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Section: History. The establishment of the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (Pinstech) was embodiment of the Atoms for Peace initiative in 1953 and a long-sought initiative led by Abdus Salam who was lobbying for a professional physical laboratory since 1951. Budget constraints and lack of interests b... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - History | 245 | 1,243 | null |
Seaborg for the further funding of the laboratory from the United States government, which stipulated the fund if the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission were to set up a research reactor of their own at sum of US$ 350,000.: 269 Contrary to United States' financial pledges, it was reported that the actual cost of buildin... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - History | 288 | 1,367 | null |
Section: Major Projects > Strategic deterrence. After the costly war with India in 1971, the re-purposing of the Pinstech Laboratory was difficult since it was never intended to be a weapons laboratory. Initially, the plutonium pit production at Pinstech was quite difficult together with its tiny research reactor that ... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Major Projects > Strategic deterrence | 256 | 1,352 | null |
Besides its fundamental and basic programs on physical sciences, the laboratory provided a ground for the Pakistani scientists to design and engineer weapon designs, with many feared that India was rapidly developing a nuclear bomb. As Nilore became restricted site, the research efforts were directed towards working on... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Major Projects > Strategic deterrence | 168 | 855 | null |
Section: Major Projects > Nuclear fuel cycle. The scientists at the Pinstech laboratory initiated the studies on understanding the ingenious nuclear fuel cycle in spite of having basic familiarity.: 115 In 1973, the lab conducted several studies on understanding the properties of uranium oxide, eventually producing the... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Major Projects > Nuclear fuel cycle | 251 | 1,282 | null |
Section: Major Projects > Plutonium research. Since its repurposing in 1972, the Pinstech laboratory conducts research into understanding the equation of state of plutonium, its phase diagrams, and its properties.: 200 In 1987, the Pinstech developed a technology by fabricating a Chromium kF39 and developed an innovati... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Major Projects > Plutonium research | 347 | 1,820 | null |
Section: Research divisions > Directorate of Science. Physics Research Division (RPD) The directorate of science consists of four division, and each divisions are headed by deputy director-generals. In 2004, the PINSTECH administration had brought together all of the groups, and were merged into one single Division, kn... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Research divisions > Directorate of Science | 255 | 1,373 | null |
Section: Research divisions > Directorate of System and Services. The Directorate of System and Services (DSS, headed by Dr. Matiullah, consists of 5 research divisions that are listed below: Health Physics Division (HPD) - The Health Physics Division (HPD) was established in 1965 by the small team of health physicists... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Research divisions > Directorate of System and Services | 323 | 1,674 | null |
The ED had supplied and developed electronic material and system for the PARR-I Reactor, and had successfully converted PARR-I to utilize HEU fuel into LEU fuel. An outstanding achievement ED was the design and engineering of nuclear instrumentation of research reactor (PARR-1) which required a very high degree of soph... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Research divisions > Directorate of System and Services | 206 | 1,117 | null |
Section: Research divisions > Directorate of Technology. The Directorate of Technology (D-TECH) consists of 3 divisions that are Materials Division (MD), Isotope Application Division (IAD), and the Isotope Production Division (IPD). This is currently overseen by Dr. Gulzar Hussain Zahid, Chief Engineer. Materials Divis... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Research divisions > Directorate of Technology | 239 | 1,229 | null |
Section: Research divisions > Directorate of Coordination. The Directorate of Coordination, headed by Engr. Iqbal Hussain Khan, is an administrative directorate which consists of 3 technical support divisions. Computation, Information, Communication Technologies (CICT)/Management Information System (MIS) Division, The ... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Research divisions > Directorate of Coordination | 311 | 1,780 | null |
Article: Pakistan Institute of Physics. Pakistan Institute of Physics (PIP) of the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore is a national research institute in Pakistan. It is a scientific charity devoted to increase the practice and understanding of physics. It is the main and the professional body for the phy... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Physics - Summary | 176 | 996 | null |
Article: Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority. The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authorityپاکستان نیوکلیئر ریگولیٹری اتھارٹى; (PNRA), is mandated by the Government of Pakistan to regulate the use of nuclear energy, radioactive sources and ionizing radiation. The mission of PNRA is to protect the public, radiation worker... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority - Summary | 199 | 971 | null |
Section: History. The nuclear regulatory infrastructure has been in place since 1965, when the Pakistan Research Reactor was commissioned. Established by Pakistani scientists, the regulatory regime was significantly improved when, in 1971, the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was commissioned. Since then, the Pakistan Atomi... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority - History | 347 | 1,956 | null |
Section: International cooperation. The PNRA's Directorate of International Cooperation (ICD) is responsible for arranging international training and international cooperation. The ICD facilitates completion of all formalities regarding training or visits (official), abroad of PNRA officials. The ICD takes care of pass... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority - International cooperation | 154 | 820 | null |
Article: Zippe-type centrifuge. The Zippe-type centrifuge is a gas centrifuge designed to enrich the rare fissile isotope uranium-235 (235U) from the mixture of isotopes found in naturally occurring uranium compounds. The isotopic separation is based on the slight difference in mass of the isotopes. The Zippe design wa... | Wikipedia - Zippe-type centrifuge - Summary | 217 | 924 | null |
Section: Centrifuge uranium enrichment. Enriching uranium is difficult because the isotopes are practically identical in chemistry and very similar in weight: U-235 is only 1.26% lighter than U-238 (note this applies only to uranium metal). Centrifuges need to work with a fluid rather than a solid, and this process use... | Wikipedia - Zippe-type centrifuge - Centrifuge uranium enrichment | 345 | 1,387 | null |
A Zippe-type centrifuge has a hollow, cylindrical rotor filled with gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF6). A rotating magnetic field at the bottom of the rotor, as used in an electric motor, is able to spin it quickly enough that the UF6 is thrown towards the outer wall, with the 238UF6 enriched in the outermost layer and... | Wikipedia - Zippe-type centrifuge - Centrifuge uranium enrichment | 342 | 1,489 | null |
Each centrifuge has one inlet on the axis and two output lines, one collecting the gas at the bottom and one at the top. Quantitatively, the radial pressure (or density) distribution can be given by p ( r ) = p ( R ) exp ( − ( M ω 2 / 2 k T ) ( R 2 − r 2 ) ) {\displaystyle p(r)=p(R)\exp(-(M\omega ^{2}/2kT)(R^{2}-r^{2... | Wikipedia - Zippe-type centrifuge - Centrifuge uranium enrichment | 341 | 1,192 | null |
The modern centrifuge TC-21 of Urenco has a diameter of 20 cm and a length of more than 5 m, spinning with 770 m/s. Centrus (formerly Usec) plans a centrifuge with 60 cm diameter, 12 m height and 900 m/s peripheral speed. A countercurrent of the gas is stimulated either mechanically or (less preferred) by a temperature... | Wikipedia - Zippe-type centrifuge - Centrifuge uranium enrichment | 344 | 1,564 | null |
Zippe left the United States when he was effectively barred from continuing his research: The Americans classified the work as secret, requiring him either to become a U.S. citizen (he refused), return to Europe, or abandon his research. He returned to Europe where, during the 1960s, he and his colleagues made the cent... | Wikipedia - Zippe-type centrifuge - Centrifuge uranium enrichment | 343 | 1,710 | null |
Interrupting the cylindrical rotor by flexible bellows controls the low-frequency vibrations, and careful speed control during start-up helps to ensure that the centrifuge does not operate too long at speeds where resonance is a problem. But more (proprietary) measures seem necessary. Therefore, Russia stayed with "sub... | Wikipedia - Zippe-type centrifuge - Centrifuge uranium enrichment | 204 | 955 | null |
Section: Global usage. Pakistan's atomic bomb program developed the P1 and P2 centrifuges based on early designs of Urenco; the first two centrifuges that Pakistan deployed in larger numbers but reduce it after 1981 based on estimation require for critical mass. The P1 centrifuge uses an aluminum rotor, and the P2 cent... | Wikipedia - Zippe-type centrifuge - Global usage | 267 | 1,154 | null |
Section: History. In 1958, the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was established under Republic Act No. 2067, also known as the Science Act of 1958. In the early 1960s, the PAEC built the Philippine Research Reactor-1, the first nuclear reactor in the Philippines. The Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - History | 342 | 1,679 | null |
At the beginning of the 21st century, the PNRI's Radiological Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan was approved in 2000. In 2001, the first positron emission tomography (PET) was licensed by the PNRI at St. Luke's Medical Center. Between 2001 and 2005, a polyvinylpyrrolidone carrageenan hydrogel dressing for burns ... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - History | 338 | 1,536 | null |
The data was compiled in the Asia and Pacific Marine Radioactivity Database (ASPAMARD) which was managed by the Philippines through the PNRI. This was made in response to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. In 2012, the Technetium-99m Generator Facility was commissioned. During 2013, the conditioning and storage of... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - History | 154 | 752 | null |
Section: Facilities and laboratories > Atomic Research Division. Agricultural Research Section This division includes the Plant Mutation Breeding Facility, which aims for the improvement of mutation breeding of important crops. Data is gathered to compare mutants with original plants. Procedures are also undertaken for... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - Facilities and laboratories > Atomic Research Division | 343 | 1,852 | null |
The Microbiological Service Laboratory performs the bioburden and sterility testing of medical devices. Chemistry Research Section The Radiation Crosslinking Laboratory practices covalent bonding with one or more polymers and imparting improved mechanical and functional properties in the result of cross-linking product... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - Facilities and laboratories > Atomic Research Division | 312 | 1,747 | null |
Section: Facilities and laboratories > Nuclear Services Division. Irradiation Services Section The first facility is the Electron Beam Irradiation Facility. Through irradiation caused by Electron Beams, it is used for the sterilization of food and medical devices as well as for refining electrical components such as wi... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - Facilities and laboratories > Nuclear Services Division | 309 | 1,569 | null |
Section: Services. The PNRI offers several services related to nuclear energy for professionals and PNRI employees. For their Irradiation Services, these are offered for food irradiation, for medical products sterilization and for research purposes. The PNRI also offers the following Radiation Protection Services: Pers... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - Services | 320 | 1,712 | null |
For Microbiological Testing, bioburden and sterility testing of devices of medicine are offered using the ISO 11137.2 to establish a dose of radiation sterilization. This scanning technique called the Gamma-ray Column Scanning Technique is for Industries is a service is to assist industries through the inspection and i... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - Services | 334 | 1,833 | null |
Section: Research and development projects > Food and agriculture. The PNRI is experimenting on crop production with mutation breeding; wherein plant breeders use various techniques, and mutagens such as radiation or chemicals, to improve the crops' individual yields and develop new varieties of crop. Radiation can ind... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - Research and development projects > Food and agriculture | 334 | 1,717 | null |
Section: Research and development projects > Human health and medicine. The PNRI developed a polyvinylpyrrolidone carrageenan dressing: a fully permanent gel in a form of a sheet that is 3-4mm thick and containing over 90% water, used to treat burns, wounds, and bedsores. It is made from polyvinylpyrrolidone, a water-s... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - Research and development projects > Human health and medicine | 161 | 676 | null |
Section: Research and development projects > Environmental protection and management. The PNRI utilizes nuclear techniques in addressing problems in air pollution, algal bloom, and water resources management through isotope-based techniques, analytical nuclear techniques, and nuclear-based techniques in algal bloom stu... | Wikipedia - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute - Research and development projects > Environmental protection and management | 158 | 863 | null |
Section: History. The Philippine Research Reactor-1 was built under the Atoms for Peace nuclear research exchange program of the United States. The reactor which had its first criticality on August 26, 1963, was built by U.S. firm General Atomics and was originally a 1 MW MTR-type open pool general-purpose reactor. It ... | Wikipedia - Philippine Research Reactor-1 - History | 334 | 1,617 | null |
Article: Nuclear power in Portugal. Nuclear energy in Portugal is very limited and strictly non-commercial. Portugal has one 1MW research reactor located in the National Nuclear Research Centre at Sacavém, which is in permanent shutdown state. Further nuclear energy activities are not planned in the near future. Other ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Portugal - Summary | 298 | 1,582 | null |
Section: History > 1948 to 1954. Portugal first began developing nuclear energy in 1948, when the Instituto para a Alta Cultura (Superior Culture Institute) proposed the creation of a commission of geologists and physicists to study uranium supplies and mining technologies to the Ministry for National Education. The pr... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Portugal - History > 1948 to 1954 | 284 | 1,586 | null |
Section: History > 1955 to 1969. In 1955 the first proposal for building a nuclear plant was made, professor Alberto Abecassis Manzanares, of the Instituto Superior Técnico, stated the importance of building an experimental low power reactor (between 5000 and 10000 kW), which would serve to gather enough experience for... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Portugal - History > 1955 to 1969 | 341 | 1,619 | null |
Section: History > 1970 to 1979. In 1972 the Portuguese electrical company Companhia Portuguesa de Electricidade (CPE) foresees 1979 as the year in which the first Portuguese reactor would start its activity. The plan was to build four reactors at different times between 1981 and 1989, with an investment of about 30 mi... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Portugal - History > 1970 to 1979 | 194 | 941 | null |
Section: History > 1980 to 1986. The national energy plan in 1982 included the opening of a nuclear plant that generated 950 MWe power in 1995, which would lead to a nuclear program that would bring up to 9000 MWe of installed power by 2010. The VIII Constitutional Government did not approve this plan, but sent it to b... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Portugal - History > 1980 to 1986 | 192 | 1,013 | null |
Section: Geography. Amur Oblast is located in the southeast of Russia, between Stanovoy Range in the north and the Amur River in the south, and borders with the Sakha Republic in the north, Khabarovsk Krai and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the east, Heilongjiang of China in the south, and with Zabaykalsky Krai in the... | Wikipedia - Amur Oblast - Geography | 343 | 1,364 | null |
The Zeya begins in the mountains in the northeast, and its middle reaches are dammed to create the huge Zeya Reservoir, which sprawls over 2,400 square kilometers (930 sq mi). Climate is temperate continental, with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. Average January temperatures vary from −24 °C (−11 °F) in the s... | Wikipedia - Amur Oblast - Geography | 293 | 1,243 | null |
Section: History > Early history. According to the Bei Shi (Dynastic History of Northern Dynasties) and the Sui Shu (Chronicles of the Sui dynasty), both Chinese records, this area belonged originally to the territory one of the five semi-nomadic Shiwei, the Bo Shiwei tribes (Chinese: 钵室韋). Their settlements were locat... | Wikipedia - Amur Oblast - History > Early history | 277 | 1,185 | null |
Section: History > Modern history. In April 1920, the Far Eastern Republic, with its capital in Chita, was formed from Amur, Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Primorye regions as a democratic "buffer" state in order to avoid war with Japan. It existed until November 1922, when it joined the Russian SFSR. In January... | Wikipedia - Amur Oblast - History > Modern history | 349 | 1,549 | null |
Section: Economy > Industry. The industrial section contributes 18.3% to the total GRP. The most important industrial sector in 2007 was manufacturing, constituting 25.7% of the industrial output. The sector is dominated by food products and beverages, which constitute 13% of industrial output. Machine building include... | Wikipedia - Amur Oblast - Economy > Industry | 339 | 1,570 | null |
Section: Economy > Agriculture. The Amur Region is the primary producer of soybean in Russia. By 1940, 65 thousand hectares of land in Amur had been cultivated with soybeans, and by 1972 soybean made up 592 thousand hectares of land in Amur, compared to 650 thousand hectares of soybean crops in the whole of the USSR. D... | Wikipedia - Amur Oblast - Economy > Agriculture | 219 | 1,024 | null |
Article: Federal Agency on Atomic Energy (Russia). Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation and Federal Agency on Atomic Energy (or Rosatom), were a Russian federal executive body from 1992–2008 (as Federal Ministry in 1992–2004 and as Federal Agency in 2004–2008). The Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russ... | Wikipedia - Federal Agency on Atomic Energy (Russia) - Summary | 215 | 871 | null |
Section: Biography. Igor Golovin was born in Moscow on 12 March 1913 to Nikolai Alexandrovich Golovin and Maria Salvadorovna. His father was a professor of geodesy at Moscow Land Survey. Igor entered Moscow State University Faculty of Physics in 1931 and completed his graduation in 1936. In 1939, he received his doctor... | Wikipedia - Igor Golovin - Biography | 347 | 1,626 | null |
was created. It was later in 1957 that he introduced the term "tokamak", an acronym of "toroidal chamber with magnetic coils". In 1957) he was appointed as the chief of the OGRA (Russian Огра - trap, or containment) department at the institute, a position he held until 1974. Under his leadership, a sequence of experime... | Wikipedia - Igor Golovin - Biography | 198 | 840 | null |
Section: History. In 1972 the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter was held and in 1975 the Soviet Union ratified the agreement to limit the dumping of high-level radioactive wastes in the oceans. In 1983 many Convention members signed a voluntary moratorium on all dump... | Wikipedia - Landysh - History | 266 | 1,313 | null |
Section: Economy. The town is laid out in a grid format, divided north–south by the central street on which the main administrative building is located. It is subdivided into five residential districts, each covering 10,000 hectares. The town's economy is dominated by the nuclear, automobile, and construction industrie... | Wikipedia - Novouralsk - Economy | 337 | 1,635 | null |
Section: Education and culture. Novouralsk's educational facilities include Novouralsks Engineering Physical Institute, Polytechnic College, Medical College, Pedagogical College. There are also twenty-two schools and twenty-seven kindergartens. Modern-day Novouralsk has two Cultural Centers, three libraries, which are ... | Wikipedia - Novouralsk - Education and culture | 271 | 1,299 | null |
Section: History. The Siberian Chemical Combine played an important role in the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons program. The facility produced plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU), and fabricated warhead components using produced plutonium and HEU. As the Cold War came to an end, the Siberian Chemical Combine's H... | Wikipedia - Siberian Chemical Combine - History | 240 | 1,139 | null |
Section: Facilities. The complex is based on four plants: Isotope separation plant (ZRI) - separates uranium isotopes with a low degree of 235-U enrichment. Operates since 1953. Until 1973, gas diffusion separation was carried out, and later - centrifugal separation. A number of stable isotopes of xenon, tin, selenium,... | Wikipedia - Siberian Chemical Combine - Facilities | 240 | 1,111 | null |
Section: Directors. 1950-1955 — Shchekin Ivan Antonovich (1901—1993); 1955-1957 — Churin Aleksandr Ivanovich (1907—1981); 1957-1960 — Rodionov Mikhail Petrovich (1904—1976); 1960-1965 — Leontichuk Aleksandr Semenovich (1908—1982); 1965-1990 — Zaitsev Stepan Ivanovich (1918—2014); 1990-2000 — Handorin Gennadiy Petrovich... | Wikipedia - Siberian Chemical Combine - Directors | 186 | 612 | null |
Article: VBER-300. The VBER-300 is a proposed Russian pressurized water reactor of 325-MWe generating capacity designed for remote locations. The exterior containment structure is 16 meters high and the working section, built with transportable modules, weighs 1300 tonnes. The external steam plant can have a 917 MW the... | Wikipedia - VBER-300 - Summary | 219 | 976 | null |
Article: VVER-TOI. The VVER-TOI or WWER-TOI (Russian: Водо-водяной энергетический реактор типовой оптимизированный информатизированный, romanized: Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reactor Tipovoi Optimizirovanniy Informatizirovanniy, lit. 'Water-Water Energy Reactor Universal Optimized Digital') is a generation III+ nuclea... | Wikipedia - VVER-TOI - Summary | 275 | 947 | null |
Section: Safety assurance principles > Population and environment protection. The radiation safety measures are arranged and implemented to prevent inadmissible impacts caused by ionizing radiation sources on the materials, population and environment in the area that surrounds the Nuclear power plant. The concept of pr... | Wikipedia - VVER-TOI - Safety assurance principles > Population and environment protection | 294 | 1,780 | null |
Section: Safety assurance principles > Safety barriers. VVER-TOI project shows implementation of the following principles ensuring the modern concept of the repetitive defense in depth: To create a number of the consequential barriers preventing emission of the radioactive products, which are accumulated during operati... | Wikipedia - VVER-TOI - Safety assurance principles > Safety barriers | 243 | 1,388 | null |
Section: Safety assurance principles > Nuclear power plant protection against external impacts. Natural disasters and human-induced impacts specifying site conditions are accepted taking into account possibility of constructing Nuclear power plants with VVER-TOI reactors in various geographical regions, as well as in t... | Wikipedia - VVER-TOI - Safety assurance principles > Nuclear power plant protection against external impacts | 276 | 1,446 | null |
Section: Safety assurance principles > Severe accidents control. Modern Nuclear power plants are characterized by the unprecedented low risk of ionizing radiation propagation and radionuclide emission to environment. This result is achieved through the newest protective and localizing technologies of the safety system.... | Wikipedia - VVER-TOI - Safety assurance principles > Severe accidents control | 337 | 1,848 | null |
Within the frame of VVER-TOI, there are performed the works directed toward optimization of technical solutions made for corium trap project to decrease cost indicators and justify the corium trap operation efficiency. It is supposed to achieve a considerable decrease in the trap vessel overall sizes and sacrificed mat... | Wikipedia - VVER-TOI - Safety assurance principles > Severe accidents control | 216 | 1,196 | null |
Section: Virtual Prototyping Center. Virtual Prototyping Center is a complex of soft-and-hardware facilities making it possible to visualize design and engineering models. It represents a 6-metre-diameter (20 ft) sphere, in which center attendance being at 2-metre (6.6 ft) height at a transparent glass platform can see... | Wikipedia - VVER-TOI - Virtual Prototyping Center | 182 | 979 | null |
Section: Deadlines of the project implementation. 2009: On July 22, 2009 the President Committee for upgrading and development of the Russian economy made a decision on starting the project for development of nuclear technologies in reactor plant within the frame of short-term priority; Stage of commencement of the wor... | Wikipedia - VVER-TOI - Deadlines of the project implementation | 171 | 895 | null |
Article: Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is not known to have a nuclear weapons program. From an official and public standpoint, Saudi Arabia has been an opponent of nuclear weapons in the Middle East, having signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and is a member of the coalition o... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Summary | 238 | 1,248 | null |
Section: Pakistan's involvement. Historically, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have had a cordial relationship. Pakistani political scientists and historians have noted that Saudi interest in nuclear technology began in the 1970s after Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto convened a meeting of Pakistan's leading theoretical ph... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Pakistan's involvement | 326 | 1,580 | null |
In June 1998, the prime minister paid a farewell visit to King Fahd and publicly thanked the Saudi government for supporting the country after the tests. Shortly thereafter, Saudi Minister of Defense Prince Sultan went with Prime Minister Sharif on a tour of a classified institute, the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Pakistan's involvement | 309 | 1,697 | null |
Section: Saudi financing of Iraqi nuclear program. In 1994, Mohammed al Khilewi, second-in-command of the Saudi mission to the United Nations, applied for asylum in the United States. He provided a packet of 10,000 documents that allegedly described long-time Saudi support of the Iraqi nuclear weapons program. Accordin... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Saudi financing of Iraqi nuclear program | 253 | 1,229 | null |
Section: Nuclear sharing with Arab States of the Arabic Gulf nuclear programs. The Arab States of the Persian Gulf plan to start their own joint civilian nuclear program. An agreement in the final days of the Bush administration provided for cooperation between the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Nuclear sharing with Arab States of the Arabic Gulf nuclear programs | 212 | 1,134 | null |
Section: Recent developments. In 2011, Prince Turki al-Faisal, who has served as the Saudi intelligence chief and as ambassador to the United States has suggested that the kingdom might consider producing nuclear weapons if it found itself between the atomic arsenals of Iran and Israel. In 2012, it was confirmed that S... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Recent developments | 332 | 1,721 | null |
Section: Recent developments > 2013 revelations. In November 2013, a variety of sources told BBC Newsnight that Saudi Arabia had invested in Pakistani nuclear weapons projects and believes it could obtain nuclear bombs at will. Earlier in the year, a senior NATO decision maker told Mark Urban, a senior diplomatic and d... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Recent developments > 2013 revelations | 251 | 1,268 | null |
Section: Recent developments > Response. According to the US based think-tank, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the BBC report on possible nuclear sharing between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia is partially incorrect. There is no indication of the validity or credibility of the BBC’s sources, nor does the... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Recent developments > Response | 161 | 892 | null |
Section: Recent developments > 2018. In March 2018, the crown prince said if Iran decided to build a nuclear weapon, "we will follow suit as soon as possible". This prompted U.S. Senator Ed Markey to comment "nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia is about more than just electrical power", implying Saudi Arabia was interested ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Recent developments > 2018 | 202 | 951 | null |
Section: Recent developments > 2020. According to reports, Saudi Arabia initiated the construction of its first research reactor at the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. In May 2020, satellite images revealed that a roof concealed the cylindrical reactor vessel, which was visible through roof beams in a s... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Recent developments > 2020 | 331 | 1,824 | null |
Section: Missile capability. In 1987, Saudi Arabia purchased Chinese-made CSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles designed and used by the Chinese as a nuclear-armed missile, but reportedly sold to Saudi Arabia with conventional high-explosive warheads. However their low circular error probable accuracy (1–1.5 km) ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia - Missile capability | 335 | 1,584 | null |
Section: Nuclear foundations. Riyadh officials had travels to France and Russia and signed several transactions, among the establishment of atomic foundations in Saudi Arabia. Riyadh is pursuing its open negotiations about the establishment of atomic foundations in front of the media. Despite that, it has been secretly... | Wikipedia - Saudi Arabia and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear foundations | 341 | 1,783 | null |
Section: Nuclear weapons. In 1988, the international community became suspicious of Saudi nuclear proliferation after it purchased 36 CSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles from China during the Iran-Iraq War. After defecting to the United States in 1994, Saudi diplomat Mohammad al Khilewi claimed that Saudi Arabi... | Wikipedia - Saudi Arabia and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear weapons | 344 | 1,915 | null |
In 2019 the House Committee on Oversight and Reform in the United States reported that President Donald Trump planned to provide nuclear technology to Saudi Arabia in violation of the Atomic Energy Act. The reactors would be built by the company IP3 International, while negotiations were conducted by Jared Kushner and ... | Wikipedia - Saudi Arabia and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear weapons | 342 | 1,853 | null |
Section: Mission. K.A.C.A.R.E works on proposing a national policy for nuclear and renewable energy and implementing this strategic plan. It also establishes and manages projects to achieve its objectives, including using nuclear and renewable energy sources to achieve a sustainable national energy mix, as well as rese... | Wikipedia - King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy - Mission | 291 | 1,691 | null |
Section: Projects and Initiatives. Saudi National Atomic Energy Project (SNEAP): The National Atomic Energy Project was established in 2017 and consists of four main components: 1. LeadershipLarge Nuclear Power Plants (LNPP): These are reactors with an electric capacity of 1,200-1,600 megawatts of power per reactor, wh... | Wikipedia - King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy - Projects and Initiatives | 297 | 1,560 | null |
Section: K.A.C.A.R.E’s Renewable Energy Initiatives. K.A.C.A.R.E has three initiatives linked to the “National Industrial Development and Logistics Program”, which is one of the programs to realize the kingdom's Vision 2030. (1) National Data Centers for Renewable Energy Initiative: The National Data Center for Renewab... | Wikipedia - King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy - K.A.C.A.R.E’s Renewable Energy Initiatives | 315 | 1,650 | null |
Article: Nuclear power in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has no nuclear power plants. However, the country has plans to create a domestic nuclear industry in anticipation of high growth in domestic energy consumption. The government's objective is to use nuclear plants to replace oil-fired power stations, thus freeing oil ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Saudi Arabia - Summary | 165 | 859 | null |
Section: Agreements. Saudi Arabia has no fuel production facilities and would be reliant on nuclear fuel from the global market. In 2010, a deal was signed with Toshiba and Shaw to build reactors in Saudi Arabia, and with Exelon to manage the nuclear facilities. The group will either be using the Advanced Boiling Water... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Saudi Arabia - Agreements | 325 | 1,689 | null |
Some of the deposits were identified in the country’s northwestern region, where the city of Neom was being planned to be constructed. However, concerns regarding the Kingdom’s interest in an atomic weapons programme were intensifying, citing the lack of transparency of Saudi. In April 2019, the IAEA confirmed that Sau... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Saudi Arabia - Agreements | 168 | 873 | null |
Article: Helikon vortex separation process. The Helikon vortex separation process is an aerodynamic uranium enrichment process designed around a device called a vortex tube. Paul Dirac thought of the idea for isotope separation and tried creating such a device in 1934 in the lab of Peter Kapitza at Cambridge. Other met... | Wikipedia - Helikon vortex separation process - Summary | 225 | 1,151 | null |
Section: Process. In the vortex separation process a mixture of uranium hexafluoride gas and hydrogen is injected tangentially into a tube at one end through nozzles or holes, at velocities close to the speed of sound. The tube tapers to a small exit aperture at one or both ends. This tangential injection of gas result... | Wikipedia - Helikon vortex separation process - Process | 340 | 1,673 | null |
Article: IThemba LABS. iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences (or iThemba LABS; Xhosa: iThemba, lit. 'Hope') is a scientific research centre with plants at Faure near Cape Town and on the Wits Campus in Johannesburg. The organisation has in the past been known as the National Accelerator Centre, and speciali... | Wikipedia - IThemba LABS - Summary | 300 | 1,348 | null |
Section: Reactor design. The PBMR is characterised by inherent safety features, which mean that no human error or equipment failure can cause an accident that would harm the public. Heat from the PBMR can be used for a variety of industrial process applications, including process steam for cogeneration applications, in... | Wikipedia - Pebble bed modular reactor - Reactor design | 329 | 1,529 | null |
Section: PBMR (Pty) Ltd – history. Since its establishment in 1994, Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Ltd grew into one of the largest nuclear reactor design teams in the world. In addition to the core team of some 700 people at the PBMR head-office in Centurion near Pretoria, more than 600 people at universities, priva... | Wikipedia - Pebble bed modular reactor - PBMR (Pty) Ltd – history | 231 | 1,112 | null |
Section: PBMR (Pty) Ltd – history > Wind down in 2010. In February 2010 the South Africa government announced it had stopped funding the development of the pebble bed modular reactor, and PBMR (Pty) stated it was considering 75% cuts in staff. The decision was taken because no customer or investor for PBMR was found. U... | Wikipedia - Pebble bed modular reactor - PBMR (Pty) Ltd – history > Wind down in 2010 | 322 | 1,504 | null |
Section: History. The research reactor SAFARI-1 was received from the United States, constructed and inaugurated in 1965. Since then, it has operated with an output of up to 20 MW. The reactor cost $10.5 million. Enriched uranium for use in the reactor was initially supplied by the U.S. and has been subject to IAEA saf... | Wikipedia - Pelindaba - History | 329 | 1,635 | null |
In 1975, Pelindaba ordered shipments of weapons grade uranium from the U.S., specified for "peaceful uses only". It was to be supplied on condition that any plutonium produced from its fission be returned to the U.S. 27 months later, no shipments had been received. In 1975, Prime Minister John Vorster said that he expe... | Wikipedia - Pelindaba - History | 342 | 1,704 | null |
Section: Incidents > 2007 armed attack. Shortly after midnight on 8 November 2007, four armed men entered the facility and headed towards a control room in the eastern block. According to the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA), the state-owned entity that runs the facility, the four "technically sophistic... | Wikipedia - Pelindaba - Incidents > 2007 armed attack | 251 | 1,320 | null |
Section: History. The reactor was built in cooperation with the Atoms for Peace program run by the US Dept Of Energy in the 1950s and '60s. Planning started in 1960 and construction occurred between 1961 and 1965. In March 1965 the reactor was commissioned and initially operated at 6.75 MW, a limitation imposed by the ... | Wikipedia - SAFARI-1 - History | 277 | 1,383 | null |
Section: History. The South African government announced in July 1970, that it was able to enrich uranium by means of the Helikon vortex separation process, by means of a jet-nozzle to accumulate the uranium 235 isotope. It was a variation of a method developed by Erwin Becker in Karlsruhe, Germany. West German firm St... | Wikipedia - Valindaba - History | 340 | 1,627 | null |
The US State Department were aware of the deal in 1982 but had not discouraged it. In 1985, it was estimated that the Valindaba plant was capable of producing 50 kg of highly enriched uranium per year. Early in 1986, the IAEA attempted to negotiate an inspection program for Valindaba with the South Africa government bu... | Wikipedia - Valindaba - History | 301 | 1,458 | null |
Article: KSTAR. The KSTAR (or Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research; Korean: 초전도 핵융합연구장치, literally "superconductive nuclear fusion research device") is a magnetic fusion device at the Korea Institute of Fusion Energy in Daejeon, South Korea. It is intended to study aspects of magnetic fusion energy that will... | Wikipedia - KSTAR - Summary | 168 | 695 | null |
Section: Description. KSTAR is one of the first research tokamaks in the world to feature fully superconducting magnets, which again will be of great relevance to ITER as this will also use superconducting magnets. The KSTAR magnet system consists of 16 niobium–tin direct current toroidal field magnets, 10 niobium–tin ... | Wikipedia - KSTAR - Description | 299 | 1,292 | null |
Section: Plasma confinement. Beginning in December 2016, KSTAR would repeatedly hold the world record (longest high-confinement mode) by confining and maintaining a hydrogen plasma at a higher temperature and for a longer time than any other reactor. While KSTAR focuses on central ion plasma temperature, EAST focuses o... | Wikipedia - KSTAR - Plasma confinement | 163 | 807 | null |
Section: Timeline. The design was based on Tokamak Physics Experiment, which was based on Compact Ignition Tokamak design – See Robert J. Goldston. 1995 – Started Project KSTAR 1997 – JET of EU emits 17 MW energy from itself. 1998 – JT-60U went beyond energy junction successfully and acknowledged the possibility of com... | Wikipedia - KSTAR - Timeline | 346 | 1,475 | null |
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