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There are many other theories beside the above, but no theory has supporting records and there are many discrepancies with the tradition.	上記以外にも諸説はまだあるが、これらを含めていずれの説も裏付けとなる記録はなく伝承も合致しない部分が多い。
In Uronri in suburban Daegu Metropolitan City, the Republic of Korea, a family who proclaimed themselves as descendants of Sayaka still exist.	なお、韓国の大邱広域市郊外・友鹿里には沙也可の末裔を名乗る一族が今も存続・生活している。
Chabu (chabudai), also known as Shippoku, is a Chinese-style table.	卓袱（しっぽく）は、中国風の食卓のこと。
A chabudai is a kind of table which was once used in Japan. It is discussed in more detail below.	卓袱台（ちゃぶだい）は、日本でかつて用いられていたテーブルの一種。以降で詳述。
A chabudai is a four-legged foldaway table made of wood, which was generally used in Japanese homes from the Taisho period, through wartime, to the 1970s. This low table was used for not only dining but also various other purposes such as study or work. Usually they are round, but some are oval or square.	卓袱台（ちゃぶだい）は、大正から戦中を経て、昭和40年代にかけて、日本の家庭で一般に用いられた四脚で折りたたみのできる木製の食卓（テーブル）。食卓としての利用が基本の用途だが、机や作業台としても利用される汎用の座卓である。楕円形や四角形の物もあるが、一般的には円形をしている。
This act is an expression of deep anger, and of no longer being able to contain yourself. In most cases, people grip the edge of the chabudai with each hand from below and throw it straight up into the air.	つまりこれを行う者は、その時の状況を無視して余りある程の問答無用の怒りの感情を表しているのである。卓袱台返しは大抵の場合、掌を上に向けた両手で卓の端を掴み、そのまま真上に放り投げるようにして行われる。
Although tableware on the chabudai flies dramatically into the air, they usually do not go far, as they are crushed under the table which turns upside down in midair. In the TV cartoon "Kyojin no Hoshi" (Star of the Giants), Ittetsu HOSHI, the father of the leading character, is famous for having had a Sparta...	この為に、卓上にある食器その他は派手に宙を舞うものの、空中で半回転して裏向きになった卓袱台の下敷きになるように押しつぶされ、あまり遠くに飛ばないことが多い。ＴＶアニメ『巨人の星』において、主人公の父親は極端なスパルタ教育で知られる星一徹である。
The senior lady-in-waiting (`Rojo`) was the most senior high ranking woman serving a samurai or a noble. It is also called otoshiyori (a lady who controls the servants in O-oku) in O-oku (the inner palace of Edo Castle.)	老女（ろうじょ）とは、武家や公家で、侍女の筆頭である年長の女性のこと。また大奥の役職名である御年寄のことをいう。
Hokkai KATAYAMA (February 14, 1723 - October 19, 1790) was a Confucian and a composer of Chinese poems in Japan who lived during the middle of the Edo period. Along with Hokkai EMURA of Kyoto and Hokkai IRIE of Edo, he was referred to as the three Hokkai of three cities (Kyoto, Edo, and Osaka).	片山北海（かたやまほっかい、享保8年1月10日 (旧暦)（1723年2月14日） - 寛政2年9月12日 (旧暦)（1790年10月19日））は、江戸時代中期の日本の儒者、漢詩人である。京都の江村北海、江戸の入江北海とともに三都の三北海と称された。
Summary Starting with Song Yan Tong Bao, which was minted around the founding days, every time they changed the name of an era, they minted new coins with its name, which resulted in the variations of copper coins such as Tai Ping Tong Bao, Chun Hua Tong Bao, Zhi Dao Yuan Bao, Xian Ping Yuan Bao, Jing De Yuan Bao and X...	概要建国当初の宋通元宝にはじまり、歴代の改元のたびに、その年号をつけた新銭を鋳造したため、太平通宝・淳化元宝・至道元宝・咸平元宝・景徳元宝・祥符元宝といった銅銭が見られる。
The mining of copper mines and minting of copper coins were nationally owned and they were conducted at the government offices, such as jusenkan and jusenin.	銅山の採掘と銅銭の鋳造のは国家の経営により、鋳銭監・鋳銭院という役所で行われた。
Although mint output at the founding days was 70,000 kan annually, it grew gradually and at the time of the Shenzong Dynasty (1067 to 1085) it reached 6,000,000 kan.	建国当初の鋳造高は、年間70,000貫ほどであったが、次第に増鋳されて行き、神宗朝（1067年 - 1085年）には、6,000,000貫に達した。
Sedoka (A poem where the head is repeated) is a type of waka (Japanese poem) from the Nara Period. This type of waka can be found in "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters), "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), and "Manyoshu" (The oldest anthology of tanka).	旋頭歌（せどうか）は、奈良時代における和歌の一形式。『古事記』『日本書紀』『万葉集』などに作品が見られる。
62 Sedoka poems were included in "Manyoshu," and 35 of those were selected from 'KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro's Collection.' After "Manyoshu" the style of Sedoka declined rapidly, and few Sedoka can be found in anthologies of poetry compiled by Imperial command such as "Kokin Wakashu&q...	『万葉集』には62首の旋頭歌がおさめられ、そのうち35首までが「柿本人麻呂歌集」からのものである。『万葉集』以後は急速に衰え、『古今和歌集』以下の勅撰和歌集ではまれである。
Orikata is a term used to refer to techniques of folding a sheet of paper to wrap a gift, which is one aspect of Japanese etiquette and rules.	折形（おりかた）は、日本の礼儀作法の1つで、贈答品を包む紙の折り方に関する礼儀作法である。
The royal court in the Heian period, the Kamakura shogunate, and the Muromachi shogunate each had a special gift-related section to study Orikata, as a result of which Orikata techniques, such as Ogasawara-reiho, were developed.	平安時代の朝廷には進物所が、鎌倉幕府には進物奉行・贈物奉行が、室町幕府には折紙方が設置されて、折形を研究し、小笠原礼式などの礼法が誕生した。
Hanging "teru teru bozu," a hand-made doll made of white paper or cloth, at the front of a house in the straight position is a Japanese custom, which is believed to bring good weather for the next day. It is called various names by region, such as 'teru teru bozu,' 'tere tere bozu,' and &a...	てるてる坊主（－ぼうず）とは、日本の風習の一つであり、これを正立させた状態で軒先などに飾ると、明日の天気が晴れになると言われている。「てるてる法師」、「てれてれ坊主」、「日和坊主（ひよりぼうず）」など地域によってさまざまな呼称がある。
Some regions hang the doll upside down to pray for rain, which is also has various names like 'fure fure bozu,' 'ame ame bozu,' and 'rute rute bozu.' Moreover, it is believed that 'drawing face parts' on teru teru bozu brings rain.	一部地域などでは逆に倒立させた状態で飾ると、明日の天気が雨になると言われている（「ふれふれ坊主」「あめあめ坊主」「るてるて坊主」と言われる）。またてるてる坊主に「顔を描くと」雨になるとする。
Takenaka Mokuhan is a craft center of Japanese woodblock printings, inaugurated in 1884, with a workshop located in Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture. Its current head is Seihachi TAKENAKA.	竹中木版（たけなかもくはん　1884年創業）は、京都府京都市に工房を置く、日本の木版印刷工房。現当主は竹中清八。
Summary	概要
Heian-ji Temple is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Nichiren Sho Sect located in Ukyo-ku Ward, Kyoto City. Its sango (literally, "mountain name"), which is the title prefixed to the name of a Buddhist temple) is Hoosan (Mt. Hoo).	平安寺（へいあんじ）は、京都市右京区に所在する日蓮正宗の寺院。山号は法王山（ほうおうさん）。
The Gozanha system flourished under Soseki MUSO, to whom Takauji ASHIKAGA had paid respect; ultimately it produced many high-ranking priests, such as Myoha SHUNOKU, Shushin GIDO and Chushin ZEKKAI, thereby exerting considerable influence on the policies of the Muromachi bakufu with reverence by the successive Ashikaga ...	足利尊氏の崇敬を受けてきた夢窓疎石のもとで大きく発展し、以後も春屋妙葩・義堂周信・絶海中津などの高僧を輩出して歴代足利将軍の崇敬を受けて、室町幕府の政策にも影響を与えた。
Ojo is a methodology for becoming a Buddha, as defined by the Mahayana Buddhism.	往生（おうじょう）とは、大乗仏教の中の成仏の方法論の一つである。
Kesho is one of the four categories of birth for creatures; the others are taisho ransho, shissho and kesho.	化生とは生きものの生まれ方を胎生・卵生・湿生・化生と四種に分けた中の一つ。
Taisho: To come out of the mother's body, as with humans and animals.	胎生　人間や獣のように母の胎(からだ)から生まれる事
Ransho: To be hatched from eggs, as with birds	卵生　鳥類のように卵から生まれる事
Shissho: To come out of a moist environment, as with insects	湿生　虫のように湿気の中から生まれるもの
Kesho: To come into existence in a converted form as a consequence of one's past actions Such as celestial beings	化生　過去の業(ごう)の力で化成して生まれること。天人など
It is said that to be born in the Pure Land of Amitabha means to be reincarnated as the result of the karma that is generated in that land. Renge kesho means to be reincarnated surrounded by lotus (renge) flowers in the Pure Land of Amitabha.	極楽浄土への往生は、そこに生まれる業の力で化生すると言う。蓮華化生とは極楽浄土の蓮華の中に化生するという意味。
Original Meaning The original meaning of ojo is to go to the country of Buddha (India), be born in that land to become a Buddha, and to attain enlightenment. Thus the primary meaning of ojo is to become a Buddha but not simply to go to the Pure Land of Amitabha.	本来の意義往生の本来の意味は、仏になり悟りを開くために、仏の国に往き生まれる事である。よって、往生の本義は、ただ極楽浄土に往く事にあるのでなく、仏になる事にある。
The general meaning of 'ojo' Because when people die they are immediately reborn in the land of Buddha, ojo, as in 'gokuraku ojo' (go to paradise) and 'jodo ojo' (go to the Pure Land) generally means birth after death. Additionally, the world one goes to when he or she dies is the world of...	一般に「往生する」とは往生とは極楽往生、浄土往生といわれるように、人間が死んで仏の国に生まれるから、一般的に死後の往生の意味である。しかも、往生する世界は仏の世界であり、そこに生まれる事は成仏する事である。
It is considered that this definition of 'ojo' became further secularized, so that it meant 'to be cornered and not know what to do.'	この往生の意味が、さらに俗化して「身のおきどころがなく、おいつめられた時」を往生するとなったと考えられる。
Gakumonjo (a school) was the name of a kind of educational institution in medieval and modern times.	学問所（がくもんじょ）とは、中世・近世における教育機関の名称の1つ。
In the Edo period, 'gakumonjo' was known as the abbreviation of Shoheizaka Gakumonjo (Shoheizaka school) established by the Edo bakufu, and in addition, the name was adopted by some of the schools established by the Edo bakufu and hanko (domain schools) owned by domains.	江戸時代には、江戸幕府が設置した昌平坂学問所の略称として知られた他、江戸幕府が設置した学校や諸藩の藩校の中にもこの名称が採用されるものがあった。
When Imperial Prince Kose's father entered into the priesthood and elder brother Imperial Prince Takaoka disinherited the imperial prince after the Kusuko Incident, he was so young that he was not brought to justice. In the following year, the Imperial Prince was given 4,000 bunches of rice from both Omi and Iga P...	薬子の変で父が出家して兄・高岳親王が廃太子された際には、まだ幼少であったらしく処罰を受けていない。翌年には親王のために近江国・伊賀国両国から各4,000束のイネが叔父である嵯峨天皇から贈られている。
However, he remained in adverse circumstances after his father and uncle died; it is said that he died as the Imperial Prince without court rank in the era of Emperor Yozei, the great-great-grandson of Emperor Saga.	しかし、父や叔父の死後は不遇のままであり、嵯峨天皇の玄孫（孫の孫）である陽成天皇の時代に無品親王のままで死去したと言われている。
He adopted Arisuke who, being a son of Kagetada FUJINAMI, had been adopted by Michinaga UMETANI, and had him inherit the line of the Chigusa family.	藤波景忠の子で梅渓通条に養子に入っていた有補を養子に迎えて千種家の名跡を継がせた。
The site of Shinsen-gumi military post at Mibu	壬生新選組屯所跡
However, some people from Yamaguchi Prefecture and that area, which produced many Imperial loyalists, regard Shinsen-gumi as "a group of terrorists employed by the shogunate " (Masuo MATSUOKA, member of the House of Councilors/taken from his speech at the National Diet, during his time in office).	ただし、勤皇の志士たちを多く輩出した山口県などを出身とする人々には彼らを「幕府に雇われたテロリスト集団」として位置づける人もいる（松岡滿壽男参議院議員・当時の国会での発言より）。
They are also known for setting strict Kyokuchu Hatto (Shinsen-gumi Rules) to maintain order within Shinsen-gumi, purging those who violated the rules, and for their group flag with one kanji character, "Makoto", and original short coats with mountain-like patterns painted on the sleeves.	隊の規律維持のために厳しい局中法度を定め違反者に対し粛清を行ったことや、「誠」の一字の隊旗や袖口に山形の模様を染め抜いた独特の羽織でも知られる。
Sonobe-jo Castle is located (initially as Jinya - a government house) in Nantan City, Kyoto Prefecture.	園部城（そのべじょう）は京都府南丹市にあった城郭(当初は陣屋）である。
Summary Yoshichika KOIDE, a tozama daimyo (territorial samurai lord who swore loyalty to the Tokugawa clan after the Battle of Sekigahara when Tokugawa became shogun) whose territory was transferred there from Izushi, Tajima Province, built the castle in two years starting from 1619.	概要但馬国出石より移封された外様大名の小出吉親により、元和5年（1619年）より2年の歳月をかけ築かれた。
He surrounded the castle with a moats, with a natural river flow used in some parts of them. Now, the Kyoto Prefectural Sonobe High School is placed there, with the relics located on the premises.	川を天然の堀として利用し、加えて堀を巡らせ守りを固めた。現在は京都府立園部高等学校の敷地となり、現存する建物は敷地内にある。
Although the Koide clan was a tozama daimyo lord, its two lords gained a bakkaku position (minister-level position in the bukufu government). The bukufu system ended when Fusanao KOIDE was the 10th lord.	藩主の小出氏は外様大名ながら、藩主2人を幕閣に輩出している。 10代藩主英尚の時に幕末を迎えている。
Kawatabime is considered to have been a wife of Emperor Suizei and a mother of Emperor Annei.	カワマタビメは、綏靖天皇の皇后で安寧天皇の母とされる人物。
She was from the line of ancestor of Shikino agatanushi and is called Kawamatabime in "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters). She was a younger sister of Shikino agatanushi hae (a father of Akutohime who became a wife of Emperor Annei). Dates of birth and death are unknown.	『古事記』では河俣毘売といい、師木県主の祖先である家系の出身。師木県主波延（安寧天皇皇后、阿久斗比売の父）の妹。生没年不詳。
She is called Kawamatahime in the volume one of the first book of "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), and a daughter of Shikinoagatanushi.	『日本書紀』第1の一書では川派媛といい、磯城県主の娘。
Kawamatabime does not appear in body of the book and the first volume of the second book of Nihonshoki, and in body of the book, Isuzuyori hime no mikoto is considered to have been a wife of Emperor Suizei, while in the first volume of the second book, Itoorihime, a daughter of Kasugano agatanushi Ohimoro is considered...	なお、『日本書紀』本文と第2の一書ではカワマタビメは登場せず、本文では五十鈴依媛命、第2の一では春日県主大日諸の娘である糸織媛が綏靖天皇の皇后とされる。
It is understood that she was one of Kesshi-Hachidai (Eight Undocumented Sovereigns) and was a nonexistent empress.	欠史八代のため実在しないと考えられている。
Shimei-dori Street is a street running east-west through the north part of Kita Ward, Kyoto City. It runs west and slightly toward the north from Kamo kaido and turns south to connect to Horikawa-dori Street. There is little traffic because of the short extension.	紫明通（しめいどおり）は京都市北区 (京都市)南部の東西の通りの一つ。加茂街道から西やや南へ向い、南に曲がって堀川通に接続する。延長が短いため交通量は少ない。
Originally it was a part of a route for the Lake Biwa Canal, now filled, which went through Horikawa from Keage to Matsugasaki via Shimogamo, and under the Kamo-gawa River using a siphon. Like Horikawa-dori and Gojo-dori Street, its width is wide due to firefighting facilities which were installed to support forced eva...	もともとは、蹴上から松ヶ崎、下鴨を経て、賀茂川をサイフォンでくぐり、堀川へ抜ける琵琶湖疏水分線の経路の一部であったが、現在水路は埋め立てられている。第二次世界大戦中の防火帯設置のための強制疎開により、堀川通や五条通と同様に道幅は広い。
At present, the water park which uses water divided from Lake Biwa Canal is under construction. The plan is to divert water to Horikawa, thereby reviving it.	現在、琵琶湖疏水分線の水を使った親水公園を中央分離帯に建設中である。水は堀川に流され、堀川の水流を復活させる予定である。
Public Transportation A Kyoto City Bus line exists between Kamo kaido and Karasuma-dori Street.	公共交通加茂街道と烏丸通の間には京都市営バスの路線がある。
In 1098 Ishi was admitted to the court with the title of Nyogo (the third highest rank of Imperial consorts). In 1100 she was awarded the rank of Jushiinoge (Junior Forth Rank, Lower Grade).	承徳2年（1098年）堀河天皇に入内、女御の宣旨を受ける。康和2年（1100年）従四位下。
In 1103 she died in childbirth, having given birth to the Premier Prince Munehito (later Emperor Toba). In the same year she was posthumously promoted to the rank of Junii (Junior Second Rank). In 1108, with the accession of Emperor Toba, she was posthumously designated as the Empress Dowager.	康和5年（1103年）第一皇子宗仁親王（鳥羽天皇）を出産するが、難産のため死去。同年従二位を追贈。嘉承2年（1108年）鳥羽天皇の即位で皇太后を追贈。
Daidoruijuho was a unique Koiho (school of ancient medicine) document compiled in Japan in 808 during the early Heian period, while it was also the oldest government-designated pharmacopoeia. There are one hundred volumes in total.	大同類聚方（だいどうるいじゅほう）は、平安時代初期の大同_(日本)3年（808年）に編纂された日本における唯一の古医方の医学書であるとともに、最古の国定薬局方でもある。全100巻。
Worthy of note, however, is that the information in the existing books is accurate. The classical medicine researcher Sachiko MAKI is famous as the translator and interpreter for the entire Daidoruijuho.	但し、現存する書物の記述の内容は正しい。全訳精解者として古典医学研究家の槙佐知子氏が有名。
The theory of 'expelling the barbarians' (Joi ron) was a view that prevailed in Japan during the end of the Edo period and aims to expel foreigners from Japan. In other words, the theory supported the expulsion of foreigners from Japan by force. It was originally a word used during the Chunqiu era of China.	攘夷論（じょういろん）は、日本に於いては、江戸時代末期に広まった考えで、夷人（外国人）をしりぞける。つまり外国人を実力行使で排斥しようという思想。元は中国の春秋時代の言葉。
This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, exp...	帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近（侵略・進出・植民地化）により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中（鎖国体制下の社会）を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
Because there was no eligible successor in the Saionji family, they reluctantly adopted Sanesuke SAIONJI who was the second son of Kanpaku (Chief Adviser to the Emperor) Fusasuke TAKATSUKASA; Consequently Sanetsune became heir to the Saionji Family. Incidentally, Sanesuke also died young.	西園寺家には相続人がいなくなったので、やむなく関白鷹司房輔の次男の西園寺実輔を養子縁組に迎えて西園寺家を相続させることとなった。ちなみにこの実輔も早世する。
"Eikyoki" is an account of war that covers the incidents ranging from the Eikyo War and Yuki War in the Muromachi period to the political circumstances in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region). Confirmed by various historical materials, the contents are said to be accurate and reliable...	『永享記』（えいきょうき）は、室町時代の永享の乱・結城合戦からその後の東国情勢を描いた軍記である。内容は諸史料と比較しても正確で信頼性が高いとされ、現在まで多くの歴史学研究で利用されている。
Kaichigo' refers to a type of Japanese spirit appearing in "Hyakki Tsurezurebukuro Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro' (One hundred bags in idleness), collections of ghosts, spirits, spooks and monsters, described by Sekien TORIYAMA. Tsukumogami (the spirits of discarded object) of 'Kaioke' (a bucket for ...	貝児（かいちご）は、鳥山石燕の妖怪画集『百器徒然袋』にある日本の妖怪。貝桶（かいおけ）の付喪神。
Mimimotoji, also referred to as Mimomonotoji (year of birth and death unknown) was a female who lived in the Asuka period. She is considered to be as one of the Emperor Kobun's wives. Her father was FUJIWARA no Kamatari. Her mother was unknown.	耳面刀自（みみもとじ、みみものとじ、生没年未詳）は飛鳥時代の女性。弘文天皇の妃の一人であったとされている。父は藤原鎌足。母は未詳。
She disappeared completely after the Jinshin War. However, in present Chiba Prefecture, there are several of shrines and temples with the legend which Mimimotoji was believed to be dead in their premises after escaping from Omo no miya.	壬申の乱以後の消息は全く不明。但し、現在の千葉県には彼女が近江宮から落ち延び、この地で亡くなったとする伝説を伝える寺社仏閣が複数存在する。
Kaiuso Garden (the former residence of Katsutaro INABATA) is a garden that was made in present-day Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, by Jihei OGAWA the seventh, commonly called Ueji (a pioneer gardener of modern Japanese gardens).	何有荘（かいうそう）（旧稲畑勝太郎邸）は、七代小川治兵衛（近代日本庭園の先駆者とされる庭師）通称植治が作り上げた京都市左京区にある庭園。
It was sold to Tsutaya Corporation, a real estate company located in Osaka, at an auction held in 2006. The situation continues up to today.	2006年に大阪の不動産業者株式会社津多家が落札。現在に至る。
Fudai genin were also called Fudai hokonin (servant and hereditary vassal) and meant genin (servants who served their masters as slaves) and hokonin (a servant) who were in personal slavery and served their master by providing roeki (labor service) as Fudai permanently and patrimonially in the agricultural community of...	譜代下人（ふだいげにん）とは、譜代奉公人（ふだいほうこうにん）とも呼ばれ、近世農村において主家に人身的な隷属にあり、譜代として永代・世襲的に労役を提供する形によって奉公した下人・奉公人を指す。
An old custom, Fudai genin (in other words, Keho) ended in the Meiji period since the release of social status and the prohibition of naming were issued in an ordinance in 1872.	明治に入ると、旧来の慣習である譜代下人（家抱）は、身分の解禁および呼称の禁止が1872年の法令で発せられ、終焉を迎えた。
Hokke-do Hall, abbreviation of Hokke Sanmaido Hall, is a Buddhist temple in which Tendai-shu sect's Hokekyo sanmai no gyo (religious austerities to concentrate on the Lotus Sutra in Buddhism) is performed. A Buddhist temple in which Hokke-e (Lotus Sutra ceremony) is held is also called Hokke-do Hall (example: Hokk...	法華堂（ほっけどう）は、法華三昧堂の略で天台宗の法華経三昧の行 (仏教)を行う仏堂のことである。また、法華会を行う堂も法華堂という（例：東大寺法華堂・通称「三月堂」）。
Hokkezanmai is a Hangyo hanza sanmai (religious austerities with concentration, which combines a standing-style one and a sitting-style one), one of Shishuzanmai (the Four kinds of samadhi) in Tendai-shu sect, that is based on Hoke-kyo Sutra and performed for 37 days.	法華三昧は、天台宗における四種三昧の1つである半行半坐三昧のうち、法華経に基づいて行われるもので37日間行われる行である。
Later, Hokke-do changed to mean a hall that is built in graveyards of the Imperial family and nobility.	その後、法華堂は皇族や貴族などの墓所などに立てられる堂を指すようになった。
Toyomori MIYAGI (1554 - 1620), written as 宮城豊盛 in Japanese, was a Japanese military commander who lived from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the Edo period.	宮城豊盛（みやぎとよもり、1554年（天文 (元号)23年） - 1620年（元和 (日本)6年））は、安土桃山時代から江戸時代までの武将。
His family name is also written as 宮木 in Japanese, but some people write it as 宮本 by mistake. He was also generally called Chojiro or Choji. He was adopted by Katayoshi MIYAGI, and then he served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI. In 1599, he was appointed Tanba no kami (Governor of Tanba Province) with the rank of Jugoinoge (Junior ...	宮木とも書かれるが、宮本と間違えられることもある。通称、長次郎、長次ともいわれる。宮城賢祐の養子で、豊臣秀吉に仕える。慶長4年（1599年）従五位下丹波守に任官。
In 1594, he was also appointed as a local governor of a 20,000 koku (also said to have been 40,000 koku) kurairichi (land directly held by a daimyo) extending over Hita City and Kusu County. In 1598, after Hideyoshi died during the Keicho Campaign, he took charge of the withdrawal of officers and men who were at the wa...	文禄3年（1594年）には日田市・玖珠郡二万石（四万石とも）の蔵入地代官を務めた。慶長3年（1598年）慶長の役の最中に秀吉が没した後、徳川家康より命を受け、李氏朝鮮へ戦役中の将兵の撤兵を指導した。
In 1600, he fought on Mitsunari ISHIDA's side at the Battle of Sekigahara, but he went to fight on Ieyasu's side after being defeated because Ieyasu guaranteed him his territory.	慶長5年（1600年）関ヶ原の戦いでは、石田三成方に付き敗戦後は、家康に所領を安堵されたことにより家康につく。
In 1619, he was appointed as the Fushin Bugyo (Minister of Civil Engineering and Construction Office) of Chion-in Temple, which was located in Kyoto. In 1620, he died at the age of 67 in Kyoto.	元和5年（1619年）京都知恩院の普請奉行を務めている。翌、同6年（1620年）京都にて67歳で没している。
Hikari-beni, also referred to as tsuya-beni (which literally means "shiny red") is pigment made by separating the coloring matter of safflowers with plum vinegar. This is also called hon-beni (which literally means "true red"). This was formerly used as a red cosmetic for the lips, and high-quality ...	艶紅（ひかりべに・つやべに）とは、紅花の色素を梅酢で分離した顔料のこと。本紅ともいう。古くは口紅としても使われ、特に上質のものは京都で精製されたため「京紅」とも呼ぶ。
The appearance of dried beni changes depending on the angle of light, because the purity of beni's red coloring matter is so high that it absorbs red light and it shines with green, which is the opposite color of red. It becomes red when it absorbs some water, but it eventually returns to the iridescent-like color...	純度が高い赤い色素故に赤い光を吸収してしまい、反対色である緑色の輝きを放つため、乾燥した状態では玉虫色に見える。水を含ませると赤色になるが、唇などに塗り重ねると、やはり、玉虫色かかった色になる。
When using beni, people used a wet thin cosmetic lipbrush to mix it with water little by little and applied the dissolved beni to the lips, or they sometimes directly used their third fingers to apply beni to their lips. Therefore the third finger was sometimes called 'benisashi yubi' (which literally means &...	使用する際は、水を含ませた化粧用の細い紅筆で少しずつ紅を溶きながら唇に塗り重ねてゆくか、直接指で紅を取ることもあった。そのため昔は薬指のことを「紅指し指」と呼んだ事もある。
Sadayoshi SUGANUMA is a fudai daimyo (feudal lord in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) in the early Edo period. The second lord of Nagashima Domain, Ise Province. Later, after completing the role as the lord of Zeze Domain in Omi Province, he became the first lord of the Kameyama Domain of Tanba Province.	菅沼定芳（すがぬまさだよし）は、江戸時代前期の譜代大名。伊勢国長島藩の第2代藩主。後に近江国膳所藩主を経て、丹波亀山藩の初代藩主となる。
He was born in 1587 as a sixth son of Sadamitsu SUGANUMA at the Noda Castle, Shirata District (Mikawa Province).	天正15年（1587年）、菅沼定盈の6男として三河国設楽郡野田城_(三河国)にて生まれる。
From 1604 he served for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and after Ieyasu's retirement, he served for Hidetada TOKUGAWA. Since Sadayori SUGANUMA, the first lord of the Nagashima Domain, who was an elder brother uterine, died in 1606, he succeeded as head of the family and became the second lord of Nagashima Domain.	慶長9年（1604年）から徳川家康に仕え、家康が隠居した後は徳川秀忠に仕えた。慶長11年（1606年）、同母兄で長島藩の初代藩主であった菅沼定仍が死去したため、家督を継いで長島藩の第2代藩主となる。
Kantojo (官途状) is a letter which was used after the Muromachi period which stated, that a vassal who distinguished himself in a battle was allowed by his lord to use a specific government post as his private name. It is also known as kanto no kakidashi or juryo no kakidashi.	官途状（かんとじょう）とは、室町時代以降、主君が武功を挙げた家臣に対して特定の官職を私称することを許した書状のことである。官途書出、受領書出とも。
As might be expected, however, such name could not be used at official places like the Imperial Court or the bakufu (Japanese feudal government), so with the intention to avoid privately using the government post names, a custom was born to use abbreviations of official government posts. It became popular among samurai...	しかし、さすがに朝廷や幕府など公式な場で用いるわけにはいかず、官途私称を憚る目的から、正式な官途名を工夫して、略して称する習慣が生まれた。これが武士の間で広まり百官名、東百官という名乗りに派生していくこととなった。
After the Edo period, the custom remained among samurai families who once lost the position of daimyo during the end of mediaeval period to issue Kantojo mainly to their old retainer who stayed in villages.	江戸時代になると、中世末に一度没落し大名の地位を失った武士の家系などで、主に名主となって農村に残った旧臣たちに対して、官途状を発給する習慣が残った。
Hoshu KATSURAGAWA (1826 - September 25, 1881) was a doctor and Dutch scholar. His name was Kunioki and commonly called as Hoshu.	桂川甫周（かつらがわほしゅう、1826年（文政9年）- 1881年（明治14年）9月25日）は、医師及び蘭学者。名は国興（くにおき）であり、甫周は通称である。
His father was Hoken the sixth, and he had a daughter, Mine IMAIZUMI (a novelist who wrote "Nagori no Yume").	父は6代目である甫賢、娘に今泉みね（名ごりの夢を著した作家）。
Shikibu TAKABATAKE (1785 to May 28, 1881) was a female poet from the late shogunate period of Japan to the early Meiji era. Her real name was Tomi. Shikibu was a pen name.	高畠式部（たかばたけしきぶ、天明5年（1785年） - 明治14年（1881年）5月28日）は、日本の幕末期から明治初期にかけての女性歌人。本名は刀美。式部は雅号である。
She was born in a merchant family in Matsusaka of Ise-no-kuni Province.	伊勢国松坂の商家に生まれる。
She learnt poetry of the Keien house from Kageki KAGAWA, and was apprenticed under Arikoto CHIGUSA after Kageki passed away. Besides Japanese poetry, she also studied paintings and writings, sculpture, lute, Shinto flute, tea ceremony, and so on.	香川景樹から桂園流の歌を学び、景樹の歿後は千種有功に師事。和歌以外に書画、彫刻、琵琶、笙、茶道等も学んだ。
Among her poem collections were "Mugi no Yashu" (Poems of Wheat House), "Shikibu Rengetsu Nijo Wakashu" (Japanese poem collection by the two ladies: Shikibu and Rengetsu), etc.	歌集に、『麦の舎集』、『式部蓮月二女和歌集』などがある。
Her grave is the Choraku-ji Temple (Ji-shu Sect) of Odai-san Mountain, located in 636 Maruyama-cho, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City.	墓は、京都市東山区円山町626の時宗寺院、黄台山長楽寺にある。
Okaru (1684 - November 23, 1713) was a concubine of Kuranosuke OISHI when he was hidden in Yamashina. In certain books, her name was written as '於可留' or '梶.'	お軽（おかる、貞享2年（1684年） - 正徳 (日本)3年10月6日 (旧暦)（1713年11月23日））は山科に潜伏していた頃の大石内蔵助の妾。｢於可留｣または｢梶｣と記す書もある。
She is the model for Okaru in "Kanadehon Chushingura" (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), but in this story, she is a girlfriend of Kanpei HAYANO (Sanpei KAYANO is the model) and a younger sister of Heiemon TERAOKA (Kichiemon TERASAKA is the model) and such plot is usually used in other works.	なお『仮名手本忠臣蔵』に登場するお軽のモデルは彼女だが、この作品の中では早野勘平（萱野三平がモデル）の恋人で、寺岡平右衛門（寺坂吉右衛門がモデル）の妹ということになっており、その他の創作でもこの設定で描かれることが多い。
Jimmu tosei (Eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu) is a tale in Japanese myth of the expedition of the first Kamuyamatoiwarebiko (Emperor Jinmu) of the Imperial family who departed from Hyuga, conquered Yamato and succeeded to Kashiwara no Miya (palace at Kashihara).	神武東征（じんむとうせい）は、天皇家の初代カムヤマトイワレビコ（神武天皇）が日向を発ち、大和を征服して橿原宮で即位するまでの日本神話の説話である。
Some understand that this is completely fictitious, while others believe that this myth is based on the historical fact that a power in Kyushu moved to Yamato to build the Yamato Dynasty. It seems difficult to prove Jimmu tosei academically unless trustworthy written documents of the time are found.	この神話の解釈としては、全くの創作であるという説と、九州にあった勢力が大和に移ってきてヤマト王権を築いたという史実を神話化して伝えたものであるという説がある。信用すべき同時代の文字資料が現れない限り、神武東征を学問的に立証するのは困難であろう。
A similarity to the later Empress Jingu and her son Emperor Ojin is pointed out because in both stories an emperor in Kyushu conquered Yamato. A mythologist Shoei MISHINA also pointed out the similarity to the myth of national foundation of Goguryeo (kingdom of Korea).	九州にいた天皇が大和を制圧するという点で、後の神功皇后・応神天皇母子との類似性が指摘される事がある。また神話学者の三品彰英により、高句麗の建国神話との類似が指摘されている。
By the order of Takagi no kami, yatagarasu (Japanese mythological big crow) was sent as a guide to lead from Kumano to Uda in Yamato Province.	また、高木神の命令で八咫烏が遣わされ、その案内で熊野から大和の宇陀に至った。
In Uda, they met brothers Eukashi and Otoukashi. Kamuyamatoiwarebiko sent the yatakarasu first to ask the brothers whether they would serve him or not, but the older brother Eukashi shot a whistling arrowhead to chase the bird away.	宇陀には兄宇迦斯（エウカシ）・弟宇迦斯（オトウカシ）の兄弟がいた。まず八咫烏を遣わして、カムヤマトイワレビコに仕えるかどうか尋ねさせたが、兄のエウカシは鳴鏑を射て追い返してしまった。
When the army reached Oshisaka, Yasotakeru (numerous fighters) of Tsuchigumo were waiting for them. Kamuyamatoiwarebiko gave them a feast and made them accompanied by 80 cooks who secretly had swords. On a sign, they killed Yasotakeru all together.	忍坂の地まで来たとき、土雲の八十建（数多くの勇者）が待ち構えていた。そこでカムヤマトイワレビコは八十建に御馳走を与え、八十建に対して80人の調理人をつけ、調理人に刀をしのばせた。そして合図とともに一斉に打ち殺した。

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