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Lipids are biomolecules that are made up of glycerol derivatives bonded with fatty acid chains. Glycerol is a simple polyol that has a formula of C3H5(OH)3. Fatty acids are long carbon chains that have a carboxylic acid group at the end. | Wikipedia - Biomolecular engineering | null | null | null |
The carbon chains can be either saturated with hydrogen; every carbon bond is occupied by a hydrogen atom or a single bond to another carbon in the carbon chain, or they can be unsaturated; namely, there are double bonds between the carbon atoms in the chain. Common fatty acids include lauric acid, stearic acid, and ol... | Wikipedia - Biomolecular engineering | null | null | null |
Cellular membranes and other biological membranes typically consist of a phospholipid bilayer membrane, or a derivative thereof. Along with the study of cellular membranes, lipids are also important molecules for energy storage. By utilizing encapsulation properties and thermodynamic characteristics, lipids become sign... | Wikipedia - Biomolecular engineering | null | null | null |
Lipids comprise a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and terpenoids (e.g., retinoids and steroids). Some lipids are linear, open... | Wikipedia - Animal biochemistry | null | null | null |
In triglycerides, the main group of bulk lipids, there is one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids. Fatty acids are considered the monomer in that case, and may be saturated (no double bonds in the carbon chain) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds in the carbon chain).Most lipids have some polar character in... | Wikipedia - Animal biochemistry | null | null | null |
Another part of their structure is polar or hydrophilic ("water-loving") and will tend to associate with polar solvents like water. This makes them amphiphilic molecules (having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions). In the case of cholesterol, the polar group is a mere –OH (hydroxyl or alcohol). | Wikipedia - Animal biochemistry | null | null | null |
In the case of phospholipids, the polar groups are considerably larger and more polar, as described below. Lipids are an integral part of our daily diet. Most oils and milk products that we use for cooking and eating like butter, cheese, ghee etc. are composed of fats. | Wikipedia - Animal biochemistry | null | null | null |
Vegetable oils are rich in various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Lipid-containing foods undergo digestion within the body and are broken into fatty acids and glycerol, which are the final degradation products of fats and lipids. Lipids, especially phospholipids, are also used in various pharmaceutical products, e... | Wikipedia - Animal biochemistry | null | null | null |
Lipids in organisms growing on heterotrophic substrates: Growing on sugar: depletion of 200‰ ~ 300‰ relative to water Growing on direct precursor of TCA cycle (e.g. acetate (δDs = -76‰) or succinate): enrichment of −50‰ ~ +200‰ relative to water αl/w: -150‰ ~ +200‰ Lipids in organisms growing photoautotrophically: Depl... | Wikipedia - Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry | null | null | null |
Lipoic acid is a cofactor for at least five enzyme systems. Two of these are in the citric acid cycle through which many organisms turn nutrients into energy. Lipoylated enzymes have lipoic acid attached to them covalently. The lipoyl group transfers acyl groups in 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes, and methylamine gro... | Wikipedia - Lipoic acid | null | null | null |
These complexes have three central subunits: E1-3, which are the decarboxylase, lipoyl transferase, and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, respectively. These complexes have a central E2 core and the other subunits surround this core to form the complex. In the gap between these two subunits, the lipoyl domain ferries int... | Wikipedia - Lipoic acid | null | null | null |
The lipoyl domain itself is attached by a flexible linker to the E2 core and the number of lipoyl domains varies from one to three for a given organism. The number of domains has been experimentally varied and seems to have little effect on growth until over nine are added, although more than three decreased activity o... | Wikipedia - Lipoic acid | null | null | null |
Lipoic acid is a cofactor for five enzymes or classes of enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, the glycine cleavage system, branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase, and the alpha-oxo(keto)adipate dehydrogenase. The first two are critical to the citric acid cycle. The GCS regulates glycine conce... | Wikipedia - Alpha-Lipoic acid | null | null | null |
Lipoic acid is present in many foods in which it is bound to lysine in proteins, but slightly more so in kidney, heart, liver, spinach, broccoli, and yeast extract. Naturally occurring lipoic acid is always covalently bound and not readily available from dietary sources. In addition, the amount of lipoic acid present i... | Wikipedia - Lipoic acid | null | null | null |
As a result, all lipoic acid available as a supplement is chemically synthesized. Baseline levels (prior to supplementation) of RLA and R-DHLA have not been detected in human plasma. RLA has been detected at 12.3−43.1 ng/mL following acid hydrolysis, which releases protein-bound lipoic acid. | Wikipedia - Lipoic acid | null | null | null |
Enzymatic hydrolysis of protein bound lipoic acid released 1.4−11.6 ng/mL and <1-38.2 ng/mL using subtilisin and alcalase, respectively.Digestive proteolytic enzymes cleave the R-lipoyllysine residue from the mitochondrial enzyme complexes derived from food but are unable to cleave the lipoic acid-L-lysine amide bond. ... | Wikipedia - Lipoic acid | null | null | null |
Degradation to tetranorlipoic acid, oxidation of one or both of the sulfur atoms to the sulfoxide, and S-methylation of the sulfide were observed. Conjugation of unmodified lipoic acid to glycine was detected especially in mice. Degradation of lipoic acid is similar in humans, although it is not clear if the sulfur ato... | Wikipedia - Lipoic acid | null | null | null |
Lipophilic hormones (soluble in lipids but not in water), such as steroid hormones, including testosterone, are transported in water-based blood plasma through specific and non-specific proteins. Specific proteins include sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, and... | Wikipedia - Free testosterone | null | null | null |
Lipoxins are derived enzymatically from arachidonic acid, an ω-6 fatty acid. Structurally, they are defined as arachidonic acid metabolites that contain three hydroxyl residues (also termed hydroxy residues) and four double bonds. This structural definition distinguishes them from other SPMs such as the resolvins, neur... | Wikipedia - Lipoxin A4 | null | null | null |
Lipoxins have protective effects in animal models of infection-based inflammation: a) LXA4 and a LXA4 analog decreased systemic inflammation and improved survival in rat models of Gram-negative bacterial sepsis; b) 15-epi-LXA4 suppressed the lung injury (i.e., shock lung or Acute respiratory distress syndrome) caused b... | Wikipedia - Lipoxin A4 | null | null | null |
Lipschitz discovered Clifford algebras in 1880, two years after William K. Clifford (1845–1879) and independently of him, and he was the first to use them in the study of orthogonal transformations. Up to 1950, people mentioned "Clifford–Lipschitz numbers" when they referred to this discovery of Lipschitz. Yet Lipschit... | Wikipedia - Rudolf Lipschitz | null | null | null |
Lipscomb's later research focused on the atomic structure of proteins, particularly how enzymes work. His group used x-ray diffraction to solve the three-dimensional structure of these proteins to atomic resolution, and then to analyze the atomic detail of how the molecules work. The images below are of Lipscomb's stru... | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Carboxypeptidase A (left) was the first protein structure from Lipscomb's group. Carboxypeptidase A is a digestive enzyme, a protein that digests other proteins. It is made in the pancreas and transported in inactive form to the intestines where it is activated. | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Carboxypeptidase A digests by chopping off certain amino acids one-by-one from one end of a protein. The size of this structure was ambitious. Carboxypeptidase A was a much larger molecule than anything solved previously. | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase. (right) was the second protein structure from Lipscomb's group. For a copy of DNA to be made, a duplicate set of its nucleotides is required. | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase performs a step in building the pyrimidine nucleotides (cytosine and thymidine). Aspartate carbamoyltransferase also ensures that just the right amount of pyrimidine nucleotides is available, as activator and inhibitor molecules attach to aspartate carbamoyltransferase to speed it up and ... | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Six large catalytic molecules in the interior do the work, and six small regulatory molecules on the outside control how fast the catalytic units work. The size of this structure was ambitious. | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase was a much larger molecule than anything solved previously. Leucine aminopeptidase, (left) a little like carboxypeptidase A, chops off certain amino acids one-by-one from one end of a protein or peptide. HaeIII methyltransferase (right) binds to DNA where it methylates (adds a methy group... | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Human interferon beta (left) is released by lymphocytes in response to pathogens to trigger the immune system. Chorismate mutase (right) catalyzes (speeds up) the production of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (left) and its inhibitor MB06322 (CS-917) were studied by Lipscomb's gr... | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Lipscomb's group also contributed to an understanding of concanavalin A (low resolution structure), glucagon, and carbonic anhydrase (theoretical studies). Subsequent Nobel Prize winner Thomas A. Steitz was a doctoral student in Lipscomb's laboratory. Under Lipscomb's direction, after the training task of determining t... | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Steitz was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the even larger structure of the large 50S ribosomal subunit, leading to an understanding of possible medical treatments. Subsequent Nobel Prize winner Ada Yonath, who shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Venkatraman Rama... | Wikipedia - William Lipscomb | null | null | null |
Lipstatin, the first lipase inhibitor, comes from a natural source. It has a β-propiolactone ring, which has a 2,3-trans-disubstituted linear alkyl chains located at the α- (C6) and β-site (C13) of the compound. It contains N-formyl-L-leucine amino acid connected to the β-alkyl chain via ester-bond. The structure and m... | Wikipedia - Discovery and development of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors | null | null | null |
They differ only in the saturation of the β-alkyl chain, where orlistat is saturated while lipstatin has two double bonds in the side chain. The structure and more information about Orlistat is shown in the table on the right.Cetilistat is a synthetic lipase inhibitor. Instead of having a β-lactone structure like most ... | Wikipedia - Discovery and development of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors | null | null | null |
It is also a lipophilic compound but differs in the hydro- and lipophilic side chain. The structure and more information about Cetilistat is shown in the table on the right.Other lipase inhibitors have been recognized, e.g. from different plant products. These include alkaloids, carotenoids, glycosides, polyphenols, po... | Wikipedia - Discovery and development of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors | null | null | null |
However, none of these have been used clinically as lipase inhibitors. More active lipase inhibitors are the lipophilic compounds from microbial sources. Lipase inhibitors from microbial source can be divided into two classes based on their structure. | Wikipedia - Discovery and development of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors | null | null | null |
Those who have a β-lactone ring are lipstatin, valilactone, percyquinin, panclicin A-E, ebelactone A and B, vibralactone and esterastin. Those who do not have a β-lactone ring are (E)-4-amino styryl acetate, ε–polylysine and caulerpenyne. Lipase inhibitors have also been made synthetically, e.g. cetilistat, based on th... | Wikipedia - Discovery and development of gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors | null | null | null |
Lipton & Tarjan (1980) observed that the separator theorem may be used to obtain polynomial time approximation schemes for NP-hard optimization problems on planar graphs such as finding the maximum independent set. Specifically, by truncating a separator hierarchy at an appropriate level, one may find a separator of si... | Wikipedia - Planar Separator Theorem | null | null | null |
However, for approximation ratios even closer to one than this factor, a later approach of Baker (1994) (based on tree-decomposition but not on planar separators) provides better tradeoffs of time versus approximation quality. Similar separator-based approximation schemes have also been used to approximate other hard p... | Wikipedia - Planar Separator Theorem | null | null | null |
Liquefaction is also used in commercial and industrial settings to refer to mechanical dissolution of a solid by mixing, grinding or blending with a liquid. | Wikipedia - Liquefaction | null | null | null |
Liquefaction of silica and silicate glasses occurs on electron beam irradiation of nanosized samples in the column of transmission electron microscope. | Wikipedia - Liquefaction | null | null | null |
Liquid Robotics established the Strategic Advisory Board in September 2011. The distinguished board of advisors include: Robert S. Gelbard, Chairman, Washington Global Partners, LLC, former Foreign Service Officer, U.S. Department of State, Ambassador to Indonesia and Bolivia Walter L. Sharp, General, U.S. Army (Ret.) | Wikipedia - Liquid Robotics | null | null | null |
Dr. Eric Terrill, Director, Coastal Observing Research and Development Center (CORDC), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) John J. Young Jr., Principal, JY Strategies, LLC, former U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Sir George Zambellas, A... | Wikipedia - Liquid Robotics | null | null | null |
Liquid XML Studio provides XML data binding code generation through both a graphical Wizard and command line interface. The generated code can be C++, C#, Java, Silverlight, Visual Basic .NET, or Visual Basic 6. | Wikipedia - Liquid XML Studio | null | null | null |
Liquid XML Studio provides a graphical data mapping tool to allow data conversion between XML documents with different data shapes using a simple drag and drop interface. | Wikipedia - Liquid XML Studio | null | null | null |
Liquid cooling technologies can be roughly divided into four different categories: cooling at the room, rack or chip level and immersion. Computer Room Air Conditioning or Air Handlers (CRAC/CRAH) can be water cooled. Indirect Liquid cooling (ILC) involves water cooled racks with (active) rear door or in-row heat excha... | Wikipedia - Thermal cascade | null | null | null |
This makes cooling systems very efficient, and supports limited efficiency on the IT itself by assisting ventilation. Direct Liquid Cooling (DLC) effectively cools parts of the IT with purpose built coolers which combine cold plates and pumps that are mounted directly onto the chips instead of a traditional heat sink. ... | Wikipedia - Thermal cascade | null | null | null |
Although the water circuit captures all of the heat from the largest heat sources inside the chassis, this approach may still require CRAC units or combinations with ILC for rejection of thermal energy from the rest of the IT components. Total Liquid Cooling (TLC) completely immerses the IT components in liquid. | Wikipedia - Thermal cascade | null | null | null |
There is hardly any energy loss and IT equipment is made very energy efficient, eliminating kinetic energy (fans) from being used by the IT. Since water conducts electricity, an intermediate dielectric substance is required which requires forced or convective transfer of heat. This dielectric can be oil or chemically b... | Wikipedia - Thermal cascade | null | null | null |
The infrastructure and power advantages are maximised with this approach and the energy footprint is fully optimised. Since there is no such thing as one solution for all, any platform should be designed with the optimal technology for its different elements. Therefore, each part of a platform should be set up with a m... | Wikipedia - Thermal cascade | null | null | null |
For example, storage environments are least suitable to be cooled directly by liquid due to the low energy production and the common dependency on moving parts. These can be set up in water cooled racks. High volumes of servers which require the least maintenance can best be positioned in a Total Liquid Cooling environ... | Wikipedia - Thermal cascade | null | null | null |
Liquid fluorocarbons have a very high capacity for holding gas in solution. They can hold more oxygen or carbon dioxide than blood does. For that reason, they have attracted ongoing interest related to the possibility of artificial blood or of liquid breathing. Blood substitutes are the subject of research because the ... | Wikipedia - Biological aspects of fluorine | null | null | null |
In some scenarios, artificial blood may be more convenient or safe. Because fluorocarbons do not normally mix with water, they must be mixed into emulsions (small droplets of perfluorocarbon suspended in water) in order to be used as blood. One such product, Oxycyte, has been through initial clinical trials.Possible me... | Wikipedia - Biological aspects of fluorine | null | null | null |
Both partial and complete filling of the lungs have been considered, although only the former has undergone any significant tests in humans. Several animal tests have been performed and there have been some human partial liquid ventilation trials. One effort, by Alliance Pharmaceuticals, reached clinical trials but was... | Wikipedia - Biological aspects of fluorine | null | null | null |
The use of these particles is being developed to help treat babies with damaged lungs.Perfluorocarbons are banned from sports, where they may be used to increase oxygen use for endurance athletes. One cyclist, Mauro Gianetti, was investigated after a near-fatality where PFC use was suspected. Other posited applications... | Wikipedia - Biological aspects of fluorine | null | null | null |
Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic liquid which looks like water. When insulated in proper containers such as dewar flasks, it can be transported and stored with a low rate of evaporative loss. Like dry ice, the main use of liquid nitrogen is for cooling to low temperatures. It is used in the cryopreservation of biological... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen atom | null | null | null |
It is used in cryotherapy to remove cysts and warts on the skin by freezing them. It is used in laboratory cold traps, and in cryopumps to obtain lower pressures in vacuum pumped systems. | Wikipedia - Nitrogen atom | null | null | null |
It is used to cool heat-sensitive electronics such as infrared detectors and X-ray detectors. Other uses include freeze-grinding and machining materials that are soft or rubbery at room temperature, shrink-fitting and assembling engineering components, and more generally to attain very low temperatures where necessary.... | Wikipedia - Nitrogen atom | null | null | null |
Liquid oil can also be immobilized in a 3D-network provided by various molecules called oleogelators. | Wikipedia - Oleochemistry | null | null | null |
Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) is a relatively simple method which involves dispersing graphite in a liquid medium to produce graphene by sonication or high shear mixing, followed by centrifugation. Restacking is an issue with this technique unless solvents with appropriate surface energy are used (e.g. NMP). Adding a ... | Wikipedia - Graphene | null | null | null |
However, liquid cascade centrifugation can be used to size select the suspensions and achieve monolayer enrichment.Sonicating graphite at the interface of two immiscible liquids, most notably heptane and water, produced macro-scale graphene films. The graphene sheets are adsorbed to the high energy interface between th... | Wikipedia - Graphene | null | null | null |
Liquid trifluoroacetyl chloride can cause frostbite if it comes in contact with unprotected skin. If inhaled, the compound in its gaseous state will irritate the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Trifluoroacetyl chloride is toxic compound: maybe fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. When the compound bur... | Wikipedia - Trifluoroacetyl chloride | null | null | null |
It also corrodes the respiratory tract. The compound is also a lacrimator. It can cause dyspnea if inhaled by mice, rats, or guinea pigs. | Wikipedia - Trifluoroacetyl chloride | null | null | null |
A concentration of 35.3 parts per million of trifluoroacetyl chloride is enough to usually kill a rat in six hours.Trifluoroacetyl chloride does not bioaccumulate significantly. However, it is harmful to aquatic organisms.Trifluoroacetyl chloride is metabolized by Cytochrome P450 enzymes. The immune systems of organism... | Wikipedia - Trifluoroacetyl chloride | null | null | null |
Liquid-liquid extractions in the laboratory usually make use of a separatory funnel, where two immiscible phases are combined to separate a solute from one phase into the other, according to the relative solubility in each of the phases. Typically, this will be to extract organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and i... | Wikipedia - Extraction (chemistry) | null | null | null |
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) generates a subtype of colloid known as an emulsion that can coalesce to from large droplets within a liquid. Ordering of molecules during liquid-liquid phase separation can generate liquid crystals rather than emulsions. In cells, LLPS produces a liquid subclass of biomolecular co... | Wikipedia - Biomolecular condensate | null | null | null |
The choice of language here is specific and important. It has been proposed that many biomolecular condensates form through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form colloidal emulsions or liquid crystals in living organisms, as opposed to liquid-solid phase separation to form crystals/aggregates in gels, sols or s... | Wikipedia - Biomolecular condensate | null | null | null |
The term "biomolecular condensate" directly addresses this challenge by making no assumption regarding either the physical mechanism through which assembly is achieved, nor the material state of the resulting assembly. Consequently, cellular bodies that form through liquid-liquid phase separation are a subset of biomol... | Wikipedia - Biomolecular condensate | null | null | null |
Liquids are also prone to dissimilation when they occur in sequence. | Wikipedia - Liquid consonant | null | null | null |
Liquids are also the consonants most prone to occupying the nucleus slot in a syllable (the slot usually assigned to vowels). Thus Czech and other Slavic languages allow their liquid consonants /l/ and /r/ to be the center of their syllables – as witnessed by the classic tonguetwister strč prst skrz krk "push (your) fi... | Wikipedia - Liquid consonant | null | null | null |
Liquids as a class often behave in a similar way in the phonotactics of a language: for example, they often have the greatest freedom in occurring in consonant clusters. | Wikipedia - Liquid consonant | null | null | null |
Liquids can form solutions with gases, solids, and other liquids. Two liquids are said to be miscible if they can form a solution in any proportion; otherwise they are immiscible. As an example, water and ethanol (drinking alcohol) are miscible whereas water and gasoline are immiscible. In some cases a mixture of other... | Wikipedia - Liquid phase | null | null | null |
Liquid–liquid extraction Acid-base extraction Supercritical fluid extraction Solid-liquid extraction Solid-phase extraction Maceration Ultrasound-assisted extraction Microwave-assisted extraction Heat reflux extraction Instant controlled pressure drop extraction (Détente instantanée contrôlée) Perstraction | Wikipedia - Chemical extraction | null | null | null |
Liquid–solid mixing is typically done to suspend coarse free-flowing solids, or to break up lumps of fine agglomerated solids. An example of the former is the mixing granulated sugar into water; an example of the latter is the mixing of flour or powdered milk into water. In the first case, the particles can be lifted i... | Wikipedia - Industrial mixer | null | null | null |
Liquorice root contains triterpenoids, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. Flavonoids account for the yellow root color. The principle glycoside, glycyrrhizin, exists in content of 7% to 10%, depending on cultivation practices. The isoflavene glabrene and the isoflavane glabridin, found in the roots of liquorice, are phy... | Wikipedia - Licorice root | null | null | null |
Lis provides facilities for: Automatic program configuration NUMA aware hybrid implementation with MPI and OpenMP Exchangeable dense and sparse matrix storage formats Basic linear algebra operations for dense and sparse matrices Parallel iterative methods for linear equations and eigenvalue problems Parallel preconditi... | Wikipedia - Lis (linear algebra library) | null | null | null |
Lisa Feldman Barrett describes the story of evolution of brains in her book “Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain”. Many of Earth’s early years were filled with brainless creatures, and among them was the amphioxus, which can be traced as far back as 550 million years ago. Amphioxi had a significantly simpler way o... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary neuroscience | null | null | null |
These cells optimized their uses because many of the cells for sensing intertwined with the cells used for its very simple system for moving, which allowed it to propel itself through bodies of water and react without much processing while the cells remaining were used for the detection of light to account to the fact ... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary neuroscience | null | null | null |
Although the amphioxus' "brain" might seem severely underdeveloped compared to their human counterparts, it was set well for its respective environment, which has allowed it to prosper for millions of years. Although many scientists once assumed that the brain evolved to achieve an ability to think, such a view is toda... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary neuroscience | null | null | null |
At this point, animals became sensitive to the presence of another, which could serve as food. Although hunting did not inherently require a brain, it was one of the main steps that pushed the development of one, as organisms progressed to develop advanced sensory systems.In response to progressively complicated surrou... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary neuroscience | null | null | null |
Since prediction beat reaction, organisms who planned their manoeuvres were more likely to survive than those who did not. This came with equally managing energy adequately, which nature favoured. Animals that had not developed allostasis would be at a disadvantage for their purpose of exploration, foraging and reprodu... | Wikipedia - Evolutionary neuroscience | null | null | null |
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate is one marketed formulation delivering dextroamphetamine. The following table compares the drug to other amphetamine pharmaceuticals. | Wikipedia - Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate | null | null | null |
Lisdexamfetamine is a substituted amphetamine with an amide linkage formed by the condensation of dextroamphetamine with the carboxylate group of the essential amino acid L-lysine. The reaction occurs with retention of stereochemistry, so the product lisdexamfetamine exists as a single stereoisomer. There are many poss... | Wikipedia - Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate | null | null | null |
The condensation reaction occurs with loss of water: (S)-PhCH2CH(CH3)NH2 + (S)-HOOCCH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 → (S,S)-PhCH2CH(CH3)NHC(O)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 + H2OAmine functional groups are vulnerable to oxidation in air and so pharmaceuticals containing them are usually formulated as salts where this moiety has been pro... | Wikipedia - Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate | null | null | null |
Lisi's main work in theoretical physics is his Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything. It proposes a unified field theory combining a grand unification theory of particle physics with Albert Einstein's general relativistic description of gravitation, using the largest simple exceptional Lie algebra, E8. Lisi stated ... | Wikipedia - Antony Garrett Lisi | null | null | null |
He then designed a web application, the Elementary Particle Explorer, for visualizing the charge structure of the elementary particles in the standard model, in grand unified theories, and in E8 Theory. Lisi's theory has been extensively criticized in the scientific community. | Wikipedia - Antony Garrett Lisi | null | null | null |
Lisi acknowledges that his theory is incomplete. In a Scientific American post, Lisi stated, "(the 3 generation) … issue remains the most significant problem, and until it is solved the theory is not complete and cannot be considered much more than a speculative proposal. Without fully describing how the three generati... | Wikipedia - Antony Garrett Lisi | null | null | null |
Lissencephaly is a rare congenital condition in which the cerebrum loses its folds(gyri) and grooves(sulci), making the brain surface appear smooth. It is caused by defective neurons migration. The failure of post-mitotic neurons in reaching their proper positions leads to the formation of a disorganized and thickened ... | Wikipedia - Neurotubule | null | null | null |
Neurotubule is central to the migration mechanism of neurons. The defective neural migration in individuals affected by lissencephaly is caused by mutations associated with neurotubule-related genes, such as LIS1 and DCX. LIS1 encodes an adaptor protein Lis1 that is responsible for stabilization of neurotubule during n... | Wikipedia - Neurotubule | null | null | null |
It also regulates the motor protein dynein that is crucial in the translocation of the nucleus along neurotubule. This action propels the soma of the neuron forward, which is an essential step in neuronal migration. In addition, mutations in LIS1 is found to disrupt the uniform plus-end-distal polarity in axons in anim... | Wikipedia - Neurotubule | null | null | null |
List by country or administrative zone. It is not complete, is a sample of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) official websites. | Wikipedia - Spatial Data Infrastructure | null | null | null |
List of Running Projects of IUPAC Division II Recommendations for Isotope Data in Geosciences Priority claims for the discovery of elements with atomic number greater than 111 Evaluation of Isotopic Abundance Variations in Selected Heavier Elements Evaluated Compilation of International Reference Materials for Isotope ... | Wikipedia - IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division | null | null | null |
List of academic statistical associations List of national and international statistical services | Wikipedia - Outline of statistics | null | null | null |
List of actuaries List of statisticians List of mathematical probabilists Founders of statistics | Wikipedia - Lists of statistics topics | null | null | null |
List of algebras List of axioms List of equations List of mathematical functions List of types of functions List of mathematical jargon List of mathematical abbreviations List of mathematical proofs List of long mathematical proofs List of mathematical symbols List of mathematical symbols by subject List of rules of in... | Wikipedia - Outline of mathematics | null | null | null |
List of algorithms List of algorithm general topics Algorithm characterizations Introduction to Algorithms Theory of computation Computational complexity theory Analysis of algorithms Empirical algorithmics Big O notation Algorithmic efficiency Algorithmic information theory Algorithmic probability Algorithmically rand... | Wikipedia - Outline of computer programming | null | null | null |
List of artificial intelligence projects List of datasets for machine learning research | Wikipedia - Outline of machine learning | null | null | null |
List of cancer types List of childhood diseases List of diseases caused by insects List of eponymous diseases List of fictional diseases List of food-borne illness outbreaks in the United States List of genetic disorders List of human parasitic diseases List of illnesses related to poor nutrition List of infectious dis... | Wikipedia - Outline of medicine | null | null | null |
List of chemical elements — with basic properties like standard atomic weight, m.p., b.p., abundance Abundance of the chemical elements Abundances of the elements (data page) — Earth's crust, sea water, Sun and solar system Abundance of elements in Earth's crust Atomic radii of the elements (data page) — atomic radius ... | Wikipedia - Chemical elements data references | null | null | null |
List of common file formats of data for video games on systems that support filesystems, most commonly PC games. | Wikipedia - Scientific data format | null | null | null |
List of convexity topics List of dualities List of exceptional set concepts List of exponential topics List of factorial and binomial topics List of fractal topics List of logarithm topics List of mathematical properties of points List of numeral system topics List of order topics List of partition topics List of permu... | Wikipedia - Lists of mathematics topics | null | null | null |
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