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Fibonacci heap Structure Fibonacci_heap > Structure This additional time is then later combined and subtracted from the actual running time of slow operations. The amount of time saved for later use is measured at any given moment by a potential function. The potential of a Fibonacci heap is given by Potential = t + 2m... |
Multi-Version Concurrency Control Description Multi-Version_Concurrency_Control > Description Without concurrency control, if someone is reading from a database at the same time as someone else is writing to it, it is possible that the reader will see a half-written or inconsistent piece of data. For instance, when mak... |
PQ tree PC trees PQ_tree > PC trees The PC tree, developed by Wei-Kuan Shih and Wen-Lian Hsu, is a more recent generalization of the PQ tree. Like the PQ tree, it represents permutations by reorderings of nodes in a tree, with elements represented at the leaves of the tree. Unlike the PQ tree, the PC tree is unrooted. ... |
Semantic argument Argument from Verbal Classification Semantic_argument > Structure > Argument from Verbal Classification It also includes classification arguments (also called "attributive arguments"). In order to assess semantic argument one need to assess semantic modification made in it first. The criteria for asse... |
Polynomial functional calculus Spectral projections Polynomial_functional_calculus > Spectral considerations > Spectral projections Any isolated point of σ(T) is both open and closed in the subspace topology and therefore has an associated spectral projection. When X has finite dimension σ(T) consists of isolated point... |
Plastic bottle Petrochemical resins Plastic_bottle > Production > Petrochemical resins Polycarbonate (PC) PC is a clear plastic used to make bottles for milk and water. Five-gallon water bottles are a common application of PC. Polypropylene (PP) PP is used primarily for jars and closures. |
Wall follower Shortest path algorithm Maze-solving_algorithm > Shortest path algorithm Each visited cell needs to keep track of its distance from the start or which adjacent cell nearer to the start caused it to be added to the queue. When the finish location is found, follow the path of cells backwards to the start, w... |
Generative artificial intelligence Deepfakes Generative_artificial_intelligence > Concerns > Deepfakes Deepfakes (a portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake") are AI-generated media that take a person in an existing image or video and replace them with someone else's likeness using artificial neural networks. Deepfakes... |
BASIC-PLUS Variables, expressions and matrixes BASIC-PLUS > Syntax and features > Variables, expressions and matrixes Logical operators included the typical NOT A, A AND B and A OR B, along with A XOR B, A EQV B which return true if both A and B are true or both are false, and A IMP B which is false if A is true and B ... |
Social graph Open Graph Social_graph > Open Graph Facebook's Graph API allows websites to draw information about more objects than simply people, including photos, events, and pages, and their relationships between each other. This expands the social graph concept to more than just relationships between individuals and... |
Thought suppression Cognitive dynamics Thought_suppression > Cognitive dynamics Wegner hypothesized that multiple retrieval cues not being forged explains, in part, the effectiveness of focused distraction (i.e., a reduction of mental load). This is because there may be an ideal balance between the two processes; if th... |
Equilibrium state Non-equilibrium Thermodynamic_Equilibrium > Non-equilibrium A system's internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium should be distinguished from a "stationary state" in which thermodynamic parameters are unchanging in time but the system is not isolated, so that there are, into and out of the system, n... |
Kind of quantity Space Physical_quantity > Base and derived quantities > General derived quantities > Space Important applied base units for space and time are below. Area and volume are thus, of course, derived from the length, but included for completeness as they occur frequently in many derived quantities, in parti... |
Decentralized information technology Free market Decentralized_information_technology > Economic decentralization > Free market In his view, there was no trend towards concentration and monopolization. While there were a wave of mergers of companies trying to corner markets, they found there was too much competition to... |
Tetanus Pathophysiology Tetanus > Pathophysiology There are three domains, each of which contributes to the pathophysiology of the toxin. The heavy chain has two of the domains. The N-terminal side of the heavy chain helps with membrane translocation, and the C-terminal side helps the toxin locate the specific receptor... |
Generalized additive model Summary Generalized_additive_model In statistics, a generalized additive model (GAM) is a generalized linear model in which the linear response variable depends linearly on unknown smooth functions of some predictor variables, and interest focuses on inference about these smooth functions. GA... |
Computational RAM Processor-in-/near-memory Computational_RAM > Processor-in-/near-memory A processor-in-/near-memory (PINM) refers to a computer processor (CPU) tightly coupled to memory, generally on the same silicon chip. The chief goal of merging the processing and memory components in this way is to reduce memory ... |
Hydrolytic enzymes Classification Hydrolytic_enzymes > Classification Hydrolases are classified as EC 3 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Hydrolases can be further classified into several subclasses, based upon the bonds they act upon: EC 3.1: ester bonds (esterases: nucleases, phosphodiesterases, lipase, pho... |
Belief propagation Description of the sum-product algorithm Loopy_belief_propagation > Description of the sum-product algorithm Likewise, the estimated joint marginal distribution of the set of variables belonging to one factor is proportional to the product of the factor and the messages from the variables: p X a ( x ... |
Energy storage system Air conditioning Gravitational_potential_energy_storage > Applications > Air conditioning This ice is produced when electrical utility rates are lower. Off-peak cooling systems can lower energy costs. The U.S. |
Gibbs sampler Inference Gibbs_sampler > Inference When a value for multiple variables is desired, the expected value is simply computed over each variable separately. (When computing the mode, however, all variables must be considered together.) Supervised learning, unsupervised learning and semi-supervised learning (a... |
Lorentz transformation Physical implications Lorentz_boosts > Physical formulation of Lorentz boosts > Physical implications A critical requirement of the Lorentz transformations is the invariance of the speed of light, a fact used in their derivation, and contained in the transformations themselves. If in F the equati... |
Right lung Respiratory tract Pulmonary_acinus > Microanatomy > Respiratory tract Air is warmed to 37 °C (99 °F), humidified and cleansed by the conducting zone. Particles from the air being removed by the cilia on the respiratory epithelium lining the passageways, in a process called mucociliary clearance. Pulmonary st... |
AdS/CFT correspondence Nuclear physics AdS/CFT_duality > Applications to quantum field theory > Nuclear physics One physical system which has been studied using the AdS/CFT correspondence is the quark–gluon plasma, an exotic state of matter produced in particle accelerators. This state of matter arises for brief instan... |
RAD51 MicroRNA control of RAD51 expression RAD51 > MicroRNA control of RAD51 expression In mammals, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate about 60% of the transcriptional activity of protein-encoding genes. Some miRNAs also undergo methylation-associated silencing in cancer cells. If a repressive miRNA is silenced by hypermethyl... |
Neural network History Neural_network > History In computer experiments conducted by Amari's student Saito, a five layer MLP with two modifiable layers learned useful internal representations to classify non-linearily separable pattern classes.Neural network research was boosted when computers achieved greater processi... |
Inner planets Orbits Outer_planet > Structure and composition > Orbits : 433–437 These laws stipulate that each object travels along an ellipse with the Sun at one focus, which causes the body's distance from the Sun to vary over the course of its year. A body's closest approach to the Sun is called its perihelion, whe... |
Carboxylate–based metal–organic frameworks 1.4.2.1 CPO-27 / MOF-74 Carboxylate-based_metal–organic_frameworks > 1.4.1 Divalent Carboxylates > 1.4.2.1 CPO-27 / MOF-74 This organic molecule acts as a rigid pillar between chains with each linker bound to three different metal sites from each chain. Removal of the solvent ... |
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy Behavioral Chemotherapy-induced_peripheral_neuropathy > Treatment and prevention > Behavioral Examples of stretches for the lower body include lunges and hamstring pulls. Stretches like these have been clinically shown to help alleviate pain and restore at least some mobility ... |
First derivative Continuity and differentiability First-order_derivative_expression > Continuity and differentiability For example, the absolute value function given by f ( x ) = | x | {\displaystyle f(x)=|x|} is continuous at x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} , but it is not differentiable there. If h is positive, then the sl... |
Torque tube Construction Torque_tube > Construction The torque tube solves that problem by coupling the differential housing to the transmission housing and therefore propels the car forward by pushing up on the engine/transmission and then through the engine mounts to the car frame, with the reverse happening during b... |
Multisensory integration Psychophysical development of integration Multisensory_integration > Development of multisensory operations > Psychophysical development of integration Therefore, sensory signals need to be constantly re-evaluated to appreciate these various physiological changes. Some support comes from animal... |
Independence of irrelevant alternatives In nature Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives > In nature Natural selection can favor animals' non-IIA-type choices, thought to be due to occasional availability of foodstuffs, according to a study published in January 2014. |
Immune response modifier Summary Biological_response_modifier Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are substances that modify immune responses. They can be both endogenous (produced naturally within the body) and exogenous (as pharmaceutical drugs), and they can either enhance an immune response or suppress it. Some of... |
Signaling peptide Example families Peptide_fragment > Example families The peptide families in this section are ribosomal peptides, usually with hormonal activity. All of these peptides are synthesized by cells as longer "propeptides" or "proproteins" and truncated prior to exiting the cell. They are released into the ... |
History of mathematical notation Derivatives notation: Leibniz and Newton History_of_mathematical_notation > Symbolic stage > Derivatives notation: Leibniz and Newton The study of linear algebra emerged from the study of determinants, which were used to solve systems of linear equations. Calculus had two main systems o... |
Differential privacy The Laplace mechanism Differential_privacy > ε-differentially private mechanisms > The Laplace mechanism Though we have used Laplace noise here, other forms of noise, such as the Gaussian Noise, can be employed, but they may require a slight relaxation of the definition of differential privacy.Acco... |
Orders of magnitude (time) Summary Orders_of_magnitude_(time) Prefixes are not usually used with a base unit of years. Therefore, it is said "a million years" instead of "a mega year". |
Secure multiparty computation Two-party computation Secure_multi-party_computation > Protocols > Two-party computation Firstly, the ranges of the encryption function under any two distinct keys are disjoint (with overwhelming probability). The second property says that it can be checked efficiently whether a given ciph... |
0.999... Rigorous proof 0.999... > Elementary proof > Rigorous proof The previous explanation is not a proof, as one cannot define properly the relationship between a number and its representation as a point on the number line. For the accuracy of the proof, the number 0.999...9, with n nines after the decimal point, i... |
Rainbow tables Background Rainbow_table > Background This is the same as inverting the hash function. Though brute-force attacks (e.g. dictionary attacks) may be used to try to invert a hash function, they can become infeasible when the set of possible passwords is large enough. An alternative to brute-force is to use ... |
Energy production Classification of resources Energy_technologies > Classification of resources Energy resources may be classified as primary resources, suitable for end use without conversion to another form, or secondary resources, where the usable form of energy required substantial conversion from a primary source.... |
GNU Compiler Collection Other features GNU_C > Design > Other features Some features of GCC include: Link-time optimization Link-time optimization optimizes across object file boundaries to directly improve the linked binary. Link-time optimization relies on an intermediate file containing the serialization of some Gim... |
Kernel (neurotechnology company) Kernel Flow Kernel_(neurotechnology_company) > History > Kernel Flow Kernel Flow is a wearable time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) system. fNIRs uses infrared light to measure changes in the oxygenation of blood, which is a proxy for neural activity. Kernel Flow... |
Geometry instancing Summary Geometry_instancing In real-time computer graphics, geometry instancing is the practice of rendering multiple copies of the same mesh in a scene at once. This technique is primarily used for objects such as trees, grass, or buildings which can be represented as repeated geometry without appe... |
Glossary of mechanical engineering Y Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering > Y Yield point – In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastica... |
C7H8N4O2 Summary C7H8N4O2 The molecular formula C7H8N4O2 (molar mass: 180.16 g/mol) may refer to: Paraxanthine Theobromine Theophylline |
Neuronal group selection Completing Darwin's program – the problems of evolutionary and developmental morphology Neural_Darwinism > Completing Darwin's program – the problems of evolutionary and developmental morphology Things had changed by the early 1900s, the Neodarwinian synthesis had unified the population biology... |
Product optimization Methods Product_optimization > Methods More recently companies started to adopt Evolutionary Optimization techniques for Product optimization. Evolutionary algorithms (such as IDDEA) are used to optimize products, concepts and messaging. == References == |
Donald Trump and handshakes Academic analysis Donald_Trump_and_handshakes > Analysis > Academic analysis O'Loughlin described the geopolitical effect of the handshakes as follows: Trump's win-lose, zero-sum handshakes offer a visual presentation of isolationism that produces a jarring effect; they are a shock to long-e... |
Insulinoma associated-2 Summary Insulinoma_associated-2 Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N, also called "IA-2", is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPRN gene. |
Regional differentiation C. elegans Regional_specification > C. elegans In the two cell stage, the embryo of the nematode C. elegans exhibits mosaic behavior. There are two cells, the P1 cell and the AB cell. The P1 cell was able make all of its fated cells while the AB cell could only make a portion of the cells it wa... |
Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System Summary Multiple_Integrated_Laser_Engagement_System Vehicles are typically outfitted with a belt of laser sensors or individual wireless detectors. Dismounted soldiers often wear a vest or harness with sensors as well as a "halo" of sensors on their helmets. MILES systems can... |
Hazards of synthetic biology Background Hazards_of_synthetic_biology > Background Synthetic biology is an outgrowth of biotechnology distinguished by the use of biological pathways or organisms not found in nature. This contrasts with "traditional" genetically modified organisms created by transferring existing genes f... |
Pointer swizzling Potential security weaknesses Pointer_swizzling > Potential security weaknesses For security, unswizzling and swizzling must be implemented with great caution. In particular, an attacker's presentation of a specially crafted file may allow access to addresses outside of the expected and proper bounds.... |
Internet architecture Bow Tie Model Internet_architecture > Models of web page topology > Bow Tie Model This is the "Origination" or "In" group, as it contains links that lead into the core and originate outside it. The counterpart to this is the group of all pages that the strongly connected core links to, but which h... |
Conservation of Angular Momentum General considerations Introduction_to_angular_momentum > Conservation of angular momentum > General considerations Central force motion is also used in the analysis of the Bohr model of the atom. For a planet, angular momentum is distributed between the spin of the planet and its revol... |
Entropy and life Early views Entropy_and_life > Early views McCulloh then goes on to show that these two laws may be combined in a single expression as follows: S = ∫ d Q τ {\displaystyle S=\int {dQ \over \tau }} where S = {\displaystyle S=} entropy d Q = {\displaystyle dQ=} a differential amount of heat passed into a ... |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Other conditions Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disorder > Other conditions Most people with COPD die from comorbidities and not from respiratory problems.Anxiety and depression are often complications of COPD. Other complications include a reduced quality of life and increased disa... |
Megaminx Number of combinations Megaminx > Number of combinations 20 ! × 3 19 × 30 ! × 2 27 ≈ 1.01 × 10 68 {\displaystyle 20!\times 3^{19}\times 30!\times 2^{27}\approx 1.01\times 10^{68}} The full number is 100 669 616 553 523 347 122 516 032 313 645 505 168 688 116 411 019 768 627 200 000 000 000 (roughly 101 unvigin... |
Airplane Flying wing Airplane > Characteristics > Wings vs. bodies > Flying wing Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical airlifter design. Interest in flying wings ... |
Brine pools Summary Brine_pool A brine pool, sometimes called an underwater lake, deepwater or brine lake, is a volume of brine collected in a seafloor depression. The pools are dense bodies of water that have a salinity that is three to eight times greater than the surrounding ocean. Brine pools are commonly found bel... |
Rate-limiting step First step rate-determining Pre-equilibrium_(chemical_kinetics) > Example reaction: NO2 + CO > First step rate-determining {\displaystyle {\frac {d{\ce {}}}{dt}}=r_{1}-r_{2}-r_{-1}\approx 0.} The statement that the first step is the slow step actually means that the first step in the reverse directio... |
Radix Sort Stable MSD radix sort implementations Radix_Sort > Specialized variants > Stable MSD radix sort implementations MSD radix sort can be implemented as a stable algorithm, but requires the use of a memory buffer of the same size as the input array. This extra memory allows the input buffer to be scanned from th... |
Henri Lebesgue Mathematical career Henri_Lebesgue > Mathematical career This dissertation is considered to be one of the finest ever written by a mathematician.His lectures from 1902 to 1903 were collected into a "Borel tract" Leçons sur l'intégration et la recherche des fonctions primitives. The problem of integration... |
Chemically modified mRNA Summary Chemically_modified_mRNA A nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (modRNA) is a synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) in which some nucleosides are replaced by other naturally modified nucleosides or by synthetic nucleoside analogues. modRNA is used to induce the production of a desired protein in ... |
Causal Markov condition Dependence and Causation Causal_Markov_condition > Implications > Dependence and Causation It follows from the definition that if X and Y are in V and are probabilistically dependent, then either X causes Y, Y causes X, or X and Y are both effects of some common cause Z in V. This definition was... |
Electrical machine Brushed machines Electric_machine > Electromagnetic-rotor machines > Brushed machines This type of machine is often referred to in the literature as a synchronous machine. This machine can also be run by connecting the stator coils to the grid and supplying the rotor coils with AC from an inverter. T... |
History of the periodic table Comprehensive formalizations History_of_the_periodic_table > Comprehensive formalizations It is sometimes said that he played "chemical solitaire" on long train journeys, using cards with the symbols and the atomic weights of the known elements. Another possibility is that he was inspired ... |
Decision making process Neuroscience Decision-making_process > Neuroscience Decision-making is a region of intense study in the fields of systems neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience. Several brain structures, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex, and the overlapping ventromedial pref... |
Live, virtual, and constructive Summary LVC_Continuum Live, Virtual, & Constructive (LVC) Simulation is a broadly used taxonomy for classifying Modeling and Simulation (M&S). However, categorizing a simulation as a live, virtual, or constructive environment is problematic since there is no clear division among these ca... |
Uninitialized variable Example of the C language Uninitialized_variable > Example of the C language A common assumption made by novice programmers is that all variables are set to a known value, such as zero, when they are declared. While this is true for many languages, it is not true for all of them, and so the poten... |
H3K9me2 Summary H3K9me2 H3K9me2 levels are higher at silent compared to active genes in a 10kb region surrounding the transcriptional start site. H3K9me2 represses gene expression both passively, by prohibiting acetylation as therefore binding of RNA polymerase or its regulatory factors, and actively, by recruiting tra... |
SARS coronavirus Summary SARS_virus SARS-CoV-1 was most transmissible when patients were sick, so its spread could be effectively suppressed by isolating patients with symptoms.On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issue... |
Integer sequences Summary Integer_sequences The sequence 0, 3, 8, 15, ... is formed according to the formula n2 − 1 for the nth term: an explicit definition. Alternatively, an integer sequence may be defined by a property which members of the sequence possess and other integers do not possess. For example, we can deter... |
Markovian process Transitions Markov_analysis > Principles > Transitions By convention, we assume all possible states and transitions have been included in the definition of the process, so there is always a next state, and the process does not terminate. A discrete-time random process involves a system which is in a c... |
Eukaryotic DNA replication Comparisons between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication Eukaryotic_DNA_replication > Comparisons between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication When compared to prokaryotic DNA replication, the completion of eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex and involves multiple origins o... |
Henry's Law constant Fundamental types and variants of Henry's law constants Air–water_partitioning_coefficient > Fundamental types and variants of Henry's law constants There are many ways to define the proportionality constant of Henry's law, which can be subdivided into two fundamental types: One possibility is to p... |
R naught The SEIR model with vital dynamics and constant population Basic_reproduction_number > Definitions in specific cases > Compartmental models in epidemiology > Next-generation matrix for compartmental models > The SEIR model with vital dynamics and constant population Here, the formation of the next-generation m... |
Pattern recognition (psychology) Summary Pattern_recognition_(psychology) The process of pattern recognition involves matching the information received with the information already stored in the brain. Making the connection between memories and information perceived is a step of pattern recognition called identificatio... |
Paranoid schizophrenic Substance use Negative_symptoms_of_schizophrenia > Risk factors > Environmental > Substance use About half of those with schizophrenia use recreational drugs, including alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis excessively. Use of stimulants such as amphetamine and cocaine can lead to a temporary stimulant ... |
Floating dock (impounded) Summary Floating_dock_(impounded) A floating dock, floating harbour or wet dock is a dock alongside a tidal waterway which maintains a 'constant' level, despite the changing tides. |
Designer steroid Summary Designer_drugs A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive s... |
Exponential time hypothesis Satisfiability Strong_exponential_time_hypothesis > Implications > Satisfiability Equivalently, if s k > 0 {\displaystyle s_{k}>0} for any k > 0 {\displaystyle k>0} , then s 3 > 0 {\displaystyle s_{3}>0} as well, and the exponential time hypothesis would be true. The limiting value s ∞ {\dis... |
Microprocessor 16-bit designs Microprocessor > History > 16-bit designs The combination of an x86 CPU and an x87 coprocessor forms a single multi-chip microprocessor; the two chips are programmed as a unit using a single integrated instruction set. The 8087 and 80187 coprocessors are connected in parallel with the data... |
Romantic philosophy Method Romantic_philosophy > Method The means by which philosophy, or the general principles for seeking knowledge, is rendered into actual knowledge or science is “method.” Method involves the considered, thoughtful arrangement of parts that reflects the inner essence of things (association by cont... |
Seven Bridges of Königsberg Euler's analysis Seven_Bridges_of_Königsberg > Euler's analysis In other words, during any walk in the graph, the number of times one enters a non-terminal vertex equals the number of times one leaves it. Now, if every bridge has been traversed exactly once, it follows that, for each land ma... |
Usability Engineering Bibliography for Usability Engineering Usability_Engineering > Bibliography for Usability Engineering Mayhew, Deborah (1999). The Usability Engineering Lifecycle: A Practitioner's Handbook. Morgan Kaufmann. |
AA tree Deletion AA_tree > Deletion As in most balanced binary trees, the deletion of an internal node can be turned into the deletion of a leaf node by swapping the internal node with either its closest predecessor or successor, depending on which are in the tree or on the implementor's whims. Retrieving a predecessor... |
Dirac picture Definition Interaction_Hamiltonian > Definition Operators and state vectors in the interaction picture are related by a change of basis (unitary transformation) to those same operators and state vectors in the Schrödinger picture. To switch into the interaction picture, we divide the Schrödinger picture H... |
Scientific research Formulation of a question Scientific_methodology > Overview > Process > Formulation of a question The question can refer to the explanation of a specific observation, as in "Why is the sky blue?" but can also be open-ended, as in "How can I design a drug to cure this particular disease?" This stage ... |
Hypoxia in fish Tolerance of waste products Hypoxia_in_fish > Metabolic challenge > Tolerance of waste products When anaerobic pathways are turned on, glycogen stores are depleted and accumulation of acidic waste products occurs. This is known as a Pasteur effect. A challenge hypoxia-tolerant fish face is how to produc... |
Ring object Multiplicative identity and the term "ring" Associative_rings > History > Multiplicative identity and the term "ring" Fraenkel's axioms for a "ring" included that of a multiplicative identity, whereas Noether's did not.Most or all books on algebra up to around 1960 followed Noether's convention of not requi... |
E6B Construction E6B > Construction The ease of use of electronic calculators means typical flight training literature does not cover the use of calculators or computers at all. In the ground exams for numerous pilot ratings, programmable calculators or calculators containing flight planning software are permitted to b... |
Genetic Modification Inserting DNA into the host genome Genetic_modifications > Process > Inserting DNA into the host genome In plants this is accomplished through the use of tissue culture. In animals it is necessary to ensure that the inserted DNA is present in the embryonic stem cells. Bacteria consist of a single c... |
Group Theory History Symmetry_point_group > History The different scope of these early sources resulted in different notions of groups. The theory of groups was unified starting around 1880. Since then, the impact of group theory has been ever growing, giving rise to the birth of abstract algebra in the early 20th cent... |
Voltage controller Summary Voltage_controller A voltage controller, also called an AC voltage controller or AC regulator is an electronic module based on either thyristors, triodes for alternating current, silicon-controlled rectifiers or insulated-gate bipolar transistors, which converts a fixed voltage, fixed frequen... |
Timestamp-based concurrency control Timestamp locking Timestamp-based_concurrency_control > Implementation issues > Timestamp locking Even though this technique is a non-locking one, in as much as the Object is not locked from concurrent access for the duration of a transaction, the act of recording each timestamp agai... |
Intelligent agent Summary Intelligent_agent In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent (IA) is an agent acting in an intelligent manner; It perceives its environment, takes actions autonomously in order to achieve goals, and may improve its performance with learning or acquiring knowledge. An intelligent agent ma... |
Electric Motor Armature Electric_Motor > Components > Armature The armature consists of wire windings on a ferromagnetic core. Electric current passing through the wire causes the magnetic field from the field magnet to exert a force (Lorentz force) on it, turning the rotor, which delivers the mechanical output. Windin... |
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