIL includes: Aviation sector: Troposcatter antennas, Line of Sight (LoS) antennas, Ground/Earth Station Antenna, Provides scanning machines, security systems for airports. Nuclear sector: Control and instrumentation products for nuclear power plants; integrated security... | Wikipedia - Electronics Corporation of India Limited - Products | 301 | 1,651 | null |
Section: History. Construction started in 1972 ad it first reached criticality in October 1985 (1985-10), making India the seventh nation to have the technology to build and operate a breeder reactor after United States, UK, France, Japan, Germany, and Russia. The reactor was designed to produce 40 MW of thermal power ... | Wikipedia - Fast Breeder Test Reactor - History | 264 | 1,133 | null |
Article: India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement. The 123 Agreement signed between the United States of America and India is known as the U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement or Indo-US nuclear deal. The framework for this agreement was a July 18, 2005, joint statement by then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and... | Wikipedia - India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement - Summary | 323 | 1,587 | null |
On August 18, 2008, the IAEA Board of Governors approved, and on February 2, 2009, India signed an India-specific safeguards agreement with the IAEA. After India brought this agreement into force, inspections began in a phased manner on the 35 civilian nuclear installations India has identified in its Separation Plan. ... | Wikipedia - India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement - Summary | 324 | 1,542 | null |
Section: Overview. The Henry J. Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act of 2006, also known as the Hyde Act, is the U.S. domestic law that modifies the requirements of Section 123 of the U.S. Atomic Energy Act to permit nuclear cooperation with India and in particular to negotiate a 123 Agreemen... | Wikipedia - India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement - Overview | 347 | 1,715 | null |
Section: Background. Parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) have a recognized right of access to peaceful uses of nuclear energy and an obligation to cooperate on civilian nuclear technology. Separately, the Nuclear Suppliers Group has agreed on guidelines for nuclear exports, including reactors and fuel. Those ... | Wikipedia - India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement - Background | 301 | 1,598 | null |
Consequently, India was left outside the international nuclear order, which forced India to develop its own resources for each stage of the nuclear fuel cycle and power generation, including next generation reactors such as fast breeder reactors and a thorium breeder reactor known as the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor. I... | Wikipedia - India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement - Background | 336 | 1,734 | null |
Although no Indian analyst, let alone a policy maker, has ever advocated any nuclear inventory that even remotely approximates such numbers, this heuristic exercise confirms that New Delhi has the capability to produce a gigantic nuclear arsenal while subsisting well within the lowest estimates of its known uranium res... | Wikipedia - India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement - Background | 334 | 1,771 | null |
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