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Like other sillaginids, the Japanese whiting is benthic in nature, inhabiting the bottom layer of water in a marine system. This is due to the benthic nature of their prey during the daytime, which inhabit these layers of weaker water flow preferentially due to their body shape. Japanese whiting are a schooling species... | Wikipedia - Japanese whiting | null | null | null |
Like other similar fields, computational astrophysics makes extensive use of supercomputers and computer clusters . Even on the scale of a normal desktop it is possible to accelerate the hardware. Perhaps the most notable such computer architecture built specially for astrophysics is the GRAPE (gravity pipe) in Japan. ... | Wikipedia - Astrophysical simulations | null | null | null |
Like other similar technologies, Cyphal provides a library of common data types, managed and curated by the protocol maintainers, that are intended to address certain common issues in popular applications. These data types supplement vendor-specific or application-specific data types defined by adopters, much like a pr... | Wikipedia - Cyphal | null | null | null |
Like other steroid hormones, testosterone is derived from cholesterol (see figure). The first step in the biosynthesis involves the oxidative cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol by cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc, CYP11A1), a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 oxidase with the loss of six carbon atoms ... | Wikipedia - Free testosterone | null | null | null |
In the final and rate limiting step, the C17 keto group androstenedione is reduced by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to yield testosterone. The largest amounts of testosterone (>95%) are produced by the testes in men, while the adrenal glands account for most of the remainder. Testosterone is also synthesized in far ... | Wikipedia - Free testosterone | null | null | null |
In the testes, testosterone is produced by the Leydig cells. The male generative glands also contain Sertoli cells, which require testosterone for spermatogenesis. Like most hormones, testosterone is supplied to target tissues in the blood where much of it is transported bound to a specific plasma protein, sex hormone-... | Wikipedia - Free testosterone | null | null | null |
Like other text documents, biomedical documents contain unstructured data. Research publications follow different formats, contain different types of information, and are interspersed with figures, tables, and other non-text content. Both unstructured text and semi-structured document elements, such as tables, may cont... | Wikipedia - Biomedical text mining | null | null | null |
Like other types of contingent self-esteem, RCSE is generally linked with lower levels of self-esteem and well-being. It is also associated with excessive reassurance seeking behavior, preoccupied attachment style, and insecure attachment style. Ironically, these styles of attachment do not allow the person to attain t... | Wikipedia - Relationship-contingent self-esteem | null | null | null |
Like other vampire bats, their saliva contains plasminogen activators, which rapidly dissolves the host's blood clots that form during feeding; platelet aggregation inhibitors, which prevent the formation of blood clots; and other anticoagulants. These compounds in their saliva are especially effective on birds. Birds ... | Wikipedia - White-winged vampire bat | null | null | null |
They are not as adept as common vampire bats at quadrupedal locomotion, possibly because their thumbs are much shorter. However, they are quite adept at climbing branches. Females are polyestrous, capable of becoming pregnant multiple times a year. | Wikipedia - White-winged vampire bat | null | null | null |
They give birth to one pup at a time. They will roost with many other species of bat, including the greater sac-winged bat, lesser dog-like bat, big-eared woolly bat, tailed tailless bat, Seba's short-tailed bat, little yellow-shouldered bat, great fruit-eating bat, white-lined broad-nosed bat, Pallas's long-tongued ba... | Wikipedia - White-winged vampire bat | null | null | null |
Like peripheral lymphatic vessels, the meningeal lymphatics serve both the tissue drainage and immune cell trafficking functions of the lymphatic system. Multiphoton live imaging experiments performed on anesthetized mice have demonstrated that the meningeal lymphatics are capable of draining fluorescent dyes injected ... | Wikipedia - Meningeal lymphatic vessels | null | null | null |
Genetically engineered mice which lack the meningeal lymphatic vessels demonstrated attenuated clearance of macromolecules from the brain. The uptake of tracers from the brain into deep cervical lymph nodes was completely abrogated. However, brain interstitial fluid pressure and water content were unaffected. These dat... | Wikipedia - Meningeal lymphatic vessels | null | null | null |
Like personal computers, flight instrument systems need power-on-self-test facilities and continuous self-monitoring. Flight instrument systems, however, need additional monitoring capabilities: Input validation — verify that each sensor is providing valid data Data comparison — cross check inputs from duplicated senso... | Wikipedia - Electronic Flight Information Systems | null | null | null |
Like poker sites, many skillgame sites take a rake commission fee from head-to-head and tournament games; however, this oft-ignored practice is de facto illegal in the U.S. Unlike casino games or games of chance, the outcome of a skill game is predominantly determined by the user's skill level. In many U.S. states, the... | Wikipedia - Online skill-based game | null | null | null |
Successful skill games heavily modify the game play of "regular" casual games such as solitaire or sudoku in order to remove as many random events as possible. The analogy is that the influence of chance in a skill game should not exceed the influence of chance in any other pro sport competition, such as golf or footba... | Wikipedia - Online skill-based game | null | null | null |
Like polynomials, rational expressions can also be generalized to n indeterminates X1,..., Xn, by taking the field of fractions of F, which is denoted by F(X1,..., Xn). An extended version of the abstract idea of rational function is used in algebraic geometry. There the function field of an algebraic variety V is form... | Wikipedia - Irrational function | null | null | null |
Like polyphosphates of polyphenols, PEP can be prepared from the monomer (in this case estradiol) and phosphoryl chloride. The latter reacts with both the phenolic hydroxyl group in position 3 and the aliphatic one in position 17β. The molecular mass of the resulting polymer can be controlled by interrupting the reacti... | Wikipedia - Polyestradiol phosphate | null | null | null |
Like semuloparin, bemiparin is classified as an ultra-LMWH because of its low molecular mass of 3600 g/mol on average. (Enoxaparin has 4500 g/mol.) These heparins have lower anti-thrombin activity than classical LMWHs and act mainly on factor Xa, reducing the risk of bleeding. | Wikipedia - Bemiparin sodium | null | null | null |
Like several other oxalates, sodium oxalate is toxic to humans. It can cause burning pain in the mouth, throat and stomach, bloody vomiting, headache, muscle cramps, cramps and convulsions, drop in blood pressure, heart failure, shock, coma, and possible death. Mean lethal dose by ingestion of oxalates is 10-15 grams/k... | Wikipedia - C2Na2O4 | null | null | null |
It also prevents blood from clotting. Note that by removing calcium ions from the blood, sodium oxalate can impair brain function, and deposit calcium oxalate in the kidneys. == References == | Wikipedia - C2Na2O4 | null | null | null |
Like shrews, it has a pelage with guard hairs and underfur. Its fur is dense and soft. The color ranges from dark gray to a sooty bluish-black. | Wikipedia - American shrew mole | null | null | null |
Its tail is about half the length of its head and body. Its tail is also covered with scales and scattered coarse hairs. It has a long, flattened snout, and a short but thick, bristled tail. | Wikipedia - American shrew mole | null | null | null |
It is the smallest of the American moles. It is about 10 cm (3.9 in) in length including a 3 centimetres (1.2 in) tail, and weighs about 10 g (0.35 oz). It has a zygoma and auditory bullae, which are absent in shrews, but present in moles. | Wikipedia - American shrew mole | null | null | null |
The enamel that covers its teeth is white instead of mahogany or reddish-brown, like it is in shrews. It also lacks a penis bone. Its front paws are smaller and do not face outwards from the body as in more fossorial moles, and so are more similar to those of shrews. | Wikipedia - American shrew mole | null | null | null |
The front paws are also broad with bifurcate phalanges, which provide more support for the claws in order to dig. Also, the three middle claws of the front paws are elongated and the eyes are also completely covered by skin.In addition to the front paws, the rest of its morphological features allow it to be highly foss... | Wikipedia - American shrew mole | null | null | null |
Like systems engineering, configuration management as practiced in the defense and aerospace industry is a broad systems-level practice. The field parallels the taskings of systems engineering; where systems engineering deals with requirements development, allocation to development items and verification, configuration... | Wikipedia - Systems Engineering | null | null | null |
Like that of modern elephants, the mammoth's sensitive, muscular trunk was a limb-like organ with many functions. It was used for manipulating objects and social interaction. Although healthy adult mammoths could defend themselves from predators with their tusks, trunks, and size, juveniles and weakened adults were vul... | Wikipedia - Mammuthus columbi | null | null | null |
Tusks may have been used in intraspecies fighting for territory or mates and for display, to attract females and intimidate rivals. Two Columbian mammoths that died in Nebraska with tusks interlocked provide evidence of fighting behavior. The mammoths could use their tusks as weapons by thrusting, swiping, or crashing ... | Wikipedia - Mammuthus columbi | null | null | null |
The tusks' curvature made them unsuitable for stabbing.Although to what extent Columbian mammoths migrated is unclear, an isotope analysis of Blackwater Draw in New Mexico indicated that they spent part of the year in the Rocky Mountains, 200 km (120 mi) away. The study of tusk rings may aid further study of mammoth mi... | Wikipedia - Mammuthus columbi | null | null | null |
Like the ASE before it, the AEU affiliated to the Labour Party, sponsoring candidates at each election, many of whom won seats in Parliament. | Wikipedia - Amalgamated Engineering Union | null | null | null |
Like the Borrelia that causes relapsing fever, B. burgdorferi has the ability to vary its surface proteins in response to immune attack. This ability is related to the genomic complexity of B. burgdorferi, and is another way B. burgdorferi evades the immune system to establish a chronic infection. | Wikipedia - Lyme disease microbiology | null | null | null |
Like the Diels–Alder reaction, the rDA preserves configuration in the diene and dienophile. Much less is known about the relative rates of reversion of endo and exo adducts, and studies have pointed to no correlation between relative configuration in the cyclohexene starting material and reversion rate. | Wikipedia - Retro-Diels–Alder reaction | null | null | null |
Like the Java programming language, the typical Data/BASIC compiler compiles to P-code, or bytecode, and runs in a P-machine, with jBASE being a notable exception. It has as many different implementations (compilers) as there are MultiValue databases. Like PHP programming language, the Data/BASIC language does all the ... | Wikipedia - MultiValue database | null | null | null |
Like the QSL, the process excellence index (PEI) is a measure of process reproducibility. Here, however, the robustness of the procedure is evaluated in terms of yield and cycle time of various operations. The PEI yield is defined as follows: PEI yield = average yield ⋅ 100 % aspiration level yield = average yield ⋅ 10... | Wikipedia - Process chemistry | null | null | null |
Similarly, a PEI cycle time may be defined as follows: PEI cycle time = aspiration level cycle time ⋅ 100 % average cycle time = median cycle time + best cycle time 2 ⋅ 100 % average cycle time {\displaystyle {\text{PEI cycle time}}={\frac {{\text{aspiration level cycle time}}\cdot 100\%}{\text{average cycle time}}}={\... | Wikipedia - Process chemistry | null | null | null |
Like the Rubik's Cube, the various states of the Infinity Cube can be represented as a group, but the Infinity Cube has far fewer permutations than the Rubik's Cube. Rubik's Cube group have 43,252,003,274,489,856,000 = 12 ! 2 ⋅ 2 12 − 1 ⋅ 8 ! ⋅ 3 8 − 1 {\displaystyle 43{,}252{,}003{,}274{,}489{,}856{,}000\,\!={\frac {1... | Wikipedia - Infinity cube | null | null | null |
}{2}}\cdot 2^{12-1}\cdot 8!\cdot 3^{8-1}} permutations and isomorphic to the below groupware A n {\displaystyle A_{n}} are alternating groups and Z n {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{n}} are cyclic groups： ( Z 3 7 × Z 2 11 ) ⋊ ( ( A 8 × A 12 ) ⋊ Z 2 ) . {\displaystyle (\mathbb {Z} _{3}^{7}\times \mathbb {Z} _{2}^{11})\rtim... | Wikipedia - Infinity cube | null | null | null |
Like the adaptive and dynamic replication methods before, fair-share replication is based on a hierarchical replication model. Also, like the two before, the popularity of files play a key role in determining which files will be replicated. The difference with this method is the placement of the replicas is based on ac... | Wikipedia - Data Grid | null | null | null |
Placing a replicate on this candidate could degrade performance for all clients accessing this candidate server. Therefore, placement of replicas with this method is done by evaluating each candidate node for access load to find a suitable node for the placement of the replica. If all candidate nodes are equivalently r... | Wikipedia - Data Grid | null | null | null |
Like the algorithms of the preceding section, Victor Shoup's algorithm is an equal-degree factorization algorithm. Unlike them, it is a deterministic algorithm. However, it is less efficient, in practice, than the algorithms of preceding section. | Wikipedia - Factoring polynomials over finite fields | null | null | null |
For Shoup's algorithm, the input is restricted to polynomials over prime fields Fp. The worst case time complexity of Shoup's algorithm has a factor p . {\displaystyle {\sqrt {p}}.} | Wikipedia - Factoring polynomials over finite fields | null | null | null |
Although exponential, this complexity is much better than previous deterministic algorithms (Berlekamp's algorithm) which have p as a factor. However, there are very few polynomials for which the computing time is exponential, and the average time complexity of the algorithm is polynomial in d log ( p ) , {\displayst... | Wikipedia - Factoring polynomials over finite fields | null | null | null |
We consider the ring R = Fq/g and denote also by x the image of x in R. The ring R is the direct product of the fields Ri = Fq/gi, and we denote by pi the natural homomorphism from the R onto Ri. The Galois group of Ri over Fq is cyclic of order d, generated by the field automorphism u → up. It follows that the roots o... | Wikipedia - Factoring polynomials over finite fields | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle p_{i}(x),p_{i}(x^{q}),p_{i}\left(x^{q^{2}}\right),\ldots ,p_{i}\left(x^{q^{d-1}}\right).} Like in the preceding algorithm, this algorithm uses the same subalgebra B of R as the Berlekamp's algorithm, sometimes called the "Berlekamp subagebra" and defined as B = { α ∈ R: p 1 ( α ) , ⋯ , p k ( α ) ∈ F q } ... | Wikipedia - Factoring polynomials over finite fields | null | null | null |
Let s in R be such that s = ( Y − x ) ( Y − x q ) ⋯ ( Y − x q d − 1 ) = s 0 + ⋯ + s d − 1 Y d − 1 + Y d {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s&=(Y-x)\left(Y-x^{q}\right)\cdots \left(Y-x^{q^{d-1}}\right)\\&=s_{0}+\cdots +s_{d-1}Y^{d-1}+Y^{d}\end{aligned}}} Then { s 0 , … , s d − 1 } {\displaystyle \{s_{0},\dots ,s_{d-1}\}} is... | Wikipedia - Factoring polynomials over finite fields | null | null | null |
Like the cassette filing system, the Acorn DFS supports the BBC Micro's standard file metadata: load address and execution address, required because Acorn MOS (the operating system used by the BBC Micro) does not support relocation of binary code. A file should be loaded to the address the programmer intended, as the c... | Wikipedia - Disk Filing System | null | null | null |
Like the identity provider, a service provider publishes data about itself in an element: Note the following details about this entity descriptor: The entityID attribute is the unique identifier of the entity. The validUntil attribute gives the expiration date of the metadata. The element (which has been omitted for si... | Wikipedia - SAML 2.0 | null | null | null |
The contact information in the element identifies a technical contact responsible for the entity. Multiple contacts and contact types are possible. See section 2.3.2.2 of SAMLMeta.By definition, a service provider manages an assertion consumer service that supports the SAML Web Browser SSO profile specified in SAMLProf... | Wikipedia - SAML 2.0 | null | null | null |
Like the natural numbers, Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } is closed under the operations of addition and multiplication, that is, the sum and product of any two integers is an integer. However, with the inclusion of the negative natural numbers (and importantly, 0), Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } , unlike the natural nu... | Wikipedia - Integer | null | null | null |
Although the natural numbers are closed under exponentiation, the integers are not (since the result can be a fraction when the exponent is negative). The following table lists some of the basic properties of addition and multiplication for any integers a, b and c: The first five properties listed above for addition sa... | Wikipedia - Integer | null | null | null |
In fact, Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } under addition is the only infinite cyclic group—in the sense that any infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } . The first four properties listed above for multiplication say that Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } under multiplication is a commutative m... | Wikipedia - Integer | null | null | null |
All the rules from the above property table (except for the last), when taken together, say that Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } together with addition and multiplication is a commutative ring with unity. It is the prototype of all objects of such algebraic structure. Only those equalities of expressions are true in Z {... | Wikipedia - Integer | null | null | null |
Certain non-zero integers map to zero in certain rings. The lack of zero divisors in the integers (last property in the table) means that the commutative ring Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } is an integral domain. The lack of multiplicative inverses, which is equivalent to the fact that Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } is... | Wikipedia - Integer | null | null | null |
The smallest field containing the integers as a subring is the field of rational numbers. The process of constructing the rationals from the integers can be mimicked to form the field of fractions of any integral domain. And back, starting from an algebraic number field (an extension of rational numbers), its ring of i... | Wikipedia - Integer | null | null | null |
Although ordinary division is not defined on Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } , the division "with remainder" is defined on them. It is called Euclidean division, and possesses the following important property: given two integers a and b with b ≠ 0, there exist unique integers q and r such that a = q × b + r and 0 ≤ r < ... | Wikipedia - Integer | null | null | null |
Like the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator problem, an LC circuit can be quantized by either solving the Schrödinger equation or using creation and annihilation operators. The energy stored in the inductor can be looked at as a "kinetic energy term" and the energy stored in the capacitor can be looked at as a "potent... | Wikipedia - Quantum LC circuit | null | null | null |
In order to find the energy levels and the corresponding energy eigenstates, we must solve the time-independent Schrödinger equation, H | ψ ⟩ = E | ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle H|\psi \rangle =E|\psi \rangle \ } E ψ = − ℏ 2 2 L ∇ 2 ψ + 1 2 L ω 2 Q 2 ψ {\displaystyle E\psi =-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2L}}\nabla ^{2}\psi +{\frac {1}{2}}... | Wikipedia - Quantum LC circuit | null | null | null |
Like the other Manufacturing USA institutes, ARM operates as a membership-based consortium with more than 200 national members spanning industry, academia, and government. ARM periodically releases separate technology and workforce development project calls. Members then form teams to bid for funding. The project calls... | Wikipedia - Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing | null | null | null |
Like the other algorithms, the Banker's algorithm has some limitations when implemented. Specifically, it needs to know how much of each resource a process could possibly request. In most systems, this information is unavailable, making it impossible to implement the Banker's algorithm. | Wikipedia - Banker's algorithm | null | null | null |
Also, it is unrealistic to assume that the number of processes is static since in most systems the number of processes varies dynamically. Moreover, the requirement that a process will eventually release all its resources (when the process terminates) is sufficient for the correctness of the algorithm, however it is no... | Wikipedia - Banker's algorithm | null | null | null |
Like the other carbon–halogen bonds, the C–Cl bond is a common functional group that forms part of core organic chemistry. Formally, compounds with this functional group may be considered organic derivatives of the chloride anion. Due to the difference of electronegativity between chlorine (3.16) and carbon (2.55), the... | Wikipedia - Chlorine atom | null | null | null |
However, the extent of chlorination is difficult to control: the reaction is not regioselective and often results in a mixture of various isomers with different degrees of chlorination, though this may be permissible if the products are easily separated. Aryl chlorides may be prepared by the Friedel-Crafts halogenation... | Wikipedia - Chlorine atom | null | null | null |
Chlorine adds to the multiple bonds on alkenes and alkynes as well, giving di- or tetra-chloro compounds. However, due to the expense and reactivity of chlorine, organochlorine compounds are more commonly produced by using hydrogen chloride, or with chlorinating agents such as phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) or thionyl... | Wikipedia - Chlorine atom | null | null | null |
The last is very convenient in the laboratory because all side products are gaseous and do not have to be distilled out.Many organochlorine compounds have been isolated from natural sources ranging from bacteria to humans. Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules including alkaloids... | Wikipedia - Chlorine atom | null | null | null |
In addition, a variety of simple chlorinated hydrocarbons including dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride have been isolated from marine algae. A majority of the chloromethane in the environment is produced naturally by biological decomposition, forest fires, and volcanoes.Some types of organochlorides,... | Wikipedia - Chlorine atom | null | null | null |
Like the other class IA PI3Ks, p110δ is a catalytic subunit, whose activity and subcellular localisation are controlled by an associated p85α, p55α, p50α or p85β regulatory subunit. The p55γ regulatory subunit is not thought to be expressed at significant levels in immune cells. There is no evidence for selective assoc... | Wikipedia - P110δ | null | null | null |
Tyrosine kinases often operate near the plasma membrane and hence control the recruitment of p110δ to the plasma membrane where its substrate PtdIns(4,5)P2 is found. The conversion of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 triggers signal transduction cascades controlled by PKB (also known as Akt), Tec family kinases and oth... | Wikipedia - P110δ | null | null | null |
Like the other noble gases, krypton is chemically highly unreactive. The rather restricted chemistry of krypton in the +2 oxidation state parallels that of the neighboring element bromine in the +1 oxidation state; due to the scandide contraction it is difficult to oxidize the 4p elements to their group oxidation state... | Wikipedia - Krypton | null | null | null |
Under extreme conditions, krypton reacts with fluorine to form KrF2 according to the following equation: Kr + F 2 ⟶ KrF 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {Kr + F2 -> KrF2}}} Krypton gas in a krypton fluoride laser absorbs energy from a source, causing the krypton to react with fluorine gas, producing the exciplex krypton fluoride,... | Wikipedia - Krypton | null | null | null |
There are also unverified reports of a barium salt of a krypton oxoacid. ArKr+ and KrH+ polyatomic ions have been investigated and there is evidence for KrXe or KrXe+.The reaction of KrF2 with B(OTeF5)3 produces an unstable compound, Kr(OTeF5)2, that contains a krypton-oxygen bond. | Wikipedia - Krypton | null | null | null |
A krypton-nitrogen bond is found in the cation +, produced by the reaction of KrF2 with + below −50 °C. HKrCN and HKrC≡CH (krypton hydride-cyanide and hydrokryptoacetylene) were reported to be stable up to 40 K.Krypton hydride (Kr(H2)4) crystals can be grown at pressures above 5 GPa. They have a face-centered cubic str... | Wikipedia - Krypton | null | null | null |
Like the quaternions, the set of hyperbolic quaternions form a vector space over the real numbers of dimension 4. A linear combination q = a + b i + c j + d k {\displaystyle q=a+bi+cj+dk} is a hyperbolic quaternion when a , b , c , {\displaystyle a,b,c,} and d {\displaystyle d} are real numbers and the basis set { 1 , ... | Wikipedia - Hyperbolic quaternion | null | null | null |
In fact, this example shows that the hyperbolic quaternions are not even an alternative algebra. The first three relations show that products of the (non-real) basis elements are anti-commutative. Although this basis set does not form a group, the set { 1 , i , j , k , − 1 , − i , − j , − k } {\displaystyle \{1,i,j,k,-... | Wikipedia - Hyperbolic quaternion | null | null | null |
One also notes that any subplane of the set M of hyperbolic quaternions that contains the real axis forms a plane of split-complex numbers. If q ∗ = a − b i − c j − d k {\displaystyle q^{*}=a-bi-cj-dk} is the conjugate of q {\displaystyle q} , then the product q ( q ∗ ) = a 2 − b 2 − c 2 − d 2 {\displaystyle q(q^{*})=a... | Wikipedia - Hyperbolic quaternion | null | null | null |
Like the simplex algorithm of Dantzig, the criss-cross algorithm is a basis-exchange algorithm that pivots between bases. However, the criss-cross algorithm need not maintain feasibility, but can pivot rather from a feasible basis to an infeasible basis. The criss-cross algorithm does not have polynomial time-complexit... | Wikipedia - Linear optimization | null | null | null |
Like the spinner shark, the blacktip shark is known to leap out of the water and spin three or four times about its axis before landing. Some of these jumps are the end product of feeding runs, in which the shark corkscrews vertically through schools of small fish and its momentum launches it into the air. Observations... | Wikipedia - Blacktip shark | null | null | null |
If threatened or challenged, they may perform an agonistic display: the shark swims towards the threat and then turns away, while rolling from side to side, lowering its pectoral fins, tilting its head and tail upwards, and making sideways biting motions. The entire sequence lasts around 25 seconds. This behavior is si... | Wikipedia - Blacktip shark | null | null | null |
Like the traditional databases, Multimedia databases should address the following requirements: Integration Data items do not need to be duplicated for different programs invocations Data independence Separate the database and the management from the application programs Concurrency control Allows concurrent transactio... | Wikipedia - Multimedia database | null | null | null |
Like the uniform polyhedra there are eight uniform tilings that can be based from the regular square tiling. Drawing the tiles colored as red on the original faces, yellow at the original vertices, and blue along the original edges, all 8 forms are distinct. However treating faces identically, there are only three topo... | Wikipedia - Rectangular tiling | null | null | null |
Like their female counterparts, males also use visual information about a potential mate, as well as voice, body shape, and an assortment of other factors in selecting a partner. Research shows that males tend to prefer feminine women's faces and voices as opposed to women with masculine features in these categories. F... | Wikipedia - Sexual selection in humans | null | null | null |
Like this algorithm, Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm also uses depth first search together with a stack to keep track of vertices that have not yet been assigned to a component, and moves these vertices into a new component when it finishes expanding the final vertex of its component. However, in place... | Wikipedia - Path-based strong component algorithm | null | null | null |
Likelihood-based inference is a paradigm used to estimate the parameters of a statistical model based on observed data. Likelihoodism approaches statistics by using the likelihood function, denoted as L ( θ | x ) {\displaystyle L(\theta |x)} , quantifies the probability of observing the given data x {\displaystyle x} ,... | Wikipedia - Statistical inference | null | null | null |
The model can be simple, such as a normal distribution with known variance, or complex, such as a hierarchical model with multiple levels of random effects. Constructing the likelihood function: Given the statistical model, the likelihood function is constructed by evaluating the joint probability density or mass funct... | Wikipedia - Statistical inference | null | null | null |
Maximizing the likelihood function: The next step is to find the set of parameter values that maximizes the likelihood function. This can be achieved using optimization techniques such as numerical optimization algorithms. | Wikipedia - Statistical inference | null | null | null |
The estimated parameter values, often denoted as y ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {y}}} , are the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs). Assessing uncertainty: Once the MLEs are obtained, it is crucial to quantify the uncertainty associated with the parameter estimates. This can be done by calculating standard errors, confidence... | Wikipedia - Statistical inference | null | null | null |
Model checking: After obtaining the parameter estimates and assessing their uncertainty, it is important to assess the adequacy of the statistical model. This involves checking the assumptions made in the model and evaluating the fit of the model to the data using goodness-of-fit tests, residual analysis, or graphical ... | Wikipedia - Statistical inference | null | null | null |
Likert scale Semantic differential (Osgood) scale Reliability analysis, see also Classical test theory and Cronbach's alpha Factor analysis | Wikipedia - Scale analysis (statistics) | null | null | null |
Likewise talk of morality, or of obligation and norms generally, seems to have a modal structure. The difference between "You must do this" and "You may do this" looks a lot like the difference between "This is necessary" and "This is possible". Such logics are called deontic, from the Greek for "duty". Deontic logics ... | Wikipedia - Rule of necessitation | null | null | null |
Interpreting □ as "it is obligatory that", T informally says that every obligation is true. For example, if it is obligatory not to kill others (i.e. killing is morally forbidden), then T implies that people actually do not kill others. The consequent is obviously false. | Wikipedia - Rule of necessitation | null | null | null |
Instead, using Kripke semantics, we say that though our own world does not realize all obligations, the worlds accessible to it do (i.e., T holds at these worlds). These worlds are called idealized worlds. P is obligatory with respect to our own world if at all idealized worlds accessible to our world, P holds. | Wikipedia - Rule of necessitation | null | null | null |
Though this was one of the first interpretations of the formal semantics, it has recently come under criticism.One other principle that is often (at least traditionally) accepted as a deontic principle is D, ◻ ϕ → ◊ ϕ {\displaystyle \Box \phi \to \Diamond \phi } , which corresponds to the seriality (or extendability or... | Wikipedia - Rule of necessitation | null | null | null |
Likewise, for the basis over the complex integers given by the columns of the matrix below, then the columns of the matrix below give an LLL-reduced basis. | Wikipedia - Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász lattice basis reduction algorithm | null | null | null |
Likewise, graph theory is useful in biology and conservation efforts where a vertex can represent regions where certain species exist (or inhabit) and the edges represent migration paths or movement between the regions. This information is important when looking at breeding patterns or tracking the spread of disease, p... | Wikipedia - Graph Theory | null | null | null |
For example, graph-based methods are often used to 'cluster' cells together into cell-types in single-cell transcriptome analysis. Another use is to model genes or proteins in a pathway and study the relationships between them, such as metabolic pathways and gene regulatory networks. Evolutionary trees, ecological netw... | Wikipedia - Graph Theory | null | null | null |
Likewise, in Switzerland, a nation-state that is related to the EU only on a bilateral basis and as an EFTA member state, there has been a trend moving in the same direction. The Swiss view was officially published in March 2018 (as a document in PDF).An association proposed to have a right to data portability anchored... | Wikipedia - Data portability | null | null | null |
The association partners with a cooperative called MIDATA.coop, which will offer users a place to store their data.A second association has issued its guideline on the topic.Over the longer term, the Swiss may have to consider that data portability is in the GDPR. Given that the GDPR will raise compliance costs for EU-... | Wikipedia - Data portability | null | null | null |
Likewise, the operational semantics of simply typed lambda calculus can be fixed as for the untyped lambda calculus, using call by name, call by value, or other evaluation strategies. As for any typed language, type safety is a fundamental property of all of these evaluation strategies. Additionally, the strong normali... | Wikipedia - Simply typed λ-calculus | null | null | null |
Likewise, treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, such as enalapril, ramipril, and many others, may be of benefit due to their effect on preventing ventricular remodeling but under control to avoid hypotension. ACE inhibitors do not appear to improve morbidity or mortality associated with HFpEF alone. ... | Wikipedia - Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction | null | null | null |
Lillestøl put a strong emphasis on physics communication. In addition to teaching at university level and giving presentations at international conferences, he also communicated complex physics concepts to both school children and the general public. He was a regular lecturer at the European Space Camp from 2001 onward... | Wikipedia - Egil Lillestøl | null | null | null |
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