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He was posted to Samurai-dokoro tonin (Governor of the Board of Retainers) of the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1381 and worked there for three years. He succeeded to the head of the family after his father Norimitsu's death in 1388, and became Shugo (provincial constable) of both Mikawa no kuni (Mikawa Province) and Wakasa no kuni (Wakasa Province). | 永徳元年/弘和元年（1381年）、足利幕府の侍所頭人に任じられ、3年間同職を務める。 嘉慶 (日本)2年/元中5年（1388年）、父・範光の死により家督を継ぎ、三河国・若狭国両国の守護となる。 |
He died on July 1, 1406. His hogo (a Buddhist name) is Chokei-ji Daiyu Shinsho. | 応永13年（1406年）6月7日死去。 法号は長慶寺大勇信将。 |
Mimurodo Station, located in Todo-deguchi, Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture, is a stop on the Keihan Uji Line, which is operated by Keihan Electric Railway. | 三室戸駅（みむろどえき）は、京都府宇治市菟道出口にある、京阪電気鉄道京阪宇治線の鉄道駅。 |
Kaizu-osaki is a shore reef area jutting out into Lake Biwa located in Makino-cho, Takashima City, Shiga Prefecture and it is one of Biwako Hakkei (Eight Views of Lake Biwa). | 海津大崎（かいづおおさき）は滋賀県高島市マキノ町にある、琵琶湖にせり出した岩礁地帯で、琵琶湖八景の一つ。 |
Fujibakama is one of the 54 chapters of "The Tale of Genji." It is the 30th chapter. The title of this chapter was derived from the waka poem that Yugiri composed: 'I am thoroughwort laden with dew and in the same field as you are; Please have pity on me.' | 藤袴（ふじばかま）は、『源氏物語』五十四帖の巻名のひとつ。 第30帖。 巻名は夕霧 (源氏物語)が詠んだ和歌「同じ野の露にやつるる藤袴あはれはかけよかことばかりも」に因む。 |
Summary Hikaru Genji, age 37, in autumn. | あらすじ 光源氏37歳の秋の話。 |
The period of mourning ended, and it was decided that Tamakazura would enter the service in October. Her suitors would not give up, though, and sent letters; Higekuro and Hotaru Hyobukyonomiya were especially infatuated with her. Out of all of them, Tamakazura only replied to Hotaru Hyobukyonomiya. | 喪が明けて、玉鬘の出仕は10月に決定した。 求婚者たちからは諦めきれない文が届き、とりわけ髭黒や蛍兵部卿宮は熱心だった。 玉鬘はその中で、蛍兵部卿宮だけに返事を送った。 |
Fumimichi KOGA (1810 - 1818) was a retainer of Imperial Court who lived during the latter half of the Edo period. He became jiju (chamberlain) at the rank of Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade). His father was Michiaki KOGA, Naidaijin (minister of the Interior). His mother was the daughter of Harutoshi HOSOKAWA, lord of the Kumamoto Domain. | 久我志通（こが ふみみち、文化 (日本)7年（1810年）‐文政元年（1818年））は、江戸時代後期の廷臣。 官位は正四位下侍従。 父は内大臣久我通明。 母は熊本藩主細川治年の娘。 |
He died young, at the age of nine. Takemichi KOGA, the son adopted from the Ichijo family, inherited the line of the Koga family. | 9歳で夭折した。 一条家からの養子久我建通が久我家の名跡を継いだ。 |
This section on "Town Names in Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City", lists official "Town Names" in Yamashina Ward and summarizes the period and process of their establishment. | 本項京都市山科区の町名（きょうとしやましなくのちょうめい）では、同区内に存在する公称町名を一覧化するとともに、その成立時期・成立過程等について概説する。 |
Senhime (May 26, 1597 to March 11, 1666) was a woman of the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods, who was the primary wife of Hideyori TOYOTOMI and later of Tadatoki HONDA. Her father was Hidetada TOKUGAWA and her mother was Oeyo no kata (Sugenin), Hidetada's primary wife. Senhime's Buddhist name was Tenjuin. | 千姫（せんひめ、慶長2年4月11日 (旧暦)（1597年5月26日） - 寛文6年2月6日 (旧暦)（1666年3月11日））は、安土桃山時代から江戸時代の女性で、豊臣秀頼・本多忠刻の正室である。 父は徳川秀忠、母は正室のお江与の方（崇源院）。 号は天樹院。 |
Kyoto Tourism Culture Certification Test, for `Kyoto Expert Certification,' is a certification test covering knowledge about a particular place that is held by the Kyoto Chamber of Commerce. | 京都・観光文化検定（きょうとかんこうぶんかけんてい）通称「京都検定」とは、京都商工会議所が主催するご当地検定である。 |
It has been annually held since 2004. It had been getting attention through reports generated by the mass media long before the first certification test was held. A flood of applications, not only from around Kyoto, but also from all over Japan for the certification test were received, which spurred certification testing for a particular place to be spread throughout Japan. | 2004年より毎年1回行われている。 その実施の相当以前よりマスメディアに取り上げられる等注目を浴びた。 京都近隣だけでなく全国から応募が殺到したことをきっかけとなり、ご当地検定が全国へひろがる契機となった。 |
Its Sanma yagyo (characteristic of the Buddha) is a medicine vase or a bowl containing pills. Its shuji (characteristic one syllable word) (Esoteric Buddhism) (shuji) is bhai, the initials of its name. | 三昧耶形は薬壷または丸薬の入った鉢。 種子 (密教)（種字）は尊名のイニシャルのバイ(bhai)。 |
In 1142, he was transferred from the Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education), promoted to Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) and appointed the ushoshi (Junior Secretary of the Right). In 1147 he was promoted to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), and appointed the Sadaishi (Senior Secretary of the Left). | 大学寮から、康治元年（1142年）正六位・右少史に任じられる。 久安3年（1147年）、従五位下・左大史に任ぜられる。 |
Chodai is a tent-shaped screen with about 242 square centimeters which was built as a nobility's living room or bedroom. It was also called michodai or micho. | 帳台（ちょうだい）は、貴人の座所や寝所として置かれた8尺四方のテント型の目隠し。 御帳台（みちょうだい）、御帳とも。 |
His father was Masashige KOIDE, a vassal of the Oda clan. His family claimed to be originated from the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan. | 父は小出政重（正重）といい、織田氏の家臣であった。 その出自は藤原南家と称する。 |
Empire Day was established as a national holiday on which, according to "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), Emperor Jinmu ascended the throne. In 1873 it was designated to be celebrated on February 11. It was formerly one of the four major festivals (shidaisetsu). | 紀元節（きげんせつ）は、『日本書紀』が伝える神武天皇の即位日として定めた祝日。 1873年（明治6年）に、2月11日と定められた。 かつての祝祭日の中の四大節の一つ。 |
In this portion, an overview of the governance in pre-modern times will be given, especially under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) which was abolished. Refer to the modern Japanese bureaucratic system for modern administrative system, and the Japanese state institution for the current administrative system, respectively. | 日本の官制（にほんのかんせい）では、日本の前近代､とくに律令制期の廃止された統治機構について概観する。 なお近代の官制は近代日本の官制を､現在の官制については日本の国家機関を参照。 |
Before the ritsuryo system (Taiho Code) Before the ritsuryo system, no systematic bureaucracy was established. | 律令制（大宝律令）以前 律令制以前において、体系的な官制は整備されていない。 |
After the ritsuryo system (the Taiho Code) Refer to the "ritsuryo system" for the ritsuryo system, "official court rank" for official rank system, and "Ikai (Court rank)" for Ikai, respectively. | 律令制（大宝律令）以後 律令制についての詳細は律令制を、官位制についての詳細は官位を、位階についての詳細は位階を、それぞれ参照。 |
System of government in the ritsuryo system, and particularly government posts are explained below. | 以下は、律令制の中の官制、特に官職について説明する。 |
Niiharino kuninomiyatsuko (also known as Niiharikokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the west part of Hitachi Province. | 新治国造（にいはりのくにのみやつこ・にいはりこくぞう)は常陸国西部を支配した国造。 |
Onri HAYASHI (March 3, 1831 - January 30, 1906) was a Rono (Tokunoka [a well-experienced, exemplary good farmer]) and leader of agricultural techniques, who was born in Fukuoka Prefecture. He was also known as a founder of private schools, Kosansha and Kannosha. | 林遠里（はやし おんり、1831年3月8日（天保2年1月24日（旧暦）） - 1906年（明治39年）1月30日）は、福岡県生まれの老農（篤農家）・農業技術指導者。 私塾・興産社・勧農社の創始者としても知られる。 |
The grave of Onri HAYASHI was in Irube region, where the 100th death anniversary of Onri HAYASHI was held in 2005 and the fourth grade students (for two classrooms) at Irube elementary school of the time joined rice planting. | 林遠里の墓地は入部地域にあり、2005年には、林遠里100年際が行われ、当時の入部小学校の4年生（2クラス）が田植えに参加した。 |
Biography and Achievements In 1831, he was born in Fukuoka City, Sawara County, as the second son of Chokunai HAYASHI, a feudal retainer of Fukuoka Domain and instructor of gun shooting. | 来歴・業績 1831年 福岡藩士・銃術指南役林直内の次男として早良郡福岡市に生まれる。 |
In 1865, he was appointed a trainer of gun shooting at Fukuoka Domain. | 1865年 福岡藩・銃術指導方に任ぜられる。 |
In 1868, he was appointed a squad commander of Kanko-tai. | 1868年 観光隊分隊司令官に任ぜられる。 |
In 1869, he was assigned to Shosakan (Junior clerk) of Juhoso (gunnery division) and became in charge of manufacturing gunpowder, and he started working in Nakagawa-machi, Naka County (Chikuzen Province) (Fukuoka Prefecture). | 1869年 銃砲曹少属火薬製造担当に任ぜられ、那珂郡 (筑前国)那珂川町 (福岡県)勤務となる。 |
In 1870, he was assigned to Ihogata (department in charge of casting cannon) and given the semi 15th grade. | 1870年 鋳砲方仕準拾五等となる。 |
In 1871, he resigned the position at the Domain, and returned to Fukuoka City, Sawara County to farm. | 1871年 依願免職により藩職を辞し、早良郡福岡市に帰農。 |
In 1877, based on his experiences in agricultural experiments, he issued the first edition of "Kanno Shinsho". | 1877年 農業試験の経験に基づき、『勧農新書』初版を発行。 |
In 1879, he founded a private school, Kosansha. | 1879年 私塾・興産社を設立。 |
In 1881, he participated in the second National Industrial Exhibition and attended the first Zenkoku Nodan-kai (national agricultural meeting), and published the reprint edition of "Kanno Shinsho". | 1881年 第2回内国勧業博覧会への出展、第1回全国農談会出席、加筆の上で『勧農新書』再版を発行。 |
In 1882, he travelled around Nagasaki Prefecture to provide agricultural trainings. | 1882年 農業指導のため長崎県へ出張巡回。 |
In 1884, he made lectures traveling around Ishikawa Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture. | 1884年 石川県・富山県で巡回演説。 |
In 1885, he made lectures traveling around Ishikawa Prefecture, Tottori Prefecture and Niigata Prefecture. | 1885年 石川県・鳥取県・新潟県で巡回演説。 |
In 1886, he made lectures traveling around Ishikawa Prefecture, Tottori Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture, Yamaguchi Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture. | 1886年 石川県・鳥取県・広島県・山口県・京都府で巡回演説。 |
In 1887, he founded a private school, Kannosha, and made lectures traveling around Yamaguchi Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture, Shimane Prefecture, Kochi Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Ishikawa Prefecture and Fukui Prefecture. | 1887年 私塾・勧農社設立、山口県・広島県・島根県・高知県・京都府・石川県・福井県で巡回演説。 |
In 1888, he made lectures traveling around Kyoto Prefecture, Tottori Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture. | 1888年 京都府・鳥取県・広島県・大阪府・愛知県・岐阜県で巡回演説。 |
In 1889, he travelled to Western countries, as he was assigned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce (Japan) to an exhibition attendant at Hamburg Industrial Exhibition in Germany, as well as to have an agricultural study tour to Germany, France, the United States of America, India and Vietnam. | 1889年 農商務省 (日本)よりドイツ・ハンブルク港商業博覧会での出品説明委員およびドイツ・フランス・アメリカ合衆国・インド・ベトナムにおける農業視察を任ぜられ洋行。 |
In 1890, he made lectures traveling around Aichi Prefecture, Miyagi Prefecture, Fukushima prefecture and Ehime Prefecture. | 1890年 愛知県・宮城県・福島県・愛媛県で巡回演説。 |
In 1891, he made lectures traveling around Tottori Prefecture, Tochigi Prefecture, Fukushima prefecture, Okayama Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture and Kagawa Prefecture. | 1891年 鳥取県・栃木県・福島県・岡山県・京都府・滋賀県・香川県で巡回演説。 |
In 1892, he made lectures traveling around Kagawa Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture. | 1892年 香川県・愛知県・岐阜県で巡回演説。 |
In 1894, he made lectures traveling around Miyagi Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture and Wakayama Prefecture. | 1894年 宮城県・富山県・和歌山県で巡回演説。 |
In 1895, he made lectures traveling around Shizuoka Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture and Aomori Prefecture. | 1895年 静岡県・長野県・青森県で巡回演説。 |
In 1896, he made lectures traveling around Okayama Prefecture. | 1896年 岡山県で巡回演説。 |
From 1897 to 1898, he made lectures traveling around Kagawa Prefecture | 1897年～1898年 香川県で巡回演説。 |
From 1899 to 1901, he made lectures traveling around Kumamoto Prefecture. | 1899年～1901年 熊本県で巡回演説。 |
In 1906, he died of bronchial catarrhal inflammation. | 1906年 気管支カタル性炎症により死亡。 |
Books "Kanno Shinsho"(first edition; reprint edition) | 著書 『勧農新書』(初版・再版) |
Background | 経緯 |
Bukkaku-ji Temple is a temple of the Nichiren-shoshu sect located in Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture. Its sango (literally, "mountain name"), which is the title prefixed to the name of a Buddhist temple, is Shotokusan. | 仏覚寺（ぶっかくじ）は、奈良県橿原市に所在する日蓮正宗の寺院。 山号は所得山（しょとくさん）。 |
Origin and history | 起源と歴史 |
September 12, 1981 - founded The patron of the temple in its founding was Nikken Shonin, the 67th head priest of Nichiren-shoshu Taiseki-ji Temple. | 1981年（昭和56年）9月12日 - 建立される。 開基は日蓮正宗大石寺第67世法主日顕上人。 |
Address | 所在地 |
813-1 Kawanishi-cho, Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture | 奈良県橿原市川西町813-1 |
Surrounding area | 寺院周辺 |
Niizawa Senzuka burial mounds | 新沢千塚古墳 |
Nara Prefectural Kashihara High School | 奈良県立橿原高等学校 |
Access | 交通アクセス |
20 minute walk from Kashihara-jingumae Station on Kintetsu Kashihara line and Kintetsu Minami Osaka line. | 近鉄橿原線・近鉄南大阪線 橿原神宮前駅から徒歩20分 |
Myoho (Saddharma in Sanskrit) means the first victorious and mysterious dharma in Buddhism. | 妙法（みょうほう、サンスクリット語：Saddharma）とは、仏教において第一の最勝で不可思議なる法をいう。 |
Kansan (year of birth and death unknown) was a monk during the Heian Period. There is a theory that he was an imaginary figure. His name was also written as 寛算 (Kansan and his usual name is written as 桓算). | 桓算（かんさん、生没年不詳）は、平安時代の僧侶。 架空説もある。 寛算とも。 |
Sakyo Ward is one of the eleven wards that constitute Kyoto City. | 左京区（さきょうく）は、京都市を構成する11区のうちのひとつ。 |
Summary It was separated from Kamigyo Ward in 1929 to become a new ward. | 概要 1929年（昭和4年）に上京区から分区して成立。 |
Located in the northeast part of Kyoto City, Sakyo Ward borders Otsu City of Shiga Prefecture on the east side, borders Higashiyama Ward and Yamashina Ward on the south side across Sanjo-dori Street and borders Nantan City of Kyoto Prefecture and Takashima City of Shiga Prefecture on the north side. | 京都市の東北部を占め、東は滋賀県大津市に接し、南は三条通をはさんで東山区、山科区に、北は南丹市、滋賀県高島市に接している。 |
Within the ward, such streets as Kawabata-dori Street, Higashi Oji-dori Street and Shirakawa-dori Street run in the north-south direction. | 区内には川端通、東大路通、白川通などの通りが南北に走っている。 |
Famous temples and shrines, such as Ginkaku-ji Temple, Nanzen-ji Temple, Shimogamo-jinja Shrine and Heian-jingu Shrine, are located in this ward. In the northern part of the ward, Kurama-dera Temple, Kifune-jinja Shrine, Sanzen-in Temple, the site where Tomomi IWAKURA was once confined, and Shugakuin Rikyu (Shugakuin Imperial Villa) are also located. | 有名な寺社としては銀閣寺・南禅寺・下鴨神社・平安神宮がある。 また北部には鞍馬寺・貴船神社・三千院・岩倉具視幽閉跡・修学院離宮などがある。 |
In the past, women called "Oharame" sometimes came from Yase Ohara to this area to sell wild vegetables they collected in the mountain area. Shirakawame, who were specifically engaged in peddling flowers, existed in Kita Shirakawa, but it is likely that they do not exist anymore. In the mountainous area of Kita Shirakawa, a specialty called Shirakawa-suna Sand exists. | 八瀬大原から大原女と呼ばれる山菜売りの女性が行商に来ることもあった。 また、北白川には花の行商を生業とする白川女が存在していたが、現在は存続していない模様である。 他に北白川の山間部には、白川砂と言う特産品もある。 |
Geography Rivers Kamo-gawa River (賀茂川(加茂川)) Kamo-gawa River (鴨川) (Yodo-gawa River system) Takano-gawa River (Kyoto Prefecture) Shira-kawa River The Lake Biwa canal | 地理 河川 賀茂川（加茂川） 鴨川_(淀川水系) 高野川 (京都市) 白川 琵琶湖疏水 |
In fact, someone who films danjiri-bayashi for broadcast and who watches it perceive the dance as the main attraction of danjiri-bayashi; on the other hand, the people who perform it think that the showy drumstick-work is the feature of danjiri-bayashi. | 結局、映像で伝える側も観る側も踊りを地車囃子のメインとしてとらえ、一方、演奏する側は親太鼓の派手なバチさばきを地車囃子のメインとしてとらえた。 |
Three part composition | 三部構成 |
It is 'Niriki' if you hear the sound like "kon kon kon chiki chikkon kon, kon kon chiki chiki chikkon kon" and "kon kon kon jiki jikkon kon, kon kon jiki jiki jikkon kon." Many regions call this part 'Mitsu.' | "コンコンコンチキチッコンコン、コンコンチキチキチッコンコン""コンコンコンジキジッコンコン、コンコンジキジキジッコンコン"と聴こえてくるのが「二力」である。 この部分を「みつ」と称す地域も少なくない。 |
Shangiri | しゃんぎり |
Tomosada UESUGI | 上杉 朝定（うえすぎ ともさだ） |
Tomosada UESUGI was a person who lived in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts. He was the head of the Futahashi/Nihashi (二橋)-Uesugi family (the origin of the Hachijo-Uesugi and Ogigayatsu-Uesugi families). | 南北朝時代の人物。 二橋上杉家（八条上杉家、扇谷上杉家の前身）当主。 |
Tomosada UESUGI was a person who lived in the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States). He was the head of the Ogigayatsu-Uesugi family. | 戦国時代の人物。 扇谷上杉家当主。 |
Tomosada UESUGI was a person who lived in the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States). He was the head of the Sanponji-Uesugi family. | 戦国時代の人物。 山本寺上杉家当主。 |
Biography He was born to a teppo (gun) smith family patronized by the Shogunate in Kunitomo of the Province of Omi (Kunitomo, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture). He succeeded the "Tobei" name from his father at age 9, and at 17, he inherited the position of toshiyoriwaki. | 生涯 近江国国友（滋賀県長浜市国友町）の幕府の御用鉄砲鍛冶職の家に生まれた。 9歳で父に代わって藤兵衛と名乗り、17歳で鉄砲鍛治の年寄脇の職を継いだ。 |
In 1819, he invented "Kiho", a powerful air gun for battle use, based on "Fuho", a toy air gun introduced from Holland. He wrote "Kihoki" as an instruction manual, and later he completed the 20 repeater kiho. | 文政2年（1819年）、オランダから伝わった風砲（玩具の空気銃）を元に実用の威力を持つ強力な空気銃である「気砲」を製作。 その解説書として「気砲記」を著し、後には20連発の早打気砲を完成させた。 |
Furthermore, he is an inventor with numerous inventions such as Gyouto (lightening tools), Japanese pens with tips like a brush, steel crossbow, and Shinkyo (mirror used for fortune-telling). | その他、玉燈（照明器具）、御懐中筆（万年筆、筆ペン）、鋼弩、神鏡（魔鏡）など数々の物を作り出した発明家である。 |
With the telescope he invented in 1835, He performed a sunspot observation for what was considered a relatively long time during his period. He left sketches of the moon and Saturn among others and some claim he even left sketches of Titan (satellite). He is considered one of the pioneers of astronomy in Japan. | また、彼は自作の望遠鏡で天保6年（1835年）に太陽黒点観測を当時としてはかなり長期に亘って行った。 月や土星、一説にはタイタン (衛星)のスケッチなども残している。 日本の天文学者のさきがけの一人でもある。 |
He died in Kunitomo village in 1840. Age at death 63. | 天保11年（1840年）、国友村にて死去。 享年63。 |
Tobei KUNITOMO One of the gun smith families in Kunitomo village patronized by the government that had the rank of toshiyoriwaki (a hereditary rank given to gun smith families), which was one below toshiyori. It is also called Tujimura family. | 国友藤兵衛家 国友村で年寄脇（年寄の次席）を勤める御用鉄砲鍛冶の家の一つ。 辻村家とも言う。 |
Kanshun (978 - October 9, 1057) was a Buddhist monk of the Tendai sect who lived during the mid Heian period. His father was 致遠 MINAMOTO (Montoku-Genji (Minamoto clan)), the Kokushu (governor) of Bingo Province. His pseudonym was 月蔵房 (moon storage). | 桓舜（かんしゅん、天元 (日本)元年（978年） － 天喜5年9月9日 (旧暦)（1057年10月9日））は、平安時代中期の天台宗の僧。 父は備後国守源致遠（文徳源氏）。 月蔵房と号する。 |
Katsumi Yotaro Productions (established in 1926, ceased operations in 1930) was a film company that existed in Kyoto. Actor Yotaro KATSUMI, who had been working as a film director at Shochiku Kamata Studio, established this company and produced films in which he played the role of director as well as the leading character. | 勝見庸太郎プロダクション（かつみようたろう-、1926年 設立 - 1930年 活動停止）は、かつて京都に存在した映画会社である。 松竹蒲田撮影所で監督となった俳優の勝見庸太郎が設立し、牧野省三のマキノ・プロダクションとの提携により、自らの主演・監督作を製作した。 |
"Nochi-kagami" is a history book compiled by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which covers the 15 generations of the Muromachi bakufu. | 後鑑（のちかがみ）は、江戸幕府によって編纂された室町幕府15代の歴史書。 |
Summary The author was Ryojo NARUSHIMA, a Confucian scholar who served the bakufu. His pseudonyms included Chikuzen (he was an adopted son of Motonao NARUSHIMA, who compiled "Tokugawa Jikki" (a collection of official records of the Edo bakufu)). There are 347 volumes and twenty appendices. It was written over the 16 years following 1837 and completed in 1853. | 概説 著者は幕府に仕えた儒学者成島良譲である。 号筑山、等（『徳川実紀』編纂者成島司直の養子）。 全347巻・付録20巻。 天保8年（1837年）から16年かけて執筆され嘉永6年（1853年）に完成した。 |
After the work was completed, the bakufu bestowed Mansuke TSUTSUI and nine others with ten silver coils each a reward for the achievement of compiling the book. Chikuzan NARUSHIMA had already passed away one month previously (November 1853) at the age of 52. | 完成後幕府より本書編纂の功として筒井万輔他9名に各銀10枚を下賜された。 なお、成島筑山はこの1ヶ月前（嘉永6年11月）52歳で死去している。 |
Kami no O-chaya This is a magnificent garden which has a massive artificial Yokuryu-chi Pond and Okarikomi (many trees are individually planted with the top parts of the trees cut into one shape as a whole to create special look of the background or main part of the garden) as the main feature. | 上御茶屋 巨大な人工池の浴龍池（よくりゅうち）と大刈込を中心とした壮大な庭園である。 |
Jichi To was the idea of new political party formed by local renown men such as mayors of towns and villages promoted by Kaoru INOUE from 1888 to 1889 but failed in the end. | 自治党（じちとう）とは、1888年から翌年にかけて井上馨が進めてきた町村長ら地方の名望家を集めて結成を構想した新党構想であるが、失敗に終わった。 |
Sando (the study of mathematics) was a department for the study of arithmetic and mathematics in the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code) in ancient Japan. | 算道（さんどう）とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、算術・数学を研究する学科。 |
Junsatsushi (a circuit-riding inspector or investigating commissioner) was a government official title which originated in the Tang Dynasty of China. The junsatsushi was later given alternative names, such as 'azechi' and 'anbushi.' | 巡察使（じゅんさつし）は、中国・唐代に置かれた官名である。 後には、按察使・安撫使などと称せられた。 |
Otsu Port is a port located in Shiga Prefecture. It faces Lake Biwa of which altitude of the lake surface is 84 meters. It is located in Hamaotsu in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture | 大津港（おおつこう）は滋賀県にある港湾。 湖面標高84mの琵琶湖に面する。 所在地は滋賀県大津市の浜大津。 |
Iga-ryu exists in the region separated by only a mountain from that of Koga-ryu. | 山を一つ隔てた場所に伊賀流が存在する。 |
Though Koga belonged to the Rokkaku clan, it formed a soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association), in which all issues were decided and managed by majority (council system). This was quite unusual at the time even at the nationwide level. | 甲賀は六角氏の傘下に属しながらも「惣村」(そう)を形成し、郡に関わる全ての案件を多数決によって決定（合議制）・運営するなどしていた。 これはこの時期では全国的に見てもきわめて珍しいことである。 |
Koga ninja had no Jonin (highest level of ninja) and the highest level of the Koga ninja was Chunin (middle level of ninja). | また、甲賀忍者には、上忍はなく、最高位は中忍である。 |
Ninjutsu | 忍術 |
Although broadly speaking the designation oyatoi-gaikokujin also included the employees of foreign diplomatic missions in Japan as well as the (foreign) guards at the foreign settlements, for the purposes of this article the term will be used only for those foreigners who were employed by the Japanese government in order to foster the learning of new technologies and scholarship from Europe and the United States. | 広義では在外公館で雇用されていた者や、外国人居留地の警備に当たった者なども含まれるが、本項では日本が欧米から新しい技術や知識を学ぶために雇用した人物について述べる。 |
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