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AQuoSA Adaptive Reservations AQuoSA > Description > Adaptive Reservations Such analysis is very difficult in today's complex multimedia applications, especially when running on general-purpose hardware like standard PCs, where technologies like multi-level caches, CPU execution pipelines, on-bus buffers, multi-master b... |
Autoimmune oophoritis Causes Autoimmune_oophoritis > Causes These conditions can coexists because they are all autoimmune diseases, this is called polyautoimmunity. There are some environmental causes for autoimmune diseases that have been discovered in different studies. Those consist of exposures to chemicals in the ... |
Inventions and Their Management Contents Inventions_and_Their_Management > Contents Chapter 37. Special Classes of Patents; Huron Meter Case. Chapter 38. |
Dynamic decision-making Strategy-Based Learning Theory Dynamic_decision-making > Theories of learning in dynamic decision making tasks > Strategy-Based Learning Theory The Anzai strategies did reasonably well to mimic the performance on the task by human participants. Similarly, Lovett and Anderson have shown how peopl... |
Intuitionistic set theory Choice functions Intuitionistic_set_theory > Subtheories of ZF > Choice functions u ∈ g ( n ) {\displaystyle \forall (n\in \omega ).\exists u.u\in g(n)} , one can form a function mapping each number to a unique value. The existence of such sequences is not generally provable on the base of Z F... |
Permutation pattern Enumerative origins Permutation_patterns > Enumerative origins Stankova & West (2002) proved that for any permutation β, the permutations 231 ⊕ β and 312 ⊕ β are Wilf-equivalent, where ⊕ denotes the direct sum operation. Backelin, West & Xin (2007) proved that for any permutation β and any positive ... |
Dirac’s notation Hermitian conjugate operator Ket_vector > Linear operators > Hermitian conjugate operator Just as kets and bras can be transformed into each other (making |ψ⟩ into ⟨ψ|), the element from the dual space corresponding to A|ψ⟩ is ⟨ψ|A†, where A† denotes the Hermitian conjugate (or adjoint) of the operator... |
CD4+ T cells and antitumor immunity MHC class I and class II pathways CD4+_T_cells_and_antitumor_immunity > MHC class I and class II pathways The down regulation of the invariant chain (Ii) becomes important when considering the two pathways by which antigens are presented by cells. Most recognized tumor antigens are e... |
Management control system Management control system techniques Management_control_system > Management control system techniques According to Horngren et al. (2005), management control system is an integrated technique for collecting and using information to motivate employee behavior and to evaluate performance. Manage... |
Tree house Summary Tree_house A tree house, tree fort or treeshed is a platform or building constructed around, next to or among the trunk or branches of one or more mature trees while above ground level. Tree houses can be used for recreation, work space, habitation, a hangout space and observation. People occasionall... |
Inverse scattering method Method of solution Inverse_scattering_method > Method of solution Step 1. Determine the nonlinear partial differential equation. This is usually accomplished by analyzing the physics of the situation being studied. |
Data vault modeling Links Data_vault_modeling > Basic notions > Links Since a link to another link is the same as a new link with the hubs from the other link, in these cases creating the links without referencing other links is the preferred solution (see the section on loading practices for more information). Links s... |
Lieberson's isolation index Prevosti’s distance Lieberson's_isolation_index > Metrics used > Prevosti’s distance Let these distributions have values that are divided into k categories. Then the distance DPQ is D P Q = 1 r ∑ j = 1 r ∑ i = 1 k | p j i − q j i | {\displaystyle D_{PQ}={\frac {1}{r}}\sum _{j=1}^{r}\sum _{i=... |
Certificate Transparency Summary Certificate_Transparency Certificate Transparency (CT) is an Internet security standard for monitoring and auditing the issuance of digital certificates.The security of HTTPS depends on the trust that certificates are only given out by the certificate authority that was requested by the... |
Photoreceptor cell Signaling Photoreceptor_cells > Signaling This results in a series of unstable intermediates, the last of which binds stronger to a G protein in the membrane, called transducin, and activates it. This is the first amplification step – each photoactivated opsin triggers activation of about 100 transdu... |
AdS/CFT correspondence Black hole information paradox AdS/CFT_duality > Applications to quantum gravity > Black hole information paradox The apparent contradiction between Hawking's calculation and the unitarity postulate of quantum mechanics came to be known as the black hole information paradox.The AdS/CFT correspond... |
Quadratic programming Generalizations Quadratic_program > Problem formulation > Generalizations When minimizing a function f in the neighborhood of some reference point x0, Q is set to its Hessian matrix H(f(x0)) and c is set to its gradient ∇f(x0). A related programming problem, quadratically constrained quadratic pro... |
Effective stress History Effective_stress > History Afterwards, different formulations have been proposed for the effective stress. Maurice Biot fully developed the three-dimensional soil consolidation theory, extending the one-dimensional model previously developed by Terzaghi to more general hypotheses and introducin... |
Spike potential Examples Spike_potential > Examples In the human gut they occur automatically when the resting membrane potential of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle becomes more positive than about -40 millivolts (the normal resting membrane potential in the smooth muscle fibers of the gut is between -50 and -60 mil... |
Density of states Introduction Density_of_states > Introduction For example, in a one dimensional crystalline structure an odd number of electrons per atom results in a half-filled top band; there are free electrons at the Fermi level resulting in a metal. On the other hand, an even number of electrons exactly fills a ... |
Optimization algorithm Computational optimization techniques Numerical_optimisation > Computational optimization techniques To solve problems, researchers may use algorithms that terminate in a finite number of steps, or iterative methods that converge to a solution (on some specified class of problems), or heuristics ... |
Computer icons Metaphorical icons Icon_(computing) > Types > Metaphorical icons An icon is a Signifier pointing to a Signified. Easily comprehendible icons will make use of familiar visual metaphors directly connected to the Signified: actions the icon initiate or the content that would be revealed. Metaphors, Metonymy... |
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 Apoptosis induction via Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway CCAAT/-enhancer-binding_protein_homologous_protein > Regulation and function > Downstream pathways > Apoptosis induction via Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway As a transcription factor, CHOP can regulate the expression of many anti-ap... |
Human embryo Cleavage Germinal_stage > Germinal stage > Cleavage The beginning of the cleavage process is marked when the zygote divides through mitosis into two cells. This mitosis continues and the first two cells divide into four cells, then into eight cells and so on. Each division takes from 12 to 24 hours. |
Chelsea Bridge Design and construction Chelsea_Bridge > New Chelsea Bridge > Design and construction The barges were floated into place at low tide, and the rising tide was used to lift the sections above the height of the piers. As the tide ebbed, the roadway dropped into place.The recently built Battersea Power Stati... |
Closest string Example Closest_string > Simplifications and data reductions > Normalizing the input > Example Given an instance with three input strings uvwx, xuwv, and xvwu. This could be written as a matrix like this: The first column has the values (u, x, x). As x is the character that appears the most often, we rep... |
Molecular Evolution Selection Protein_evolution > Forces in molecular evolution > Selection Selection occurs when organisms with greater fitness, i.e. greater ability to survive or reproduce, are favored in subsequent generations, thereby increasing the instance of underlying genetic variants in a population. Selection... |
Embodied bilingual language Extended bilingual interactive activation (BIA+) model Embodied_bilingual_language > Theory > Extended bilingual interactive activation (BIA+) model The speeds of these activations depend on frequency of use of the language. Given this proposition, if second language is used less often than ... |
Wnt signalling pathway Cell proliferation Wnt_signalling_pathway > Induced cell responses > Embryonic development > Cell proliferation This proliferation increase is directly paired with cell differentiation because as the stem cells proliferate, they also differentiate. This allows for overall growth and development o... |
Traffic Collision Avoidance System Current limitations Traffic_Collision_Avoidance_System > Current implementation > Current limitations Unlike a controller, TCAS II cannot query the flight crew to determine if the problem lies with malfunctioning equipment. Pilots frequently cite TCAS II related auditory and workload ... |
Eye contact effect The affective arousal model Eye_contact_effect > Underlying mechanisms > The affective arousal model This model proposes that eye contact directly activates brain arousal systems and emotional responses which influences perceptual and cognitive processing. Because reciprocated eye contact elevates em... |
Corman Common Lisp The function namespace Corman_Common_Lisp > Data types > Functions > The function namespace The first sort example above refers to the function named by the symbol > in the function namespace, with the code #'>. Conversely, to call a function passed in such a way, one would use the funcall operator o... |
List of named matrices Matrices used in statistics List_of_named_matrices > Matrices used in statistics Also called the information matrix. Stochastic matrix — a non-negative matrix describing a stochastic process. The sum of entries of any row is one. Transition matrix — a matrix representing the probabilities of cond... |
Nondeterministic model of computation Bounded nondeterminism Nondeterministic_model_of_computation > Bounded nondeterminism An NTM has the property of bounded nondeterminism. That is, if an NTM always halts on a given input tape T then it halts in a bounded number of steps, and therefore can only have a bounded number ... |
Inversion in a sphere Dilation Inversive_geometry > Relation to Erlangen program > Dilation The combination of two inversions in concentric circles results in a similarity, homothetic transformation, or dilation characterized by the ratio of the circle radii. x ↦ R 2 x | x | 2 = y ↦ T 2 y | y | 2 = ( T R ) 2 x . {\disp... |
Economic Lot Scheduling Problem Model formulation Economic_Lot_Scheduling_Problem > Model formulation N is the number of runs made, U the use rate, L the lot size and T the planning period. To give a very concrete example, the machine might be a bottling machine and the products could be cases of bottled apple juice, o... |
Aircraft propeller Feathering Airscrew > Variable pitch > Feathering On a multi-engine aircraft, feathering the propeller on an inoperative engine reduces drag, and helps the aircraft maintain speed and altitude with the operative engines. Feathering also prevents windmilling, the turning of engine components by the pr... |
Salinity gradient power Solar pond Blue_energy > Methods > Solar pond The upper convection zone is the uppermost zone, followed by the stable gradient zone, then the bottom thermal zone. The stable gradient zone is the most important. The saltwater in this layer can not rise to the higher zone because the saltwater abo... |
HPP model Summary HPP_model The Hardy–Pomeau–Pazzis (HPP) model is a fundamental lattice gas automaton for the simulation of gases and liquids. It was a precursor to the lattice Boltzmann methods. From lattice gas automata, it is possible to derive the macroscopic Navier-Stokes equations. Interest in lattice gas automa... |
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis Summary Tumefactive_multiple_sclerosis Usually, the ring enhancement is directed toward the cortical surface. The tumefactive lesion may mimic a malignant glioma or cerebral abscess causing complications during the diagnosis of tumefactive MS. T2-hypointense rim and incomplete ring enhanc... |
Geomagnetic field Detection Earth_magnetic_field > Measurement and analysis > Detection The Earth's magnetic field strength was measured by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832 and has been repeatedly measured since then, showing a relative decay of about 10% over the last 150 years. The Magsat satellite and later satellites h... |
Cell turnover G1 phase (First growth phase or Post mitotic gap phase) M_phase > Phases > Interphase > G1 phase (First growth phase or Post mitotic gap phase) The first phase within interphase, from the end of the previous M phase until the beginning of DNA synthesis, is called G1 (G indicating gap). It is also called t... |
Statistical data type Multivariate data types Statistical_data_type > Multivariate data types In general, there may be arbitrary correlations between any elements and any others; however, this often becomes unmanageable above a certain size, requiring further restrictions on the correlated elements. Random matrices. Ra... |
Saba Valadkhan Summary Saba_Valadkhan Saba Valadkhan (Persian: صبا ولدخان) is an Iranian American biomedical scientist, and an Assistant Professor and RNA researcher at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. In 2005, she was awarded the GE / Science Young Scientist Award for her breakthrough in understandi... |
Analog automata Variant definitions of automata Theory_of_automata > Variant definitions of automata (Emptiness checking) Is it possible to transform a given non-deterministic automaton into a deterministic automaton without changing the language recognized? (Determinization) For a given formal language, what is the sm... |
Elementary group theory Notation and terminology Mathematical_group > Definition and illustration > Notation and terminology In a multiplicative group, the operation symbol is usually omitted entirely, so that the operation is denoted by juxtaposition, a b {\displaystyle ab} instead of a ⋅ b {\displaystyle a\cdot b} . ... |
Constraint Satisfaction Problem Decision problems Constraint_solving > Theoretical aspects > Decision problems CSPs are also studied in computational complexity theory and finite model theory. An important question is whether for each set of relations, the set of all CSPs that can be represented using only relations ch... |
TI-83 Summary TI-83_series The TI-83 series is a series of graphing calculators manufactured by Texas Instruments. The original TI-83 is itself an upgraded version of the TI-82. Released in 1996, it was one of the most popular graphing calculators for students. |
Non-carbon economy Summary Low-carbon_economy A low-carbon economy (LCE) or decarbonised economy is an economy based on energy sources that produce low levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. GHG emissions due to human activity are the dominant cause of observed climate change since the mid-20th century. Continued em... |
Screw-propelled vehicle Summary Screw_propelled_vehicle The weight of the vehicle is typically borne by one or more pairs of large flanged cylinders; sometimes a single flanged cylinder is used with additional stabilising skis. These cylinders each have a helical spiral flange like the thread of a screw. On each matche... |
Visual Paradigm Summary Visual_Paradigm Visual Paradigm (formerly VP-UML) is a UML CASE Tool supporting UML 2, SysML and Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) from the Object Management Group (OMG). In addition to the modeling support, it provides report generation and code engineering capabilities including code g... |
Elastic energy Continuum systems Elastic_potential_energy > Continuum systems Matter in bulk can be distorted in many different ways: stretching, shearing, bending, twisting, etc. Each kind of distortion contributes to the elastic energy of a deformed material. In orthogonal coordinates, the elastic energy per unit vol... |
Disability Studies in Education Foundations Disability_Studies_in_Education > Foundations By 1970, there emerged critiques of labeling in special education, now referred to as ableism. Ableism is combated in schools through educators recognizing and challenging the idea of normalcy, as well as integrating individualizi... |
Neuromodulation (medicine) Non-invasive magnetic methods Neuromodulation_(medicine) > Non-invasive magnetic methods Magnetic methods of neuromodulation are normally non-invasive: no surgery is required to allow a magnetic field to enter the body because the magnetic permeability of tissue is similar to that of air. In ... |
Data manipulation Simple causes Abuse_of_statistics > Simple causes Some apparel is sold by size only (with no explicit consideration of body shape), sizes vary by country and manufacturer and some sizes are deliberately misleading. While sizes are numeric, only the crudest of statistical analyses is possible using the... |
Information flow diagram Purpose Information_flow_diagram > Purpose Peter Checkland, a British management scientist, described information flows between the different elements that compose various systems. He also defined a system as a "community situated within an environment".The main purpose of an information flow d... |
Paxos (computer science) Fast Paxos Paxos_algorithm > Fast Paxos messages for a new round which are Accepted as usual. This coordinated recovery technique requires four message delays from Client to Learner. The final optimization occurs when the leader specifies a recovery technique in advance, allowing the Acceptors ... |
Pulmonary sequestration Diagnosis Pulmonary_sequestration > Diagnosis Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) is a rare congenital malformation of the lower respiratory tract. It consists of a nonfunctioning mass of normal lung tissue that lacks normal communication with the tracheobronchial tree, and that receives its ar... |
Minimalist program Phase edge Minimalist_program > Derivation by phase > Phase edge (2b) *] *'Who did Watat see?' To generate the grammatical sentence (2a), the wh-phrase á wʉ́ moves from the vP phase to the CP phase. To obey PIC, this movement must take two steps since the wh-phrase needs to move to the edge of the vP... |
Advanced driver-assistance systems Driving task assistance Advanced_driver-assistance_systems > Feature examples > Driving task assistance A lane-centering system may autonomously take over the steering when it determines the driver is at risk of deterring from the lane. This system uses cameras to monitor lane marking... |
GTPase Functions GTPase > Functions Translocation of proteins through membranes. Transport of vesicles within the cell, and vesicle-mediated secretion and uptake, through GTPase control of vesicle coat assembly.GTPases are active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP. In the generalized receptor-transducer-e... |
Asymmetric Michael reaction Mechanism Asymmetric_Michael_reaction > Applications > Polymerization reactions > Mechanism All polymerization reactions have three basic steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. The initiation step is the Michael addition of the nucleophile to a monomer. The resultant species underg... |
Be star Variability Be_star > Variability Be stars are often visually and spectroscopically variable. Be stars can be classified as Gamma Cassiopeiae variables when a transient or variable disk is observed. Be stars that show variability without clear indication of the mechanism are listed simply as BE in the General C... |
Synaptic noise Current research Synaptic_noise > Current research Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex might cause some of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia, such as auditory hallucinations, delusional states, and impacts on the working memory. Knowing how noise affects the signaling in this area of the brai... |
Permutation statistics Number of permutations that are involutions Permutation_statistic > Number of permutations that are involutions Dividing by n! yields the probability that a random permutation is an involution. These numbers are known as telephone numbers. |
Immune repertoire Development Immune_repertoire > Development The immune repertoire is affected by several factors: Age: as the immune system develops over life, lymphocytes generate their own unique gene sequences. Developed cells eventually die, but may not be replaced by new subtypes. Exposure to diseases triggers f... |
Scrapie Exposure through contaminated soil Scrapie > Transmission/exposure pathways > Exposure through contaminated soil The mechanism by which Mte or other soil components enhances the transmissibility of particle bound prions remains to be clarified. Prion binding to Mte or other soil components may partially protect... |
Stimulant psychosis Transition to schizophrenia Stimulant_psychosis > Transition to schizophrenia A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis by Murrie et al. found that the pooled proportion of transition from amphetamine-induced psychosis to schizophrenia was 22% (5 studies, CI 14%–34%). This was lower than cannabis (... |
List of prime numbers Left-truncatable List_of_prime_numbers > Lists of primes by type > Truncatable prime > Left-truncatable Primes that remain prime when the leading decimal digit is successively removed. 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 23, 37, 43, 47, 53, 67, 73, 83, 97, 113, 137, 167, 173, 197, 223, 283, 313, 317, 337, 347, 35... |
Discrete transform Summary Discrete_transform Transforms between a discrete domain and a continuous domain are not discrete transforms. For example, the discrete-time Fourier transform and the Z-transform, from discrete time to continuous frequency, and the Fourier series, from continuous time to discrete frequency, ar... |
Serial correlation Auto-correlation of stochastic processes Autocorrelation > Auto-correlation of stochastic processes Suppose that the process has mean μ t {\displaystyle \mu _{t}} and variance σ t 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{t}^{2}} at time t {\displaystyle t} , for each t {\displaystyle t} . Then the definition of the... |
Distance formula Squared Euclidean distance Pythagorean_distance > Squared Euclidean distance However it is a smooth, strictly convex function of the two points, unlike the distance, which is non-smooth (near pairs of equal points) and convex but not strictly convex. The squared distance is thus preferred in optimizati... |
Physiological ecology Temperature Ecological_physiology > Plants > Temperature Metabolic imbalances associated with temperature extremes result in the build-up of reactive oxygen species, which can be countered by antioxidant systems. Cell membranes are also affected by changes in temperature and can cause the membrane... |
Arrhenius acid Arrhenius definition Acid-base_chemistry > Acid–base definitions > Arrhenius definition This is the species which is measured by pH indicators to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution. an Arrhenius base is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydroxide (OH−) ions; that is, a base increas... |
Industrial scale General and cited references Economies_of_scale > References > General and cited references 82 (328): 1237–1255. doi:10.2307/2231304. JSTOR 2231304. |
Short-term memory Stores Short-term_memory > Stores The idea of separate memories for short-term and long-term storage originated in the 19th century. A model of memory developed in the 1960s assumed that all memories are formed in one store and transfer to others store after a small period of time. This model is refer... |
Causal models Definition Causal_models > Definition Causal models are mathematical models representing causal relationships within an individual system or population. They facilitate inferences about causal relationships from statistical data. They can teach us a good deal about the epistemology of causation, and about... |
Iota Sigma Pi Student awards Iota_Sigma_Pi > Student awards The Anna Louise Hoffman Award for Outstanding Achievement in Graduate Research is given to the nominee that has demonstrated outstanding chemical research. The nominee must also be a full-time graduate student to get the certification and US$500 reward.There a... |
Imaginary hyperelliptic curve Cantor's algorithm Imaginary_hyperelliptic_curve > The Jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve > Cantor's algorithm There is an algorithm which takes two reduced divisors D 1 {\displaystyle D_{1}} and D 2 {\displaystyle D_{2}} in their Mumford representation and produces the unique reduced divis... |
Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt Mathematical works Carl_Wolfgang_Benjamin_Goldschmidt > Mathematical works A student of Carl Friedrich Gauss and an assistant to Gauss at the university observatory, Goldschmidt frequently collaborated with Gauss on various mathematical and scientific works. Goldschmidt was in turn a ... |
Friction loss Darcy–Weisbach Friction_loss > Calculating friction loss > Darcy–Weisbach At values of 2000 < Re < 4000, there is a critical zone of flow, a transition from laminar to turbulence, where the value of fD increases from its laminar value of 64 / Re to its smooth pipe value. In this regime, the fluid flow is ... |
Scientific discipline Decision theory Scientific_field > Formal sciences > Decision theory Decision theory (or the theory of choice not to be confused with choice theory) is the study of an agent's choices. Decision theory can be broken into two branches: normative decision theory, which analyzes the outcomes of decisi... |
Fixpoint combinator Function versus implementation Fixed-point_combinator > Fixed-point combinator > Function versus implementation The fixed-point combinator may be defined in mathematics and then implemented in other languages. General mathematics defines a function based on its extensional properties. That is, two f... |
Mir-218 microRNA precursor family Summary Mir-218_microRNA_precursor_family miR-218 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression by antisense binding. miR-218 appears to be a vertebrate specific microRNA and has now been predicted and experimentally confirmed in a wide range of vertebrate... |
Kinetic reaction control Characteristics Thermodynamic_versus_kinetic_reaction_control > Characteristics In this way, the thermodynamically more stable product is always favoured. Under kinetic reaction control, one or both forward reactions leading to the possible products is significantly faster than the equilibratio... |
Compiler optimization Types of optimization Compiler_optimizations > Types of optimization Techniques used in optimization can be broken up among various scopes which can affect anything from a single statement to the entire program. Generally speaking, locally scoped techniques are easier to implement than global ones... |
Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol Object Management Protocol Aggregate_Level_Simulation_Protocol > Communication Scheme > ALSP Protocol > Object Management Protocol A simulation uses simulation protocol update messages to discover objects owned by other simulations. If this simulation is interested in the objects, it... |
Elementary particle General readers Fundamental_particles > Further reading > General readers Harvard Univ. Press. Greene, Brian (1999). |
Polymer physics Summary Polymer_physics The simplest possible polymer model is presented by the ideal chain, corresponding to a simple random walk. Experimental approaches for characterizing polymers are also common, using polymer characterization methods, such as size exclusion chromatography, viscometry, dynamic ligh... |
Finite state automaton Finite-state machines (automata theory) in theoretical computer science Finite_state_automata > Further reading > Finite-state machines (automata theory) in theoretical computer science Papadimitriou, Christos (1993). Computational Complexity (1st ed.). Addison Wesley. |
Kepler-296e Summary Kepler-296e Kepler-296e (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-1422.05) is a confirmed Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of Kepler-296. The planet was discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a plan... |
Oil refinement Major products Petroleum_refineries > Major products Using the Claus process, hydrogen sulfide is afterward transformed to elementary sulfur to be sold to the chemical industry. The rather large heat energy freed by this process is directly used in the other parts of the refinery. Often an electrical pow... |
21 grams experiment Similar experiments 21_grams_experiment > Similar experiments Ishida found Hollander's statement of a transient gain of weight was "not an appropriate expression of the experimental result", though he admitted "the cause of the force event remains to be explained". He also warned about possible malf... |
Shapiro–Wilk test Interpretation Shapiro–Wilk_test > Interpretation The null-hypothesis of this test is that the population is normally distributed. Thus, if the p value is less than the chosen alpha level, then the null hypothesis is rejected and there is evidence that the data tested are not normally distributed. On ... |
Projection matrix Blockwise formula Hat_matrix > Blockwise formula There are a number of applications of such a decomposition. In the classical application A {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} } is a column of all ones, which allows one to analyze the effects of adding an intercept term to a regression. Another use is in the f... |
Mereology Set theory Mereology > Set theory Lewis (1991) went further, showing informally that mereology, augmented by a few ontological assumptions and plural quantification, and some novel reasoning about singletons, yields a system in which a given individual can be both a part and a subset of another individual. Va... |
O-code machine Design O-code_machine > Design BCPL was designed so that small and simple compilers could be written for it; reputedly some compilers could be run in 16 kilobytes. Furthermore, the original compiler, itself written in BCPL, was easily portable. BCPL was thus a popular choice for bootstrapping a system. A... |
Neural Computation Summary Neural_Computation The types of information processed by a computing system determine which type of computations it performs. Traditionally, in cognitive science there have been two proposed types of computation related to neural activity - digital and analog, with the vast majority of theore... |
Generative adversarial networks Invertible data augmentation Generative_Adversarial_Network > Variants > GANs with particularly large or small scales > Invertible data augmentation When there is insufficient training data, the reference distribution μ ref {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{ref}}} cannot be well-approximated by... |
Discrete convolution Domain of definition Convolution_operation > Domain of definition The convolution of two complex-valued functions on Rd is itself a complex-valued function on Rd, defined by: ( f ∗ g ) ( x ) = ∫ R d f ( y ) g ( x − y ) d y = ∫ R d f ( x − y ) g ( y ) d y , {\displaystyle (f*g)(x)=\int _{\mathbf {R}... |
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