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Section: Nuclear program > Foreign assistance. Gaddafi‘s most famous buying foray for nuclear weapons was in 1970, when Libyan leaders paid a state visit to China. Gaddafi and his Prime Minister Abdessalam Jalloud made an unsuccessful attempt to convince China to sell tactical nuclear weapons to Libya. In a bilateral m... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear program > Foreign assistance | 339 | 1,760 | null |
With relations severed with Pakistan, Gaddafi normalized relations with India in 1978, and Gaddafi reached a mutual understanding with India for civil nuclear cooperation, as part of India's Atoms for Peace program. With the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi visiting Libya in 1984, a nuclear energy pact was signed by... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear program > Foreign assistance | 348 | 1,801 | null |
Work was completed by Tinner in 1992, but Libya remained unable to produce an operating centrifuge. After the end of Cold War, Gaddafi bluntly persuaded the U.S. President Bill Clinton to uplift the sanctions by allowing the disarmament of its nuclear program. In 1995, Gaddafi renewed calls for nuclear weapons and purs... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear program > Foreign assistance | 294 | 1,470 | null |
Section: Nuclear program > Foreign assistance > Soviet Union. In 1979, Libya pursued peaceful nuclear cooperation with the Soviet Union, under IAEA safeguards. In 1981, the Soviet Union agreed to build a 10 MW research reactor at Tajoura, under IAEA safeguards. The Libyan nuclear program repeatedly suffered under misma... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear program > Foreign assistance > Soviet Union | 337 | 1,801 | null |
Section: Chemical weapons. In August 1987, the Chadian government accused Libya of using chemical weapons during the Chadian–Libyan War. Reportedly, Libya obtained chemical munitions from East Germany during the 1970s (with other reports claiming that the Libyans received chemical warfare training from the Soviet Union... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Chemical weapons | 331 | 1,724 | null |
In early September 2011, OPCW Director-General Ahmet Üzümcü said reports he had received indicated that the remaining weapons were secure and had not fallen into the hands of militant groups. A stockpile of mustard gas, which the OPCW reported the regime may have attempted to hide from inspectors overseeing the chemica... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Chemical weapons | 349 | 1,742 | null |
In September 2014, OPCW said Libya still had around 850 tonnes of industrial chemicals that could be used to produce chemical weapons. In October 2014, Libya asked for foreign assistance to transport that stockpile of raw materials for making nerve gas out of Libya for destruction. On 5 February 2015, the Libyan Minist... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Chemical weapons | 237 | 1,257 | null |
Section: Ballistic missiles. Libya purchased at least 80 Scud-B TELs and 40 FROG-7 TELs and hundreds of missiles from the Soviet Union during the 1970s. In 1982, Libya sent two 9P117 TELs and around 20 Scud-B missiles for the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps alongside instructors during the War of the cities against I... | Wikipedia - Libya and weapons of mass destruction - Ballistic missiles | 321 | 1,525 | null |
Article: Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal. Syarikat Scomi Precision Engineering Sdn Bhd (SCOPE) was established under the Scomi group of companies controlled by Kamaluddin Abdullah, a businessman. He is the son of former Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. On 4 February 2004, the New York Times c... | Wikipedia - Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal - Summary | 284 | 1,379 | null |
Section: Company profile. SCOPE was set up as a subsidiary to Scomi Group on 4 Dec 2001. Before SCOPE was set up as a subsidiary of Scomi, it was known as Prisma Wibawa Sdn. Bhd. (PWSB). At first, PWSB had no production facility but after SCOPE was set up, a production facility was set up in 2001 in Shah Alam. The Gene... | Wikipedia - Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal - Company profile | 287 | 1,147 | null |
Section: BSA Tahir. Soon after the NY Times article, the Malaysian police announced that one of Scomi's main backers, B.S.A. Tahir, had confessed to helping Dr Khan sell nuclear secrets and supplies to Iran and Libya. He was detained without trial from 2006 to 2008, for allegedly being a national security risk, having ... | Wikipedia - Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal - BSA Tahir | 186 | 835 | null |
Section: Malaysian government response. Given the role of the Prime Minister's son as a major shareholder of Scomi, there were calls for an independent inquiry to be carried out into the allegation of Malaysia's role in Dr. Khan's network, but no such thing happened. Following the 2009 decision to impose sanctions on S... | Wikipedia - Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal - Malaysian government response | 198 | 1,026 | null |
Article: Friedrich Tinner. Friedrich Tinner, also known as Fred Tinner or Fred Tinner-Göldi (18 November 1936 – 3 May 2021) was a Swiss nuclear engineer and a long-associated friend of Abdul Qadeer Khan—Pakistan's former top scientist—and connected with the Khan nuclear network trafficking in the proliferation of nucle... | Wikipedia - Friedrich Tinner - Summary | 209 | 1,003 | null |
Section: Education. Friedrich Tinner was born in Bern, Switzerland, in 1936 to a Swiss family. He received his early and intermediate education there at Bern where he studied science and mathematics courses at a local school. In 1961, Tinner went to Belgium to attend a technical university to study engineering and atte... | Wikipedia - Friedrich Tinner - Education | 222 | 1,074 | null |
Section: Nuclear proliferation. There are many controversial media and intelligence reports that Friedrich Tinner and his sons, Urs and Marco Tinner, have lived for a long time in Pakistan, where they have worked for Khan Labs as research associates under the supervision of Abdul Qadeer Khan. According to the New York ... | Wikipedia - Friedrich Tinner - Nuclear proliferation | 340 | 1,615 | null |
However, Tinner again left for Pakistan and the program was dismantled. In 1995, Tinner again returned to Libya with the documentation provided by Khan. Following his return, Tinner became technical directorate officer of Libyan nuclear program, using Khan's expertise to develop the centrifuges. However, due to Libya's... | Wikipedia - Friedrich Tinner - Nuclear proliferation | 213 | 1,024 | null |
Section: Arrest and allegations. His then 43-year-old son Urs Tinner was in custody for four years around 2004 as a suspect in the same network. His brother, Marco Tinner, was also in custody for three years on similar charges. In May, the President of the Swiss Confederation, Pascal Couchepin, announced that the Tinne... | Wikipedia - Friedrich Tinner - Arrest and allegations | 279 | 1,321 | null |
Section: Medical importance. Apart from its function as a research centre, the HFR is a large producer of radioactive material for the purpose of medical diagnosis and the treatment of cancer (radiopharmaceuticals). As of 2010 the nuclear facility supplied about 60% of the European demand for medical isotopes. Also at ... | Wikipedia - Petten nuclear reactor - Medical importance | 157 | 806 | null |
Section: Timeline. In 2009 the Argentine company INVAP (teamed with Spanish group Isolux) was pre selected in the international tender for the PALLAS project, for the procurement of an 80 MW nuclear reactor for the Dutch village of Petten, but in February 2010, the Dutch radiopharmaceutical producer Nuclear Research an... | Wikipedia - Petten nuclear reactor - Timeline | 173 | 826 | null |
Section: Group structure > Subsidiaries. Urenco Deutschland, Urenco UK, and Urenco Nederland are 100% subsidiaries of Urenco Enrichment Company. They operate enrichment plants at Gronau, Westphalia, Germany, at Capenhurst, England, and at Almelo, Netherlands. In the United States, where Urenco is represented by its mar... | Wikipedia - Urenco Group - Group structure > Subsidiaries | 231 | 946 | null |
Section: Controversies > Abdul Qadeer Khan. In the 1970s, Abdul Qadeer Khan, who worked for a subcontractor of Urenco in Almelo, brought the drawings of the centrifuges operated by Urenco to Pakistan by skipping the Urenco administration and the Dutch government. Those blueprints were stolen from the Urenco administrat... | Wikipedia - Urenco Group - Controversies > Abdul Qadeer Khan | 155 | 702 | null |
Section: Controversies > Namibia. In May 1985, the United Nations Council for Namibia (UNCN) decided to take legal action against Urenco for breaching UNCN Decree No 1, which prohibited any exploitation of Namibia's natural resources under apartheid South Africa, because Urenco had been importing uranium ore from the R... | Wikipedia - Urenco Group - Controversies > Namibia | 153 | 720 | null |
Section: Summary of the Act. The Act established the legal framework for New Zealand's anti-nuclear policy. The Act sets out the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone consisting of all New Zealand territory (including ocean territory and airspace) and bans nuclear powered ships from entering into New Zealand waters. It also pr... | Wikipedia - New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987 - Summary of the Act | 218 | 1,128 | null |
Section: Background. Anti-nuclear public opinion played a huge role in setting the stage for this Act. In the years leading up to the Act, strong anti-nuclear opinions were mounting. Visits to New Zealand by United States navy ships caused publicity and protest. Anti-nuclear opinion was exacerbated with the sinking of ... | Wikipedia - New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987 - Background | 350 | 1,770 | null |
Section: Developments. In 2000, the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone Extension Bill was introduced into Parliament with the aim of extending the New Zealand nuclear free zone from 12 miles to 200 miles and to prohibit the transit of high level nuclear waste, nuclear weapons and nuclear powered ships through that extended ... | Wikipedia - New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987 - Developments | 194 | 1,071 | null |
Article: New Zealand nuclear-free zone. In 1984, Prime Minister David Lange banned nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships from using New Zealand ports or entering New Zealand waters. Under the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987, territorial sea, land and airspace of New Zealand became... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Summary | 348 | 1,722 | null |
Section: Historical background. Initial seeds were sown for New Zealand's 1987 nuclear-free zone legislation in the late 1950s with the formation of the local Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) organisation between 1957 and 1959. In 1959, responding to rising public concern following the British hydrogen bomb tests... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Historical background | 330 | 1,641 | null |
In March 1976 over 20 anti-nuclear and environmental groups, including Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth, met in Wellington and formed a loose coalition called the Campaign for Non-Nuclear Futures (CNNF). The coalition's mandate was to oppose the introduction of nuclear power and to promote renewable energy alternati... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Historical background | 228 | 1,180 | null |
Section: Mururoa protests. Community inspired anti-nuclear sentiments largely contributed to the New Zealand Labour Party election victory under Norman Kirk in 1972. In June 1973, the International Court of Justice (pursuant to a case launched by Australia and New Zealand) ordered that the French cease atmospheric nucl... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Mururoa protests | 335 | 1,657 | null |
This was followed in 1973 by a flotilla of yachts organised by the Peace Media with protest yachts Fri, Spirit of Peace, the Boy Roel, Magic Isle and the Tanmure. During numerous voyages to Mururoa atoll the protest yachts Fri, Vegas and Greenpeace were boarded by French commandos and members of their crew assaulted an... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Mururoa protests | 271 | 1,353 | null |
Section: Nuclear-free zone legislation. Despite the steady growth of the nuclear-free movement since the 1950s, the early 1980s National Party government was completely against tighter nuclear restrictions and instead sought closer ties with the United States, New Zealand's most powerful ally who possessed the largest ... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Nuclear-free zone legislation | 343 | 1,809 | null |
Following the victory of the New Zealand Labour Party in elections in 1984, Prime Minister David Lange barred nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships from using New Zealand ports or entering New Zealand waters. Reasons given were the dangers of nuclear weapons, continued nuclear testing in the South Pacific, and opposit... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Nuclear-free zone legislation | 306 | 1,580 | null |
mi. (22.2 km/13-13/16 st. mi.) radius by any ship whose propulsion is wholly or partly dependent on nuclear power" and bans the dumping of radioactive waste into the sea within the nuclear-free zone, as well as prohibiting any New Zealand citizen or resident "to manufacture, acquire, possess, or have any control over a... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Nuclear-free zone legislation | 319 | 1,676 | null |
The crisis made front-page headlines for weeks in many American newspapers, while many leading American senators were quoted as expressing a deep sense of betrayal. However, David Lange did not withdraw New Zealand from ANZUS, although his government's policy led to the US's decision to suspend its treaty obligations t... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Nuclear-free zone legislation | 239 | 1,302 | null |
Section: Rainbow Warrior affair. Greenpeace continued an unrelenting protest offensive in French Polynesia until 1996. The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior was sunk by the French foreign intelligence agency (DGSE) while docked in Auckland harbour, New Zealand, on 10 July 1985. It is often speculated that the sinking o... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Rainbow Warrior affair | 167 | 867 | null |
Section: Impact on diplomatic relationships > United States. New Zealand's nuclear movement had a major impact on diplomatic relationships with the United States. On 4 February 1985, Prime Minister David Lange declined a visit from the nuclear-capable USS Buchanan destroyer. The United States responded swiftly and stop... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Impact on diplomatic relationships > United States | 228 | 1,212 | null |
Section: Impact on diplomatic relationships > France. The French attack on the Rainbow Warrior "produced a sense of outrage and a serious deterioration in relations between New Zealand and France". France demanded New Zealand release the agents captured after the attack. To enforce their demand, the French Government t... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Impact on diplomatic relationships > France | 230 | 1,210 | null |
Section: Impact on diplomatic relationships > Australia. New Zealand has a very close and significant relationship with Australia. When New Zealand passed the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987, Australia found itself torn between not offending its longstanding ally (New Zealand) and ... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Impact on diplomatic relationships > Australia | 201 | 1,094 | null |
Section: Recent developments. Under the fifth Labour government, its prime minister, Helen Clark, maintained New Zealand's nuclear-free zone status, a bipartisan position supported by the opposition New Zealand National Party. In a 2008 survey, 19% of New Zealanders favouring nuclear as a power source, more than both g... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Recent developments | 299 | 1,501 | null |
On 8 June 2007 during Parliamentary debate on New Zealand's Nuclear-Free Legislations 20th Anniversary, the Hon Phil Goff (Minister for Disarmament and Arms Control) reaffirmed his Government's commitment to New Zealand's Nuclear-free Zone legislation. Phil Goff said, I move, That this House note that 8 June 2007 is th... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Recent developments | 333 | 1,661 | null |
In 2017, New Zealand signed the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The treaty aims to ban nuclear weapons amid tensions over North Korea's nuclear and missile tests. Foreign Affairs Minister Gerry Brownlee said the treaty is "consistent with New Zealand's long-standing commitment to internatio... | Wikipedia - New Zealand nuclear-free zone - Recent developments | 269 | 1,358 | null |
Section: Conversion to low enriched uranium. Like other MNSR's, NIRR-1 was originally commissioned with high-enriched uranium (HEU) fuel, which can present risks for nuclear proliferation. In the past few decades, there has been a concerted global effort to convert research reactors to low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel, ... | Wikipedia - Nigeria research reactor-1 - Conversion to low enriched uranium | 250 | 1,249 | null |
Section: History > Early developments (1950s–1960s). Since the 1950s, North Korea has been interested in nuclear technology and has pursued the use of nuclear technology by transferring knowledge and technology related to nuclear energy from the Soviet Union. In April 1955, it decided to establish the Atomic and Nuclea... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in North Korea - History > Early developments (1950s–1960s) | 285 | 1,503 | null |
Section: History > Expansion of the program (1970s–1990s). During the 1970s the North Korean research became more independent. In 1974 North Korea upgraded its Soviet-supplied reactor to 8 MW, and in 1979 it began to build a second, indigenous research reactor in Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center. Parallel to... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in North Korea - History > Expansion of the program (1970s–1990s) | 161 | 832 | null |
Section: History > Denuclearization pledges. In 1994, North Korea signed the U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework with the United States. North Korea thereby agreed to end its graphite-moderated nuclear reactor program, including the construction of a 200 MWe power reactor at Taechon, in exchange for the construction of t... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in North Korea - History > Denuclearization pledges | 350 | 1,708 | null |
In 2009, Siegfried Hecker, the co-director of the Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation, said that "prior to its April rocket launch, North Korea had discharged approximately 6,100 of the 8,000 fuel rods from its 5-megawatt reactor to the cooling pool, but disablement slowed to a crawl o... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in North Korea - History > Denuclearization pledges | 244 | 1,137 | null |
Section: History > Indigenous light water reactor development. In 2009 North Korea announced its intention to build an indigenous experimental light water reactor (LWR) and the uranium enrichment technology to provide its nuclear fuel. In November 2010, a group of non-governmental U.S. experts reported that they had vi... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in North Korea - History > Indigenous light water reactor development | 317 | 1,712 | null |
Section: Nuclear weapons program. Following the 1958 U.S. deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in South Korea, the North Korean government asked both the Soviet Union and China for help in developing nuclear weapons, but was refused by both. However, the Soviet Union agreed to help North Korea develop a peaceful nucl... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in North Korea - Nuclear weapons program | 188 | 997 | null |
Section: Facilities. The major installations include all aspects of a Magnox nuclear reactor fuel cycle, based on the use of natural uranium fuel: a fuel fabrication plant, a 5 MWe experimental reactor producing power and district heating, a short-term spent fuel storage facility, a fuel reprocessing facility that reco... | Wikipedia - Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center - Facilities | 342 | 1,673 | null |
Section: History. Construction of the 5 MWe experimental reactor began in 1980, and the reactor first went critical in 1986. This reactor was an initial small technology proving reactor for a following development program of larger Magnox reactors. The spent nuclear fuel reprocessing facility appeared to still be under... | Wikipedia - Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center - History | 320 | 1,503 | null |
Section: History > 2007 shutdown. On 13 February 2007, an agreement was reached at the Six party talks that North Korea will shut down and seal the Magnox nuclear reactor and associated facilities and invite back International Atomic Energy Agency personnel to conduct all necessary monitoring and verifications. In retu... | Wikipedia - Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center - History > 2007 shutdown | 333 | 1,671 | null |
Section: History > Light water reactor development. In 2009, North Korea announced its intention to build an indigenous experimental light water reactor (LWR) and the uranium enrichment technology to provide its nuclear fuel. In 2010, a 2,000 gas centrifuge uranium enrichment plant to produce low enriched uranium (LEU)... | Wikipedia - Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center - History > Light water reactor development | 321 | 1,710 | null |
Article: France–Pakistan Atomic Energy Framework. The France–Pakistan atomic energy framework, or also known as France–Pakistan nuclear deal, is a bilateral energy treaty signed by the governments of France and Pakistan on 15 May 2009. The framework of this agreement was a 15 May 2009, in a joint press statement of Pre... | Wikipedia - France–Pakistan Atomic Energy Framework - Summary | 219 | 1,142 | null |
Section: Overview and background. Since 1967, France has emerged as the biggest defence contractor of Pakistan, despite its good and relatively close relations with India. Pakistan is one of three original participant states (others being India and Israel) that refused to be signatory of the NPT. In March 1976, France ... | Wikipedia - France–Pakistan Atomic Energy Framework - Overview and background | 244 | 1,270 | null |
Section: GLAST-I & GLAST-II > Diagnostics. Plasma diagnostics including Langmuir triple probes, emissive probes and Optical Emission Spectroscopy systems were developed to measure basic plasma parameters such as electron temperature, electron number density, floating potential and impurity content in the discharge. The... | Wikipedia - GLAST (tokamak) - GLAST-I & GLAST-II > Diagnostics | 331 | 1,778 | null |
Section: GLAST-III > Diagnostics. GLAST-III retained most of the diagnostics used in GLAST-I and GLAST-II, but a newly developed spectroscopic system based on linear photodiode array was installed on the upgraded GLAST-III for spatial and temporal characterization of hydrogen discharge through light emission. The spect... | Wikipedia - GLAST (tokamak) - GLAST-III > Diagnostics | 330 | 1,595 | null |
Article: Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy. The Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy (Urdu: جوہری طبی رسولی اور شعاعي علاج کا ادارہ, or INOR) is a cancer hospital located inside premises of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan established in 2004. Th... | Wikipedia - Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy - Summary | 171 | 709 | null |
Section: Overview. Believed to be built between 1974–76, the Uranium Conversion Facility is the only uranium hexafluoride conversion facility in Pakistan.: 166–167 The facility is known for its many names such as POF Uranium Conversion Facility by Federation of American Scientists (FAS) and other sources.: 110 The plan... | Wikipedia - Islamabad Uranium Conversion Facility - Overview | 236 | 1,112 | null |
Article: Miniature neutron source reactor. The Chinese built Miniature Neutron Source reactor (MNSR) is a small and compact research reactor modeled on the Canadian HEU SLOWPOKE-2 design. The MNSR is tank-in-pool type, with highly enriched fuel (~ 90% U235 ). The tank is immersed in a large pool, and the core is, in tu... | Wikipedia - Miniature neutron source reactor - Summary | 226 | 1,010 | null |
This plant was to be used for energy production using nuclear power in addition to understand more advanced science involving the properties of water.: 29 The Deuterium oxide (or heavy water) is important for plutonium production since it is often used moderator in reactor that uses natural uranium.: 200 The heavy wate... | Wikipedia - Multan Heavy Water Production Facility - Historical background | 275 | 1,453 | null |
Section: History > Origins. Establishing world-class physics research institutes in Pakistan was proposed by a number of scientists. The roots of NCP institutes go back to when Nobel laureate professor Abdus Salam, after receiving his doctorate in physics, came back to Pakistan in 1951. Joining his alma mater, Governme... | Wikipedia - National Centre for Physics - History > Origins | 220 | 1,239 | null |
Section: History > INSC and INP. In 1974, Salam envisaged the need for an institution where experts from industrialised nations and learners from developing countries could gather for a couple of weeks once a year to exchange views on various subjects of current interest in physics and allied sciences. His suggestion w... | Wikipedia - National Centre for Physics - History > INSC and INP | 189 | 920 | null |
Section: History > Foundation. The National Centre for Physics was founded after Riazuddin arranged a one-day symposium on Frontiers of Fundamental Physics on 27 January 1999 at the Institute of Physics of Quaid-e-Azam University, seven months after Pakistan's first successful nuclear weapons test. Many leading scienti... | Wikipedia - National Centre for Physics - History > Foundation | 279 | 1,378 | null |
Section: Collaboration with CERN. NCP is collaborating with CERN in the field of experimental high-energy physics. NCP and CERN are involved in the development, testing and fabrication of 432 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) required for the CMS muon detector at CERN. The RPC has an excellent time resolution i.e. of the ... | Wikipedia - National Centre for Physics - Collaboration with CERN | 312 | 1,442 | null |
Section: Collaboration with CERN > International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP). NCP signed a memorandum of understanding during dr. K. R. Sreenivasan, Director ICTP's visit to Pakistan from 26 to 30 June 2005. In addition, the Centre carries out research in areas that are not covered by any institute of Physics... | Wikipedia - National Centre for Physics - Collaboration with CERN > International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) | 194 | 959 | null |
Section: History. The National Development Complex (NDC) is an aerospace and defence agency of the Ministry of Defence of Government of Pakistan, located in Fateh Jang, Punjab Province. The NDC was founded in 1990 by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) chairman, Munir Ahmad Khan, when PAEC's Director for Speci... | Wikipedia - National Defence Complex - History | 229 | 1,111 | null |
Section: Research, development and production > Depleted uranium ammunition. 105 mm anti-tank round – a DU APFSDS anti-tank round developed to be fired by Type 59 tanks (upgraded with 105 mm guns) in service with the Pakistan Army. Reported to have a muzzle velocity of 1,450 m/s and be capable of penetrating 450 mm of ... | Wikipedia - National Defence Complex - Research, development and production > Depleted uranium ammunition | 240 | 1,032 | null |
Section: History. The NIAB was established by Ishrat Hussain Usmani when PAEC established its first Biological Science Directorate in 1965. In 1967, with the efforts led by Dr. Abdus Salam, the Government of Pakistan approved a project, and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission began its construction. The operations an... | Wikipedia - Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology - History | 186 | 1,015 | null |
Article: Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture. The Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, known as NIFA, (جوہری ادارہ برائے خوراک و زراعت) is one of four agriculture and food irradiation research institute managed by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The institute is tasked to carry out research in Crop... | Wikipedia - Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture - Summary | 236 | 1,122 | null |
Article: Nuclear medicine in Pakistan. The history of pursuing nuclear medicine goes back to 1956, when the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was established under the executive order of the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. The PAEC, the scientific body that is responsible for establishing ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear medicine in Pakistan - Summary | 168 | 904 | null |
Section: List. Atomic Energy Medical Centre (AEMC) Karachi Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (KIRAN) Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (MINAR) Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Oncology (INMOL) Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicines (PINUM) Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (I... | Wikipedia - Nuclear medicine in Pakistan - List | 165 | 768 | null |
Article: Nuclear power in Pakistan. In Pakistan, nuclear power is provided by six commercial nuclear power plants with a net capacity of 3,262 megawatts (3.262 GW) from pressurized water reactors. In 2021, Pakistan's nuclear power plants produced a total of 15.3 terawatt-hours of electricity, which accounted for roughl... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - Summary | 331 | 1,596 | null |
During this time, the Ayub administration successfully negotiated the Canadian government that allowed the GE Canada to work with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in designing and constructing the country's first commercial nuclear power in 1965.: 54–55 In 1965, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's Centre for N... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - History | 270 | 1,264 | null |
Section: History > Start of commercial nuclear power. On 28 November 1972, the country's first nuclear power plant, the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP), was commissioned and went online with nation's electric grid system. Reportedly constructed at the taxpayer's cost of US$23 million ($173 million in 2024), the co... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - History > Start of commercial nuclear power | 327 | 1,581 | null |
Benazir Bhutto's administration again held unsuccessful negotiations with France on participating in the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant in 1990. Eventually, the Sharif administration entered in successful negotiation with China for the construction of the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant in 1993. On 14 September 2000, the Chas... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - History > Start of commercial nuclear power | 158 | 882 | null |
Section: International cooperation > China. Since 2000, Pakistan and China have signed multiple bilateral agreements on the issues of nuclear power under the IAEA's permission and safeguards. Outside China, Pakistan is the only country that has commissioned and successfully operates the Chinese pressurized water reacto... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - International cooperation > China | 307 | 1,601 | null |
Section: International cooperation > France. In 2009, the Gillani administration held talks with French government on cooperation relating to reactor technologies, which was said to be a "significant development" between two nations by the Gillani administration's Foreign ministry. Contrary to the Gillani administratio... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - International cooperation > France | 150 | 812 | null |
Section: Nuclear Fuel cycle. After 1974, Pakistan has worked independently in its ability and capability to developed indigenous nuclear fuel cycle.: 114 The front-end and the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle technology was developed at its Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology laboratory while the atomi... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - Nuclear Fuel cycle | 328 | 1,686 | null |
Section: Nuclear Fuel cycle > Nuclear reprocessing. There are many nuclear processing sites in Pakistan that can produce the by-products of plutonium in varying qualities and grades of plutonium.: 191–192 The reactor-grade plutonium is produced at the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant and the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, bot... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - Nuclear Fuel cycle > Nuclear reprocessing | 342 | 1,643 | null |
Section: Waste disposal. The nuclear and hazardous waste is managed by the Pakistan's nuclear regulartory authority and has taken steps to ensure the safe disposal of the hazardous waste since 1972. Monitoring of the waste management and federal regulatory oversights are provided by the Pakistan's nuclear regulatory au... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - Waste disposal | 214 | 1,213 | null |
Section: Organizations > Industry and academic. The Pakistan Nuclear Society (PNS) is a scientific and educational society that has both industry and academic members. The nuclear society lobbies for the cause of the nuclear power generation by holding conferences and publishing papers on civilian nuclear technology at... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - Organizations > Industry and academic | 204 | 1,165 | null |
Section: Nuclear Power Programme 2050. The Nuclear Power Program 2050 is an official policy measure program of the federal Government of Pakistan to utilize the nuclear power to meet to increase its energy capacity to support the national economy of Pakistan. The policy addresses the nation's energy security matters by... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - Nuclear Power Programme 2050 | 283 | 1,436 | null |
Section: Economics. In Pakistan, the Ministry of Energy (MoE) has prioritized the hydropower over the nuclear power, mainly influenced from the budgetary point of view. Furthermore, the facilities and infrastructure, which operates outside the IAEA safeguards, to support the nuclear power plants have been subjected to ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear power in Pakistan - Economics | 255 | 1,485 | null |
Article: Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Urdu: ماموریہ جوہری توانائی پاکستان, romanized: māmūrīa jauhrī tawānā'ī pākistān) is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy co... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - Summary | 273 | 1,429 | null |
Section: Overview > Early history. Following the partition of the British Indian Empire by the United Kingdom in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated state. The turbulent nature of its emergence critically influenced the scientific development of Pakistan. The establishment of the Council of Scientific and Indu... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - Overview > Early history | 345 | 1,783 | null |
In 1960, I. H. Usmani was elevated as PAEC's second chair with the transfer of Nazir Ahmad at the Federal Bureau of Statistics. The Multan Heavy Water Production Facility reactor was built in 1962, financed by local fertilizer companies. In 1964, PAEC established its first research institute, the Pakistan Institute of ... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - Overview > Early history | 330 | 1,637 | null |
Key research took place at PINSTECH, where scientists worked on weapon designs and eventual nuclear weapons testing. The PAEC expanded the crash program with various laboratories, facilities, and directorates researching on developing and testing materials and components for bomb designs, whilst it engineered plants an... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - Overview > Early history | 221 | 1,110 | null |
Section: Overview > Research and education. Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has provided a conspicuous example of the benefits of atomic age technologies for the advancement of agriculture, engineering, biology, and medicine. In 1960, the PAEC established its first nuclear medicine centre for cancer treatment... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - Overview > Research and education | 333 | 1,780 | null |
The PAEC supports research activities and learning programs at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), of which PAEC is also its organizer. Since 1974, the PAEC has been a key organizer and sponsor of the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs conference each year whe... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - Overview > Research and education | 216 | 1,176 | null |
Section: PAEC partnership with CERN. Pakistan has a long history of participating in experiments and research undertakings with CERN, and has a long tradition of physicists who are working around the world. Since the 1960s, Pakistan has been contributing and regularly participating in CERN's projects, theoretical and n... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - PAEC partnership with CERN | 291 | 1,419 | null |
Section: PAEC partnership with CERN > PAEC contribution to Compact Muon Solenoid. In 1997 PAEC chairman Ishfaq Ahmad reached out to CERN to sign a contract between them after elaborate discussions an in-kind contribution worth one million Swiss francs for the construction of eight magnet supports for the Compact Muon S... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - PAEC partnership with CERN > PAEC contribution to Compact Muon Solenoid | 163 | 730 | null |
Section: Management. The PAEC is chaired by a person appointed by the Government of Pakistan as specified in the government notification. The PAEC's management is organized by the Government of Pakistan who awards contracts to the potential candidates. Its full-time members consist of the appointed Chair; a finance mem... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - Management | 177 | 998 | null |
Section: History of PARR-Reactors. The PARR-I Reactor was supplied by the United States government in 1965 under the Atoms for Peace program. The PINSTECH institute was designed by American architect Edward Durrell Stone, when noted Pakistani scientists, Abdus Salam and Ishrat Hussain Usmani travelled to the United Sta... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor - History of PARR-Reactors | 170 | 876 | null |
Section: PARR-I Reactor. The PARR-I Reactor was the first reactor that was supplied by American Machine and Foundry. Peter Karter had personally supervised the construction of the reactor. The PARR-I is a swimming pool-type and Materials Test Reactor (MTR) type research reactor. Originally based on a designed to use th... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor - PARR-I Reactor | 346 | 1,500 | null |
Section: PARR-II Reactor. The PARR-II Reactor is an indigenously designed and constructed reactor owned by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The PARR-II Reactor's design is similar to Miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) and SLOWPOKE reactor. The reactor was indigenously designed by the PAEC as the chairman Mun... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor - PARR-II Reactor | 303 | 1,373 | null |
Section: New Labs. Unlike the PARR-I and PARR-II the New Labs is not subject to IAEA inspections. and is completely different from its parent reactors. It is a plutonium-fuel reprocessing plant and works as a pilot 94Pu reprocessing facility with a capability to use the ~7% 239Pu, to handle the isotopes and use the 86K... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor - New Labs | 341 | 1,513 | null |
Section: Charged Particle Accelerator. In early 1983, Pakistani nuclear physicist Dr. Samar Mubarakmand developed and established a neutron particle and nuclear accelerator to conduct the research of explosions of nuclear elements and isotopes in a nuclear device. Known as a Charged Particle Accelerator (CPA), the nucl... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor - Charged Particle Accelerator | 225 | 984 | null |
Section: Fast-Neutron Generator. In 1961, the United States Government led the establishment of ICF-based Fusion power experimental source near at Nilore, before the establishment of PINSTECH Institute. The neutron generator was bought by the PAEC from Texas A&M Nuclear Science Center. The facility is capable of produc... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor - Fast-Neutron Generator | 167 | 774 | null |
Article: Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology. The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) is a federally funded research and development laboratory in Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan. The site was designed by the American architect Edward Durell Stone and its construction was completed ... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Summary | 154 | 844 | null |
Section: Overview. The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) is one of nation's leading research and development Institution affiliated to the national security. It is a principle national laboratory that has the responsibility by ensuring the safety, security, and reliability of nation's nuclea... | Wikipedia - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology - Overview | 196 | 964 | null |
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