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A megalonychid representative, Megalonyx, spread as far north as the Yukon and Alaska, and might well have invaded Eurasia had a suitable habitat corridor across Beringia been present. Generally speaking, however, the dispersal and subsequent explosive adaptive radiation of sigmodontine rodents throughout South America... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Effects and aftermath | 314 | 1,622 | null |
Section: Effects and aftermath > Disappearance of native South American predators. During the last 7 Ma, South America's terrestrial predator guild has changed from one composed almost entirely of nonplacental mammals (metatherians), birds, and reptiles to one dominated by immigrant placental carnivorans (with a few sm... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Effects and aftermath > Disappearance of native South American predators | 339 | 1,487 | null |
Sparassodonts appear to have been declining in diversity since the middle Miocene, with many of the niches once occupied by small sparassodonts being increasingly occupied by carnivorous opossums, which reached sizes of up to roughly 8 kg (~17 lbs). Whether sparassodonts competed with carnivorous opossums or whether op... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Effects and aftermath > Disappearance of native South American predators | 348 | 1,450 | null |
Other groups of carnivorans did not arrive in South America until much later. Dogs and weasels appear in South America about 2.9 Ma ago, but do not become abundant or diverse until the early Pleistocene. Bears, cats, and skunks do not appear in South America until the early Pleistocene (about 1 Ma ago or slightly earli... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Effects and aftermath > Disappearance of native South American predators | 340 | 1,561 | null |
At least one genus of relatively small terror birds, Psilopterus, appears to have survived to as recently as about 96,000 years ago. The native carnivore guild appears to have collapsed completely roughly 3 Ma ago (including the extinction of the last sparassodonts), not correlated with the arrival of carnivorans in So... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Effects and aftermath > Disappearance of native South American predators | 314 | 1,530 | null |
Section: Reasons for success or failure. The eventual triumph of the Nearctic migrants was ultimately based on geography, which played into the hands of the northern invaders in two crucial respects. The first was a matter of climate. Any species that reached Panama from either direction obviously had to be able to tol... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Reasons for success or failure | 344 | 1,840 | null |
Eurasia was connected in turn to Africa, which contributed further to the species that made their way to North America. South America, though, was connected only to Antarctica and Australia, two much smaller and less hospitable continents, and only in the early Cenozoic. Moreover, this land connection does not seem to ... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Reasons for success or failure | 333 | 1,739 | null |
Section: Late Pleistocene extinctions. At the end of the Pleistocene epoch, about 12,000 years ago, three dramatic developments occurred in the Americas at roughly the same time (geologically speaking). Paleoindians invaded and occupied the New World (although humans may have been living in the Americas, including what... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Late Pleistocene extinctions | 332 | 1,417 | null |
Others, such as capybaras, survived in their original range, but died out in areas to which they had migrated. Notably, this extinction pulse eliminated all Neotropic migrants to North America larger than about 15 kg (the size of a big porcupine), and all native South American mammals larger than about 65 kg (the size ... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Late Pleistocene extinctions | 327 | 1,558 | null |
Similar megafaunal extinctions have occurred on other recently populated land masses (e.g. Australia, Japan, Madagascar, New Zealand, and many smaller islands around the world, such as Cyprus, Crete, Tilos and New Caledonia) at different times that correspond closely to the first arrival of humans at each location. The... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - Late Pleistocene extinctions | 317 | 1,624 | null |
Section: List of North American species of South American origin > Distributions beyond Mexico. Extant or extinct (†) North American taxa whose ancestors migrated out of South America and reached the modern territory of the contiguous United States: Fish Cichlids (Cichlidae: e.g. Texas cichlid) – freshwater fish that o... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - List of North American species of South American origin > Distributions beyond Mexico | 241 | 876 | null |
Texas cichlid) – freshwater fish that often tolerate brackish conditions Amphibians Bufonid toads (Bufo) Hylid frogs Leptodactylid frogs – as far north as Texas Microhylid frogs Birds Parrots (Neotropical parrots: thick-billed parrot, †Carolina parakeet) †Terror birds (Phorusrhacidae: Titanis walleri) Tanagers (Thraupi... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - List of North American species of South American origin > Distributions beyond Mexico | 352 | 1,076 | null |
bellus) †Pachyarmatherium leiseyi, an enigmatic armored armadillo relative †Pampatheres (Plaina, Holmesina) – large armadillo-like animals †Glyptodonts (Glyptotherium) †Megalonychid ground sloths (Pliometanastes, Megalonyx) †Megatheriid ground sloths (Eremotherium) †Mylodontid ground sloths (Thinobadistes, Glossotheriu... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - List of North American species of South American origin > Distributions beyond Mexico | 297 | 883 | null |
Extant or extinct (†) North American taxa whose ancestors migrated out of South America, but failed to reach the contiguous United States and were confined to Mexico and Central America: Invertebrates Gonyleptid harvestmen (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae) Fish Electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes) Hoplosternum punctatum – an a... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - List of North American species of South American origin > Distributions restricted to Mexico | 349 | 1,206 | null |
pygmaeus) Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepodidae: Choloepus hoffmanni) †Scelidotheriid ground sloths (Scelidotherium, found in Panama) Silky anteater (Cyclopedidae: Cyclopes dorsalis) Other anteaters (Myrmecophagidae: Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Tamandua mexicana) Rodents (Rodentia) Rothschild's and Mexican hairy dwarf ... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - List of North American species of South American origin > Distributions restricted to Mexico | 350 | 1,234 | null |
Extant or extinct (†) South American taxa whose ancestors migrated out of North America: Amphibians Dermophiid caecilians (Dermophis glandulosus) – only present in northwestern Colombia Lungless salamanders (Bolitoglossa, Oedipina) – only present in northern South America Ranid frogs – only present in northern South Am... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - List of South American species of North American origin | 348 | 1,228 | null |
pinchaque, †T. rondoniensis, T. terrestris) Equids (Equus ferus, †Hippidion) Even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) Peccaries (†Sylvochoerus, †Waldochoerus, Tayassu pecari, Catagonus wagneri, Dicotyles tajacu) †Palaeomerycids (Surameryx) Deer (†Antifer, †Morenelaphus, †Agalmaceros, Odocoileus, Blastocerus, Ozotoceros, Maza... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - List of South American species of North American origin | 349 | 881 | null |
nehringi, †A. dirus – the latter known only from as far south as southern Bolivia) Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) – only present in NW South America: Colombia, Venezuela Other canids (†Dusicyon, †Theriodictis, †Protocyon, Atelocynus, Cerdocyon, Lycalopex, Chrysocyon, Speothos) Small felids (Leopardus) – all 9 exta... | Wikipedia - Great American Interchange - List of South American species of North American origin | 290 | 958 | null |
Section: Major ecological regions > Forest zone. The forest zone, a belt of lowland tropical moist broadleaf forests, runs across most of equatorial Africa's Intertropical Convergence Zone. The Upper Guinean forests of West Africa extend along the coast from Guinea to Togo. The Dahomey Gap, a zone of forest-savanna mos... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Major ecological regions > Forest zone | 151 | 778 | null |
Section: Major ecological regions > Somali–Masai region. In northeastern Africa, semi-arid Acacia-Commiphora woodlands, savannas, and bushlands are the dominant plant communities. This region is called the Somali-Masai center of endemism or Somali-Masai region. It extends from central Tanzania northwards through the Ho... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Major ecological regions > Somali–Masai region | 157 | 699 | null |
Section: Major ecological regions > Deserts of Southern Africa. Southern Africa contains several deserts. The Namib Desert is one of the oldest deserts in the world and extends for over 2,000 kilometers along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Namibia, and South Africa. It is characterized by towering dunes and a diversity... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Major ecological regions > Deserts of Southern Africa | 256 | 1,268 | null |
Section: Endemic plants and animals > Plants. The Afrotropical realm is home to several endemic plant families. Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands are home to ten endemic families of flowering plants; eight are endemic to Madagascar (Asteropeiaceae, Didymelaceae, Didiereaceae, Kaliphoraceae, Melanophyllaceae, Phys... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Endemic plants and animals > Plants | 210 | 812 | null |
Section: Endemic plants and animals > Animals. The East African Great Lakes (Victoria, Malawi, and Tanganyika) are the center of biodiversity of many freshwater fishes, especially cichlids (they harbor more than two-thirds of the estimated 2,000 species in the family). The West African coastal rivers region covers only... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Endemic plants and animals > Animals | 345 | 1,425 | null |
Section: Habitats. The tropical environment is rich in terms of biodiversity. Tropical African forest is 18 percent of the world's total and covers over 3.6 million square kilometers of land in West, East, and Central Africa. This total area can be subdivided to 2.69 million square kilometers (74%) in Central Africa, 6... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Habitats | 343 | 1,662 | null |
The rainforest vegetation of the Guinea-Congolian transition area, extending from Senegal to western Uganda is constituted of two main types: The semi-deciduous rainforest is characterized by a large number of trees whose leaves are left during the dry season. It appears in areas where the dry period (rainfall below ab... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Habitats | 310 | 1,616 | null |
Section: Fauna. The Tropical African rainforest has rich fauna, commonly smaller mammal species rarely seen by humans. New species are being discovered. For instance, in late 1988 an unknown shrub species was discovered on the shores of the Median River in Western Cameroon. Since then many species have become extinct. ... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Fauna | 271 | 1,385 | null |
Section: Flora. In Tropical Africa, about 8,500 plant species have been documented, including 403 orchid species. Species unfamiliar with the changes in forest structure for industrial use might not survive. If timber use continues and an increasing amount of farming occurs, it could lead to the mass killing of animal ... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Flora | 210 | 1,143 | null |
Section: Region protection > Deforestation. The rate of deforestation in Africa is less known than the rate of other tropical regions. A lack of dependable data and survey information in some countries has made change in areas of unbroken forest difficult to ascertain. The cultivation of various cash crops has led to f... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Region protection > Deforestation | 321 | 1,678 | null |
Despite efforts to promote lesser-known timber species use, the market continued to focus on part of the usable timber obtainable. West Africa was prone to selective harvesting practices; while conservationists blamed the timber industry and the farmers for felling trees, others believe rainforest destruction is connec... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Region protection > Deforestation | 330 | 1,621 | null |
Extrapolating from present rates of loss, botanist Peter Raven pictures that the majority of the world's moderate and smaller rainforests (such as in Africa) could be destroyed in forty years. Tropical Africa comprises 18% of the world's total land area covering 20 million km2 (7.7 million sq mi) of land in West and Ce... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Region protection > Deforestation | 342 | 1,765 | null |
Section: Historical temperature and climate. In early 2007, scientists created an entirely new proxy to determine the annual mean air temperature on land—based on molecules from the cell membrane of soil-inhabiting bacteria. Scientists from the NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research conducted a temperature ... | Wikipedia - Afrotropical realm - Historical temperature and climate | 341 | 1,888 | null |
Section: Political process. The Convention was the result of the 1933 International Conference for the Protection of the Fauna and Flora of Africa, presided over by Richard Onslow, 5th Earl of Onslow, then president of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire. It was based on the London Conventi... | Wikipedia - Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State - Political process | 183 | 915 | null |
Article: Wildlife of Antarctica. The wildlife of Antarctica are extremophiles, having adapted to the dryness, low temperatures, and high exposure common in Antarctica. The extreme weather of the interior contrasts to the relatively mild conditions on the Antarctic Peninsula and the subantarctic islands, which have warm... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Summary | 348 | 1,785 | null |
Section: Environmental conditions. Around 98% of continental Antarctica is covered in ice up to 4.7 kilometres (2.9 mi) thick. Antarctica's icy deserts have extremely low temperatures, high solar radiation, and extreme dryness. Any precipitation that does fall usually falls as snow, and is restricted to a band around 3... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Environmental conditions | 325 | 1,410 | null |
The continental shelf surrounding the mainland is 60 to 240 kilometres (37 to 149 mi) wide. The depth of the seafloor in this area ranges from 50 to 800 metres (164 to 2,625 ft), with an average of 500 metres (1,640 ft). After the shelf, the continental slope descends to abyssal plains at 3,500–5,000 metres (11,483–16,... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Environmental conditions | 162 | 667 | null |
Section: Animals. At least 235 marine species are found in both Antarctica and the Arctic, ranging in size from whales and birds to small marine snails, sea cucumbers, and mud-dwelling worms. The large animals often migrate between the two, and smaller animals are expected to be able to spread via underwater currents. ... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals | 349 | 1,731 | null |
Section: Animals > Birds. The rocky shores of mainland Antarctica and its offshore islands provide nesting space for over 100 million birds every spring. These nesters include species of albatrosses, petrels, skuas, gulls and terns. The insectivorous South Georgia pipit is endemic to South Georgia and some smaller surr... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Birds | 218 | 1,075 | null |
Section: Animals > Fish. Compared to other major oceans, there are few fish species in few families in the Southern Ocean. The most species-rich family are the snailfish (Liparidae), followed by the cod icefish (Nototheniidae) and eelpouts (Zoarcidae). Together the snailfish, eelpouts and notothenioids (which includes ... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Fish | 332 | 1,292 | null |
In addition to the relatively species-rich families, the region is home to a few species from other families: hagfish (Myxinidae), lamprey (Petromyzontidae), skates (Rajidae), pearlfish (Carapidae), morid cods (Moridae), eel cods (Muraenolepididae), gadid cods (Gadidae), horsefish (Congiopodidae), Antarctic sculpins (B... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Fish | 153 | 515 | null |
Section: Animals > Fish > Icefish. Cod icefish (Nototheniidae), as well as several other families, are part of the Notothenioidei suborder, collectively sometimes referred to as icefish. The suborder contains many species with antifreeze proteins in their blood and tissue, allowing them to live in water that is around ... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Fish > Icefish | 319 | 1,348 | null |
Section: Animals > Mammals. Six pinniped species inhabit Antarctica. The largest, the Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), can reach up to 4,000 kilograms (8,818 lb) and over 6 metres (20 ft) long, while females of the smallest, the Antarctic fur seal (Arctophoca gazella), reach only 150 kilograms (331 lb). These... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Mammals | 337 | 1,410 | null |
Section: Animals > Land invertebrates. Most terrestrial invertebrates are restricted to the subantarctic islands. Although there are very few species, those that do inhabit Antarctica have high population densities. In the more extreme areas of the mainland, such as the cold deserts, food webs are sometimes restricted ... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Land invertebrates | 342 | 1,572 | null |
Section: Animals > Marine invertebrates > Arthropods. Five species of krill, small free-swimming crustaceans, are found in the Southern Ocean. The Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is one of the most abundant animal species on earth, with a biomass of around 500 million tonnes. Each individual is 6 centimetres (2.4 i... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Marine invertebrates > Arthropods | 340 | 1,435 | null |
The amphipods are highly diverse with more than 600 recognized species found south of the Antarctic Convergence and there are indications that many undescribed species remain. Among these are several "giants", such as the iconic epimeriids that are up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long. Crabs have traditionally not been recognized ... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Marine invertebrates > Arthropods | 286 | 1,383 | null |
Section: Animals > Marine invertebrates > Mollusks. Many aquatic mollusks are present in Antarctica. Bivalves such as Adamussium colbecki move around on the seafloor, while others such as Laternula elliptica live in burrows filtering the water above. There are around 70 cephalopod species in the Southern Ocean, the lar... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Marine invertebrates > Mollusks | 164 | 676 | null |
Section: Animals > Marine invertebrates > Other marine invertebrates. The red Antarctic sea urchin (Sterechinus neumayeri) has been used in several studies and has become a model organism. This is by far the best-known sea urchin of the region, but not the only species. Among others, the Southern Ocean is also home to ... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Marine invertebrates > Other marine invertebrates | 325 | 1,444 | null |
As a result, they function as indicators of environmental health. The largest is the whitish or dull yellowish Anoxycalyx joubini, sometimes called the giant volcano sponge in reference to its shape. It can reach a height of 2 m (6.5 ft) and is an important habitat for several smaller organisms. Long-term observation o... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Animals > Marine invertebrates > Other marine invertebrates | 230 | 1,059 | null |
Section: Fungi. Fungal diversity in Antarctica is lower than in the rest of the world. Individual niches, determined by environmental factors, are filled by very few species. Roughly 1150 fungi species have been identified. Lichens account for 400 of these, while 750 are non-lichenized. Only around 20 species of fungi ... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Fungi | 336 | 1,487 | null |
The myxomycota and oomycota make up 1% each, although they are not true fungi. The desert surface is hostile to microscopic fungi due to large fluctuations in temperature on the surface of rocks, which range from 2 °C below the air temperature in the winter to 20 °C above air temperature in the summer. However, the mor... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Fungi | 333 | 1,520 | null |
Section: Fungi > Lichens. Macrolichens (e.g., Usnea sphacelata, U. antarctica, Umbilicaria decussate, and U. aprina) and communities of weakly or non-nitrophilous lichens (e.g., Pseudephebe minuscula, Rhizocarpon superficial, and R. geographicum, and several species of Acarospora and Buellia) are relatively widespread ... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Fungi > Lichens | 292 | 985 | null |
Section: Plants. The greatest plant diversity is found on the western edge of the Antarctic Peninsula. Coastal algal blooms can cover up to 2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi) of the peninsula. Well-adapted moss and lichen can be found in rocks throughout the continent. The subantarctic islands are a more favourable envir... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Plants | 345 | 1,586 | null |
Unlike most bryophytes, a majority of Antarctic bryophytes do not enter a diploid sporophyte stage, instead they reproduce asexually or have sex organs on their gametophyte stage. Only 30% of bryophytes on the Peninsular and subantarctic islands have a sporophyte stage, and only 25% of those on the rest of the mainland... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Plants | 208 | 905 | null |
Section: Others. Bacteria have been revived from Antarctic snow hundreds of years old. They have also been found deep under the ice, in Lake Whillans, part of a network of subglacial lakes that sunlight does not reach. A wide variety of algae are found in Antarctica, often forming the base of food webs. About 400 speci... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Others | 346 | 1,495 | null |
Section: Conservation. Human activity poses significant risk for Antarctic wildlife, causing problems such as pollution, habitat destruction, and wildlife disturbance. These problems are especially acute around research stations. Climate change and its associated effects pose significant risk to the future of Antarctic... | Wikipedia - Wildlife of Antarctica - Conservation | 298 | 1,673 | null |
Article: Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora. The Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora is a set of environmental protection measures which were accepted at the third Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting in Brussels in 1964. The Agreed Measures were formally in... | Wikipedia - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora - Summary | 190 | 1,169 | null |
Section: History. Antarctic interests in the late 1940s were increasing, with nations fighting over territory in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Fear of open conflict from these nations, as well as fear of Antarctica becoming involved in the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, led to the first disc... | Wikipedia - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora - History | 323 | 1,882 | null |
Carrick, along with other prominent scientists, William J. L. Sladen, Robert Falla, Carl Eklund, Jean Prevost and Robert Cushman Murphy to name a few, were among the loudest contributors to SCAR's position of conservation. As these scientists had all specialised in the area of birds, their first action towards Antarcti... | Wikipedia - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora - History | 171 | 940 | null |
Section: Negotiations. In January 1960, the U.S. representative for the Antarctic Treaty, Paul Daniels, asked that conservation be formally discussed at the first Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. After this, US participation declined, and the British government was the only strong advocate for conservation. Brian... | Wikipedia - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora - Negotiations | 345 | 1,911 | null |
Section: Summary of the Agreed Measures. The Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora consisted of fourteen articles, of which four were simply formalities. The Measures applied to land areas south of latitude 60°S which fell under the jurisdiction of the Antarctic Treaty. In Article I it was e... | Wikipedia - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora - Summary of the Agreed Measures | 344 | 1,963 | null |
These activities included eliciting loud sounds near wildlife, flying aircraft too close to wildlife, allowing dogs to run free, and excessive human disturbance during breeding periods. Article VI also stated that participating governments must take appropriate actions to prevent pollution of waters. Most notably, the ... | Wikipedia - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora - Summary of the Agreed Measures | 245 | 1,447 | null |
Section: Other Agreements > Bilateral Treaties. Many updated measures were put in to place addressing similar issues of the Agreed Measures at Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings such as Article 3.2 and The Annex II to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. The Protocol, otherwise known as... | Wikipedia - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora - Other Agreements > Bilateral Treaties | 342 | 1,952 | null |
Lastly, Antarctic "Historic Sites and Monuments" were defined as areas of significant historic relevance and can be proposed by any participating government. The Agreed Measures also focused significantly on prohibiting harmful human interference, and since then several other treaties were adopted to manage human distu... | Wikipedia - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora - Other Agreements > Bilateral Treaties | 277 | 1,659 | null |
Section: Uses. This resource is used by academics, students, and anyone interested in research in botany in Australia or New Zealand, since each record tells all that is known about the specimen: where and when it was collected; by whom; its current identification together with the botanist who identified it; and infor... | Wikipedia - Australasian Virtual Herbarium - Uses | 303 | 1,433 | null |
Section: Participating herbaria. The State Herbarium of South Australia (AD), Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources Auckland War Memorial Museum (AK) The Queensland Herbarium (BRI), Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation (DSITI) The Australian National Herbarium (CANB), Centre for... | Wikipedia - Australasian Virtual Herbarium - Participating herbaria | 293 | 1,436 | null |
The State Herbarium of South Australia (AD), Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources Auckland War Memorial Museum (AK) The Queensland Herbarium (BRI), Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation (DSITI) The Australian National Herbarium (CANB), Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSI... | Wikipedia - Australasian Virtual Herbarium - Participating herbaria | 440 | 2,063 | null |
Section: Publications. The most important outputs of the ABRS has been the publication of the multi-volume Flora of Australia and Fauna of Australia series. Other output includes The Banksia Atlas and the "Platypus" database package for taxonomists. Sponsored publications from grants, or publishing projects include: Ad... | Wikipedia - Australian Biological Resources Study - Publications | 241 | 1,065 | null |
Article: Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH) is an association of the leaders of herbaria in Australia and New Zealand. It is governed by a constitution. It endorses the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Australian Plant Census, which is the source for accepted nam... | Wikipedia - Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria - Summary | 310 | 1,573 | null |
Section: Animals. The Australian magpie has been introduced into New Zealand, where it is considered a pest because of its attacks on humans and a possible effect on the native bird population. The common brushtail possum was introduced to New Zealand to start a fur industry, and spread nationwide. With no natural pred... | Wikipedia - Invasive species of Australian origin - Animals | 181 | 876 | null |
Section: Plants > Melaleucas in the Everglades. Perhaps the best known example of an Australian plant becoming an invasive species is the problematic introduction of Melaleuca quinquenervia into Florida. As with all Melaleuca species, M. quinquenervia seeds prolifically. In the absence of natural predators, it spread t... | Wikipedia - Invasive species of Australian origin - Plants > Melaleucas in the Everglades | 175 | 860 | null |
Section: Plants > Other plant examples. Acaena novae-zelandiae is declared a noxious weed in the American states of Hawaii, California and Oregon. Cupaniopsis anacardioides, the tuckeroo, has become an invasive weed along the coastline of Florida. The plant there is known as carrotwood. Eucalyptus globulus has spread r... | Wikipedia - Invasive species of Australian origin - Plants > Other plant examples | 188 | 848 | null |
Article: Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities. The Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) is a taxonomic research network formed by scientific institutions in Europe. It was formed in December 1996 by ten of the largest European natural history museums and botanical gardens to be a voice for taxonom... | Wikipedia - Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities - Summary | 203 | 1,107 | null |
Section: Members. The federation represents 17 learned societies of ecology from over 20 countries with about 8,000 members (status 2014) List (Status 2021): British Ecological Society (BES), United Kingdom and Ireland Czech Union of Ecologists (CSPE), Czech Republic Ecological Association of Terrestrial Ecology (AEET)... | Wikipedia - European Ecological Federation - Members | 270 | 1,252 | null |
Section: Groups. Research groups in ERIBA: Ageing Biology and Stem Cells (Gerald de Haan) Asymmetric Cell Division and Ageing (Judith Paridaen) Cellular Biochemistry (Liesbeth Veenhoff) Cellular senescence and age-related pathologies (Marco Demaria) Gene Regulation In Ageing and Age-Related Diseases (Cor Calkhoven) Gen... | Wikipedia - ERIBA - Groups | 164 | 678 | null |
Section: Activities. In collaboration with other institutions and societies (e.g. FEMS) the Academy is involved in: the organization of high standard meetings and colloquia to discuss critical issues in microbiology; the publication of recommendations on critical issues in microbiology; the promotion of microbiology ed... | Wikipedia - European Academy of Microbiology - Activities | 190 | 909 | null |
Section: European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry. The European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry, also called the EUROBIC Medal or EUROBIC Award, was founded after the first European Biological Inorganic Chemistry Conference (EUROBIC-1), held in Newcastle, UK, in 1992. In 1993 a basic endowment was raised and is kep... | Wikipedia - European Biological Inorganic Chemistry Conference - European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry | 175 | 872 | null |
Section: European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry > EUROBIC Medalists. Source: Eurobics Award 2024: Gustav Berggren, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 2022: Maxie M. Roessler, Imperial College London. 2020: Aidan R. McDonald, University of Dublin, Ireland; Prof. Kallol Ray, Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany 2018... | Wikipedia - European Biological Inorganic Chemistry Conference - European Medal for Bio-Inorganic Chemistry > EUROBIC Medalists | 313 | 1,294 | null |
Article: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) is a scientific committee for defining guidelines to interpret antimicrobial resistance. It was formed in 1997 and is jointly organized by ESCMID, ECDC and other European laboratories... | Wikipedia - European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing - Summary | 197 | 955 | null |
Section: History > Formation. ECCB was formed with the intent of providing a European conference focusing on advances in computational biology and their application to problems in molecular biology. The conference was initially to be held on a rotating basis, with the idea that previously successful regional conference... | Wikipedia - European Conference on Computational Biology - History > Formation | 163 | 790 | null |
Section: History > Partnership with ISMB. In 2004, ECCB was jointly held with the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference for the first time. It was also co-located with the Genes, Proteins & Computers conference. This meeting, held in Glasgow, UK, was the largest bioinformatics conference ever held... | Wikipedia - European Conference on Computational Biology - History > Partnership with ISMB | 234 | 1,121 | null |
Section: Past meetings. 1st ECCB − 2006, Eger, Hungary. Held with 1000 participants. Its subject "Diversity for Europe" reflecting the variability of Europe’s biology and culture, and also the diversity of ways nature conservation acts. 2nd ECCB − 2009, Prague, Czech Republic. Held with 1200 participants. Its main them... | Wikipedia - European Congress of Conservation Biology - Past meetings | 194 | 816 | null |
Article: European Forest Genetic Resources Programme. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN) is an international network that promotes the conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources in Europe as an integral part of sustainable forest management. It was established in 1994 as a result o... | Wikipedia - European Forest Genetic Resources Programme - Summary | 184 | 1,056 | null |
Section: Background. In 1988 Prof. Giovanni Romeo, President of the European Genetics Foundation (EGF) and professor of Medical Genetics at the University of Bologna and Prof. Victor A. McKusick founded together the European School of Genetic Medicine (ESGM). Since that time ESGM has taught genetics to postgraduate stu... | Wikipedia - European Genetics Foundation - Background | 186 | 917 | null |
Section: Presentation of the Ronzano Project. The European School of Genetic Medicine was founded in 1988 and saw rapid success, which necessitated that an administrative body be formed. To this end the European Genetics Foundation was born in Genoa on 20 November 1995, with the following aims: to run the ESGM, promoti... | Wikipedia - European Genetics Foundation - Presentation of the Ronzano Project | 341 | 1,794 | null |
McKusick is considered the father of medical genetics throughout the world. The European Genetics Foundation envisions the Ronzano Center as a venue for advanced training, and as a think tank where experts in genetics and related disciplines from all over the world can discuss issues of scientific, social, and politica... | Wikipedia - European Genetics Foundation - Presentation of the Ronzano Project | 164 | 953 | null |
Article: European Journal of Cell Biology. European Journal of Cell Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1969 as Cytobiologie. It is published by Elsevier. Since March 2021, the editor in chief is Dr. Miguel Vicente-Manzanares (IBMCC, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain) and the Deputy Edito... | Wikipedia - European Journal of Cell Biology - Summary | 175 | 798 | null |
Article: European Journal of Immunology. The European Journal of Immunology is an academic journal of the European Federation of Immunological Societies covering basic immunology research, with a primary focus on antigen processing, cellular immune response, immunity to infection, immunomodulation, leukocyte signalling... | Wikipedia - European Journal of Immunology - Summary | 157 | 726 | null |
Section: Drug discovery platform. The European Lead Factory is operational since 2013 and consists of two main components: the Joint European Compound Library and the European Screening Centre. Together these elements provide a platform for pharmaceutical researchers in Europe to identify drug discovery starting points... | Wikipedia - European Lead Factory - Drug discovery platform | 174 | 962 | null |
Article: European Society for Evolutionary Biology. The European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEB) was founded on 28 August 1987 in Basel (Switzerland), with ~ 450 evolutionary biologists attending the inaugural congress of the Society; Arthur Cain became the Society’s first president. The founding of the ESEB wa... | Wikipedia - European Society for Evolutionary Biology - Summary | 263 | 1,398 | null |
Article: European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. The European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) is a non-profit international organization with headquarters in Basel, Switzerland. An important activity of the society is the organization of the annual scientific... | Wikipedia - European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases - Summary | 164 | 825 | null |
Section: Structure. ESCMID is headquartered in Basel, Switzerland. The main governance organ is the executive committee (EC), which is elected by ESCMID members, and divided further into several subcommittees with specific functions (professional affairs, education, scientific affairs, ECCMID program, publication, inte... | Wikipedia - European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases - Structure | 179 | 896 | null |
Section: Activities > ESCMID Global (formerly known as ECCMID). ESCMID Global is recognized as the largest international forum for presentations and discussions of research in the fields of clinical microbiology and infection for academic, clinical, and industry experts. The first European Congress of Clinical Microbio... | Wikipedia - European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases - Activities > ESCMID Global (formerly known as ECCMID) | 218 | 1,090 | null |
Section: Activities > Professional Affairs. ESCMID supports the career development of members by creating a platform for them to connect with experienced professionals in their field. One such activity is the Observership program, which allows infectious diseases specialists and clinical microbiologists to visit renown... | Wikipedia - European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases - Activities > Professional Affairs | 216 | 1,259 | null |
Section: Present activities. FEBS activities include: publishing journals; providing grants for scientific meetings such as an annual Congress, Young Scientists' Forum and FEBS Advanced Courses; offering travel awards to early-stage scientists to participate in these events; offering research Fellowships for pre- and p... | Wikipedia - Federation of European Biochemical Societies - Present activities | 174 | 937 | null |
Article: Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) is an international European scientific organization, formed by the union of a number of national organizations; there are now 57 members from 41 European countries, regular and provisional. Members can ap... | Wikipedia - Federation of European Microbiological Societies - Summary | 217 | 1,139 | null |
Article: European Federation for Primatology. The European Federation for Primatology (EFP) was founded on 17 December 1993. The seat of the Federation is Niederhausbergen (France). The EFP brings together national primatological societies, as well as groups of primatologists in those countries of Europe where such soc... | Wikipedia - European Federation for Primatology - Summary | 151 | 786 | null |
Section: Purposes. The purpose of the Federation is: To coordinate actions related to primatology between the different European societies. Such coordination include: Circulation of information between the different national primatological societies and groups of primatologists. Meetings of the different national socie... | Wikipedia - European Federation for Primatology - Purposes | 271 | 1,574 | null |
Section: Affiliated national groups and societies. National societies: 'Asociación Primatológica Española', Spanish Primatological Association (Spain). 'Associazione Primatologica Italiana', Italian Primatological Association (Italy). 'Associação Portuguesa de Primatologia', Portuguese Primatological Association (Portu... | Wikipedia - European Federation for Primatology - Affiliated national groups and societies | 185 | 795 | null |
Section: Meetings. The 'Asociación Primatológica Española' (APE) organised the first scientific meeting of EFP: European Workshop on Primate Research, Madrid (Spain), 16–19 October 1996, linked to own I APE Congress. After the meeting, according to the success of the local Organisation presided by Fernando Colmenares G... | Wikipedia - European Federation for Primatology - Meetings | 250 | 1,135 | null |
Article: Biofuel in the European Union. Strict sustainability standards for biofuel in the European Union (EU) are set by the European Commissioner on Energy. Biofuels are considered a renewable alternative to fossil fuels in the transportation sector for the EU. The EU has played a large role in increasing the use of ... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Summary | 159 | 785 | null |
Section: Background. The European Union (EU) has its own subsidiary body that handles all energy-related issues, called the European Commission on Energy. They define biofuels as "liquid or gaseous transport fuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol which are made from biomass". Chemically, biofuels are alcohols produced ... | Wikipedia - Biofuel in the European Union - Background | 344 | 1,608 | null |
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