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The United States started the investigations into fission weapons in the United States, which eventually evolved into the massive Manhattan Project, and the laboratory from which Japan purchased a cyclotron became one of the major sites for weapons research. In the early summer of 1940, Nishina met Lieutenant-General T... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - World War II | 186 | 915 | null |
Section: World War II > B-Research. Meanwhile, the Imperial Japanese Navy's Technology Research Institute had been pursuing its own separate investigations, and had engaged professors from the Imperial University, Tokyo, for advice on nuclear weapons. Before the Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Captain Yoji Ito of the N... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - World War II > B-Research | 265 | 1,365 | null |
Section: World War II > Ni-Go Project. In 1942 the Army was not discouraged, and soon after the Committee issued its report it set up an experimental project at RIKEN, the Ni-Go Project (lit. "The Second Project"). Its aim was to separate uranium-235 by thermal diffusion, ignoring alternative methods such as electromag... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - World War II > Ni-Go Project | 312 | 1,401 | null |
While these experiments were in progress, the Army and Navy searched for uranium ore, in locations ranging from Fukushima Prefecture to Korea, China, and Burma. The Japanese also requested materials from their German allies and 560 kg (1,230 lb) of unprocessed uranium oxide was dispatched to Japan in April 1945 aboard ... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - World War II > Ni-Go Project | 264 | 1,313 | null |
Section: World War II > F-Go Project. In 1943, a different Japanese naval command began a nuclear research program, the F-Go Project (lit. "The F Project"), under Bunsaku Arakatsu at the Imperial University, Kyoto. Arakatsu had spent some years studying abroad including at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge under Er... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - World War II > F-Go Project | 300 | 1,430 | null |
After the meeting, nuclear weaponry research ended as a result of the destruction of the facility that housed isotope separation research, known as Building 49. Shortly after the surrender of Japan, the Manhattan Project's Atomic Bomb Mission, which had deployed to Japan in September, reported that the F-Go Project had... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - World War II > F-Go Project | 194 | 1,007 | null |
Section: World War II > Postwar aftermath. On 16 October 1945, Nishina sought permission from the American occupation forces to use the two cyclotrons at the Riken Institute for biological and medical research, which was soon granted; however, on 10 November instructions were received from the US Secretary of War in Wa... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - World War II > Postwar aftermath | 249 | 1,179 | null |
Section: World War II > Reports of a Japanese weapon test. On 2 October 1946, the Atlanta Constitution published a story by reporter David Snell, who had been an investigator with the 24th Criminal Investigation Detachment in Korea after the war, which alleged that the Japanese had successfully tested a nuclear weapon ... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - World War II > Reports of a Japanese weapon test | 318 | 1,650 | null |
Section: Postwar. Since the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan has been a staunch upholder of antinuclear sentiments. Its postwar Constitution forbids the establishment of offensive military forces, and in 1967 it adopted the Three Non-Nuclear Principles, ruling out the production, possession, or introduction of ... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - Postwar | 274 | 1,465 | null |
Section: Postwar > Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The Johnson administration became anxious about Sato's intentions and made securing Japan's signature to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) one of its top priorities. In December 1967, to reassure the Japanese public, Sato announced the adoption of the Three ... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - Postwar > Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty | 322 | 1,660 | null |
Section: Postwar > Extension of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In 1995, the Clinton administration pushed the Japanese government to endorse the indefinite extension of the NPT, but it opted for an ambiguous position on the issue. A former Japanese government official recalled, "We thought it was better for us not t... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - Postwar > Extension of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty | 318 | 1,690 | null |
Fukushiro Nukaga, head of the Japan Defense Agency, said that his government would be justified in mounting pre-emptive strikes against North Korean missile bases. Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi reiterated Japan's non-nuclear weapon principles and said that Japan would not possess a nuclear arsenal, and that the matter wa... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - Postwar > Extension of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty | 169 | 809 | null |
Section: Postwar > De facto nuclear state. While there are currently no known plans in Japan to produce nuclear weapons, it has been argued Japan has the technology, raw materials, and the capital to produce nuclear weapons within one year if necessary, and many analysts consider it a de facto nuclear state for this re... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - Postwar > De facto nuclear state | 344 | 1,743 | null |
Japan has a considerable quantity of highly enriched uranium (HEU), supplied by the U.S. and UK, for use in its research reactors and fast neutron reactor research programs; approximately 1,200 to 1,400 kg of HEU as of 2014. Japan also possesses an indigenous uranium enrichment plant which could hypothetically be used ... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - Postwar > De facto nuclear state | 306 | 1,413 | null |
In 2011, former Minister of Defense Shigeru Ishiba explicitly backed the idea of Japan maintaining the capability of nuclear latency: "I don't think Japan needs to possess nuclear weapons, but it's important to maintain our commercial reactors because it would allow us to produce a nuclear warhead in a short amount of ... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - Postwar > De facto nuclear state | 350 | 1,740 | null |
This includes housing American nuclear weapons on Japanese soil for deterrence. This plan comes in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Many Japanese politicians consider Vladimir Putin's threat to use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear state to be a game changer. Although an indigenous nuclear program ... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - Postwar > De facto nuclear state | 323 | 1,784 | null |
These restrictions and the strong desire of former colonies—especially Korea and China—for apology and reconciliation by Japan for its crimes and atrocities committed under pre-WWII imperialism, coupled with Japan's refusal to make appropriate amends, led to the rise of a conservative branch of the ruling Liberal Democ... | Wikipedia - Japanese nuclear weapons program - Postwar > De facto nuclear state | 329 | 1,695 | null |
Article: JT-60. JT-60 (short for Japan Torus-60) is a large research tokamak, the flagship of the Japanese National Institute for Quantum Science and Technology's fusion energy directorate. As of 2023 the device is known as JT-60SA and is the largest operational superconducting tokamak in the world, built and operated ... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - Summary | 258 | 1,069 | null |
Section: Original design. JT-60 was first designed in the 1970s during a period of increased interest in nuclear fusion from major world powers. In particular, the US, UK and Japan were motivated by the excellent performance of the Soviet T-3 in 1968 to further advance the field. The Japanese Atomic Energy Research Ins... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - Original design | 182 | 869 | null |
Section: Original design > JT-60/TFTR disputed records. By 1996, JT-60 had achieved its record ion temperature of 45 keV, which is claimed to have exceeded the highest temperatures measured at that time in the TFTR tokamak in Princeton. Detailed measurements of the ion temperatures analyzed during TFTR's experimental c... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - Original design > JT-60/TFTR disputed records | 329 | 1,508 | null |
Secondly, end goal of this research, practical minimally poluting fusion energy, does not require ion temperatures greater than about 25 keV. An example of simulation of a burning plasma in ITER is The fusion triple product metric applies only to plasmas in steady state, as stated explicitly in the Lawson criterion. Th... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - Original design > JT-60/TFTR disputed records | 213 | 1,027 | null |
Section: JT-60U (Upgrade). The main objective of the JT-60U upgrade was to "investigate energy confinement near the breakeven condition, [a] non-inductive current drive and burning plasma physics with deuterium plasmas." To accomplish this, the poloidal field coils and the vacuum vessel were replaced. Construction bega... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - JT-60U (Upgrade) | 336 | 1,384 | null |
This paper calculated that the QDTeq would be 0.32. In retrospect, the record achieved was 0.28 so the calculations were optimistic. A much larger amount of energy was injected into the TFTR and JT-60U test chambers. JT-60U was not equipped to utilize tritium, as it would add extensive costs and safety risks. In Februa... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - JT-60U (Upgrade) | 340 | 1,521 | null |
Section: JT-60SA. JT-60SA is the successor to JT-60U, operating as a satellite to ITER as described by the Broader Approach Agreement. It is a fully superconducting tokamak with flexible components that can be adjusted to find optimized plasma configurations and address key physics issues. Assembly began in January 201... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - JT-60SA | 192 | 811 | null |
Section: JT-60SA > History. The idea of an advanced tokamak, a tokamak utilizing superconducting coils, traces back to the early 1960's. The idea seemed very promising, but was not without its problems. Around January 1972, engineers at JAERI initiated an effort to further research the idea and try to solve its hurdles... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - JT-60SA > History | 324 | 1,452 | null |
Section: JT-60SA > Assembly. Construction of the tokamak officially began on 28 January 2013 with the assembly of the cryostat base, which was shipped from Avilés, Spain over a 75-day-long journey. The event was highly publicized through local and national news, and reporters from 10 media organizations were able to wi... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - JT-60SA > Assembly | 197 | 897 | null |
Section: JT-60SA > Short circuit. On March 9, 2021, a coil energization test was being performed on equilibrium field coil no. 1 (EF1) when the coil current rapidly increased, then suddenly flatlined. The reactor was safely shut down over the next few minutes, during which the pressure in the cryostat increased from 10... | Wikipedia - JT-60 - JT-60SA > Short circuit | 246 | 1,128 | null |
Section: Plant parameters. The US-APWR has several design features to improve plant economics. The core is surrounded by a steel neutron reflector which increases reactivity and saves ~0.1wt% U-235 enrichment. In addition, the US-APWR uses more advanced steam generators (compared to the APWR) which creates drier steam ... | Wikipedia - Mitsubishi APWR - Plant parameters | 185 | 903 | null |
Section: Developmental history. Following World War II, the atomic bombings, at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the deconstruction of their imperial military, Japan came under the US "nuclear umbrella" on the condition that they would not produce nuclear weapons. The requirement was imposed by the United States that Japan m... | Wikipedia - Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy - Developmental history | 183 | 950 | null |
Section: Developmental history > Early public opposition. In the years after the occupation, with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki still fresh in the Japanese consciousness, public sentiment was strongly against the use, and even presence on Japanese soil, of nuclear weapons. This sentiment was evidenced b... | Wikipedia - Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy - Developmental history > Early public opposition | 340 | 1,809 | null |
Section: Developmental history > Satō's "Four Pillars" Policy. Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) President Eisaku Satō was elected Prime Minister in December 1964 (only a month after China revealed its nuclear weapons capability with a test explosion). Although privately supportive of Japanese nuclearization, circumstance... | Wikipedia - Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy - Developmental history > Satō's "Four Pillars" Policy | 319 | 1,600 | null |
Amid anxiety over U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, aggression between North and South Korea, and tense Cross-Strait relations, this stipulation served to reassure the Diet that the nuclear option would still be considered if any of the conflicts escalated to threaten Japanese national security. This policy of nucle... | Wikipedia - Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy - Developmental history > Satō's "Four Pillars" Policy | 329 | 1,626 | null |
Section: Further influence > The Kobe Formula. The port of Kobe was used heavily by the U.S. fleet during its postwar occupation, which ended in 1974. Throughout the occupation, U.S. military facilities at Kobe Port were the target of continuous public protest. Public petitions after Kobe's return to Japan culminated i... | Wikipedia - Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy - Further influence > The Kobe Formula | 192 | 1,003 | null |
Section: Further influence > Review. In recent years Japanese policymakers have been increasingly public in calling the three non-nuclear principles into question. In October 1999, Deputy Vice Minister of Defense Shingo Nishimura proposed to the Diet (as stated in a previous interview) that, in light of the North Korea... | Wikipedia - Japan's non-nuclear weapons policy - Further influence > Review | 315 | 1,558 | null |
Section: History. In 1999, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) started the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) project (not to confuse with International Nuclear Energy Research Initiative I-NERI from 2001). Its goal was to solicit innovative public research. The theme was to create ultra-safe and ultra-small rea... | Wikipedia - RAPID-L - History | 255 | 1,104 | null |
Section: Design considerations. Natural circulation was a necessary ability considered for the reactor. As coolant lithium-6 was chosen based on temperature requirement and its boiling point (1615 K=1342 °C) being higher than either Sodium (882 °C) or Potassium (757 °C). Another reason is the generation of Helium gas b... | Wikipedia - RAPID-L - Design considerations | 315 | 1,464 | null |
Section: General description. The RAPID and RAPID-L designs were developed by the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) of Japan. The RAPID-L design is a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) concept meant to prevent accidents due to human errors. The goal was to create a long-life core tha... | Wikipedia - RAPID-L - General description | 335 | 1,590 | null |
The samples were enriched with 95% lithium-6 and were inserted into the core parallel to the core axis for the measurement of the reactivity at each position. It was found that the measured reactivity in the core region was in agreement with calculations. Bias factors for the core design were obtained by comparing betw... | Wikipedia - RAPID-L - General description | 338 | 1,650 | null |
The reactor has basically a loop type configuration and a reactor container of 2 m in diameter, 6.5 m deep and weighs about 7.6 tons. This RAPID concept has neither diagrid nor core support structure since they are integrated in a fuel cartridge. The simple reactor container would make the most important In-Service Ins... | Wikipedia - RAPID-L - General description | 153 | 819 | null |
Section: Reactor control. Burn-up compensation is achieved automatically by the LEMs, achieving 80% of the nominal power at the end-of-life of the fuel cartridge. The LEM is a thermometer-like device actuated by the volume expansion of the Li6. This “liquid control rod” can keep the reactor power almost constant throug... | Wikipedia - RAPID-L - Reactor control | 326 | 1,557 | null |
All these systems use Li6 and are actuated by highly reliable physical properties (volume expansion of Li6 for LEM, and frozen seal melting for LIM and LRM). A configuration with Quick LEMs requires 3+(1) LEMs of smaller size than a configuration with Slow LEMs requiring 24 LEMs. The RAPID-L is equipped with 28 LEMs, 1... | Wikipedia - RAPID-L - Reactor control | 158 | 663 | null |
Section: History. Construction of the plant began in 1993, and was originally expected to be completed in 1997, but the completion date has been postponed 23 times by 2017. Construction and testing of the facility were complete in 2013 according to JNFL, and the site was intended to begin operating in October 2013; how... | Wikipedia - Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant - History | 320 | 1,546 | null |
Section: Description. The Rokkasho plant is the successor to a smaller reprocessing plant that was located in Tōkai, Ibaraki in central Japan which shutdown in 2014 and was approved for decommissioning in 2018. The Rokkasho facilities complex includes: A high level nuclear waste monitoring facility A MOX fuel fabricati... | Wikipedia - Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant - Description | 159 | 736 | null |
Section: Protests. In May 2006, an international awareness campaign about the dangers of the Rokkasho reprocessing plant called "Stop Rokkasho" was launched by musician Ryuichi Sakamoto. Greenpeace Japan opposed the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant and ran an online campaign to stop the project called "Wings of Peace – No m... | Wikipedia - Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant - Protests | 336 | 1,586 | null |
Section: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. In June 2008, several scientists stated that the Rokkasho plant is situated directly above an active geological fault line that could produce a magnitude 8 earthquake but Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited stated that according to their investigation the fault had not been active in... | Wikipedia - Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant - 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami | 224 | 1,094 | null |
Section: Overview. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japanese public sentiment grew firmly opposed to the presence of nuclear weapons on Japanese soil, or even in Japanese waters. During Eisaku Satō's first term as prime minister, this opposition became a major obstacle to his campaign pledge to end ... | Wikipedia - Three Non-Nuclear Principles - Overview | 341 | 1,635 | null |
The pillars, in mimicry of the three pillars of the NPT, were To promote the peaceful use of nuclear power, To work toward global nuclear disarmament, To rely on the extended U.S. nuclear deterrent To support the Three Non-Nuclear Principles. The fourth pillar left room for policy change in the future, calling for Japa... | Wikipedia - Three Non-Nuclear Principles - Overview | 267 | 1,365 | null |
Section: History. The villages of Muramatsu and Ishigami were created with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. On March 31, 1955, the two villages merged to form the village of Tōkai. In 1956, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute was established at Tōkai. After JRR-1, the first nuc... | Wikipedia - Tōkai, Ibaraki - History | 158 | 762 | null |
Section: General description. The plant design is developed by a partnership that includes Toshiba and the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) of Japan. The technical specifications of the 4S reactor are unique in the nuclear industry. The actual reactor would be located in a sealed, cylindri... | Wikipedia - Toshiba 4S - General description | 299 | 1,412 | null |
Article: United States nuclear weapons in Japan. == Nuclear war planning == In the 1950s, after U.S. interservice rivalry culminated in the Revolt of the Admirals, a stop-gap method of naval deployment of nuclear weapons was developed using the Lockheed P-2 Neptune and North American AJ-2 Savage aboard aircraft carrier... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Summary | 337 | 1,520 | null |
strategists and as "The Rock" to U.S. servicemen. Okinawa was critical to America's Vietnam war effort where commanders reasoned that, "without Okinawa, we cannot carry on the Vietnam war." During U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War the use of nuclear weapons was suggested in order to "defoliate forests, destroy bridge... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Summary | 272 | 1,327 | null |
Section: Nuclear weapons deployment, storage and transit. Okinawa hosted 'hundreds of nuclear warheads and a large arsenal of chemical munitions,' for many years. Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, written by the GHQ six months after the war, contains a total rejection of nuclear weapons. But when the U.S. militar... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons deployment, storage and transit | 337 | 1,538 | null |
Nuclear-armed ships moored at U.S. Navy bases in Japan, and others called at Japanese ports without restriction...Yet, as compromised as it was, Japan's non-nuclear policy was not wholly fictitious. The Pentagon never commanded nuclear storage rights on the main islands, and it had to withdraw nuclear weapons from Okin... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons deployment, storage and transit | 341 | 1,814 | null |
The arrangement also made it appear that the United States alone was responsible for the transit of nuclear munitions through Japan. However, the original agreement document turned up in 1969 during preparation for an updated agreement, when a memorandum was written by a group of U.S. officials from the National Securi... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons deployment, storage and transit | 215 | 1,208 | null |
Section: Post-war governance of Southern Japanese Island chains. After the Battle of Okinawa the island was first placed under the control of the United States Navy. Following the surrender of Japan, the U.S military occupied Japan and Okinawa was put under control of the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Post-war governance of Southern Japanese Island chains | 186 | 962 | null |
Section: Post-war governance of Southern Japanese Island chains > Return. The Johnson administration gradually realized that it would be forced to return Chichi Jima and Iwo Jima "to delay reversion of the more important Okinawa bases" however, President Johnson also wanted Japan's support for U.S. military operations ... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Post-war governance of Southern Japanese Island chains > Return | 292 | 1,417 | null |
A draft of the November 21, 1969, Agreed Minute to Joint Communique of United States President Nixon and Japanese Prime Minister Sato was found in 1994. The English text of the draft agreement reads: United States President: As stated in our Joint Communique, it is the intention of the United States Government to remov... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Post-war governance of Southern Japanese Island chains > Return | 320 | 1,730 | null |
Section: Nuclear weapons bases in Japan > Southern Japanese Island chains. The island chains were among the thirteen separate locations in Japan that had nuclear weapons. According to a former U.S. Air Force officer stationed on Iwo Jima, the island would have served as a recovery facility for bombers after they had dr... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons bases in Japan > Southern Japanese Island chains | 181 | 860 | null |
Section: Nuclear weapons bases in Japan > Okinawa. At one point Okinawa hosted approximately 1,200 nuclear warheads. The Okinawa-based nuclear weapons included 19 different weapons systems. From 1955–56 to 1960, the 663rd Field Artillery Battalion operated the Army's 280mm M65 Atomic Cannon ("Atomic Annie") from Okinaw... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons bases in Japan > Okinawa | 345 | 1,581 | null |
Army continued to operate the Nike missiles there until June 1973, when all the Nike sites were turned over to the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. North American F-100 Super Sabre fighter-bombers capable of carrying hydrogen bombs were also present at Kadena Air Base. The Chibana depot held warheads for atomic and thermo... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons bases in Japan > Okinawa | 349 | 1,617 | null |
Section: Nuclear weapons accidents. Nuclear weapons incidents on the island that were publicized garnered international opposition to chemical and nuclear weapons and set the stage for the 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement to officially ending the U.S. military occupation on Okinawa. In June or July 1959, a MIM-14 Nike-... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons accidents | 342 | 1,721 | null |
Quick thinking by Capt. William Bassett who questioned whether the order was "the real thing, or the biggest screw up we will ever experience in our lifetime" delayed the orders to launch until the error was realized by the missile operations center. Capt. Bassett was the senior field officer commanding the missiles an... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons accidents | 306 | 1,488 | null |
The radioactive contamination was believed by scientists to have emanated from visiting U.S. nuclear submarines. At former nuclear storage areas in Okinawa, including at Henoko, where construction of a proposed air base for the relocation of MCAS Futenma has been planned adjacent to the weapon storage facility, environ... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons accidents | 185 | 959 | null |
Section: Nuclear weapons accidents > 1968 B-52 Crash at Kadena Air Base. On November 19, 1968, a U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command B-52D Stratofortress with a full bomb load, broke up and caught fire after the plane aborted takeoff at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa before an Operation Arc Light bombing mission to the Soci... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Nuclear weapons accidents > 1968 B-52 Crash at Kadena Air Base | 237 | 1,144 | null |
Section: Weapon withdrawal. A U.S. policy to neither confirm nor deny the presence of nuclear weapons was created during the late 1950s when Japan's government asked for a guarantee that U.S. nuclear weapons would not be based "in Japan." The U.S. eventually revealed the presence of nuclear weapons during negotiations ... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Weapon withdrawal | 334 | 1,650 | null |
naval vessels carrying nuclear weapons routinely visited ports in Japan with the tacit approval of the Japanese government, violating the LDP's oft-stated 'three non-nuclear principles' prohibiting their manufacture, possession, or introduction." When Japan asserted that nuclear weapons must be removed after reversion,... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Weapon withdrawal | 255 | 1,301 | null |
Section: Subsequent developments. Early in March 2010, a Government of Japan inquiry revealed the existence of secret agreements for nuclear weapons brought into Japan. The panel findings ended decades of official denial about the secret nuclear agreements in Japan. The Liberal Democratic Party had been in power for th... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Subsequent developments | 333 | 1,733 | null |
The announcement revealed that an April 1963 meeting between Reischauer and Foreign Minister Masayoshi Ohira where a "full mutual understanding" on the "transit issue" was reached. The release also revealed a "vague" secret agreement over Japan's cost burdens for Okinawa's 1972 reversion to Japan. Hans Kristensen, of t... | Wikipedia - United States nuclear weapons in Japan - Subsequent developments | 317 | 1,643 | null |
Section: Nuclear power plans. In 2007, Jordan's Committee for Nuclear Strategy was formed in order to start the development of nuclear programs in Jordan. Its ultimate goal is for nuclear power to provide 30% of Jordan's electricity by 2030, and to provide electricity for export. From this program, the Jordan Atomic En... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Jordan - Nuclear power plans | 344 | 1,805 | null |
The research reactor will become a focal point for a Nuclear Technology Centre, which will train upcoming generations of nuclear engineers and scientists in the Kingdom in addition to provide irradiation services for the industrial, agricultural and medical sectors. In March 2013, Jordan received approval to begin cons... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Jordan - Nuclear power plans | 190 | 1,074 | null |
Section: International relations. Jordan has relied on international cooperation to access nuclear technology. In order to become a nuclear nation, Jordan has had to sign numerous agreements and create new relations with countries throughout the world. Jordan has signed memorandums of understanding with the United Stat... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Jordan - International relations | 276 | 1,508 | null |
Section: Environmental concerns > Anti-nuclear campaigns. As the Jordanian government moves closer to the development of nuclear power plants, the local anti-nuclear movement has picked up steam. The movement is led by Basel Burgan, an environmentalist and activist who heads the National Campaign, an anti-nuclear energ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Jordan - Environmental concerns > Anti-nuclear campaigns | 338 | 1,704 | null |
Section: Objectives. The commission directs its projects to the two objectives: The use of nuclear energy to produce electricity: Jordan is among the highest in the world in dependency on foreign energy sources, 96% of the country's energy needs come from imported oil and natural gas from neighboring Arab countries. Th... | Wikipedia - Jordan Atomic Energy Commission - Objectives | 253 | 1,279 | null |
Section: Jordanian Nuclear Program. The nuclear program of Jordan includes building a research nuclear plant on campus of Jordan University of Science and Technology with a capacity of 5-10 Mwatt, for scientific research in medical, agricultural, and health services, the reactor was scheduled to be built in 2013. Jorda... | Wikipedia - Jordan Atomic Energy Commission - Jordanian Nuclear Program | 202 | 1,015 | null |
Article: Jordan Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The Jordan Nuclear Regulatory Commission (JNRC) (Arabic هيئة تنظيم العمل الإشعاعي والنووي) was established in 2007 as a successor to the former Jordan Nuclear Energy Commission, established in 2001. The JNRC utilizes the IAEA safety standards and works closely with the IAE... | Wikipedia - Jordan Nuclear Regulatory Commission - Summary | 173 | 794 | null |
Article: Jordan Radioactive Storage Facility. The Jordan Radioactive Storage Facility is a proposed national storage facility in Amman for Jordan's radioactive waste and nuclear materials. The agreement between Jordan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC) and the US Department of Energy's (DoE's) Pacific Northwest National L... | Wikipedia - Jordan Radioactive Storage Facility - Summary | 230 | 1,203 | null |
Section: History. Steps towards the establishment of such a zone began with the Almaty Declaration in 1992. A resolution calling for the establishment of such a zone was adopted by consensus by the United Nations General Assembly in 1997 and reaffirmed in 2000. Mindful of the lack of support by the nuclear powers for a... | Wikipedia - Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone - History | 344 | 1,868 | null |
Section: First nuclear reactors. Kazakhstan's first nuclear power reactor was the sodium-cooled BN-350 fast-neutron reactor at the Mangyshlak Nuclear Power Plant in Aktau on the shore of the Caspian Sea. Construction began in 1964, when Kazakhstan was still part of the USSR. The plant first produced electricity in 1973... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Kazakhstan - First nuclear reactors | 340 | 1,562 | null |
Section: Plans for new reactors. Plans for the construction of new nuclear reactors reach back to 1997, before the final shutdown of BN-350. In 1998 the Kazakh government announced its intentions to construct a new power reactor near lake Balkash, which however was not implemented in the following years. Since 2006, pl... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Kazakhstan - Plans for new reactors | 340 | 1,714 | null |
Article: Semipalatinsk Test Site. The Semipalatinsk Test Site or Semipalatinsk-21 (Russian: Семипалатинск-21; Kazakh: Семей-21, romanized: Semei-21), also known as "The Polygon", was the primary testing venue for the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons. It is located in Zhanasemey District, Abai Region, Kazakhstan, south of... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - Summary | 334 | 1,424 | null |
Section: History. The site was selected in 1947 by Lavrentiy Beria, political head of the Soviet atomic bomb project. Beria claimed the vast 18,000 km² steppe was "uninhabited". Gulag labour was employed to build the primitive test facilities, including the laboratory complex in the northeast corner on the southern ban... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - History | 322 | 1,482 | null |
Between 1949 and the cessation of atomic testing in 1989, 456 explosions were conducted at the STS, including 340 underground borehole and tunnel shots and 116 atmospheric, either air-drop or tower shots. The lab complex, still the administrative and scientific centre of the STS, was renamed Kurchatov City after Igor K... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - History | 305 | 1,520 | null |
Section: History > Closure of the test site. Information about the test site was first made public during the Glasnost era. Before this, even the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan had neither access to the site nor any authority over its operations. According to Nazarbayev, t... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - History > Closure of the test site | 330 | 1,578 | null |
Ultimately, the decision was made to abandon the site expansion plan. On May 30, 1989, Nazarbayev addressed the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union: I want to especially highlight the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, which has been active since 1949 and initially conducted atmospheric tests. The population around it has... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - History > Closure of the test site | 340 | 1,688 | null |
Section: History > Legacy. The Soviet government conducted its last tests in 1989. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the site was neglected. Fissile material was left behind in mountain tunnels and bore holes, virtually unguarded and vulnerable to scavengers, rogue states, or potential terrorists. The secret cl... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - History > Legacy | 347 | 1,799 | null |
As they understand it, they are mutants who have grown and adapted to the radiation present in their home. According to unconfirmed sources, the residents' opinion, the air and the food are toxic, and the people consume this and live. They believe they must be adapting to the radiation and that is why people only get a... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - History > Legacy | 310 | 1,568 | null |
Section: Health impacts. Studies conducted by scientists from Berlin and Kurchatov took blood samples from forty different families who lived in a district of Kazakhstan that were directly exposed at high levels to fallout from the Soviet bomb tests. These studies concluded that individuals who had been exposed to the ... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - Health impacts | 348 | 1,902 | null |
The general consensus of health studies conducted at the site since it was closed is that radioactive fallout from nuclear testing had a direct impact on the health of about 200,000 local residents. Specifically, scientists have linked higher rates of different types of cancer to post-irradiation effects. Likewise, sev... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - Health impacts | 313 | 1,678 | null |
Section: Health impacts > Perception of adaptation to radiation. Although there are clear biological impacts of the radiation exposure, the surrounding communities rarely have a sense of nuclear victimization. Although their health is negatively impacted by the radiation, residents see themselves as resilient. Many bel... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - Health impacts > Perception of adaptation to radiation | 307 | 1,409 | null |
According to fieldwork in Koyan, with a population of 50, Koyaners have high rates of "anemia, cancer, hypertension, headaches, skin rashes, and bone pain" along with self-reported hair loss, nosebleeds, and cataracts. While unhealthy, Stawkowski noted that there was an absence of "serious and life-threatening deformit... | Wikipedia - Semipalatinsk Test Site - Health impacts > Perception of adaptation to radiation | 250 | 1,092 | null |
Section: Construction and career. The cargo ship's keel was laid down at Qingshan Shipyard in Wuhan, China on 28 February 2000. While under construction the ship was named Beluga Superstition. The vessel was launched on 4 November 2000 and was completed on 4 July 2001. On 1 October 2002, the ship was renamed BBC China.... | Wikipedia - BBC China - Construction and career | 258 | 1,149 | null |
Article: Disarmament of Libya. In 2003, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi agreed to eliminate his country's weapons of mass destruction program, including a decades-old nuclear weapons program. Mohamed ElBaradei, head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, said Libya's nuclear program was "in the very initial stages of... | Wikipedia - Disarmament of Libya - Summary | 280 | 1,456 | null |
Section: Precursor events. According to Clinton administration diplomat Martin Indyk, Muammar Gaddafi sought more respectability as early as the start of Bill Clinton's Presidency, in the early 1990s. According to an article written by Indyk in 2004, by the 1990s, Gaddafi gave up on supporting various Pan-Arab and Afri... | Wikipedia - Disarmament of Libya - Precursor events | 318 | 1,581 | null |
diplomats with documentation and additional details on Libya's chemical, biological, nuclear, and ballistic missile activities. Libya reportedly allowed Russian, U.S., and British officials to visit 10 previously secret sites and dozens of Libyan laboratories and military factories to search for evidence of nuclear fue... | Wikipedia - Disarmament of Libya - Precursor events | 171 | 912 | null |
Section: Disarmament. The 2001 September 11 attacks in the United States were denounced by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. Following the U.S. military response in the War in Afghanistan, Gaddafi increasingly sought to normalize relations with the United States, initially focusing on the lifting of U.S. sanctions on Liby... | Wikipedia - Disarmament of Libya - Disarmament | 313 | 1,459 | null |
Section: Aftermath. Libya's decision was praised by many in the West but criticized by many in the Arab world. In 2004, Paula DeSutter, the-then United States Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance stated that “we want to have lessons learned from [Libya's disarmament] because we want Libya to be ... | Wikipedia - Disarmament of Libya - Aftermath | 342 | 1,708 | null |
He considered it too small of a reward for Libya for giving up its nuclear weapons program. Gaddafi was also dissatisfied at the United States' slowness in normalizing relations with Libya and in pressuring Israel to denuclearize. According to Gaddafi's son Saif, this was one of the main reasons why Gaddafi temporarily... | Wikipedia - Disarmament of Libya - Aftermath | 265 | 1,323 | null |
Section: Arab Spring and NATO intervention. During the 2011 NATO intervention in Libya, Gaddafi tried using Libya's voluntary disarmament to convince NATO to cease its Libya operations. At the same time, Gaddafi's son Saif and others in the Libyan government expressed their regret about Libya's previous disarmament. It... | Wikipedia - Disarmament of Libya - Arab Spring and NATO intervention | 258 | 1,246 | null |
Article: Libya and weapons of mass destruction. Libya pursued programs to develop or acquire weapons of mass destruction from when Muammar Gaddafi seized control of Libya in 1969 until he announced on 19 December 2003 that Libya would voluntarily eliminate all materials, equipment and programs that could lead to intern... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Summary | 337 | 1,791 | null |
Section: Nuclear program. King Idris of Libya signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in July 1968. In 1969, Muammar Gaddafi seized control of Libya and had ambitions to acquire nuclear weapons. Before the rollback of its clandestine nuclear program from late 2003, Libya had a nuclear weapons program, allegedly to co... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear program | 255 | 1,281 | null |
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