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Limaye et al. uses TF-IDF similarity and Graphical models. They also use Support-vector machine to compute the weights. Venetis et al. construct an isA database which consists of the pairs (instance, class) and then compute maximum likelihood using these pairs. | Wikipedia - Semantic annotation | null | null | null |
Limbatustoxin (LbTX; α-KTx 1.4) is a 37-amino acid peptide, which belongs to the α-KTx 1.x subfamily, a group of short peptides consisting of 36-37 amino acid residues and three disulfide bridges. LbTX displays 57% sequence homology with charybdotoxin and 70% sequence homology with iberiotoxin. LbTX contains a β-sheet ... | Wikipedia - Limbatustoxin | null | null | null |
Limestone is very common in architecture, especially in North America and Europe. Many landmarks across the world are made of limestone. Many medieval churches and castles in Europe are made of limestone and sandstone masonry. They are the long-lasting materials but their rather heavy weight is not beneficial for adequ... | Wikipedia - Seismic engineering | null | null | null |
Application of modern technology to seismic retrofitting can enhance the survivability of unreinforced masonry structures. As an example, from 1973 to 1989, the Salt Lake City and County Building in Utah was exhaustively renovated and repaired with an emphasis on preserving historical accuracy in appearance. This was d... | Wikipedia - Seismic engineering | null | null | null |
Limitations were discovered in using simple first-order logic to reason about dynamic domains. Problems were discovered both with regards to enumerating the preconditions for an action to succeed and in providing axioms for what did not change after an action was performed. McCarthy and Hayes introduced the Frame Probl... | Wikipedia - Symbolic artificial intelligence | null | null | null |
Similar axioms would be required for other domain actions to specify what did not change. A similar problem, called the Qualification Problem, occurs in trying to enumerate the preconditions for an action to succeed. An infinite number of pathological conditions can be imagined, e.g., a banana in a tailpipe could preve... | Wikipedia - Symbolic artificial intelligence | null | null | null |
McCarthy's approach to fix the frame problem was circumscription, a kind of non-monotonic logic where deductions could be made from actions that need only specify what would change while not having to explicitly specify everything that would not change. Other non-monotonic logics provided truth maintenance systems that... | Wikipedia - Symbolic artificial intelligence | null | null | null |
McCarthy's Advice Taker can be viewed as an inspiration here, as it could incorporate new knowledge provided by a human in the form of assertions or rules. For example, experimental symbolic machine learning systems explored the ability to take high-level natural language advice and to interpret it into domain-specific... | Wikipedia - Symbolic artificial intelligence | null | null | null |
Examples of common-sense reasoning include implicit reasoning about how people think or general knowledge of day-to-day events, objects, and living creatures. This kind of knowledge is taken for granted and not viewed as noteworthy. Common-sense reasoning is an open area of research and challenging both for symbolic sy... | Wikipedia - Symbolic artificial intelligence | null | null | null |
Limited behaviour barriers may include people choosing easier, yet less effective, pro-environmental behavioural changes (e.g. recycling, metal straws), and the rebound effect, which occurs when a positive environmental behaviour is followed by one that negates it (e.g. saving money with an electric car to then buy a p... | Wikipedia - Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour | null | null | null |
Limited cognition barriers are barriers that arise from a lack of knowledge and awareness about environmental issues. For example, with a key environmental issue like climate change, a person might not engage in pro-environmental behaviour because they are: unaware that climate change is occurring; or aware that climat... | Wikipedia - Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour | null | null | null |
Limited cognition of the human brain, caused by things like the fact that the human brain has not evolved much in thousands of years, and so has not transitioned to caring about the future rather than immediate danger, ignorance, the idea that environments are composed of more elements than humans can monitor, so we on... | Wikipedia - Psychology of climate change denial | null | null | null |
Limited epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to BPA in the uterus and during childhood is associated with poor behavioral outcomes in humans. Exposure may be associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, hyperactivity, and aggression in children. A panel convened by the National Toxicology Program (N... | Wikipedia - Health effects of Bisphenol A | null | null | null |
National Institutes of Health determined that there was "some concern" about BPA's effects on fetal and infant brain development and behavior. In January 2010, based on the NTP report, the FDA expressed the same level of concern.A 2007 literature review concluded that BPA, like other chemicals that mimic estrogen (xeno... | Wikipedia - Health effects of Bisphenol A | null | null | null |
Limited proteolysis of a polypeptide during or after translation in protein synthesis often occurs for many proteins. This may involve removal of the N-terminal methionine, signal peptide, and/or the conversion of an inactive or non-functional protein to an active one. The precursor to the final functional form of prot... | Wikipedia - Protein degradation | null | null | null |
Limited range of motion refers to a joint that has a reduction in its ability to move. The reduced motion may be a problem with the specific joint or it may be caused by injury or diseases such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or other types of arthritis. Pain, swelling, and stiffness associated with arthritis ... | Wikipedia - Range of motion | null | null | null |
Limited support for triggers in the MySQL/MariaDB DBMS was added in the 5.0 version of MySQL, launched in 2005.As of version 8.0, they allow for DDL (Data Definition Language) triggers and for DML (Data Manipulation Language) triggers. They also allow either type of DDL trigger (AFTER or BEFORE) to be used to define tr... | Wikipedia - Database trigger | null | null | null |
Limiting factors include the oxygen availability and filtration processing. Aquarists have rules of thumb to estimate the number of fish that can be kept in an aquarium. The examples below are for small freshwater fish; larger freshwater fishes and most marine fishes need much more generous allowances. 3 cm of adult fi... | Wikipedia - Aquarium therapy | null | null | null |
1 cm of adult fish length per 30 square centimetres of surface area. 1 inch of adult fish length per US gallon of water. 1 inch of adult fish length per 12 square inches of surface area.Experienced aquarists warn against applying these rules too strictly because they do not consider other important issues such as growt... | Wikipedia - Aquarium therapy | null | null | null |
It is better to apply the overall mass and size of a fish per gallon of water, than simply the length. This is because fish of different sizes produce quite differing amounts of waste. Establishing maximum capacity is often a matter of slowly adding fish and monitoring water quality over time, following a trial and err... | Wikipedia - Aquarium therapy | null | null | null |
Limiting the permissions on the database login used by the web application to only what is needed may help reduce the effectiveness of any SQL injection attacks that exploit any bugs in the web application. For example, on Microsoft SQL Server, a database logon could be restricted from selecting on some of the system t... | Wikipedia - SQL Injection | null | null | null |
Limits Differentiation Integration: Implemented Risch–Norman heuristic Taylor series (Laurent series) | Wikipedia - SymPy | null | null | null |
Limix, a Shikkui plaster-based material, has a low carbon footprint in production, and a low energy consumption in production (85% less compared to baked ceramic tiles). It absorbs VOC odors and CO2. It is also fully recyclable or decomposable. | Wikipedia - Shikkui | null | null | null |
Limnological towers provide a fixed structure to which sensors and sampling devices can be affixed. The depth of the structure below water level allows for study of the various layers of water in the lake or reservoir. The management of limnological conditions can be important in reservoirs used to supply drinking wate... | Wikipedia - Limnological tower | null | null | null |
If the sensors extend to the bed level the tower can also be used to monitor the hypolimnion (lowest layer of water) which in some conditions can become anoxic (of low oxygen content) which may affect the lake ecology.Limnological towers have been constructed in reservoirs used to supply drinking water in the United Ki... | Wikipedia - Limnological tower | null | null | null |
LinUCB (Upper Confidence Bound) algorithm: the authors assume a linear dependency between the expected reward of an action and its context and model the representation space using a set of linear predictors. LinRel (Linear Associative Reinforcement Learning) algorithm: Similar to LinUCB, but utilizes Singular-value dec... | Wikipedia - Bandit problem | null | null | null |
Linaclotide is a hybrid peptide design of the E.coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) and the endogenous peptide hormones endogenous guanylin and uroguanylin. It is a synthetic tetradecapeptide (14 amino acid peptide) with the sequence CCEYCCNPACTGCY by one-letter abbreviation, or by three-letter abbreviation:H–Cys1–Cys2–... | Wikipedia - Linaclotide | null | null | null |
Linda Schele's emphasis on creation has led to a series of interconnected hypotheses all involving the cosmological centrality of the tonsured maize god (or "first father"), to wit: his establishment of the so-called "three-stone hearth" (assumed to represent a constellation); his raising of the world tree; his "dance ... | Wikipedia - Maize god | null | null | null |
Linde Engineering designs and builds large-scale chemical plants for the production of industrial gases including oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, as well as large plants associated with the processing of natural gas, LNG, Liquefied petroleum gas and the manufacture of olefins. The Engineering Div... | Wikipedia - Linde plc | null | null | null |
Lindenbaum algebra Zorn's lemma Hausdorff maximality theorem Boolean prime ideal theorem Ultrafilter Ultrafilter lemma Tree (set theory) Tree (descriptive set theory) Suslin's problem Absorption law Prewellordering | Wikipedia - List of order theory topics | null | null | null |
Lindgren published articles in several mathematical journals which culminated in his famous book 'Geometric Dissections' (Van Nostrand 1964), which explores techniques for devising and solving dissection puzzles. When published, his work was the only complete treatment of this subject in any language. This remained tru... | Wikipedia - Harry Lindgren | null | null | null |
Lindquist, et al. reviewed 91 PET and fMRI studies published between January 1990 and December 2007. Induction methods were used to elicit fear, sadness, disgust, anger, and happiness. The goal was to compare basic emotions approaches with psychological constructionist approaches.It was found that many brain regions ac... | Wikipedia - Affective neuroscience | null | null | null |
The authors suggest that certain brain areas traditionally assigned to certain emotions are incorrect and instead correspond to different emotion categories. There is some evidence that the amygdala, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortex all contribute to "core affect", which are feelings of pleasure or discomfort.... | Wikipedia - Affective neuroscience | null | null | null |
By using sensory information, the anterior cingulate directs attention and motor responses. According to psychological constructionist theory, emotions are conceptualizations connecting the world and the body, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex facilitates executive attention. As well as playing an active role in c... | Wikipedia - Affective neuroscience | null | null | null |
Lindsay Ecological Area == References == | Wikipedia - Ecological area | null | null | null |
Lindsay Helmholz was born in Chicago on November 11, 1909, the son of Henry Helmholz and his wife Isabel née Lindsay. He had two brothers, Henry Frederic and August Carl Helmholz, and a sister, Margaret. He entered Cornell University in 1926, and graduated two years later. He then went to Johns Hopkins University, wher... | Wikipedia - Lindsay Helmholz | null | null | null |
He was one of the few students of Mayer who was an experimental rather than a theoretical chemist. He investigated the Born–Haber cycle in order to determine the electron affinity of fluorine. | Wikipedia - Lindsay Helmholz | null | null | null |
Helmholz was a National Research Council postdoctoral fellow from 1934 to 1936, and he studied crystallography at the California Institute of Technology, working under Linus Pauling. After his fellowship ended, he became an instructor there. Pauling attempted to secure Helmholz a more permanent position, at Duke Univer... | Wikipedia - Lindsay Helmholz | null | null | null |
He wrote to Paul Gross at Duke, describing Helmholz as "one of our best men." Unsuccessful in this attempt, he then wrote to Elden B. Hartshorn at Dartmouth College: Dr. Helmholz is a pleasant and cultured young man and is married to a pleasant and cultured young woman. His father is head of the pediatrics division of ... | Wikipedia - Lindsay Helmholz | null | null | null |
Line 1: This algorithm is called Greedy-Iterative-Activity-Selector, because it is first of all a greedy algorithm, and then it is iterative. There's also a recursive version of this greedy algorithm. A {\displaystyle A} is an array containing the activities. s {\displaystyle s} is an array containing the start times o... | Wikipedia - Activity selection problem | null | null | null |
f {\displaystyle f} is an array containing the finish times of the activities in A {\displaystyle A} .Note that these arrays are indexed starting from 1 up to the length of the corresponding array. Line 3: Sorts in increasing order of finish times the array of activities A {\displaystyle A} by using the finish times st... | Wikipedia - Activity selection problem | null | null | null |
Line 4: Creates a set S {\displaystyle S} to store the selected activities, and initialises it with the activity A {\displaystyle A} that has the earliest finish time. Line 5: Creates a variable k {\displaystyle k} that keeps track of the index of the last selected activity. Line 9: Starts iterating from the second el... | Wikipedia - Activity selection problem | null | null | null |
Line geometry is extensively used in ray tracing application where the geometry and intersections of rays need to be calculated in 3D. An implementation is described in Introduction to Plücker Coordinates written for the Ray Tracing forum by Thouis Jones. | Wikipedia - Plucker coordinates | null | null | null |
Line graphs represent the variation of a value over another metric, such as time. In general, values are represented in the vertical axis, while the time variation is represented in the horizontal axis. | Wikipedia - Biostatistics | null | null | null |
Line of sight Optical ray Force lines in mechanical and structural engineering Field lines for electric and magnetic fields | Wikipedia - Imaginary line | null | null | null |
Line sharing is used for interrupts and buses (such as I²C or 1-Wire). Open collector output enables one active device to drive the shared line without interference from the other inactive devices. If push–pull output was mistakenly used instead, the active device attempting to set the line voltage low would be in comp... | Wikipedia - Open collector | null | null | null |
Lineage capture systems must also be fault tolerant to avoid rerunning data flows to capture lineage. At the same time, they must also accommodate failures in the DISC system. To do so, they must be able to identify a failed DISC task and avoid storing duplicate copies of lineage between the partial lineage generated b... | Wikipedia - Data lineage | null | null | null |
A lineage system should also be able to gracefully handle multiple instances of local lineage systems going down. This can achieved by storing replicas of lineage associations in multiple machines. The replica can act like a backup in the event of the real copy being lost. | Wikipedia - Data lineage | null | null | null |
Lineage markers include mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) haplotypes that are transferred directly from generation to generation either from mother to child in the case of mtDNA, or from father to son in the case of the Y-chromosome. X-chromosome markers are another tool that can be... | Wikipedia - Lineage markers | null | null | null |
Lineage systems for DISC dataflows must be able to capture accurate lineage across black-box operators to enable fine-grain debugging. Current approaches to this include Prober, which seeks to find the minimal set of inputs that can produce a specified output for a black-box operator by replaying the data-flow several ... | Wikipedia - Data lineage | null | null | null |
Linear actuator A form of motor that generates a linear movement directly. | Wikipedia - Glossary of robotics | null | null | null |
Linear algebra The branch of mathematics that deals with vectors, vector spaces, linear transformations and systems of linear equations. Linear combination A sum, each of whose summands is an appropriate vector times an appropriate scalar (or ring element). Linear dependence A linear dependence of a tuple of vectors v ... | Wikipedia - Glossary of linear algebra | null | null | null |
Linear equation A polynomial equation of degree one (such as x = 2 y − 7 {\displaystyle x=2y-7} ). Linear form A linear map from a vector space to its field of scalars Linear independence Property of being not linearly dependent. Linear map A function between vector spaces which respects addition and scalar multiplicat... | Wikipedia - Glossary of linear algebra | null | null | null |
Linear algebra is used in almost all areas of mathematics, thus making it relevant in almost all scientific domains that use mathematics. These applications may be divided into several wide categories. | Wikipedia - Linear Algebra | null | null | null |
Linear algebraic group Additive group Multiplicative group Algebraic torus Reductive group Borel subgroup Parabolic subgroup Radical of an algebraic group Unipotent radical Lie-Kolchin theorem Haboush's theorem (also known as the Mumford conjecture) Group scheme Abelian variety Theta function Grassmannian Flag manifold... | Wikipedia - List of algebraic geometry topics | null | null | null |
Linear algebraic groups (or more generally, affine group schemes) are analogues in algebraic geometry of Lie groups, but over more general fields than just R or C. In particular, over finite fields, they give rise to finite groups of Lie type. Although linear algebraic groups have a classification that is very similar ... | Wikipedia - Representation Theory | null | null | null |
Linear algebraic groups admit variants in several directions. Dropping the existence of the inverse map i: G → G {\displaystyle i\colon G\to G} , one obtains the notion of a linear algebraic monoid. | Wikipedia - Linear algebraic group action | null | null | null |
Linear approximations are used to replace complicated functions with linear functions that are almost the same. Given a differentiable function f(x, y) with real values, one can approximate f(x, y) for (x, y) close to (a, b) by the formula f ( x , y ) ≈ f ( a , b ) + ∂ f ∂ x ( a , b ) ( x − a ) + ∂ f ∂ y ( a , b ) ( y ... | Wikipedia - Vector Calculus | null | null | null |
Linear classifier Fisher's linear discriminant Linear regression Logistic regression Multinomial logistic regression Naive Bayes classifier Perceptron Support vector machine | Wikipedia - Outline of machine learning | null | null | null |
Linear decision trees generalize the above comparison decision trees to computing functions that take real vectors x ∈ R n {\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} as input. The tests in linear decision trees are linear functions: for a particular choice of real numbers a 0 , … , a n {\displaystyle a_{0},\dots ,a_{n}} , o... | Wikipedia - Sensitivity conjecture | null | null | null |
From its definition, linear decision trees can only specify functions f {\displaystyle f} whose fibers can be constructed by taking unions and intersections of half-spaces. Algebraic decision trees are a generalization of linear decision trees that allow the test functions to be polynomials of degree d {\displaystyle d... | Wikipedia - Sensitivity conjecture | null | null | null |
These decision tree models, defined by Rabin and Reingold, are often used for proving lower bounds in computational geometry. For example, Ben-Or showed that element uniqueness (the task of computing f: R n → { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \{0,1\}} , where f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is 0 if and only i... | Wikipedia - Sensitivity conjecture | null | null | null |
Linear equation System of linear equations Determinant Minor Cauchy–Binet formula Cramer's rule Gaussian elimination Gauss–Jordan elimination Overcompleteness Strassen algorithm | Wikipedia - Outline of linear algebra | null | null | null |
Linear equations are so-called, because when they are plotted, they describe a straight line. The simplest equations to solve are linear equations that have only one variable. They contain only constant numbers and a single variable without an exponent. As an example, consider: Problem in words: If you double the age o... | Wikipedia - Elementary algebra | null | null | null |
How old is the child?Equivalent equation: 2 x + 4 = 12 {\displaystyle 2x+4=12} where x represent the child's ageTo solve this kind of equation, the technique is add, subtract, multiply, or divide both sides of the equation by the same number in order to isolate the variable on one side of the equation. Once the variabl... | Wikipedia - Elementary algebra | null | null | null |
Linear fractional transformations are widely used in control theory to solve plant-controller relationship problems in mechanical and electrical engineering. The general procedure of combining linear fractional transformations with the Redheffer star product allows them to be applied to the scattering theory of general... | Wikipedia - Fractional linear transformation | null | null | null |
Linear free-energy relationships (LFERs) exist when the relative influence of changing substituents on one reactant is similar to the effect on another reactant, and include linear Hammett plots, Swain–Scott plots, and Brønsted plots. LFERs are not always found to hold, and to see when one can expect them to, we examin... | Wikipedia - Enthalpy–entropy compensation | null | null | null |
(ΔG'0 – ΔG'x) = Q(ΔG0 – ΔGx)The above equation may be rewritten as the difference (δ) in free-energy changes (ΔG): δΔG = QδΔGSubstituting the Gibbs free-energy equation (ΔG = ΔH – TΔS) into the equation above yields a form that makes clear the requirements for LFERs to hold. (ΔH' – TΔS') = Q(ΔH – TΔS)One should expect ... | Wikipedia - Enthalpy–entropy compensation | null | null | null |
Linear functionals are particularly important in quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanical systems are represented by Hilbert spaces, which are anti–isomorphic to their own dual spaces. A state of a quantum mechanical system can be identified with a linear functional. For more information see bra–ket notation. | Wikipedia - Linear functional | null | null | null |
Linear geometries are incidence structures in which any two distinct points x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} are joined by a unique line x y {\displaystyle xy} . Such geometries are called topological if x y {\displaystyle xy} depends continuously on the pair ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} with respect to g... | Wikipedia - Topological geometry | null | null | null |
A survey of linear topological geometries is given in Chapter 23 of the Handbook of incidence geometry. The most extensively investigated topological linear geometries are those which are also dual topological linear geometries. Such geometries are known as topological projective planes. | Wikipedia - Topological geometry | null | null | null |
Linear hashing is used in the Berkeley database system (BDB), which in turn is used by many software systems, using a C implementation derived from the CACM article and first published on the Usenet in 1988 by Esmond Pitt. | Wikipedia - Linear hashing | null | null | null |
Linear interpolation on a set of data points (x0, y0), (x1, y1), ..., (xn, yn) is defined as the concatenation of linear interpolants between each pair of data points. This results in a continuous curve, with a discontinuous derivative (in general), thus of differentiability class C 0 {\displaystyle C^{0}} . | Wikipedia - Linear interpolation | null | null | null |
Linear lexicographic optimization is a special case of lexicographic optimization in which the objectives are linear, and the feasible set is described by linear inequalities. It can be written as:where c 1 , … , c n {\displaystyle c_{1},\ldots ,c_{n}} are vectors representing the linear objectives to maximize, ordered... | Wikipedia - Lexicographic optimization | null | null | null |
Linear maps Rn → Rm are equivalent to m-by-n matrices, as described above. More generally, any linear map f: V → W between finite-dimensional vector spaces can be described by a matrix A = (aij), after choosing bases v1, ..., vn of V, and w1, ..., wm of W (so n is the dimension of V and m is the dimension of W), which ... | Wikipedia - Matrix notation | null | null | null |
Many of the above concrete notions can be reinterpreted in this light, for example, the transpose matrix AT describes the transpose of the linear map given by A, with respect to the dual bases.These properties can be restated more naturally: the category of all matrices with entries in a field k {\displaystyle k} with ... | Wikipedia - Matrix notation | null | null | null |
Linear maps are mappings between vector spaces that preserve the vector-space structure. Given two vector spaces V and W over a field F, a linear map (also called, in some contexts, linear transformation or linear mapping) is a map T: V → W {\displaystyle T:V\to W} that is compatible with addition and scalar multiplica... | Wikipedia - Linear Algebra | null | null | null |
Linear maps can be represented with matrices. More precisely, an m × n {\displaystyle m\times n} matrix M represents a linear map f: F n → F m , {\displaystyle f:F^{n}\to F^{m},} where F {\displaystyle F} is the underlying field. So, the dimension of the domain of f {\displaystyle f} is n, the number of columns of M, a... | Wikipedia - Fundamental theorem of linear algebra | null | null | null |
Linear motifs are short disordered segments of proteins that mediate functional interactions with other proteins or other biomolecules (RNA, DNA, sugars etc.). Many roles of linear motifs are associated with cell regulation, for instance in control of cell shape, subcellular localisation of individual proteins and regu... | Wikipedia - Intrinsically unstructured proteins | null | null | null |
Linear motion Displacement Speed Velocity Acceleration Center of mass Mass Momentum Newton's laws of motion Work (physics) Free body diagram | Wikipedia - List of physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula | null | null | null |
Linear phase-invariant amplifiers may be described as follows. Assume that the unitary operator U ^ {\displaystyle ~{\hat {U}}~} amplifies in such a way that the input a ^ {\displaystyle ~{\hat {a}}~} and the output A ^ = U ^ † a ^ U ^ {\displaystyle ~{\hat {A}}={\hat {U}}^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}{\hat {U}}~} are related b... | Wikipedia - Quantum amplifier | null | null | null |
{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}{\hat {A}}^{\dagger }-{\hat {A}}^{\dagger }{\hat {A}}={\hat {a}}{\hat {a}}^{\dagger }-{\hat {a}}^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}=1.} From the unitarity of U ^ {\displaystyle ~{\hat {U}}~} , it follows that b ^ {\displaystyle ~{\hat {b}}~} satisfies the canonical commutation relations for operators with Bo... | Wikipedia - Quantum amplifier | null | null | null |
Hence, the phase-invariant amplifier acts by introducing an additional mode to the field, with a large amount of stored energy, behaving as a boson. Calculating the gain and the noise of this amplifier, one finds G = c {\displaystyle ~~G\!=\!c~~} and n o i s e = c 2 − 1. {\displaystyle ~~{\rm {noise}}=c^{2}\!-\!1.} | Wikipedia - Quantum amplifier | null | null | null |
The coefficient g = | G | 2 {\displaystyle ~~g\!=\!|G|^{2}~~} is sometimes called the intensity amplification coefficient. The noise of the linear phase-invariant amplifier is given by g − 1 {\displaystyle g-1} . The gain can be dropped by splitting the beam; the estimate above gives the minimal possible noise of the l... | Wikipedia - Quantum amplifier | null | null | null |
The linear amplifier has an advantage over the multi-mode amplifier: if several modes of a linear amplifier are amplified by the same factor, the noise in each mode is determined independently;that is, modes in a linear quantum amplifier are independent. To obtain a large amplification coefficient with minimal noise, o... | Wikipedia - Quantum amplifier | null | null | null |
Linear programming (also treats integer programming) — objective function and constraints are linear Algorithms for linear programming: Simplex algorithm Bland's rule — rule to avoid cycling in the simplex method Klee–Minty cube — perturbed (hyper)cube; simplex method has exponential complexity on such a domain Criss-c... | Wikipedia - List of numerical analysis topics | null | null | null |
Linear programming is the use of mathematical methods to find optimized solutions, whether they be minimized or maximized in nature. This method uses a series of lines to create a polygon then to determine the largest, or smallest, point on that shape. Manufacturing operations often use linear programming to help mitig... | Wikipedia - Project evaluation | null | null | null |
Linear regression plays an important role in the subfield of artificial intelligence known as machine learning. The linear regression algorithm is one of the fundamental supervised machine-learning algorithms due to its relative simplicity and well-known properties. | Wikipedia - Line regression | null | null | null |
Linear search is a simple search algorithm that checks every record until it finds the target value. Linear search can be done on a linked list, which allows for faster insertion and deletion than an array. Binary search is faster than linear search for sorted arrays except if the array is short, although the array nee... | Wikipedia - Binary search algorithm | null | null | null |
Linear search on a list of n elements. In the absolute worst case, the search must visit every element once. This happens when the value being searched for is either the last element in the list, or is not in the list. However, on average, assuming the value searched for is in the list and each list element is equally ... | Wikipedia - Average case analysis | null | null | null |
Linear search sequentially checks every value until it hits the smallest x {\displaystyle x} where x 2 > y {\displaystyle x^{2}>y} . A speed-up is achieved by using binary search instead. The following C-program is an implementation. Numerical example For example, if one computes isqrt ( 2000000 ) {\displaystyle \ope... | Wikipedia - Integer square root | null | null | null |
Linear search: locates an item in an unsorted sequence Selection algorithm: finds the kth largest item in a sequence Ternary search: a technique for finding the minimum or maximum of a function that is either strictly increasing and then strictly decreasing or vice versa Sorted lists Binary search algorithm: locates an... | Wikipedia - Graph algorithms | null | null | null |
Linear topology is a special topological structure that exclusively has two nodes as the termini without any junction nodes. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) could be regarded as a linear polymer chain with very small amount of branching, the linear topology has been listed below: Linear chains capable of forming intra... | Wikipedia - Topological polymers | null | null | null |
Linear transformations and the associated symmetries play a key role in modern physics. For example, elementary particles in quantum field theory are classified as representations of the Lorentz group of special relativity and, more specifically, by their behavior under the spin group. Concrete representations involvin... | Wikipedia - Real matrices | null | null | null |
Linear trends are also used to find associations between ordinal data and other categorical variables, normally in a contingency tables. A correlation r is found between the variables where r lies between -1 and 1. To test the trend, a test statistic: M 2 = ( n − 1 ) r 2 {\displaystyle M^{2}=(n-1)r^{2}} is used where n... | Wikipedia - Ordinal scale | null | null | null |
≤ u I {\displaystyle u_{1}\leq u_{2}\leq ...\leq u_{I}} be the row scores and v 1 ≤ v 2 ≤ . . . | Wikipedia - Ordinal scale | null | null | null |
≤ v I {\displaystyle v_{1}\leq v_{2}\leq ...\leq v_{I}} be the column scores. Let u ¯ = ∑ i u i p i + {\displaystyle {\bar {u}}\ =\sum _{i}u_{i}p_{i+}} be the mean of the row scores while v ¯ = ∑ j v j p j + . {\displaystyle {\bar {v}}\ =\sum _{j}v_{j}p_{j+}.} | Wikipedia - Ordinal scale | null | null | null |
. Then p i + {\displaystyle p_{i+}} is the marginal row probability and p + j {\displaystyle p_{+j}} is the marginal column probability. R is calculated by: r = ∑ i , j ( u i − u ¯ ) ( v j − v ¯ ) p i j {\displaystyle r={\frac {\sum _{i,j}\left(u_{i}-{\bar {u}}\ \right)\left(v_{j}-{\bar {v}}\ \right)p_{ij}}{\sqrt {\l... | Wikipedia - Ordinal scale | null | null | null |
Linear triatomic molecules owe their geometry to their sp or sp3d hybridised central atoms. Well-known linear triatomic molecules include carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Xenon difluoride (XeF2) is one of the rare examples of a linear triatomic molecule possessing non-bonded pairs of electrons on the ce... | Wikipedia - Triatomic molecule | null | null | null |
Linear viscoelastic behavior can be observed when a material experiences small and slow deformation at very slow shear rates, where the relaxation process has sufficient time to keep up with the process. This can also be experienced at the onset of larger deformation forces. | Wikipedia - Rheological weldability | null | null | null |
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