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Linear-quadratic regulator Matrix differential equation PDE-constrained optimization Riccati equation Shape optimization | Wikipedia - List of named differential equations | null | null | null |
Liner notes sometimes provide metadata that can help when cataloguing private or public collections of sound recordings. However, the information provided on liner notes varies considerably depending on the studio or label which produced the record. It also varies how much of the metadata digital media services such as... | Wikipedia - Liner Notes | null | null | null |
In 2019 Australian company Jaxsta launched a database of official music credits and liner notes. The database is made up of content-owner supplied metadata rather than crowd-sourced data, making previous hidden metadata more widely available to the music industry as well as the public domain. In 2019, French company Qo... | Wikipedia - Liner Notes | null | null | null |
Lines are very important in robotics because: They model joint axes: a revolute joint makes any connected rigid body rotate about the line of its axis; a prismatic joint makes the connected rigid body translate along its axis line. They model edges of the polyhedral objects used in many task planners or sensor processi... | Wikipedia - Robotics conventions | null | null | null |
Lines in a Cartesian plane, or more generally, in affine coordinates, can be described algebraically by linear equations. In two dimensions, the equation for non-vertical lines is often given in the slope-intercept form: where: m is the slope or gradient of the line. b is the y-intercept of the line. x is the independe... | Wikipedia - Coordinate geometry | null | null | null |
Specifically, let r 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{0}} be the position vector of some point P 0 = ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) {\displaystyle P_{0}=(x_{0},y_{0},z_{0})} , and let n = ( a , b , c ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} =(a,b,c)} be a nonzero vector. The plane determined by this point and vector consists of those points P {... | Wikipedia - Coordinate geometry | null | null | null |
Expanded this becomes which is the point-normal form of the equation of a plane. This is just a linear equation: Conversely, it is easily shown that if a, b, c and d are constants and a, b, and c are not all zero, then the graph of the equation is a plane having the vector n = ( a , b , c ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} =... | Wikipedia - Coordinate geometry | null | null | null |
Lines that meet at the same point are said to be concurrent. The set of all lines in a plane incident with the same point is called a pencil of lines centered at that point. The computation of the intersection of two lines shows that the entire pencil of lines centered at a point is determined by any two of the lines t... | Wikipedia - Incidence (geometry) | null | null | null |
Linezolid is a completely synthetic drug: it does not occur in nature (unlike erythromycin and many other antibiotics) and was not developed by building upon a naturally occurring skeleton (unlike most beta-lactams, which are semisynthetic). Many approaches are available for oxazolidinone synthesis, and several routes ... | Wikipedia - Linezolid | null | null | null |
Ling Liu and Tamer M. Özsu (Eds.) (2009). "Encyclopedia of Database Systems, 4100 p. 60 illus. | Wikipedia - Outline of databases | null | null | null |
ISBN 978-0-387-49616-0. Table of Content available at http://refworks.springer.com/mrw/index.php?id=1217 Beynon-Davies, P. (2004). | Wikipedia - Outline of databases | null | null | null |
Database Systems. 3rd Edition. Palgrave, Houndmills, Basingstoke. | Wikipedia - Outline of databases | null | null | null |
Connolly, Thomas and Carolyn Begg. Database Systems. New York: Harlow, 2002. | Wikipedia - Outline of databases | null | null | null |
Date, C. J. (2003). An Introduction to Database Systems, Fifth Edition. | Wikipedia - Outline of databases | null | null | null |
Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-51381-1. Gray, J. and Reuter, A. Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques, 1st edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1992. | Wikipedia - Outline of databases | null | null | null |
Kroenke, David M. and David J. Auer. Database Concepts. 3rd ed. | Wikipedia - Outline of databases | null | null | null |
New York: Prentice, 2007. Lightstone, S.; Teorey, T.; Nadeau, T. (2007). | Wikipedia - Outline of databases | null | null | null |
Physical Database Design: the database professional's guide to exploiting indexes, views, storage, and more. Morgan Kaufmann Press. ISBN 978-0-12-369389-1. Teorey, T.; Lightstone, S. and Nadeau, T. Database Modeling & Design: Logical Design, 4th edition, Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2005. ISBN 0-12-685352-5 | Wikipedia - Outline of databases | null | null | null |
Linguist and rhetoric scholar George Lakoff argues that, in order to persuade a political audience of one side of an argument or another, the facts must be presented through a rhetorical frame. It is argued that, without the frame, the facts of an argument become lost on an audience, making the argument less effective.... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
Counter-arguments become less effective in persuading an audience once one side has framed an argument, because it is argued that the opposition then has the additional burden of arguing the frame of the issue in addition to the issue itself. Framing a political issue, a political party or a political opponent is a str... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
According to The New York Times: Even before the election, a new political word had begun to take hold of the party, beginning on the West Coast and spreading like a virus all the way to the inner offices of the Capitol. That word was "framing." Exactly what it means to "frame" issues seems to depend on which Democrat ... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
Because framing can alter the public's perception, politicians disagree on how issues are framed. Hence, the way the issues are framed in the media reflects who is winning the battle. For instance, according to Robert Entman, professor of Communication at George Washington University, in the build-up to the Gulf War th... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
Though Americans have not generally adopted this suggestion, the Association of Trial Lawyers of America did rename themselves the "American Association of Justice", in what the Chamber of Commerce called an effort to hide their identity.The New York Times depicted similar intensity among Republicans: In one recent mem... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
"We should never use the word outsourcing," Luntz wrote, "because we will then be asked to defend or end the practice of allowing companies to ship American jobs overseas." From a political perspective, framing has widespread consequences. For example, the concept of framing links with that of agenda-setting: by consis... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber in Trust Us, We're Experts illustrate how public-relations (PR) firms often use language to help frame a given issue, structuring the questions that then subsequently emerge. For example, one firm advises clients to use "bridging language" that uses a strategy of answering questions wit... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
As Lakoff notes, "On the day that George W. Bush took office, the words "tax relief" started coming out of the White House." By refocusing the structure away from one frame ("tax burden" or "tax responsibilities"), individuals can set the agenda of the questions asked in the future. Cognitive linguists point to an exam... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
In this frame, use of the concept "relief" entails a concept of (without mentioning the benefits resulting from) taxes putting strain on the citizen: The current tax code is full of inequities. Many single moms face higher marginal tax rates than the wealthy. Couples frequently face a higher tax burden after they marry... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
The majority of Americans cannot deduct their charitable donations. Family farms and businesses are sold to pay the death tax. | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
And the owners of the most successful small businesses share nearly half of their income with the government. President Bush's tax cut will greatly reduce these inequities. It is a fair plan that is designed to provide tax relief to everyone who pays income taxes. | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
Alternative frames may emphasize the concept of taxes as a source of infrastructural support to businesses: The truth is that the wealthy have received more from America than most Americans—not just wealth but the infrastructure that has allowed them to amass their wealth: banks, the Federal Reserve, the stock market, ... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
Frames can limit debate by setting the vocabulary and metaphors through which participants can comprehend and discuss an issue. They form a part not just of political discourse, but of cognition. In addition to generating new frames, politically oriented framing research aims to increase public awareness of the connect... | Wikipedia - Framing effect | null | null | null |
Linguistic Linked Open Data describes the publication of data for linguistics and natural language processing using the following principles: Data should be openly licensed using licenses such as the Creative Commons licenses. The elements in a dataset should be uniquely identified by means of a URI. The URI should res... | Wikipedia - Linguistic Linked Open Data | null | null | null |
Links to other resources should be included to help users discover new resources and provide semantics.The primary benefits of LLOD have been identified as: Representation: Linked graphs are a more flexible representation format for linguistic data. Interoperability: Common RDF models can easily be integrated. Federati... | Wikipedia - Linguistic Linked Open Data | null | null | null |
Ecosystem: Tools for RDF and linked data are widely available under open source licenses. Expressivity: Existing vocabularies help express linguistic resources. Semantics: Common links express what you mean. Dynamicity: Web data can be continuously improved.The home of the LLOD cloud diagram is under linguistic-lod.org | Wikipedia - Linguistic Linked Open Data | null | null | null |
Linguistic Linked Open Data is applied to address a number of scientific research problems: In all areas of empirical linguistics, computational philology, and natural language processing, linguistic annotation and linguistic markup represent central elements of analysis. However, progress in this field is being hamper... | Wikipedia - Linguistic Linked Open Data | null | null | null |
In corpus linguistics and computational philology, overlapping markup represents a notorious problem to conventional XML formats. Hence, graph-based data models have been suggested since the late 1990s. These are traditionally represented by means of multiple, interlinked XML files (standoff XML), which are poorly supp... | Wikipedia - Linguistic Linked Open Data | null | null | null |
Modeling such complex annotations as Linked Data represents a formalism semantically equivalent to standoff XML, but eliminates the need for special-purpose technology, and, instead, relies on the existing RDF ecosystem. Multilingual issues, including the linking of lexical resources such as WordNet as performed in the... | Wikipedia - Linguistic Linked Open Data | null | null | null |
Linguistic typology also seeks to identify patterns in the structure and distribution of sound systems among the world's languages. This is accomplished by surveying and analyzing the relative frequencies of different phonological properties. Exemplary relative frequencies are given below for certain speech sounds form... | Wikipedia - Linguistic typology | null | null | null |
According to a worldwide sample of 637 languages, 62% have the voicing contrast in stops but only 35% have this in fricatives. In the vast majority of those cases, the absence of voicing contrast occurs because there is a lack of voiced fricatives and because all languages have some form of plosive (occlusive), but the... | Wikipedia - Linguistic typology | null | null | null |
Languages worldwide also vary in the number of sounds they use. These languages can go from very small phonemic inventories (Rotokas with six consonants and five vowels) to very large inventories (!Xóõ with 128 consonants and 28 vowels). An interesting phonological observation found with this data is that the larger a ... | Wikipedia - Linguistic typology | null | null | null |
Of this list, only about 26% of languages in a survey of over 600 with small inventories (less than 19 consonants) contain a member of this set, while 51% of average languages (19-25) contain at least one member and 69% of large consonant inventories (greater than 25 consonants) contain a member of this set. It is then... | Wikipedia - Linguistic typology | null | null | null |
About a third of the languages have larger than average vowel inventories. Most interesting though is the lack of relationship between consonant inventory size and vowel inventory size. Below is a chart showing this lack of predictability between consonant and vowel inventory sizes in relation to each other. | Wikipedia - Linguistic typology | null | null | null |
Link configurations can be categorized as being either: Unbalanced, which consists of one primary terminal, and one or more secondary terminals. Balanced, which consists of two peer terminals.The three link configurations are: Normal Response Mode (NRM) is an unbalanced configuration in which only the primary terminal ... | Wikipedia - High-Level Data Link Control | null | null | null |
Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM) is an unbalanced configuration in which secondary terminals may transmit without permission from the primary terminal. However, there is still a distinguished primary terminal which retains responsibility for line initialization, error recovery, and logical disconnect. Asynchronous Bala... | Wikipedia - High-Level Data Link Control | null | null | null |
There is no master/slave relationship. The DTE (data terminal equipment) and DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment) are treated as equals. The initiator for Asynchronous Balanced Mode sends an SABM.An additional link configuration is Disconnected mode. | Wikipedia - High-Level Data Link Control | null | null | null |
This is the mode that a secondary station is in before it is initialized by the primary, or when it is explicitly disconnected. In this mode, the secondary responds to almost every frame other than a mode set command with a "Disconnected mode" response. The purpose of this mode is to allow the primary to reliably detec... | Wikipedia - High-Level Data Link Control | null | null | null |
Link layer data packets contain three important fields which contribute to communication being reliable. These fields are called the Sequence Number (SN), Next Expected Sequence Number (NESN), and the More Data field. All three of these fields are single bit fields and their use provides a system of acknowledgements an... | Wikipedia - Asynchronous connection-oriented logical transport | null | null | null |
From this point on, at each packet exchange that takes place, if all is well, the value of the SN field as set by Device A, will alternate between zero and one. The other device (Device B) always knows therefore, what the SN value of the next packet to be received should be and checks for this. If Device B receives a p... | Wikipedia - Asynchronous connection-oriented logical transport | null | null | null |
So for example, if the received SN value was 1 then NESN in the response will be 0. When Device A receives a response from Device B with NESN set to the value that Device A intends to use for SN in its next packet, Device A takes this to be an acknowledgement from Device B, confirming that it received the last transmit... | Wikipedia - Asynchronous connection-oriented logical transport | null | null | null |
If Device B receives a packet with the wrong SN value, it assumes that the packet is the retransmission of the previous packet received, acknowledges it but does not pass it up the stack for further processing. If Device A receives an unexpected NESN value in a reply from Device B or does not receive a reply at all, it... | Wikipedia - Asynchronous connection-oriented logical transport | null | null | null |
Different controller implementations are free to implement varying algorithms regarding how many times to resend before concluding communication to have failed. See Figure 6. Each packet contains a CRC field and encrypted packets also contain an MIC field. | Wikipedia - Asynchronous connection-oriented logical transport | null | null | null |
On receiving a packet, the link layer checks the CRC and if present, the MIC. If either check fails, the packet is not acknowledged, and this generally results in the originator of the packet resending it. See Figure 7. | Wikipedia - Asynchronous connection-oriented logical transport | null | null | null |
Link numbering is only an issue in multi-link interfaces. The first link (the primary link), is assigned a link number of 1, subsequent links are assigned increasing link numbers; so the second (secondary) link in a dual-link system is link 2. The link number of a given interface is indicated by a VPID packet located i... | Wikipedia - Serial Digital Interface | null | null | null |
The secondary link generally contains things like additional LSBs (in 12-bit formats), non-cosited samples in 4:4:4 sampled video (so that the primary link is still valid 4:2:2), and alpha or data channels. If the second link of a 1080P dual link configuration is absent, the first link still contains a valid 1080i sign... | Wikipedia - Serial Digital Interface | null | null | null |
In the case of 1080p60, 59.94, or 50 Hz video over a dual link; each link contains a valid 1080i signal at the same field rate. The first link contains the 1st, 3rd, and 5th lines of odd fields and the 2nd, 4th, 6th, etc. lines of even fields, and the second link contains the even lines on the odd fields, and the odd l... | Wikipedia - Serial Digital Interface | null | null | null |
Link redirection is an important method of tracking mobile visitor activities. It is the only reliable way to record clicks from advertising, search, and other marketing activities. It also records visitors clicking on links to leave a site. This method helps address the lack of HTTP referrer information on mobile. | Wikipedia - Mobile Web Analytics | null | null | null |
Linkage systems are widely distributed in animals. The most thorough overview of the different types of linkages in animals has been provided by Mees Muller, who also designed a new classification system which is especially well suited for biological systems. A well-known example is the cruciate ligaments of the knee. ... | Wikipedia - Linkage (mechanical) | null | null | null |
Biological linkages frequently are compliant. Often one or more bars are formed by ligaments, and often the linkages are three-dimensional. Coupled linkage systems are known, as well as five-, six-, and even seven-bar linkages. | Wikipedia - Linkage (mechanical) | null | null | null |
Four-bar linkages are by far the most common though. Linkages can be found in joints, such as the knee of tetrapods, the hock of sheep, and the cranial mechanism of birds and reptiles. The latter is responsible for the upward motion of the upper bill in many birds. | Wikipedia - Linkage (mechanical) | null | null | null |
Linkage mechanisms are especially frequent and manifold in the head of bony fishes, such as wrasses, which have evolved many specialized feeding mechanisms. Especially advanced are the linkage mechanisms of jaw protrusion. For suction feeding a system of linked four-bar linkages is responsible for the coordinated openi... | Wikipedia - Linkage (mechanical) | null | null | null |
Other linkages are responsible for protrusion of the premaxilla. Linkages are also present as locking mechanisms, such as in the knee of the horse, which enables the animal to sleep standing, without active muscle contraction. In pivot feeding, used by certain bony fishes, a four-bar linkage at first locks the head in ... | Wikipedia - Linkage (mechanical) | null | null | null |
Linked data structures may also incur in substantial memory allocation overhead (if nodes are allocated individually) and frustrate memory paging and processor caching algorithms (since they generally have poor locality of reference). In some cases, linked data structures may also use more memory (for the link fields) ... | Wikipedia - Linked data structure | null | null | null |
Linked open data are linked data that are open data. Tim Berners-Lee gives the clearest definition of linked open data in differentiation with linked data. Linked Open Data (LOD) is Linked Data which is released under an open license, which does not impede its reuse for free. Large linked open data sets include DBpedia... | Wikipedia - Linked Open Data | null | null | null |
Linking brain regions, networks, and circuits with behaviors involved in operating a vehicle is one of the more salient topics of research within traffic psychology. Seven separate brain networks have been identified in driving simulations as being of importance to the neurophysiological processes involved in driving. ... | Wikipedia - Traffic psychology | null | null | null |
Links between diet and Alzheimer’s disease have been studied using both geographical and temporal ecological studies. The first paper linking diet to risk of Alzheimer’s disease was a multi-country ecological study published in 1997. It used prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in 11 countries along with dietary supply fa... | Wikipedia - Ecological study | null | null | null |
Links between social inhibition and depression can be found in individuals who experienced social inhibited behaviors during childhood. Researchers from the United Kingdom conducted a study in an attempt to explain possible links between social inhibition in infancy and later signs of depression. The researchers based ... | Wikipedia - Psychological inhibition | null | null | null |
Participants completed a number of questionnaires about their experiences of social inhibition in childhood and their current levels of depression. Results showed a significant relationship between depression and recalled social fears, or, social inhibitions during childhood. Furthermore, the researchers related their ... | Wikipedia - Psychological inhibition | null | null | null |
The study compared adolescents who were not inhibited to those who are, and found that "adolescents experiencing high levels of behavioral inhibition were more depressed than their counterparts who experienced intermediate or low levels of behavioral inhibition".Another study set out to examine the link between social ... | Wikipedia - Psychological inhibition | null | null | null |
Links to the community and more information are available on the PolarSys website. Capella documentation is available for download from the website.Capella was presented at several events: | Wikipedia - Capella (engineering) | null | null | null |
Linnaeus employed the Latin term biologi to refer to botanists who wrote about the life cycle of plants, the first use of the term. | Wikipedia - Bibliotheca Botanica | null | null | null |
Linnaeus postulated a close relationship between camels and ruminants as early as the mid-1700s. Henri de Blainville recognized the similar anatomy of the limbs of pigs and hippos, and British zoologist Richard Owen coined the term "even-toed ungulates" and the scientific name "Artiodactyla" in 1848.Internal morphology... | Wikipedia - Even-toed ungulate | null | null | null |
All other even-toed ungulates have molars with a selenodont construction (crescent-shaped cusps) and have the ability to ruminate, which requires regurgitating food and re-chewing it. Differences in stomach construction indicated that rumination evolved independently between tylopods and ruminants; therefore, tylopods ... | Wikipedia - Even-toed ungulate | null | null | null |
Linnik obtained numerous results concerning infinitely divisible distributions. In particular, he proved the following generalisation of Cramér's theorem: any divisor of a convolution of Gaussian and Poisson random variables is also a convolution of Gaussian and Poisson. He has also coauthored the book Linnik & Ostrovs... | Wikipedia - Yuri Linnik | null | null | null |
Linnik zones (zones of asymptotic normality) Information-theoretic proof of the central limit theorem | Wikipedia - Yuri Linnik | null | null | null |
Linolenic acid can be converted into its bicyclobutane derivative using a fusion protein produced by a strain of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sphaerica (strain PCC 7120). The other group reported a directed evolution approach, whereby engineered heme protein was expressed in E. coli and optimized for rate and yield of a... | Wikipedia - Bicyclobutane | null | null | null |
Linton (1989) found the 16 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of Th as follows: 2+1+8 · A9 25 · L5(2) This is the Dempwolff group (3 x G2(3)): 2 (33 × 3+1+2) · 3+1+2: 2S4 32 · 37: 2S4 (3 × 34: 2 · A6): 2 5+1+2: 4S4 52: GL2(5) 72: (3 × 2S4) 31: 15 3D4(2): 3 U3(8): 6 L2(19) L3(3) M10 S5 | Wikipedia - Thompson group (finite) | null | null | null |
Lion Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 — Faulty "MCAS" system on the Boeing 737 MAX | Wikipedia - Engineering disasters | null | null | null |
Lionel Briand (University of Ottawa). Victor Basili (University of Maryland). Warren Harrison (Portland State University). | Wikipedia - Empirical Software Engineering | null | null | null |
Lions form a social system called a "pride", which consists of 1–3 pair of lions. A pride of lions shares a common area known as territory in which a dominant lion is called as territorial lion. The territorial lion safeguards its territory from outside attackers, especially nomadic lions. | Wikipedia - Lion algorithm | null | null | null |
This process is called territorial defense. It protects the cubs till they become sexually matured. The maturity period is about 2–4 years. | Wikipedia - Lion algorithm | null | null | null |
The pride undergoes survival fights to protect its territory and the cubs from nomadic lions. Upon getting defeated by the nomadic lions, the dominating nomadic lion takes the role of territorial lion by killing or driving out the cubs of the pride. The lioness of the pride give birth to cubs though the new territorial... | Wikipedia - Lion algorithm | null | null | null |
When the cubs of the pride mature and considered to be stronger than the territorial lion, they take over the pride. This process is called territorial take-over. If territorial take-over happens, either the old territorial lion, which is considered to be laggard, is driven out or it leaves the pride. The stronger lion... | Wikipedia - Lion algorithm | null | null | null |
Liouville theory admits two different supersymmetric extensions called N = 1 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=1} supersymmetric Liouville theory and N = 2 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=2} supersymmetric Liouville theory. | Wikipedia - Liouville gravity | null | null | null |
Liouville theory can be obtained from the S L 2 ( R ) {\displaystyle SL_{2}(\mathbb {R} )} Wess–Zumino–Witten model by a quantum Drinfeld–Sokolov reduction. Moreover, correlation functions of the H 3 + {\displaystyle H_{3}^{+}} model (the Euclidean version of the S L 2 ( R ) {\displaystyle SL_{2}(\mathbb {R} )} WZW mod... | Wikipedia - Liouville quantum gravity | null | null | null |
Liouville theory is the simplest example of a Toda field theory, associated to the A 1 {\displaystyle A_{1}} Cartan matrix. More general conformal Toda theories can be viewed as generalizations of Liouville theory, whose Lagrangians involve several bosons rather than one boson ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } , and whose symmet... | Wikipedia - Liouville theory | null | null | null |
Liouville theory with c ≤ 1 {\displaystyle c\leq 1} first appeared as a model of time-dependent string theory under the name timelike Liouville theory. It has also been called a generalized minimal model. It was first called Liouville theory when it was found to actually exist, and to be spacelike rather than timelike.... | Wikipedia - Liouville field theory | null | null | null |
Liouville's theorem is sometimes presented as a theorem in differential Galois theory, but this is not strictly true. The theorem can be proved without any use of Galois theory. Furthermore, the Galois group of a simple antiderivative is either trivial (if no field extension is required to express it), or is simply the... | Wikipedia - Liouville's theorem (differential algebra) | null | null | null |
Lipid bilayer budding is a commonplace phenomenon in living cells and relates to the transport of metabolites in the form of vesicles. During this process, a lipid bilayer is subject to internal hydrostatic stresses, in combination with strain restrictions along a bilayer surface, this can lead to elongation of areas o... | Wikipedia - Lipid bilayer mechanics | null | null | null |
Such shapes are not restricted to be symmetrical along their axes, but they can have different degrees of asymmetry. In FE analysis this results in budding equilibrium shapes like, elongate plates, tubular buds and symmetric budding. == References == | Wikipedia - Lipid bilayer mechanics | null | null | null |
Lipid bilayer membrane is a name to describe the composition of the cell membrane. With the current knowledge and advancement of the instrument, it is possible to study the properties of lipid bilayers such as viscosity. The study applied the fluorescence spectroscopy technique to identify that even if there is only a ... | Wikipedia - Biophysical Chemistry | null | null | null |
Lipid bilayers are complicated molecular systems with many degrees of freedom. Thus, atomistic simulation of membrane and in particular ab initio calculations of its properties is difficult and computationally expensive. Quantum chemical calculations has recently been successfully performed to estimate dipole and quadr... | Wikipedia - Lipid bilayer | null | null | null |
Lipid bilayers are large enough structures to have some of the mechanical properties of liquids or solids. The area compression modulus Ka, bending modulus Kb, and edge energy Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } , can be used to describe them. Solid lipid bilayers also have a shear modulus, but like any liquid, the shear modulu... | Wikipedia - Phospholipid bilayer | null | null | null |
Ka and Kb affect the ability of proteins and small molecules to insert into the bilayer, and bilayer mechanical properties have been shown to alter the function of mechanically activated ion channels. Bilayer mechanical properties also govern what types of stress a cell can withstand without tearing. Although lipid bil... | Wikipedia - Phospholipid bilayer | null | null | null |
Thus, the elastic modulus of the bilayer is primarily determined by how much extra area is exposed to water when the lipid molecules are stretched apart. It is not surprising given this understanding of the forces involved that studies have shown that Ka varies strongly with osmotic pressure but only weakly with tail l... | Wikipedia - Phospholipid bilayer | null | null | null |
Most techniques require sophisticated microscopy and very sensitive measurement equipment.In contrast to Ka, which is a measure of how much energy is needed to stretch the bilayer, Kb is a measure of how much energy is needed to bend or flex the bilayer. Formally, bending modulus is defined as the energy required to de... | Wikipedia - Phospholipid bilayer | null | null | null |
For two-tailed PC lipids, this ratio is nearly one so the intrinsic curvature is nearly zero. If a particular lipid has too large a deviation from zero intrinsic curvature it will not form a bilayer and will instead form other phases such as micelles or inverted micelles. | Wikipedia - Phospholipid bilayer | null | null | null |
Addition of small hydrophilic molecules like sucrose into mixed lipid lamellar liposomes made from galactolipid-rich thylakoid membranes destabilises bilayers into micellar phase. Typically, Kb is not measured experimentally but rather is calculated from measurements of Ka and bilayer thickness, since the three paramet... | Wikipedia - Phospholipid bilayer | null | null | null |
Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid esters, and are the basic building blocks of biological membranes. Another biological role is energy storage (e.g., triglycerides). Most lipids consist of a polar or hydrophilic head (typically glycerol) and one to three non polar or hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and therefore... | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
The chains are usually 14-24 carbon groups long, but it is always an even number. For lipids present in biological membranes, the hydrophilic head is from one of three classes: Glycolipids, whose heads contain an oligosaccharide with 1-15 saccharide residues. | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
Phospholipids, whose heads contain a positively charged group that is linked to the tail by a negatively charged phosphate group. Sterols, whose heads contain a planar steroid ring, for example, cholesterol.Other lipids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes which are both 20-carbon fatty acyl units synthesized from a... | Wikipedia - Biomolecule | null | null | null |
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